pred_label
stringclasses 2
values | pred_label_prob
float64 0.5
1
| wiki_prob
float64 0.25
1
| text
stringlengths 68
1.02M
| source
stringlengths 37
43
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
__label__cc
| 0.675204
| 0.324796
|
Chapter Listing | RCW Dispositions
ABUSE OF VULNERABLE ADULTS
74.34.005 Findings.
74.34.025 Limitation on recovery for protective services and benefits.
74.34.035 Reports—Mandated and permissive—Contents—Confidentiality.
74.34.040 Reports—Contents—Identity confidential.
74.34.050 Immunity from liability.
74.34.053 Failure to report—False reports—Penalties.
74.34.063 Response to reports—Timing—Reports to law enforcement agencies—Notification to licensing authority.
74.34.067 Investigations—Interviews—Ongoing case planning—Agreements with tribes—Conclusion of investigation.
74.34.068 Investigation results—Report—Rules.
74.34.070 Cooperative agreements for services.
74.34.080 Injunctions.
74.34.090 Data collection system—Confidentiality.
74.34.095 Confidential information—Disclosure.
74.34.110 Protection of vulnerable adults—Petition for protective order.
74.34.115 Protection of vulnerable adults—Administrative office of the courts—Standard petition—Order for protection—Standard notice—Court staff handbook.
74.34.120 Protection of vulnerable adults—Hearing.
74.34.130 Protection of vulnerable adults—Judicial relief.
74.34.135 Protection of vulnerable adults—Filings by others—Dismissal of petition or order—Testimony or evidence—Additional evidentiary hearings—Temporary order.
74.34.140 Protection of vulnerable adults—Execution of protective order.
74.34.145 Protection of vulnerable adults—Notice of criminal penalties for violation—Enforcement under RCW 26.50.110.
74.34.150 Protection of vulnerable adults—Department may seek relief.
74.34.160 Protection of vulnerable adults—Proceedings are supplemental.
74.34.163 Application to modify or vacate order.
74.34.165 Rules.
74.34.170 Services of department discretionary—Funding.
74.34.180 Retaliation against whistleblowers and residents—Remedies—Rules.
74.34.200 Abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult—Cause of action for damages—Legislative intent.
74.34.205 Abandonment, abuse, or neglect—Exceptions.
74.34.210 Order for protection or action for damages—Standing—Jurisdiction.
74.34.215 Financial exploitation of vulnerable adults.
74.34.220 Financial exploitation of vulnerable adults—Training—Reporting.
74.34.300 Vulnerable adult fatality reviews.
74.34.305 Statement to vulnerable adults.
74.34.310 Service of process or filing fees prohibited—Certified copies.
74.34.320 Written protocol—Counties encouraged to develop for handling criminal cases involving vulnerable adults—Vulnerable adult advocacy teams—Confidentiality—Disclosure of information.
74.34.902 Construction—Chapter applicable to state registered domestic partnerships—2009 c 521.
Domestic violence prevention, authority of department of social and health services to seek relief on behalf of vulnerable adults: RCW 26.50.021.
Patients in nursing homes and hospitals, abuse: Chapter 70.124 RCW.
RCW 74.34.005
Findings.
The legislature finds and declares that:
(1) Some adults are vulnerable and may be subjected to abuse, neglect, financial exploitation, or abandonment by a family member, care provider, or other person who has a relationship with the vulnerable adult;
(2) A vulnerable adult may be home bound or otherwise unable to represent himself or herself in court or to retain legal counsel in order to obtain the relief available under this chapter or other protections offered through the courts;
(3) A vulnerable adult may lack the ability to perform or obtain those services necessary to maintain his or her well-being because he or she lacks the capacity for consent;
(4) A vulnerable adult may have health problems that place him or her in a dependent position;
(5) The department and appropriate agencies must be prepared to receive reports of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of vulnerable adults;
(6) The department must provide protective services in the least restrictive environment appropriate and available to the vulnerable adult.
[ 1999 c 176 § 2.]
Findings—Purpose—1999 c 176: "The legislature finds that the provisions for the protection of vulnerable adults found in chapters 26.44, 70.124, and 74.34 RCW contain different definitions for abandonment, abuse, exploitation, and neglect. The legislature finds that combining the sections of these chapters that pertain to the protection of vulnerable adults would better serve this state's population of vulnerable adults. The purpose of chapter 74.34 RCW is to provide the department and law enforcement agencies with the authority to investigate complaints of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of vulnerable adults and to provide protective services and legal remedies to protect these vulnerable adults." [ 1999 c 176 § 1.]
Severability—1999 c 176: "If any provision of this act or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other persons or circumstances is not affected." [ 1999 c 176 § 36.]
Conflict with federal requirements—1999 c 176: "If any part of this act is found to be in conflict with federal requirements that are a prescribed condition to the allocation of federal funds to the state, the conflicting part of this act is inoperative solely to the extent of the conflict and with respect to the agencies directly affected, and this finding does not affect the operation of the remainder of this act in its application to the agencies concerned. Rules adopted under this act must meet federal requirements that are a necessary condition to the receipt of federal funds by the state." [ 1999 c 176 § 37.]
Definitions. (Effective until January 1, 2022.)
The definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise.
(1) "Abandonment" means action or inaction by a person or entity with a duty of care for a vulnerable adult that leaves the vulnerable person without the means or ability to obtain necessary food, clothing, shelter, or health care.
(2) "Abuse" means the willful action or inaction that inflicts injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or punishment on a vulnerable adult. In instances of abuse of a vulnerable adult who is unable to express or demonstrate physical harm, pain, or mental anguish, the abuse is presumed to cause physical harm, pain, or mental anguish. Abuse includes sexual abuse, mental abuse, physical abuse, and personal exploitation of a vulnerable adult, and improper use of restraint against a vulnerable adult which have the following meanings:
(a) "Sexual abuse" means any form of nonconsensual sexual conduct, including but not limited to unwanted or inappropriate touching, rape, sodomy, sexual coercion, sexually explicit photographing, and sexual harassment. Sexual abuse also includes any sexual conduct between a staff person, who is not also a resident or client, of a facility or a staff person of a program authorized under chapter 71A.12 RCW, and a vulnerable adult living in that facility or receiving service from a program authorized under chapter 71A.12 RCW, whether or not it is consensual.
(b) "Physical abuse" means the willful action of inflicting bodily injury or physical mistreatment. Physical abuse includes, but is not limited to, striking with or without an object, slapping, pinching, choking, kicking, shoving, or prodding.
(c) "Mental abuse" means a willful verbal or nonverbal action that threatens, humiliates, harasses, coerces, intimidates, isolates, unreasonably confines, or punishes a vulnerable adult. Mental abuse may include ridiculing, yelling, or swearing.
(d) "Personal exploitation" means an act of forcing, compelling, or exerting undue influence over a vulnerable adult causing the vulnerable adult to act in a way that is inconsistent with relevant past behavior, or causing the vulnerable adult to perform services for the benefit of another.
(e) "Improper use of restraint" means the inappropriate use of chemical, physical, or mechanical restraints for convenience or discipline or in a manner that: (i) Is inconsistent with federal or state licensing or certification requirements for facilities, hospitals, or programs authorized under chapter 71A.12 RCW; (ii) is not medically authorized; or (iii) otherwise constitutes abuse under this section.
(3) "Chemical restraint" means the administration of any drug to manage a vulnerable adult's behavior in a way that reduces the safety risk to the vulnerable adult or others, has the temporary effect of restricting the vulnerable adult's freedom of movement, and is not standard treatment for the vulnerable adult's medical or psychiatric condition.
(4) "Consent" means express written consent granted after the vulnerable adult or his or her legal representative has been fully informed of the nature of the services to be offered and that the receipt of services is voluntary.
(5) "Department" means the department of social and health services.
(6) "Facility" means a residence licensed or required to be licensed under chapter 18.20 RCW, assisted living facilities; chapter 18.51 RCW, nursing homes; chapter 70.128 RCW, adult family homes; chapter 72.36 RCW, soldiers' homes; chapter 71A.20 RCW, residential habilitation centers; or any other facility licensed or certified by the department.
(7) "Financial exploitation" means the illegal or improper use, control over, or withholding of the property, income, resources, or trust funds of the vulnerable adult by any person or entity for any person's or entity's profit or advantage other than for the vulnerable adult's profit or advantage. "Financial exploitation" includes, but is not limited to:
(a) The use of deception, intimidation, or undue influence by a person or entity in a position of trust and confidence with a vulnerable adult to obtain or use the property, income, resources, or trust funds of the vulnerable adult for the benefit of a person or entity other than the vulnerable adult;
(b) The breach of a fiduciary duty, including, but not limited to, the misuse of a power of attorney, trust, or a guardianship appointment, that results in the unauthorized appropriation, sale, or transfer of the property, income, resources, or trust funds of the vulnerable adult for the benefit of a person or entity other than the vulnerable adult; or
(c) Obtaining or using a vulnerable adult's property, income, resources, or trust funds without lawful authority, by a person or entity who knows or clearly should know that the vulnerable adult lacks the capacity to consent to the release or use of his or her property, income, resources, or trust funds.
(8) "Financial institution" has the same meaning as in RCW 30A.22.040 and 30A.22.041. For purposes of this chapter only, "financial institution" also means a "broker-dealer" or "investment adviser" as defined in RCW 21.20.005.
(9) "Hospital" means a facility licensed under chapter 70.41 or 71.12 RCW or a state hospital defined in chapter 72.23 RCW and any employee, agent, officer, director, or independent contractor thereof.
(10) "Incapacitated person" means a person who is at a significant risk of personal or financial harm under *RCW 11.88.010(1) (a), (b), (c), or (d).
(11) "Individual provider" means a person under contract with the department to provide services in the home under chapter 74.09 or 74.39A RCW.
(12) "Interested person" means a person who demonstrates to the court's satisfaction that the person is interested in the welfare of the vulnerable adult, that the person has a good faith belief that the court's intervention is necessary, and that the vulnerable adult is unable, due to incapacity, undue influence, or duress at the time the petition is filed, to protect his or her own interests.
(13)(a) "Isolate" or "isolation" means to restrict a vulnerable adult's ability to communicate, visit, interact, or otherwise associate with persons of his or her choosing. Isolation may be evidenced by acts including but not limited to:
(i) Acts that prevent a vulnerable adult from sending, making, or receiving his or her personal mail, electronic communications, or telephone calls; or
(ii) Acts that prevent or obstruct the vulnerable adult from meeting with others, such as telling a prospective visitor or caller that a vulnerable adult is not present, or does not wish contact, where the statement is contrary to the express wishes of the vulnerable adult.
(b) The term "isolate" or "isolation" may not be construed in a manner that prevents a guardian or limited guardian from performing his or her fiduciary obligations under *chapter 11.92 RCW or prevents a hospital or facility from providing treatment consistent with the standard of care for delivery of health services.
(14) "Mandated reporter" is an employee of the department; law enforcement officer; social worker; professional school personnel; individual provider; an employee of a facility; an operator of a facility; an employee of a social service, welfare, mental health, adult day health, adult day care, home health, home care, or hospice agency; county coroner or medical examiner; Christian Science practitioner; or health care provider subject to chapter 18.130 RCW.
(15) "Mechanical restraint" means any device attached or adjacent to the vulnerable adult's body that he or she cannot easily remove that restricts freedom of movement or normal access to his or her body. "Mechanical restraint" does not include the use of devices, materials, or equipment that are (a) medically authorized, as required, and (b) used in a manner that is consistent with federal or state licensing or certification requirements for facilities, hospitals, or programs authorized under chapter 71A.12 RCW.
(16) "Neglect" means (a) a pattern of conduct or inaction by a person or entity with a duty of care that fails to provide the goods and services that maintain physical or mental health of a vulnerable adult, or that fails to avoid or prevent physical or mental harm or pain to a vulnerable adult; or (b) an act or omission by a person or entity with a duty of care that demonstrates a serious disregard of consequences of such a magnitude as to constitute a clear and present danger to the vulnerable adult's health, welfare, or safety, including but not limited to conduct prohibited under RCW 9A.42.100.
(17) "Permissive reporter" means any person, including, but not limited to, an employee of a financial institution, attorney, or volunteer in a facility or program providing services for vulnerable adults.
(18) "Physical restraint" means the application of physical force without the use of any device, for the purpose of restraining the free movement of a vulnerable adult's body. "Physical restraint" does not include (a) briefly holding without undue force a vulnerable adult in order to calm or comfort him or her, or (b) holding a vulnerable adult's hand to safely escort him or her from one area to another.
(19) "Protective services" means any services provided by the department to a vulnerable adult with the consent of the vulnerable adult, or the legal representative of the vulnerable adult, who has been abandoned, abused, financially exploited, neglected, or in a state of self-neglect. These services may include, but are not limited to case management, social casework, home care, placement, arranging for medical evaluations, psychological evaluations, day care, or referral for legal assistance.
(20) "Self-neglect" means the failure of a vulnerable adult, not living in a facility, to provide for himself or herself the goods and services necessary for the vulnerable adult's physical or mental health, and the absence of which impairs or threatens the vulnerable adult's well-being. This definition may include a vulnerable adult who is receiving services through home health, hospice, or a home care agency, or an individual provider when the neglect is not a result of inaction by that agency or individual provider.
(21) "Social worker" means:
(a) A social worker as defined in RCW 18.320.010(2); or
(b) Anyone engaged in a professional capacity during the regular course of employment in encouraging or promoting the health, welfare, support, or education of vulnerable adults, or providing social services to vulnerable adults, whether in an individual capacity or as an employee or agent of any public or private organization or institution.
(22) "Vulnerable adult" includes a person:
(a) Sixty years of age or older who has the functional, mental, or physical inability to care for himself or herself; or
(b) Found incapacitated under *chapter 11.88 RCW; or
(c) Who has a developmental disability as defined under RCW 71A.10.020; or
(d) Admitted to any facility; or
(e) Receiving services from home health, hospice, or home care agencies licensed or required to be licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW; or
(f) Receiving services from an individual provider; or
(g) Who self-directs his or her own care and receives services from a personal aide under chapter 74.39 RCW.
(23) "Vulnerable adult advocacy team" means a team of three or more persons who coordinate a multidisciplinary process, in compliance with chapter 266, Laws of 2017 and the protocol governed by RCW 74.34.320, for preventing, identifying, investigating, prosecuting, and providing services related to abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of vulnerable adults.
[ 2019 c 325 § 5030; 2018 c 201 § 9016. Prior: 2017 c 268 § 2; 2017 c 266 § 12; 2015 c 268 § 1; 2013 c 263 § 1; 2012 c 10 § 62; prior: 2011 c 170 § 1; 2011 c 89 § 18; 2010 c 133 § 2; 2007 c 312 § 1; 2006 c 339 § 109; 2003 c 230 § 1; 1999 c 176 § 3; 1997 c 392 § 523; 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 84; 1984 c 97 § 8.]
*Reviser's note: Chapters 11.88 and 11.92 RCW were repealed in their entirety by 2020 c 312 § 904, effective January 1, 2022.
Effective date—2019 c 325 §§ 1003 and 5030: See note following RCW 71.24.016.
Findings—Intent—Effective date—2018 c 201: See notes following RCW 41.05.018.
Finding—Intent—2017 c 266: See note following RCW 9A.42.020.
Application—2012 c 10: See note following RCW 18.20.010.
Effective date—2011 c 89: See note following RCW 18.320.005.
Findings—2011 c 89: See RCW 18.320.005.
Intent—2006 c 339: "It is the intent of the legislature to provide assistance for jurisdictions enforcing illegal drug laws that have historically been underserved by federally funded state narcotics task forces and are considered to be major transport areas of narcotics traffickers." [ 2006 c 339 § 103.]
Part headings not law—2006 c 339: "Part headings used in this act are no part of the law." [ 2006 c 339 § 401.]
Effective date—2003 c 230: "This act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, or support of the state government and its existing public institutions, and takes effect immediately [May 12, 2003]." [ 2003 c 230 § 3.]
Findings—Purpose—Severability—Conflict with federal requirements—1999 c 176: See notes following RCW 74.34.005.
Short title—Findings—Construction—Conflict with federal requirements—Part headings and captions not law—1997 c 392: See notes following RCW 74.39A.009.
Conflict with federal requirements—Severability—Effective date—1995 1st sp.s. c 18: See notes following RCW 74.39A.030.
Definitions. (Effective January 1, 2022.)
(b) The term "isolate" or "isolation" may not be construed in a manner that prevents a guardian or limited guardian from performing his or her fiduciary obligations under chapter 11.130 RCW or prevents a hospital or facility from providing treatment consistent with the standard of care for delivery of health services.
(b) Subject to a guardianship under RCW 11.130.265 or adult subject to conservatorship under RCW 11.130.360; or
[ 2020 c 312 § 735; 2019 c 325 § 5030; 2018 c 201 § 9016. Prior: 2017 c 268 § 2; 2017 c 266 § 12; 2015 c 268 § 1; 2013 c 263 § 1; 2012 c 10 § 62; prior: 2011 c 170 § 1; 2011 c 89 § 18; 2010 c 133 § 2; 2007 c 312 § 1; 2006 c 339 § 109; 2003 c 230 § 1; 1999 c 176 § 3; 1997 c 392 § 523; 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 84; 1984 c 97 § 8.]
Effective dates—2020 c 312: See note following RCW 11.130.915.
Limitation on recovery for protective services and benefits.
The cost of benefits and services provided to a vulnerable adult under this chapter with state funds only does not constitute an obligation or lien and is not recoverable from the recipient of the services or from the recipient's estate, whether by lien, adjustment, or any other means of recovery.
[ 1999 c 176 § 4; 1997 c 392 § 304.]
Reports—Mandated and permissive—Contents—Confidentiality.
(1) When there is reasonable cause to believe that abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult has occurred, mandated reporters shall immediately report to the department.
(2) When there is reason to suspect that sexual assault has occurred, mandated reporters shall immediately report to the appropriate law enforcement agency and to the department.
(3) When there is reason to suspect that physical assault has occurred or there is reasonable cause to believe that an act has caused fear of imminent harm:
(a) Mandated reporters shall immediately report to the department; and
(b) Mandated reporters shall immediately report to the appropriate law enforcement agency, except as provided in subsection (4) of this section.
(4) A mandated reporter is not required to report to a law enforcement agency, unless requested by the injured vulnerable adult or his or her legal representative or family member, an incident of physical assault between vulnerable adults that causes minor bodily injury and does not require more than basic first aid, unless:
(a) The injury appears on the back, face, head, neck, chest, breasts, groin, inner thigh, buttock, genital, or anal area;
(b) There is a fracture;
(c) There is a pattern of physical assault between the same vulnerable adults or involving the same vulnerable adults; or
(d) There is an attempt to choke a vulnerable adult.
(5) When there is reason to suspect that the death of a vulnerable adult was caused by abuse, neglect, or abandonment by another person, mandated reporters shall, pursuant to RCW 68.50.020, report the death to the medical examiner or coroner having jurisdiction, as well as the department and local law enforcement, in the most expeditious manner possible. A mandated reporter is not relieved from the reporting requirement provisions of this subsection by the existence of a previously signed death certificate. If abuse, neglect, or abandonment caused or contributed to the death of a vulnerable adult, the death is a death caused by unnatural or unlawful means, and the body shall be the jurisdiction of the coroner or medical examiner pursuant to RCW 68.50.010.
(6) Permissive reporters may report to the department or a law enforcement agency when there is reasonable cause to believe that a vulnerable adult is being or has been abandoned, abused, financially exploited, or neglected.
(7) No facility, as defined by this chapter, agency licensed or required to be licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW, or facility or agency under contract with the department to provide care for vulnerable adults may develop policies or procedures that interfere with the reporting requirements of this chapter.
(8) Each report, oral or written, must contain as much as possible of the following information:
(a) The name and address of the person making the report;
(b) The name and address of the vulnerable adult and the name of the facility or agency providing care for the vulnerable adult;
(c) The name and address of the legal guardian or alternate decision maker;
(d) The nature and extent of the abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect;
(e) Any history of previous abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect;
(f) The identity of the alleged perpetrator, if known; and
(g) Other information that may be helpful in establishing the extent of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or the cause of death of the deceased vulnerable adult.
(9) Unless there is a judicial proceeding or the person consents, the identity of the person making the report under this section is confidential.
(10) In conducting an investigation of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, self-neglect, or neglect, the department or law enforcement, upon request, must have access to all relevant records related to the vulnerable adult that are in the possession of mandated reporters and their employees, unless otherwise prohibited by law. Records maintained under RCW 4.24.250, 18.20.390, 43.70.510, 70.41.200, 70.230.080, and 74.42.640 shall not be subject to the requirements of this subsection. Providing access to records relevant to an investigation by the department or law enforcement under this provision may not be deemed a violation of any confidential communication privilege. Access to any records that would violate attorney-client privilege shall not be provided without a court order unless otherwise required by court rule or caselaw.
[ 2013 c 263 § 2; 2010 c 133 § 4; 2003 c 230 § 2; 1999 c 176 § 5.]
Effective date—2003 c 230: See note following RCW 74.34.020.
Reports—Contents—Identity confidential.
The reports made under *RCW 74.34.030 shall contain the following information if known:
(1) Identification of the vulnerable adult;
(2) The nature and extent of the suspected abuse, neglect, exploitation, or abandonment;
(3) Evidence of previous abuse, neglect, exploitation, or abandonment;
(4) The name and address of the person making the report; and
(5) Any other helpful information.
Unless there is a judicial proceeding or the person consents, the identity of the person making the report is confidential.
[ 1986 c 187 § 2; 1984 c 97 § 10.]
*Reviser's note: RCW 74.34.030 was repealed by 1999 c 176 § 35.
Immunity from liability.
(1) A person participating in good faith in making a report under this chapter or testifying about alleged abuse, neglect, abandonment, financial exploitation, or self-neglect of a vulnerable adult in a judicial or administrative proceeding under this chapter is immune from liability resulting from the report or testimony. The making of permissive reports as allowed in this chapter does not create any duty to report and no civil liability shall attach for any failure to make a permissive report as allowed under this chapter.
(2) Conduct conforming with the reporting and testifying provisions of this chapter shall not be deemed a violation of any confidential communication privilege. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as superseding or abridging remedies provided in chapter 4.92 RCW.
[ 1999 c 176 § 6; 1997 c 386 § 34; 1986 c 187 § 3; 1984 c 97 § 11.]
Application—Effective date—1997 c 386: See notes following RCW 13.50.010.
Failure to report—False reports—Penalties.
(1) A person who is required to make a report under this chapter and who knowingly fails to make the report is guilty of a gross misdemeanor.
(2) A person who intentionally, maliciously, or in bad faith makes a false report of alleged abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Response to reports—Timing—Reports to law enforcement agencies—Notification to licensing authority.
(1) The department shall initiate a response to a report, no later than twenty-four hours after knowledge of the report, of suspected abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of a vulnerable adult.
(2) When the initial report or investigation by the department indicates that the alleged abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect may be criminal, the department shall make an immediate report to the appropriate law enforcement agency. The department and law enforcement will coordinate in investigating reports made under this chapter. The department may provide protective services and other remedies as specified in this chapter.
(3) The law enforcement agency or the department shall report the incident in writing to the proper county prosecutor or city attorney for appropriate action whenever the investigation reveals that a crime may have been committed.
(4) The department and law enforcement may share information contained in reports and findings of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect of vulnerable adults, consistent with RCW 74.04.060, chapter 42.56 RCW, and other applicable confidentiality laws.
(5) Unless prohibited by federal law, the department of social and health services may share with the department of children, youth, and families information contained in reports and findings of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect of vulnerable adults.
(6) The department shall notify the proper licensing authority concerning any report received under this chapter that alleges that a person who is professionally licensed, certified, or registered under Title 18 RCW has abandoned, abused, financially exploited, or neglected a vulnerable adult.
[ 2017 3rd sp.s. c 6 § 818; 2005 c 274 § 354; 1999 c 176 § 8.]
Effective date—2017 3rd sp.s. c 6 §§ 102, 104-115, 201-227, 301-337, 401-419, 501-513, 801-803, and 805-822: See note following RCW 43.216.025.
Conflict with federal requirements—2017 3rd sp.s. c 6: See RCW 43.216.908.
Investigations—Interviews—Ongoing case planning—Agreements with tribes—Conclusion of investigation. (Effective until January 1, 2022.)
(1) Where appropriate, an investigation by the department may include a private interview with the vulnerable adult regarding the alleged abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect.
(2) In conducting the investigation, the department shall interview the complainant, unless anonymous, and shall use its best efforts to interview the vulnerable adult or adults harmed, and, consistent with the protection of the vulnerable adult shall interview facility staff, any available independent sources of relevant information, including if appropriate the family members of the vulnerable adult.
(3) The department may conduct ongoing case planning and consultation with: (a) Those persons or agencies required to report under this chapter or submit a report under this chapter; (b) consultants designated by the department; and (c) designated representatives of Washington Indian tribes if client information exchanged is pertinent to cases under investigation or the provision of protective services. Information considered privileged by statute and not directly related to reports required by this chapter must not be divulged without a valid written waiver of the privilege.
(4) The department shall prepare and keep on file a report of each investigation conducted by the department for a period of time in accordance with policies established by the department.
(5) If the department has reason to believe that the vulnerable adult has suffered from abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect, and lacks the ability or capacity to consent, and needs the protection of a guardian, the department may bring a guardianship action under *chapter 11.88 RCW.
(6) For purposes consistent with this chapter, the department, the certified professional guardian board, and the office of public guardianship may share information contained in reports and investigations of the abuse, abandonment, neglect, self-neglect, and financial exploitation of vulnerable adults. This information may be used solely for (a) recruiting or appointing appropriate guardians and (b) monitoring, or when appropriate, disciplining certified professional or public guardians. Reports of abuse, abandonment, neglect, self-neglect, and financial exploitation are confidential under RCW 74.34.095 and other laws, and secondary disclosure of information shared under this section is prohibited.
(7) When the investigation is completed and the department determines that an incident of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect has occurred, the department shall inform the vulnerable adult of their right to refuse protective services, and ensure that, if necessary, appropriate protective services are provided to the vulnerable adult, with the consent of the vulnerable adult. The vulnerable adult has the right to withdraw or refuse protective services.
(8) The department's adult protective services division may enter into agreements with federally recognized tribes to investigate reports of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of vulnerable adults on property over which a federally recognized tribe has exclusive jurisdiction. If the department has information that abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect is criminal or is placing a vulnerable adult on tribal property at potential risk of personal or financial harm, the department may notify tribal law enforcement or another tribal representative specified by the tribe. Upon receipt of the notification, the tribe may assume jurisdiction of the matter. Neither the department nor its employees may participate in the investigation after the tribe assumes jurisdiction. The department, its officers, and its employees are not liable for any action or inaction of the tribe or for any harm to the alleged victim, the person against whom the allegations were made, or other parties that occurs after the tribe assumes jurisdiction. Nothing in this section limits the department's jurisdiction and authority over facilities or entities that the department licenses or certifies under federal or state law.
(9) The department may photograph a vulnerable adult or their environment for the purpose of providing documentary evidence of the physical condition of the vulnerable adult or his or her environment. When photographing the vulnerable adult, the department shall obtain permission from the vulnerable adult or his or her legal representative unless immediate photographing is necessary to preserve evidence. However, if the legal representative is alleged to have abused, neglected, abandoned, or exploited the vulnerable adult, consent from the legal representative is not necessary. No such consent is necessary when photographing the physical environment.
(10) When the investigation is complete and the department determines that the incident of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect has occurred, the department shall inform the facility in which the incident occurred, consistent with confidentiality requirements concerning the vulnerable adult, witnesses, and complainants.
*Reviser's note: Chapter 11.88 RCW was repealed in its entirety by 2020 c 312 § 904, effective January 1, 2022.
Investigations—Interviews—Ongoing case planning—Agreements with tribes—Conclusion of investigation. (Effective January 1, 2022.)
(5) If the department has reason to believe that the vulnerable adult has suffered from abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect, and lacks the ability or capacity to consent, and needs the protection of a guardian, the department may bring a guardianship, conservatorship, or other protective proceedings under chapter 11.130 RCW.
(6) For purposes consistent with this chapter, the department, the certified professional guardian [guardianship] board, and the *office of public guardianship may share information contained in reports and investigations of the abuse, abandonment, neglect, self-neglect, and financial exploitation of vulnerable adults. This information may be used solely for (a) recruiting or appointing appropriate guardians and (b) monitoring, or when appropriate, disciplining certified professional or public guardians. Reports of abuse, abandonment, neglect, self-neglect, and financial exploitation are confidential under RCW 74.34.095 and other laws, and secondary disclosure of information shared under this section is prohibited.
[ 2020 c 312 § 736; 2013 c 263 § 3; 2011 c 170 § 2; 2007 c 312 § 2; 1999 c 176 § 9.]
*Reviser's note: The "office of public guardianship" was renamed the "office of public guardianship and conservatorship" by 2020 c 312 § 403.
Investigation results—Report—Rules.
(1) After the investigation is complete, the department may provide a written report of the outcome of the investigation to an agency or program described in this subsection when the department determines from its investigation that an incident of abuse, abandonment, financial exploitation, or neglect occurred. Agencies or programs that may be provided this report are home health, hospice, or home care agencies, or after January 1, 2002, any in-home services agency licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW, a program authorized under chapter 71A.12 RCW, an adult day care or day health program, behavioral health administrative services organizations and managed care organizations authorized under chapter 71.24 RCW, or other agencies. The report may contain the name of the vulnerable adult and the alleged perpetrator. The report shall not disclose the identity of the person who made the report or any witness without the written permission of the reporter or witness. The department shall notify the alleged perpetrator regarding the outcome of the investigation. The name of the vulnerable adult must not be disclosed during this notification.
(2) The department may also refer a report or outcome of an investigation to appropriate state or local governmental authorities responsible for licensing or certification of the agencies or programs listed in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) The department shall adopt rules necessary to implement this section.
[ 2019 c 325 § 5031; 2014 c 225 § 103; 2001 c 233 § 2.]
Finding—2001 c 233: "The legislature recognizes that vulnerable adults, while living in their own homes, may be abused, neglected, financially exploited, or abandoned by individuals entrusted to provide care for them. The individuals who abuse, neglect, financially exploit, or abandon vulnerable adults may be employed by, under contract with, or volunteering for an agency or program providing care for vulnerable adults. The legislature has given the department of social and health services the responsibility to investigate complaints of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of vulnerable adults and to provide protective services and other legal remedies to protect these vulnerable adults. The legislature finds that in order to continue to protect vulnerable adults, the department of social and health services be given the authority to release report information and to release the results of an investigation to the agency or program with which the individual investigated is employed, contracted, or engaged as a volunteer." [ 2001 c 233 § 1.]
Cooperative agreements for services.
The department may develop cooperative agreements with community-based agencies providing services for vulnerable adults. The agreements shall cover: (1) The appropriate roles and responsibilities of the department and community-based agencies in identifying and responding to reports of alleged abuse; (2) the provision of case-management services; (3) standardized data collection procedures; and (4) related coordination activities.
[ 1999 c 176 § 10; 1997 c 386 § 35; 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 87; 1984 c 97 § 13.]
Injunctions.
If access is denied to an employee of the department seeking to investigate an allegation of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult by an individual, the department may seek an injunction to prevent interference with the investigation. The court shall issue the injunction if the department shows that:
(1) There is reasonable cause to believe that the person is a vulnerable adult and is or has been abandoned, abused, financially exploited, or neglected; and
(2) The employee of the department seeking to investigate the report has been denied access.
[ 1999 c 176 § 11; 1984 c 97 § 14.]
Data collection system—Confidentiality.
The department shall maintain a system for statistical data collection, accessible for bona fide research only as the department by rule prescribes. The identity of any person is strictly confidential.
[ 1984 c 97 § 15.]
Confidential information—Disclosure.
(1) The following information is confidential and not subject to disclosure, except as provided in this section:
(a) A report of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect made under this chapter;
(b) The identity of the person making the report; and
(c) All files, reports, records, communications, and working papers used or developed in the investigation or provision of protective services.
(2) Information considered confidential may be disclosed only for a purpose consistent with this chapter or as authorized by chapter 18.20, 18.51, or 74.39A RCW, or as authorized by the long-term care ombuds programs under federal law or state law, chapter 43.190 RCW.
(3) A court or presiding officer in an administrative proceeding may order disclosure of confidential information only if the court, or presiding officer in an administrative proceeding, determines that disclosure is essential to the administration of justice and will not endanger the life or safety of the vulnerable adult or individual who made the report. The court or presiding officer in an administrative hearing may place restrictions on such disclosure as the court or presiding officer deems proper.
[ 2013 c 23 § 218; 2000 c 87 § 4; 1999 c 176 § 17.]
Protection of vulnerable adults—Petition for protective order.
An action known as a petition for an order for protection of a vulnerable adult in cases of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect is created.
(1) A vulnerable adult, or interested person on behalf of the vulnerable adult, may seek relief from abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect, or the threat thereof, by filing a petition for an order for protection in superior court.
(2) A petition shall allege that the petitioner, or person on whose behalf the petition is brought, is a vulnerable adult and that the petitioner, or person on whose behalf the petition is brought, has been abandoned, abused, financially exploited, or neglected, or is threatened with abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect by respondent.
(3) A petition shall be accompanied by affidavit made under oath, or a declaration signed under penalty of perjury, stating the specific facts and circumstances which demonstrate the need for the relief sought. If the petition is filed by an interested person, the affidavit or declaration must also include a statement of why the petitioner qualifies as an interested person.
(4) A petition for an order may be made whether or not there is a pending lawsuit, complaint, petition, or other action pending that relates to the issues presented in the petition for an order for protection.
(5) Within ninety days of receipt of the master copy from the administrative office of the courts, all court clerk's offices shall make available the standardized forms and instructions required by RCW 74.34.115.
(6) Any assistance or information provided by any person, including, but not limited to, court clerks, employees of the department, and other court facilitators, to another to complete the forms provided by the court in subsection (5) of this section does not constitute the practice of law.
(7) A petitioner is not required to post bond to obtain relief in any proceeding under this section.
(8) An action under this section shall be filed in the county where the vulnerable adult resides; except that if the vulnerable adult has left or been removed from the residence as a result of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect, or in order to avoid abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect, the petitioner may bring an action in the county of either the vulnerable adult's previous or new residence.
(9) No filing fee may be charged to the petitioner for proceedings under this section. Standard forms and written instructions shall be provided free of charge.
[ 2007 c 312 § 3; 1999 c 176 § 12; 1986 c 187 § 5.]
Protection of vulnerable adults—Administrative office of the courts—Standard petition—Order for protection—Standard notice—Court staff handbook.
(1) The administrative office of the courts shall develop and prepare standard petition, temporary order for protection, and permanent order for protection forms, a standard notice form to provide notice to the vulnerable adult if the vulnerable adult is not the petitioner, instructions, and a court staff handbook on the protection order process. The standard petition and order for protection forms must be used after October 1, 2007, for all petitions filed and orders issued under this chapter. The administrative office of the courts, in preparing the instructions, forms, notice, and handbook, may consult with attorneys from the elder law section of the Washington state bar association, judges, the department, the Washington protection and advocacy system, and law enforcement personnel.
(a) The instructions shall be designed to assist petitioners in completing the petition, and shall include a sample of the standard petition and order for protection forms.
(b) The order for protection form shall include, in a conspicuous location, notice of criminal penalties resulting from violation of the order.
(c) The standard notice form shall be designed to explain to the vulnerable adult in clear, plain language the purpose and nature of the petition and that the vulnerable adult has the right to participate in the hearing and to either support or object to the petition.
(2) The administrative office of the courts shall distribute a master copy of the standard forms, instructions, and court staff handbook to all court clerks and shall distribute a master copy of the standard forms to all superior, district, and municipal courts.
(3) The administrative office of the courts shall determine the significant non-English-speaking or limited-English-speaking populations in the state. The administrator shall then arrange for translation of the instructions required by this section, which shall contain a sample of the standard forms, into the languages spoken by those significant non-English-speaking populations, and shall distribute a master copy of the translated instructions to all court clerks by December 31, 2007.
(4) The administrative office of the courts shall update the instructions, standard forms, and court staff handbook when changes in the law make an update necessary. The updates may be made in consultation with the persons and entities specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(5) For purposes of this section, "court clerks" means court administrators in courts of limited jurisdiction and elected court clerks.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Hearing.
(1) The court shall order a hearing on a petition under RCW 74.34.110 not later than fourteen days from the date of filing the petition.
(2) Personal service shall be made upon the respondent not less than six court days before the hearing. When good faith attempts to personally serve the respondent have been unsuccessful, the court shall permit service by mail or by publication.
(3) When a petition under RCW 74.34.110 is filed by someone other than the vulnerable adult, notice of the petition and hearing must be personally served upon the vulnerable adult not less than six court days before the hearing. In addition to copies of all pleadings filed by the petitioner, the petitioner shall provide a written notice to the vulnerable adult using the standard notice form developed under RCW 74.34.115. When good faith attempts to personally serve the vulnerable adult have been unsuccessful, the court shall permit service by mail, or by publication if the court determines that personal service and service by mail cannot be obtained.
(4) If timely service under subsections (2) and (3) of this section cannot be made, the court shall continue the hearing date until the substitute service approved by the court has been satisfied.
(5)(a) A petitioner may move for temporary relief under chapter 7.40 RCW. The court may continue any temporary order for protection granted under chapter 7.40 RCW until the hearing on a petition under RCW 74.34.110 is held.
(b) Written notice of the request for temporary relief must be provided to the respondent, and to the vulnerable adult if someone other than the vulnerable adult filed the petition. A temporary protection order may be granted without written notice to the respondent and vulnerable adult if it clearly appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or declaration that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage would result to the vulnerable adult before the respondent and vulnerable adult can be served and heard, or that show the respondent and vulnerable adult cannot be served with notice, the efforts made to serve them, and the reasons why prior notice should not be required.
[ 2007 c 312 § 5; 1986 c 187 § 6.]
Protection of vulnerable adults—Judicial relief.
The court may order relief as it deems necessary for the protection of the vulnerable adult, including, but not limited to the following:
(1) Restraining respondent from committing acts of abandonment, abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation against the vulnerable adult;
(2) Excluding the respondent from the vulnerable adult's residence for a specified period or until further order of the court;
(3) Prohibiting contact with the vulnerable adult by respondent for a specified period or until further order of the court;
(4) Prohibiting the respondent from knowingly coming within, or knowingly remaining within, a specified distance from a specified location;
(5) Requiring an accounting by respondent of the disposition of the vulnerable adult's income or other resources;
(6) Restraining the transfer of the respondent's and/or vulnerable adult's property for a specified period not exceeding ninety days; and
(7) Requiring the respondent to pay a filing fee and court costs, including service fees, and to reimburse the petitioner for costs incurred in bringing the action, including a reasonable attorney's fee.
Any relief granted by an order for protection, other than a judgment for costs, shall be for a fixed period not to exceed five years. The clerk of the court shall enter any order for protection issued under this section into the judicial information system.
[ 2007 c 312 § 6. Prior: 2000 c 119 § 27; 2000 c 51 § 2; 1999 c 176 § 13; 1986 c 187 § 7.]
Application—2000 c 119: See note following RCW 26.50.021.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Filings by others—Dismissal of petition or order—Testimony or evidence—Additional evidentiary hearings—Temporary order. (Effective until January 1, 2022.)
(1) When a petition for protection under RCW 74.34.110 is filed by someone other than the vulnerable adult or the vulnerable adult's full guardian over either the person or the estate, or both, and the vulnerable adult for whom protection is sought advises the court at the hearing that he or she does not want all or part of the protection sought in the petition, then the court may dismiss the petition or the provisions that the vulnerable adult objects to and any protection order issued under RCW 74.34.120 or 74.34.130, or the court may take additional testimony or evidence, or order additional evidentiary hearings to determine whether the vulnerable adult is unable, due to incapacity, undue influence, or duress, to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order. If an additional evidentiary hearing is ordered and the court determines that there is reason to believe that there is a genuine issue about whether the vulnerable adult is unable to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order, the court may issue a temporary order for protection of the vulnerable adult pending a decision after the evidentiary hearing.
(2) An evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether the vulnerable adult is unable, due to incapacity, undue influence, or duress, to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order, shall be held within fourteen days of entry of the temporary order for protection under subsection (1) of this section. If the court did not enter a temporary order for protection, the evidentiary hearing shall be held within fourteen days of the prior hearing on the petition. Notice of the time and place of the evidentiary hearing shall be personally served upon the vulnerable adult and the respondent not less than six court days before the hearing. When good faith attempts to personally serve the vulnerable adult and the respondent have been unsuccessful, the court shall permit service by mail, or by publication if the court determines that personal service and service by mail cannot be obtained. If timely service cannot be made, the court may set a new hearing date. A hearing under this subsection is not necessary if the vulnerable adult has been determined to be fully incapacitated over either the person or the estate, or both, under the guardianship laws, *chapter 11.88 RCW. If a hearing is scheduled under this subsection, the protection order shall remain in effect pending the court's decision at the subsequent hearing.
(3) At the hearing scheduled by the court, the court shall give the vulnerable adult, the respondent, the petitioner, and in the court's discretion other interested persons, the opportunity to testify and submit relevant evidence.
(4) If the court determines that the vulnerable adult is capable of protecting his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition, and the individual continues to object to the protection order, the court shall dismiss the order or may modify the order if agreed to by the vulnerable adult. If the court determines that the vulnerable adult is not capable of protecting his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order, and that the individual continues to need protection, the court shall order relief consistent with RCW 74.34.130 as it deems necessary for the protection of the vulnerable adult. In the entry of any order that is inconsistent with the expressed wishes of the vulnerable adult, the court's order shall be governed by the legislative findings contained in RCW 74.34.005.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Filings by others—Dismissal of petition or order—Testimony or evidence—Additional evidentiary hearings—Temporary order. (Effective January 1, 2022.)
(1) When a petition for protection under RCW 74.34.110 is filed by someone other than the vulnerable adult or the vulnerable adult's guardian, conservator, or person acting under a protective arrangement, or both, and the vulnerable adult for whom protection is sought advises the court at the hearing that he or she does not want all or part of the protection sought in the petition, then the court may dismiss the petition or the provisions that the vulnerable adult objects to and any protection order issued under RCW 74.34.120 or 74.34.130, or the court may take additional testimony or evidence, or order additional evidentiary hearings to determine whether the vulnerable adult is unable, due to incapacity, undue influence, or duress, to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order. If an additional evidentiary hearing is ordered and the court determines that there is reason to believe that there is a genuine issue about whether the vulnerable adult is unable to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order, the court may issue a temporary order for protection of the vulnerable adult pending a decision after the evidentiary hearing.
(2) An evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether the vulnerable adult is unable, due to incapacity, undue influence, or duress, to protect his or her person or estate in connection with the issues raised in the petition or order, shall be held within fourteen days of entry of the temporary order for protection under subsection (1) of this section. If the court did not enter a temporary order for protection, the evidentiary hearing shall be held within fourteen days of the prior hearing on the petition. Notice of the time and place of the evidentiary hearing shall be personally served upon the vulnerable adult and the respondent not less than six court days before the hearing. When good faith attempts to personally serve the vulnerable adult and the respondent have been unsuccessful, the court shall permit service by mail, or by publication if the court determines that personal service and service by mail cannot be obtained. If timely service cannot be made, the court may set a new hearing date. A hearing under this subsection is not necessary if the vulnerable adult has been determined to be subject to a guardianship, conservatorship, or other protective arrangement under chapter 11.130 RCW. If a hearing is scheduled under this subsection, the protection order shall remain in effect pending the court's decision at the subsequent hearing.
[ 2020 c 312 § 737; 2007 c 312 § 9.]
Protection of vulnerable adults—Execution of protective order.
When an order for protection under RCW 74.34.130 is issued upon request of the petitioner, the court may order a peace officer to assist in the execution of the order of protection. A public agency may not charge a fee for service of process to petitioners seeking relief under this chapter. Petitioners must be provided the necessary number of certified copies at no cost.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Notice of criminal penalties for violation—Enforcement under RCW 26.50.110.
(1) An order for protection of a vulnerable adult issued under this chapter, which restrains the respondent or another person from committing acts of abuse, prohibits contact with the vulnerable adult, excludes the person from any specified location, or prohibits the person from coming within a specified distance from a location, shall prominently bear on the front page of the order the legend: VIOLATION OF THIS ORDER WITH ACTUAL NOTICE OF ITS TERMS IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE UNDER CHAPTER 26.50 RCW AND WILL SUBJECT A VIOLATOR TO ARREST.
(2) Whenever an order for protection of a vulnerable adult is issued under this chapter and the respondent or person to be restrained knows of the order, a violation of a provision restraining the person from committing acts of abuse, prohibiting contact with the vulnerable adult, excluding the person from any specified location, or prohibiting the person from coming within a specified distance of a location shall be punishable under RCW 26.50.110, regardless of whether the person is a family or household member or intimate partner as defined in RCW 26.50.010.
[ 2020 c 29 § 17; 2007 c 312 § 7; 2000 c 119 § 2.]
Effective date—2020 c 29: See note following RCW 7.77.060.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Department may seek relief.
The department of social and health services, in its discretion, may seek relief under RCW 74.34.110 through 74.34.140 on behalf of and with the consent of any vulnerable adult. When the department has reason to believe a vulnerable adult lacks the ability or capacity to consent, the department, in its discretion, may seek relief under RCW 74.34.110 through 74.34.140 on behalf of the vulnerable adult. Neither the department of social and health services nor the state of Washington shall be liable for seeking or failing to seek relief on behalf of any persons under this section.
Protection of vulnerable adults—Proceedings are supplemental.
Any proceeding under RCW 74.34.110 through 74.34.150 is in addition to any other civil or criminal remedies.
[ 1986 c 187 § 11.]
Application to modify or vacate order. (Effective until January 1, 2022.)
Any vulnerable adult who has not been adjudicated fully incapacitated under *chapter 11.88 RCW, or the vulnerable adult's guardian, at any time subsequent to entry of a permanent protection order under this chapter, may apply to the court for an order to modify or vacate the order. In a hearing on an application to dismiss or modify the protection order, the court shall grant such relief consistent with RCW 74.34.110 as it deems necessary for the protection of the vulnerable adult, including dismissal or modification of the protection order.
Application to modify or vacate order. (Effective January 1, 2022.)
Any vulnerable adult who is subject to a limited guardianship, limited conservatorship, or other protective arrangement under chapter 11.130 RCW, or the vulnerable adult's guardian, conservator, or person acting on behalf of the vulnerable adult under a protective arrangement may[,] at any time subsequent to entry of a permanent protection order under this chapter, apply to the court for an order to modify or vacate the order. In a hearing on an application to dismiss or modify the protection order, the court shall grant such relief consistent with RCW 74.34.110 as it deems necessary for the protection of the vulnerable adult, including dismissal or modification of the protection order.
[ 2020 c 312 § 738; 2007 c 312 § 10.]
The department may adopt rules relating to the reporting, investigation, and provision of protective services in in-home settings, consistent with the objectives of this chapter.
Services of department discretionary—Funding.
The provision of services under RCW * 74.34.030, 74.34.040, 74.34.050, and ** 74.34.100 through 74.34.160 are discretionary and the department shall not be required to expend additional funds beyond those appropriated.
Reviser's note: *(1) RCW 74.34.030 was repealed by 1999 c 176 § 35.
**(2) RCW 74.34.100 was recodified as RCW 74.34.015 pursuant to 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 89, effective July 1, 1995. RCW 74.34.015 was subsequently repealed by 1999 c 176 § 35.
Retaliation against whistleblowers and residents—Remedies—Rules.
(1) An employee or contractor who is a whistleblower and who as a result of being a whistleblower has been subjected to workplace reprisal or retaliatory action, has the remedies provided under chapter 49.60 RCW. RCW 4.24.500 through 4.24.520, providing certain protection to persons who communicate to government agencies, apply to complaints made under this section. The identity of a whistleblower who complains, in good faith, to the department or the department of health about suspected abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect by any person in a facility, licensed or required to be licensed, or care provided in a facility or in a home setting, by any person associated with a hospice, home care, or home health agency licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW or other in-home provider, may remain confidential if requested. The identity of the whistleblower shall subsequently remain confidential unless the department determines that the complaint was not made in good faith.
(2)(a) An attempt to expel a resident from a facility, or any type of discriminatory treatment of a resident who is a consumer of hospice, home health, home care services, or other in-home services by whom, or upon whose behalf, a complaint substantiated by the department or the department of health has been submitted to the department or the department of health or any proceeding instituted under or related to this chapter within one year of the filing of the complaint or the institution of the action, raises a rebuttable presumption that the action was in retaliation for the filing of the complaint.
(b) The presumption is rebutted by credible evidence establishing the alleged retaliatory action was initiated prior to the complaint.
(c) The presumption is rebutted by a review conducted by the department that shows that the resident or consumer's needs cannot be met by the reasonable accommodations of the facility due to the increased needs of the resident.
(3) For the purposes of this section:
(a) "Whistleblower" means a resident or a person with a mandatory duty to report under this chapter, or any person licensed under Title 18 RCW, who in good faith reports alleged abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect to the department, or the department of health, or to a law enforcement agency;
(b) "Workplace reprisal or retaliatory action" means, but is not limited to: Denial of adequate staff to perform duties; frequent staff changes; frequent and undesirable office changes; refusal to assign meaningful work; unwarranted and unsubstantiated report of misconduct under Title 18 RCW; letters of reprimand or unsatisfactory performance evaluations; demotion; denial of employment; or a supervisor or superior encouraging coworkers to behave in a hostile manner toward the whistleblower. The protections provided to whistleblowers under this chapter shall not prevent a facility or an agency licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW from: (i) Terminating, suspending, or disciplining a whistleblower for other lawful purposes; or (ii) for facilities licensed under chapter 70.128 RCW, reducing the hours of employment or terminating employment as a result of the demonstrated inability to meet payroll requirements. The department shall determine if the facility cannot meet payroll in cases in which a whistleblower has been terminated or had hours of employment reduced because of the inability of a facility to meet payroll; and
(c) "Reasonable accommodation" by a facility to the needs of a prospective or current resident has the meaning given to this term under the federal Americans with disabilities act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 12101 et seq. and other applicable federal or state antidiscrimination laws and regulations.
(4) This section does not prohibit a facility or an agency licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW from exercising its authority to terminate, suspend, or discipline any employee who engages in workplace reprisal or retaliatory action against a whistleblower.
(5) The department shall adopt rules to implement procedures for filing, investigation, and resolution of whistleblower complaints that are integrated with complaint procedures under this chapter.
(6)(a) Any vulnerable adult who relies upon and is being provided spiritual treatment in lieu of medical treatment in accordance with the tenets and practices of a well-recognized religious denomination may not for that reason alone be considered abandoned, abused, or neglected.
(b) Any vulnerable adult may not be considered abandoned, abused, or neglected under this chapter by any health care provider, facility, facility employee, agency, agency employee, or individual provider who participates in good faith in the withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatment from a vulnerable adult under chapter 70.122 RCW, or who acts in accordance with chapter 7.70 RCW or other state laws to withhold or withdraw treatment, goods, or services.
(7) The department, and the department of health for facilities, agencies, or individuals it regulates, shall adopt rules designed to discourage whistleblower complaints made in bad faith or for retaliatory purposes.
[ 1999 c 176 § 14; 1997 c 392 § 202.]
Abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult—Cause of action for damages—Legislative intent.
(1) In addition to other remedies available under the law, a vulnerable adult who has been subjected to abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect either while residing in a facility or in the case of a person residing at home who receives care from a home health, hospice, or home care agency, or an individual provider, shall have a cause of action for damages on account of his or her injuries, pain and suffering, and loss of property sustained thereby. This action shall be available where the defendant is or was a corporation, trust, unincorporated association, partnership, administrator, employee, agent, officer, partner, or director of a facility, or of a home health, hospice, or home care agency licensed or required to be licensed under chapter 70.127 RCW, as now or subsequently designated, or an individual provider.
(2) It is the intent of the legislature, however, that where there is a dispute about the care or treatment of a vulnerable adult, the parties should use the least formal means available to try to resolve the dispute. Where feasible, parties are encouraged but not mandated to employ direct discussion with the health care provider, use of the long-term care ombuds or other intermediaries, and, when necessary, recourse through licensing or other regulatory authorities.
(3) In an action brought under this section, a prevailing plaintiff shall be awarded his or her actual damages, together with the costs of the suit, including a reasonable attorneys' fee. The term "costs" includes, but is not limited to, the reasonable fees for a guardian, guardian ad litem, and experts, if any, that may be necessary to the litigation of a claim brought under this section.
[ 2013 c 23 § 219; 1999 c 176 § 15; 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 85.]
Abandonment, abuse, or neglect—Exceptions.
(1) Any vulnerable adult who relies upon and is being provided spiritual treatment in lieu of medical treatment in accordance with the tenets and practices of a well-recognized religious denomination may not for that reason alone be considered abandoned, abused, or neglected.
(2) Any vulnerable adult may not be considered abandoned, abused, or neglected under this chapter by any health care provider, facility, facility employee, agency, agency employee, or individual provider who participates in good faith in the withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatment from a vulnerable adult under chapter 70.122 RCW, or who acts in accordance with chapter 7.70 RCW or other state laws to withhold or withdraw treatment, goods, or services.
Order for protection or action for damages—Standing—Jurisdiction.
A petition for an order for protection may be brought by the vulnerable adult, the vulnerable adult's guardian or legal fiduciary, the department, or any interested person as defined in RCW 74.34.020. An action for damages under this chapter may be brought by the vulnerable adult, or where necessary, by his or her family members and/or guardian or legal fiduciary. The death of the vulnerable adult shall not deprive the court of jurisdiction over a petition or claim brought under this chapter. Upon petition, after the death of the vulnerable adult, the right to initiate or maintain the action shall be transferred to the executor or administrator of the deceased, for recovery of all damages for the benefit of the deceased person's beneficiaries set forth in chapter 4.20 RCW or if there are no beneficiaries, then for recovery of all economic losses sustained by the deceased person's estate.
[ 2007 c 312 § 11; 1995 1st sp.s. c 18 § 86.]
Financial exploitation of vulnerable adults.
(1) Pending an investigation by the financial institution, the department, or law enforcement, if a financial institution reasonably believes that financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted, the financial institution may, but is not required to, refuse a transaction requiring disbursal of funds contained in the account:
(a) Of the vulnerable adult;
(b) On which the vulnerable adult is a beneficiary, including a trust or guardianship account; or
(c) Of a person suspected of perpetrating financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult.
(2) A financial institution may also refuse to disburse funds under this section if the department, law enforcement, or the prosecuting attorney's office provides information to the financial institution demonstrating that it is reasonable to believe that financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted.
(3) A financial institution is not required to refuse to disburse funds when provided with information alleging that financial exploitation may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted, but may use its discretion to determine whether or not to refuse to disburse funds based on the information available to the financial institution.
(4) A financial institution that refuses to disburse funds based on a reasonable belief that financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted shall:
(a) Make a reasonable effort to notify all parties authorized to transact business on the account orally or in writing; and
(b) Report the incident to the adult protective services division of the department and local law enforcement.
(5) Any refusal to disburse funds as authorized by this section based on the reasonable belief of a financial institution that financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted will expire upon the sooner of:
(a) Ten business days after the date on which the financial institution first refused to disburse the funds if the transaction involved the sale of a security or offer to sell a security, as defined in RCW 21.20.005, unless sooner terminated by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction;
(b) Five business days after the date on which the financial institution first refused to disburse the funds if the transaction did not involve the sale of a security or offer to sell a security, as defined in RCW 21.20.005, unless sooner terminated by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction; or
(c) The time when the financial institution is satisfied that the disbursement will not result in financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult.
(6) A court of competent jurisdiction may enter an order extending the refusal by the financial institution to disburse funds based on a reasonable belief that financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult may have occurred, may have been attempted, or is being attempted. A court of competent jurisdiction may also order other protective relief as authorized by RCW 7.40.010 and 74.34.130.
(7) A financial institution or an employee of a financial institution is immune from criminal, civil, and administrative liability for refusing to disburse funds or disbursing funds under this section and for actions taken in furtherance of that determination if the determination of whether or not to disburse funds was made in good faith.
Financial exploitation of vulnerable adults—Training—Reporting.
(1) A financial institution shall provide training concerning the financial exploitation of vulnerable adults to the employees specified in subsection (2) of this section within one year of June 10, 2010, and shall thereafter provide such training to the new employees specified in subsection (2) of this section within the first three months of their employment.
(2) A financial institution that is a broker-dealer or investment adviser as defined in RCW 21.20.005 shall provide training concerning the financial exploitation of vulnerable adults to employees who are required to be registered in the state of Washington as salespersons or investment adviser representatives under RCW 21.20.040 and who have contact with customers and access to account information on a regular basis and as part of their job. All other financial institutions shall provide training concerning the financial exploitation of vulnerable adults to employees who have contact with customers and access to account information on a regular basis and as part of their job.
(3) The training must include recognition of indicators of financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult, the manner in which employees may report suspected financial exploitation to the department and law enforcement as permissive reporters, and steps employees may take to prevent suspected financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult as authorized by law or agreements between the financial institution and customers of the financial institution. The office of the attorney general and the department shall develop a standardized training that financial institutions may offer, or the financial institution may develop its own training.
(4) A financial institution may provide access to or copies of records that are relevant to suspected financial exploitation or attempted financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult to the department, law enforcement, or the prosecuting attorney's office, either as part of a referral to the department, law enforcement, or the prosecuting attorney's office, or upon request of the department, law enforcement, or the prosecuting attorney's office pursuant to an investigation. The records may include historical records as well as records relating to the most recent transaction or transactions that may comprise financial exploitation.
(5) A financial institution or employee of a financial institution participating in good faith in making a report or providing documentation or access to information to the department, law enforcement, or the prosecuting attorney's office under this chapter shall be immune from criminal, civil, or administrative liability.
Vulnerable adult fatality reviews.
(1) The department shall conduct a vulnerable adult fatality review in the event of a death of a vulnerable adult when the department has reason to believe that the death of the vulnerable adult may be related to the abuse, abandonment, exploitation, or neglect of the vulnerable adult, or may be related to the vulnerable adult's self-neglect, and the vulnerable adult was:
(a) Receiving home and community-based services in his or her own home or licensed or certified settings, described under chapters 74.39, 74.39A, 18.20, 70.128, and 71A.12 RCW, within sixty days preceding his or her death; or
(b) Living in his or her own home or licensed or certified settings described under chapters 74.39, 74.39A, 18.20, 70.128, and 71A.12 RCW and was the subject of a report under this chapter received by the department within twelve months preceding his or her death.
(2) When conducting a vulnerable adult fatality review of a person who had been receiving hospice care services before the person's death, the review shall provide particular consideration to the similarities between the signs and symptoms of abuse and those of many patients receiving hospice care services.
(3) All files, reports, records, communications, and working papers used or developed for purposes of a fatality review are confidential and not subject to disclosure pursuant to RCW 74.34.095.
(4) The department may adopt rules to implement this section.
[ 2016 c 172 § 4; 2008 c 146 § 10.]
Finding—2016 c 172: See note following RCW 43.382.005.
Findings—Intent—Severability—2008 c 146: See notes following RCW 74.41.040.
Statement to vulnerable adults.
(1) When the department opens an investigation of a report of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect of a vulnerable adult, the department shall, at the time of the interview of the vulnerable adult who is an alleged victim, provide a written statement of the rights afforded under this chapter and other applicable law to alleged victims or legal guardians. This statement must include the department's name, address, and telephone number and may include other appropriate referrals. The statement must be substantially in the following form:
"You are entitled to be free from abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect. If there is a reason to believe that you have experienced abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect, you have the right to:
(a) Make a report to the department of social and health services and law enforcement and share any information you believe could be relevant to the investigation, and identify any persons you believe could have relevant information.
(b) Be free from retaliation for reporting or causing a report of abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect.
(c) Be treated with dignity and addressed with respectful language.
(d) Reasonable accommodation for your disability when reporting, and during investigations and administrative proceedings.
(e) Request an order that prohibits anyone who has abandoned, abused, financially exploited, or neglected you from remaining in your home, having contact with you, or accessing your money or property.
(f) Receive from the department of social and health services information and appropriate referrals to other agencies that can advocate, investigate, or take action.
(g) Be informed of the status of investigations, proceedings, court actions, and outcomes by the agency that is handling any case in which you are a victim.
(h) Request referrals for advocacy or legal assistance to help with safety planning, investigations, and hearings.
(i) Complain to the department of social and health services, formally or informally, about investigations or proceedings, and receive a prompt response."
(2) This section shall not be construed to create any new cause of action or limit any existing remedy.
Service of process or filing fees prohibited—Certified copies.
A public agency may not charge a fee for filing or service of process to petitioners seeking relief under this chapter. Petitioners must be provided the necessary number of certified copies at no cost.
Written protocol—Counties encouraged to develop for handling criminal cases involving vulnerable adults—Vulnerable adult advocacy teams—Confidentiality—Disclosure of information.
(1) Each county is encouraged to develop a written protocol for handling criminal cases involving vulnerable adults. The protocol shall:
(a) Address the coordination of vulnerable adult mistreatment investigations among the following groups as appropriate and when available: The prosecutor's office; law enforcement; adult protective services; vulnerable adult advocacy centers; local advocacy groups; community victim advocacy programs; professional guardians; medical examiners or coroners; financial analysts or forensic accountants; social workers with experience or training related to the mistreatment of vulnerable adults; medical personnel; the state long-term care ombuds or a regional long-term care ombuds specifically designated by the state long-term care ombuds; developmental disabilities ombuds; the attorney general's office; and any other local agency involved in the criminal investigation of vulnerable adult mistreatment;
(b) Be developed by the prosecuting attorney with the assistance of the agencies referenced in this subsection;
(c) Provide that participation as a member of the vulnerable adult advocacy team is voluntary;
(d) Include a brief statement provided by the state long-term care ombuds, without alteration, that describes the confidentiality laws and policies governing the state long-term care ombuds program, and includes citations to relevant federal and state laws;
(e) Require the development and use of a confidentiality agreement, in compliance with this section, that includes, but is not limited to, terms governing the type of information that must be shared, and the means by which it is shared; the existing confidentiality obligations of team members; and the circumstances under which team members may disclose information outside of the team;
(f) Require the vulnerable adult advocacy team to make a good faith effort to obtain the participation of the state long-term care ombuds prior to addressing any issue related to abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult residing in a long-term care facility during the relevant time period.
(2) Members of a vulnerable adult advocacy team must disclose to each other confidential or sensitive information and records, if the team member disclosing the information or records reasonably believes the disclosure is relevant to the duties of the vulnerable adult advocacy team. The disclosure and receipt of confidential information between vulnerable adult advocacy team members shall be governed by the requirements of this section, and by the county protocol developed pursuant to this section.
(3) Prior to participation, each member of the vulnerable adult advocacy team must sign a confidentiality agreement that requires compliance with all governing federal and state confidentiality laws.
(4) The information or records obtained shall be maintained in a manner that ensures the maximum protection of privacy and confidentiality rights.
(5) Information and records communicated or provided to vulnerable adult advocacy team members, as well as information and records created in the course of an investigation, shall be deemed private and confidential and shall be protected from discovery and disclosure by all applicable statutory and common law protections. The disclosed information may not be further disclosed except by law or by court order.
Construction—Chapter applicable to state registered domestic partnerships—2009 c 521.
For the purposes of this chapter, the terms spouse, marriage, marital, husband, wife, widow, widower, next of kin, and family shall be interpreted as applying equally to state registered domestic partnerships or individuals in state registered domestic partnerships as well as to marital relationships and married persons, and references to dissolution of marriage shall apply equally to state registered domestic partnerships that have been terminated, dissolved, or invalidated, to the extent that such interpretation does not conflict with federal law. Where necessary to implement chapter 521, Laws of 2009, gender-specific terms such as husband and wife used in any statute, rule, or other law shall be construed to be gender neutral, and applicable to individuals in state registered domestic partnerships.
[ 2009 c 521 § 181.]
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line284
|
__label__wiki
| 0.553301
| 0.553301
|
Home > GCR > Vol. 2 > Iss. 2 (1966)
Habits of Juvenile Fishes in Two Rhode Island Estuaries
Mohammed Saeed Mulkana
The basic purpose of this work was to gain information on the possible role of some Rhode Island estuaries as nursery grounds for young migrant and resident species of fishes.
The areas selected were, the lower Pettaquamscutt River and the lower Point Judith Pond, both in the town of Narragansett, Rhode Island. The seining operations were carried through summer and early fall of 1962 when these estuaries are heavily used as nursery grounds. Major features of the occurrence, abundance and distribution of young fishes were deduced by examining samples from seine hauls. Thirty-six species were recorded from the lower river while only twenty-four species occurred in the lower pond. The abundance of fishes rose with a rise in temperature and declined with decreasing temperature, but no correlation was observed between maximum temperature and maximum number of individuals occurring at any time. The number of species and the abundance of individual fish were highest at the seaward station (Sta. II) in the lower river. Among the selected species, the abundance of Menidia menidia was two to three times higher at Middle Bridge (Sta. II) than at any other station. The behavior of Pseudopleuronectes americanus, found primarily at seaward stations, and the migrant species Brevoortia tyrannus observed at landward stations, is discussed.
The species P. americanus grew at the rate of 10 mm per month, but exhibited no variation in growth in the two estuarine systems. The populations of B. tyrannus from the lower Pettaquamscutt River had a growth rate that was almost twice that of populations in the lower Point Judith Pond. The growth rate of these species in Rhode lsland waters compare favorably with similar data from other studies. The juvenile M. menidia demonstrated a higher rate of growth at seaward stations in both the areas, especially in the lower river.
Forty-three types of prey organisms belonging to diverse taxonomic groups were identified from stomach contents of P. americanus and thirty-nine types were noted in the gut contents of M. menidia. Amlysis of the degree of fullness indicated markedly high percentage of full stomachs in the two study areas. However the degree of fullness was comparatively less in fish occurring in the lower pond. The scarcity of food in the lower pond, apparently forced M. menidia (51-80 mm) to feed upon phytoplankton as a substitute food or “forced diet”. In P. americanus and M. menidia a change in diet was noted with change in size. The taxon, B. tyrannus, which depended upon phytoplankton and suspended organic matter, did not show any change in food with change in body size.
While no effective predation was observed, an infection by the sporozoan parasites, Glugea hertwigi, was marked in both Osmerus mordax and P. americanus. Low catches of P. americanus were perhaps due to higher infection.
A comparison of the parameters of abundance, growth and food habits reveal that the two estuarine systems are suitable nursery grounds, and that the lower river is a more favorable nursery than the lower pond.
https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0202.02
Mulkana, M. S. 1966. Habits of Juvenile Fishes in Two Rhode Island Estuaries. Gulf Research Reports 2 (2): 97-167.
Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol2/iss2/2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0202.02
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line285
|
__label__wiki
| 0.739718
| 0.739718
|
Arabesque World Dance
What’s Shimmying
TwitterYouTubeFacebook
An Evening with Alma Gitana & Safiya Nawaar
« Safiya Nawaar at Imaginarium 2019
Traditional Belly Dance Class at Living Arts & Science Center »
An Exciting Evening of Music and Dance is Planned for Saturday, October 19th 7:30-11:30pm as we welcome local music sensation Alma Gitana to Arabesque, accompanied by the amazing artistry of Belly Dance performer, Safiya Nawaar.
Alma Gitana is a Flamenco-Arabic-World music band that has been performing in Lexington, Louisville, Cincinnati and the State of Kentucky since 2003.
Taking listeners on an aural trip from the Andalucia region of Spain, to Lebanon, Columbia, and beyond, this Lexington, Ky band is a true musical melting pot. Alma Gitana is a unique hybrid of genres that brings together many traditions and cultures in a joyful and energetic mix. Alma Gitana, (Spanish for “Gypsy Soul”) fully embodies the seven-member group. The Louisville/Lexington collective of musicianship offers Flamenco guitars, violins, percussion and bass, and well as Middle Eastern oud and tres, all lead by fiery vocals and intertwining harmonies.
Show Tickets $15.00 +tax
Performer Bios
Performance Bios and Links
Safiya Nawaar (Middle Eastern Performing Artist)
International teacher, performer and mentor Safiya Nawaar, is the owner and artistic director of Arabesque World Dance in Lexington, Kentucky. This beautiful dancer brings the emotions of music to life through creative movement with a powerful yet delicate style, both on the stage and in the classroom. Safiya’s specialties include the traditional and folkloric dances from Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey and Persia. As well, she teaches and performs Theatrical, Interpretive, Lyrical, Tribaret, American Cabaret and ITS.
Her studio and show venue frequently host national and international talent for workshops, performances and educational presentations. Her passion for introducing culture to the community through movement and music, also brings her signature style out into the public by way of cultural festivals, stage shows, art exhibitions, school demonstrations, and themed events such as cosplay and comic cons. She produces and directs her annual events under the label, Arabesque World Dance Productions.
Safiya is a classically trained dancer with many years of Ballet, Jazz, Lyrical and Theatrical dance as a solid foundation before getting involved in MENAHT dance training. For a complete bio and list of upcoming appearances visit her at www.arabesquelex.com or www.dancesafiya.com.
Annette Hill McCulloch (World Music Fusion vocals)
Annette has been an actor and singer in the Southern Indiana/Louisville area for over 20 years. She has performed with Derby Dinner Playhouse, Stage on Spring, Pandora Productions, Actors Theatre of Louisville, Center Stage, The Kentucky Opera, and Story Station Children’s Theatre. She has also owned and operated a very successful private voice studio for the last 12 years. Annette studied vocal performance and music education at the University of Evansville and has made it a priority to continue developing her voice through the years by singing in a variety of musical styles including classical, Broadway, 40’s three part harmony and now world music fusion.
Maggie Lander (Violin, acoustic guitar and vocals)
Maggie started playing fiddle at age 11. A year later she was performing on stage. She plays many musical styles including Celtic, Contest-Style, Classical, Old-time and Bluegrass. She is also a talented songwriter. Maggie’s songs have gotten radio air-time world wide. She is a former member of the popular youth bluegrass band Kentucky Sassafras. In 2008, the band opened for bluegrass legend Dr. Ralph Stanley and was a headlining act at Festival Of The Bluegrass in Lexington, Ky. The band released an album in spring 2008 titled “In My Rearview”. The group went their separate ways in January 2009. Maggie has performed at such premiere venues such as the J.D. Crowe Bluegrass Festival and Red Barn Radio, including many others.
She has shared the stage with many esteemed musicians, including Sam Bush, Rob Ickes, Ben Sollee, Zach Brock, Carbon Leaf, Johnathon Edwards, Cherryholmes, members of Passafire and has opened for Maura O’Connell and Carrie Rodriguez…
A former member of the house band for Woodsongs Old-Time Radio hour, lead singer of Lexington, KY band, The City, she now works with The Patrick McNeese Band as well as playing solo shows. Her debut EP ‘Miss Me Moon’ was released in the winter of 2011 and is on all major online retailers. In February 2015, Maggie accepted the award for Best Singer/songwriter at the Lexington Music Awards. Maggie has performed with Alma Gitana since the summer of 2013 and officially joined the band in August 2014.
George Wakim (Arabic lead vocals, Oud, Arabic violin, percussion)
George W. Wakim is from Miye Ou Miye, a small village overlooking the coastal City of Sidon in South Lebanon. George is an avid fan of Arabic music in which he is an entirely self-taught (left-handed) performer on violin, oud, tabla, and voice! In 1984, he came to the University of Kentucky for his engineering degrees during which period he entertained in local and regional area events. Among the different venues involved during George’s engineering career with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, he opened a show for American Folk/Appalachian icon Singer Jean Richie and shared another stage with bluegrass musician and instrument maker legend Homer C. Ledford regarding musical instrument making at the Kentucky Folk-life Festival in Frankfort. He also opened the first Berry Hill Mansion Music Series show in Frankfort, Kentucky, participated in the “Secret Commonwealth” series of dance operas by Dan Dutton of Somerset, Kentucky, performed in a concert by “Baladna” group on KET Mixed Media Show in 2004, and opened for a show for Simon Shaheen at the Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts, Bomhard Theatre in Louisville Kentucky in 2007. George is involved in hand crafting his own ouds and violins. He built five (5) left-handed violins under master maker and friend JB Miller of Lexington. His first oud showed in the “Made To Be Played” exhibit at the state museum in Frankfort in 2009 and oud No.3 just showed at the Kentucky Craft Luminaries exhibit in Lexington in 2015. In addition to entertaining in private parties, he currently performs with World Music fusion group in Lexington called Alma Gitana. He also teaches oud.
Duane Corn (Flamenco guitar, Spanish laud, Cuban tres, electric guitar, 12- string guitar and vocals)
Duane’s interest in flamenco was conceived during a trip to Paracho, Mexico in 1997. The highlight of this adventure was a visit to Benito Huipe’s guitar shop and the purchase of his first flamenco guitar. The following year he attended a flamenco guitar workshop and met fellow participant Bob Elliott. The two kept in sparse contact via email over the next two years. More on that in the next paragraph.
A classical guitarist by training, Duane gleaned what he could from various instructional material and recordings. As fate would have it, a career move for his ballet-dancer wife brought him from Indiana to Lexington, KY. Of course he immediately called Bob Elliott and convinced him to impart some of his knowledge of flamenco. During the lessons, the two became friends and the flamenco bug was rampant in the Corn household. At one point Bob said, “You know, if you really want to learn flamenco you should play with other flamencos.” To make a long story short, Duane joined Bob and Jaleos Flamencos. Unbeknownst to the musicians, the nucleus of Alma Gitana was formed. The rest is recent history!
Duane holds a Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Music Education degrees from the University of Evansville in Indiana where he studied with Renato Butturi. Additionally, he received a Master of Music degree in Classical Guitar from the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music as a student of Clare Callahan. He has studied flamenco guitar with Bob Elliott, Arturo Martinez of New York City and Manuel “El Carbonero” Lozano of Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
In addition to Alma Gitana, Duane has performed in the United States and Mexico as a classical guitarist soloist, with the Lexington Guitar Trio, and with the Holland & Corn duo.
Jake Riddle (Bass guitar)
Jake is a bass player & composer who has been performing professionally for 10 years. He holds a B.F.A in music from The University of Rio Grande, and a Masters in Music Composition from The University of Kentucky. In the Summer of 2014, Jake toured China as a member of The U.K. Jazz Ensemble playing universities, music schools, and one of the country’s top Jazz clubs. As a member of the Magik Mama Blues Band Jake was a semifinalist and went on to place 2nd in the 2008 International Blues Competition sponsored by The Blues, Jazz and Folk Music Society of Marietta O.H. Jake has played a wide range of styles professionally including, but not limited to; Jazz, Blues, Classic Rock, Pop Rock, Heavy Metal, Reggae, Funk, Soul, Bluegrass, Country, Polka, Progressive Jazz fusion and many more. Jake is also a founding member of U.K.’s “Free Improvisation Ensemble”, a group which specializes in performing entirely improvised music. This group was invited and performed at the 2014 I.S.I.M. conference in New York City; one of the largest conventions for Improvised music in the world. Jake also has an extensive background and training in classical composition and Music Theory. Jake currently lives in Lexington Kentucky where he works as a professional musician in the local Jazz scene.
Bob Elliott (Flamenco guitar, harmonica, keyboards, vocals)
Bob began playing guitar at age 17 and played folk and rock in the early years. While in college in the late 1970’s, he studied fingerstyle techniques with Lexington guitarist Jerry Belsak. Bob completed medical school at the University of Kentucky in 1985 and completed his residency in psychiatry in 1989. After starting his private practice, he began to study flamenco guitar. By August 1996, Bob began studying under flamenco guitarist René Heredia. Rene was a protégé of the legendary flamenco guitarist Sabicas and eventually became one of the lead guitarists for flamenco dance greats such as Carmen Amaya and José Greco.
In December 1997, Bob joined the Ballet Español of Louisville. During his work with the Ballet Español, Bob studied with classical/flamenco guitarist Doug Jones and flamenco guitarists Arturo Martinez and Greg Wolf. Bob performed with the Ballet Español on Kentucky Educational Television’s “In Performance at the Governor’s Mansion” in May 1999. Bob also gave a solo performance that year at Brescia University in Owensboro, KY. He appears playing flamenco guitar in the award-winning documentary “Beyond the Border” by Ari Palos and Eren McGinnis, which premiered at the Kentucky Theatre in September 2001. He organized Lexington’s first Flamenco Festival in 2003 featuring live performances and workshops by Arturo Martinez, Jaleos Flamencos and dancer Peter Suarez. In 2003, Bob co-founded Alma Gitana with Duane Corn and Stuart Waldner. He has appeared as a guest guitarist with flamenco dance company Flamenco Louisville numerous times over the past 10+ years. Bob is currently studying with flamenco guitarist/singer/dancer Marija Temo.
Dave Farris (Drum kit, percussion)
Simply put: Dave is an awesome drummer!!
Paul T Carney (Cajon, percussion, flamenco guitar)
Paul grew up in Louisiana surrounded by music, but developed a love for percussion while living in the Chicago area. He studied with Cuban jazz percussionist Dede’ Sampaio and accompanied him at the Giordano Dance Center while earning his degree from Northwestern University in Performance Studies. Paul’s first exposure to flamenco was in 2001, when he married flamenco dancer Diana Dinicola and he began playing cajon (box drum) with Flamenco Louisville in 2004. Then, in 2007, Paul began playing flamenco guitar as well, becoming an accompanist and solo musician.
His gracious teachers and fellow performers have included Juan Ramirez, Carmen Ledesma, Karolina González “La Negra”, Maribel Ramos “La Zambra”, José Manuel Ramos “El Oruco”, Marija Temo, Antonio Vargas, Michelle Iaccarino, John Lawrence, Richard Marlow, Chayito Champion, and Juan del Gastor (Juan Amaya).
Paul owns and operates Body Mechanics Massage Therapy Clinic, and is a performing musician with the Kentucky Art Center’s Arts in Healing program. Paul joined Alma Gitana as a percussionist and guitarist in January 2015.
Visit Alma Gitana
Henna Body Art
Henna by Anna Rose
Beautiful, temporary henna body art in the Lexington KY area! Available for individual sessions and parties, weddings and other events!
Visit Henna by Anna Rose
The ethnically inspired Arabesque World Dance studio was created and decorated with the purpose of complementing the Performance Arts, as well as providing a unique event space that caters to a wide range of cultural and community interests. The ‘Eastern Edgy’ health and wellness space converts into a show venue and hosts a number of annual shows that introduce culture to the community through dance and music. Its located at 451 B Chair Ave. Lexington, Ky 40508.
If you have any questions, you can contact Arabesque at 859.455.8991
So, join us for an adventurous evening with live music that you will want to get up and dance to (and we totally encourage that!!)
We are Planning to have a food vendor set up just outside the studio, and some great activities inside for you to enjoy between sets.
So mark your calendars and invite your friends!
MORE INFO & TICKETS COMING SOON!
Safiya Nawaar
arabesquelex.com
451-B Chair Ave
Lexington, KY United States + Google Map
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line286
|
__label__wiki
| 0.844701
| 0.844701
|
10 Royally Good Audiobooks for Fans of ‘The Crown’
Posted on November 27, 2020 by Lena Yang
In a year of great uncertainty, we can at least all take solace in the fact that The Crown will undoubtedly serve up a slice of really good television in November. From the gorgeous sets to glamorous fashions, Netflix’s flashy period drama just premiered its most momentous season yet. After all, it’s got Margaret Thatcher, the Falklands War, IRA attacks, and, of course, Lady Diana Spencer.
If you’re dying for more royal goodness after binging the latest season, check out our list of the best audiobooks to dive into for more drama and intrigue. From biographies to historical fiction, you’re bound to find your next perfect cup of royal tea.
The Gown by Jennifer Robson, narrated by Marisa Calin
Since its premiere in 2016, The Crown has held the title of the most expensive show ever produced by Netflix. Of the whopping $130 million that Netflix invested into the first two seasons, £30,000 (roughly $37,000) alone went into creating an exact replica of one of the most famous gowns in history: Queen Elizabeth’s wedding dress.
With The Gown, Jennifer Robson takes us inside the workrooms where Queen Elizabeth’s famous wedding gown was created. Balancing behind-the-scenes details with a sweeping portrait of a society left reeling by the calamitous costs of victory, Robson introduces listeners to three unforgettable heroines whose lives are woven together by the pain of survival, the bonds of friendship, and the redemptive power of love.
Diana: Her True Story in Her Own Words by Andrew Morton, narrated by Michael Maloney, Caroline Langrishe
Season four of The Crown introduced viewers to a young Lady Diana Spencer, who, two decades after her death, remains an icon and enigma. Andrew Morton’s blockbuster biography is a must-listen for any Princess Diana aficionados and is as close to an autobiography as we’ll ever get. Written using secret tapes recorded by Diana and Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story in Her Own Words reveals Diana’s unhappy marriage, her relationship with the Queen, her extraordinary life inside the House of Windsor, her hopes, her fears, and her dreams. In this fully revised edition of his groundbreaking biography, Morton considers Diana’s legacy and her relevance to the modern royal family.
The Queen’s Secret: A Novel of England’s World War II Queen by Karen Harper, narrated by Bianca Amato
Karen Harper’s The Queen’s Secret focuses on a different Queen Elizabeth: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the Queen Mother. As a steely, enduring figure who is resolutely devoted to the crown, the Queen Mother’s role in the show has grown ever more diminished as The Crown chugs forward in time and shifts the focus onto Queen Elizabeth’s children. So, for those who want more of Queen Mum, The Queen’s Secret will be sure to satisfy that craving.
In this riveting novel of royal secrets and intrigue, Karen Harper lifts the veil on one of the world’s most fascinating families, and how its “secret weapon” of a matriarch maneuvered her way through one of the most dangerous chapters of the century.
The Woman Before Wallis: A Novel of Windsors, Vanderbilts, and Royal Scandal by Bryn Turnbull, narrated by Mary Jane Wells
Scores of books and movies have already been written about Wallis Simpson, the woman for whom King Edward abdicated the crown. The banished Duchess of Windsor made appearances in three out of four seasons of the show, but nothing has been said of Thelma Morgan, the American divorcée who captured Prince Edward’s heart before Wallis. In The Woman Before Wallis, Bryn Turnbull takes readers from the raucous glamour of the Paris Ritz and the French Riviera to the quiet, private corners of St. James’s Palace to tell a sweeping story of love, loyalty, and betrayal.
Mrs Queen Takes the Train by William Kuhn, narrated by Simon Prebble
If you want to switch gears for a more lighthearted royal story, Mrs Queen Takes the Train will absolutely be your cup of tea. William Kuhn draws listeners into a few delightful, fictitious days in the life of a modern monarch.
Queen Elizabeth, now elderly and feeling a bit low, pops down to the stables to check on her horses. Then, in a hoodie borrowed from stable lass Rebecca, the Queen strolls out of the palace in search of a little fun. This lively, wonderfully inventive romp takes listeners into the mind of the grand matriarch of Britain’s Royal Family, bringing us an endearing runaway Queen Elizabeth on the town.
Royal by Danielle Steel, narrated by Nick Afka Thomas
Although Danielle Steel’s Royal isn’t based on any real-life monarchs, it’s got all the heartbreak, drama, and romance to satisfy everyone who’s trying to fill the royal-sized hole left behind by the latest season of The Crown.
As war rages on in the summer of 1943, the King and Queen choose to quietly send their youngest daughter, Princess Charlotte, away to safety to live with a trusted noble family in the country. In time, she settles comfortably into a life out of the spotlight, utterly in the dark about her royal lineage. But, when a stack of hidden letters comes to light, a secret kept for nearly two decades finally surfaces, and a long lost princess emerges.
The Other Windsor Girl: A Novel of Princess Margaret, Royal Rebel by Georgie Blalock, narrated by Ann Marie Gideon
Revisit the whirlwind life of your favorite royal troublemaker through the eyes of one of her ladies-in-waiting in Georgie Blalock’s The Other Windsor Girl. In dreary post-war Britain, Vera Strathmore, the daughter of an impoverished noble is swept into the fame and notoriety of the royal family and Princess Margaret’s fast-living friends when she is appointed as Margaret’s second lady-in-waiting. Thrust into the center of Margaret’s social and royal life, Vera watches the princess’s affairs unfurl with delicious drama.
Ninety-Nine Glimpses of Princess Margaret by Craig Brown, narrated by Eleanor Bron
From her iconic style to her rebellious spirit, it’s no wonder Princess Margaret aroused passion and indignation in equal measures. If you’re dying to learn more about the most talked-about English royal, look no further. Combining interviews, parodies, dreams, parallel lives, diaries, announcements, lists, catalogs, and essays, Craig Brown’s Ninety-Nine Glimpses of Princess Margaret is a kaleidoscopic experiment in biography and a witty meditation on fame and art, snobbery and deference, bohemia and high society.
Finding Freedom: Harry and Meghan and the Making of a Modern Royal Family by Carolyn Durand and Omid Scobie, narrated by Omid Scobie
Fans who were hoping to see the latest Harry and Meghan royal drama play out on screen will be disappointed. The Crown creator Peter Morgan has confirmed the series’s sixth and final season will focus on the administrations of John Major and Tony Blair, the latter of which happened nearly a decade before Harry and Meghan met.
But, fret not! There’s plenty of material to dive into as Harry and Meghan’s saga unfolds. Finding Freedom by Carolyn Durand and Omid Scobie is the first in-depth and intimate portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex’s life together. With unique access and written with the participation of those closest to the couple, Finding Freedom reveals why they chose to pursue a more independent path and the reasons behind their unprecedented decision to step away from their royal lives.
The Crown: The Official Companion, Volume 2: Political Scandal, Personal Struggle, and the Years that Defined Elizabeth II (1956-1977) by Robert Lacey, narrated by Alex Jennings
Finally, your essential The Crown listening list wouldn’t be complete without Robert Lacey’s official companion book. As the show’s historical consultant, Lacey takes listeners through the real history that inspired the drama. Volume one covers the show’s first season from 1947 to 1955, while volume two covers the second and third seasons from 1956 to 1977. Extensively researched, Lacey’s companion audiobooks offer an in-depth exploration from behind the palace gates.
New to Audiobooks.com? Get your first book free, PLUS a bonus book from our VIP selection when you sign up for our one-month free trial. Digital audiobooks make audible stories come to life when you’re commuting, working out, cleaning, cooking, and more! Listening is easy with our top-rated free audiobook apps for iOS and Android, which let you download & listen to bestselling audiobooks on the go, wherever you are. Click here to get your free audiobooks!
This entry was posted in General, Lifestyle, We Recommend and tagged Diana, Finding Freedom, Mrs Queen Takes the Train, Ninety-Nine Glimpses of Princess Margaret, Royal, The Crown, The Crown: The Official Companion, The Gown, The Other Windsor Girl, The Woman Before Wallis by Lena Yang. Bookmark the permalink.
About Lena Yang
An avid reader and dog-petting enthusiast, Lena can often be found relaxing in the sun with a good cup of tea.
View all posts by Lena Yang →
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line288
|
__label__cc
| 0.684143
| 0.315857
|
Scientists Study Microbial Degradation of Bioplastics in Cryogenic Soil
Researchers of Siberian Federal University conducted a series of studies devoted to how soil bacteria and fungi decompose and digest special biopolymers produced at a pilot plant of Siberian Federal University.
Studying Different Microbes for Better Plastic Degradation
“Microorganisms inhabiting the Evenk soils slightly differ in species composition from those that live to the south. However, they are very slow due to low temperatures, and their metabolic processes are inhibited. We studied how quickly these microorganisms are capable of degrading bioplastics based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), various types of which are produced at the university,” said Svetlana Prudnikova, co-author of the study, professor of the specialized department of biotechnology.
The tests at the Evenk department of the Institute of Forest Health (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science) were a continuation of the long-term research carried out by the staff of the department. Previously, the Krasnoyarsk researchers studied the similar behavior of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the soils of the forest zone of Krasnoyarsk Territory, tested microscopic inhabitants of fresh and salty water bodies for destructiveness against biopolymers, and even studied the ability to process bioplastics in tropical bacteria inhabiting the soil of Vietnam.
Solving Soil Pollution Problem with Bioplastics
The studies of the SibFU bioengineers had been carried out long before the Norilsk events in Evenkia, but the conclusions obtained are quite versatile: if the production of containers, packaging, and medical products from the biopolymers is tuned (the safety of which for vulnerable northern soils has been proved by the Krasnoyarsk specialists) and developed by the SibFU pilot plant, the problem of the pollution of the subarctic and arctic zones of Russia can be partially solved.
“Along with soil temperature, moisture, the specific composition of local microflora, and the shape of a bioplastic product are of great importance for the biodegradation. In the Evenk experiment, particularly, we used thin PHA-films. The most important thing is the experimentally proven ability of cryogenic soils to absorb bioplastics without harmful effects on the environment, which, I hope, will replace a significant share of synthetic plastic on the market in the future,” concluded Svetlana Prudnikova.
High-quality Processing of Bioplastics
“In the middle zone and, especially, the subtropics, the destruction of PHA-biopolymers is much faster. In the Evenk soils, however, we found a fairly diverse microbial community, which also copes with this task. The studied samples contain Bacillus pumilus — a bacterial strain which is widespread in soil, water bodies, and on plant roots. Other inhabitants of the permafrost include Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Rhodococcus — the bacteria known for their ability to destroy organic pollution in soils. As for the microscopic fungi in these latitudes, the most widespread are mold fungi — Aspergillus and Penicilliums. This microbiome is more than enough for high-quality processing of bioplastics,” Prudnikova continued.
The issue of soil pollution in the Far North remains highly urgent. The fragility and vulnerability of northern ecosystems and the long periods of restoration of local nature after cataclysms are evidenced, among other things, by the findings of scientists from the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences who are working to eliminate the consequences of the environmental disaster in Norilsk in May 2020.
Omnexus (news)
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line296
|
__label__cc
| 0.533226
| 0.466774
|
St. Louis sem offers Lay Bible Institute Aug. 8
Paula Schlueter Ross
“Jesus and the Law in the Gospel of Mark” is the topic of the summer Lay Bible Institute offered on Saturday, Aug. 8, by Concordia Seminary, St. Louis.
Leading the 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. institute will be the Rev. David Lewis, assistant professor of Exegetical Theology at the seminary.
“The Lay Bible Institute provides a unique opportunity to see how the story of Jesus as told by Mark can cast new light upon our faith and life,” said the Rev. Dr. Charles Arand, professor of Systematic Theology and dean of Theological Research and Publication. “Attendees will have the chance to engage in a daylong conversation and study about the latest insights into the Gospel of Mark as shared by one of our emerging scholars of this Gospel.”
Registration is $20, and the deadline for registrations is Aug. 3.
For more information, contact the seminary’s Office of Continuing Education at 314-505-7286 or ce@csl.edu.
Tags Seminary
Paula Schlueter Ross (1953–2019), former managing editor of Reporter, was a magna cum laude graduate of Webster University, with a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. During her nearly 35-year career with the LCMS, she wrote for both Reporter and The Lutheran Witness and often took photos to accompany her stories. Ross won 17 national writing awards from the Associated Church Press, including seven first-place “Awards of Excellence.”
Pope Francis’ U.S. approval rates slump sharply
Second Infertility Ethics Symposium set for Fort Wayne
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line300
|
__label__cc
| 0.667109
| 0.332891
|
Saturday was a day of mourning
Saturday was a day of mourning. With dozens gathered in a shady, green park in the centre of Bangui, a minute’s silence was held at 3 pm.
© Yann Libessart/MSF
09 May 2014 / 2 minute read
Saturday was a day of mourning. With dozens gathered in a shady, green park in the centre of Bangui, a minute’s silence was held at 3 pm. This was the hour a week previously when three of our MSF national staff colleagues, along with thirteen community leaders, were murdered in the supposedly sacrosanct confines of the small MSF hospital in Boguila.
They had all come, along with many other community leaders and MSF workers, to attend a meeting to discuss, ironically, the security of the project in this small town in the northwest of the country. Instead, as an armed faction raided the safe in a nearby room, they were senselessly shot dead in cold blood.
So, as my two-month contract draws to a close and I prepare to make the enormous adjustment to life back in the UK, my heart is heavy. When will the bloodshed end and this country be allowed to start to build itself up again? I am grateful that I’ve had the opportunity to play a small part in administering to the enormous medical needs of these benighted people, in one of the dozens of MSF projects spread across CAR.
But now, for the next week, all these activities will be suspended, in CAR and the neighbouring countries, apart from essential and life-saving ones. MSF hopes by this drastic action to give a clear message to the leaders of the armed groups and everyone else concerned that we need to have a safe space in which to work, that the humanitarian ideal has to be respected.
Five myths about working for MSF
Nursing in Gaza: “He was hit by a single bullet, passing through both his lower legs”
Spear trauma in South Sudan
Starting from scratch: an emergency response in the Democratic Republic of Congo
A doctor in DRC: The finish line
A doctor in DRC: Bolomba, soon a memory
A doctor in DRC: Arrival in Bolomba
A doctor in DRC: Along the Ikelemb river
A doctor in DRC: "Preparations are in full swing"
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line301
|
__label__cc
| 0.704973
| 0.295027
|
Home FRIENDS OF 1927 CONCERT SERIES: MIKE FARRIS
FRIENDS OF 1927 CONCERT SERIES: MIKE FARRIS
Sep 7, 2017 7:30 PM to 9:30 PM
Birthplace of Country Music Museum 520 Birthplace of Country Music Way 520 Birthplace of Country Music Way, Bristol, Virginia 24201
Thursday, September 7, 2017 the Birthplace of Country Music is proud to present the Friends of 1927 Concert Series featuring the Grammy Award-winning artist Mike Farris.
The Friends of 1927 Concert Series is a unique concert experience where fans have the opportunity to interact with the artists in a relaxed setting over cocktails and hors d’oeuvres, all included in the ticket price.
Tickets are made available first to Friends of 1927 for a limited time before opening them up to the public. There is a very limited number of tickets so everyone is encouraged to purchase early.
Ask how you can become a Friend of 1927 and support the Birthplace of Country Music Museum by emailing info@birthplaceofcountrymusic.org or call 423-573-1927.
Location Birthplace of Country Music Museum 520 Birthplace of Country Music Way 520 Birthplace of Country Music Way, Bristol, Virginia 24201
Event Type Concerts & Live Music
Date & Time Sep 7, 2017 7:30 PM to 9:30 PM
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line305
|
__label__cc
| 0.624723
| 0.375277
|
Posts Tagged ‘Father’
My Time In The BC Legislature…
The 70’s were a different time.
My Father worked for many years, for CBC Radio. He was Executive Producer of West Coast Affairs, which meant he was responsible for many things… but for an eight year old boy, the most exciting thing he was responsible for, was overseeing the broadcast of the Proceedings from the BC Parliament in Victoria. To a young boy, Victoria was a strange and exotic land. Occasionally, my Dad would talk to my Mom, and I would get taken out of School for a few days, and my Dad and I would jump in our Volkswagen Westphalia Camper, and head for the Capital City. As we lived in Vancouver, it meant getting up early… (I would sleep in the back, or read Hardy Boys Books) …drive to Tsawwassen… pick up Bob Spence… (another CBC fellow) and get on the BC Ferry, for the hour and a half journey to Victoria, on Vancouver Island.
Crest Motel in Victoria - Back in the days when the Motel would give you the Postcards for free !
Early trips, we stayed at the Crest Motel… a motor lodge that was on the edge of Downtown. I think for the first few trips, because I was young, and a quiet, shy boy, I would mostly stay in the room, during the day, and once my Dad’s work was done, we would go exploring. Thunderbird Park, with the exotic Totem Poles ! Going on the Tally Ho horse-drawn Carriages ! Many wonderful adventures.
Over the years, once or twice a year, I would get taken out of School, and for a Thursday and Friday, we would venture to Victoria. My dad would go to work in the Parliament Buildings, and I would be set loose upon the town.
It was a very different time, because I don’t imagine ANY parents today would think to allow an unsupervised 10 year old, to be free to wander the streets of a strange city all day ? I don’t think it would happen. But back then, it was it’s very own education. I would spend HOURS in the Royal BC Museum… looking at the dioramas of Fort Langley, being in awe at the enormity of the Woolly Mammoth, and being dumbfounded at the tiny confines of the crew quarters on the HMS Discovery.
I would wander, never touching, but looking curiously, through the many fancy China Shops.
Press my nose up against the glass of the Roger’s Chocolate Shop… (too rich for my young palate) Marvel at the history of my Scottish Ancestry in the Tartan Shop… (Buchanan) Spend hours looking at the amazing architecture of the buildings… and I loved The Empress Hotel with its beautiful glassed in Conservatory.
I grew up in Kerrsidale, which had a certain homogenous continuity to it. In Victoria, I would poke through the streets and alleys, and wonder at the amazing variety of Businesses, that would co-exist, adjacent to one another. The Pig & Whistle Pub, next to a souvenir Store, a few doors down from a store selling boat and marine equipment, near to an attraction called Miniatureland. And Union Jacks, EVERYWHERE !!!
At the end of each days’ adventure, I would inevitably be late, and would rush up the stairs and into the BC Parliament Buildings, past the paintings, the murals, the statues, and down the corridor into the dingy old offices that the Press used.
Upon a few occasions, when Session had been adjourned early, my Dad would take me, and with a nod to the Sergeant At Arms, we would wander into the Legislative Chambers. I was struck at the time, how the desks and chairs of our Governmental Leaders, were not dis-similar from the wooden desks and chairs of my Elementary School… complete with doodling on the scraps of left over paper…
I wish I had been more taken with the Chamber itself, but at the time, it was somewhat threadbare and sad, and even as a child, it reminded me of visiting someone’s house that had at one time been grand, but was now fallen on tougher times, a bit tattered and frayed at the edges and straining to retain the vestiges of its once-held splendor.
(There was a massive restoration done in 1973, and my visits took place prior to that)
The next year, I got a paper route, and because of that, sadly I was no longer able to go away with my Dad, as I was a guy with responsibilities.
But I shall always think back fondly to the days I spent in Victoria, and my time in the BC Legislature, and wonder at the courage of my Father to set a young child loose in a strange town, where I had no safety net, but gained a set of experiences, and a sense of curiousity and wonder, that I hope I still hold, today.
Thanks Dad !!!
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line306
|
__label__wiki
| 0.548204
| 0.548204
|
Beijing Jingdu Century Culture Development Co., Ltd
Home/Beijing Jingdu Century Culture Development Co., Ltd
Beijing Jingdu Century Culture Development Co., Ltdharvard19322017-11-28T23:35:10+00:00
Established in 1999, the Beijing Jingdu Century Culture Development Co., Ltd., led by President and distinguished Chinese director You Xiaogang, is a top, prestigious TV program production company in China, one of the first eight private-owned companies with the Type-A producing license of TV drama series (License No. 160) issued by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of the People’s Republic of China (SAPPRFT), and also a key import & export enterprise in the cultural Industry of China awarded by seven ministries such as the SAPPRFT, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Culture, and so on.
The strong production skills, distinct copyright, coordinated creative structure, experienced and competent production team, large scale film and TV production bases, large line-up of young entertainers, new media companies, and a wealth of international cooperation resources have led our productions to enjoy a wide range of business distinctions and receive over one hundred international and domestic awards.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line313
|
__label__cc
| 0.545085
| 0.454915
|
The 2018 Fall Planning Letter>
Our top priority as a College is to establish the new Department of African American and African Studies (AAAS). We recognize this as a primary way through which we can live out our core value of equity by recruiting and retaining talented faculty and students of color to the College of Arts & Letters and Michigan State University.
However, for this strategy of recruitment and retention to be successful over the long term, we are embracing the intellectual substance of African American and African Studies by building curriculum and supporting an organizational structure that conveys, with clarity and urgency, how important Black and Africana Studies is to Michigan, from Flint to Muskegon, from Lansing to Detroit, and from the United States to Africa and the broad African Diaspora.
An indication of our shared commitment to transform the institutional culture of the College of Arts & Letters by establishing a Department of African American and African Studies can be found in the support letters from the College Advisory Committee (CAC) and the College of Arts & Letters Department Chairs that accompanied our proposal to the faculty senate to establish the Department. The letter from the CAC put it well:
The College’s vision is to shape intentional lives, cultivate creativity, and engage global cultural understanding. A Department of African American and African Studies would contribute significantly to our vision, especially across—but certainly not limited to—the areas of histories; social and cultural criticism; and feminisms, gender, and sexuality studies.
Further, to have a letter of support for a new Department signed unanimously by all of the Chairs is a powerful indication of the broad commitment by the College for this important initiative.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line314
|
__label__cc
| 0.668259
| 0.331741
|
Solo & Small Firm
California Provisional Licensing Program Launches
Solo & Small Firm Section The Solo Advisor
Applications are now available online for 2020 law school graduates to seek provisional licensure, enabling those who have not passed a bar exam to practice law in California under the supervision of fully licensed lawyers. The initial group eligible for provisional licensure are those who graduated law school between December 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020.
“In these uncertain times, the program creates a measure of certainty for both new law graduates and those who employ them,” said Donna Hershkowitz, Interim Executive Director. “We are encouraging licensees to consider offering employment or volunteer assignments to new graduates eager to begin their careers. We hope that the program expands access to justice at a time when the needs are only increasing.”
Provisionally licensed lawyers will be able to engage in a broad array of legal activities, subject to supervision. Applicants must have an employment offer, conditional employment offer, volunteer opportunity, or conditional volunteer opportunity lined up. They must submit a declaration from the supervising lawyer along with their application within the Applicant Portal. Applicants must also pay a small fee and meet all requirements, such as already having submitted a complete moral character application. The application procedure and requirements are detailed in these FAQs. The State Bar also plans to implement an online directory that will enable the public to search for provisionally licensed lawyers.
Possible expansion discussed
At a meeting on October 14, 2020, the Provisional Licensure Working Group voted to recommend that the program be extended to those who scored 1390 or higher on the July 2015 bar exam or any subsequent exam. The working group is scheduled to meet on November 20 to assess whether, for this cohort who previously scored 1390 or higher, the program should serve as a pathway to full licensure that would not require retaking the bar exam. Any recommendations to expand the program will circulate for public comment before being submitted to the Board of Trustees for approval, after which they would go to the Supreme Court for final approval.
The provisional licensure program lasts until June 1, 2022, unless extended by the Court. As currently structured, when the program ends, provisionally licensed lawyers wishing to continue practicing law will have to meet all normal requirements for admission, including passing a bar exam.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line315
|
__label__cc
| 0.536394
| 0.463606
|
Home » Search » Delicate Sound Of Thunder (Deluxe)
Delicate Sound Of Thunder (Deluxe)
Format: boxset
Artist: Pink Floyd
CatNo: 0190295215927
Pink Floyd Delicate Sound Of Thunder Boxset
2020 remix of Pink Floyd's classic live album and restored and re-edited (from the original 35mm film and re-mixed) concert film.
2CD/Blu-ray/DVD deluxe box with 40-page booklet, poster and 5 postcards. Includes tracks not on the original 1988 release.
DVD - Stereo PCM (46/16), 5.1 Dolby Digitial (48/16), 5.1 DTS (48/16)
Blu-Ray - Stereo PCM (96/24), 5.1 DTS Master audio (96/24)
Filmed at Long Island’s Nassau Coliseum in August 1988 and directed by Wayne Isham, the 2020 release of the Grammy Award nominated Delicate Sound Of Thunder is sourced directly from over 100 cans of original 35mm negatives, painstakingly restored and transferred to 4K, and completely re-edited by Benny Trickett from the restored and upgraded footage, under the creative direction of Aubrey Powell/Hipgnosis. Similarly, the sound was completely remixed from the original multitrack tapes by longtime Pink Floyd engineer Andy Jackson with David Gilmour, assisted by Damon Iddins.
Pink Floyd’s stellar supporting cast for the live dates included: Jon Carin (Keyboards, Vocals), Tim Renwick (Guitars, Vocals), Guy Pratt (Bass, Vocals), Gary Wallis (Percussion), Scott Page (Saxophones, Guitar), Margret Taylor (Backing Vocals), Rachel Fury (Backing Vocals) and Durga McBroom (Backing Vocals).
The setlist carefully balances the then-new material from A Momentary Lapse Of Reason and Pink Floyd classics, including songs from The Dark Side Of The Moon (Time, On The Run, The Great Gig In The Sky and Us And Them), the anthemic title track of Wish You Were Here, The Wall's Comfortably Numb and a cathartic Run Like Hell. Pink Floyd’s Delicate Sound of Thunder still stands as a record of the creative power of David Gilmour, Nick Mason and Richard Wright at their incendiary best.
DISC 1 (PART 1)
1. SHINE ON YOU CRAZY DIAMOND PARTS 1-5
2. SIGNS OF LIFE
3. LEARNING TO FLY
4. YET ANOTHER MOVIE
5. ROUND AND AROUND
6. A NEW MACHINE PART 1
7. TERMINAL FROST
9. SORROW
10. THE DOGS OF WAR
11. ON THE TURNING AWAY
1. ONE OF THESE DAYS
3. ON THE RUN
4. THE GREAT GIG IN THE SKY
5. WISH YOU WERE HERE
6. WELCOME TO THE MACHINE
7. US AND THEM
8. MONEY
9. ANOTHER BRICK IN THE WALL PART 2
10. COMFORTABLY NUMB
11. ONE SLIP
12. RUN LIKE HELL
BLU-RAY - STEREO PCM 96/24, 5.1 DTS MASTER AUDIO (96/24)
DVD - STEREO PCM (48/16), 5.1 DOLBY DIGITAL (48/16), 5.1 DTS (48/16)
5. THE DOGS OF WAR
6. ON THE TURNING AWAY
10. THE GREAT GIG IN THE SKY
11. WISH YOU WERE HERE
12. US AND THEM
13. MONEY
BLU-RAY: STEREO PCM 96/24 / DVD: STEREO PCM 48/16
Distant Memories – Live in London (Limited Deluxe)
Artist: Dream Theater
Artist: Big Big Train
Format: cd/blu-ray
2020 Postponed Tour
Artist: King Crimson
Format: t-shirt
Artist: Steven Wilson
Availability: 29-01-2021
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line316
|
__label__wiki
| 0.907111
| 0.907111
|
11 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: Berlin, David Bowie, Eno, Heroes, Neuköln | Permalink
Posted by col1234
Moss Garden
Moss Garden.
Another product of Bowie and Eno playing “Oblique Strategies” and not revealing what their cards were (see “Sense of Doubt”), “Moss Garden” came about through a similar clash of intentions, with Bowie playing chaos (having drawn a card that read “destroy everything”), Eno, order (“change nothing and continue with immaculate consistency”).
The Oblique instructions were a minor ingredient of the mix, as Bowie mainly had intended to create a sonic depiction of Saiho-ji, the “moss temple” of Kyoto, which he had visited while on tour in Japan. He acquired a koto, a six-feet-long, 13-string traditional Japanese instrument, to serve as the main instrumental voice, and played it on the track with an amateur’s inspiration and sense of restraint, mainly keeping to a few repeating scale patterns (compare “Garden”‘s relatively spare lines to “Go Dan Ginuta,” a work by a master of the instrument, Michio Miyagi).
“Moss Garden” hangs between F-sharp and G-sharp, and so hints at being in the key of C#, but as it never falls back to the tonic, it exists in a shadow key. Much of the piece has a similar fluid nature. While “Garden” suggests a clash of West and East, with synthesized airplane drones disrupting the “traditional” musings of the koto, it’s far from that simple—Japan is as much a modernist country as it’s a traditional one (and the sound of an airplane over Japan calls back to the bombers heard in “V-2 Schneider,” though with an even deadlier cargo). The koto itself spans worlds, as it’s able to be tuned to both Japanese and Western “classical” tunings. The piece’s livelier ancestor is Eno’s “Burning Airlines Give You So Much More,” with its Kyoto-bound jet liners disturbing the wispy beard of a meditating sage miles below, likely sitting in some silent moss garden.
Gorgeous and static, the eye at the center of “Heroes” (and, arguably, the whole “Berlin” project), it’s one of the most successful ambient pieces Eno (and Bowie) created before the start of Eno’s Ambient series in 1978. That said, “Moss Garden” eventually builds to a small climax with a surge of synthesizers in the final minute, capped off with the appearance (4:40) of a synthetic dog barking, its timbre accurate enough to prick my dog’s ears.
Recorded: July-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin.
Top: Philip Guston, Ladder, 1978.
8 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: David Bowie, Eno, Heroes, Moss Garden | Permalink
Sense of Doubt
Sense of Doubt.
Sense of Doubt (promo, 1977).
Sense of Doubt (live, 1978).
Sense of Doubt (broadcast, 1978).
The trilogy within the Berlin trilogy—“Sense of Doubt,” “Moss Garden” and “Neuköln”—are a suite as much as they are discrete songs, with the minimalism of “Doubt” giving way to the minor-scale beauties and wildlife humanity of the latter tracks.
Before starting what would become “Sense of Doubt,” Bowie and Brian Eno drew cards from Eno’s Oblique Strategies deck. Devised by Eno and Peter Schmidt, it was part-Tarot, part-Monopoly “Chance” cards. Its intention was to spur random, even chaotic creative moves, and Bowie, who spent the late ’70s trying to rethink how to write songs, to write in what he called a new musical language, welcomed another means to clear the board. While Eno would torment the likes of Carlos Alomar with Oblique cards during the Lodger sessions, during “Heroes” Eno only used the deck in the latter stages, when Bowie and Eno were devising the instrumentals.
Bowie and Eno agreed not to reveal their cards until they finished the track. As Bowie’s card read “Emphasize differences,” and Eno’s “Try to make everything as similar as possible,” they went to work unknowingly at loggerheads. “It was like a game. We took turns working on it; he’d do one overdub and I’d do the next, and he’d do the next…I was trying to smooth it out and make it into one continuum [while] he was trying to do the opposite,” Eno said in 1978.
“Sense of Doubt” seems like a sound-picture of this conflict, with, mixed in the left channel, an unchanging, descending four-note piano passage (C-B-Bb-A, at the bass end of the piano, a bit reminiscent of Ligeti’s “Musica Ricercata”) set against the random appearances of synthetic wind and waves. The variables are the reoccurring Chamberlin/synthesizers, which at first seem to be locked in the same cycles as the piano, until the patterns mutate—chords are cut short, a stunning faded-in sequence (1:43) suggests a way out. Bowie in 1978 described the track as pitting an “organic sound” against a falsehood, a synthesizer section pretending to be a horn section, but the “artificial” provides the only glimpses of sunlight in the piece.
In the liner notes for his first ambient record, Music for Airports, Eno wrote “whereas conventional background music is produced by stripping away all sense of doubt and uncertainty (and thus all genuine interest) from the music, Ambient Music retains these qualities” (my emphasis). He wrote this in September 1978, a year after he made this track, and “Sense of Doubt” seems an early attempt at this scenario—it’s providing background music that’s also a series of disturbing sounds, making it hard to serve as aural wallpaper yet having no real sense of progression. Locking the ominous piano pattern in an apparently endless cycle diminishes its power to surprise, yet its continual reappearance undermines whatever flashes of hope appear.
Recorded July-mid-August 1977 at Hansa, Berlin. Performed during the 1978 tour (often as the pre-intermission finale) and used in Christiane F.
Top: Ute Mahler, “Motofoto für Sibylle,” Berlin Prenzlauer Berg, 1978.
21 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: 1977, David Bowie, Heroes, Sense of Doubt | Permalink
V-2 Schneider
V-2 Schneider.
V-2 Schneider (live, 1997).
V-2 Schneider (Philip Glass, “Heroes” Symphony, 1997).
[A note, from 2016: as several have said over the years, this entry builds much of its arguments on a basic error—that Bowie was referencing the V-2 rocket and not, as seems far more likely, just referencing Florian Schneider’s nickname. This will be rectified in the book, and this entry will be improved—take it as a very flawed first draft. I likely will replace this text with the revised version whenever I’m done with the latter.]
“V-2 Schneider” is Bowie’s poisoned tribute to Florian Schneider, one of Kraftwerk’s founders, with Bowie prefixing Schneider’s name with one of Hitler’s last gambles, the Nazi rockets that fell on London in 1944-45. Though Tony Visconti said the title came together randomly, there seems more to it, at least on some subconscious level, as Bowie’s relations with Kraftwerk were a mingle of admiration and darker projections.
“I think there are two bands who now come close to a neo-Nazi kind of thing: Roxy Music and Kraftwerk,” Bowie told Ben Edmonds in 1976. “It’s not Nazism so much as nationalism. I think it may be too cliched to use the Nazi thing; it’s more nationalistic.” Of course this interview came at the height of Bowie’s Thin White Duke, fascist-sympathizing, cocaine-addled public incarnation, whose public excesses Bowie would later recant. Still, Bowie’s words gave some of the British press free reign to call Kraftwerk fascists, and it seems clear that, at least at the time, Bowie was willfully misreading Kraftwerk for his own ends.
In interviews Bowie would contrast Kraftwerk to his own work. Kraftwerk was emotionless, rigid, pristine, a sealed box, he said, where Bowie was making music that still had a human element in it, particularly the sound of his African-American rhythm section. Something about the Kraftwerk sensibility seemed to jar Bowie as much as it attracted him—not just the crystalline structures of their synthesizer and electronic percussion arrangements, but their utter lack of irony, or an irony so deep that it relegated much of Bowie’s work to the surfaces.
With their dress suits and investment bankers’ haircuts, their deadpan expressions and their absurdly literal lyrics, Kraftwerk seemed to court being called automatons, fascist droners. Coming out of the same milieu, postwar Düsseldorf, that had produced the painter Anselm Kiefer (born two years before Schneider), Schneider and his partner Ralf Hütter were of the generation that, as Werner Herzog said, “had no fathers, only grandfathers,”* coming of age in a country whose recent past had been erased by general consent. By the late ’60s, when Kiefer and Kraftwerk started working, they began picking at the scabs. Kiefer first got attention by photographing and painting himself giving the Nazi salute against various backdrops, while Kraftwerk took ideas from one of the Nazis’ favored composers, Carl Orff, while fetishizing what Richard Witts called “the shiny, new everyday objects of the Nazi period—its cars, its motorways, its short-range radios…and like Kiefer, present[ing] them in a utopian glow…the provocation is that of a society projected as though it is not yet defeated.”
As Witts wrote, Kraftwerk was combining the pre-Nazi utopianism of Bauhaus Germany (which was permissible, as it was now considered the “real” modern Germany), the now-verboten spiritual and technological obsessions of the Nazis (culminating in the Nazis’ desperate efforts to build an atom bomb and affix one to long-range rockets like the V-2, which seemed like a modernist adaptation of Das Rheingold) and, finally, the “miracle” transformation of West Germany into capitalism’s favorite child. These aspirations bled together: the gleaming Trans-Europe Express, celebrated by Kraftwerk, could easily have been a Nazi innovation, crossing a Europe without borders because it was all one cleansed Reich.
Bowie appears to have discovered Kraftwerk while in Los Angeles in 1975, constantly listening to Autobahn while being ferried in his limo. He had wanted them to open his 1976 tour, and when that didn’t work out, Bowie baffled his audiences by playing Kraftwerk as pre-show music.** “Station to Station,” opening with a slow assemblage of train sound effects, was directly inspired by the car-ignition opening of “Autobahn,” yet Bowie was already drawing distinctions, using an “analog” device (a sound effects LP) where Kraftwerk had used synthesizers. And where in “Autobahn” Kraftwerk had depicted a West Germany existing in a present tense of fast cars, superhighways and sunlit valleys, Bowie had brought back the sound of the train, the transport of wartime Europe, carrying troops going West and prisoners going East.
Kraftwerk’s masterpiece Trans-Europe Express (recorded around the time Bowie cut Low, released in March 1977) seems like their answer record to “Station.” In the title track Kraftwerk reclaims the train: it’s now another figure removed from history, cleaned up, modernized, humming along contentedly, rolling across the borders that had been fought over (and rewritten) for centuries. To top it off, they name-checked Bowie and Iggy Pop in the lyric.
So is “V-2 Schneider” Bowie’s retaliation, a little barb reminding Schneider that he was the heir of Nazis? The track opens with what sounds like an incoming wave of airplanes, and “Schneider” isn’t as much a Kraftwerk imitation (Low‘s “Speed of Life” is far more in their debt) as it’s a defacing or questioning of their sound, with its distorted, off-beat saxophone hooks and the track’s centering on a tensed, quivering muscle of a bassline by George Murray. There are two obvious call-backs: Dennis Davis’ snare fills, which seem like analog equivalents to the synth percussion fills on “Trans Europe Express,” and the vocoder-sounded title phrase, which coheres near the fadeout after being a murk of vowel sounds for much of the track.
(Keeping with the make-do improvisations of the “Heroes” sessions, the vocal wasn’t actually done by a vocoder. Visconti said that Bowie had been “too impatient” to track down a vocoder, so “we had a cheap little synthesizer in the studio and found sounds that had a vowel shape that resembled: Vee-Too-Schnei-Der. The idea was to use those four separate patches for each note and David would supply just the consonants with his voice filtered electronically (all the ‘body’ taken out), i.e.: V-T-Sch_D…and it kind of worked…”)
Bowie’s saxophone work, starting off-beat and mainly keeping there, was an error, Bowie missing his cue while doing overdubs. However, recalling one of Eno’s Oblique Strategies cards about honoring your mistakes, he didn’t recut the saxophone track. Compared with the rest of the “Heroes” instrumentals, “V-2 Schneider” is more conventional in structure (after the intro, the track is basically a series of 4-bar horn or guitar passages and 8-bar vocal “choruses”) and is far more of a band track. A fresh challenge to Kraftwerk or yet another misreading of them, it’s one of Bowie’s most compelling instrumentals in any case.
Recorded July-mid-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin. Used as the closing movement of Glass’ “Heroes” Symphony. Performed live in 1997—a recording from the Paradiso, Amsterdam, on 6 October 1997 was issued as a b-side of “Pallas Athena” (it’s the latter of the two live links above).
Of great help with this entry was Richard Witts’ “Vorsprung durch technik – Kraftwerk and the the British fixation with Germany,” reprinted as Chapter 8 of Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop, ed. Albiez & Pattie; Continuum, 2011.
*Florian Schneider’s father, the architect Paul Schneider-Esleben, had served in the German army during the war, though not a Nazi party member. His ’50s work, including the Manesmann Hochhaus, was associated with the “Year Zero” movement of rejecting the Nazi obsession with neo-classicism and championing the “lost” modernism of the Bauhaus school.
**Edmonds, attending an early show in Vancouver in ’76, watched as Bowie’s audience at first were intrigued by Kraftwerk, then grew restive and finally angry, mocking the vocals, clapping to drown the music out.
Top: Kraftwerk, promotional photo for Trans-Europe Express, 1977. Schneider is first from left.
17 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: David Bowie, Eno, Florian Schneider, Heroes, Kraftwerk | Permalink
The Secret Life of Arabia
The Secret Life of Arabia.
The sequencing of “The Secret Life of Arabia,” an album-ending track that comes as a baffling tonal shift, the song incompatible with everything else on “Heroes,” works if you consider “Neuköln” the true album closer and “Arabia” a trailer for Bowie’s upcoming “exotica” LP (the song could’ve been titled “David Bowie Will Return In Lodger“). For listeners at the time, lacking the benefit of retrospect, the appearance of the goofy “Arabia” served as a tasteless mood-killer or, for some, a happy respite from the somberness of “Heroes”‘ instrumental side.
Mainly assembled during the early “Heroes” band sessions, “Arabia” is a throwback to the improvised funk workouts of Young Americans and Station to Station, with Carlos Alomar getting his only songwriting credit on the record (the two main guitar riffs, the harshly-strummed opening and the disco riff that makes the choruses swing, are classic Alomar: concise and rhythmically incisive). “Arabia” also has one of the LP’s best grooves, with George Murray in particularly inspired form (the Clash’s “The Call Up” sounds like a sped-up variation of the backing track).
It’s a D minor vamp that mainly consists of a pair of choruses colliding together, while two six-bar verses with Bowie in self-mocking form (“I walk through the desert song when the heroine dieeees“—it foreshadows Mick Jagger’s equally bizarre Bedouin reverie in “Emotional Rescue”) are stranded in the middle. “Arabia” ends with a shameless bit of padding, a four-bar refrain repeated nine times (with handclaps and sometimes a vocal hook) and then what threatens to be nearly the entire song replaying again, only faded out at a random moment.
Bowie’s vocal seems a checklist of past affectations, from the out-of-nowhere Cockney “uh-RY-bee-uh” to the sub-woofer vocal line mixed under some phrases (like “secret life ever green”) to the calisthenics of his opening lines, Bowie stringing out the title phrase over an octave jump (“the-SEE-CRET”) and fall (“life” to “bia”). There’s an infectious goony joy to much of it, helped when Antonia Maass (and possibly Eno and Visconti) turns up on backing vocals, somehow keeping a straight face.
Recorded July-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin. Covered by Nina Hagen and Billy Mackenzie, who admirably out-camps Bowie.
Top: Fassbinder, In a Year With 13 Moons, 1978.
26 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: David Bowie, Heroes, Secret Life of Arabia | Permalink
“Heroes.”
“Heroes” (single edit).
“Helden” (German single, 1977).
“Héros” (French single, 1977).
“Heroes” (Marc, 1977).
“Heroes” (Top of the Pops, 1977).
“Heroes” (Musikladen, 1978).
“Heroes” (live, 1983).
“Heroes” (Live Aid, 1985).
“Heroes” (live in West Berlin, 1987).
“Heroes” (with Mick Ronson and Queen, Freddie Mercury Tribute, 1992).
“Heroes” (live, acoustic, 1996).
“Heroes” (live, Concert for New York City, 2001).
“Heroes” (live in Berlin, 2002).
“Heroes” (final performance (to date), June 2004).
Berlin, Bowie observes, reflecting upon the environments in which he has produced his last two albums, is a city made up of bars for sad disillusioned people to get drunk in.
“…It’s hard to sing “Let’s all think of peace and love… ” “No, David, why did you say that? That is a stupid remark.” Because that’s exactly where you should arrive…You arrive at a sense of compassion. The title track of “Heroes” is about facing that kind of reality and standing up to it. The only heroic act one can fucking well pull out of the bag in a situation like that is to get on with life from the very simple pleasure of remaining alive, despite every attempt being made to kill you.”
Allan Jones, “Goodbye to Ziggy and All That,” Melody Maker, 29 October 1977.
1. Regions (Nothing Will Drive Them Away)
“Heroes” in the United States, and to a lesser extent in the UK, was a failure. It got only marginal commercial airplay in the US in the ’70s and ’80s (the single even didn’t crack the top 100), with most Americans likely unaware “Heroes” existed until Bowie’s performance of it on Live Aid, if even then. “Heroes” gradually became a global Bowie standard, a consensus masterpiece, but it’s also a late revision to the canon.* In the US, at least, “Heroes” was the Bowie song that was famous somewhere else.
That was Europe (even Bowie noted that “Heroes” “seems to have a special resonance” in Europe, and he certainly tried to sell the single there, cutting German and French versions of the song). Maybe its motorik-inspired groove, indebted to Neu! and Kraftwerk, or Bowie’s at-times declamatory, harsh singing just sounded more familiar, or maybe “Heroes” tapped into something broader, an ominous general mood. In 1977, Europe’s fate was the property of others. Even the continent’s flash point, Berlin, the alleged centerpiece of the Cold War, was irrelevant. If there was to be a war, West Berlin would fall to the Soviets in a day and it likely would be annihilated soon afterward. All of the pointed decadence in West Berlin, all of the parades and drills in the Eastern half, seemed pantomimes by actors out of work.
There’s a lassitude, an echoing, fading grandeur, in the sound of “Heroes”: its dragging beat; its backdrop of squalls and what sound like wayward radio signals; its lyric, set at the continent’s scarred heart; Bowie’s extravagant, metal-edged vocal; Robert Fripp’s feedback ostinato. “Heroes” is Bowie at his most empathic and at his most desperate, a wish-chant that offers, at best, some tiny regency for the spirit. Bowie, who had once had filled his songs with starmen and calamity children, seems reduced here to a minor scale, despite the talk of kings and dolphins. Any hope “Heroes” offers is meager: we can be better than we are. Only sometimes, and not for long.
2. Reductions (I Drink All the Time)
Interviewer: I remember one lyric [of yours]: “all the nobody people, all the somebody people. I need them.”
DB: Yes, well, that character definitely did, ’cause his world was exploding…That was definitely a character. That was Ziggy Stardust. He was the archetype needing-people rock star.
David Bowie, press conference in Holland, October 1977.
Around 1975, the writer Greil Marcus noticed the rise of “survivors.” He heard the phrase used in TV shows (the title often bestowed upon middle-aged actors promoting a new project), in politics (“Reagan was a survivor,” as per Lou Cannon’s bio), in films and particularly in rock music, where “survivors” were suddenly inescapable: “Soul Survivor,” Street Survivors, “Survival” (the O’Jays single and the Wailers record), “I Will Survive,” with the culmination being a band actually called Survivor.
I grew obsessed with the phenomenon, Marcus wrote at the decade’s end. I seemed to me to speak for everything empty, tawdry, and stupid about the seventies, to stand for every cheat, for every failure of nerve. Language was being debased. “Survivor” had once meant someone who had endured a horror that had killed a great many others—a concentration camp survivor, a plane crash survivor. Now the word applied to anyone remotely competent at living (Queen’s first hit, “Keep Yourself Alive,” could’ve been the motto of the ’70s).
There was something off putting about the sudden prominence of “survivors,” of odes to the simple life and of people being called “heroes” for the mildest of reasons. It was as if, in the decades after WWII, people had come to want too much, had attempted too great a height, and they were now being herded back down, their ambitions reduced to the scope of mere living. Going to work, paying your bills, raising your children, hitting 30, enduring an awful disease—these became “heroic” acts. Everyone alive became a survivor. Common life, as its radical prospects diminished, was exalted.
Bowie’s “Heroes” could seem part of this reduction, an ancestor to the wave of “you’re MY hero” kitsch of the late 20th Century, of Mariah Carey’s “Hero” and “Wind Beneath My Wings,” and it certainly has been interpreted as such.** What saves Bowie’s song from cheap sentimentality is its coldness, the sense that it’s been compromised from the start. We can be kings, we can be heroes, nothing will hurt us, the singer offers at the start of each verse, but he soon backtracks, equivocating, willing to settle for less. We can be us, he sings at last, his voice hissing out the last syllable: could we even venture that?
When Bowie first saw the lovers who inspired his song’s climactic verse, sitting on a bench by the Berlin Wall, he had wondered why they had chosen such a grim place. Did the pair feel shame at what they were doing? Were they meeting where they figured no one would see them? Or were they just bored or restless, pawns playing at being rooks?
The latter wouldn’t be unusual, as West Berlin was where one could play at life. Bowie would describe his Berlin period, which ended in late 1977, as the time when he fell to earth. West Berlin was “a womb,” he said, “a therapeutic city, with a real street level.” Bowie often myth-tinted his doings and so his Berlin years became an exile with the common people: “I had to go down the road and buy food in a shop,” he incredulously told an interviewer in late ’77. So the myth of “Bowie in Berlin,” who lived in a working-class Turkish neighborhood (not quite) and drank in workingmen’s bars unrecognized (not really—only once during the Hansa sessions, when Tony Visconti cropped Bowie’s hair, was Bowie able to walk around without attracting much notice). Still, it was a potent myth: Berlin as the place one went to be a human. Wim Wenders’ Wings of Desire and Faraway So Close!, where angels become mortals in Cold War and post-Cold War Berlin, have a trace of Bowie in them.
It’s a shame that “Heroes” is best known in its maimed form, the 7″ single edit, which lops off about two minutes of the track so that the song begins with its third verse (“I wish you could swim”). It’s the version used for Stanley Dorfman’s promo film, included on ChangesBowie and the version Bowie would perform most often on stage.
The edit weakens the song. It’s not just that the buildup to the last two verses is now too brief (the Bowie vocal fireworks start at 1:23 in the single, but don’t appear until 3:16 in the original), but the lyric’s also thrown out of whack. The original song opens with a grandiose claim: “I, I will be king” (the wording deliberately stilted, calling back to ’60s pop dramas like “I Who Have Nothing”). Then in the second verse, the artifice suddenly falls away:
And you, you can be mean
And I, I drink all the time.
‘Cause we’re lovers, and that is a fact
Yes we’re lovers, and that is that.
The intimacy of these lines, sung by Bowie close to the mic, in his lower register (and obscured in the mix, so the first line sounds like “you could be me”) are key to the song. This verse is the reality: a pair of lovers trapped in routine, seeing no way out. A man and a woman face each other across a table, reading each other’s faces for signs, their only freedom left in dreams. It’s all in the way Bowie sings “that is that,” quietly, with no emotion, a settled fact in a settled life.
This is what makes the later verses, which, starting with the fourth (the repeat of “I will be king”), are sung in Bowie’s “epic” register (see below), all the sadder. The singer, growing increasingly desperate, can barely keep his fantasies from blurring together. I will be king! You will be queen!, he nearly shrieks, while the following line brings the ominous “nothing will drive them away.” Who are “them”? Is it some further delusion that their love is so precious someone would want to kill it?
Until the last verse, the song’s been abstract, its setting could be anywhere (like the empty backdrop in Bowie’s promo film for it). Then the lovers are suddenly by the Wall, the guns firing above them: they’re brave, and could be about to die. Bowie sings the lines in one sustained, howling scream. It’s cathartic as it is baffling. Are the guards shooting at them, or is their meeting so insignificant that the guards don’t even notice them? Some have interpreted the lines as meaning the lovers are separated by the Wall, like some Pyramus and Thisbe in Berlin, others that the pair is trying to escape East Berlin (but then why is “all the shame on the other side,” where they’re trying to flee?). I’d say the details don’t really matter: the Wall verse is as much a fantasy as being a king for a day or swimming like a dolphin. It’s the dream of someone in the muddle of life, wishing that his empty days and his shabby love affair had some grandeur, finding dignity even in tyranny.
3. Reconnoiterings (Nothing Will Keep Us Together)
“Heroes” began out of pique. Bowie, irritated by Iggy Pop scrapping much of his original music for “Success,” was still toying with a G-C-D chord sequence and a vocal melody, reworking the piece with Brian Eno in rehearsals. Eno soon wanted to call it “Heroes,” as the song, even in embryo, had a rousing, propulsive feel (also, “Heroes” would also reference Neu!’s “Hero,” (from Neu! 75), complementing the Kraftwerk tribute “V-2 Schneider”).
At Hansa Studios, Bowie tried out “Heroes,” existing mainly in fragments, with his regular band: Dennis Davis, Carlos Alomar and George Murray. In a few hours they had built up the song, Alomar working out guitar riffs that would become the track’s underlying rhythmic hooks (like the twining, dancing three-part figure that plays over lines like “nothing will keep us together”). “Heroes” had a “plodding rhythm and tempo,” Bowie later said, which was intentional: it was another reworking of “I’m Waiting For the Man,” a song that had obsessed Bowie for ten years. Eno and Bowie, considering the ’70s German bands the natural heirs to the Velvet Underground, had taken the VU drone and translated it into motorik.
Eno’s main contribution was his EMS synthesizer, which plays throughout the track, its oscillators reduced to a low frequency rate (Visconti estimated five cycles per second) and using a noise filter: the result, Visconti said, was the “shuddering, chattering effect [that] slowly builds up and gets more and more obvious towards the end.”
As with many of Bowie’s songs on “Heroes”, the title song’s foundation is simple: five verses, some expanded with a six-bar chorus tag, and finally a refrain of sorts to close things out. “Heroes,” in D major, is primarily the three-chord sequence proposed for “Success”: the verses (and the intro/solo sections) move between D and G major, with the arrival of C major (on, for example, “nothing, nothing will keep us together”) and a two-bar foray into A minor and E minor (on “beat them” and “forever”), briefly disrupting the pattern.
(“Heroes” appears to be in the “D mixolydian” mode—basically, Bowie drops what would be the dominant (V) chord, A major, and replaces it with A minor (and follows it up with E minor). So he’s essentially swapping chords from D major’s parallel minor, D minor, then quickly shuttling back to the major tonic chord, D (so the verse’s climactic sequence of Am-Em-D is v-ii-I)).
It’s unclear if “Heroes” was originally intended as an instrumental. Eno has said he thought it was, and that Robert Fripp’s guitar work was crafted with this in mind, hence Fripp playing all the way through the song.
As it turned out, Fripp’s guitar became a high chorus to Bowie’s multi-gated vocal. On Eno’s Another Green World or other “Heroes” tracks like “Joe the Lion,” Fripp was the variable, breaking open songs, his guitar coming in like a thunderclap. On “Heroes,” he’s there from the beginning, his guitar hanging in the upper atmosphere throughout, singing to itself; his feedback-laden lines suggesting the arrival of a grand melody that never quite comes. It’s a continual promise, never fulfilled.
While most guitarists that took on “Heroes” had to use an Ebow to get Fripp’s sound, playing a sustained run of A notes, Fripp had worked out the feedback patterns on foot, literally. Standing in Hansa’s Studio 2, his guitar routed through Eno’s EMS synthesizer, Fripp marked with tape the places on the studio floor where he could get a feedback loop on any given note. So four feet away from his amp was an A, three feet away was a G, and so on. Fripp stepped and swayed through the song, his sound owed to a simple cartography.
Fripp ran through three takes, and the trebly nature of his playing (further distorted live by Eno’s EMS) meant that each solo on its own sounded thin and wavering. So Tony Visconti blended all three together, eventually bouncing them down to a single track, to achieve what Visconti called “a dreamy, floaty effect.”
As “Heroes” developed, Visconti further emphasized the pulsating drone by tweaking the rhythm tracks. Typically kick drum and snare drums are put in the forefront of a rock mix, but now Visconti buried Dennis Davis’ kick and instead brought up the bassline (played both by Murray’s bass and on one of Alomar’s guitar tracks), so that the latter bolstered the shuddering feel of Fripp’s guitar tracks and Eno’s low-oscillating synthesizer.
So much of “Heroes” is owed to improvisations. An intended horn section (at the start of the second verse) was replaced by a “brass” noise on Bowie’s Chamberlin (“it sounds more like a weedy little violin patch,” Visconti later said), while the Alomar/Murray basslines had been originally considered as string parts. When overdubbing percussion Bowie and Visconti even made do without a cowbell, instead using an empty tape canister that Visconti thwacked with a drumstick (it first appears at 2:55). The only other percussion is a tambourine that crops up in the final verse (at 3:56) and runs through the remainder of the track.
4. Reverberations (You Will Be Queen)
Though the backing track was finished, Bowie waited for weeks to write a lyric, then patched it together in one go. Listening to playback in his headphones, Bowie would write a line or two and swiftly get his vocal down on tape. Visconti would rewind to where Bowie had left off, then he’d write and record another line. (It’s in part why Bowie’s singing on “Heroes” doesn’t flow as much as it seems like a series of dramatic pauses and sudden stabs of phrases.)
Where the lyric of “Station to Station” had been a profusion of imagery hauled out of Bowie’s inventory of obsessions, “Heroes” is far more minimal, its words simple and precisely chosen. Bowie drew from two main sources, both European, both postwar(s). One was the short story “A Grave For A Dolphin” by the Italian aristocrat Alberto Denti Di Pirajno, which details a doomed affair between an Italian soldier and an Somalian girl during the Second World War (it inspired the “dolphins can swim” verse).*** (Bowie also nicked the occasional line from elsewhere: “I will be king, you will be queen” is from the English folk song “Lavender’s Blue,” which Bowie would sing onstage sometimes as a prelude to “Heroes.”)
Bowie had also been taken with an Otto Mueller painting he had seen in Die Brücke Museum, Liebespaar Zwischen Gartenmauern (Lovers Between Garden Walls), which Mueller had painted as World War I was ending. Bowie transplanted Meuller’s image of two lovers embracing by a high stone wall, placing them before the Wall that Bowie saw every day from Hansa’s control room window. As legend has it, Bowie was looking out that very window when he spied Visconti (who was married at the time, to Mary Hopkin) and the singer Antonia Maass embracing by the Wall. At once he had found his lyric’s resolution, a snapshot of love and bravery set against the concrete madness of governments, despite it being a shabby act, a man cheating on his wife. (The story, essential to the legend of “Heroes,” might not be true.****)
With Fripp, who usually provided the dramatics, instead working in the chorus line, it was left to Bowie to provide the contrast to the track’s overall stasis. The drama had to come with the vocal, and Bowie planned his singing as though he meant to take an entrenched position from a rival force.
Visconti set up three Neumann microphones in Studio 2, placing the first, a valve U47, directly in front of Bowie, about nine inches away from his face (using “fairly heavy compression, because I knew beforehand that he really was going to shout”). The second, a U87 stood about 15 to 20 feet away from Bowie and the third, another U87, was at the end of the room, some 50 feet away. The latter two mics had electronic gates: they would be switched off until triggered by Bowie hitting a certain volume. Once they were turned on, they would capture the sound of the entire room ringing with Bowie’s voice. (This also meant that Bowie, once he had triggered the other mics, had to go at full blast to keep them on, hence the histrionic tone of his singing—he sounds unhinged at times.)
The vocal was done in three takes (Visconti said most of the final vocal is from the last take, with a few punch-ins to correct stray notes). Bowie immediately moved to recording two tracks of backing vocals with Visconti (hence the faint Brooklyn accent you hear on “I remember” and “wall”), harmonizing in thirds and fifths below the lead vocal. The backing chorus, which generally comes in on the last note of each lead vocal phrase, is the last essential ingredient of the song—until now the singer’s been alone in his fantasies, so having another voice back him up adds a sense of reassurance at last. From the first line Bowie wrote and sang, to the last punch-in edit, it had taken about five hours.
5. Reputations (All the Shame Was On the Other Side)
For whatever reason, for whatever confluence of circumstances, Tony, Brian and I created a powerful, anguished, sometimes euphoric language of sounds. In some ways, sadly, they really captured, unlike anything else in that time, a sense of yearning for a future that we all knew would never come to pass.
David Bowie, Uncut interview, 1999.
Bowie promoted “Heroes” across two continents, made a promo film, talked to any interviewer who would have him, but the single stiffed, only reaching #24 in the UK and not cracking the Billboard 100 in the US. “Heroes” soon took on another life, becoming a favorite on tour, and Bowie eventually would tailor it for grand moments—closing his Live Aid set with it, playing it in his tribute to Freddie Mercury and his tribute to the dead of 9/11. Of course “Heroes” has also been used to sell mobile phones, software, digital film, life insurance, football matches, HBO’s Latin American programming, hockey and rock star video games; it’s promoted a dopey comic book TV series, while a cover by the Wallflowers was used in an abysmal ’90s Godzilla remake.
None of this has reduced the original “Heroes.” One could argue it’s even strengthened the song. It seems to have been intended as a gift, crafted to be dispersed, to be carried in the air, used by whoever would have it.
At the Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel (the story ends back in Germany, as it seemingly had to), on 25 June 2004, Bowie closed his set with a restrained “Heroes.” He did a few other standards as encores, then he collapsed backstage, suffering what appears to have been a heart attack. Hurricane was the sudden end of the tour, and in retrospect seems the close of Bowie’s professional life. He’s appeared a couple more times on stage (last in 2006), but Hurricane was the terminus: there’ve been no more tours, no more records since.
So closing what could be his last show with “Heroes” seems fitting and just. “Heroes,” the most generous of Bowie’s songs, and possibly the saddest, sounds like Bowie’s farewell, fallen out of time.
Recorded at Hansa by the Wall, July-August 1977. Released as a single in September 1977 (RCA PB 1121, #24 UK), as were “Helden” (RCA PB 9168)—some argue it’s the definitive version of the song, and Bowie’s vocal is pretty tremendous (“ICH!!! ICH BIN DANN KOENIG!”)—and the French “Héros,” (RCA PB 9167), the dud of the bunch. Performed in every Bowie tour since 1978.
Along with the usual suspects in the “sources” list at the right side of the page (esp. Trynka, Pegg and Buckley), of great help for this entry was Phil Sutcliffe’s article on “Heroes” for Q, August 2005; Visconti’s essential interview with Sound on Sound, 2004, and his interview for the great, lost documentary Rock & Roll (1995: episode 7: “The Wild Side”); Mat Snow’s “Making ‘Heroes'” in Mojo‘s 60 Years of Bowie special (2007); guitar tabs in Play Guitar With David Bowie, which unfortunately is just for the single cut. Marcus’ “survivor” piece is his wonderful “Rock Death in the 1970s: A Sweepstakes,” Village Voice, 17 December 1979 (later collected in Fascist Bathroom).
Photos, top to bottom: Sibylle Bergemann, “Berlin, Palast der Republik,” 1978; Mueller, Liebespaar Zwischen Gartenmauern (1919); “Englehaftetraumstoffe,” “Berlin, Ost 1977”; John Spooner, “Berlin Wall, 1978”; Unknown photog. (Landesbildstelle), East Berlin border at Niederkirchner Strasse, January 1977; Christian Simonpietri, “Eno, Fripp and Bowie,” Hansa Studios, ca. July 1977; “Klaus183,” Berlin Wall, 1978; Masayoshi Sukita, cover of “Heroes” (referencing Heckel’s Roquairol (1917) (as was the cover of The Idiot); “Helden” sleeve, 1977.
* In the US, its closest counterpart would be “The Man Who Sold The World”: a relative obscurity until the mid-1990s, now a Bowie standard.
** Most recently, and most terribly, in the version by the X Factor contestants, who took it to #1 in the UK last year (imagine if “Stars on 45” had charted higher than any actual Beatles singles).
*** Of course, Bowie would eventually marry a Somalian woman. He referenced the Denti novel in his introduction to her I Am Iman (2001).
**** Tobias Rüther, in his Helden: David Bowie und Berlin (2008), interviewed Maass, who claimed the lines weren’t about her and Visconti, as “Heroes” had been completed before their affair started, and that Bowie couldn’t have seen them together anyhow. Someone should do a feminist reading of the song—the male gaze (Bowie), the male protagonist (Visconti) and the oft-forgotten woman who claims that none of the story is true.
70 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: 1977, Berlin Wall, Brian Eno, Carlos Alomar, David Bowie, Heroes, Robert Fripp, Tony Visconti | Permalink
Abdulmajid.
Abdulmajid (Philip Glass, “Heroes” Symphony, 1996).
Like “All Saints” and “Some Are,” “Abdulmajid” is allegedly an outtake from the Low–“Heroes” sessions, though it was likely tarted up in 1991 before being released (in this case, on the Ryko CD reissue of “Heroes”). As with “All Saints,” which was named after Brian Eno’s ’90s record label, “Abdulmajid” has an anachronistic title, taking its name from Bowie’s second wife, Iman, who he married in 1992.
A rhythm track that’s eventually graced by a three-note melody on synthesizer, “Abdulmajid” calls back to the instrumental miniatures on Eno’s Another Green World. Its overall sound is reminiscent of Can’s early ’70s records, and it also hints at the path Bowie would take with Lodger (if it’s not actually a fragment from the Lodger sessions). It’s fine as B-side material, but if the likes of “Abdulmajid” are considered top outtakes from the Berlin-era sessions, it’s obvious that Bowie, Visconti and Eno used all the best stock in the first go.
Recorded ca. 1977, mixed ca. 1991. Used by Philip Glass as the second movement of his “Heroes” Symphony, composed 1996, recorded 1997.
Top: Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid, as photographed in New York by Francesco Scavullo, ca. May 1977.
17 Comments | Late RCA Years: 1977-1981 | Tagged: Abdulmajid, David Bowie, Heroes, Iman, Philip Glass | Permalink
Beauty and the Beast.
Beauty and the Beat (12″ edit, 1977).
Beauty and the Beast (live, 1978).
Beauty and the Beast (Musikladen, 1978).
I asked them what they thought of Bowie’s interpretation. They said it was not rock n roll. It was cabaret. Behind my shades I can imagine him. There in Berlin. In the abandoned section. I imagine him stumbling through old boxes and props in the street. I imagine him in love with the whole world or totally dead.
Patti Smith, “Heroes: A Communiqué,” Hit Parader, April 1978.
“This song is somewhat schizophrenic in nature,” Bowie quipped before going into “Beauty and the Beast” on a German TV show in May 1978, but a better diagnosis would have been bipolar: “Heroes,” side A at least, is the manic side to Low‘s depression, particularly with its crackpot opening track.
“Beast” opens in grandiosity, like a parody of Roxy Music’s “The Thrill of It All” or Bowie’s own “Station to Station.” There’s eight measures of Bowie playing a simple pattern on the bass end of a piano, just a dyad (mainly E-G) and a single note (usually A), a pattern that occurs throughout the song. There’s a nudge of Robert Fripp’s treated guitar in the third bar (very similar to his work on Eno’s “Sky Saw”). Then George Murray’s bass (and a repeating pattern of octaves on the piano) builds momentum until Bowie’s entrance, an “oooooh!” glissando spanning over five bars and neatly tumbling into the opening verse.
Which is cracked and jittery, sung by a man reduced to a series of broken movements. “Walking down a by-road, singing the song,” Bowie begins, his vocal, though kept to a two-note range, sounding strained. Later verses find Bowie moving to his lower register, running his lines together, building to hysteria (the brief chorus) or mockery, or both.
Patti Smith’s review of “Heroes” for Hit Parader quoted a group of German teenagers who kicked Bowie out of “rock n roll,” calling him cabaret. And sure, “Beast” makes their case: it is cabaret, a piece of avant-garde pop with backing vocals by the Berlin club singer Antonia Maass, who at one point swoons out “Liebling!” and other times sounds like a hawk shrieking. The counterweight is Carlos Alomar, who does what he can to keep “Beast” a dance song, almost against Bowie’s will: there’s a funk riff buried under one of Fripp’s groaning solos, while the sly line that crops up after “Liebling” could have been the central riff of the whole song.
“Beast” mainly keeps to one chord, an A seventh*, with a move to C and C7 only on the “I wanted to believe” eight-bar bridge. It sums up how Bowie, by his “Berlin” period, had rethought his writing methods, moving away from the harmonic adventurousness of his early work. Bowie was a musical autodidact, with many of his early songs coming out of experiments on the guitar or piano, Bowie pitting various chords against each other. Or, while listening to Ronson or Alomar play guitar, Bowie would fasten onto whatever random progression intrigued him, whether it made musical “sense” or no.
So Bowie’s songs from 1966 to 1975 are filled with intricate, at times bizarre structures: a trifle like “Join the Gang” has five key changes; the dippy blues “The Gospel According to Tony Day” has a thirteenth in it; “Changes” is a tumble of altering time signatures; the Space Oddity LP has so many augmented and inverted chords it seems to have been designed as a guitarist’s advanced training module.
By the time he wrote “Beast,” Bowie had discarded this type of songwriting (whether because he couldn’t do it anymore, or was just bored with it) to concentrate on establishing a groove and directing a series of actions to play out over it, whether an odd vocal or one of Fripp’s Eno-fied guitar solos. Bowie’s lyrics had changed as well: no more characters or fractured stories, just a series of non-sequiturs and cryptic jokes that sang well together (Tony Visconti’s regular curse of exasperation during the LP sessions—“someone fuck a priest!”—inspired one of the best lines).
Some, like Thomas Seabrook, argue that “Beast”‘s lyric is an exhumation of the Thin White Duke, Bowie reviving the days of black magic and finally burying his book. I think it’s a bit more random than that, but there’s certainly something cold and malevolent about the track in its final form. “Something in the air,” Bowie sings, calling back to Thunderclap Newman. “Slaughter in the air, protest on the wind.” Despite his dedication to the random, Bowie was still storytelling. Bowie issued “Beast” as the follow-up single to “Heroes” and it flopped: even in a year of portent and noise like 1977, “Beast” proved a bit too much to take.
Recorded July-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin. A 12″ single with a longer edit, c/w “Fame,” was released in the US in December 1977, while also released as a 7″ single c/w “Sense of Doubt” (RCA PB 1190) in January 1978. Performed throughout 1978, with a version from Philadelphia on Stage. The live versions are a credit to Adrian Belew, who had to play in one go the various guitar parts that Fripp had overdubbed and Eno and Bowie had pieced together.
*According to the sheet music. Some tabbers have it as a B-flat.
Top: William Newton, “Eeyore’s Birthday Party,” April 1978.
19 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: Beauty and the Beast, David Bowie, Heroes | Permalink
Blackout.
Blackout (live, 1978).
In one story, a man is thrown off his motorcycle after colliding with a car. As he’s sliding across the road, perhaps to his death, he hears his helmet bouncing against the asphalt. The sound has a catchy rhythm, he thinks, and he finds himself composing a little ditty to it in his head…
…”The question is: do drummers have different brains from the rest of us?” Eno said. “Everyone who has ever worked in a band is sure to say they do.”
Burkhard Bilger, “The Possibilian,” The New Yorker, 25 April 2011.
Time again to praise Dennis Davis. Davis’ drums, distorted by Tony Visconti’s Harmonizer (see “Breaking Glass”), are the sonic trademark of much of Low. By contrast, Visconti used the Harmonizer sparingly on “Heroes,” and only at the mixing stage, so Davis’ drums were mainly cut live, with few overdubs. “Heroes” is the sound of Davis playing to the room.
It helped that it was a colossal room, Hansa Tonstudio 2, which had been built to house a 150-person orchestra. Rather than using a drum booth, Davis set up his kit on a riser that, in a past life, had been used for choirs. At one end of the room, sitting about five feet off the floor, Davis could see George Murray down to his right (whenever Davis used his kick drum, Murray felt like he was being hit in the face), Carlos Alomar to his left, and Bowie, on piano, directly in front of him. Everyone but Davis used “gobos” (isolation panels); Davis’ drums instead were meant to fill the room. At the far end of the room was another microphone, intended to pick up the aftershock of Davis’ drumming. It’s easy to see what happened: Davis soon became the bandleader, conducting with his wrists and his feet.
Davis also had expanded his kit. He found a set of congas in the corner of the studio, hauled some timpani up on the riser. There are times on “Heroes” when Davis sounds like a percussive orchestra, or his fills seem a painstaking series of drum overdubs. But it’s just him, most of his drumming cut live, like the series of crazy fills Davis does twice on “Blackout” (cued by Bowie’s “get me to the doctor!” at 1:01 and 2:02), where he spins like the second hand of a clock, moving from toms to congas back to toms. There’s the little fills Davis throws in throughout, as if providing regular infusions of oxygen, or his move to what sounds like cowbell on the “get me off the streets” verse. And during it all Davis keeps perfect time. A human jazz metronome, Visconti later called him: playing flawlessly, yet never the same way twice.
“Blackout” is as abrasive as “Heroes” gets—the track seems to have been battled over by waves of armies. The verses are a series of assaults, with something resembling a chorus appearing only a minute-half in. Robert Fripp’s guitar, which early on calls back to his solo on Eno’s “St. Elmo’s Fire,” later approaches dog whistle frequencies; it seems bent on undermining Bowie’s vocal. Eno’s synthesizer burbles in the right channel. The backing vocals are conscripted to keep the lead from disintegrating (Bowie seems to falter while singing “kiss me in the rain,” as if he’s so drained he can barely form the words—the backing singers (Bowie and Visconti) keep at him, but he stumbles, finally inching out “in…the…rain.”) Pieces of old Bowie songs are churned up—Alomar’s guitar (kept to the left channel, he sounds like the only sane man left in the room) offers a riff that seems a marriage of “Suffragette City” and “Boney Maronie,” while the “chorus” section reworks “Stay.”
Bowie sings long, meandering lines that he severs with shouts and mutters. It’s an even more bizarre and mannered performance than “Joe the Lion”—there’s the ranted-out “I’m under Japanese influence and my honor’s at STAKE!” or, even crazier, the lines where Bowie seems to be attempting a New York accent: “I’m getting some SKIN EXPOSHUH to the BLACK-OUT!”
“Blackout”‘s lyric was another live-at-the mic production, though the lines are so deliberately random that it’s likely Bowie did some cut-up experiments to get a few of them. The lyric is said to be inspired by all sorts of disasters, like Bowie, agitated after the appearance of his wife Angie, passing out from drink and being hospitalized in late 1976. Bowie, perhaps mischievously, later said the song was a reaction to the New York City power outage of July ’77. And “Blackout” feels like an urban song, all crowds and paranoia, with the streets of Berlin subbing for the purgatorial Los Angeles of Station to Station or “Always Crashing in the Same Car.”
Still, delving too much into the ways and means of the lyric seems beside the point. In the final mix, Bowie’s vocal, often harried by Fripp’s guitar, is just another contributor of incidental noise, the equivalent of one of Eno’s synthesizer lines; it’s one more signal in an overloaded frequency.
Recorded July-mid-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin. The version from Philadelphia, May 1978, collected on Stage, is arguably the definitive version of the song: Bowie’s vocal is tremendous and Davis sounds like a monster.
Note: most of the information on the recording of “Heroes” is from various interviews Tony Visconti has given over the years (particularly one with Sound on Sound in 2004) as well as his autobiography.
Top: The Burger Bistro adapts to the New York City power outage, 13 July 1977.
29 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: Blackout, David Bowie, Eno, Heroes | Permalink
Joe the Lion
Joe the Lion.
Joe the Lion (live, 1983).
Joe the Lion (remix, 1991).
“Heroes” gets less critical respect than its sister record, Low,* despite the two’s comparable qualities, despite “Heroes” having the epic title-track single, despite “Heroes” being the only album of the so-called “Berlin trilogy” to actually be recorded in Berlin. Like eldest children, Low made its silver by coming first: “Heroes,” with a similar sequencing (“pop songs” side A/”ambient” side B) and released just ten months after Low, couldn’t help but seem like Low Pt. 2. It’s also an even more abrasive, more manic record than Low, reflecting the speed and random methods of its creation.
“Heroes” was the closest Bowie ever came to making a free jazz record. The rhythm tracks, cut by Bowie’s usual marksmen Carlos Alomar, Dennis Davis and George Murray, were nearly all single takes, taped over two or three days at the start of the sessions, and were cut live at Hansa in its cavernous Tonstudio 2, a room once used for Nazi Party functions, and with a control-room view of the Wall. Bowie, building on the keyboard work he’d done on Lust for Life and the first Iggy tour of 1977, did all the piano tracks himself.
The rhythm tracks came out of jam sessions and a series of in-studio rehearsals, much of which Tony Visconti taped in their entirety, marking whenever he heard a good riff or interesting chord progression. The speed of the work stunned even Brian Eno, who later said he was bewildered that it could be so easy, and the pace continued with the overdubbing.
Robert Fripp flew in one evening from New York, sat down in the studio, plugged his guitar into Eno’s EMS synthesizer and added lead lines to tracks that he’d never heard before, not knowing any of the chords, and getting only oblique advice from Bowie (who’d yet to write lyrics or vocal melodies). His work completed over about six hours (all of the lead guitars on “Heroes” and five other tracks, including “Joe the Lion”), Fripp left Berlin a day later. He didn’t even have time to get a drink.
Art doesn’t have a purpose. It’s a free spot in society, where you can do anything.
Chris Burden.
Bowie said he wanted on “Heroes” to discard narrative or anything resembling “real life” in his lyrics, but “Joe the Lion” was clearly inspired by the American body artist Chris Burden, notorious for such works as being bolted to a gallery floor between two buckets of water, each with a live 110-volt electric line submerged in it, so that a viewer could, if they wished, kick over a bucket and kill Burden (Prelude to 220, or 110, 1971); being crucified on the hood of a Volkswagen (Trans-Fixed, 1974); and having his friend shoot him in the arm with a .22 rifle (Shoot, Santa Ana Gallery, 1971). (Bowie references the latter two works in his lyric.)
Burden once said that the process of making art was an art itself, a concept in tune with what Bowie was doing around the time of “Heroes.” Savaged at the time by critics like Hilton Kramer and Robert Hughes,** who considered his antics bullying, ludicrous and the dead-end of 20th Century avant garde art, Burden’s work in retrospect seems to be stranded in adolescence, though it made him a natural inspiration for a rock song. (Ian goes into far more detail in a very nice piece, unfavorably comparing Burden to the (I agree) superior artist Marina Abramović.)
It’s unclear how familiar Bowie was with Burden’s work. Even if it was only a couple of newspaper articles, it didn’t really matter, as the mere idea of Burden, along with Iggy Pop, served as a totem for Bowie during “Heroes”. A reserved, mannered, middle-class Englishman at heart, a redactor by habit, Bowie was fascinated by the likes of Burden or Iggy, all of the wild men raving on stage. “Made of iron!” Bowie sings with admiration in “Joe.” Bowie, knowing he couldn’t match Burden in raw power or bloody-minded endurance, instead translated him: he would use the idea of an artist like Burden as a means of singing.
With Pop’s vocal improvisations on Lust for Life as a direct inspiration, Bowie went into the vocal booth without any lyrics. He would come up with a line or two, then immediately sing them onto tape. So there’s no coherence to how Bowie sings “Joe,” which is basically two 24-bar verses with the “it’s Monday” interlude—Bowie dips in and out of the flow, bellowing the title phrase in a smear of vowel sounds (“JOOOOE” blending into “LION”), leaving whole bars empty, then jamming in so many words that they overflow (“on the house and he was/a fortune teller he said”), and coming up with miniature refrains. The lyric is a transcript of Bowie’s mind at work, so the initial “couple of drinks” soon becomes “couple of dreams” which in turn births “you get up and sleep.” Then there’s the “interlude” verse, completely improvised at the mic, which has some of the most inspired singing Bowie did in the decade:
It’s Monday.
You slither down the greasy pipe—so far so good—no one SAW you
hobble over any FREEway
you will be like your DREEEEEEEEEEEEEAMS
It’s nothing brilliant, lyrically, but Bowie sings it—starting, as Thomas Seabrook wrote, in the tones of a newscaster, then in two bars building up to the tumbling run of words that initially peaks with “SAW you,” and culminating in the marvelous, hoarsely sung “DREAMS”—like someone trying to cut his way out of a box, or recounting a nightmare while it’s still happening. Throughout the song there’s a demented bravado to the vocal, furthered in the last verse when Bowie and Visconti add “Yeah! Yeah!s” (Bowie’s phrasing toward the fadeout seems to echo Johnny Rotten’s at the end of “Holidays In the Sun,” though the latter was released after “Heroes” was finished).***
Battling over all of this are Fripp and Alomar’s guitars, which were processed and distorted by Eno (live) and Visconti (later): the guitars are mixed into each other and tear at each other. One gains ground for a moment, the other mocks it. Bowie’s only guidance to Fripp was for him to play in a bluesy style, like Albert King, which possibly was the impetus for the three-note hook that’s one of the two basic riffs carried throughout the song. Murray and Davis, as always, keep everyone from flying apart, building an understated but supple foundation. Just a phenomenal song, a peak of Bowie’s late ’70s work.
Recorded July-mid-August 1977, Hansa, Berlin. Performed live occasionally in 1983 (the murky recording linked above is from a rehearsal on 26 April 1983, with Stevie Ray Vaughan on lead) and throughout 1995. Bowie had Mark Richard do a pointless remix for the Ryko reissue of “Heroes” in 1991, beefing up the (already Harmonized) drums: I think Seabrook’s on the money when he speculated the remix was meant to sound like Bowie’s then-current project Tin Machine.
* One fairly recent example: Low is the #1 record of Pitchfork’s Best 100 Albums of the 1970s; “Heroes” didn’t even make the list.
** Hughes perversely added to the legend by misreporting in his 1972 Time article that Burden’s colleague, the Austrian artist Rudolf Schwarzkolger, had amputated his own penis. It wasn’t true, but the story stuck (& it foreshadows the urban legends that would build around heavy metal acts, like Alice Cooper allegedly biting the head off a chicken).
*** “I guess you’ll buy a gun/you’ll buy it secondhand.” There’s also a flaw (at least on the CD) at 2:38, with the left channel of the stereo mix vanishing for a second.
Top: Chris Burden, Trans-Fixed, 1974; Shoot, 1971. Details on Burden’s work from C. Carr’s On Edge: Performance at the Edge of the Twentieth Century.
32 Comments | "Heroes": 1977 | Tagged: Chris Burden, David Bowie, Heroes, It's Monday, Joe the Lion, Robert Fripp | Permalink
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line318
|
__label__cc
| 0.605416
| 0.394584
|
High school offers exposure to college, associate degree
By Alondra Gallardo, Advocate Staff
Middle College High School, housed on the Contra Costa College campus, allows students to finish high school while exploring the college experience and working toward an associate degree.
“MCHS is an alternative school, different from a comprehensive high school,” MCHS Principal Finy Prak said. “It implements an early college opportunity for our students here on campus.”
While MCHS students attend their normal high school classes on campus they take college courses.
Prak said being exposed to the college environment allows students to challenge themselves where they would not be able to at a regular high school. It helps them explore their level of interest and what major is right for them.
MCHS 2016 graduate Jorge Poblano said it made him more aware of finances, gave him a better understanding about transferring to a four-year college or university, and made him a lot more appreciative of community colleges and everything they offer.
“It opened up my knowledge on what colleges are known for my major and best for me, rather than being drawn to the big-name ones,” he said.
Applications for the high school usually open in January. There is a preview night for families in February, applications are due in March and those accepted are notified in June, MCHS office manager Kris Moore said.
“We look for students who are a resident of the West Contra Costa Unified School District. We look for (students with) good attendance and good behavior; something that shows us the student is more mature and independent,” she said.
Generally, MCHS only accepts freshman and sophomores, not juniors and seniors, because juniors and seniors already need to have taken their college prerequisites, Moore said.
Students are allowed to take up to 11 college units per semester, which fulfill their general education requirements toward their associate degree.
MCHS sophomore Lizbeth Poblano said, “It’s knocking off two years of my college career, which saves me a lot of money, by giving me the chance to graduate with my AA (when I receive) my high school diploma.”
“When I go to a four-year I will already have an idea of what college is like and what major I may want,” she said.
sophmore
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line323
|
__label__wiki
| 0.521039
| 0.521039
|
Division Chief, Pediatric Cardiology
UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
On behalf of Dr. Marlene Miller, Pediatrician-in-Chief for University Hospitals and Chair of the Department of Pediatrics at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital (UH/RBC), CareerPhysician, LLC, a leader in academic pediatric leadership recruitment, has initiated a national search to identify an inspiring leader to serve in the role as Division Chief of Pediatric Cardiology.
The incoming Chief will have the responsibility of establishing and implementing a vision that encompasses the mission values of UH/RBC: To Heal, To Teach, To Discover.
Opportunity Highlights:
Currently, the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and the UH/RBC Heart Center has 21 faculty members (13 cardiologists, three anesthesiologists, four cardiac intensivists, and one congenital heart surgeon), nurses and nurse practitioners, and fellowship trainees dedicated to serve the patients of Northeast Ohio.
Services provided include comprehensive surgical program for children and adults with congenital heart disease, state-of-the-art interventional and EP therapeutics, an adult congenital heart team, dedicated cardiac imaging, cardiac anesthesia, and cardiac intensive care.
The Heart Center has a dedicated cardiac step-down unit, a new hybrid catheterization and surgical suite within a long-established children’s hospital along with a network of community and regionally based outpatient services.
The UH/RBC Heart Center is an internationally recognized program partner with the Nationwide Children’s Hospital Heart Center in Columbus, collectively forming The Congenital Heart Collaborative (TCHC). This partnership joins resources in providing the most comprehensive highest quality care on both campuses. TCHC is a dedicated service line with a common executive administration and functions as one program on two campuses with the commitment to expand access to high-quality comprehensive cardiac care regardless of patient age to the communities we serve while equally embracing a scholarly and educational mission. TCHC provides excellent cardiothoracic surgical, cardiac interventional, electrophysiologic, and non-invasive services. An example of the success of our partnership is our fetal cardiac interventional service comprised of members from both campuses and based at UH/RBC.
Eligibility for academic rank at the Associate/Professor level and be board certified in Pediatric Cardiology
Recognized as the top ranked children’s hospital in northern Ohio, UH/RBC is a 244-bed, Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center and principal referral center for Ohio and the region.
Academic affiliation with Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.
For more details about this opportunity, or if you would like to recommend an individual(s) who exemplifies the qualities we are seeking in a candidate, please contact Marcel Barbey at marcel@careerphysican.com, or at 817-707-9034. All interactions will remain confidential and no inquiries will be made without the consent of the applicant. UH/RBC is an AA/EOE/ADA employer committed to excellence through diversity.
MD/DO or MD/PhD
Board Certified Pediatric Cardiology
Internal Number: UHRBC-Card
About UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital is a 244-bed, full-service children’s hospital and academic medical center. A trusted leader in pediatric health care for more than 130 years, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital consistently ranks among the top children’s hospitals in the nation. As the region’s premier resource for pediatric referrals, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital’s dedicated team of more than 1,300 pediatric specialists uses the most advanced treatments and latest innovations to deliver the complete range of pediatric specialty services for 750,000 patient encounters, annually.
Connections working at UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
Pediatric Critical Care Physician Danville, Pennsylvania
Pediatric Cardiac Intensivist – Community Private Practice Hollywood, Florida
critical care, pediatric, cardiac, intensive care, pediatric cardiology Yesterday
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line328
|
__label__wiki
| 0.556794
| 0.556794
|
About the Carmelites>open
Carmelite Rule
Carmelite Charism
Mary and Elijah
Carmelite Figures
Lay Carmelites
National Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
Carmelite Constitutions
History of the Province
History of the Carmelite Order
Our Work>open
Spirituality Centres
Carmelite Library
Justice, Peace & Integrity of Creation
Joining Us>open
The Carmelite Story
Discerning my personal Vocation
Prayers for Guidance
Timor-Leste Mission>open
Zumalai
Lay Carmelites>open
Who are the Lay Carmelites?
Lay Carmelite Rule & Statutes
Prayer and Reflections>open
The Brown Scapular
Carmelite Web of Prayer for Vocations
Carmelite Prayer Cards
Novena of Prayer
Communications>open
Carmelite Communications
Carmelite Links
Carmelite Calendar
Safeguarding & Professional Standards
Celebrating at Home
The Order of Carmelites has its origins on Mount Carmel, in Palestine, where, as we read in the first Book of Kings, the great prophet Elijah defended the true faith in the God of Israel, when he won the challenge against the priests of Baal. It was also on Mount Carmel that the same prophet, praying in solitude, saw the small cloud which brought life-giving rain after the long drought. From time immemorial, this mountain has been considered the lush garden of Palestine and symbol of fertility and beauty. Indeed, "Karmel" means "garden".
In the 12th century (perhaps after the third crusade, 1189-1191), some pilgrims who had come from Europe, came together near the "spring of Elijah", in one of the narrow valleys of Mount Carmel, to live out their Christianity as hermits after the example of the prophet Elijah in the very land of our Lord Jesus Christ. Then and in later times, the Carmelites did not acknowledge anyone in particular as their founder, but remained faithful followers of Elijah who was associated with Mount Carmel through biblical events and through Greek and Latin patristic tradition which saw in the prophet one of the founders of the monastic life. In the middle of the cells they built a chapel which they dedicated to Mary, Mother of Jesus, thus developing a sense of belonging to Our Lady as Patroness, and they became known by her name as "Brothers of Saint Mary of Mount Carmel". Thus Carmel is deeply associated with Elijah and Mary. From Elijah the Carmelites inherited a burning passion for the living and true God and the desire to make His Word intimately their own in order to witness to Its presence in the world; with Mary, the Mother of God, they are committed to live "in the footsteps of Jesus Christ" with the same intimate and deep feelings which were Mary's.
In order to have some juridical stability, this group of lay hermits turned to the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Albert Avogadro (1150-1214), who was then living at St John of Acre near Mount Carmel. Between 1206-1214, Albert wrote for them a formula of life. Successive approvals of this formula of life by various Popes helped the process of transforming the group into a Religious Order, a fact which took place at the time of the definitive approval of the text as a Rule by Innocent IV in 1247. Thus the Carmelite Order took its place alongside the Mendicant Orders.
However, about 1235, the Carmelites were forced to abandon their place of origin due to the incursions and persecutions of the Saracens who were reconquering the Holy Land from the crusaders. Most of them went back to their country of origin in Europe.
Soon they increased and flourished in the sciences and in holiness. Later some women attached themselves to the monasteries of the friars and in 1452 became cloistered nuns living in their own communities.
In the 15-16th centuries there was some relaxation of discipline in various communities, a fact greatly opposed by Priors General such as Blessed John Soreth (+1471), Nicholas Audet (+1562) and John Baptist Rossi (+1578), and by some reforms (among others those of Mantua and Monte Oliveti in Italy and of Albi in France) to put a stop to the spread of the abuses and the mitigations. The most famous reform is certainly the one started in Spain by St Teresa of Jesus for the reform of the nuns and then, helped by St John of the Cross and Fr Girolamo Gracian, for the reform of the friars. The most relevant aspect of this reform of Teresa is not so much that she opposed the mitigations introduced in the life of Carmel, but rather her ability to integrate in her project, vital and ecclesial elements of her time. In 1592 this reform, called that of the "Discalced Carmelites" or of the "Teresians", became independent from the Carmelite Order and grew rapidly in the congregations of Spain and Italy which were then united in 1875. Thus there are two Orders of Carmelites: "The Carmelites", also known as of the "Ancient Observance" or "Calced", and "The Discalced Carmelites" or "Teresians" who consider St Teresa of Jesus their reformer and foundress.
In spite of this division, during the following centuries the Carmelite Order continued its spiritual journey. Many illustrious men and women gave new spirit to Carmel with their own spirituality and genius. There was also significant development among the laity with the institution of the Carmelite Third Order and the Confraternities of the Scapular of Our Lady of Mt Carmel throughout the world. With the Reforms of Touraine in France, and of Monte Santo, Santa Maria della Vita, Piedmont, and Santa Maria della Scala in Italy, in the XVII and XVIII centuries the movement for a stricter observance spread everywhere.
At the dawn of the French Revolution, the Carmelite Order was established throughout the world with 54 Provinces and 13,000 religious. But as a result of the French Revolution the Order suffered great losses, such that at the end of the 19th century it was reduced to 8 Provinces and 727 religious. But it was this small band of religious who during the 20th century, with determination and courage, re-established the Order in places where it had been and also planted the Order on new continents.
The Carmelite Order Today
Since the time of the Second Vatican Council (1962 - 1965), Carmelites have reflected at length on their identity, on their charism, on what is fundamental in their lives and what is for them a "life-project", namely "to live a life of allegiance to Jesus Christ and serve him faithfully with a pure heart and a good conscience" (Rule). They found their allegiance to Christ in their commitment to seek the face of the living God (contemplative dimension), in living in fraternity and service (diakonia) in the midst of the people. They see all this in the lives of the prophet Elijah and the Blessed Virgin Mary who were led by the Spirit of God. Looking at Mary and Elijah, it is easy for the Carmelites to understand, to interiorise, to live and to announce the truth that makes a person free.
Carmelites, conscious of being part of the Church and of history, live in a fraternity that is open to God and to people, able to listen and give an authentic response to the evangelical life according to their own charism, and they commit themselves to build the Kingdom of God wherever they are. Indeed they are committed to evangelisation in houses of prayer, centres for spiritual exercises, parishes, Marian sanctuaries, schools, religious associations; and to Justice and Peace wherever human dignity is trodden underfoot, especially among the poor, the marginalised, the suffering.
To this vast and varied challenge of the Carmelite friars, one will find in close collaboration: communities of cloistered nuns, Congregations of sisters, Consecrated Lay people, numerous groups of Third Order Lay members and Confraternities of the Scapular of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel. All these groups, born of the Spirit throughout the centuries, and inspired by the Carmelite Rule are intimately united by the bond of love, of spirituality and of the communion of spiritual goods. They constitute the Carmelite Family in the Church. At present the Carmelite Order (the friars) is formed of Provinces, General Commissariats, General Delegations, Hermetical Communities and an Affiliated Community with a total of about 2,000 religious. They are found in all the continents.
More in this category: « History of the Province
Thursday Evening Weekly Meditation
Date 21.01.21 7:00 pm - 8:00 pm
22.01.21 9:30 am - 10:30 am
28.01.21 7:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Bl. Archangela Girlani, Virgin
Called to be a living Gospel
Br Sean Keefe - Funeral Arrangements
St Andrew Corsini, Carmelite
St Peter Thomas, Carmelite
Carmelite Provincial Centre. 75 Wright Street, Middle Park Victoria 3206 Australia.
Ph: +61 3 9699 1922 Fax: +61 3 9699 1944 Email: provincialoffice@carmelites.org.au
Tweets by carmelitesaet
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line330
|
__label__cc
| 0.732278
| 0.267722
|
Options for dependable online news articles + sports information
Sports channels have grown to be a consistent source of info about the happenings that take place in the sports world. It is because of these sports channels that catching any game that holds your interest becomes a possibility. These channels operate through a variety of networks in order to provide everything that its viewers want; live sports broadcasts, sportsmens interviews, game reports, game analysis and statistical data that fulfill each of the needs of the sports enthusiasts.
Many of the extremely popular and successful sports channels happen to be ESPN, Fox Sports, BBC Sports and Sky News and Sky Sports. Every one of these sports channels have already been able to carve a niche for themselves as sports news providers. Fox Sports is undoubtedly the most famous sports news channel in the United States. It covers the 2 main cult favorite sports of racing and baseball.
Fox Sports provides the exclusive coverage of the NASCAR series and also the Daytona 500. This channel has the exclusive broadcasting rights of the World Series of Mlb. Additionally they also cover events and stories from the world of action sports and bring sporting action in the world of football to the fans in their network.
ESPN is yet another very popular news channel and can be regarded as as among the pioneers in the area of action sports. Amongst other sports, they have been pivotal in the popularization of the X Games that are the most prestigious group of competitions in the world of action sports. Sky Sports and BBC Sports have also been consistent for their performance as sports news providers.
All of these channels have also understood the need of their online presence such that no segment is passed by for their drive to get a higher reach and coverage. Every one of these news providers have a very steady stream of information that they pass to their viewers through online news articles + sports news. These websites have news reports and special sections that contend with various nuances of several different sports. The web based newsletters showcase the stories and pictures that have been in the news making sports information much more engaging. These web sites in addition have online articles that are compiled by established and noted columnists, commentators and sportspeople as well. In addition to this one also gets immediate information regarding breaking news in the sports world, along with video and audio footage a number of events.
Other than these media network sites there are likewise quite a few web sites which can be a constant source of info about a certain sport. These websites are mostly sports specific and also have a host of articles that happen to be written and published by established notaries in the field or are collated from pieces that have been published. These sites provide a one-stop solution for online news articles + sports news information. Reports, analysis, statistical data information, player information and details can all be sought from all of these specific sites.
Filed Under: Sport Betting · Tagged: online news articles sports
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line342
|
__label__cc
| 0.51013
| 0.48987
|
The Independence of Malta from the British Government had triggered a socio-economic development in a small-island state with very limited natural resources. The hard-working ethic of its citizens, as well as the investment-pro strategy of the various public administrations led to a thriving economy, which although faced periods of recession, has culminated in Malta being one of the top economic performers in the EU.
The socio-economic programmes driven by the public and private sector in the last years that resulted in our country being one of the leading economies in Europe will surely need to be revisited in the wake of the Covid reality that dragged the country to an economic slowdown.
The economic recovery of our country will largely depend on the pace of recovery of other countries particularly those which our tourism sector is dependent upon.
However, our reconstruction will also be highly dependent on the concerted effort of public administration, NGOs and the private sector who through a collective effort can ensure a comprehensive social cohesion framework allowing all strata of society to benefit from the economic recovery of the country.
Covid did not have the same impact on all families. Those dependent on daily paid income and those working in sectors that had to abruptly seize their operations and sack their employees, or reduce their pay, witnessed a drastic drop in their income.
Home-schooling and teleworking introduced new challenges as working parents struggle to keep their agility in completing their corporate tasks while looking after their children and completing the increased housework workload and in some cases looking after the elderly.
A common theme in the recent socio-economic discourse is that life after Covid-19 will not be the same.
Indeed, the economic recovery from the pandemic will be accelerated through the adoption of smarter policies and programmes that identify the transformative power of shared value through the merge of profit and non-profit deliverables.
While government’s role is to encourage and award efforts towards addressing societal and environmental ailments, the business community needs to work towards long-term goals of securing a profit that includes a social purpose. Adopting a shared value mentality in the corporate world demands a shift from a short-term objective to a longer-term vision through which various elements of the value chain are moulded to reduce and potentially eliminate any negative environmental or social impact.
The rebound of the European economy after this pandemic depends on the agility of creating a social innovation culture where the business community, civic society and public administrations work together to shape public policy, implement programmes and develop products and services that address the social needs while providing a profit.
Prior to the pandemic, Malta’s journey to the future was already a challenging transition as the advent of artificial intelligence coupled with the ambitious targets to zero-carbon emissions have a direct impact on our socio-economic fabric.
Malta 2030 foresees the happiness of its citizens and residents who increasingly hail from different cultures. The nearly full-employment scenario that led to the attraction of foreign workers in the various economic activities from gaming to low-skilled jobs, has fuelled the economy through an increase in the demand for real-estate, entertainment and catering services. The next decade presents will challenge us to ensure the same quality of life and levels of employment, while addressing societal challenges of the ageing population and poverty.
Although slightly less than the EU average, having one-fifth of the population at risk of poverty is a particularly worrying phenomenon especially when the country has had an economic boom which clearly has not translated in a better quality of life to the vulnerable strata of society.
The reality of a post-Covid society will accentuate the need to address these challenges particularly if the economic slowdown persists to long weeks resulting in a substantial increase in unemployment.
Malta will continue to work towards a resilient and productive economy, provide top-notch education to our children and invest in the best health and social care systems. Yet, Malta’s workforce needs to embrace lifelong learning as increasingly machines will take over rote tasks and workers need to apply more cognitive, creative, and problem-solving skills.
The impact of AI on the workforce is expected to result in an unprecedented need for re-skilling in the labour market, yet if Malta can provide the new skills it will preserve its economic growth and increase in prosperity. Although the last decade has witnessed an increase of female participation in the labour market Malta stills needs to address the gender pay gap while continuing its efforts to boost female presence in C-level positions and politics at local and national level.
The aspiration is for Malta 2030 to be a safe and economically stable country where the young generation can grow, thrive, and work on their dreams and aspirations. Malta will continue to implement and respect civil and equal rights, increase normality for people with disabilities, ensure equal maternal and paternal rights, equal wages based on role and not gender identity.
The months following the recovery from Covid will be crucial for Malta.
The decisions taken in the next few months will mould Malta’s journey towards the next decade.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line344
|
__label__cc
| 0.664637
| 0.335363
|
Insolvency services & NPL Advice
Sales & Property management in distress
| CITR SUCCESS STORIES | Oncos Group Case Study
Opinions & Studies
Case study.
Founded in 1991 and with over 800 employees today, the Oncos Group is recognized as the 43rd largest and most dynamic employer in Romania, the 10th in the top of Romanian poultry meat producers, and currently in the top 100 companies with Romanian capital.
Oncos is a group of private capital companies, with a main focus on the production and distribution of fresh chicken meat, bread, pastry products and eggs. The trade activity is carried out through a network of retail stores located in 15 different cities and its own warehouse.
The company has 8 active farms and 1 dormant farm, 44 commercial units (stores) and 436 employees.
Causes of distress
Oncos made a series of low-performing investments that required a substantial financial effort, without having a real prospect of recovery. The bank loans attained for this purpose represented approximately 54% of the total debts registered in the debtor's balance sheet, indicating the high dependence on external financing sources.
The Restructuring plan
Oncos’ restructuring plan consisted of a 3600 strategy, relying on the customization and implementation of an appropriate management solution. The plan also took into account marketing, organizational and structural new policies.
Some of the key actions implemented within the plan:
Cost reduction through: i) renegotiation of contracts with energy suppliers; ii) streamlining of transport costs by using various monitoring devices; iii) renegotiation of contracts with raw material suppliers;
Revenues were increased by taking specific actions like: i) rebranding the commercial units; ii) territorial expansion and access to new markets; iii) diversifying the range of products and services; iv) investments in various assets of the company;
A 6 months moratorium from all 6 banking creditors was granted, which allowed the company to make some investments with the purpose of modernizing the machineries used in the production process;
All loan agreements were restructured so as to allow Oncos i) to repay only 24% of the capital amount within 3 years of a monitored restructuring process and the rest in a bullet payment at the end of this period (to be covered either by a new financing or to be transferred to a new company that should be considered bankable) and ii) to have access to a reduced interest of only 2%/year compared to 11%/year as it was provided in some of the loan agreements;
One of the business lines was transferred (assets & debts) to another company of the Group, that was suitable for receiving new financing.
Advantages of the Restructuring
*€16,100,000 paid, €8,610,000 transferred to another company, €6,190,000 written off
The success story of Oncos has saved more than 700 jobs (group-wise), with an impact on more than 2,100 people.
When comparing the 2 available scenarios (i.e., restructuring and liquidation), the following key notes should be taken into account: the restructuring plan provided that secured creditors were to be covered in full, by comparison to only 46% which would have been a maximum coverage in case of stopping the company’s activity, placing it into liquidation and selling all its assets.
Employees and tax creditors would have been covered in full in both scenarios, however, the employees got to keep their jobs in the restructuring scenario and tax creditors have gained a healthy contributor.
If we were to reveal the secret of this success story, we must say that this was a team effort supported by a mix between the right approach and a high level of professionalism.
Everything started with a change of mindset, continued with changes in the operations and strategies, and ended with new policies being implemented and more efficient ways of doing business.
Let`s start together
About our group
Impetum Group
CITR Romania
Roca Investments
Roca X
Adress: IVP BUSINESS CENTER, Maria House, 1 Avlonos street, 1075 Nicosia, Cyprus
Email: office@citr.com.cy
© 2021 CITR Cyprus. All rights reserved
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line346
|
__label__wiki
| 0.57106
| 0.57106
|
by Dominic Howells | December 5, 2017 · 12:52 am
Market dynamics in the counterfactual: more competitive, not just cheaper
The judgment of Phillips J in Sainsbury’s v Visa [2017] EWHC 3047 (Comm) demonstrates the importance to claimants in competition damages cases of identifying a counterfactual which not only involves lower prices but also involves higher levels of competition.
Sainsbury’s case
Visa’s payment card scheme required ‘acquirers’ (who process card payments on behalf on merchants) to pay an ‘interchange fee’ to the issuer of a payment card whenever a payment was made. All acquirers were required to accept all cards issued in the scheme (the so-called honour all cards rule or ‘HACR’). All issuers were required to remit to the acquirer the whole of the payment made by the customer, less the applicable interchange fee (this was called the ‘settlement at par’ rule). Acquirers passed on all of the interchange fees to merchants, as part of the merchant service charge which also included an element of profit margin for acquirers.
Visa set a default interchange fee (the multilateral interchange fee or ‘MIF’), though acquirers and issuers were free to negotiate different fees bilaterally. However, no acquirer had an incentive to agree to pay more, and no issuer had an incentive to agree to accept less than the MIF. The settlement at par rule prevented issuers from, in effect, forcing a higher interchange fee on acquirers by remitting customer payments at a discount. The HACR prevented acquirers with market power from forcing lower interchange fees on issuers by refusing to accept cards unless bilateral interchange fees were agreed.
The combined effect of these rules was to eliminate any competition as to the level of interchange fees. This was Sainsbury’s case and Visa accepted that these arrangements constituted a restriction of competition ‘in absolute terms’: [103-104].
Sainsbury’s proposed counterfactual, which the court accepted, was one in which there was no MIF set by Visa, but the settlement at par rule and HACR remained in force: [98]. This, in effect, amounted to a MIF of zero and the same dynamics between issuers and acquirers as existed in the factual would have prevented bilateral interchange fees from being agreed in the counterfactual: [126-129]. It followed that on Sainsbury’s counterfactual, the interchange fees paid would have been lower but not because of any re-introduction of competition in the setting of such fees. The suite of rules which had operated to eliminate competition in the factual would operate in the same way and with the same result in the counterfactual, just at different prices: [161]. Sainsbury’s claim therefore failed as it had not established that its loss was caused by a reduction in competition.
Sainsbury’s counterfactual retained two key elements from the factual scheme: the settlement at par rule and the HACR. All parties agreed that the scheme would be unworkable if it incorporated the HACR but did not require settlement at par: [99]. Such a scheme would be equivalent to allowing issuers to set interchange fees unilaterally, by settling payments at a discount. Assuming acquirers continued to pass interchange fees on to merchants in full, this would result in merchants ceasing to accept Visa, as continued participation in the scheme would mean accepting all card payments regardless of the fee charged.
The parties do not appear, however, to have explored the possibility of a truly bilateral system in which neither the settlement at par rule nor the HACR applied. In a counterfactual from which both of these rules were absent, issuers and acquirers would have been forced to negotiate terms of settlement bilaterally. Issuers would have wished to agree a higher interchange fee (or a larger discount from par) but would have been prevented from demanding too high a fee because of the risk that acquirers (in order to retain merchant business) would cease to accept a certain issuer’s cards.
This counterfactual involves a radical departure from the Visa scheme in the factual, but the market dynamic which would result is familiar: this is how competition works in so-called three-party schemes, such as American Express. The issuer faces competing incentives: higher fees make for greater profits per transaction, but too high fees reduce card acceptance by merchants and reduce transaction volume, ultimately reducing the appeal of the card to customers.
The outcome in this counterfactual could be a patch-work of differing fees charged by different issuers with corresponding variances in merchant acceptance. There are over 50 issuers and around 30 acquirers in the UK[1], which would give rise to a large (but in principle manageable) number of bilateral negotiations assuming the same number of issuers existed in the counterfactual. There may be good reason, however, to think that there would be fewer issuers in the counterfactual: If the setting of MIFs inhibited competition and raised issuer profits, it is likely also to have encouraged more issuers to enter the market than could have been sustained in a competitive scenario. Lower interchange fees, lower profits, the requirement to negotiate deals with all (or almost all) acquirers and the need to reassure prospective customers that the card would be widely accepted would all act to restrain the number of viable issuers in the counterfactual.
Merchants now indicate whether they accept Amex or Diners. Before the emergence of four-party schemes in the UK, merchants indicated whether they accepted Barclaycard, a card issued only by the bank of the same name. In the counterfactual described here, merchants would be required to indicate which of the major banks’ and independent issuers’ cards they accepted.
Of payment cards and dog races: monopoly and monopsony in price setting
Competition within the Visa scheme was inhibited by the fact that fees were set centrally for all participants. The scheme was controlled by participating issuing banks, so central price setting tended to result in higher fees. If merchants (or acquirers who did not also issue cards) had controlled the scheme, the result might have been that low or even negative interchange fees were set, but the result would have been no more competitive. The mischief against competition was the setting of prices centrally; control over the scheme determined which party stood to gain.
In Bookmaker’s Afternoon Greyhound Services [2009] LLR 584, cited by Phillips J at [91], the boot was on the other foot. Whereas in the Visa scheme, prices were set by or on behalf of the party receiving payment, in the BAGS case, prices were set by the paying party, which was controlled by the leading bookmakers, and which had a monopsony on buying live television footage from racecourses. When a group of racecourses jointly agreed to sell their footage exclusively through a newly formed distributor, prices for footage rose and BAGS claimed that the racecourses had acted anti-competitively. On the contrary, the court found, the market power of BAGS had been reduced and competition had been increased. As Phillips J pointed out in Sainsbury’s, the BAGS case shows the pitfalls of a facile analysis which equates price decreases with increases in competitive intensity and vice-versa.
It ought to be possible for the payment card market to operate competitively given the large number of retailers, banks and other issuers. Where collective price-setting is interposed between the parties on each side of the transaction, there is an obvious possibility of distortions to competition. It was common ground in Sainsbury’s that the Visa scheme as implemented had eliminated competition in the setting of interchange fees: [103-104]. A claimant seeking damages for the setting of payment card interchange fees should ask the court to consider a simple counterfactual, in which these distortions are eliminated: What would the result have been if the parties on each side had decided whether to transact with one-another and on what terms, without the central setting of prices or a compulsion to transact?
[1] In Arcadia v MasterCard [2017] EWHC 93 (Comm), at [103] Popplewell J found that there were 55 MasterCard issuers in 2015 in the UK; it is assumed that there were a similar number of Visa issuers.
Filed under Abuse, Agreements, Damages, Economics
Tagged as competition, competition law blog, counterfactual, interchange fee, mastercard, visa
by Andrew Trotter | December 1, 2017 · 1:28 pm
Intel Corporation Inc v European Commission
In its recent judgment in Intel, the Grand Chamber shed valuable light on the “qualified effects test” for jurisdiction and on the room for loyalty rebates to be compatible with competition law.
Intel designed computer processors and sold them to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) to use in central processing units (“CPUs”). One of its competitors, Advanced Micro Devices Inc (“AMD”), complained to the Commission that Intel was abusing its dominant position by offering loyalty rebates to its OEMs if they purchased all or most of their processors from Intel. The Commission agreed and imposed a €1.05 billion fine. The General Court dismissed Intel’s appeal.
On appeal, the Grand Chamber of the CJEU rejected Intel’s complaints about jurisdiction and procedural irregularities but allowed its appeal on the assessment of the rebates as abusive. That rendered three other grounds unnecessary to consider.
There are two key points of interest arising from the judgment:
Arrangements that are intended to form part of a grander anti-competitive scheme may fall within CJEU jurisdiction, even though they are relatively removed from the EEA, under the “qualified effects” route to jurisdiction.
Loyalty rebates are not automatically anti-competitive; in particular, they can be saved if the undertaking can show that they could not have the effect of foreclosing an as efficient operator from the market.
The qualified effects test for jurisdiction
The Court considered two tests for jurisdiction.
The “implementation test”: Were the anticompetitive practices implemented in the EEA?
The “qualified effects test”: Would the practices have foreseeable, immediate and substantial effects in the EEA?
The General Court had found that it had jurisdiction over Intel’s agreements with Lenovo (a Chinese OEM) on both tests. Intel unsuccessfully challenged the latter as a valid route to jurisdiction, and the Court’s application of both.
The Court confirmed that the “qualified effects test” is a valid route to jurisdiction. Although the test had previously been accepted by the General Court in Gencor v Commission (T‑102/96, EU:T:1999:65) at §92, this is the first time it has been recognised by the CJEU. It explained that it pursues the objective of “preventing conduct which, while not adopted within the EU, has anticompetitive effects liable to have an impact on the EU market”. If EU competition law were confined to the places where agreements were reached or concerted practices engaged in, it would “give undertakings an easy means of evading” Articles 101 and 102 (§§41-45).
How then is that test to be applied? The Court provided some guidance. The question is whether “it is foreseeable that the conduct in question will have an immediate and substantial effect in the European Union”. In answering that question it is necessary to examine the undertaking’s conduct as a whole. On the particular facts (§§51-57):
The agreements with Lenovo in China had a “foreseeable” impact on competition, taking account of their “probable effects”.
They had an “immediate” effect, because they formed part of an overall strategy to ensure that no Lenovo notebook equipped with an AMD CPU would be available on the market.
They had a “substantial” effect on the EEA market, having regard to the whole of the conduct.
This last point is the most interesting one. Even though agreements with Lenovo for CPUs for delivery in China would by themselves have had a negligible effect, they formed part of conduct that would have a substantial effect. The Court refused to examine them in isolation on the basis that such an approach would “lead to an artificial fragmentation of comprehensive anticompetitive conduct”.
Loyalty rebates
The main substantive implications of this case arise from the findings that loyalty rebates are not always be abusive: it will depend on their scope and effect.
The purpose of Article 102 is to promote, not inhibit, competition. So it does not protect undertakings which are not as efficient as the dominant undertaking. Rather, it prevents illegitimate competition that pushes equally efficient undertakings out of the market. That includes forcing purchasers to meet their requirements from the dominant undertaking. It also includes inviting purchasers to undertake a contractual obligation to do so. By extension, it might include incentivising purchasers to do so through loyalty rebates. But, the Court has now made clear, that latter category is not inherently abusive.
In order to determine whether it is, it is necessary:
First, to consider all the circumstances, including the level and duration of the rebates, the market shares concerned, and the needs of customers. Most importantly, the Commission must consider the capability of the rebates to foreclose an “as efficient competitor” (the “AEC test”). That is, could the rebates force such a competitor to sell below cost price?
Second, even if the rebates do have an exclusionary effect, they might still be redeemed if that effect is counterbalanced by efficiency advantages (§§139-140).
There are three key points of interest.
First, it appears that the general rule remains that loyalty rebates are abusive, unless the undertaking can produce evidence to the contrary. The Court recounted that loyalty rebates have an anti-competitive effect, and “clarified” its case-law to say that undertakings can displace that presumption by showing that they could not have that effect in the particular case. That brings Article 102 in line with the position under Article 101.
Second, the Court made clear that the AEC test applies generally to assessing whether conduct is an abuse of dominant position. Article 102 is not calculated to come to the aid of less efficient undertakings. Accordingly, to determine whether the practice is illegitimate, it is necessary to determine the effect it would have on a competitor who is as efficient as the dominant undertaking. That principle had been applied to attracting purchasers and excluding competitors by predatory pricing in Post Danmark v Konkurrencerådet (C‑209/10) and AKZO Chemie BV v Commission (C-62/86). In a victory for consistency, it is now clear that it applies more generally, including to attracting purchasers and excluding competitors by loyalty pricing schemes.
Third, in the context of that AEC test the Court said the inquiry was as to the “capability” of the rebates to foreclose an as efficient competitor (§§138, 141), even though Intel’s objection was that the General Court had failed to consider the “likelihood” of the rebates having that effect (§§113-114). That is a harder task for an undertaking seeking to avoid breaching the Article 102 prohibition. However, it is also consistent with other cases of actions with an anti-competitive object (which are less easily excused, only if they could not have that effect) rather than those with an anti-competitive effect (which are, for obvious reasons, excused if they are not likely to have that effect).
Filed under Abuse, Conflicts, Economics
Tagged as competition, intel, jurisdiction, loyalty rebate
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line349
|
__label__cc
| 0.517135
| 0.482865
|
Brockton, Mass. First Parish Congregational Church records, 1738-1980.
Overview The First Parish Congregational Church in Brockton was originally founded as the Fourth Parish Church in Bridgewater in 1737 and formally gathered as such in 1740. The name of the church changed, in 1823, to First Parish Congregational Church to reflect the incorporation of the town of North Bridgewater. In 1827 a portion of the church's membership left to form the South Congregational Church and in 1850 another portion left to form the Porter Evangelical Congregational Church. In 1874 the town...
Brockton, Mass. Porter Congregational Church, 1800-1979.
Overview The Porter Evangelical Church in North Bridgewater, later the Porter Congregational Church in Brockton, was established in 1850 by members who left the First Parish Congregational Church over ecclesiastical differences. The church purchased a building just north of the First Parish Congregational Church in 1851 and the building was further renovated in 1883, 1925, and 1950. The Wendell Avenue Church and Waldo Congregational Church were both formed out of area missions administered by the Porter...
Brockton, Mass. South Congregational Church records, 1835-1979.
Overview In 1836 a significant portion of the members of the First Parish Congregational Church withdrew their membership to form the South Congregational Church in Plain Village, now Campello, Brockton. The first meeting house was constructed in 1836 and The South Congregational Church of North Bridgewater was formally gathered on January 3, 1837 with Rev. John Dwight as the first minister. On May 23, 1853, the first meeting house was destroyed by fire; the second meeting house was constructed a year...
Names: North Bridgewater (Mass.) X
Church bells. 2
Installation (clergy). 2
Marriage records. 2
Sunday schools. 2
Church discipline. 1
Church group work. 1
Church libraries. 1
New England's Hidden Histories. 1
Sermons, American -- Early works to 1800. 1
Sunday school music. 1
Women -- Societies and clubs. 1
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line350
|
__label__wiki
| 0.590749
| 0.590749
|
Left-wing Radicals Post Online Guide to ‘Disrupting’ the Country if Election is Close
October 17, 2020 January 3, 2021 Staff 713 Views 0 Comments
By Joel Pollak/Breitbart News
An organization of radical left-wing activists has posted an online guide to “disruption” that outlines a plan to shut down the country and force President Donald Trump from power in the event that the 2020 election is too close to call.
The guide, “Stopping the Coup,” available as a Google doc, is being circulated by a group called ShutDownDC. It casts its plan for disruption as a response to an imagined “coup” by the president in the case of a close election.
In an email promoting the guide, ShutDownDC declares: “Preventing Donald Trump from stealing the election and remaining in office is likely to take mass, sustained disruptive movements all over the country.” The guide is a manual to that “disruption.”
Parts of the guide are committed to ensuring a “fair election.” Parts of it, however, read like a manual for staging a coup rather than a guide to preventing one:
In the context of a coup or highly contested election we need to be clear that our actions must directly affect the structures and pillars of power. Our largest asset in this regard utilizes the ideas of non-compliance through massive, broad based direct action. Where we can, we need to be in the streets, on the highways, or at the sites of power and power holders. In our jobs and lives we must refuse to allow those taking control the legitimacy of the power they seek through strikes, slowdowns, and boycotts, and public refusal to accept an illegitimate ruling party.
Another section urges activists to stop American life from continuing if the election does not go their way (original emphasis):
In order to really win we will need to force some pillars of power (business, military, media, or other major institutions) to decide to side with the people, or at least get out of the way. If everyday life goes on, a despot will not leave power, and so there will be no incentive for real systems change. You want to think about what it might take to stop business-as-usual.
The guide also says that activists plan on “physically protecting the vote count from counter-protestors, federal agents, or white supremacist militias.”
The guide indicates that activists intend to “demand that no winner be announced until every vote is counted,” and that they will launch “mass coordinated action” to that end.
The signal for action will be if President Donald Trump is declared the winner on Election Night:
Trump may try to declare himself the victor before the votes are counted, or Fox News might call the race. Those who can should be prepared to take action against those who are feeding into the stolen election narrative, including social media companies that are letting falsehoods or incitements to violence spread.
The guide imagines a number of bizarre nightmare scenarios — such as Attorney General William Barr trying “to seize all mail-in ballots and invalidate them” — and uses them to motivate readers and justify plans for “direct action.”
One section says that in the case of a contested election, “we must take action” (original emphasis):
In the end, the actual electorate might be split, half truly believing that Trump was elected legally, and half knowing that he was not.
It is in this muddied context of legal and political wrangling that we must take action. We cannot wait to see how the chips fall. That will only ensure more power for the violent white supremacist machine that is the Trump administration and its supporters.
We want to be clear here, though: we are not a group of Biden supporters. This is not about ensuring that the Democrats win, but actually preparing for the possibility that white supremacist violence will continue.
The guide also suggests that activists will continue their “disruption” regardless of who wins the election: “We’re absolutely not saying the election is useless, but rather the reactivity of the right and the white supremecist [sic] will be present no matter who wins.”
The guide also links to a variety of other documents, such as one devoted to preparing for the threat of violence, and another that lists allied organizations. All of the documents seem to benefit from professional-level skills in writing, layout, and design.
The document appears to be the product of a group called the Disruption Project, whose website describes itself as “dedicated to supporting uprisings, resistance and mass direct action.”
It suggests a revolution in the United States — “nonviolently”:
Our belief is that when mass numbers of people stand up and take action against the unjust systems of racial capitalism, the heteropatriarchy, white supremacy and settler colonialism, we have the ability to force ruptures and dismantle these systems. In other countries we have seen uprisings nonviolently topple dictatorships and illegitimate governments.
ShutDownDC’s website indicates that it expects Trump to be “forced from office,” adding: “We are not seeking a ‘return to normalcy,’ because we know that returning to ‘normal’ means returning to a system that was built on oppression. Rather, we see this as the time to rise up against the current crisis and move forward to dismantle the interlocking systems of oppression that have plagued this land for centuries.”
The website is somewhat evasive on the topic of violent tactics. It says: “We do not want to reproduce the same violences we are committed to dismantling; thus, we are committed to anti-oppressive principles, transformative justice, and sustainable organizing.”
However, it also says that it will not make “value judgments about the tactical approaches other people and organizations may choose to embrace.”
Joel B. Pollak is Senior Editor-at-Large at Breitbart News and the host of Breitbart News Sunday on Sirius XM Patriot on Sunday evenings from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. ET (4 p.m. to 7 p.m. PT).
← Racial Deception
A Modest Proposal →
Now Sean Hannity Accused Of Sexual Harassment As Fox News Scandal Grows
April 24, 2017 April 24, 2017 Staff 1
Austria Europe
Austria’s Freedom Party Signs Pact With Putin’s United Russia
December 21, 2016 December 21, 2016 Staff 2
Anarchists Antifa
Far-Left Communists Among Those Protesting Amren at Montgomery Bell Inn
April 28, 2018 May 27, 2018 Staff 3
Citizens Informer White House
“A Lot Like Treason”
December 17, 2019 April 21, 2020 Staff 1
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line351
|
__label__wiki
| 0.837873
| 0.837873
|
The Temple of Isis in Ancient Egypt
DAN KETCHUM
... Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
The grandeur and beauty of ancient Egyptian temples was not simply a matter of aesthetic expression -- these majestic buildings venerated rulers and gods. Highly revered among these deities, Isis was the daughter of the earth god Geb and sky goddess Nut, and wife to her brother Osiris. As a powerful magician and mother of one of the most significant deities -- Horus -- Isis had many temples built in her honor throughout ancient Egypt.
Prominence in Philae
The Deity in Dendur
Isis in Busiris
Roman Relics
1 Prominence in Philae
The Temple of Isis at Philae stands as the most prominent temple built in honor of the goddess. Featuring an open courtyard, it was built on the island of Philae in Lake Nasser during the Ptolemaic period. Each year, this temple hosted a celebration symbolizing the annual reawakening or rebirth of the Nile River. The temple was the last of the ancient Egyptian temples to close, when it was shut down by the Roman Emperor Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565 A.D. Although it has since been relocated due to rising waters, the Temple of Isis at Philae remains a perennial tourist attraction in modern Egypt.
2 The Deity in Dendur
Originally located about 50 miles south of the Temple of Isis at Philae, the Temple of Dendur was constructed at the request of Caesar Augustus of Rome on the west bank of the Nile river sometime around 15 B.C. Made of Aeolian sandstone, this columned temple features numerous carved scenes that honor the goddess Isis and those central to her story, including Osiris and Horus. Egypt gave this small temple to the United States in 1965, and it currently stands in the Sackler Wing of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3 Isis in Busiris
Although the small town no longer exists, Busiris once housed a temple built to honor Isis. The temple served as the town center and hosted an annual festival to pay the goddess tribute. This structure may have been regarded as one of the birthplaces of Isis's husband and brother, Osiris. Today, the ruins of the temple and the surrounding hamlet of Busiris remain in Abu Sir, on the outskirts of Cairo.
4 Roman Relics
In 30 B.C, Egypt became a Roman province, and many ancient Romans also deified Isis, dedicating numerous temples to the Egyptian goddess. Among them, the Temple of Isis in Pompeii fused Egyptian and Roman aesthetics, though it was largely inspired by the temple at Philae. The Temple of Isis in Delos, more traditionally Roman in appearance, honored Isis alongside the ancient Egyptian underworld god Anubis and the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis.
1 The University of Texas at Austin: The Story of Osiris, Isis and Horus: The Egyptian Myth of Creation
2 Rosicrucian Digest: An Isis Timeline
3 The University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archeology: Aswan -- Temple of Isis
4 The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Temple of Dendur
5 Tufts University Perseus Digital Library: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Busi'Ris
6 Tufts University Perseus Digital Library: Delos, Temple of Isis (Building)
7 University of Iowa: Montage: Seeing Egypt in Italy: The Temple of Isis in Pompeii as Architectural Aegyptiaca
Dan Ketchum has been a professional writer since 2003, with work appearing online and offline in Word Riot, Bazooka Magazine, Anemone Sidecar, Trails and more. Dan's diverse professional background spans from costume design and screenwriting to mixology, manual labor and video game industry publicity.
The Places of Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt
What Were the Themes of Egyptian Art?
Who Wanted to Marry Hestia in Greek Mythology?
When Was the Mayan Temple of Tulum Discovered?
Fun Egyptian Facts About the Pharaohs
Amenhotep in Ancient Egypt
The Significance of Vultures on Egyptian Headdresses
What Theaters in Ancient Greece Were Temples to the...
Which Gods Did the Spartans Worship?
The Mayan Masks Discovered in Guatemala
Major Cities of the Renaissance Period
Facts About Persephone the Goddess
How Did Workers Build the Great Sphinx of Egypt?
Traditional Ancient Egyptian Celebrations
Sarcophagi in Ancient Egypt
What Was Teotihuacan Famous For?
What Is the Duty of the Ancient Egyptian God Ptah?
Arts & Sculpting of the Ancient Sumerian Civilization
The Religious Beliefs of the Incas
What Did the Hippopotamus Symbolize in Egyptian Mythology?
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line354
|
__label__cc
| 0.550768
| 0.449232
|
(San Antonio, Texas)
For Immediate Release September 27, 1998
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT RECEPTION FOR GARRY MAURO
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Don't give up!
THE PRESIDENT: Well, ladies and gentlemen -- you don't have to worry about me giving up. (Applause.) Thank you. Garry Mauro promised me that if I came to Texas in the wake of all this controversy, I would get a warm welcome. (Applause.) And he nearly overdid it today. (Laughter.)
It's great to be back here. I want to thank Frank Herrera and his whole family for making us feel so welcome at their humble little homestead here. We ought to give him a hand. Thank you. (Applause.)
I want to thank all the people who provided our music and catered our food and made this such an enjoyable occasion. I want to thank the candidates who are here who are running for office -- Jim Maddox, Charlie Gonzalez -- Richard Raymond is not here -- Joe Henderson. (Applause.) I want to thank Molly Beth Malcolm, your state chair, and all the members of the Texas House and Senate who are here.
I want to say a special word of appreciation for the life and career of a man who has been my friend for more than 25 years, Henry B. Gonzalez -- you can be really proud of what he has done. (Applause.)
And I want to thank my friend, Ann Richards, for finding ways to say things no one else can say -- (applause) -- that make a point no one could misunderstand. (Laughter.) She's unbelievable.
I want to tell you why I wanted to come here today, for reasons other than the fact that Garry Mauro has been my friend since 1972.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Mango ice cream!
THE PRESIDENT: And the mango ice cream. (Laughter.)
First of all, many of you whom I've already met have said some wonderful personal things to me about my family, and I thank you for that. You know, it's easy to forget in Washington, but Presidents and their families are still people, and it meant more to me than you'll ever know, and I thank you for that. (Applause.)
But I also want to tell you that I desperately want this election year, all across America and in Texas, not to be about what's going on in Washington, D.C., but what's going on in San Antonio, in El Paso, in Lufkin and towns like them all over America. You know, this is still a democracy -- you're still in the driver's seat, but you have to get behind it and drive if you want to be heard.
Now, I ran for President -- I started almost seven years ago -- in just about a week it will be the seventh anniversary of my declaration for President. When I started, nobody but my wife and my mother thought I could win. I had a lot of good friends in Texas and got two-thirds of the vote in the Democratic primary here on Super Tuesday, and it catapulted me on. (Applause.)
Now, I ran for President because I wanted to make this country work for ordinary citizens again; because I wanted us to be a leader for peace and prosperity and freedom in the rest of the world, to which we're closer and closer tied; and because I wanted to bring this country together in a spirit of harmony and unity across all the lines that divide us.
And in the last six years -- Garry mentioned it, but I just want to reel it off to you -- we tested the ideas that we brought to Washington. They're no longer the subject of debate. If you believe elections are about ideas, ideals, and the impact they have on ordinary people, in every election in this country, and in every election in Texas, you ought to tell people we have the lowest unemployment rate in 28 years -- (applause) -- the lowest crime rate in 25 years -- (applause) -- the smallest percentage of people on welfare in 29 years. (Applause.) And Wednesday we'll have the first balanced budget and surplus in 29 years. (Applause.)
But the real question is what will we do with it. I want you to remember what Garry said today. Our enemy is not adversity. Look at this crowd. Feel your own enthusiasm. Remember what many of you said to me today. Adversity is our friend. It forces us to dig deep, to ask ourselves what we believe in, what kind of people we are, what kind of people we want to be, where we want to go and what we want to do with our lives. Adversity is our friend. Our enemies are complacency and cynicism. Those are our enemies, and don't misunderstand it. (Applause.)
The biggest problem Garry Mauro has got in this election is if people think, well, things are going well, why do anything. A lot of people think, I had a tough time in the '80s and things are going well now, and why don't we just relax and let things rock along. And I can tell you that's appealing, but it's wrong. In Washington people think, things are going well, why don't we fight with each other and see who we can hurt. (Laughter.) And it's tempting, but it's wrong. It's wrong because the world is changing very fast.
I just got back from Silicon Valley, where all those computer companies are born, you know? Those people change for a living every day at blinding speed. But they understand something a lot of our fellow Americans don't, which is the world is changing for everyone. You pick up the papers, you know that we've got economic problems in Japan and the rest of Asia. There's a real risk that it will spread to our friends in Mexico and throughout Latin America who are doing a pretty good job managing their economies. If that happens, it will hurt Texas very, very badly, and our economy.
You see terrorism throughout the world, you see people fight with each other throughout the world because of their racial, their ethnic, religious differences. We have challenges and we have challenges at home. And the real question in this election in America and in Texas is, what are we going to do with this moment of prosperity.
This is Sunday, so I'll just make one biblical reference. One of the most successful leaders in the Bible was Joseph. And what did he do? When Egypt was fat and sassy he saved the grain. He made all those people go out and work and do things they'd just as soon not do. And they said, this Joseph, why doesn't he let up on us? But when the famine came the people of Egypt were all right because a true leader did something in good times, understanding change. (Applause.)
When people ask you about Garry Mauro, you tell them about Joseph, and tell them what a mistake it would be for Texas to say, we're just going to stand pat because things are good; who cares if anybody does anything, as long as I feel good, everything is all right.
Let me tell you what's going on in Washington. I believe as strongly as I can say that we have to use these good times as a responsibility to look to the future and deal with our challenges. Let me just mention four of them. Number one -- and I'll compare the positions of the two parties. Number one, Wednesday we're going to have the first balanced budget and surplus for 29 years. I've worked hard for it for the last six years.
In 1993, we had a vote without a single member of the other party -- not a one -- that passed by one vote in both Houses, that brought the deficit down over 90 percent before we passed the bipartisan budget amendment. (Applause.) And that started this recovery. Now, the guys that didn't vote to balance the budget say, well, we're going to have a surplus for the first time in 29 years, let's give everybody an election year tax cut six weeks before the election. Now, it's very popular. It's very popular, but it's dead wrong, And I'll tell you why.
Number one, it's wrong because the rest of the world is in economic trouble, and we have to set a standard of being strong economically and responsible. If we want to keep growing, we've got to help them get back on their feet, not make the same mistakes others are making.
Number two, the Social Security system is solid now, but it is not sustainable when the baby boomers retire. I ought to know, I'm the oldest of the baby boomers. (Laughter.) And when we retire -- you look at all the young people here today --when the baby boomers retire, there will only be two people working for every one person drawing Social Security. If we start now, well ahead of time, we can make modest changes that save Social Security that will not require us to make the horrible choice of either putting seniors back into poverty or taxing our children so that we undermine their ability to raise our grandchildren.
Now, people say, no one thinks that far ahead. But you know that I'm telling the truth, don't you? (Applause.) So I say, I want you to support us. When the Republicans say, here's the goodie, it's election time, and I say, no. I'm not against tax cuts. We've got tax cuts for education, for child care, and for the environment in our balanced budget bill. But I'm against using that surplus for tax cuts or for spending programs until we save Social Security for our parents and our children. (Applause.)
Number two -- I never thought this would be an election year issue, but you know now that 30 percent of our growth comes from our trading with other countries. Texas knows how important it is that we sell our goods and our products and our services to Latin America, to Asia, all over the world. We have got to lead the world back from the financial trouble they're in or we will eventually get hurt. And it will be sooner rather than later.
In order for us to lead the world, we have to make our fair contribution to something called the International Monetary Fund. That's the fund we use to help the countries that are trying to help themselves and to keep the problems from spreading so we can keep selling our stuff. For eight months I've been begging the Congress to do it and they still haven't done it. So I say to you, if you like this economy and you want to keep it going, vote for us and our side because we will pay our fair share and lead the world back to prosperity. (Applause.)
Number three, in the balanced budget this year I have given the Congress an education agenda. There has been no action for eight months. Here's what it does: It puts 100,000 teachers in our classrooms to lower class size to 18 in the early grades. It repairs or builds 5,000 schools. It provides funds to hook up every classroom in the poorest schools in America to the Internet by the year 2000. It helps schools where the kids are poor and the neighborhoods are poor to adopt high standards, but to have after-school programs and summer school programs so the kids aren't deemed failures just because the system is failing them.
It gives 35,000 young people college scholarships that they can pay off if they'll go out and teach in hard-pressed school districts for a few years after they get out of college. It is a good education program. It deserves to be passed, and our party is for it and they're not. (Applause.)
Number four, Garry talked about the patients' bill of rights. I want a national bill that says the following things: Number one, if you get hurt in an accident they've got to take you to the nearest emergency room, not one halfway across town because it's covered by your plan. (Applause.) Number two, if your doctor tells you you need to see a specialist, you can. Number three, if you're in the middle of treatment and your company changes health insurance providers, they can't make you change doctors.
Now, let me tell you what's happening in America today . Pregnant women, six, seven months into their pregnancy, their employer changes coverage, they say, get another obstetrician. Have you ever had anybody in your family on chemotherapy? A lot of us have. I have. And it's pretty tough. And if somebody in your family -- I bet you had the same experience we did when my mother had to do that. You sit around and you try to put on a brave face, you make a few jokes. You say, well, what are we going to do when you're running around bald? And then you say, well, I'll finally get to wear that wig I've always wanted. You try to make fun of it to keep from the agony. And then you sit there and worry down deep inside, what's going to happen if you're so sick you can't eat anymore.
Now, how would you feel in the middle of the chemotherapy treatment, if somebody said, I'm sorry, your employer changed providers, you've got to get another doctor. That happens. And our bill would protect the privacy of your medical records, which is something people ought to care a lot more about today than ever before. (Applause.)
Now, in Congress the Republicans passed a bill that didn't do any of that and left 100 million Americans out of what little they did do. It is a symbol of the difference in the two parties in Washington and throughout the country today.
So I say to you, here's what we're for. We're for saving Social Security first. We're for keeping the economy going. We're for putting education first among all our investment priorities. And we're for a patients' bill of rights. That's what we're for, and they're opposite us on all those issues. That is the choice nationally. (Applause.)
You want to know -- Ann Richards if you could think of anything that Congress has done. Let me tell you what they've done this year, what our friends in the Republican Party have done with their majority. They killed campaign finance reform. They killed tobacco reform legislation to help us save our kids' health. They killed an increase in the minimum wage, with unemployment and inflation low, that would have helped 12 million hard-working Americans. They have gone backwards on saving Social Security first. They have gone backwards in protecting the environment. And they have done nothing on helping us to lead the international economy, and nothing on the education agenda. That's what they have done less than a week before the end of this budget year. And that's the difference.
Well, what's that got to do with the governor of Texas? I'll tell you what. For years and years and years, I heard the Republicans talk about how there ought to be more power given to the states, how the federal government did too much. They talked about it; we did something about it.
We have the smallest federal government in 35 years. But what that means is it matters a lot more who the governor is. We have given governors more responsibility in education, more responsibility in health care, more responsibility in managing the environment and more responsibility in growing the economy. It matters. If Garry Mauro were not my friend I would be here saying he has a plan for Texas, and just because you're doing well doesn't mean you can stand pat. You need to bear down and think about your children and the future and stand up for what's right. (Applause.)
Now, our friends in the other party think they're going to do real well this year because of complacency and cynicism and what I call the M&M syndrome -- money and midterms. They always have more money than we do. And at midterm elections our folks -- who work hard, have a lot of hassles, and it's more trouble for them to vote -- don't vote in the same numbers their folks do. But we can surprise them if the American people know what's really at stake. If they understand this is a question about progress over partisanship, people over politics, unity over division.
And I'm telling you, you go out there and they ask you what it's about, tell them it's about the economy. Tell them it's about saving Social Security. Tell them it's about the integrity of your health care. Tell them it's about the education of your children. That's what we're for, and they know -- every voter knows what they're for. Make a decision for your future and our country's future.
Thank you and God bless you all. (Applause.)
END 3:25 P.M. CDT
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line356
|
__label__wiki
| 0.658976
| 0.658976
|
(London, England)
For Immediate Release December 13, 2000
THE PRESIDENT DECLARES A MAJOR DISASTER
EXISTS IN THE STATE OF WYOMING
The President today declared a major disaster exists in the State
of Wyoming and ordered Federal aid to supplement state and local recovery efforts in the area struck by severe winter storms beginning on October 31, 2000, and continuing through November 20, 2000.
The President's action makes Federal funding available to affected local governments in a four county area. The counties include Crook, Goshen, Platte, and Weston.
Federal funding is available to eligible local governments on a cost-sharing basis for the repair or replacement of public facilities damaged by the severe winter storms. Federal funding is also available on a cost share basis for hazard mitigation measures.
James L. Witt, Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), named Steven R. Emory as the Federal Coordinating Officer for Federal recovery operations in the affected area.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line357
|
__label__cc
| 0.702837
| 0.297163
|
Home » Is Our Current Paradigm for Evaluation and...
Is Our Current Paradigm for Evaluation and Management of Hallux Valgus Flawed? Procedure Philosophy for the 21st Century
Hosted by the Office of Research.
Refreshments will be served. RSVP is not required.
All DMU faculty, staff, and students are invited to attend.
Paul Dayton, DPM, FACFAS
Assistant Professor of Podiatric Medicine, Des Moines University
DPM, MS, California College of Podiatric Medicine
Residency, Kaiser Permanente Hospital, Santa Clara, CA
BS, Arizona State University
American Board of Podiatric Surgery, Diplomat
Iowa Podiatric Medical Association, Member, Board of Trustees
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, Fellow
American Podiatric Medical Association, Member
Dr. Dayton earned his doctor of podiatric medicine degree and master’s in podiatric medical education at the California College of Podiatric Medicine, San Francisco. Board-certified by the American Board of Podiatric Surgery in foot surgery and reconstructive rearfoot and ankle surgery, he practices with UnityPoint Clinic in Fort Dodge, where he also is the director of Trinity Regional Medical Center’s podiatric medicine and surgery residency. He has held a variety of clinical and administrative appointments, including at the California College of Podiatric Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, DMU/CPMS, Trimark Physicians Group and the Iowa Board of Podiatric Medical Examiners. A board member and past president of the Iowa Podiatric Medical Association, Dr. Dayton has co-authored many peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters and has presented numerous national and international lectures. He has served as section editor for the Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery for the past five years.
Research, Publications, and Awards and Honors
Relevant to the content of this CME activity, Dr. Dayton indicated he has no financial relationships to disclose.
DPM: Des Moines University (DMU) is approved by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education as a provider of continuing education in podiatric medicine. DMU has approved this activity for a maximum of 1.0 continuing education contact hour(s).
1.00 CE Contact Hour(s)
1.00 CPME
Academic Center Lecture Hall 3
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line360
|
__label__cc
| 0.548667
| 0.451333
|
What is the meaning of equal marriage in the Church of England?
Henwood DProf Final Aug.pdf
Main thesis
Henwood, Gillian
The Church of England’s traditional theology of marriage between one man and one woman is protected in the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 from reforms to civil law to include same-sex couples. Within the Church of England, same-sex couples who enter civil unions (of partnership or marriage) are not permitted to have a service in church to celebrate with prayer for God’s blessing. Clergy in civil partnerships are not permitted by the Church of England to convert their union to civil marriage if they hold a bishop’s licence to practice. This research questions the meaning of equal relationships, both marriage and same-sex unions, to test three of the benefits of marriage asserted by the Church to the UK Government: mutuality, fidelity, and the biological complementarity of the couple with the possibility of procreation (Church of England, 2012). A methodology of practical theology, where my practice-based research leads to theory that reforms practice, fosters dialogue among voices of theology within the context of the Church of England. A postliberal interdisciplinary approach recognises plural meanings within my research field and adopts narrative methods for data generation, analysis, interpretation and presentation. Theologies of equal marriage and union, interpreted from narratives co-constructed with my participants, are brought into conversation with premodern liturgies for blessings of unions of Christian harmony and peace, seeking a fusion of horizons expressed through performed ritual. This research argues that two of the Church’s benefits of marriage, mutuality and fidelity, are embodied in all participants’ marriages and civil partnerships, but challenges the Church’s third benefit, because it is stated as derived from acknowledgement of an underlying biological complementarity of the couple. Changes in the legal and social contexts in England, academic research literature in the fields of gender and sexuality, and evidence from research participants’ lived practices lead to reinterpretation of the third benefit as responsible choices for parenting and the nurture of children in a pro/creative relationship. Implications for the Church of England are that emerging theologies in this research mandate policy changes, to lift the Church’s prohibition of services in church after same-sex civil unions and to pilot new liturgies of blessing. For mixed-sex couples to marry each other in a liturgy of Christian equal marriage, this research offers two areas for light revision of the Church’s contemporary liturgy to provide alternative options: gender-neutral language and rubrics, and nuanced language expressing loving intimacy rather than specific emphasis on sexual union. These changes will enable the Church of England to renew Christian marriage based on a recovered and reinterpreted theology of Christian unions of harmony and peace, so that couples can celebrate in church with prayer for God’s blessing either through marriage or a service after their civil union.
Henwood, G. (2019). What is the meaning of equal marriage in the Church of England? (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line365
|
__label__wiki
| 0.612905
| 0.612905
|
← Season Premiere: Party Down – “Jackal Onassis Backstage Party”
Doctor Who – “The Time of Angels” →
The Cultural Catchup Project: Season Two’s Cult of Personality (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
Season Two’s Cult of Personality
You can follow along with the Cultural Catchup Project by following me on Twitter (@Memles), by subscribing to the category’s feed, or by bookmarking the Cultural Catchup Project page where I’ll be posting a link to each installment.
When a show is making the transition between its first and second seasons, personality is perhaps its greatest asset. If you’re going to be creating new stories, and if you tied off a lot of the show’s loose ends in the previous season, you’re creating a situation where suspense and anticipation are replaced by creation and expectation. These are different beasts, and if you’re not ready to fully commit to a fast-paced serialized series then your best strategy is to use your show’s personality in order to “weather the storm,” so to speak.
What Buffy the Vampire Slayer does early in its second season is use personality as its ultimate goal, if not necessarily doing so in a straightforward or consistent fashion. The show has always been about its characters, and our attachment with the series’ strong but somewhat uneven first season is likely based on Xander’s wit, or Willow’s pragmatism, or Giles’ cantankerousness, or Buffy’s hidden vulnerability. However, while the second season does continue to rely on Xander’s one-liners or Giles’ dry sense of humour, it is not content to coast by: starting with the premiere, “When She Was Bad” and extending into “Halloween,” the show puts each personality under a microscope in ways which verify the importance of personality to the success of this series on the sides of both good and evil.
While it may seem extraordinarily risky for a show to dramatically change the personality of its eponymous heroine heading into its second season, I think it’s important to understand that Buffy was highly underserviced by the narrative in the first season. Because she was always the one saving the day, she ended up rescuing more than being rescued, a circumstance which resulted in stories that ended up resonating more with Xander or Willow than with Buffy herself. While her relationship with Angel has become a major component of the series, even there she was arguably overshadowed by the far more interesting Angel – the Pilot, let’s remember, took for granted Buffy’s transformation into the Slayer, and while “Prophecy Girl” showed some of Buffy’s struggles with the position it was a little late in the game to take Buffy too far away from the quippy ass-kicker that she appeared to be during the first season.
As a result, I think that “When She Was Bad” was a necessary and quite well-executed risk for Whedon, making his heroine almost unrecognizable as a traumatized Buffy recovers from a summer reliving her death at the hands of the Master. While a demonic event is the source of her trauma, her response was entirely human despite the presumption from everyone else that it was some sort of demonic possession; while I thought that there were a few exaggerations (like her dance with Xander) which worked a bit too hard to blur that line in order to mislead the audience, the reminder that not every slightly erratic human behaviour is in some way the result of the Hellmouth is an important one. Buffy is a teenager, someone who is capable of acting out of jealousy or out of spite, and Whedon very clearly wants to orient the audience to that potential this season. It’s a reminder that Buffy is human, and that humanity doesn’t always manifest itself as an emotional outburst when you’re told you’re going to die or when your family is in mortal danger. Humanity is messy, and Buffy’s personality needs to embrace both the good and the bad in order to ground the show’s supernatural premise in some sort of reality.
The second season has a lot of subtle adjustments of personalities which work in the show’s favour, sort of indulging a little less in the characters’ base desires in favour of a similar sort of balance. While Xander is still a bit lovestruck with Buffy, his obsession has petered down to a sort of endearing persistence; while Giles continues to be delightfully stuffy in his British way, his scenes with Ms. Calendar offer a glimpse into a lighter side of the character (more on Giles when I get to “Halloween,” I promise). Even Angel, before largely a complete enigma, has been given somewhat more human qualities which make his relationship with Buffy seem less earth-shattering and more consistent with how teenagers struggle to deal with that crazy little thing called love.
However, while those personality shifts are for the most part subtle (Xander is still mostly there for [great] comic relief, Giles is still the voice of authority and reason, Angel is still most easily defined as “brooding” even if he smiles every now and then), Cordelia’s personality has managed to make the most substantial change while remaining fairly consistent with what we’ve seen before. While the change in Buffy’s personality was meant to be jarring, reminding us of the character’s humanity and the ramifications of “Prophecy Girl,” Cordelia’s newfound knowledge of why Buffy, Willow and Xander spend all of their time in the library means that she is a very different character within the show’s dynamic. No longer just someone who keeps getting caught up in various plots, she is now “one of them” in the sense that she can whittle a stake, and she can understand what’s happening around her.
And yet, despite the fact that the show wants to use Cordelia more often and in a more prominent role, the character hasn’t actually changed that much: she’s still able to position herself as a rival to Buffy even while working alongside her, and she can still throw out an insult at Willow or Buffy if she feels like it. The difference is that rather than sensing that Cordelia’s personality has changed, I feel like we’ve been let further into that personality: we’re seeing a side of her that we never saw before but which seems to have always existed. She still retains some of her innocence, able to drag Buffy into bad situations unknowingly (as in “Reptile Boy”), but her awareness gives us an excuse to look past that in order to show that Cordelia is an actual human being rather than a bitchy scream machine. Charisma Carpenter continues to play the character as a “mean girl,” but we’re seeing a lot more depth of personality, which is working in the show’s favour as it makes good on the character’s expanded role in “Prophecy Girl.”
Of course, the most dominant personality early in Buffy’s second season is one Spike, as James Marsters makes his presence known in “School Hard.” While Spike is given various qualities which make him a more interesting threat than the Master, in particular the fact that he has killed two slayers before, the most important distinction is that he has a personality and that the personality is able to interact with our lead characters. While the Master had a nice sort of slightly “off” quality which kept things interesting, the character’s inability to move up to the surface meant that we never really got to see him match wits with Buffy, or to see how his supposed connections with Angel (hinted at by Darla and others) would manifest themselves. With Spike, however, his personality not only livens up the discussions within the vampire community but also makes for more lively, and personality-filled, interactions between Slayer and Slayer Hunter.
While “When She Was Bad” ultimately worked really well for me, its vampires were a pretty big letdown: their plan was vague, their methods were weak, and the anointed one was far less interesting when not paired with the Master. So when Spike arrives with Drusilla promising results on the “Kill the Slayer” front, it was like a breath of fresh air (forgiving the unintended pun considering a vampire has no breath), introducing someone who was a little bit unpredictable. Spike isn’t going to wait until the day when demonic activity is particularly potent, nor is he going to stay in on Halloween just because it’s what vampires usually do. He’s the kind of character where personality is more important than any sort of base instincts, and so his quest to murder the Slayer has less to do with the eternal struggle between Slayer and Vampires and more to do with Spike’s personal satisfaction and, now that they’ve had a number of altercations, his sense of pride. Marsters is a lot of fun in the role, and after “School Hard” it seems like we finally have an even fight in the personality department, as a Buffy/Spike showdown has the potential to build into something really complex and interesting over time.
As for the other episodes early in the season, they really depend on personality: “Some Assembly Required,” “Inca Mummy Girl,” and “Reptile Boy” all tell stories that center around the usual demonic activity made possible by the Hellmouth, but there seems more of a concerted effort to bring the villains to life (or back to life, as the case may be) with something approaching personality. Of course, a reanimated corpse, an Incan princess, or a cult of fraternity brothers (who gave me an excuse to use the reference in this post’s title) are not going to have much of a lasting impact, but they have enough personality that they seem like interesting foils to Cordelia, Xander, and Buffy at their various stages of character development. The show seems to be moving away from high school archetypes in these three stories, but the personalities the show creates are still important for speaking to the pre-existing characters, and seems consistent with the show’s intentions.
“Halloween” is a nice distillation of the politics of personality present in the season, as Ethan Rayne’s devilish plot to turn trick-or-treaters into their Halloween costumes results in some investigation into the depth of personality on the show. While that means a pretty romance-heavy realization for Buffy, as she realizes her attempts to be something from Angel’s past are ultimately misguided, for Willow and Xander it’s something different. For Xander, we see a part of his personality that we saw in “Some Assembly Required” as he quite heroically saved Cordelia from the burning warehouse; it says something to Cordelia, and us as an audience, that he can so be quite so convincing as a soldier even if an enchantment is behind the transformation. Similarly, with Willow, she tries to push her personality towards the much risqué attire that Buffy picks out for her but can’t do it: however, as a ghost she has no choice about what she’s wearing, and so she’s forced to live in that skin for a while, and eventually reconciles the sexiness with her personality just in time for a (sadly thus far personality-less) Oz to notice her. The show hasn’t yet entirely nailed down the characters’ personalities: while Giles has largely played a wise advisor, we learn in his interactions with Ethan that he was once something much darker (“The Ripper”), and that there are sides to him that we haven’t yet seen.
That’s the great thing about personalities: they manage to offer consistency alongside mystery, immediate results alongside future potential, and something for us to enjoy alongside something for us to observe. The start of the season season indicates that personality is not a constant in this world, and that there were no intentions of pretending that the events in “Prophecy Girl” had no affect on our heroine or those around her. On both the sides of good and evil, there are new personalities emerging, new conflicts resulting from those personalities, and all sorts of new potential as the season continues – that’s the kind of start that a sophomore series wants to have, and a start which encourages someone catching up to keep moving forward.
While “School Hard” showed Buffy’s mother just what it is she’s been doing with her spare time, or at least mostly showed her, the show doesn’t really delve into the consequences: it pretty much just uses her knowledge as a way to get her off Buffy’s back, and to make Principal Snyder’s threats somewhat less damaging (in that her mother will be unlikely to take him seriously). It’s a bit of a cheat, but I’ll wait to pass judgment until Mrs. Summers actually returns to the show in a meaningful fashion and we see how her knowledge has changed their relationship.
While Seth Green popping up as Oz (who has been a too exclusively defined as a love interest for Willow) was expected (since he’s on the
Chosen Collection DVD set and all), it took me way too long to realize that the other sacrifice in “Reptile Boy” was Jordana Spiro, who I now know from My Boys – this threw me for a loop, as she was really unrecognizable until late in the episode.
I thought it was interesting that they never explained the science of “Some Assembly Required,” especially in terms of how he pieced his brother back together – however, the haunting image of the mother still living in the past where her son is still alive provided enough motivation that I bought the brother being pushed to overcome the boundaries of modern scientific belief in order to solve the problem.
I think the season’s weakest element thus far is the way they’re defining Buffy and Angel’s relationship: it’s not clear at what point Angel decided he couldn’t stay away, and we don’t get enough scenes with just Angel to really understand the depths of his personality the same way we do Cordelia, which makes his constant presence seem more the result of his upgrade to series regular than a logical development in the Buffy/Angel story. I like their chemistry, but I feel like I missed a moment where their relationship became a dominant force in their lives, or at least missed the reasoning for it.
This show needs to stop casting people who look like Charisma Carpenter: both the Inca Mummy Girl and Drusilla bear a resemblance to Carpenter, and while I’m not confusing the characters or anything it still throws me off.
Filed under Cultural Catchup Project
Tagged as Angel, Buffy, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Catchup, Charisma Carpenter, Cordelia, Drusilla, Ethan Rayne, Giles, Halloween, Inca Mummy Girl, James Marsters, Jordana Spiro, Joss Whedon, Oz, Personality, Reptile Boy, School Hard, Season 2, Seth Green, Some Assembly Required, Spike, Television, TV, Vampires, When She Was Bad, Willow, Xander
32 responses to “The Cultural Catchup Project: Season Two’s Cult of Personality (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)”
Great post, Myles, I’ve been looking forward to it!
I think Halloween is one of the best episodes of Season Two. Buffy loses all ability to kick butt, but Willow, Xander, and Giles turn out to have hidden reserves of kick-butt-ness. Willow, faced with being in charge, surprises herself with being able to do cope (and learns to accept her own inner strength, which is how I read her wearing the sexy outfit at the end… it’s really not about sex).
(Cordelia is, as always, eternally Cordelia.)
I’m *really* interested in following your take on the Buffy/Angel relationship. I had a weird viewing experience, in that I watched Season Seven on DVD with a friend, and *then* went back and watched the whole thing. I’ve never really cared about Buffy and Angel as a couple, and I thought that was why, but it’ll be interesting to see if/when/why you connect with it.
You think Drusilla and Cordelia look alike? Eeek. That’s very interesting. Especially considering that Drusilla is a walking corpse with a crazy brain.
I’m really enjoying your reactions to this. It’s making me want to rewatch the series again, even though I’m currently in the middle of my own Farscape rewatch, and watching TNG for the first time. It’s so hard to love TV sometimes!
You’ll start getting drabbles of Angel’s back story later in this season, and Becoming, Part I will fill in some important stuff.
I read Angel’s increased presence in S2 as consequent to the vulnerability Buffy finally shows in “When She Was Bad.”
And it’s not like he was ever really staying away. Lots of evidence that he was always lurking. He’s just come out of the shadows for smoochies. Also, you know, punchies.
::putting on super-geek hat::
There’s also a comic — it’s in the Buffy Omnibus #1 — that shows Angel lurking around Buffy even back when she was a high school freshman in LA. I don’t know if that counts as canon, but I like it — makes their whole instant-passion-love-connection thing more believable.
If this is too off-topic or too spoilery just let me know.
It is canon. Spoiler: I can’t remember which episode it is, I know it’s one with Whistler in it, but we actually see Angel lurking outside of Buffy’s high school and Buffy with long hair and hanging out with her cheerleader friends. That’s going to bother me now.
Argh. You’re right too. There is an ep. But I swear I only meant to reference the comic. And I think the comics are semi-canon. And it’s not really relevant anyway, except insofar as I like finding new reasons to care about the Buffy/Angel relationship.
Becoming Part One – http://vrya.net/bdb/clip.php?clip=2085. Buffy with the lollipop!
Tausif Khan
I believe the comics are considered canon because Joss has written some and has been “executive producing” the series.
@ Tausif Khan: The comics in “Season Eight” (which started appearing in 2006) are canon, but everything before that is kind of . . . wonky. Not many of those comics are any good at all, mostly because they were almost completely unconnected from the show. Closer to the end of the series, more talented writers/artists started getting involved with the comics, but Whedon never did anything more than give tacit approval over them.
Regarding the canonicity of the comics, I think that the Buffyverse wiki does a good job of summing the situation up (some minor spoilers for those who have not finished the show):
http://buffy.wikia.com/wiki/Canon
For those who can’t (or don’t want to) follow the link, then Season 8 is definitely canon, as is “Fray” (which was written by Joss and introduced a Season 7 element before it ever appeared in the show).
The comics published under the names “Tales of the Slayers” and “Tales of the Vampires” are all canon, or nearly all canon.
“Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Origin” pretty much is a canonical tale of Buffy’s origin.
“Angel: After the Fall” seems to be canon as well.
Everything else is either not canon, or we’re uncertain of whether or not it is canon.
Eldritch
This is an issue I’ve seen mentioned before, but it never seems to get much traction. I’m a big fan, but this does bother me a bit.
Angel is a 241-year old adult. Why is this man so obsessed with a 16-year old child?
I pretty much overlooked it the first time I watched the series. That’s probably because the actors are near each other in age. But now that I’ve seen the episodes more than once, it’s begun bothering me more and more. I’m well long past 16 and frankly, there’s very little I find appealing in that age group in any kind of romantic way. Teaching them or raising them is one thing. But carrying on a decent conversation with one of them is a task. The issues that age group is concerned with is so different than what grown-ups focus on that it’s hard to relate.
So what’s up with Angel that he’s so emotionally arrested? He seems just a little creepier each time I see him and Buffy together.
[SPOILER] I’ve always figured that Angel’s emotions were frozen in time when he became a vampire, and that he had never matured beyond the womanizing, drunken twenty-something he was when Darla turned him. Emotionally, he and Buffy are very much (near) contemporaries. You can’t argue that Angel has had much of a life since he got his soul back, just continual exile. That doesn’t give one much of an environment to ‘grow up’ in.
I’ve had this discussion with my husband, who hates the Angel of BtVS (he likes Angel in LA better) basically because he thinks their relationship is creepy. My point is that it’s kinda funny to focus on THAT as the locus of a creep factor. I mean, he’s a vampire. There are lots of reasons their love is wrong/star-crossed/etc.
I agree with Ashely that the disparity in their ages seems greater than it is. It makes sense that Buffy would in many ways be extremely mature for her age, and that Angel, for all his years in this dimension, would be pretty new to matters of the heart. So their romance works for me. Plus, you know, Boreanaz is so frakkin HOT.
I’ve always thought this was a result, in part, of what we discover in “Get it Done” in season 7, that Buffy and Angel are connected in a way that is very different than he might be connected with any other 16 year old. She’s not just a 16 year old, she’s The Slayer. So there’s a lot more complexity to her than your average 16 year-old.
So Myles, are you a “fan” yet?
shuggie
Interesting take on the early part of season 2. I’d wouldn’t use the word personality but I think you’ve hit on one of the things that the show does really well which is on-going organic character development. People often -as you’ve also done – contrast the stand-along procedural (“monster-of-the-week”) with the serialised (“arc”) stories, but I think there’s a third strand which keeps me hooked and that’s the fact that we follow these characters as they change and grow, and it pretty much always makes sense given what they’re going through.
I used “Personality” because it was what struck me about Spike’s arrival, and more importantly I’m going to be writing about character development often enough in this process that if I use “character” every time I’m going to be awfully repetitive.
I’ll make a potentially pathetic admission right now: I watch Buffy and Angel obsessively. Every single night. I’m a lifelong insomniac, so I get in 2 or 3–sometimes more–episodes a night. I’ve cycled through these eps at least 20 times. I added Firefly to the rotation a few months ago, when we got the Blu-ray discs.
My husband (who sleeps like a baby) is baffled that I can truly enjoy them as much–even more–every time. The reason is that these characters are so amazingly real and nuanced. It’s like hanging with friends in the dark of the night. I can’t imagine being tired of their company.
Obviously, I’ve pretty much got every frame, every word memorized. It’s got so that I start to laugh (or cry) as a funny (or sad) scene or line is approaching. Bonus enjoyment.
By the time you complete both series, Myles, you’ll be amazed, I expect, by the dramatic transformations of the major players. And yet every adjustment in their personalities is logical and subtle–just pitch perfect. The way it happens, you know, with real people.
Yes! Halloween is easliy one of my favourite episodes from season 2, such fun! And I always enjoy whenever Whedon lets Ripper peek out from under Giles stodgy exterior… in fact I wish it happened more often! Can’t wait for Band Candy!!! 😉
“Humanity is messy”: pretty much a key feature of Whedon’s approach, I’d say, in all his shows. Even Good and Evil are messier than you’d expect.
“Angel is still most easily defined as “brooding” even if he smiles every now and then)”. I think that becomes a dominant feature of the character, to the point of self-parody later on – he is well aware that “brooding” defines him. So are all the others.
“Marsters is a lot of fun in the role, and after “School Hard” it seems like we finally have an even fight in the personality department, as a Buffy/Spike showdown has the potential to build into something really complex and interesting over time.”
Marsters has pretty impressive chemistry with both Landau and Gellar, and the character has way more than two dimensions. Note, even in his first scene, how he goes from casual violence to boasting, to humour, to besotted lover, all within seconds. A complex vampire with a real personality is potentially problematice in a world in which identify-fight-slay appears to be Buffy’s raison d’etre, and the way this is handled is very absorbing.
My favorite line out of Spike in the beginning because it sets the tone of the show going forward is “we are going to have less ritual and a lot more fun.” Meaning this isn’t going to be some old style vampire movie this is going to be the telling of modern horror (as the main theme song goes from spooky music into a more modern guitar sound).
I love the simple way he deals with The Annoying One!
There are two actors in this series who come from outside of the core group, and whose sense of presence, charisma, and chemistry are so strong that when they’re on screen, everybody’s intensity kicks up a notch. James Marsters is one of them; Eliza Dushku is the other. Powerful entrances for both of them, and their intensity never lets up.
Because she was always the one saving the day, she ended up rescuing more than being rescued, a circumstance which resulted in stories that ended up resonating more with Xander or Willow than with Buffy herself.
Why would Buffy be rescued? Isn’t the whole point of the show about women understanding their own self-reliance? Whedon mentions that the point of the show was to break the stereotype of the blond girl going down a dark ally and then being killed. He wanted Buffy to be the one who would scare the monsters.
Granted the show did get better when as Tim Minear said of Buffy/Angel that once the writers moved away from monster of the week to asking “What’s the Buffy/Angel of this story?”. It emphasizes the pain and torture of the hero being the outsider to society. Is this what you a referring to?
I think the show sort of took for granted Buffy’s capabilities, so early episodes sort of missed the women’s empowerment theme. It came into play more towards the end of the season, and thus far the second season has done a better job of showing the consequences of those stories (including the pin and torture, etc.), but I think they missed it in the beginning.
Tim Micheli
You know what would be really helpful to those of us who have seen the series? Please list which episodes are included in a given write-up, so we know how much you have watched. It will help us understand where you are in the story! Thanks.
Ricky B
Another interesting revelation in “School Hard” comes from the conversation between Principal Snyder and the police officer: the powers that be in Sunnydale are not entirely oblivious to the supernatural events in their town. Indeed, they are actively covering up the real cause of the town’s suspiciously high body count.
I’m glad to see you give Cordy a nod here – over time, she has become my favorite Whedon character, in any of his shows, period, and I think she undergoes some really fantastic (and slow/subtle but steady!) character development.
Without time to read all of the comments, I apologize if this is a repeat. I believe that moment for Buffy/Angel came (or at least initiated) at the end of When She Was Bad.
Pingback: links for 2010-05-03 « feeling listless
Pingback: Cultural Catchup Project: “Becoming” (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) « Cultural Learnings
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line373
|
__label__wiki
| 0.877385
| 0.877385
|
Continuing EducationToggle
TimeOnline
TimeOnline OnDemand
WebinarLIVE!
WebinarPLUS
Join the CVE
Practice Membership
Access My Member Hub
CVeLibrary
C&T Series
CVeSHOP
Mental Wellbeing Hub
CVE Team
Our Education Leaders
Home » About Us » Award Programs
The formation of the Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science (PGF) at the University of Sydney in 1965 came about as a result of a group of forward-thinking veterinarians from industry, academia and government recognising, during the 1950s, the growing need for continuing veterinary education. This resulted in the world's first membership-based organisation dedicated to postgraduate veterinary education. A key initiative was organizing the delivery of regular refresher courses of two to five days’ duration. In the first year two courses were held and by 1996 there were 68. The organisation has evolved to cater for the changing needs of the veterinary profession and to accommodate the rapid changes in technology. Conferences and seminars have been supplemented by a range of practical workshops, short online courses and year long distance education courses.
In 1989 the organisation moved from the original offices in Pitt Street into new offices in the Veterinary Science Conference Centre at the University of Sydney. In 2008 the PGF was renamed the Centre for Veterinary Education to reflect its true nature and operation as a centre within The University of Sydney. As a centre it has continued to evolve and develop to suit the needs of the profession, with increasing participation of overseas veterinarians from Asia, Europe and North America in particular.
The CVE has always had an affiliation with the veterinary school at the University of Sydney, which has grown stronger since 2010 and continues to evolve as a symbiotic relationship with the Sydney School of Veterinary Science (SSVS). Many of the original speakers and presenters for the PGF were academics and clinical staff from the Faculty of Veterinary Science and this tradition has continued to the present day, with the ongoing involvement of many SSVS staff along with former staff and veterinary specialists from Australia and the rest of the world.
Dr Tom Hungerford
OBE BVSc FACVSc HAD
The first director was Dr T.G. Hungerford OBE BVSc FACVSc HAD Fellow of the University of Sydney. Tom Hungerford led the profession with great distinction for many years and was responsible for expanding the practical application of veterinary science within the community, through his encouragement to veterinarians to embrace all aspects of animal health and production in keeping with their training.
Throughout his professional life Tom received many honours. The Queen made him an Officer of the Order of the British Empire; the University of Sydney conferred on him an Honorary Fellowship of the University and the profession continued to honour him in his retirement. In 1998 The Australian College of Veterinary Scientists honoured him with an oration delivered by Dr Douglas Bryden. All who knew Tom, and those who were so fortunate to work with him held a warm affection for him. The CVE honours him regularly through the T.G. Hungerford Award for Excellence in Post Graduate Education, an award conferred on those who have made a notable contribution to continuing veterinary education.
He was a prolific author and published a number of textbooks, of which the most popular "Diseases of Livestock" is available as the 9th edition.
Tom frequently enjoined vets to follow the ‘goanna track’ to success. Hence that term and the singularly Australian goanna motif often feature in CVE communications.
Tom died on 29 September 2007.
Dr Douglas Bryden
BVSc MACVSc
In 1987, Tom Hungerford, was succeeded as Director by Dr Douglas Bryden. Doug conducted a mixed practice in Tamworth, NSW for many years. He was a founding member of the Australian College of Veterinary Scientists, the first Chairman of the Cattle Chapter, and President of the College in 1987/88, As Director, Doug instigated the Distance Education programs, with the first courses started in 1991. These intensive courses have now grown to be recognised as world-class education for veterinarians.
In 1994 Doug was awarded the Gilruth Prize, the highest honour of the AVA. He left the PGF in March 2000 to enjoy a well-earned retirement. Doug was appointed a Member (AM) of the Order of Australia in recognition of his work in veterinary science, notably in the fields of continuing education and clinical practice. Sadly he died in November 2019.
Dr Bill Howey
BVMS GradDipEd MACVSc MRCVS
Dr Bill Howey was Director from 2000 to 2002. His strong background in veterinary practice and education proved invaluable to the PGF. Bill, at the time of his appointment, was no stranger to the PGF. He had served as a Veterinary Consultant to the Foundation since 1996 and as Associate Director in 1999. As consultant he was involved in producing over 80 ‘TimeOut' seminars throughout Australia which were attended by over a thousand veterinary delegates. He was also closely involved in the planning and delivery of some major courses, specifically equine.
Bill's fine sense of equity, his openness and kindness have contributed as a lasting legacy continuing the tradition of supporting the members of the veterinary community with the best quality continuing education.
Bill retired for health reasons after two years, resigning in August 2002.
Dr Michele Cotton
BVSc BScVet MVPHMgt
In May 2002 Dr Michele Cotton became acting Director until December 2003, when she was appointed Director of the Post Graduate Foundation.
Michele’s extensive career in veterinary practice in Australia and Saudi Arabia encompassed both large and small animal veterinary medicine and surgery, zoo animals, wildlife, teaching and research. Having been a solitary practitioner for much of her professional career and a grateful recipient of PGF support, she was aware of its importance to veterinarians worldwide.
Under Michele’s leadership the innovative online course, TimeOnline, was developed in 2006. In October the same year a continuing education program for veterinary nurses was launched. This was a series of specially designed annual workshops, and 70 vet nurses attended the first course ‘Intensive Care and Anaesthesia—A Nursing Perspective’.
Michele was a strong guardian of the directorship until she left in November 2007 to pursue other career options. Michele succumbed to the effects of rapidly progressing motor neurone disease in December 2019.
Dr Hugh White
MVSc MANZCVS
Dr Hugh White was appointed Director in March 2008 and brought fresh vision and energy to lead the way into a more vibrant time. Hugh had served on the PGF Advisory Council for a number of years, endeavouring to expand the services that were offered to members. As President he engaged with the University of Sydney to resolve issues that impacted on our future and facilitated the PGF realignment within the University as a Centre.
Hugh had over 35 years’ experience as a practising veterinarian, predominantly in mixed rural practices. His interest in continuing education evolved while completing a Masters in equine reproduction, studying for his ANZCVS membership, and presenting lectures at PGF courses held under Tom Hungerford's directorship. He was on the AEVA (now EVA) executive for seven years and was actively involved in the growth and development of the Bain Fallon annual conference
Hugh’s insight into the workings of the CVE, combined with his veterinary experience and knowledge, has enabled him confidently to bring his own style to the directorship of The Centre for Veterinary Education.
Veterinary Science Conference Centre
Level 2, Regimental Drive
The University of Sydney NSW 2006
cve.enquiries@sydney.edu.au
Would you like to
Enrol in CPD
Access My Online Courses
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line375
|
__label__cc
| 0.680034
| 0.319966
|
Personal data (usually referred to just as "data" below) will only be processed by us to the extent necessary and for the purpose of providing a functional and user-friendly website, including its contents, and the services offered there.
Per Art. 4 No. 1 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679, i.e. the General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter referred to as the "GDPR"), "processing" refers to any operation or set of operations such as collection, recording, organization, structuring, storage, adaptation, alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination, or otherwise making available, alignment, or combination, restriction, erasure, or destruction performed on personal data, whether by automated means or not.
The following privacy policy is intended to inform you in particular about the type, scope, purpose, duration, and legal basis for the processing of such data either under our own control or in conjunction with others. We also inform you below about the third-party components we use to optimize our website and improve the user experience which may result in said third parties also processing data they collect and control.
Our privacy policy is structured as follows:
I. Information about us as controllers of your data
II. The rights of users and data subjects
III. Information about the data processing
The party responsible for this website (the "controller") for purposes of data protection law is:
Coinoxid.com
Florhofstrasse 12
The controller's data protection officer is:
Oliver Hauser
With regard to the data processing to be described in more detail below, users and data subjects have the right
to confirmation of whether data concerning them is being processed, information about the data being processed, further information about the nature of the data processing, and copies of the data (cf. also Art. 15 GDPR);
to correct or complete incorrect or incomplete data (cf. also Art. 16 GDPR);
to the immediate deletion of data concerning them (cf. also Art. 17 DSGVO), or, alternatively, if further processing is necessary as stipulated in Art. 17 Para. 3 GDPR, to restrict said processing per Art. 18 GDPR;
to receive copies of the data concerning them and/or provided by them and to have the same transmitted to other providers/controllers (cf. also Art. 20 GDPR);
to file complaints with the supervisory authority if they believe that data concerning them is being processed by the controller in breach of data protection provisions (see also Art. 77 GDPR).
In addition, the controller is obliged to inform all recipients to whom it discloses data of any such corrections, deletions, or restrictions placed on processing the same per Art. 16, 17 Para. 1, 18 GDPR. However, this obligation does not apply if such notification is impossible or involves a disproportionate effort. Nevertheless, users have a right to information about these recipients.
Likewise, under Art. 21 GDPR, users and data subjects have the right to object to the controller's future processing of their data pursuant to Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. In particular, an objection to data processing for the purpose of direct advertising is permissible.
Your data processed when using our website will be deleted or blocked as soon as the purpose for its storage ceases to apply, provided the deletion of the same is not in breach of any statutory storage obligations or unless otherwise stipulated below.
Server data
For technical reasons, the following data sent by your internet browser to us or to our server provider will be collected, especially to ensure a secure and stable website: These server log files record the type and version of your browser, operating system, the website from which you came (referrer URL), the webpages on our site visited, the date and time of your visit, as well as the IP address from which you visited our site.
The data thus collected will be temporarily stored, but not in association with any other of your data.
The basis for this storage is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the improvement, stability, functionality, and security of our website.
The data will be deleted within no more than seven days, unless continued storage is required for evidentiary purposes. In which case, all or part of the data will be excluded from deletion until the investigation of the relevant incident is finally resolved.
a) Session cookies
We use cookies on our website. Cookies are small text files or other storage technologies stored on your computer by your browser. These cookies process certain specific information about you, such as your browser, location data, or IP address.
This processing makes our website more user-friendly, efficient, and secure, allowing us, for example, to display our website in different languages or to offer a shopping cart function.
The legal basis for such processing is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. b) GDPR, insofar as these cookies are used to collect data to initiate or process contractual relationships.
If the processing does not serve to initiate or process a contract, our legitimate interest lies in improving the functionality of our website. The legal basis is then Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR.
When you close your browser, these session cookies are deleted.
b) Third-party cookies
If necessary, our website may also use cookies from companies with whom we cooperate for the purpose of advertising, analyzing, or improving the features of our website.
Please refer to the following information for details, in particular for the legal basis and purpose of such third-party collection and processing of data collected through cookies.
c) Disabling cookies
You can refuse the use of cookies by changing the settings on your browser. Likewise, you can use the browser to delete cookies that have already been stored. However, the steps and measures required vary, depending on the browser you use. If you have any questions, please use the help function or consult the documentation for your browser or contact its maker for support. Browser settings cannot prevent so-called flash cookies from being set. Instead, you will need to change the setting of your Flash player. The steps and measures required for this also depend on the Flash player you are using. If you have any questions, please use the help function or consult the documentation for your Flash player or contact its maker for support.
If you prevent or restrict the installation of cookies, not all of the functions on our site may be fully usable.
Customer account/registration
If you create a customer account with us via our website, we will use the data you entered during registration (e.g. your name, your address, or your email address) exclusively for services leading up to your potential placement of an order or entering some other contractual relationship with us, to fulfill such orders or contracts, and to provide customer care (e.g. to provide you with an overview of your previous orders or to be able to offer you a wishlist function). We also store your IP address and the date and time of your registration. This data will not be transferred to third parties.
During the registration process, your consent will be obtained for this processing of your data, with reference made to this privacy policy. The data collected by us will be used exclusively to provide your customer account.
If you give your consent to this processing, Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. a) GDPR is the legal basis for this processing.
If the opening of the customer account is also intended to lead to the initiation of a contractual relationship with us or to fulfill an existing contract with us, the legal basis for this processing is also Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. b) GDPR.
You may revoke your prior consent to the processing of your personal data at any time under Art. 7 Para. 3 GDPR with future effect. All you have to do is inform us that you are revoking your consent.
The data previously collected will then be deleted as soon as processing is no longer necessary. However, we must observe any retention periods required under tax and commercial law.
If you register for our free newsletter, the data requested from you for this purpose, i.e. your email address and, optionally, your name and address, will be sent to us. We also store the IP address of your computer and the date and time of your registration. During the registration process, we will obtain your consent to receive this newsletter and the type of content it will offer, with reference made to this privacy policy. The data collected will be used exclusively to send the newsletter and will not be passed on to third parties.
The legal basis for this is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. a) GDPR.
You may revoke your prior consent to receive this newsletter under Art. 7 Para. 3 GDPR with future effect. All you have to do is inform us that you are revoking your consent or click on the unsubscribe link contained in each newsletter.
If you contact us via email or the contact form, the data you provide will be used for the purpose of processing your request. We must have this data in order to process and answer your inquiry; otherwise we will not be able to answer it in full or at all.
The legal basis for this data processing is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. b) GDPR.
Your data will be deleted once we have fully answered your inquiry and there is no further legal obligation to store your data, such as if an order or contract resulted therefrom.
User posts, comments, and ratings
We offer you the opportunity to post questions, answers, opinions, and ratings on our website, hereinafter referred to jointly as "posts." If you make use of this opportunity, we will process and publish your post, the date and time you submitted it, and any pseudonym you may have used.
The legal basis for this is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. a) GDPR. You may revoke your prior consent under Art. 7 Para. 3 GDPR with future effect. All you have to do is inform us that you are revoking your consent.
In addition, we will also process your IP address and email address. The IP address is processed because we might have a legitimate interest in taking or supporting further action if your post infringes the rights of third parties and/or is otherwise unlawful.
In this case, the legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in any legal defense we may have to mount.
Follow-up comments
If you make posts on our website, we also offer you the opportunity to subscribe to any subsequent follow-up comments made by third parties. In order to be able to inform you about these follow-up comments, we will need to process your email address.
The legal basis for this is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. a) GDPR. You may revoke your prior consent to this subscription under Art. 7 Para. 3 GDPR with future effect. All you have to do is inform us that you are revoking your consent or click on the unsubscribe link contained in each email.
We use Google Analytics on our website. This is a web analytics service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
Through certification according to the EU-US Privacy Shield
Google guarantees that it will follow the EU's data protection regulations when processing data in the United States.
The Google Analytics service is used to analyze how our website is used. The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the analysis, optimization, and economic operation of our site.
Usage and user-related information, such as IP address, place, time, or frequency of your visits to our website will be transmitted to a Google server in the United States and stored there. However, we use Google Analytics with the so-called anonymization function, whereby Google truncates the IP address within the EU or the EEA before it is transmitted to the US.
The data collected in this way is in turn used by Google to provide us with an evaluation of visits to our website and what visitors do once there. This data can also be used to provide other services related to the use of our website and of the internet in general.
Google states that it will not connect your IP address to other data. In addition, Google provides further information with regard to its data protection practices at
https://www.google.com/intl/de/policies/privacy/partners,
including options you can exercise to prevent such use of your data.
In addition, Google offers an opt-out add-on at
in addition with further information. This add-on can be installed on the most popular browsers and offers you further control over the data that Google collects when you visit our website. The add-on informs Google Analytics' JavaScript (ga.js) that no information about the website visit should be transmitted to Google Analytics. However, this does not prevent information from being transmitted to us or to other web analytics services we may use as detailed herein.
Google+ plug-in
We use the plug-in of the Google+ social network on our website. Google+ is an online service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in improving the quality of our website.
Further information about the possible plug-ins and their respective functions is available from Google at
https://developers.google.com/+/web/
If the plug-in is stored on one of the pages you visit on our website, your browser will download an icon for the plug-in from Google's servers in the USA. For technical reasons, it is necessary for Google to process your IP address. In addition, the date and time of your visit to our website will also be recorded.
If you are logged in to Google while visiting one of our plugged-in websites, the information collected by the plug-in from your specific visit will be recognized by Google. The information collected may then be assigned to your personal account at Google. If, for example, you use the +1 button, this information will be stored in your Google Account and may be published on the Google platform. To prevent this, you must either log out of Google before visiting our site or make the appropriate settings in your Google account.
Further information about the collection and use of data as well as your rights and protection options in Google's privacy policy found at
Our website uses Google Maps to display our location and to provide directions. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
To enable the display of certain fonts on our website, a connection to the Google server in the USA is established whenever our website is accessed.
If you access the Google Maps components integrated into our website, Google will store a cookie on your device via your browser. Your user settings and data are processed to display our location and create a route description. We cannot prevent Google from using servers in the USA.
The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in optimizing the functionality of our website.
If you do not agree to this processing, you have the option of preventing the installation of cookies by making the appropriate settings in your browser. Further details can be found in the section about cookies above.
In addition, the use of Google Maps and the information obtained via Google Maps is governed by the Google Terms of Use https://policies.google.com/terms?gl=DE&hl=en and the Terms and Conditions for Google Maps https://www.google.com/intl/de_de/help/terms_maps.html.
Google also offers further information at
Our website uses Google reCAPTCHA to check and prevent automated servers ("bots") from accessing and interacting with our website. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the security of our website and in the prevention of unwanted, automated access in the form of spam or similar.
Google offers detailed information at
concerning the general handling of your user data.
Our website uses Google Fonts to display external fonts. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the optimization and economic operation of our site.
When you access our site, a connection to Google is established from which Google can identify the site from which your request has been sent and to which IP address the fonts are being transmitted for display.
in particular on options for preventing the use of data.
Facebook plug-in
Our website uses the plug-in of the Facebook social network. Facebook.com is a service provided by Facebook Inc., 1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. In the EU, this service is also operated by Facebook Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland, hereinafter both referred to as "Facebook."
Facebook guarantees that it will follow the EU's data protection regulations when processing data in the United States.
Further information about the possible plug-ins and their respective functions is available from Facebook at
If the plug-in is stored on one of the pages you visit on our website, your browser will download an icon for the plug-in from Facebook's servers in the USA. For technical reasons, it is necessary for Facebook to process your IP address. In addition, the date and time of your visit to our website will also be recorded.
If you are logged in to Facebook while visiting one of our plugged-in websites, the information collected by the plug-in from your specific visit will be recognized by Facebook. The information collected may then be assigned to your personal account at Facebook. If, for example, you use the Facebook Like button, this information will be stored in your Facebook account and published on the Facebook platform. If you want to prevent this, you must either log out of Facebook before visiting our website or use an add-on for your browser to prevent the Facebook plug-in from loading.
Further information about the collection and use of data as well as your rights and protection options in Facebook's privacy policy found at
Twitter plug-in
Our website uses the plug-in of the Twitter social network. The Twitter service is operated by Twitter Inc., 795 Folsom St., Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA ("Twitter").
https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt0000000TORzAAO&status=Active
Twitter guarantees that it will follow the EU's data protection regulations when processing data in the United States.
If the plug-in is stored on one of the pages you visit on our website, your browser will download an icon for the plug-in from Twitter's servers in the USA. For technical reasons, it is necessary for Twitter to process your IP address. In addition, the date and time of your visit to our website will also be recorded.
If you are logged in to Twitter while visiting one of our plugged-in websites, the information collected by the plug-in from your specific visit will be recognized by Twitter. The information collected may then be assigned to your personal account at Twitter. If, for example, you use the Twitter Tweet button, this information will be stored in your Twitter account and may be published on the Twitter platform. To prevent this, you must either log out of Twitter before visiting our site or make the appropriate settings in your Twitter account.
Further information about the collection and use of data as well as your rights and protection options in Twitter's privacy policy found at
We use YouTube on our website. This is a video portal operated by YouTube LLC, 901 Cherry Ave, 94066 San Bruno, CA, USA, hereinafter referred to as "YouTube".
YouTube is a subsidiary of Google LLC, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland, hereinafter referred to as "Google".
Google and its subsidiary YouTube guarantee that they will follow the EU's data protection regulations when processing data in the United States.
We use YouTube in its advanced privacy mode to show you videos. The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in improving the quality of our website. According to YouTube, the advanced privacy mode means that the data specified below will only be transmitted to the YouTube server if you actually start a video.
Without this mode, a connection to the YouTube server in the USA will be established as soon as you access any of our webpages on which a YouTube video is embedded.
This connection is required in order to be able to display the respective video on our website within your browser. YouTube will record and process at a minimum your IP address, the date and time the video was displayed, as well as the website you visited. In addition, a connection to the DoubleClick advertising network of Google is established.
If you are logged in to YouTube when you access our site, YouTube will assign the connection information to your YouTube account. To prevent this, you must either log out of YouTube before visiting our site or make the appropriate settings in your YouTube account.
For the purpose of functionality and analysis of usage behavior, YouTube permanently stores cookies on your device via your browser. If you do not agree to this processing, you have the option of preventing the installation of cookies by making the appropriate settings in your browser. Further details can be found in the section about cookies above.
We use Vimeo to display videos on our website. This is a service of Vimeo, LLC, 555 West 18th Street, New York, New York 10011, USA, hereinafter referred to as "Vimeo."
Some of the user data is processed on Vimeo servers in the USA. Through certification according to the EU-US Privacy Shield
(https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt00000008V77AAE&status=Active)
Vimeo guarantees that it will follow the EU's data protection regulations when processing data in the United States.
The legal basis for collecting and processing this information is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in improving the quality of our website.
When you access a page on our website that has Vimeo embedded in it, a connection to Vimeo's servers in the USA is established. For technical reasons, it is necessary for Vimeo to process your IP address. In addition, the date and time of your visit to our website will also be recorded.
If you are logged into Vimeo while visiting one of our webpages containing a Vimeo video, Vimeo will associate information about your interaction with our site to your Vimeo account. If you wish to prevent this, you must either log out of Vimeo before visiting our website or configure your Vimeo user account accordingly.
For the purpose of functionality and usage analysis, Vimeo uses Google Analytics. Google Analytics stores cookies on your terminal device via your browser and transmits information about the use of those websites in which a Vimeo video is embedded to Google. It is possible that Google will process this information in the USA.
The legal basis for collecting and processing this information is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in improving the quality of our website and in Vimeo's legitimate interest in statistically analyzing user behavior for optimization and marketing purposes.
Vimeo offers further information about its data collection and processing as well your rights and your options for protecting your privacy at this link:
http://vimeo.com/privacy.
Amazon Associates (PartnerNet)
Our website participates in the Amazon Associates program, known as PartnerNet in German. This is a service provided by Amazon Europe Core S.à r.l., 5 Rue Plaetis, 2338 Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Advertisements from Amazon.de are placed on our website via the Amazon Associates program. If you click on one of these advertisements, you will be redirected to the corresponding offer on the Amazon website. If you subsequently decide to purchase the advertised product there, we will receive a commission from Amazon.
Amazon uses cookies to allow this service to work. With the help of these cookies, Amazon can verify that you were forwarded from our website to its website.
Amazon offers further information about data protection at this link:
https://www.amazon.de/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201909010.
The legal basis for collecting and processing this information is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in ensuring that our commissions are processed and paid by Amazon.
Google AdWords with Conversion Tracking
Our website uses Google AdWords and conversion tracking. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
We use conversion tracking to provide targeted promotion of our site. The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the analysis, optimization, and economic operation of our site.
If you click on an ad placed by Google, the conversion tracking we use stores a cookie on your device. These so-called conversion cookies expire after 30 days and do not otherwise identify you personally.
If the cookie is still valid and you visit a specific page of our website, both we and Google can evaluate that you clicked on one of our ads placed on Google and that you were then forwarded to our website.
The data collected in this way is in turn used by Google to provide us with an evaluation of visits to our website and what visitors do once there. In addition, we receive information about the number of users who clicked on our advertisement(s) as well as about the pages on our site that are subsequently visited. Neither we nor third parties who also use Google AdWords will be able to identify you from this conversion tracking.
You can also prevent or restrict the installation of cookies by making the appropriate settings in your browser. Likewise, you can use the browser to delete cookies that have already been stored. However, the steps and measures required vary, depending on the browser you use. If you have any questions, please use the help function or consult the documentation for your browser or contact its maker for support.
In addition, Google provides further information with regard to its data protection practices at
in particular information on how you can prevent the use of your data.
We use Google AdSense on our website to integrate advertisements. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
Google AdSense stores cookies and web beacons on your device via your browser. This enables Google to analyze how you use our website. In addition to your IP address and the advertising formats displayed, the information thus collected will be transmitted to Google in the USA and stored there. Google may also share this information with third parties. Google states that it will not connect your IP address to other data.
The legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in the analysis, optimization, and economic operation of our site.
We use the remarketing function on our website. This is a service provided by Google Inc., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Irland (hereinafter: Google).
We use this feature to deliver interest-based, personalized advertising on third-party websites that also participate in Google's advertising network.
To allow this advertising service to function, Google stores a cookie with a sequence of numbers on your device via your browser when you visit our website. This cookie records both your visit and the use of our website in anonymous form. However, personal data will not be passed on. If you subsequently visit a third-party website that also uses the Google advertising network, advertising may appear that refers to our website or our offers there.
To permanently disable this feature, Google provides a browser plugin for most common browsers at
Likewise, the use of cookies from certain providers, e.g. via
http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/your-ad-choices/
can be deactivated by opt-out.
Cross-device marketing allows Google to track your usage patterns across multiple devices, so you may see interest-based, personalized advertising even when you switch devices. However, this requires that you have agreed to link your browsing history to your existing Google account.
Google offers more information about Google Remarketing at
http://www.google.com/privacy/ads/
Model Data Protection Statement for Anwaltskanzlei Weiß & Partner
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line383
|
__label__wiki
| 0.581761
| 0.581761
|
The Collapse of Western Civilization
Naomi Oreskes and others
Published online: November 2015
Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences
James Powell
The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars
Environmental Science x
Open Section Environmental Science (5)
The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future
Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway
Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought ... More
The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought and—finally—the disaster now known as the Great Collapse of 2093, when the disintegration of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet led to mass migration and a complete reshuffling of the global order. Writing from the Second People's Republic of China on the 300th anniversary of the Great Collapse, a senior scholar presents a gripping and deeply disturbing account of how the children of the Enlightenment—the political and economic elites of the so-called advanced industrial societies—failed to act, and so brought about the collapse of Western civilization. In this haunting, provocative work of science-based fiction, the authors imagine a world devastated by climate change. Dramatizing the science in ways traditional nonfiction cannot, the book reasserts the importance of scientists and the work they do and reveals the self-serving interests of the so called “carbon combustion complex” that have turned the practice of science into political fodder. Based on sound scholarship and yet unafraid to speak boldly, this book provides a welcome moment of clarity amid the cacophony of climate change literature.Less
The Collapse of Western Civilization : A View from the Future
Naomi OreskesErik Conway
The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought and—finally—the disaster now known as the Great Collapse of 2093, when the disintegration of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet led to mass migration and a complete reshuffling of the global order. Writing from the Second People's Republic of China on the 300th anniversary of the Great Collapse, a senior scholar presents a gripping and deeply disturbing account of how the children of the Enlightenment—the political and economic elites of the so-called advanced industrial societies—failed to act, and so brought about the collapse of Western civilization. In this haunting, provocative work of science-based fiction, the authors imagine a world devastated by climate change. Dramatizing the science in ways traditional nonfiction cannot, the book reasserts the importance of scientists and the work they do and reveals the self-serving interests of the so called “carbon combustion complex” that have turned the practice of science into political fodder. Based on sound scholarship and yet unafraid to speak boldly, this book provides a welcome moment of clarity amid the cacophony of climate change literature.
Keywords: climate change, mass migration, West Antarctica Ice Sheet, global order, Western civilization, science-based fiction, scientists, carbon combustion complex
Facing Climate Change: An Integrated Path to the Future
Jeffrey T. Kiehl
Environmental Science, Climate
Facing Climate Change explains why people refuse to accept evidence of a warming planet and shows how to move past partisanship to reach a consensus for action. A climate scientist and licensed ... More
Facing Climate Change explains why people refuse to accept evidence of a warming planet and shows how to move past partisanship to reach a consensus for action. A climate scientist and licensed Jungian analyst, Jeffrey T. Kiehl examines the psychological phenomena that twist our relationship to the natural world and their role in shaping the cultural beliefs that distance us further from nature. He also accounts for the emotions triggered by the lived experience of climate change and the feelings of fear and loss they inspire, which lead us to deny the reality of our warming planet. But it is not too late. By evaluating our way of being, Kiehl unleashes a potential human emotional understanding that can reform our behavior and help protect the Earth. Kiehl dives deep into the human brain’s psychological structures and human spirituality’s imaginative power, mining promising resources for creating a healthier connection to the environment—and one another. Facing Climate Change is as concerned with repairing our social and political fractures as it is with reestablishing our ties to the world, teaching us to push past partisanship and unite around the shared attributes that are key to our survival. Kiehl encourages policy makers and activists to appeal to our interdependence as a global society, extracting politics from the process and making decisions about our climate future that are substantial and sustaining.Less
Facing Climate Change : An Integrated Path to the Future
Facing Climate Change explains why people refuse to accept evidence of a warming planet and shows how to move past partisanship to reach a consensus for action. A climate scientist and licensed Jungian analyst, Jeffrey T. Kiehl examines the psychological phenomena that twist our relationship to the natural world and their role in shaping the cultural beliefs that distance us further from nature. He also accounts for the emotions triggered by the lived experience of climate change and the feelings of fear and loss they inspire, which lead us to deny the reality of our warming planet. But it is not too late. By evaluating our way of being, Kiehl unleashes a potential human emotional understanding that can reform our behavior and help protect the Earth. Kiehl dives deep into the human brain’s psychological structures and human spirituality’s imaginative power, mining promising resources for creating a healthier connection to the environment—and one another. Facing Climate Change is as concerned with repairing our social and political fractures as it is with reestablishing our ties to the world, teaching us to push past partisanship and unite around the shared attributes that are key to our survival. Kiehl encourages policy makers and activists to appeal to our interdependence as a global society, extracting politics from the process and making decisions about our climate future that are substantial and sustaining.
Keywords: climate change, paleoclimate, Jungian psychology, Anxiety, fear
Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth
Over the course of the twentieth century, scientists came to accept four counterintuitive yet fundamental facts about the Earth: deep time, continental drift, meteorite impact, and global warming. ... More
Over the course of the twentieth century, scientists came to accept four counterintuitive yet fundamental facts about the Earth: deep time, continental drift, meteorite impact, and global warming. When first suggested, each proposition violated scientific orthodoxy and was quickly denounced as scientific—and sometimes religious—heresy. Nevertheless, after decades of rejection, scientists came to accept each theory. The stories behind these four discoveries reflect more than the fascinating push and pull of scientific work. They reveal the provocative nature of science and how it raises profound and sometimes uncomfortable truths as it advances. For example, counter to common sense, the Earth and the solar system are older than all of human existence; the interactions among the moving plates and the continents they carry account for nearly all of the Earth's surface features; and nearly every important feature of our solar system results from the chance collision of objects in space. Most surprising of all, we humans have altered the climate of an entire planet and now threaten the future of civilization. This scientific history describes the evolution of these four ideas from heresy to truth, showing how science works in practice and how it inevitably corrects the mistakes of its practitioners. Scientists can be wrong, but they do not stay wrong. In the process, astonishing ideas are born, tested, and over time take root.Less
Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences : From Heresy to Truth
Over the course of the twentieth century, scientists came to accept four counterintuitive yet fundamental facts about the Earth: deep time, continental drift, meteorite impact, and global warming. When first suggested, each proposition violated scientific orthodoxy and was quickly denounced as scientific—and sometimes religious—heresy. Nevertheless, after decades of rejection, scientists came to accept each theory. The stories behind these four discoveries reflect more than the fascinating push and pull of scientific work. They reveal the provocative nature of science and how it raises profound and sometimes uncomfortable truths as it advances. For example, counter to common sense, the Earth and the solar system are older than all of human existence; the interactions among the moving plates and the continents they carry account for nearly all of the Earth's surface features; and nearly every important feature of our solar system results from the chance collision of objects in space. Most surprising of all, we humans have altered the climate of an entire planet and now threaten the future of civilization. This scientific history describes the evolution of these four ideas from heresy to truth, showing how science works in practice and how it inevitably corrects the mistakes of its practitioners. Scientists can be wrong, but they do not stay wrong. In the process, astonishing ideas are born, tested, and over time take root.
Keywords: deep time, continental drift, meteorite impact, global warming, solar system, climate, civilization, science, continents, Earth
The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines
The ongoing assault on climate science in the United States has never been more aggressive, more blatant, or more widely publicized than in the case of the hockey stick graph—a clear and compelling ... More
The ongoing assault on climate science in the United States has never been more aggressive, more blatant, or more widely publicized than in the case of the hockey stick graph—a clear and compelling visual presentation of scientific data demonstrating that global temperatures have risen in conjunction with the increase in industrialization and the use of fossil fuels. Here was an easy-to-understand graph that, in a glance, posed a threat to major corporate energy interests and those who do their political bidding. The stakes were simply too high to ignore the hockey stick—and so began a relentless attack on a body of science and on the investigators whose work formed its scientific basis. The hockey stick achieved prominence in a 2001 UN report on climate change and quickly became a central icon in the “climate wars.” The real issue has never been the graph's data but rather its implied threat to those who oppose governmental regulation and other restraints to protect the environment and planet. This book shares the story of the science and politics behind this controversy. It reveals key figures in the oil and energy industries and the media front groups who do their bidding in sometimes slick, sometimes bare-knuckled ways. The book concludes with the real story of the 2009 “Climategate” scandal, in which climate scientists' emails were hacked.Less
The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars : Dispatches from the Front Lines
The ongoing assault on climate science in the United States has never been more aggressive, more blatant, or more widely publicized than in the case of the hockey stick graph—a clear and compelling visual presentation of scientific data demonstrating that global temperatures have risen in conjunction with the increase in industrialization and the use of fossil fuels. Here was an easy-to-understand graph that, in a glance, posed a threat to major corporate energy interests and those who do their political bidding. The stakes were simply too high to ignore the hockey stick—and so began a relentless attack on a body of science and on the investigators whose work formed its scientific basis. The hockey stick achieved prominence in a 2001 UN report on climate change and quickly became a central icon in the “climate wars.” The real issue has never been the graph's data but rather its implied threat to those who oppose governmental regulation and other restraints to protect the environment and planet. This book shares the story of the science and politics behind this controversy. It reveals key figures in the oil and energy industries and the media front groups who do their bidding in sometimes slick, sometimes bare-knuckled ways. The book concludes with the real story of the 2009 “Climategate” scandal, in which climate scientists' emails were hacked.
Keywords: climate science, hockey stick graph, climate change, global temperatures, industrialization, fossil fuels, corporate energy interests, climate wars, climategate
Retreat from a Rising Sea: Hard Choices in an Age of Climate Change
Orrin H. Pilkey, Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, and Keith C. Pilkey
Melting ice sheets and warming oceans are causing the seas to rise. By the end of this century, hundreds of millions of people living at low elevations along coasts will be forced to retreat to ... More
Melting ice sheets and warming oceans are causing the seas to rise. By the end of this century, hundreds of millions of people living at low elevations along coasts will be forced to retreat to higher and safer ground. Because of sea-level rise, major storms will inundate areas farther inland and will lay waste to critical infrastructure, such as water-treatment and energy facilities, creating vast, irreversible pollution by decimating landfills and toxic-waste sites. This big-picture, policy-oriented book explains in gripping terms what rising oceans will do to coastal cities and the drastic actions we must take now to remove vulnerable populations. The authors detail specific threats faced by Miami, New Orleans, New York, and Amsterdam. Aware of the overwhelming social, political, and economic challenges that would accompany effective action, they consider the burden to the taxpayer and the logistics of moving landmarks and infrastructure, including toxic-waste sites. They also show readers the alternative: thousands of environmental refugees, with no legitimate means to regain what they have lost. The authors conclude with effective approaches for addressing climate-change denialism and powerful arguments for reforming U.S. federal coastal management policies.Less
Retreat from a Rising Sea : Hard Choices in an Age of Climate Change
Orrin H. PilkeyLinda Pilkey-JarvisKeith C. Pilkey
Melting ice sheets and warming oceans are causing the seas to rise. By the end of this century, hundreds of millions of people living at low elevations along coasts will be forced to retreat to higher and safer ground. Because of sea-level rise, major storms will inundate areas farther inland and will lay waste to critical infrastructure, such as water-treatment and energy facilities, creating vast, irreversible pollution by decimating landfills and toxic-waste sites. This big-picture, policy-oriented book explains in gripping terms what rising oceans will do to coastal cities and the drastic actions we must take now to remove vulnerable populations. The authors detail specific threats faced by Miami, New Orleans, New York, and Amsterdam. Aware of the overwhelming social, political, and economic challenges that would accompany effective action, they consider the burden to the taxpayer and the logistics of moving landmarks and infrastructure, including toxic-waste sites. They also show readers the alternative: thousands of environmental refugees, with no legitimate means to regain what they have lost. The authors conclude with effective approaches for addressing climate-change denialism and powerful arguments for reforming U.S. federal coastal management policies.
Keywords: Retreat (from the shoreline), Sea-level rise, Global climate change, Environmental refugees, Climate change deniers, Shoreline retreat (erosion)
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line385
|
__label__wiki
| 0.55778
| 0.55778
|
Law Students Discuss Income Taxes with Local High School Students Third-year law students Cole Bollman and Pierce Rigney visited a class at Rockbridge County High School to discuss the federal income tax system.
By Peter Jetton
Cole Bollman, left, and Pierce Rigney
Third-year law students Cole Bollman and Pierce Rigney, both student attorneys in the W&L Law Tax Clinic, recently partnered with Donna Wallace, a Rockbridge County High School teacher (and unapologetic Steelers fan), to engage in educational outreach to local high school students about income taxes.
Bollman and Rigney brainstormed to decide what basic information about the federal income tax system might be useful to teenagers as they prepare to leave home and transition to college or work. On March 1, they presented to four sections of Ms. Wallace’s Economics and Finance course. The topics they covered included the constitutional authority for income tax, the marginal rate structure, consequences for failure to file and/or late filing, a basic overview of certain tax forms, key changes to the Code under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, as well as some practical tips on credits and deductions that they may be able to receive.
“Lecturing at Rockbridge County High School was a unique privilege as a W&L Law student,” said Rigney. “I was grateful for the opportunity to engage within the community, and hopefully, to positively impact local students. It was particularly enjoyable to present to students whose parents are among the law school faculty. I’m proud to have represented our law school in the community, and I hope that we continue to engage in valuable public service as a clinic and law school.”
Bollman also was enthusiastic to bring some of the knowledge he has gained at W&L Law into the community.
“I am grateful to attend a law school that equips and encourages law school students to serve the local community,” said Bollman. “Teaching at Rockbridge County High School was a unique opportunity to use our legal knowledge in a very practical way, and I hope to have many more opportunities like this as I head into practice next year.”
Law students working in the Tax Clinic provide free legal representation to low-income taxpayers in resolving their controversies with the Internal Revenue Service. The Clinic students assist taxpayers with audits and a wide array of collections issues. The clinic also represents taxpayers in cases before the U.S. Tax Court.
In addition, students in the Tax Clinic undertake outreach efforts to educate taxpayers on tax law issues of relevance to low-income and working families. For example, students created a presentation and explanatory materials on the changes resulting from the tax reform bill passed in December 2017 and also presented on the earned income tax credit at the annual statewide legal aid conference.
Related //Tax Law, The School of Law
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line386
|
__label__wiki
| 0.911741
| 0.911741
|
After months of negotiations, MDOT and Purple Line contractors reach agreement
Anaya Truss-Williams
A sidewalk closed sign next to the Purple Line construction site on Campus Drive on March 9, 2020. (Joe Ryan/The Diamondback)
After months of negotiations and pleas from city and county officials, community members and Maryland’s congressional delegation, a settlement has been reached to save the public-private partnership behind the Purple Line project.
Under the new agreement, the Maryland Department of Transportation will pay $250 million to settle all outstanding financial claims and terminate the pending litigation within the partnership.
Though the settlement is contingent on approval from the Board of Public Works in December, if approved, the public-private partnership will continue with just two of the original construction contractors: Meridiam and Star America.
“This agreement is a major step toward completing the Purple Line, a transformative project for our state and the region,” Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan said in a statement.
The long-delayed 16-mile light rail project was left up in the air in September when the contractors quit over hundreds of millions of dollars in cost disputes, which they claimed were due to delays in the project.
On Sept. 28, MDOT and the Maryland Transit Authority took over the project but continued negotiations with the private contractors.
Though Hogan has accused the light rail’s contractors of trying to take advantage of the state’s taxpayers, U.S. Rep. Anthony Brown (D-Md.) denounced the governor for mismanaging the project in a video posted on his Facebook page in late September. Because of Hogan’s actions, Brown said, communities had been left with road closures and job layoffs during the worst economic climate in a generation.
At the time, Brown — who represents much of Prince George’s County and some of Anne Arundel County — was also concerned that the project’s completion could be delayed to 2026. He called for Hogan to “break his silence and offer a real plan, not half measures.”
“We deserve better,” he said.
gov. larry hogan
maryland department of transportation
Purple Line Transit Partners
Thomas V. Mike Miller Jr., longtime Maryland senate president, dies at 78
Eric Neugeboren
UMD set to reach $3.5 million settlement with family of Jordan McNair
UMD Office of Diversity and Inclusion names Van Bailey as next BISS director
Madison Peek
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line390
|
__label__wiki
| 0.777782
| 0.777782
|
Dev Bhoomi Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital (MINOR OT AND KSHAR SUTRA)
MINOR OT AND KSHAR SUTRA
S. No Month MINOR OT KSHAR SUTRA TOTAL
1 Jan 30 7 37
2 Feb 31 12 43
3 March 40 18 58
4 April 24 14 38
5 May 28 18 46
6 June 28 18 46
7 July 33 18 51
8 Aug 49 16 65
9 Sep 44 15 59
10 Oct 41 14 55
11 Nov 30 12 42
12 Dec 37 15 52
TOTAL 415 177 592
(X-RAY OPD AND IPD)
S. No Month OPD IPD TOTAL
1 Jan 142 37 179
2 Feb 105 35 140
3 March 126 40 166
4 April 119 21 140
5 May 124 22 146
6 June 89 12 101
8 Aug 109 23 132
9 Sep 94 29 123
10 Oct 98 32 130
11 Nov 101 15 116
12 Dec 119 16 135
TOTAL 1294 301 1595
PANCHKARMA PROCDURE OPD
S. No Month Abyang Sweden Shirodhara shirovasti Nasya Potli Kati Vasti Janu Vasti Rukshsweden Griva Vasti Vaman TOTAL
1 Jan 135 133 19 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 315
2 Feb 61 67 0 0 0 0 6 13 0 0 0 147
3 March 30 32 31 16 23 28 120 96 0 0 18 394
4 April 138 167 21 33 7 31 50 73 0 0 0 520
5 May 30 32 31 16 23 28 120 96 0 0 18 394
6 June 52 25 15 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 0 144
7 July 59 91 19 0 8 0 0 25 0 0 0 202
8 Aug 54 103 6 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 211
9 Sep 42 84 0 0 14 2 0 38 33 0 0 213
10 Oct 78 78 14 0 14 0 0 48 22 0 0 254
11 Nov 89 88 9 0 0 0 0 36 15 0 15 252
12 Dec 100 100 51 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 297
TOTAL 868 1000 216 65 111 89 296 577 70 0 51 3343
PANCHKARMA PROCDURE IPD
1 Jan 24 22 2 0 0 0 14 14 0 0 0 76
2 Feb 21 19 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 48
3 March 5 9 2 6 3 6 11 8 0 0 0 50
4 April 8 7 3 8 0 4 6 5 0 0 0 41
5 May 24 22 1 0 0 4 1 14 0 0 0 66
6 June 9 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 23
7 July 9 18 1 8 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 41
8 Aug 20 20 4 7 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 57
9 Sep 23 23 0 2 2 0 2 5 0 3 0 60
10 Oct 24 24 6 1 7 0 14 10 0 1 0 87
11 Nov 8 14 4 0 8 0 2 4 0 2 0 42
12 Dec 18 21 8 0 9 0 0 4 0 3 0 63
TOTAL 193 205 32 32 31 14 56 78 0 13 0 654
S. No Month Hematology Biochemistry Serology Other Total
1 Jan 78 57 24 42 201
2 Feb 70 58 22 44 194
3 March 51 53 52 44 200
4 April 61 58 35 30 184
5 May 50 45 42 29 166
6 June 110 92 70 32 304
7 July 97 58 51 20 226
8 Aug 115 62 68 53 298
9 Sep 128 69 74 42 313
10 Oct 86 46 54 18 204
11 Nov 68 62 43 21 194
12 Dec 89 69 61 27 246
TOTAL 1003 729 596 402 2730
S.NO Month CASU ECG
1 Jan 44 6
2 Feb 47 7
3 March 65 9
4 April 69 3
5 May 71 5
6 June 69 10
7 July 70 7
8 Aug 86 9
9 Sep 74 7
10 Oct 90 5
11 Nov 80 5
12 Dec 80 6
TOTAL 845 79
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line391
|
__label__wiki
| 0.901681
| 0.901681
|
Trump says he 'absolutely' still wants Mexico to pay for wall
The president also referred to Peña Nieto as a "friend"
By JORDYN PHELPS
Trump 'absolutely' wants Mexico to pay for border wall
President Trump made his comment while sitting beside Mexican President Pena Nieto.
Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images
— -- President Trump revisited an issue that has been a mainstay for him since the campaign trail, saying he "absolutely" still wants Mexico to pay for a wall on the southern border on the U.S.
Trump's remarks at the G-20 summit during his meeting with Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto are the latest from the president on the project, a campaign hallmark that was met with both lavish praise and derision.
Trump's promise for a wall across the border has seen many iterations since he first introduced the concept and questions have arisen about how the project would be funded.
"Absolutely," Trump said under his breath in response to a reporter's question of whether he still wants Mexico to pay for a southern border wall.
The president then flashed a smile in the direction of the U.S. delegation accompanying him the meeting, which includes Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Treasury Secretary Steve Mnunchin and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross.
The president, referring to Peña Nieto as a "friend," said that it's been a "very interesting" day at the G-20 Summit and signaled that the U.S. and Mexico are making progress in re-negotiating NAFTA.
"We're negotiating NAFTA and some other things with Mexico, and we'll see how it all turns out. But I think we made very good progress," Trump said.
The meeting comes following Peña Nieto canceling a meeting with Trump that had been planned for this past February.
The Mexican leader decided to cancel after Trump signed an executive order that called for plans to be drawn up to build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border and expressing his desire to have Mexico to pay for the wall.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line392
|
__label__wiki
| 0.832344
| 0.832344
|
Free Genealogy » Native American » Tigua Tribe
Tigua Tribe
5 Comments / Native American, New Mexico
Tigua Indians (Spanish form of Ti’wan, pl Tiwesh’ (span. Tiguex), their own name). A group of Pueblo tribes comprising three geographic divisions, one occupying Taos and Picuris (the most northerly of the New Mexican pueblos) on the upper waters of the Rio Grande; another inhabiting Sandia and Isleta, north and south of Albuquerque, respectively; the third division, living in the pueblos of Isleta del Sur, Texas, and Senecu del Sur, Chihuahua, on the lower Rio Grande. At the time of Coronado’s visit to New Mexico in 1540-42 the Tigua inhabited Taos and Picuris in the north, and, as today, were separated from the middle group by the Tano, the Tewa, and the Rio Grande Queres (Keresan). The villages of this middle group in the 16th century extended from a short distance above Bernalillo to the neighborhood of Los Lunas and over an area east of the Rio Grande near the salt lagoons of the Manzano, in a territory known as the Salinas, from Chilili to Quarai. The pueblos in the south, near El Paso, were not established until late in the 17th century.
Tigua Indians History
The Tigua were first made known to history through Coronado’s expedition in 1540, whose chroniclers describe their territory, the province of Tiguex, on the Rio Grande, as containing 12 pueblos on both sides of the river, and the people as possessing corn, beans, melons, skins, and long robes of feathers and cotton. The Spaniards were received by them with friendliness, but when it was decided to spend the winter of 1540-41 in Tiguex province, and the Spaniards demanded of the natives “about 300 or more pieces of cloth” with which to clothe the army, even stripping the cloaks and blankets from their backs, the Indians avenged this and other outrages by running off the Spanish horse herd, of which they killed a large number, and fortifying themselves in one of their pueblos. This the Spaniards attacked, and after exchanging signs of peace the Indians put down their arms and were pardoned. Nevertheless, through some misunderstanding the Spaniards proceeded to burn at the stake 200 of the captives, of whom about half were shot down in an attempt to escape the torture to which the others were being subjected. Says Castaneda, the principal chronicler of the expedition: “Not a man of them remained alive, unless it was some who remained hidden in the village and escaped that night to spread throughout the country the news that the strangers did not respect the peace they had made.” As a result of this ill-treatment the Tigua abandoned all but two of their villages, one of which was also known to the Spaniards as Tiguex (see Puaray), into which they took all their stores and equipped themselves for the inevitable siege. Every overture made by the Spaniards toward peace was now received with derision by the natives, who informed them that they “did not wish to trust themselves to people who had no regard for friendship or their own word which they had pledged.” One of the Tigua villages was surrounded and attacked by means of ladders, but time and again the Spaniards were beaten off, 50 being wounded in the first assault. During the siege, which lasted 50 days, the Indians lost 200 of their number and surrendered 100 women and children. Finally, the water supply of the natives became exhausted, and iii an attempt to leave the village at night and cross the river with the remainder of their women, “there were few who escaped being killed or wounded.” The other pueblo suffered the same fate, but its inhabitants apparently did not withstand the siege so long. In attempting to escape, the Spaniards pursued “and killed large numbers of them.” The soldiers then plundered the town and captured about 100 women and children.
In 1581 Chamuscado, with 8 soldiers and 7 Indian servants, accompanied the Franciscan missionaries, Agustin Rodriguez, Francisco Lopez, and Juan de Santa Maria, to the country of the Tigua, but all three were killed by the Indians after the departure of the escort. In 1583 Antonio de Espejo with 14 Spanish followers journeyed to New Mexico, and on his approach the Indians of Puaray, where Rodriguez and Lopez had been killed, fled for fear of vengeance. This was the pueblo, Espejo learned, at which Coronado had lost 9 men and 40 horses, thus identifying it with one of the Tigua villages besieged by Coronado 40 years before. In 1591 Castaño de Sosa also visited the Tigua, as did Oñate in 1598, the latter discovering on a wall at Puaray a partially effaced native painting representing the killing of the three missionaries.
In 1629, according to Benavides, the Tigua province extended over 11 or 12 leagues along the Rio Grande and consisted of 8 pueblos, with 6,000 inhabitants. This reduction in the number of villages was doubtless due to the effort of the Spanish missionaries, soon after the beginning of the 17th century, to consolidate the settlements both to insure greater security from the predatory Apache and to facilitate missionary work. Thus, in 1680, the time of the beginning of the Pueblo revolt, the Tigua occupied only the pueblos of Puaray, Sandia, Alameda, and Isleta, all on the Rio Grande. The population of these towns at the date named was estimated by Vetailcurt at 200, 3,000, 300, and 2.000, respectively.
The eastern portion of what was the southern area of the Tigua up to about 1674 was limited to a narrow strip along the eastern slope of the Manzano mountains, beginning with the pueblo of Chilili in the north, including Tajique and possibly a pueblo near the present Manzano, and ending with Quarai. In this area in 1581, according to Chamuscado, were 11 pueblos. To the east, however, lay a country bountifully supplied with game, including the buffalo, while round about the settlements in every direction were the saline lagoons from which this section of country derives its name and from which salt was obtained for barter with tribes as far south as Parral in Chihuahua. Yet the aborigines were beset with many disadvantages. Their range was for the greater part an inhospitable desert, exposed to the depredations of the ever-wily Apache, whose constant raids resulted first in the abandonment of Chilili between 1669 and 1674, then Quarai, about 1674, its inhabitants joining those of Tajique pueblo, which a year later was also permanently abandoned. Most of these villagers of the Salinas fled for safety to their kindred at Isleta on the Rio Grande, where they remained until 1680. At this date began the Pueblo revolt against Spanish authority, in which participated the Tigua of Taos and Picuris, as well as of Isleta, Sandia, Alameda, and Puaray. On the appearance of Gov. Otermin in his attempted reconquest of the country in the following year all these pueblos except Isleta were abandoned and were afterward burned by the Spaniards. Isleta was stormed and about 500 of the inhabitants were made captives, most of whom were taken to El Paso and afterward settled in the pueblo of Isleta del Sur, Texas. Of the remainder of the population of Isleta del Norte and Sandia a large portion fled to Tusayan, where they lived with the Hopi until 1709 or 1718, when the Isletaños returned and reestablished their pueblo. The Sandia Indians, however, who numbered 441, appear to have remained with the Hopi, in a pueblo called Payupki on the Middle mesa until 1742, when they were taken by Padres Delgado and Pino to the Rio Grande and settled in a new pueblo at or near the site of their old one. Alameda and Puaray were never reestablished as Indian pueblos.
The following are the Tigua pueblos, so far as known:
Inhabited:
Isleta
Isleta del Sur
Picuris
Senecu del Sur
Uninhabited:
Bejuituuy
Carfaray
Chilili Isleta (N. Alex.)
Isleta del Stir
Kuaua
Mojualuna
Nabatutuei
Natchurituei
Pahquetooai
Puaray
Puretuay
Quarai
Senecu del Stir (includes also Piro)
Shumnac
Tajique
The following pueblos now extinct, were probably also Tigua:
Acacafui
Guayotrf
Henicohio
Paniete
Poxen
Shinana
Trimati
Tuchiamas
Vareato
Pueblo, Tigua,
Chihuahua Mexico, Mexico,
Hodge, Frederick Webb, Compiler. The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office. 1906.
5 thoughts on “Tigua Tribe”
I am looking for anyone with information on the last name Guardado. I am trying to locate where we come from. Any help is appreciated. [email protected]
Lea Hernandez
Thanks for this history lesson! I shared in FB for benefit of family members.
Norrita A Sanders
My name is Norrita Sanders.I am writing on behalf of kacy Gonzalez. she has found her DNA results say she is 53 percent Native American. Her GR Grandmother Juanita Gracia (spelled correctly) is buried on an indian reservation in Texas ,Im asking if you would have any records that we might locate this woman . Her son Raul Gracia Gonzlez was born July 14th 1922 in Bishop Texas. so she was prob born around 1900 [email protected] 201-919-2525
drivera
Census records – native americans, territorial census records. I believe my aunt was from Isleta del Sur…interesting history and pursuit of information [email protected]
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line393
|
__label__cc
| 0.551813
| 0.448187
|
Home Books Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Preface. In: Rollins DE, Blumenthal DK. Rollins D.E., & Blumenthal D.K.(Eds.),Eds. Douglas E. Rollins, and Donald K. Blumenthal.eds. Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill; Accessed January 15, 2021. https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1702§ionid=110433079
Preface. Rollins DE, Blumenthal DK. Rollins D.E., & Blumenthal D.K.(Eds.),Eds. Douglas E. Rollins, and Donald K. Blumenthal. (2016). Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill. https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1702§ionid=110433079
"Preface." Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Rollins DE, Blumenthal DK. Rollins D.E., & Blumenthal D.K.(Eds.),Eds. Douglas E. Rollins, and Donald K. Blumenthal. McGraw-Hill, 2016, https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1702§ionid=110433079.
Download Section PDF
This Workbook and Casebook derives from the 12th edition of Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. The organization of the parent text has been retained and many of the tables and figures are the same. The editors have attempted to provide the most important concepts from the 12th edition of G&G in a user-friendly format without the elimination of salient pharmacological information. It is our intention that the Workbook and Casebook will complement the parent text and the second edition of Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and be useful to students and educators who might need a companion text in an advanced pharmacology course.
The number of chapters in the Workbook and Casebook has been reduced from 67 to 48 by combining the substance of multiple chapters from the 12th edition into one Workbook and Casebook chapter. For example, Chapter 9 Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists, Chapter 10 Anticholinesterase Agents, and Chapter 11 Agents Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction and Autonomic Ganglia in the 12th edition have been combined into one Workbook chapter entitled Cholinergic Pharmacology. An additional chapter, Chapter 4 Special Populations: Children and the Elderly, has been added to the Workbook and Casebook based in part on content that is published in Updates in the online version of Goodman & Gilman (Accessmedicine.com and Accesspharmacy.com).
Each Workbook and Casebook chapter begins with a statement of how it differs from the 12th edition so that the reader can refer to the parent text to obtain additional information if necessary. Workbook and Casebook chapters (except for chapters on general principles) are formatted as follows:
Drugs Included in the Chapter
Mechanisms of Action (and, where appropriate, Mechanisms of Resistance) Table
Summary Quiz
Summary Table of Drugs that includes Drug Class, Drug Name, Clinical Uses, and Common and Unique Clinically Important Toxicities
Additional Side Bars are included to highlight significant pharmacological information. Narrative pharmacological information is provided in the form of Clinical Cases to give a clinical context for the therapeutic use of drugs and their adverse events. We have omitted research data, chemical structures, references, and the pharmacokinetic data of Appendix II, all of which can be found on the G&G Web site on AccessMedicine.com and AccessPharmacy.com, along with pharmacotherapeutic updates and mechanistic animations.
We thank the contributors and editors of the 12th edition of G&G, Christie Naglieri and James Shanahan of McGraw Hill, and the long line of contributors and editors who have worked on Goodman & Gilman over 12 editions. It is an honor to follow in the path of Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman, and it is a tribute to their writing and editing that their book is useful and relevant 74 years after the publication of the first edition.
Douglas E. Rollins
Donald K. Blumenthal
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line395
|
__label__cc
| 0.565756
| 0.434244
|
You are here: Home > Foundation for Inner Peace (FIP) > Foundation for Inner Peace – Timeline
Foundation for Inner Peace – Timeline
1965: On October 21, the scribing of A Course in Miracles begins when Dr. Helen Schucman, an academic medical psychologist, hears a Voice that clearly states, “This is a course in miracles. Please take notes.” She and her close colleague and supervisor, Dr. William Thetford, commence the seven-year process of taking down first the Text, then the Workbook for Students, and finally the Manual for Teachers. They meet in private each morning in the back of Bill’s office at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City to review and transcribe the material that Helen received the previous night from what she referred to as “the Voice” (which she identified as that of Jesus).
1972: Dr. Kenneth Wapnick, a psychologist, is introduced to Helen, Bill, and the Course. Over the next three years, he works closely with Helen and “the Voice” to bring the Course into its final form.
1975: On May 29, 1975, Judith Skutch is introduced to Helen and Bill over lunch by a mutual acquaintance. After exploring common interests, Judith turns to Helen and inexplicably asks, “You’re hearing an inner voice, aren’t you?” Bill suggests they adjourn to his office where Judith meets Ken and sees the Course for the first time. It is a defining moment for her as she realizes it is “her map home.”
Over the next few weeks, the group becomes bound together by their common enthusiasm for this remarkable spiritual teaching. They begin meeting regularly to study and discuss it. Within months it becomes apparent to them that this document is meant to be shared with all who found it beneficial or of interest. And so the decision is made—collectively and internally guided—to publish A Course in Miracles through a non-profit foundation run by Judith and her then-husband, Robert Skutch. However, their Foundation is to be given a new and more appropriate name, “Foundation for Inner Peace,” reflecting its new role as trustee of the Course. In keeping with the guidance of “the Voice,” Helen turns over the care and copyright of A Course in Miracles to this Foundation.
The first edition of A Course in Miracles is copyrighted and published in the late summer of 1975. It is a reduced-size, softcover offset production of the manuscript printed in four separate volumes. Over the next six months, a total of 300 sets of these books are printed.
1976: Demand for A Course in Miracles continues to grow. On February 14, “the Voice” gives the group specific guidance to proceed with publication of a hardcover edition. Although many publishers make offers, it soon becomes clear through guidance that the Foundation for Inner Peace will itself be responsible for printing and distributing the Course . On June 22 the first three-volume hardcover edition of 5,000 copies is released.
Later in the year, the Foundation for Inner Peace (FIP) publishes the first of two supplements to the Course scribed by Helen titled “Psychotherapy: Purpose, Process and Practice .”
1978: The Foundation for Inner Peace moves its offices from New York City to Tiburon, California.
The Foundation publishes the second of the two supplements scribed by Helen: “The Song of Prayer: Prayer, Forgiveness, Healing.”
Helen delivers a personal message of guidance for the Foundation for Inner Peace from Jesus. It states that the Foundation is not only to publish and distribute A Course in Miracles , but also to “discuss” it — that is, teach it. Dr. Kenneth Wapnick is designated as the group member who will be primarily involved with teaching the Course’s message as part of the Foundation’s overall activities.
1982: The Foundation publishes The Gifts of God: Poems by the Scribe of A Course in Miracles . In the coming years, the Foundation will also produce other Course-related material such as documentaries and readings from the Course on video and audio cassette, Workbook lesson cards, and a complete concordance referencing all words contained in the Course.
1983: In order to facilitate the specific teaching function assigned to him, Ken and his wife Gloria found the Foundation for A Course in Miracles (FACIM).
1984: Judith’s daughter, Tamara Cohen Morgan, begins working for the Foundation for Inner Peace, taking on the development of special projects.
1988: The Wapnicks relocate FACIM to Roscoe, New York and establish an Academy and Retreat Center there.
1992: Marianne Williamson publishes A Return to Love , which is based on the Course’s teachings. The book becomes a best-seller and interest in the Course spreads rapidly worldwide.
To address growing international interest, the Foundation establishes its translation program under the guidance of Judith’s husband, Dr. William W. Whitson. Dr. Ken Wapnick takes responsibility for rigorously training the translators in the Course’s principles. The first translation is the Spanish, which is released this year.
The Second Edition of the English A Course in Miracles is published. It includes for the first time a complete superscript paragraph-and-line numbering system. In producing it, Ken Wapnick reviewed previous drafts of the Course in order to correct typos and insert material that had been inadvertently omitted from the First Edition.
1993: Dr. Bob Rosenthal joins the Board of Directors of the Foundation for Inner Peace.
1994: The German translation of the Course is published.
1995: FACIM establishes the “Institute for Teaching Inner Peace through A Course in Miracles ” as an accredited teaching institute incorporated under New York State’s Education Law and chartered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York.
The Foundation launches its first website.
The Portuguese translation of the Course is published.
1996: Under guidance, the Foundation for Inner Peace grants Penguin Books the rights to publish the Course on the promise that they can more than triple its outreach.
Penguin Books files a copyright infringement lawsuit against the New Christian Church of Full Endeavor and Endeavor Academy. The lawsuit is prompted by Endeavor’s having published without permission pamphlets containing excerpts from the Course intermixed with passages from the New Testament. These are inserted directly into the material, potentially confusing readers and contrary to the guidance of Helen’s “Voice.”
In the course of the seven-year trial, Endeavor, under rules of discovery, learns of earlier drafts of the Course and requests permission to view them. Shortly thereafter a rough draft of the Text dating from 1972 (which Helen and Bill had gifted to Hugh Lynn Cayce) disappears from a locked room in the A.R.E. library. The first transcription of Helen’s shorthand notes—a very rough manuscript known as the Urtext—is borrowed from the Library of Congress, illegally photocopied and posted widely on the internet.
The Hebrew translation of the Course is published.
1997: The Chinese (Traditional Font) translation of the Course is published.
The Russian translation of the Course is published.
A Concordance referencing all words in A Course in Miracles is published.
1998: In recognition of the two Foundations’ shared purpose and common origins, the Foundation for Inner Peace (FIP) assigns and conveys all copyrights and service marks in A Course in Miracles to the Foundation for A Course in Miracles (FACIM). This allows FIP to focus more closely on the tasks of printing and distributing the Course and on its burgeoning Translation Program.
1999: The Dutch translation of the Course is published.
The Italian translation of the Course is published.
2001: FACIM moves its Teaching Center and operations from Roscoe, New York to Temecula, California.
The Danish translation of the Course is published.
2002: The Finnish translation of the Course is published.
2003: On October 24, Judge Robert Sweet of the Southern District of New York rules in the Endeavor lawsuit that the Course had been in the public domain when first published and that its original copyright is therefore invalid. His court order voids the 1975 copyright. Despite misinformation widely posted on the internet, only the copyright to the first four-volume edition is reversed. All others remain unaffected.
The Slovene translation of the Course is published.
2004: The Swedish translation of the Course is published.
2005: The Croatian translation of the Course is published.
The French translation of the Course is published.
2006: The Bulgarian translation of the Course is published.
The Afrikaans translation of the Course is published (as an e-book only).
2007: The Third Combined Edition of the English A Course in Miracles is released. It contains for the first time all writings that Helen Schucman authorized to be published: the original three volumes of the Course, Helen’s Preface, the Clarification of Terms, and the two Supplements “Psychotherapy: Purpose, Process and Practice” from 1976 and “Song of Prayer” from 1978.
The Polish translation of the Course is published.
2008: The Romanian translation of the Course is published.
2010: The Norwegian translation of the Course is published.
2011: The Chinese (Simplified Font) translation of the Course is published.
2012: The Czech translation of the Course is published.
The Foundation for Inner Peace hosts a three-day Translators Gratitude Gathering. Course translators from all over the world converge on Tiburon, CA to share their stories, reconnect with Ken and Whit and have a good time.
2013: The death of Dr. Kenneth Wapnick occurs on December 27, 2013. The Foundation for A Course in Miracles continues on under the guidance of his wife, Gloria. Its goal is to preserve and maintain the vast body of work left by Dr. Wapnick. Read Memorial Tributes to Ken.
The Hungarian translation of the Course is published.
2014: In Germany, a final decision is rendered in a new copyright infringement lawsuit filed by Ken and FACIM against Endeavor Academy. The German appellate court rules contrary to the 2003 Sweet decision that all copyrights held by FACIM for all editions of A Course in Miracles remain valid in Germany (and by extension throughout the European Union). The court awards damages to FACIM against Endeavor, which FACIM chooses to forgive.
Because of Ken’s death, the copyrights to A Course in Miracles and its translations along with certain Course-related trademarks are transferred from the Foundation for A Course in Miracles back to the Foundation for Inner Peace.
The Japanese translation of the Course is published.
The second Edition in Portuguese, including a revision in grammar and for compliance with the New Orthographic Deal among Portuguese speaking countries, is published.
2015: The Korean translation of the Course is published.
The Greek translation of the Course is published.
2016: The Foundation for Inner Peace appoints Dr. Robert Rosenthal, board member and longtime student and teacher of the Course, and Tamara Morgan, Project Director from 1984-2010, former Vice-President of Communications, published author, and Judith Skutch Whitson’s daughter, to serve as Co-Presidents of the Foundation.
The Estonian translation of the Course is published.
2017: The Turkish translation of the Course is completed.
2018: Dr. William W. Whitson’s death occurs on February 8. The Foundation honors and thanks him for his invaluable contributions over the past forty years, in particular to our Translation Program which he established and supervised in collaboration with Ken Wapnick.
The Revised Russian translation of the Course is published.
The Revised Spanish translation of the Course is published.
2019: The Turkish translation of the Course (e-Book) is published.
See also the Translation Program Timeline.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line398
|
__label__wiki
| 0.927579
| 0.927579
|
Petrov, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1907–1991)
by Phillip Deery
This is a shared entry with Evdokia Alekseevna Petrova
Vladimir Petrov, 1954
National Archives of Australia, A6285:10
Vladimir Mikhailovich Petrov (1907-1991) and Evdokia Alekseevna Petrova (1914-2002), Soviet intelligence officers and defectors, were husband and wife. Vladimir was born Afanasii Mikhailovich Shorokhov on 15 February 1907 into a peasant family at Larikha, in central Siberia, Russia. He and his two brothers became fatherless when he was seven. After attending a local school (1915-17), from the age of fourteen he helped to support his mother as a blacksmith’s apprentice. His ascent in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union began in 1923 when he established a local Komsomol (All-Union Leninist Young Communist League) cell. Later he qualified as a cipher specialist in the Soviet Navy. In 1929 he changed his surname to Proletarskii and four years later was recruited by the OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate). He survived Stalin’s purges in the 1930s and served in China (1938-39) as chief of a cipher unit, for which he was awarded a Red Star.
In June 1940, now a major in the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), Proletarskii married Evdokia Alekseevna Kartseva; both were divorcees. She was born on 15 September 1914 in the village of Lipki, in Riazan province, near Moscow. During the famine of 1919 the family travelled to Siberia where they experienced further hunger and hardship, before moving back to Moscow in 1924. There she joined the Pioneers, the official youth movement for all children under fifteen, which conferred eligibility to join the Komsomol. Later, she studied English and Japanese, was recruited by the OGPU in 1933, and specialised in code breaking.
Proletarskii was renamed Petrov, regarded as a more suitable name for a foreign posting. In July 1942 he and his wife, by then an experienced cipher expert, were sent to the Soviet embassy in Stockholm under diplomatic cover. They returned to Moscow in 1947, and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the MGB (Ministry of State Security); Evdokia held the rank of captain in the MGB. On 5 February 1951 they arrived at the Soviet embassy in Canberra. As cover for their intelligence work, he was designated consul and third secretary, she an embassy clerk and accountant.
Evdokia had access to top-secret cable traffic from the central headquarters of the KGB (Committee for State Security which in 1954 succeeded the MGB) and acquired extensive knowledge of Soviet espionage operations. Vladimir performed the duties of the chief MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) resident, penetrating local anti-Soviet organisations and recruiting Australian agents for espionage activity. In the latter task he was singularly unsuccessful. The hunter was already the hunted. Five months after his arrival, Petrov was befriended by an apparently pro-communist Russian-speaking Polish émigré, Michael Bialoguski and, like Petrov, a prodigious drinker and womaniser. Petrov believed Bialoguski was ‘ripe for recruitment’ (NAA A6201, 156) but Bialoguski was working for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), under the codenames Diablo and Jack Baker, and was tasked with cultivating Petrov and persuading him to defect.
Petrov and Bialoguski first met at the Russian Social Club in Sydney on 7 July 1951. As their friendship flourished, their lives became entwined and increasingly seedy. Together, they frequented the bars and brothels of Kings Cross and commenced an illegal but lucrative trade in the sale of duty-free whisky. Bialoguski was pivotal to Petrov’s defection. During the weekend of 21-22 November, when Petrov stayed at Bialoguski’s Sydney flat, as he often did, Bialoguski first offered financial assistance if Petrov stayed in Australia.
After Stalin’s death in March 1953 events in the Soviet Union intensified Petrov’s anxieties and readiness to defect. In June Lavrentii Beria, first deputy premier, head of the MVD and Petrov’s protector, was arrested, and six months later, executed. Menacingly, the Petrovs were accused of forming an anti-party ‘Beria cell’ within the embassy. In September 1953 a new Soviet ambassador arrived in Australia. The Petrovs were becoming scared: Evdokia was accused of insulting the ambassador’s wife and dismissed from her embassy positions, and the ambassador was highly critical of Vladimir’s performance. The likelihood of a recall to Moscow loomed. On 21 February at Bialoguski’s flat, Vladimir met ASIO’s deputy director, Ron Richards, who offered him political asylum in Australia. At a second meeting on 19 March, he was offered £5,000 produced in cash from Richards’s briefcase. This had a great impact on Petrov, as did a personal meeting with ASIO’s director-general, (Sir) Charles Spry. On 3 April he formally sought political asylum and the next day he defected.
Vladimir kept Evdokia ignorant of his decision and had abandoned her. For two weeks following his defection she was, in effect, a prisoner inside the embassy until diplomatic couriers arrived to take her back to Russia. In her own words, she was ‘very frightened’ (NAA A6201, 12) and had even attempted suicide. Her fear was palpable when, on 19 April 1954, her burly couriers, Karpinsy and Zharkov, roughly escorted her across the tarmac at Sydney’s Mascot airport amid a highly charged public demonstration against her apparent kidnapping. Photographs, now iconic, of Evdokia’s obvious terror and lost high-heeled shoe captured her distress. Further drama ensued when the plane landed in Darwin to refuel. There the couriers were forcibly disarmed by local police; phone calls were made between Prime Minister (Sir) Robert Menzies, ASIO, and the Petrovs; and an ambivalent Evdokia eventually announced her wish to stay in Australia, just fifteen minutes before the plane was scheduled to depart. On 21 April she applied for, and was granted, political asylum. The couple were reunited in Sydney, but their marriage was strained: for weeks ASIO safe-house teams heard her ‘long wailing cries echoing through the night’ (NAA A6122, 96), and witnessed her being physically assaulted by an intoxicated Petrov. The possible fate of her family in Moscow also haunted her. However, although her father was dismissed from his job, she corresponded with her mother and in 1990 was reunited with her sister who migrated to Australia.
Evdokia’s expertise in ‘sigint’ (signals intelligence) was as important as the information Vladimir had gleaned from his unrestricted access to embassy safes. During an early debriefing with ASIO on 6 April 1954, Petrov had revealed the whereabouts of the two missing British diplomats, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean. His revelation that they had defected to the Soviet Union caused great consternation in Britain. The intelligence that the Petrovs supplied to ASIO and, by default, the Western intelligence community, was highly prized. They identified six hundred Soviet intelligence officers; gave detailed information on espionage activity in Britain, Sweden, and the United States; provided new insights into Soviet methods of disinformation and crypto-analysis; contributed to the further decrypting of the Venona cables of Soviet intelligence messages; and were debriefed by overseas spy agencies about the organisation, structure, and modus operandi of Soviet espionage. According to Spry this amounted to ‘a world coup’, while a senior MI5 officer observed that the Petrov case ‘certainly put ASIO on the map’ (Horner 2014, 380).
The Soviet government withdrew its embassy from Canberra, followed by reciprocal action from Australia. The defections resulted in the Royal Commission on Espionage, which commenced on 17 May 1954. It sat for 126 days, examined 119 witnesses and received over five hundred exhibits. The latter included the controversial ‘Petrov Papers,' a substantial number of documents he had removed from the Soviet embassy over several months and handed over to ASIO at the time of defection. Although many communist supporters alleged these to be forgeries, the Venona decrypts confirmed their authenticity when they were published in 1996. Despite the royal commission finding that a Soviet spy ring operated in the Department of External Affairs between 1945 and 1948, prosecutions could not be initiated without compromising the Venona operation. The leader of the Opposition, H. V. Evatt, rejected the findings of the commission, considering it to be part of a Menzies government conspiracy. The defections of the Petrovs may have assisted the Menzies government to a narrow electoral victory in 1954, but Evatt’s politically inept reaction to the royal commission and its findings was a factor in the Australian Labor Party’s split, which contributed to a series of electoral defeats. The ALP remained in opposition until 1972.
On 12 October 1956 the Petrovs were granted Australian citizenship, guaranteed protection by a Federal government ‘D’ notice, and provided with a safe house in the Melbourne suburb of East Bentleigh. Their book, Empire of Fear, ghost-written by an ASIO intelligence officer, Michael Thwaites, was serialised in newspapers in 1955, and published in book-form in 1956. Contentment proved elusive as the Petrovs feared they would be assassinated. It was later revealed that their belief was not fanciful: they were named on a KGB wanted list and condemned to death. Viktor Cherkashin, a KGB officer, located a Sydney safe house just after the Petrovs had been moved from there, and a KGB general, Oleg Kalugin, discussed Petrov’s assassination with Yuri Andropov, head of the KGB (1967-82) and later the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1982-83).
Vladimir and Evdokia were given new identities of Sven and Maria Allyson and they bought a house in Bentleigh. He found employment in June 1957 at the Ilford photographic company in Upwey, while she worked as a typist with William Adams Tractors Pty Ltd, Clayton. She also did voluntary work for Meals on Wheels and Vladimir enjoyed Australian Rules football and rabbit shooting. In 1974 he suffered a series of strokes and was admitted to the Mount Royal Geriatric Hospital, Parkville, where he remained for the rest of his life. His anonymity was controversially breached a decade later when the Truth newspaper published a front-page photograph of him confined to a wheelchair. On 14 June 1991 Vladimir Petrov died of pneumonia and was cremated. His funeral service was held secretly, attended only by his wife, a few friends, and ASIO officers including Spry. Evdokia died on 19 July 2002 at Bentleigh and was cremated at Springvale crematorium.
Vladimir Petrov had not been a glamorous spy. Described as ‘a peasant’ (Horner, 459), he was a stockily built drunkard, with an abusive personality. By contrast, Evdokia, with her attractive looks, blue eyes, courtesy, kindness, and love of fashion was far more appealing. When she died, a neighbour described her as ‘a nice lady, and really feisty’; he was remembered as ‘a drunken sod’ (Manne, 27 July 2002). Both Petrovs embodied the emotionally wrenching impact, as well as the perils and the complexities, of defection to the West during the Cold War.
Research edited by Brian Wimborne
Bialoguski, Michael. The Petrov Story. Port Melbourne: Mandarin Australia, 1989
Canberra Times. ‘Petrov, 84, the Former Soviet Spy at the Centre of the 1950s Espionage Scandal, Dies.’ 17 June 1991, 3
Horner, David. The Spy Catchers: The Official History of ASIO 1949-1963. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2014
Manne, Robert. The Petrov Affair. Politics and Espionage. Rushcutters Bay: Pergamon Press Aust., 1987
Manne, Robert. ‘Mrs Petrov’s Death Brings Bizarre Spy Affair to End.’ Age (Melbourne), 27 July 2002, 1, 14
National Archives (UK). KV2/3440
National Archives of Australia. A6122, 96
National Archives of Australia. A6201, 156
National Archives of Australia. A6214, 3
Petrov, Vladimir and Evdokia Petrova. Empire of Fear. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956
Petrova, Evdokia Alexeevna. Interview by Robert Manne, 21, 28 June 1996. Transcript, National Library of Australia
Petrova, Evdokia Alexeevna. Interview by Robert Manne, 5, 12 July 1996. Transcript. National Library of Australia
Thwaites, Michael. Truth Will Out: ASIO and the Petrovs. Sydney: Collins, 1980
Trove search
naturalisation file, A4940, item C1293 (National Archives of Australia)
document seeking political asylum, A6201, item 5 (National Archives of Australia)
Royal Commission on Espionage files, part 1, A6283, item 1 (National Archives of Australia)
ASIO file, vol 1, A6119, item 7 (National Archives of Australia)
ASIO file, vol 4, A6119, item 10 (National Archives of Australia)
Petrova, Evdokia Alekseevna (wife)
Spry, Charles Chambers Fowell (acquaintance)
Phillip Deery, 'Petrov, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1907–1991)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/petrov-vladimir-mikhailovich-18740/text30429, published online 2016, accessed online 16 January 2021.
Allyson, Sven
Shorokhov, Afanasii Mikhailovich
Proletarskii, Vladimir Mikhailovich
Semipulatinsk, Siberia, Russia
Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Petrov Affair, 1954
Ilford Photographic Co
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line399
|
__label__cc
| 0.505067
| 0.494933
|
Archaeology evidence tied to Biblical Pharaoh proves Bible ‘historically accurate’ – claim
The history of ancient Egypt and the ancient Israelites frequently crosses paths on the pages of the Bible. From the evil Pharaoh…
By admin , in Science , at November 8, 2020 Tags: Archaeology
The history of ancient Egypt and the ancient Israelites frequently crosses paths on the pages of the Bible. From the evil Pharaoh in the Book of Exodus to Mary and Joseph’s flight from Herod to Egypt, it is one of the most frequently mentioned locations in the Bible. In the Hebrew Bible alone, there are nearly 700 mentions of Egypt, including a line of pharaohs who ruled over the nation for more than 100 years – the 25th Dynasty of Egypt.
The 25th Dynasty rose to power in the mid-eight century BC, following an invasion into Upper Egypt from the southern Kingdom of Kush.
The Kushite Pharaoh’s were of Nubian lineage, which has earned them the titled of “Egypt’s Black Pharaohs”.
Their descendants still occupy the lands of modern-day Northern Sudan and southern Egypt – a region that has spawned many early civilisations.
And it was during this time that the Nile valley saw widespread construction of pyramids, many of which can be found in Sudan today.
In the seventh century BC, the 25th Dynasty came into conflict with the Neo-Assyrian Empire – a conflict described in the Bible’s 2 Kings.
The Bible speaks of the Pharaoh Taharqa – 747 to 656 BC – being called to the aid of the Kingdom of Judah to wage war against Assyria’s King Sennacherib.
And according to Tom Meyer, a professor of Bible studies at Shasta Bible College and Graduate School in California, US, there is ample archaeological evidence of these events.
He told Express.co.uk: “Archaeological evidence has come to light demonstrating the historicity of one of the ‘Black Pharaohs’, a line of rulers from the 25th Dynasty of Egypt that originated in ancient Nubia or modern-day northern Sudan and ruled over all of Egypt for about 100 years.
“Taharqa (also spelt Tirhakah) was a famous ‘Black Pharaoh’ who is also mentioned in the Bible.
“According to the Biblical account, after king Sennacherib of Assyria had overthrown the Israelite town of Lachish and was attacking the nearby city of Libnah, a field commander let Sennacherib know that they had intercepted intelligence that King Hezekiah of Judah had made a pact with Tirhakah to have him come to Judah’s aid by attacking Assyria from the south.
“The Black Pharaohs were initially neutral in the war between Assyria and Judah, but seeing the writing on the wall, they came to Judah’s aid.
“Tirhakah’s attempt in joining forces with Judah to overthrow Assyria failed; he was forced to retreat upriver back to his capital at Thebes which was overthrown just four short years later by Assyria.”
Professor Meyer believes the discovery of archaeological evidence tied to Taharqa is significant.
He said: “One reason is that now all three of the kings mentioned in this biblical account – Sennacherib, Hezekiah, and Taharqa – have been proven to exist from extra-biblical archaeological sources, thus once again demonstrating the historical accuracy of the Biblical account.”
The most famous object related to the Egyptian pharaoh is the so-called Sphinx of Taharqa.
The Sphinx, which features elements of Egyptians and Kushite design, was discovered at the Temple of Amun in ancient Nubia – modern-day Sudan.
The granite Sphinx is now on display at the British Museum in London, UK.
Professor Meyer said: “The existence of Tirhakah is also testified to by later historians.
“This Black Pharaoh is mentioned by Manetho the third century BC Egyptian priest/historian who authored the best-selling book The History of Egypt, which was the gold standard for chronicling the reigns of Egyptian Pharaohs.
“Tirhakah is also mentioned by the famous first century bc Greek historian Strabo.”
China surges forward in new space race – ‘Americans very worried!’
China’s space contractor confirmed it had made breakthroughs on rocket engines designed for major space mission. Earlier this week, the…
Light pollution: Night being lost in many countries
A study of pictures of Earth by night has revealed that artificial light is growing brighter and mor..
Pollution hotspots revealed: Check your area
Marylebone Road and Hyde Park Corner, both in central London, have the most polluted postcodes in Br..
Professor Stephen Hawking’s PhD viewed two million times
Stephen Hawking's PhD thesis was accessed more than two million times within days of it being m..
Space science work recognised in New Year Honours
A leading member of the Cassini mission to Saturn, which ended spectacularly in September 2017, has ..
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line401
|
__label__wiki
| 0.981746
| 0.981746
|
Dallas YPs' glamorous gala tops this week's 5 hottest headlines
Half-baked Green Book can't find nuance in racially charged story
Fantasies come true
Fantasy Fair makes long-awaited return for Dallas comic book fans
By Brett Weiss
The guest of honor is Jim Steranko, who is known for his stylized art and snappy attire. Photo courtesy of Dallas Fantasy Fair
Local comic book fans have big plans for the long Thanksgiving weekend. The Dallas Fantasy Fair is returning after a more than 20-year hiatus, occurring Nov. 24-25 at the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas.
For those not in the know, the original Dallas Fantasy Fair, hosted by the late Larry Lankford, was THE comic book convention in North Texas from 1982 to 1995. In an era when "geek culture" was far less mainstream than it is now, patrons could shop a large vendor’s room filled with comic books, toys, T-shirts, action figures, and more. In addition, there were panels, seminars, movie previews, and costume contests.
Perhaps the biggest draw to the DFF were its guests, including such legendary comic book creators as Alex Toth, Frank Miller, John Byrne, Will Eisner, Neil Gaiman, Jack Kirby, and industry icon Stan Lee, the Marvel Comics creator, who just died November 12.
“Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created what is known as the Marvel Universe, the bulk of the Marvel characters, and I met them both at Larry’s shows in Dallas,” says J. David Spurlock, organizer of the resurrected Dallas Fantasy Fair. “I became friends with them and many other legendary talents I met at the Fantasy Fair conventions.”
Spurlock’s ties with the original Dallas Fantasy Fair are far and wide. He never missed a show, but it goes much deeper than that.
“DFF founder Larry Lankford and I met when we were 13 at D-Con ’73,” he says, referring to an early comic con in Dallas. “We stayed close from then on and a few people even thought we were brothers. I was at every Dallas Fantasy Fair, often as a guest artist but I was also involved behind the scenes as a close friend of Larry’s.”
Spurlock left the Dallas/Fort Worth area in 1996, just as Lankford shut down the original DFF, but he returned recently to be near family.
“Inevitably, when I began reconnecting with old friends, our great times at the old DFF come up,” he says. “People say the new shows are great but that there was something special about the old DFF shows. So we’re bringing it back.”
Spurlock promises to re-create the vibe, atmosphere, and fun of the old comic cons, which were more intimate, less commercial, and more comic book-focused than the bigger, glitzier shows of today.
“Many of the conventions now are mostly Hollywood autograph shows,” he says. “Though it’s great to meet the actors who play the characters, I feel it is priceless to meet the talents that actually created these pop-culture characters before we lose them, as we just lost Stan Lee.”
Guests at this weekend’s Dallas Fantasy Fair include an array of talented artists, such as Michael Golden (The Micronauts), Simon Bisley (Lobo), Frank Brunner (Doctor Strange), and Benbrook resident Kerry Gammill (Superman).
The guest of honor is Jim Steranko, who is known for his stylized art and snappy attire.
“Steranko was a revolutionary talent at Marvel in the ‘60s,” Spurlock says. “He co-created Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and went on to work in film with Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg. Steranko helped create Indiana Jones. Steranko is a unique personality who could have walked out of a Mickey Spillane novel.”
In addition to comic book creator meet and greets, the DFF is hosting an eclectic array of other guests.
“We have George Lowe, the voice of Space Ghost,” Spurlock says. “Imagine carrying on a conversation with Space Ghost! We have Bob Camp, the co-creator of Ren and Stimpy — he also does voices and conducts sing-alongs of ‘Happy Happy Joy Joy’ and all the Ren and Stimpy songs he wrote.”
Frank Frazetta Jr., son of the late fantasy artist, will also be there.
“Google Frank Frazetta,” Spurlock says. “His paintings sell for over $1 million. Frank, Jr. is making his first-ever Dallas appearance in support of the Frazetta Museum.”
Want to know how much your collection is worth? Dallas-based Heritage Auctions will offer free appraisals on your art, music, movie, and comics-related items. Dressing as favorite characters is encouraged, too.
The Dallas Fantasy Fair takes place 10 am-6 pm November 24-25 at Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas. Tickets are $20 Saturday, $15 Sunday, and a two-day pass is $30. Kids ages 10 and younger get in free with a paid adult admission.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line405
|
__label__cc
| 0.690768
| 0.309232
|
The Big Winner in the Health Insurance Dustup? Big Pharma
Big Pharma was the real winner in last week’s shouting match between Obama and the insuranceindustry. Insurance execs took all the heat for attacking the White House’s health reform plan after the administration and lawmakers had negotiated for months to craft a proposal that the industry could live with. Meanwhile, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the main industry umbrella group, got to play the good guy—all the while escaping scrutiny for the fact that in recent months it has been quietly jacking up drug prices.
Of course, Big Pharma already stands to hit the jackpot from Obama’s proposed reform plan. Under the deft direction of its chief lobbyist, former Louisiana congressman Billy Tauzin, PhRMA had already secured a valuable deal from the White House to provide a $80 billion in cost savings over the next 10 years in return for the President’s promise to oppose controls on drug pricing and importation of drugs from abroad. As Fox’s Brian Sullivan points out, health reform will increase the market for pharmaceuticals by tens of millions of people—a stock market bonanza:
The top 10 prescription drugs in America do around $40 billion per year in sales. It is estimated that 30 to 40 million Americans… lack insurance, or about 20 percent of the population. These 30 to 40 million new ‘customers’ will have greater access to doctors and prescriptions. …this could add another 20 percent to sales of $40 billion is—bingo—$8 billion per year. And remember that only factors in the top 10 drugs. There are hundreds more in the market. It is clear that $8 billion in cost cuts will be made up in multiples over the years.
But just in case someone throws a wrench into the deal, Big Pharma has been hedging its bets by quietly running up drug prices this year. The Pharmalot blog reports:
During this year’s third quarter, eight of an average 8.7 percent—easily outdistancing the core Consumer Price Index of 1.4 percent, according to a recent research report by Credit Suisse analyst Catherine Arnold.
Who led the pack? Schering-Plough (soon to be bought by Merck) with a 12.8 percent hike, while Abbott imposed a 4.4 increase (Abbott’s price hikes have, in fact, been declining over the past year, the report notes). What about the others? Merck upped the ante by 9.9 percent; Wyeth (soon to be part of Pfizer) drove prices higher by 9.3 percent; Lilly was at 9.1 percent; Bristol-Myers Squibb prices rose 8.9 percent; Johnson & Johnson increased prices by 7.8 percent, and Pfizer prices rose 7 percent.
of its arrangement. But as the Senate Finance Committee moved the legislation last week, the deal seemed to be holding together just fine. Newsweek’s Howard Fineman explains how two attempts to ramp up funds from the drug industry were beaten—not by Republicans, but by Democrats:
The Senate Finance Committee’s bill, which passed out of committee on Tuesday, leans very hard on Medicare—but treads very lightly on the private sector. Sen. Bill Nelson, a Democrat from senior-dominated Florida, apparently had not gotten the memo about leaving Big Pharma alone. He wanted to offer two amendments, each of which would have taken another $100-billion-plus bite out industry’s Medicare revenue. Tauzin was not pleased. Neither was the White House. The senator was talked outof offering one amendment. He narrowly lost on the other after [Jim] Messina, the White House aide, called to express his dismay and to remind everyone that a deal was a deal. Democrats celebrated the outcome as a victory. The only losers were the American people. But, hey, they weren’t at the table.
Viva Big Pharma
What’s Karen Ignagni’s Copay?
Congress’s $1.2 Million a Day Drug Habit—and Pharma’s Phony “Gift” to Health Care Reform
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line409
|
__label__wiki
| 0.975003
| 0.975003
|
The Unconstitutional Anti-Gay Law That Just Won’t Die
Years after a controversial anti-sodomy statute was invalidated by the Supreme Court, Texas Republicans are still stalling efforts to repeal it.
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Re-criminalize_sodomy.jpg">Bilerico Project</a>/Wikimedia Commons
Eight years after the Supreme Court deemed Texas’ anti-sodomy statute unconstitutional, the state’s penal code still lists “homosexual conduct” as a criminal offense—and Republican lawmakers are fighting to keep it that way.
A pair of identical bills that have been introduced in the Texas House would delete language from the state penal code making “deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex” a misdemeanor offense. Under the proposals, a clause in the state’s health and safety code that cites the criminal statute and states that homosexuality is “not an acceptable lifestyle” would also be repealed.
That is, if the legislature’s Republican supermajority ever lets the bills come to a vote.
“Their silence is deafening,” says Democratic State Rep. Jessica Farrar, who sponsored one of the proposals. “It’s killing us. It’s just as bad as if they were vocal.”
In 2003, the Supreme Court ruled in Lawrence v. Texas that the state’s enforcement of the “homosexual conduct” provision was unconstitutional. In that case, two men were arrested for having sex in their bedroom, after a neighbor phoned in a phony weapons complaint. Texas, which at the time was one of 14 states with anti-sodomy laws on the books, has noted the Lawrence decision in its online penal code, but it takes a full act of the legislature to repeal a law.
“It would be like still having on the books that an African-American couldn’t marry an Anglo,” says Texas Rep. Garnet Coleman.
Normally, that’s not a problem. “Texas has actually done a pretty good job revising its laws and cleaning stuff up,” explains Charles Spain, a Houston municipal court judge and former chairman of the LGBT law section for the State Bar of Texas. In 2009, the legislature passed an omnibus bill formally repealing more than three-dozen bills that had been ruled unconstitutional by the courts. But the homosexuality statute was pointedly not included in that package. Since the ruling, Farrar and Rep. Garnet Coleman, both Houston Democrats, have launched multiple efforts to get the law repealed, to no avail. Similar bills fell short in 2009 and 2007. For the first time this year, they were able to get a committee hearing, a coup in itself.
“By removing it from the statute, it says Texas is both literally and figuratively complying with the law and making that known to its citizens,” says Coleman. “This is a legal issue, not a social issue. It would be like still having on the books that an African-American couldn’t marry an Anglo.”
No conservative activists testified against the bills at a joint hearing on the proposals last week, but, Coleman concedes, that’s probably because they didn’t need to. Republicans have a 101-to-49 advantage in the Legislature, and their most recent party platform (PDF) in 2010 included a plank rebuking the Lawrence decision and calling for homosexuality to remain outlawed: “We oppose the legalization of sodomy. We demand that Congress exercise its authority granted by the U.S. Constitution to withhold jurisdiction from the federal courts from cases involving sodomy.” (That same platform called for gay marriage to be criminalized.) The state’s Republican governor, Rick Perry, has previously offered his support for the ban on homosexual conduct, stating in 2002, “I think our law is appropriate that we have on the books.” In his new book, Fed Up!, he decries the decision as an example of “nine oligarchs in robes” legislating from the bench.
State Rep. Wayne Christian, a Republican and one of the state’s leading social conservative politicians, told the Austin American-Statesman last month that he likely wouldn’t support the bills repealing the ban on gay sex because the House already has too much on its plate. Among other things, the legislature is debating a bill to allow college students to carry concealed firearms in lecture halls, a measure to require women to view an ultrasound before having an abortion, and legislation to prevent state courts from applying Islamic sharia law. Neither Christian nor any of the other five Republicans on the Legislature’s criminal jurisprudence committee responded to Mother Jones‘ requests for comment.
Farrar has no illusions about the bill’s chances: “The prospects don’t look good.”
Since Lawrence, the state has stopped enforcing the anti-sodomy law, but its ambiguous legal status has caused some confusion. In 2009, two gay men were kicked out of an El Paso taco chain for kissing in public; police officers threatened to book the men, citing the “homosexual conduct” language of the state penal code (in actuality, the provision only applies to anal and oral sex). The men were not charged, and the police department blamed the mishap on inexperience.
The state’s sexual education curriculum, however, has been changed to reflect the decision: Its materials no longer teach that “homosexuality is not an acceptable lifestyle and is a criminal offense,” as they did prior to the ruling. As Farrar notes, that might be the reasonable decision, but it’s legally dubious, given that the statute technically still exists. “We’re essentially asking them to not follow the law,” she says.
Despite the state’s conservative tilt, support for gay rights is picking up in Texas. According to a 2010 Texas Tribune poll, 63 percent of eligible voters supported at least some form of legal recognition for gay couples. Coleman, who has also introduced legislation to legalize same-sex marriage and extend hate crime protections to transgender victims, says he’ll try to repeal the sodomy statute again two years from now, if his bill stalls in committee this time around.
“You make progress every time, and then sometimes, poof, there it goes,” he says. “If we can just pass it out of committee, that would be progress.”
Conservative Activist: We Need a New Word for “Gay”
Gay Rights and the GOP in the Iowa Caucuses
Christian Right Group: “Export Homosexuals”
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line411
|
__label__wiki
| 0.595458
| 0.595458
|
Socialist and Communist Pamphlets
The Programs of the Young Communist International
The Programs of the Young Communist International - Image 5. 1923. Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries. University of Houston Digital Library. Web. January 15, 2021. https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/scpamp/item/3305/show/3249.
(1923). The Programs of the Young Communist International - Image 5. Socialist and Communist Pamphlets. Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries. Retrieved from https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/scpamp/item/3305/show/3249
The Programs of the Young Communist International - Image 5, 1923, Socialist and Communist Pamphlets, Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries, accessed January 15, 2021, https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/scpamp/item/3305/show/3249.
Title The Programs of the Young Communist International
Young Communist International. Congress
Publisher Publishing House of the Young International
Congresses and conventions
Socialism and youth
Original Item Extent 55 pages; 21 cm
Original Item Location HX11.Y68P7 1923
Original Collection Socialist and Communist Pamphlets
Digital Collection Socialist and Communist Pamphlets
Digital Collection URL http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/scpamp
Repository URL http://libraries.uh.edu/branches/special-collections
Use and Reproduction Public Domain: This item is in the public domain and may be used freely.
Title Image 5
File Name uhlib_7949156_004.jpg
Transcript R C THE Fourth World Congress of the Communist International discussed and considered the question of a program for the Communist International. The final adoption of the program was postponed, however, until the Fifth World Congress. At the same time all the national sections of the Communist International were instructed to formulate programs for their own national communist movements. This decision applies also to the Young Communist International. The program of the Young Communist International is of special importance because its work is carried on among a particular section of the working class, — the young proletariat. In its work of educating the young workers for the class struggle and for communism the Young- Communist International faces problems and encounters difficulties and tasks of a sort which are scarcely touched upon by the party. This makes it necessary to formulate a concrete practical program for the activities of the Young Communist International and to connect this program closely with that of the Communist International so that they may be used as a common weapon in the struggles of the communist movement. Up to the present the Young Communist International has used the program of its preliminary conference in Berlin in 1919. A new program was prepared for the Third World Congress of the Young Communist International but there was not sufficient time to submit it first to the Leagues for discussion. Its adoption, therefore, had to be postponed, but the congress came to the following decision: The Third Congress of the Young Communist International resolves; 1. To adopt as a basis the new draft of the program proposed by the Executive Committee of the Young Communist International.
Revolutionary essays
Shall fascism really be victorious?
Shop talks on economics
An appeal to the young
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line416
|
__label__cc
| 0.624152
| 0.375848
|
Riddell, William (x) ›
Photographs (x) ›
Airmen (x) ›
Portraits (x) ›
Gauvin, Gentzel & Company (x) ›
Canadian Officers Training Corps fonds
With the outbreak of World War I, the University Council appointed a Committee on Military Instruction which authorized the teaching of military science and tactics. A university corps was organized in the fall semester of the 1914-1915 year with 64 students taking extra classes to qualify as officers. On March 1, 1915, the Canadian Officers Training Corps (C.O.T.C.) of the University of Manitoba was established. Eight companies of 60 men of all ranks were formed with Professor E.P. Fetherstonhaugh as captain and adjutant. In 1915, the Western Universities Battalion was formed with the University of Manitoba contributing one company and one platoon. With the introduction of conscription legislation in 1917, military training was made compulsory for all male students. After the First World War, the C.O.T.C. program was reorganized, in 1920, by Lt. Col. N.B. Maclean, but it continued in relative obscurity for almost twenty years. With the outbreak of World War II, the C.O.T.C. was quickly revitalized and its membership mushroomed, from its peace time level of 150 to 800. The Senate also passed regulations relating to academic credits or bonuses for students who joined the C.O.T.C. By 1942, all male students were once again required to enlist in a compulsory programme of military training. The C.O.T.C. continued the work of military training on a voluntary basis after World War II with new modernized and attractive programmes, but with the return of peace its popularity rapidly declined.
COTC officers and cadets
A photograph of a group of COTC officers and cadets, arranged in three rows.
Price Montague
A photograph of John Percival "Price" Montague, lawyer and soldier. During the Second World War, Montague achieved the rank of Lieutenant-General, making him the highest-ranking Manitoban soldier in the war. This black-and-white autographed portrait depicts Montague in full regalia.
Roland McWilliams
A photograph of COTC Commanding Officer and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba Roland McWilliams. This black-and-white portrait was taken by Gordon Aikman sometime during McWilliams's tenure as Commanding Officer from 1915-1919.
W. F. Riddell
A photograph of COTC Commanding Officer W. F. Riddell. This black-and-white portrait was taken sometime during Riddell's tenure as Commanding Officer from 1938-1941.
Canadian Officers Training Corps fonds (4) + -
Armed Forces--Officers (4) + -
Military education (3) + -
Lieutenant governors (1) + -
Aikman, Gordon, - Creator (1) + -
McWilliams, Roland (1) + -
Montague, John 1882-1966 (1) + -
Riddell, W. F. (1) + -
COTC officers and cadets (1) + -
Price Montague (1) + -
Roland McWilliams (1) + -
W. F. Riddell (1) + -
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line417
|
__label__cc
| 0.67271
| 0.32729
|
Home » Natural Resources » Animals » 15 Types of Ocean Crabs – Characteristics
15 Types of Ocean Crabs – Characteristics
by Stephanie August 4, 2017
Crab is one of many crustaceans that has various habitat such as ocean, fresh water, and land. Its body is covered with exoskeleton and it also has a pair of claw. There are more than 850 million species of crab that you can find in all around the world. But, they will be mainly found in the tropical and sub tropical places. Crab has various beautiful color and shape that you even never imagine before. The beauty of color is mostly owned by the land crab. And the various shape of crab is mostly owned by the ocean crab. And in here I’d like to share you with about some types of ocean crab.
Endangered Species in Atlantic Ocean
Endangered Species in Pacific Ocean
Producers in Ocean Ecosystems
Threats to Marine Biodiversity
1. Red Sea Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)
Red sea crab could be found in Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and the water of Alaskan. This crab can reach its size up to 11 inches with its weight up to 10 kg. The interesting fact about this crab is that during the migration time you can see this crab in the road and walking in a group that even can stop the traffic.
Then, in the sea they live in the depth between 200 m – 2000 m, they live behind the shade because they can die because of the heat from the direct sunlight. Even if they could die because of the direct sunlight, the red sea crab is found to be more active during the daytime. This type of crab is feed on sea stars, clams, mussels, plankton, and etc.
Types of Abalone
Endangered Sea Cucumbers
Endangered Tuna Species
2. Japanese Spider Crab (Macrocheira kaempferi)
The next types of ocean crab is japanese spider crab. From its name, you know that you can find this type of crab in the water of Japan. Its Japanese name is takaashigani that has a meaning of tall legs crab. This type of crab has the largest leg span that could reach up to 5.5 m from claw to another claw.
Their body could reach its length up to 40 cm with its weight up to 19 kg. They like to live in the vents and holes in the sea with the depth between 50 m – 600 m. Their live span is claimed could reach up to 100 years. Their big an strong claw is claimed could cause some serious injuries.
Smallest Dolphin in the World
Conservation of Tortoise
Differences between the Ocean and the Sea
Types of Sea Urchins
3. Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)
Blue crab or also known as Atlantic blue crab and Chesapeake blue crab. This type of crab is native to the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. You can find them in the depth of 36 m beneath the sea. It could reach its length up to 23 cm with its weight up to 0.9 kg.
Meanwhile, in the wild they can live up to 3 years. Since blue crab is an omnivore, it eat almost everything including mussels, snails, plant, fish, and even smaller blue crab. What is interesting about this crab is that it only has six legs.
Marine Disasters – Effects of La Nina
effects of greenhouse
Causes and Effects of Tsunami
4. King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)
King crab or also known as red king crab, kamchatka crab, or Alaskan king crab is native to the Bering Sea. This crab could reach its size up to 28 cm in width and 1.8 m in their leg span and 9 kg in weight. The live in the depth between 20 m to more than 200 m for the adult. They will be found easily in the sand and muddy area in the substrate.
The king crab is known as a well adapt crab with the environment even with the changes of salinity level. They are also an omnivore so they will feed on any decaying organic matter and invertebrates.
5. Red Frog Crab (Ranina ranina)
This crab is also know as a spanner crab. You can find this crab along the eastern coast of Australia with the depth between 10 m – 100 m. Their size could reach its size up to 5.9 inches in length and 0.9 kg in weight. They usually camouflage by burying their self with the sand while waiting their prey which is fish to come.
On the other hand, Red frog crab is found to be more active during the night (nocturnal) and they bury their self with the sand during the day.
See also: Ocean Seashells – Types of Abalone
6. Bairdi Crab (Chionoecetes baird)
Known as bairdi crab, snow crab, or tanner crab this crab can be found in the Bering Sea and the eastern North of Pacific Ocean. Their weight could reach up tp 1.81 kg with their life span more than 10 years. They feed on clams, snails, worms, and bottom crustaceans. This crab is vulnerable to dinoflagellate and it may caused bitter crab disease.
Sea Abrasion
Sea Erosion
Ocean Sediments
Ocean Layers
7. European Spider Crab (Maja squinado)
This type of crab can be found in the north east Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea around the weed, stony. and heavy rock. Its also known as spiny spider crab or spinous spider crab. Its feed on seaweeds, sea cucumber, sea urchin, and molluscs. Its size could reach up to 20 cm in length. This type of crab is one of many migration crab. The migration of european spider crab is during the autumn. Female crab become vulnerable during the moulting.
Conservation of Oceans
Fishes in Atlantic Ocean
Biggest Fish in Amazon
8. Atlantic Rock Crab (Cancer irroratus)
Atlantic rock crab is mainly found in the Labrador to the South Carolina. You can find this crab until 790 m beneath the sea along the rocky shorelines or tide pools. Its length could reach up to 5.1 inches with 202 g of weight. They are very adaptable with any extreme various of depth. They feed on algae, crustaceans, mussels, and gastropods.
Deep Ocean Ecosystems
Global Warming in Ocean
9. Dungeness Crab (Metacarcinus magister)
You can find this crab in the west coast of North America. They live in the sea bottom and eelgrass beds. its length could reach up to 20 cm. It has five legs and it usually bury their self inside the sand when they feel threatened. They feed on clams, crustaceans, and small fish. The crab it self usually molt in May to August.
Sea Salt Facts
Ways to Protect the Marine Life
Facts of Whale Shark
10. Jonah Crab (Cancer borealis)
Jonah crab can be found along the east coast of North America. Its carapace could reach up to 222 mm in width. You can find them around the rocky substrate, silt, and clay with the depth up to 750 m. But you can find them in the depth between 50 m to 300 m. They feed on mussels, arthropods, snails, and algae. They like to move to another area to get the preferred temperature for them.
Overfishing in the Ocean
Ways to Stop Overfishing
Effects of Sea Level Rise
11. Puget Sound King Crab (Lopholithodes mandtii)
Puget sound king crab is the next types of ocean crabs. This crab can be found in the ocean along the Pacific Coast. The puget sound king crab is also one kind of many species of king crab. It also has various color such as orange, red, and purple. Their size could reach up to 10 inches. You can find them in the depth of 450 feet.
Surface of Tension Liquids
Facts of Dead Sea
Volcano Under the Ocean
12. Flattop Crab (Petrolisthes eriomerus)
This small crab can be found in the depth of 90 m along the western coast of North America. It prefer to live in the seaweeds, under the rock, sheltered coast, and in beds of mussels. Its carapace could reach up to 2 cm wide. This type of crab can’t adapt well in the environment. It can’t survive in the warm temperature of water. This crab is also known as a porcelain crab because they will release their leg when they are threatened.
Ways to Save the Ocean
13. Graceful Crab (Metacarcinus gracilis)
Pacific Ocean is a place where you can find this crab. They prefer to live around the eelgrass bed, in sand and mud, and also pillings. They can be found in the depth up to 174 m. This crabs can grows up to 9 cm in width. This fish is also known as slender crab. They feed on small fish and their predator are giant octopus, seastar Astropecten verrelli, starry flounder, and staghorn sculpin.
Ocean Plants
14. Heart Crab
The carapace of heart crab could reach its width up to 10 cm. This crab prefer to live under the rock in the sea. You can find the crab in the 183 m depth. Heart crab is making a symbiosis commensalism with the sea anemone. The heart crab also feed on sponges and sea urchin. But, they could also eat another things since they are omnivore. Heart crab is a prey to octopus. Because of that, they camouflage as their defense mechanism.
15. Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus tridentatus)
This crab can be found along the northern Atlantic coast of North America. They can grow up to 60 cm in length. This type of horseshoe crab is feed on molluscs, worms, benthic invertebrate, and algae. During the winter they can hibernate in the depth of 20 m. This type of horseshoe crab can be found in the sea of China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Largest Clams in the World
Red Sea Fish Species
So that is some of many types of ocean crab that I’d like to share you with, hopefully this article help you to know more about the types of ocean crabs. Thank you for reading this article until the end which means you are attracted to many types of ocean crab. Don’t forget to keep reading and following our website for the newest and updated information about deep ocean.
crab typescrabsocean animalsocean crabocean creatures
Conservation of Dolphins – Efforts
The Five Types of Salmon Fish in The...
Fisheries Oceanography of The Blue Planet, Earth
12 Effects of Plastic on Sea Turtles
Respiratory System in Marine Fish Along with the...
17 Characteristics of Deep Ocean Animals
17 Types of Ocean Fish to Eat
15 Types of Ocean Predators
15 Types of Ocean Mollusks
15 Types of Ocean Sunfish and Freshwater Sunfish
15 Importance of Sharks in The Marine Ecosystem
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line421
|
__label__cc
| 0.550536
| 0.449464
|
For a Trust to provide its intended advantages, title to trust assets must be held in the name of the trustee. Only those assets that have been re-titled (i.e., legally transferred) into the name of the trustee are in the trust. Unfortunately, due to ignorance, neglect or inability, people sometimes neglect to formally transfer title to these assets into the name of the trustee. This can mean that an otherwise avoidable probate, conservatorship, or court proceeding to formally transfer so-called “pledged assets” (that are listed in an trust asset schedule to a “declaration of trust”) by way of a court order may become necessary. So it is important to be aware of when assets must be retitled.
There are three (3) occasions when one must transfer title to the trust: First, at the very outset when establishing the trust with the pledged assets; Second, later-on as one purchases additional assets (e.g. a new home); and Third, when a settlor (i.e., the person who established the trust with his/her own assets ) dies and the trust provides that one or more subtrusts are to be established. An example of a subtrust situation, is when a spouse leaves his/her assets in further (continuing) trust for the lifetime benefit of his/her surviving spouse with the remaining unused assets being left outright (or in further trust) to the children.
Unless assets are retitled into the name of the trustee, otherwise avoidable problems may arise when a settlor dies or becomes incompetent because the Trustee’s control only extends to trust assets. Furthermore, where avoiding unnecessary estate taxes (for affluent married couples) or avoiding creditor claims by the beneficiary’s own creditors being paid by a deceased settlor’s assets are intended purposes of the trust, these purposes may be jeopardized. That is, some married couples establish lifetime trusts that at the death of the “deceased spouse” (i.e., first spouse to die) divide into sub-trusts (i.e., the so-called “AB” or “ABC” Trusts).
Such subtrusts may be created to protect trust assets from the beneficiary’s own creditors and/or to avoid Estate Tax on the death of the beneficiary. If title to the trust assets is not transferred from the so-called “master trust” (the original lifetime trust that was established by the married couple) into the names of the trustee(s) of the subtrusts, then the result is a so-called “stale trust”. That is, the subtrusts that were never funded become evermore stale as time passes-by after the death of the first spouse to die. More importantly, it becomes an accounting nightmare to attempt to settle the original trust into its separate subtrusts the longer the delay after the death of the first spouse to die. It becomes expensive too as it may involve accountants and court petitions to attempt to remedy the situation.
In sum, it is important that legal title (the form of which varies depending on the type of asset involved) is properly held in the appropriate Trust in order for the intended benefits to having a trust be realized.
Dennis is an attorney who practices in Lakeport, California at 55 First Street, Suite 207. His phone number is 707-263-3235. We welcome your calls to reserve a seat to attend a free public educational seminar presentation on the topics of Wills, Trusts & Estate Planning and Special Needs Trusts.
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The information is provided by the Law Office of Dennis Fordham. and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, services, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.
Through this website you are able to link to other websites which are not under the control of Law Office of Dennis Fordham. We have no control over the nature, content and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them.
Every effort is made to keep the website up and running smoothly. However, Law Office of Dennis Fordham takes no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the website being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control.
We respect your privacy. We will not sell or rent your information to anyone. The information you provide us will be used to communicate the status of your business with our firm.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line424
|
__label__wiki
| 0.680199
| 0.680199
|
Tag Archives: Wagner
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860) & Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900)
Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, focused on the dark side of life and mental evils and cruelty, which he considered inevitable and that we as psychologists, intellectuals and masters of the mind view as mental disorders that have a negative effect on both the character of the affected and the human environment at large exposed to the vile side of human nature.
This negative view of man’s behaviour and role in life was a sharp contrast to the other more euphoric philosophers who marked the spirits of the generation before him, and who embraced a more idealistic and perhaps a slightly exaggerated euphoric side of man’s mind and character. Though Schopenhauer’s work originally gained little attention at the time it was published [perhaps being too avant-garde for the atavistic institutions of his time], he expressed an interpretation of the world that was dragging and opposed the great ideal of who went before him, such as Victor Schelling and Hegel on some very important points but did not deny expressions of art such as the romantic movement in its various forms.
Schopenhauer who never refrained from publicly criticising people and ideas he disliked was very vocal in his complete contempt for these men, and regarded himself as their great opponent in the ring of the leaders delivering the “Real truth” to mankind and civilisation. Schopenhauer’s work in many ways could be viewed as an extension of another famous German philosopher, namely Immanuel Kant, who preceded him by one generation, delivering his major philosophical work, “a critique of pure reason”. Schopenhauer worked out a system in which reality is known inwardly by a kind of feeling where intellect is only an instrument of the will: the biological will to live and where process rather than result is ultimate.
Schopenhauer’s pessimism lies in his very strong rejection of life. In fact, this rejection is so strong that he even had to address the question of suicide as a solution to life. He fortunately also rejected this “solution” to life, this rejection to life reflected influences with roots in Eastern philosophy, particularly Buddhism, and it is one of the most significant aspects of his work that he was the first Western philosopher to integrate Buddhist thought into Western philosophy. His preoccupation with the evil of the world and the tragedy of life was also somewhat reminiscent of ancient Hindu philosophies. His writings helped to stimulate in Germany an interest in Oriental thought and religion, which can also be seen in the work of many later German philosophers.
In “The World as Will and Idea”, Schopenhauer also considered the important question of the function of art. The value of arts to human life in far more depth than any of his predecessors, and even graded each of the arts, such as music, poetry, architecture [etc], from most important to least important. For that reason, his book had not only a profound effect on future philosophers, but also artists, particularly poets and composers, such as the enigmatic Wagner, who felt indebted to him and sent him a letter of gratitude when he was first introduced to Schopenhauer’s work.
Image: Tristan and Isolde (1912) by John Duncan
It is believed that Wagner’s popular opera “Tristan und Isolde” in particular, shows Schopenhauer’s influence as a philosopher who believed that music was the highest form of art, an idea that of course, Wagner found pleasing and so the composer began to think of himself as a prime example of Schopenhauer concept of a genius. People in other fields of the arts were also influenced by Schopenhauer, including the novelist Thomas Mann. Schopenhauer’s ideas had the unique ability to influence not only philosophy but many other fields of human endeavour and expression. Within philosophy itself, Schopenhauer never founded a school of thought “per se”, but his influence instead was in stimulating other philosophers towards a particular line of thought, which varied with the individual and his or her response to Schopenhauer’s writing. His writing had a major impact on the German philosopher Nietzsche, who was also a friend of Schopenhauer’s admirer, Richard Wagner. Nietzsche shared the idea that life is tragic and terrible but can sometimes be transformed through art. Nietzsche was also the man famous,for his concept of the “Overrman”, which was taken out of context by his sister after his death to fit the ideologies of the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler; the “Overrman” is in fact universal and not simply nationalistic.
Image: Apollo Belvedere (Sculpture Ancienne), Musée du Vatican, Rome /Apollon est le dieu grec des arts, du chant, de la musique, de la beauté masculine, de la poésie et de la lumière. Il est conducteur des neuf muses. Apollon est également le dieu des purifications et de la guérison, mais peut apporter la peste par son arc ; enfin, c’est l’un des principaux dieux capables de divination, consulté, entre autres, à Delphes, où il rendait ses oracles par la Pythie de Delphes. Il a aussi été honoré par les Romains, qui l’ont adopté très rapidement sans changer son nom. Dès le ve siècle av. J.-C., ils l’adoptèrent pour ses pouvoirs guérisseurs et lui élevèrent des temples.
So, these three names Schopenhauer, Wagner and Nietzsche are often linked and are also associated at times, through no fault of the men themselves with a controversial period of human history.
“The world is Will and Idea” begins with the famous line, “The world is my idea” when Schopenhauer says the world is his idea, he is referring to the relationship between an “object” and “the subject” [i.e. The person [subject] who sees or senses the object]. As an example, he did not mean that an apple is identical with your abstract concept of an Apple, he means that the apple as perceived by you exist only in relation to you as a person or “the subject” who perceives it. Its reality is only in what you perceive, it is what you perceive it to be so.
So, the world is my idea means that a whole visible world and its sum of total experience is “object” for a “subject”, its reality consists in appearing to be perceived by a subject. This theory of the world of idea was taken and developed from Kant’s philosophy, but the second part of Schopenhauer’s philosophy “The World as Will” is completely his own and expresses his very unique interpretation of human life. Briefly, this interpretation says that the will, “the will to survive and live” is the strongest force in man and everything else is subordinate to it. His conception of the supreme wisdom of life is one of resignation to the power this “will” has and the tragic results of it.
Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22nd of 1788 in Danzig, Germany, he was the son of Henri Floris Schopenhauer aged 38 and Johanna Henriette Trosiener who was then 19 years old. His father was a wealthy merchant and banker who had already planned for his son to become a business man before his birth, and hoped Arthur would follow in his steps. He was also an independent minded man who moved his family from the city of Danzig when it was taken over by Prussia in 1793. The new family home was in Hamburg. Schopenhauer left to visit England and other countries, on the understanding that when he completed his tour, he would begin work in a business. Schopenhauer, then 16 years old, kept his promise but he had no attraction to business and when his father died, he got consent from his mother to continue his studies. In 1809, he entered the University of Göttingen to study medicine, but he changed to philosophy in his second year, as he put it “life is a problem and he decided to spend his life contemplating it”. He also studied at Weimar where he lived with his mother until he became estranged from her.
Schopenhauer had a moody, irritable temperament and could be violent in his passion. At the university, Schopenhauer developed an affection for Plato and visited Berlin to hear the lectures of contemporary philosophers Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 – 1814) and Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 – 1834). Fichte was the first transcendentalist idealist and Schleiermacher was a founder of modern Protestant theology. Schopenhauer found Fichte’s comment, “No one could be a true philosopher without being religious” absurd and retorted that no man who was religious turns to philosophy since they have no need for it [a questionable statement when religion (e.g. Christianity) does not cover all the aspects of the experience of life in detail, or study God’s works methodically through the lens of science and rationality, to understand the further implications in the betterment of the human world].
Image: “Les Mains” par Auguste Rodin
Schopenhauer left Berlin when Prussia rebelled against Napoleon. He never developed strong German patriotic values and sentiments [perhaps never given a chance or a reason or support to do so at the time], and always regarded himself more as a cosmopolitan without any strong national affiliation. He went into retirement to write his first dissertation called “On the fourfold route of the principle of sufficient reason”, which was published in 1813 and earned him a doctorate at Vienna. The poet Goethe congratulated Schopenhauer, and in return he wrote an essay called “On Vision and Colours” which supported Goethe in his stand against Isaac Newton. But the dissertation, although it won the admiration of Goethe, went practically unnoticed. The author however always considered it the groundwork and essential introduction to his philosophy. Shortly after he published his dissertation, Schopenhauer met an Oriental scholar, Friedrich Majer (1771 – 1818), who introduced him to Indian philosophy and literature. He maintained an interest in Indian philosophy throughout his life, and as an old man, he meditated on the Upanishad, part of the Vedas [the sacred script of the Hindus]. He would later associate his theory of the world of ideas with the Indian doctrine of Maya [to the Indians, Maya is illusion or the world as an illusion]. To Schopenhauer, this meant that the individual subject and object he wrote were “Maya”, all at the end.
For 4 years between 1814 and 1818, Schopenhauer lived in Dresden, which is where he wrote his masterpiece “The World as Will and Idea”. He sent the manuscript to his publishers and left for an art tour of Italy. The book was published the following year in 1819, and although it received attention from some philosophers, it sold very few copies. This was a disappointment to the author who felt sure it contains the secret of the universe.
This failure did not kill his eagerness however, so he returned to Berlin and started lecturing. By now he was 32 years old. He deliberately scheduled his lectures for the hour at which the philosopher Hegel was also accustomed to lecture – planning to compete with the master. But his lecturing career was a failure and Schopenhauer gave it up after only one semester. His ideas seemed at odds with the dominant spirit of the time.
Schopenhauer roamed around a bit and then settled in Frankfurt in 1833, he read European literature and scientific books and journals looking for illustrations or confirmations of his theories. He frequented the theatre and also continued writing, publishing on the Will of nature and winning a Norwegian prize for an essay on freedom. He failed to win a similar prize from the Royal Danish Academy of the Sciences for a separate essay on ethics; they disapproved of his disparaging remarks about other philosophers. These two essays were later published together in 1841, under the title “The two fundamental problems of Ethics”.
In 1844, Schopenhauer published a second edition of “The world as Will and Idea”, which contained 50 new chapters. In the Preface, he took the opportunity to make a strong statement of his views about university professors of philosophy, which were of course not admiring. In 1848 there was an unsuccessful revolution in Germany. A revolution from which Schopenhauer had no sympathy whatsoever. But after the failure of this revolt, people were more willing to consider a philosophy which emphasised the evil in the world in which preached the rejection of life for the route of contemplation. Schopenhauer’s popularity was on the rise. In 1851, he published a collection of essays that dealt with a wide variety of topics, and finally in 1859, he published third edition of the “World as Will and Idea” with more supplements. In the last decade of his life, the author finally became a famous man, all kinds of visitors with all kinds of philosophies came to see him and to enjoy his brilliant conversations. Lectures were given on his system at the University, the very university he has attacked, a sure indication that he had finally achieved success. Schopenhauer has spent a long, lonely life of reflection and only after his works were ignored for many years that he attained fame and reputation. He died in September 1860, at the age of 72.
Image: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860) by Mitch Francis
As a man, Schopenhauer was cultured, broadly educated, eloquent and articulate, witty and conversational, and a very talented writer, but he was also opinionated, egotistical, and often quarrelsome. His remarks about other philosophers were assaulted and his remarks about women in general were so scathing that they had to be deleted from his book by his editor. He was obsessed with the suffering of humanity, but did nothing to alleviate it. He himself made the comment that it is no more necessary for a philosopher to be a saint than it is for a saint to be a philosopher, and he never tried to prove otherwise. But, in the final analysis he was exactly the man he needed to be to write what he wrote. His pessimistic and grim interpretation of life are not very likely to have come from a man of infallible kindness or tolerance, and that interpretation of life played a significant role in the development of human thought and philosophy by inspiring both similar and opposing viewpoints which forced humanity to re-examine itself yet again.
Now is a summary of the text of “The World as Will and Idea”
The world is my idea. This truth applies to everything that lives and knows, but only man can reflect on it and bring his abstract consciousness to it. It becomes clear to him when he looks at the sun that what he knows is not a sun, but an eye that sees the sun, not a nurse but a hand that feels the earth. This truth is by no means new, it was a fundamental text of the Vedanta philosophy of the Hindus, it was also part of the reflections of the French philosopher René Descartes and finally it was also clarified by the philosopher George Berkeley – although neglected by Kant. But this view of the world as idea is one-sided and must be balanced by another one which is the impressive and awful truth that the world is my “Will”. The world has necessary hands, the subject and object. The object and the subject that perceives it operate together. If one were to disappear, then the whole world would cease to exist. All objects have universal forms and either space, time and causality or the relation of cause and effect as Kant has demonstrated, they may be discovered and known apart from the objects in which they appear, as an expression of reason or the principle of sufficient reason. But what if our whole life is but a dream, or how do we distinguish between dream and reality? Kant tried to answer this question by stating that the connection of ideas, according to the law of causality, constitute the difference between them. But the long life dream in distinction from our short dreams has always had complete connection, according to the principle of sufficient reason. We are such stuff as dreams are made on and our little life is rounded with a sleep.
Life and dreams are leaves of the same book, the book we read through and the one whose leaves we turn idly to read a page here and there. Any system of philosophy that starts with the object has to deal with the whole world of perception, the most consistent form of these philosophies is simple materialism. It regards time and space and matter as existing absolutely. It ignores the relationship to the subject in whom these ideas exist, then it takes a law of causality as its guiding principle: causality exists by understanding alone. Materialism seeks the most simple states of matter and then tries to develop all other states from it. It ascends from mere mechanism and chemistry: the chemical properties and attractions of objects. It ascends to vegetable and animal life, to sensibility and thought. But, the thoughts and knowledge reached through materialism in a long, laborious process, assumed from its starting point that there was a subject or perceived matter: eyes that side, hands that felt it and understanding that knew it.
This system of philosophy which opposes this materialism is idealism, which instead starts with the subject and then tries to derive or reach the object from the subject, but it overlooked the fact that there can be no subject without an object, like materialism this idealism begins by assuming what it is supposed to prove later. The method of Schopenhauer’s system is different from both of these, for it starts from neither object nor subject, it starts from the idea. The idea is the first form of consciousness and its essential form is the antithesis or opposite of subject and object. For each one of us it is our own body that is the starting point in our perception of the world and we consider it like all other real object simply as an idea, the understanding which develops ideas could never come into being if there were no simple bodily sensations from which to start. If the thinker were no more than a pure knowing subject without a body like a winged cherub that is all spirit, he would not be able to know the nature of the world. He would be like a man going around a castle getting to its façade and trying in vain to enter it, all reality would be a riddle, but because the subject of knowledge is also an individual with a body and a bodily nature, the world becomes revealed, it is revealed in the will. Every true act of the will is a movement of the body for the action of the body is nothing but will expressed through an object. The body is the object, my body and my will are one. The double knowledge which each one has of his body out of idea and inner will becomes the key to the nature of the world. Phenomenal existence, the existence we perceive with our senses, is an idea and nothing more. Real existence or the thing in itself is will.
Will is a term that applies to both the highest and lowest in man’s nature, it is that which drives us to pursue the light of knowledge and it’s also that which in nature strives blindly and dumbly to survive. Both come under the common name of will, just as the first dim light of dawn in the rays of the full midday are both called sunlight. If we consider the impulse with which waters hurries to the ocean, or the way in which a magnet turns to the North Pole, or the eagerness with which electric poles seek to be united or the way a Crystal takes form, we can recognise our own nature, for the same will describes the inner nature of everything that is in the world. The world as will is one, it knows nothing of the multiplicity of things in the outer world: the world of perception, the world of time and space. Notions like more or less, don’t exist to it, it knows nothing of quantities or qualities. For this reason, it cannot be said that there is a small part of the will in a stone or a large part of the will in a man. Relations like this between part and whole belong to the idea of space which does not apply to the will. In reality, the will is present in its entirety and undivided in every object of nature and in every living thing. Yet in terms of its objectification, that is, its external expression, it has different grades in inorganic matter, in vegetation, in animals and in man. The lowest of these appear in the most universal forces of nature, in the form of gravity, rigidity, elasticity, electricity and the like, which are in themselves manifestations of the will, just as much as human actions are. The higher grades are seen in man where the will takes the form of individuality and consciousness. It is here that the will shows its second side. For in the human brain lies the potential of comprehending the will, so that as it is kindled by a spark it brings the whole world as idea into existence. In this manner, knowledge proceeds from the will, knowledge that is either from the senses or is rational and is destined to serve the will in its aim of expressing itself. In all beasts and in most men, knowledge remains in subjugation to the will, yet in certain individual men, knowledge can free itself from this bondage so the subject of knowledge exists for itself as a pure mirror of the world. As a rule, knowledge remains subordinate to the will and grows on the will [so to speak] as a head on the body. In the case of the beast, the head is directed towards the Earth where the objects of its will are. But in the case of man, the head is elevated and set freely upon the body as in the Apollo Belvedere where the head of the guard stands so freely on his shoulders that it seems delivered of the body and no longer subject to it.
The transition from the individual’s knowledge of particular things to the knowledge of the idea takes place suddenly. It happens when the knowledge of the will changes someone into a pure will-less subject of knowledge, contemplating things as they are in themselves. If raised by the power of the mind, a man leaves the common way of looking at things behind and forgets both his individuality and his will, then he becomes a pure “without will” timeless and painless subject of knowledge – this appears in the genius. For when Genius appears in a man a far larger amount of the power of knowledge comes to him than is necessary for the service of his will. This extra knowledge is free and purified from will: a clear mirror of the inner nature of the world. All willing arises from want. The satisfaction of a desire ends it, but for one wish that is satisfied, there remain 10 which are denied. No attained object of desire can give lasting satisfaction, for it is likely alms thrown to a beggar that keep him alive today that misery may be prolonged tomorrow.
Attending to the demands of the will continually occupies and influences our consciousness. But when we are lifted out of the endless stream of willing, we can comprehend things free from their relation to our will without any personal interest or subjective opinions, and then the peace we have been seeking comes of our own accord. For we are, at least for the moment, set free from the miserable striving of the will – the wheel stands still. There is no more slavery to the will. It is the function of the fine arts to express this freedom from will or the different grades along the way. Matter as such cannot be an expression of the idea but when it is expressed through an art like architecture, its characteristics of gravity, cohesion and hardness, the universal qualities of stone appear as a direct but low grade of the objectified or expressed will. In the building nature reveals itself a conflict between the gravity of the building and the rigidity of the structure of the support, as in the simplest form of a column. The problem of architecture, apart from practical utility, is to make this conflict appear in a distinct way so that the building material instead of a mere heap of matter bound to the earth is raised above it, so that the roof example is realised only by the means of the columns or arches which support it. The pleasure that comes from looking at a beautiful building lies in the fact that the viewer is set free from the knowledge which serves the will and is raised to the kind of knowledge which comes from contemplation that has no will.
The highest grade of the expression of the will is found in anything that reflects human beauty in a way which reveals the idea of man. No object transports us so quickly into will-less contemplation as the most beautiful human form. We know human beauty when we see it, but true artists can express it so clearly that it surpasses even what we have seen. In the genius of a sculptor, we find a representation of what nature intended to express, so that if you were to present his statue to nature, he would say “This is what you wanted to say!”
Image: “Danaide” & “Le Baiser” par Auguste Rodin
Painting as an art has character as well as beauty and grace for its object, for it attempts to represent the will of the highest grade in the idea of humanity. This, however, can be an abstract form of the concept known as the picture attempt [as it does at times an allegorical painting] to represent something other than what is perceived. In poetry the relationship is reversed, for here what is given directly in words is the concept that leads readers away to the object of perception, this is done through metaphors, similes, parables, allegories and the like. The aim of all poetry is the representation of man. When it is a representation of the poet himself, we have the lyric. The lyric poet reveals himself in joy or more often grief as the subject of his own will, but along with this as the sight of nature impresses him, there is the awareness of himself as the subject of pure will-less knowing, and his joy now appears as a contrast to the stress of desire: desire imposed on him by his will. Epic poetry portrays man in a more historical context in connection with significant situations in human life. Drama in the form of tragedy is not only the best of poetic art, but the most significant in terms of this system of philosophy because it is the strife of the will represented at its highest grade of objectivity, it becomes visible in human suffering that is brought about by fate or error or wickedness, in which the will lives on while people fight against and destroy one another. The tragic effect in poetry may be produced by means of a character of extraordinary evil such as Iago in Othello or Creon in Antigone or by blind fate as in the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles or by circumstance and the situation in which the character finds himself such as Hamlet. In the tragic character we can observe how the noblest of men – after a long personal conflict and inward suffering – come at last to renounce the pleasures of life and the particular goals once so keenly fought for, instead the character joyfully surrenders to life itself. It is in this sense that Hamlet renounces life for himself but askes Horatio to remain a while and to – in this harsh world – draw his breath in pain to tell Hamlet’s story and clear his name.
Beginning with architecture in which gravity and rigidity reveal the lowest grade of the conflict of the will with itself and ending with tragedy where this conflict reaches its highest grade, we have considered the arts and how they represent the will and the idea, but music stands quite alone, cut off from all the other arts, since it’s not a mere copy of any idea of existence in the world. Music is as direct an expression of the whole will as the world itself is. Nature and music are two different expressions of the same thing, and so music speaks a universal language. In the deepest tones of harmony in the bass we recognise the lowest grades of the will, for bass is in harmony with the crudest matter on which all things rest and from which they originate. The higher complimental parts of music are parallel with animal life and in the melody of high voice singing we recognise the high grade of the will in the effort and intellectual life of man. The pleasure we received from beauty, the consolation we get from art and the enthusiasm of the artist, rest on the fact that whereas existence in the world is something sorrowful and terrible, the contemplation of the world as idea is both soothing and significant. But in the case of the artist, the contemplation of beauty doesn’t quiet the will and it doesn’t provide a pathway out of life as does the resignation of the saint. The deliverance from the will only occurs when – tired of the game – one renounces life and gets a grasp on what is real. When the will – this blind and incessant impulse of nature – becomes conscious in man, it is recognised as the will to live. Man may affirm or deny it. He affirms the will to live when – having seen it as that which has produced nature and his own life – he then adds his own desires to it. The denial of the will to live occurs when the awareness or consciousness of it means the end of desire. The phenomena of the world – that what we see and perceive – no longer motivates the will, for the comprehension of the world as idea has freed the will and allowed it to be silent. It the essential nature of the will: nowhere free and everywhere powerful – to strive endlessly towards satisfaction that it is incapable of getting. Just as in nature, gravitation is the ceaseless striving towards a mathematical centre and this striving will not stop even if the whole universe were rolled into a single ball. In the same way the solid will become a fluid, the fluid will become a gas, and the plant – restless and unsatisfied – will strive through ascending forms until it goes to seed where it finds a new starting point.
All nature is a struggle in which war is waged that is deadly to both sides. All striving is in vain, and yet it cannot be abandoned and all this is identical to what appears in us. In us, the blind striving of nature becomes the will to live, but it is self-conscious will: we are aware of it! The fate of this will is in keeping with its striving nature in the face of constant obstacles and hindrances, and anyone who will consider the character and destiny of the will to live, will be convinced that suffering is essential to all life.
“Sadeness Partie I” par Enigma / Album : MCMXC a.D. (1990)
Translation (EN): “Has grandiose results by narrow lanes” / Source: Le Petit Larousse 2018 / Les locutions étrangères gravées dans nos mémoires ont la magie des formules oubliées dont le charme va croissant lorsque l’alchimie des mots nous est plus mystérieuses. Elles ont l’autorité de la chose écrite. / Mot de passe des conjurés au quatrième acte d’Hernani, de Victor Hugo. On n’arrive au triomphe qu’en surmontant maintes épreuves.
From where then did Dante take the materials for his hell? From the world! And when it came to describing the delights of heaven he had an insurmountable task, for the world could offer him no proper material. The fatal assertion of the will to live has produced man’s body and the desire to preserve and perpetuate it. So the assertion of the will is really the assertion of the body. In such assertion, we find the source of all egoism and all wrongdoing, but such selfhood is really an illusion due to a false philosophy in which the individual imagines he lives to himself alone. He is really only a product of the one will to live. Just as a sailor sitting in a boat trusting to his frail barque in a stormy sea, so it is that in the world of sorrows man sits quietly, trusting to the principle of individualisation and separateness, in which he only knows things superficially or as they appear to him, but when he comes to understand that the one will to live exists in all men alike, he realises that the difference between those that inflict suffering and those that bare it is only a perceived difference that is not real.
“La Barque de Dante” par Eugène Delacroix (1822)
In truth, the evil man is like a wild beast, who frenzied and excited, unintentionally buries its teeth in its own flesh, injuring itself as it tries to injure another. But no matter how veiled and evil man is by illusion, he still feels the sting of conscience, which creates a sense that the gulf which seems to separate him from others isn’t real. As all hatred and wickedness rely upon egoism and as egoism rest on the assertion of the will to live, so do all goodness and virtue spring from the denial of the will to live. The will turns around and no longer asserts itself but denies its own nature instead. Man then denies his own nature as expressed in his body and no longer desires sensual gratification under any condition. Voluntary and complete chastity is the first step in the denial of the will to live. But then the human race would die out, and with it the mind in which the world is reflected, and without a subject of knowledge, there would be no object, there would be no world. To those in whom the will to live has turned and denied itself, this world of ours with all its sun and milky ways is nothing [dead inside].
These are some of the ideas and the basic themes presented in Schopenhauer’s “The world as Will and Idea”, a very lengthy work that of course includes many other ideas and elaborations of the ones we have mentioned. But the essence of Schopenhauer’s philosophy can be found in a few basic point.
To begin with, he sees the will of man, and specifically the will to survive as the dominant force in the universe and slavery to this will is the root of all evil. Man and all other creatures are subservient to their will to live. In exercising his will, man inflicts all kinds of cruelties and evil. Schopenhauer first examined these cruelties in the world of nature, spending a lot of time on the way in which animals of one species prey on those of another. Then he moved onto man and says, “the chief source of the most serious evils which afflict man is man himself”. Whoever keeps this last fact clearly in view sees the world as a hell which surpasses that of Dante, through the fact that one man must be the devil of another. Schopenhauer uses war and various other cruelties such as industrial exploitation, bravery and social abuses to back up his claim. Schopenhauer had no sympathy for the revolution of his time because he felt the state was justified, exactly because of the cruelty of man. It existed to make the world a little more bearable than it would otherwise be. He did not consider the state government divine, but he considered it necessary [a view he may have been willing to revise had he been alive in 2018 with democracy falling apart and not being properly applied, leading to evil, unethical, unscrupulous and unskilled street politicians getting into positions above their understanding].
Schopenhauer believed we can do something to alleviate suffering but it is pointless to think that we can change the fundamental character of the world or of human life. If war was abolished for instance and if all of men’s material needs were met, they would eventually still resort to conflict – “it is their nature”. He is quick to condemn the optimism or idealism of other philosophers who disregard the dark side of human existence, or who try to justify it as rational. To Schopenhauer these dark aspects of life were not secondary feature, they were the most significant aspects of human life in history. On this basis, he created his theory of The Blind and Striving Impulse, he called the Will. Then, he looked around and found support for his theory in the inorganic, organic and human phenomena of life.
Unquestionably, Schopenhauer held a one-sided vision of the world, but because of its one-sidedness and exaggeration it served as a counterbalance to philosophers like Hegel who focused attention on the glorious triumph of reason throughout history and he tended to dismiss evil and suffering with elaborate, evasive, phrasing. Schopenhauer did offer 2 ways of escape from the slavery to the will. One was the path of contemplation, which is the way of art and the other was the path of asceticism, of renouncing the world in one’s personal desires or will. He did believe that the human mind could develop beyond what was required just to satisfy his physical and material needs, it could develop a surplus of energy over and above what was needed to fulfil its biological function. When that happened, man can use the extra energy to escape the life of desire and striving, of assertion of the ego, of conflict, none of which brings him satisfaction anyway. In transcending the Will through art [expressing it with insight], Schopenhauer was very specific about which art forms served what purpose, and in defining which were superior to others. Not surprisingly, the supreme poetic art is tragedy, for tragedy reveals the real character of human life expressed in dramatic form or as he said the unspeakable pain: the wail of humanity, the triumph of evil, the mocking mastery of chance and the irretrievable fall of the just and innocent. But art and contemplation, besides reflecting on the evil of life, can also open a door that becomes perhaps the only hopeful point in Schopenhauer’s entire book. This door is opened when man can see through the veil of Maya [illusion]. Maya, being the Hindu concept for the illusionary nature of the world and life. It is Maya [illusion] that causes to see separateness and division where there is none, but Schopenhauer also believed that man had the intellectual capacity to develop gradually a site that penetrated Maya, and raised some questions that made even a glimmer of hope seem a little bright. What is the purpose of achieving such virtue? What happens afterward?
To start with, the man who denies the Will treats the world as nothing, for the world is just the appearance of the will, which he denied. So it is true that when the will denies itself, our world with all its sun and Milky ways is nothing as Schopenhauer said, then what happens at death? Schopenhauer is convinced of the finality of death. “Before us”, he says “there is indeed only nothingness”. Death or the withdrawal from the world means the extinction of consciousness, In life, he reduces existence to thin thread, and at death, it is finally destroyed. The man who denies his will to live reaches the final goal, which is to not live. Schopenhauer does leave one last hope beyond the grim disappearance of consciousness and of the world, admitting that it is possible that ultimate reality, which he called the thing in itself may possess attributes that we do not know about and that we cannot know. This reality would not be a state of knowledge since there would not be a subject and an object [that phenomenal and illusionary relationship that is required for knowledge], but it might resemble some experience that cannot be communicated and to which mystics refer to, but only in obscure vague ways. So, in the end like all great philosophers must, Arthur Schopenhauer admitted that he did not have all the answers but he thought he had some, and ultimately it is the questions his answers posed to others that became his most significant contribution, for the role of the philosopher and of philosophy itself is not only to solve our problems, but also to express points of views that stimulate us to further thought and consideration on human nature and the meaning of life, in that, he was incredibly successful.
“Style is the physiognomy of the mind. It is a more reliable key to character than the physiognomy of the body.” – Arthur Schopenhauer
Mis à jour le Lundi, 14 Décembre 2020 | Danny J. D’Purb | DPURB.com
Posted in Arts & Culture, dpurb.com, Environnement, Terre, Nature & Animaux, Philosophie & Opinions, Psychologie, Science & Santé
Tagged Active Mind, Brain, Concept of Self, Conception, Conception de Soi, Conscience, Consciousness, Construction, Creativity, Danny D'Purb, dpurb, dpurb.com, Fichte, Kant, Le Théorie Organique, Nietzsche, Perception, Philosophie, Philosophy, Psychologie, Psychology, Schleiermacher, Schopenhauer, The Organic Theory, The World as Will and Idea, Wagner
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line425
|
__label__wiki
| 0.919917
| 0.919917
|
Editor Arrested In Afghanistan
The editor of Haqooq-i-Zan, an Afghan women's rights magazine, has been arrested. Ali Mohaqia Nasab is accused of publishing un-Islamic articles, a violation of Afghanistan's 2004 law regulating the media.
One article in the magazine criticizes the practice of punishing adultery with one-hundred lashes. A second article says that giving up Islam should not be a crime. According to news reports, clerics gave the articles to Mohaiuddin Baluch, who is President Hamid Karzai’s advisor on religious issues.
Mr. Baluch turned the articles over to Afghanistan's Supreme Court. The court called on the country's attorney general to investigate. That investigation led to Mr. Nasab's arrest. Although Mr. Nasab did not write the articles, he is the only person that has been charged. His case is being reviewed by the Press Commission, which is a division of the Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture.
Ann Cooper is executive director of the Committee to Protect Journalists, an independent monitoring organization. In a news release, she says, "We are disturbed by this arrest, which reflects a recent pattern of deteriorating press freedom conditions in Afghanistan. Ms. Cooper says her committee "call[s] for the immediate release of Ali Mohaqiq Nasab. Journalists," she says, "should not be jailed because of their work."
President George W. Bush has said that democracy "requires building the institutions that sustain freedom":
"Democracy takes different forms in different cultures, yet all free societies have certain things in common. Democratic nations uphold the rule of law, impose limits on the power of the state, treat women and minorities as full citizens. Democratic nations protect private property, free speech and religious expression."
Afghanistan is on the road to democracy. And part of its success will depend on allowing journalists – and all Afghans – the freedom to speak their minds.
The preceding was an editorial reflecting the views of the United States Government.
Reflecting the Views of the U.S. Government as Broadcast on The Voice of America
More Editorials
Sanctioning Maduro's Enablers
Holding Accountable Those Who Prosecuted Citgo-6
U.S. Sanctions Corrupt Nicaraguan Officials
Barbaric Killing of Iranian Journalist
U.S. Sanctions Turkey's Presidency of Defense Industries
Sudan No Longer a State Sponsor of Terrorism
Morocco Resumes Diplomatic Relations with Israel
The Elements of the China Challenge - Part 5
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line428
|
__label__wiki
| 0.555124
| 0.555124
|
Math Ed Journals
Comment only
Bold: journals that publish math ed content exclusively.
*If you'd like to help maintain this list, please contact Sam Otten (ottensa@missouri.edu).
Journal Name Link Publisher
Length Limit
Google h5
Impact Fac.
Scope & Aim Other Notes
Action in Teacher Education
https://ate1.org/ate-publications
Association of Teacher Educators
members Designed for a general teacher ed audience, but it does publish mathematics-specific articles. Particularly interested in action research articles.
AERA Open
http://www.aera.net/Publications/Journals/AERAOpen/tabid/14896/Default.aspx
AERA open access Research "AERA Open is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by the American Educational Research Association (AERA). With an emphasis on rapid review and dissemination, AERA Open aims to advance knowledge through theoretical and empirical study across arenas of inquiry related to education and learning. AERA Open emphasizes publishing scientific and scholarly work that adds to knowledge incrementally and cumulatively. AERA Open also serves as a venue for innovation, novel inquiry and ideas, interdisciplinary bridge building, and research that fosters the connection of research to practice and practice to research." Launched 2014
http://aerj.aera.net/
AERA subscription bimonthly Research 20-50 pages 47 "The American Educational Research Journal (AERJ, quarterly; approximately 960 pp./volume year) publishes original empirical and theoretical studies and analyses in education. The editors seek to publish articles from a wide variety of academic disciplines and substantive fields; they are looking for clear and significant contributions to the understanding and/or improvement of educational processes and outcomes. Manuscripts not appropriate for submission to this journal include essays, reviews, course evaluations, and brief reports of studies to address a narrow question."
7/139 in Education & Educational Research
Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom
http://www.aamt.edu.au/Journals
Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers
members Quarterly Practitioner
2000–3000 words
"APMC publishes papers considering the teaching and learning of mathematics applicable to early years (pre-F) and primary school students (Years F–6/7). Papers tend to have a very practical focus with reports and ideas for teaching activities, as well as reporting research which has a direct impact on classroom teaching. Papers will assist educators who may not have specific mathematics training to understand how children learn concepts which are built on in later years of schooling."
Australian Mathematics Teacher
2000-3000 words
"AMT considers the teaching and learning of mathematics generally appropriate for upper primary and junior secondary (Years 6–10). With the diversity of mathematical concepts taught in these years, papers still tend to have a strong classroom focus but there is often an emphasis on particular mathematical concepts or reporting research. A number of regular features provide readers with investigations that are also suitable for the classroom."
Australian Senior Mathematics Journal
Biannually
"ASMJ is for readers with an interest in mathematics and mathematics education in the senior years (Years 11–12) and beyond. Papers tend to have a greater mathematics content and often focus specifically on interesting or advanced mathematical concepts and investigations for the reader’s own interest or which might be replicated in the classroom."
Cognition and Instruction
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hcgi20
Taylor & Francis subscription Quarterly Research
Various lengths accepted
2.77 "Among education journals, Cognition and Instruction's distinctive niche is rigorous study of foundational issues concerning the mental, socio-cultural, and mediational processes and conditions of learning and intellectual competence. For these purposes, both “cognition” and “instruction” must be interpreted broadly. The journal preferentially attends to the “how” of learning and intellectual practices. A balance of well-reasoned theory and careful and reflective empirical technique is typical... Research at multiple levels and involving multiple methods is welcomed."
35/58 (Psychology, Educational) and 69/84 (Psychology, Experimental)
College Mathematics Journal
https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/college-mathematics-journal/the-college-mathematics-journal
MAA subscription Math 6-12 pages "The College Mathematics Journal [welcomes] engaging writing on new mathematics or new perspectives on known mathematics, and encourage historical perspectives, pedagogical notes, and open questions where possible. Also, The College Mathematics Journal has a tradition of an annual issue dedicated to recreational mathematics.
The College Mathematics Journal accepts the following types of submissions: articles, Classroom Capsules, Proofs Without Words, problems, solutions to published problems, and Media Highlights. Letters to the Editor on any topic are also welcome, and all kinds of comments, criticisms, and suggestions for making CMJ more lively, entertaining, and informative."
http://www.springer.com/education/mathematics+education/journal/10649
9 per year
Research 104 days 35 0.959 "Educational Studies in Mathematics presents new ideas and developments of major importance to practitioners working in the field of mathematical education. It reflects both the variety of research concerns within the field and the range of methods used to study them. Articles deal with didactical, methodological and pedagogical subjects, rather than with specific programs for teaching mathematics. The journal emphasizes high-level articles that go beyond local or national interest."
Included in top-tier of math ed journals by Nivens & Otten (2017). Graded "A*" (highest grade) by Toerner and Arzarello (2012).
Curriculum Inquiry
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcui20
Taylor & Francis subscription Quarterly Research 10,000 words "It is dedicated to studies of educational experience in schools, communities, families, and other local or transnational settings, using a range of theoretical and disciplinary approaches. CI brings together the work of both established and emerging scholars from a variety of academic fields and disciplines who theorize and examine curriculum and pedagogy, broadly defined, and whose work promotes conceptual debate and pushes beyond current understandings of educational research, theory, and practice. The journal publishes papers that explore and critique contemporary ideas, issues, trends, and problems in education, particularly those relating to curriculum, teaching and learning, teacher education, cultural practice, and educational research and policy."
https://www.springer.com/education+&+language/mathematics+education/journal/40751
55 days "The aim of this journal is to continue the effort to understand and enhance changes in the nature of worthwhile mathematical work that can be performed by learning, teachers and practitioners with digital technologies—an effort begun by Seymour Papert in the original International Journal of Computers for Mathematics Learning. " Founding editor, Nathalie Sinclair.
http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership.aspx
ASCD members Monthly Practitioner
"Our readers are educators from all levels, preK–12, and from many different disciplines and job positions—teachers, principals, superintendents, professors of education, and other leaders in education." Circulation: 135,000
Educational Researcher
http://journals.sagepub.com/home/edr
AERA members 9 per year Research 5000 words 3.827 "Educational Researcher publishes scholarly articles that are of general significance to the education research community and that come from a wide range of areas of education research and related disciplines. ER aims to make major programmatic research and new findings of broad importance widely accessible... ER encourages submissions of three types of research articles—feature articles, reviews/essays, and briefs. Technical comments may also be submitted. In addition, ER publishes commentary articles under the demarcations of policy forum, letters, and books et al."
Electronic Journal of Mathematics & Technology
The eJMT strives to publish quality papers demonstrating that Mathematics and its applicable fields can be made Fun, Accessible, Challenging and Theoretical.
The eJMT has four basic areas of interest:
Trend 1: Research in Mathematics and its Applications and Mathematics Education with Technology
Trend 2: Instruction in Mathematics and its Applications with Technology
Trend 3: Learning in Mathematics and its Applications and Mathematics Education with Technology
Trend 4: Newly Emerging Technologies and Mathematical Fields
12217 papers delivered to 4432 unique IP addresses since February 2007
Selected articles from this journal will be published in RJMT (see below).
Elementary School Journal
Highly respected journal of general education research at the elementary/primary level -- publish work in all subject areas or studies that cut across subject areas.
"ESJ publishes peer-reviewed articles dealing with both education theory and research and their implications for teaching practice. In addition, ESJ presents articles that relate the latest research in child development, cognitive psychology, and sociology to school learning and teaching. ESJ prefers to publish original studies that contain data about school and classroom processes in elementary or middle schools while occasionally publishing integrative research reviews and in-depth conceptual analyses of schooling."
Ranking: Top Quartile in SJR Education Journal ranking.
Equity and Excellence in Education
"Equity and Excellence in Education publishes articles based on scholarly research utilizing qualitative or quantitative methods, as well as essays that describe and assess practical efforts to achieve educational equity and are contextualized within an appropriate literature review. We consider manuscripts on a range of topics related to equity, equality and social justice in K-12 or postsecondary schooling, and that focus upon social justice issues in school systems, individual schools, classrooms, and/or the social justice factors that contribute to inequality in learning for students from diverse social group backgrounds. There have been and will continue to be many social justice efforts to transform educational systems as well as interpersonal interactions at all levels of schooling. Some are successful while others fall short of their goals. This journal provides a record of those important experiments and ventures."
Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education
"The aim is to advance the scholarship and the scientific knowledge base in these areas. Articles can take variety of forms of scholarly communication. We emphasize communications which have not been stressed adequately in the past such as interview/conversations with eminent scholars of the field and hence encourage authors to get engaged in such activities and prepare manuscripts of this form. We welcome ideas and suggestions for special issues dedicated to a special theme or region/country."
Ranking: 2nd Quartile in SJR Education Journal ranking.
European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
"The Journal aims to stimulate discussions on contemporary topics in science and mathematics education and to foster the application of the results in primary, secondary, and higher education. Research papers are welcome for rapid publication. The Journal is a platform for exchange of original ideas with particular emphasis on application. We welcome empirical and theoretical research papers, as well as papers on innovation of teaching techniques and technologies, and position papers. The European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education is open-access, peer-reviewed and published quarterly. There are no publication charges."
Began in 2013
Far East Journal of Mathematics Education
"The FJME is an academic journal devoted to the publication of research articles and critical survey articles on all aspects of mathematics education having potential for utility to educators, researchers, and practitioners. The FJME is being published in one volume annually comprises of three issues in the months of February, June and October."
All published articles are reviewed/indexed in Mathematical Reviews, MathSciNet, Zentralblatt für Mathematik, IndexCopernicus Data, EBSCOhost, and the journals have been evaluated for inclusion in Scopus, Elsevier's bibliographic database, Ei databases index, EMBASE, EMCare also.
Publisher: Pushpa Publishing House
This international peer-reviewed online journal aims to provide open access to the range of themes that attract attention of the mathematics education community internationally.
The FMEJ has an international editorial board.
All submissions are double-blind peer-reviewed.
If a manuscript is not accepted for publication in Fields Mathematics Education Journal and the authors choose to submit a revised version to another SpringerOpen published journal, they will pass the reviews on to the other journal's editors at the authors’ request. They will reveal the reviewers' names to the handling editor for editorial purposes unless reviewers let them know when they return their report that they do not wish us to share their report with another SpringerOpen published journal and/or that they do not wish to participate further in the peer review of this manuscript.
Published by Springer, associated with the Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences.
For the Learning of Mathematics
This journal is specific to mathematics education
"The journal aims to stimulate reflection on mathematics education at all levels, and promote study of its practices and its theories: to generate productive discussion; to encourage enquiry and research; to promote criticism and evaluation of ideas and procedures current in the field. It is intended for the mathematics educator who is aware that the learning and teaching of mathematics are complex enterprises about which much remains to be revealed and understood."
A reader-friendly journal that is open to all forms of inquiry into mathematics education, not just research reports. FLM can be thought of as a journal to publish any studies, summaries, comparisons, theoretical pieces, stories, or reflective thoughts that are worthwhile for others in the field to read. Published 3 times a year, based at the University of Alberta. Current editor: Richard Barwell. Former editors: David Wheeler, David Pimm, Brent Davis.
Articles published in English or French
Graded "A" by Toerner and Arzarello (2012).
Global Education Review
GER is a forum for reporting approaches to and implications of educational practice, as well as the influence of social, economic, and political forces on educational practice in different countries or global regions. GER is published in thematic issues that reflect on policy and practice in educational settings in the United States and abroad. Selected themes focus on issues that are relevant to the field of education, with implications for policy nationally and/or globally. As a generalist journal, GER strives to provide open access, clearly written articles that are free of technical jargon to policy makers and educators at all levels, including those directly involved with student learning on a daily basis. Theoretical, empirical, and policy related articles are welcomed that address critical issues in education throughout the world.
Online format, open access.
Focuses on policy matters or work that informs policy (though not exclusively)
Publisher: Mercy College, NY
Published quarterly.
Global Research Journal on Mathematical and Science Education
The aim of the journal is to promote fresh scholarly enquiry in the field of mathematics and science education for primary, secondary and higher level of study. It is devoted to through light on recent developments and research activities in the wide field of mathematics and science education . Its broad coverage will encompass
Mathematics Education, Science Education, Chemistry Education, Physics Education, Life Science, Environmental Education, Statistics Education, ICT Education, Technology and Engineering Education.
Policy/Curriculum/Language/History issues in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (MSTE), Challenges of MSTE in the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) context
Management Science Education, Library Science Education
International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education (IEJME)
Renamed as Journal of μathematics Education (see below)
International Journal for Research in Mathematics Education (RIPEM)
"The RIPEM publishes papers that report findings from empirical research and literature-based scholarly articles that advance theories and scholarship of Mathematics Education. The journal also accepts critical reviews of books. The RIPEM publishes three issues per year. From time to time, the Journal may produce a special issue devoted to a single, well-defined topic. Decisions relations to such special issues will be shared with the working groups of SBEM. Manuscripts must only be submitted in English. If an article is accepted for publication, authors from Portuguese- or Spanish-speaking countries will be expected to provide also a final version in Portuguese or Spanish. For authors from other countries, the journal will invite members of its editorial team to translate the English version to Portuguese."
Peer-reviewed electronic journal
Publisher: Brazilian Society for Mathematics Education
International Journal for Studies in Mathematics Education
"The International Journal for Studies in Mathematics Education (IJSME/JIEEM) aims to stimulate reflection on mathematics education at all levels: to generate productive discussion; to encourage enquiry and research; to promote criticism and evaluation of ideas and procedures current in the field. It is intended for the mathematics educator who is aware that the learning and teaching of mathematics are complex enterprises about which much remains to be revealed and understood. It reflects both the variety of research concerns within the field and the range of methods used to study them. We accept for submission articles in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish. The journal emphasizes high-level articles that go beyond local or national interest."
New in 2009. Publishes pieces in English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish.
Published semi-annually, peer-reviewed professional academic research journal.
Publisher: Uniban (Brazil)
International Journal of Computers for Mathematics Learning
See Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education above
International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line432
|
__label__wiki
| 0.664319
| 0.664319
|
Reflecting who our courts serve
Posted by Dale Husband | May 24, 2020 | 0 | 9 min read
Judge Robyn von Keisenberg
There’s some way to go before our New Zealand police and courts are staffed by men and women who, overall, reflect the communities they serve. Sadly, as with our schools and hospitals for instance, there’ve been too few bringing Māori and Pasifika understanding, style and influence. The good news, though, is that there’s been a growing recognition of that failing and its consequences. And the recent appointment of Robyn von Keisenberg as a Family Court judge is just one example of the efforts to help overcome the imbalance in the judiciary.
Kia ora, Robyn. There was a period, wasn’t there, more than 100 years ago, when Germany had Sāmoa as a colony or protectorate? And one result of that relationship is that there’s still any number of Sāmoan families bearing German surnames. But I understand that your von Keisenberg forebears came directly from Germany.
Yes. That’s my father’s whakapapa. His grandparents arrived from Germany, probably in the late 1880s and settled in Masterton. And where the Sāmoan connection came in was when, in World War One, my dad’s father, Arthur von Keisenberg, enlisted in, or was drafted into, the New Zealand army. That was after the authorities decided that New Zealanders with a German whakapapa weren’t a threat.
In the course of the war, my grandfather was posted to Sāmoa. And, more than 20 years later, because of the connections he made there, my dad Bill met my mum, Anne Mann. She was born in Apia and brought up in Apia. And she came to New Zealand when she was 19, just before the end of World War Two.
She arrived here in 1945 on the Matua, which stopped at all the Pacific islands along the way to New Zealand. She had to work in factories at first, as part of the war effort, and then she trained as a hairdresser. Members of her family eventually came out, too. Her mother, Melanie Mann (nee Fidow), who was born in Saufoto, Savai’i, arrived in in 1954. In fact, all her family were reunited here in the ‘50s.
My mother travelled frequently to and from Sāmoa for many years until the travel became too hard. We had a lot to do with her family, so fa’a-Sāmoa was very much part of my ‘afakasi upbringing.
My father was an engineer. Both parents were very much alive to the need for us four children to be well educated. My mother often used to rue the disappointment of not being able to get an education herself. The war didn’t help obviously. But my father has two degrees, in engineering and physics.
Where did you get your education?
I grew up in Auckland. We went to St Joseph’s, a tiny wee Catholic school in Ōrākei that was run, at that time, by the Brigidine nuns. They were very focused on the three Rs, so we got a great start. Then I went off to Ponsonby, to St Mary’s College, which provided an incredibly good formal education, including Latin, French, German and history.
From when I was 13 or 14, I always fancied the idea of being a lawyer. That was when Perry Mason, in his American lawyer show, was often on TV — always doing good deeds for others and getting people out of tight spots. Of course, that doesn’t bear any resemblance to what legal practice was, or is. But I liked writing, too. So that, along with Perry Mason and his problem solving, meant that law ticked the boxes as a career for me.
My sister, Rosemary, who was a year ahead of me, had gone off to architecture school. I started the seventh form. But, by that time, I didn’t want to do any more history or Latin. I just wanted to get started on my degree. So I left school after a month and went to university in March 1974 as a 16-year-old. And, within four years, I had my degree.
You would’ve had that amazing Sister Mary Leo at St Mary’s.
Yes, Sister Mary Leo was there. We all had to attend singing classes. My sister was part of the group that had singing lessons with her. But that wasn’t my thing, although we used to do a concert every year and all of us had to sing. She was our choirmaster and an extraordinary woman.
Once you got into your legal studies at law school, were there lecturers who got you thinking critically about New Zealand’s laws and their failings?
At 16 and 17, having had very little exposure to serious human conditions, most of what we studied was completely foreign to me — papers like criminal law, contract law, constitutional law and legal systems. I didn’t come from a legal family. And I didn’t know any lawyers, so it wasn’t as if, by osmosis, I’d taken a bit of that legal stuff on board. I was a blank page.
So when you ask me who were the influential people in my student life, to be honest, I was just trying to keep my head above water. This was the early years of the Socratic method of teaching law and we had some incredibly bright lecturers and professors.
But, in the 1970s, standing up and speaking your mind wasn’t part of our education system. That came in later. All of the teaching methods at law school were foreign to me and quite daunting. So I had some catch-up to do. By the second year, though, I’d got into the swing of it.
There were standout lecturers. I took family law because I admired Pauline Tapp. Another important figure was Dr David Vaver. But I don’t recall that there were too many trying to change things. What had changed, just as I started, was that tort law had undergone a major change when accident compensation was introduced in New Zealand.
And a big change that came when I was at law school was the introduction of the Property Relationship Act in 1976. That changed things radically.
But I wasn’t trying to make a statement. I was simply trying to learn and, hopefully, then practise law.
It was heady times socially in New Zealand, with the anti-Vietnam marches, Whina’s land march in 1975, followed up soon after by the Bastion Point stand. Māori were going through a difficult period that’s now referred to as a renaissance. There was poor treatment, too, of Pasifika people who were arriving en masse at that time to provide the labour for our factories. When did you realise that there were aspects of the law that were doing a poor job of serving our Māori and Pasifika people?
I’d grown up with all that because my school, St Joseph’s, was a feeder school for Ngāti Whātua in Ōrākei. The marae was very much part of our landscape. I was educated with Māori children and some Pasifika.
I never thought anything of it. That’s the oddest thing. Because it was so much part of your everyday life in the playground, and I had a Sāmoan mother, it never dawned on me until much later. I certainly remember the land march. And my father was often lending a hand at the marae. For instance, helping on the board and fund raising.
I remember joining the Vietnam peace march. My mother was horrified that we had peace signs from the Cook Street market around our necks. But that was our protest.
I often felt I was just on the fringes because I was about 18 to 24 months younger than most of the students in my year, so I was just getting on with it. I don’t remember Māori incarceration rates being discussed even in the criminal law and criminology courses I did.
While there was never much discussion about race, the hot topic was gender equality. The women lecturers like Margaret Wilson and Pauline Tapp were very outspoken on women’s rights. I did a paper with Margaret on women and the law. Pay equality and equal access to jobs were the main topics of debate.
I’m pleased, Robyn, that you decided to specialise in family law — focusing on the care of children, mental health proceedings, personal property rights and such like. What steered you in that direction?
What often happens in life is that things fall in your path. I don’t know that I especially planned to go in that direction. As a matter of fact, I didn’t practise law at all for the first five years after graduating.
As a student, I got a Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship in my second to last year which meant working for Ceramco in New Lynn. So I worked there to get a bit of life experience. Ceramco was a multinational company making Crown Lynn pottery and bricks and pipes.
They sent me to Sydney and it was while I was working there, after three years or so, that I decided I wanted to practise law. My first law job was with a large firm in Sydney, and I worked in the personal injury litigation area.
That had no bearing on anything in New Zealand because, with the ACC, we’d got rid of personal injury litigation. I did insurance law, commercial law, too, and I discovered that wasn’t what I wanted to do. But it helped me decide on the law area where I wanted to work.
I returned to New Zealand and got a job in South Auckland with Rice Craig, a large firm based in Papakura. As a junior, you were told what you needed to do. We were automatically given family law files. We also did some criminal law.
So, for years, I did criminal law, youth courts, legal aid and work as a duty solicitor. In effect, you had to do it all when I started, almost 40 years ago.
Doing criminal work taught me that many offenders had serious mental health issues or substance issues. In those days, there weren’t the systems and funding like we have now. Now there are alcohol/drug courts, and a pilot has just started on mental health and disability courts.
Then, not long after I left Rice Craig, I joined a small firm in Ponsonby. My boss was one of the first district mental health inspectors and she was the person who would investigate complaints and do checks.
Through her, the Auckland District Law Society started a roster of lawyers to assist patients on committal — those where an application had been made to compulsorily treat them. I was one of the first people on the roster, probably in 1990. The Mental Health Act changed but the rosters remained. We still have them. And I think that’s a great system.
Because of that background, people in the profession would contact me to help with mental health cases. Then the PPPR (Protection of Personal and Property Rights) Act came into force, so that area of the law is certainly growing. Because our population is ageing, it’s becoming quite complex to determine who has the power. You’d think it’d be fairly streamlined, but it’s not. There are many disputes between family members about who’s controlling the money or who’s making the decisions on healthcare for the vulnerable person.
It was from that involvement that I got appointed to the Mental Health Review Tribunal. That tribunal deals with people who already have a compulsory order and who are applying to be released from the act. There’s a psychiatrist, a community member and a legal member on the tribunal and they decide on whether the patient is fit for release.
You talk about the disparity in representation. Well, I stopped working in criminal law years ago because it wasn’t compatible with family law. What became very obvious in mental health work is the over-representation of Māori. I don’t think the stats show an imbalance for Pacific Island representation but certainly they do for Māori.
I got involved with family law because I enjoyed the work, it’s interesting, and I was always trying to find a solution for some of these issues.
With family at her swearing in. Back row: Robyn (right) with her husband, Eric Mahoney, and her mother, Anne. Front row from left, daughter Rebecca, father Bill, and son Nicholas.
Congratulations on your appointment to the bench, Robyn. This is another important responsibility for you.
I’ve been in practice for many years. I’m looking forward to the change in role — and its challenges.
You’re going to be based in the Auckland Family Court. What are some of the challenges ahead of you and how do you anticipate your work as a family lawyer will help?
The common thread in notes that I’ve had following my appointment, is a reference to my “vast experience”. That’s just code for being old. I’ve certainly been around for a long time. But, even though you’re experienced, you still need to keep your mind open and to stay fresh. You have to analyse the situation and, within the framework of the law, find a solution.
I have little doubt that my years of experience with children, vulnerable people, poverty and disabilities, all of which are the day-to-day fodder of the Family Court, will help.
I want to wish you well, Robyn, with that work. And with the prospect, perhaps, of one day seeing, our Polynesian structures merge with the Westminster system. It’s encouraging to see Māori and Pasifika tikanga and cultural values permeating the legal scene. Do you feel we’re heading in the right direction as we try to take the best from the two systems and honour the intention of the Treaty of Waitangi?
It’s an interesting time to be part of the law. I think the merging of Polynesian and Pākehā values is fantastic. And it’s heartening to see the diverse appointments to the courts this round. I guess they’re to reflect the community served by the court.
Hopefully, once it takes hold, people won’t even notice. It will become just part of the decision-making process as it’s been for some time. I think we’re on the right path.
Have your kids followed in your legal footsteps or opted for engineering?
My son Nicholas did engineering. He was accepted for law school but I persuaded him that if you can do maths you can do law later. He’s very analytical. He likes the written word. He did engineering and then a master’s degree in management — and he works for an accounting firm. Our daughter Rebecca does PR for David Jones in Melbourne. She started law but hated it. And of all the grandchildren in the wider family, not one has done law.
(This interview has been edited for length and clarity.)
PreviousPartnership is critical during a crisis
NextDebbie Ngarewa-Packer: Taking on the world from Pātea
Denise Wallwork: Keeping people out of prison
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line433
|
__label__cc
| 0.678773
| 0.321227
|
An Innovative Solution to Africa’s Stress Disorder Crisis
By ElombahNews On Oct 16, 2015
Image: The co-author, David Leffler
For over a decade, 18 African nations have been ravaged by war, exposing military personnel and civilians to violence and trauma. As a result, one hundred million Africans now suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and in parts of Africa, 50 percent or more of the population are afflicted with PTSD. Its effects debilitate individuals and ripple into their families and communities. PTSD affects not only military combatants but also anyone who witnesses or experiences extremely terrifying, tragic or traumatic events such as natural disasters, rape, torture or kidnapping.
PTSD comes with a variety of symptoms, including inability to sleep, horrific and intense flashbacks to high-stress combat experiences, depression, and difficulty relating to friends, family and spouse, etc. The brains and personalities of those with PTSD simply have not been able to process the intensity of past trauma. These experiences continue to haunt and debilitate the lives of those suffering from its effects.
Research has shown that the practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique can result in large reductions in PTSD symptoms in short periods of time. In a study on Congolese refugees, 90% of subjects improved into the “non-symptomatic” range within 30 days and stayed that way throughout the 135 days of the research (2). A follow-up study replicated those findings and showed that two thirds of the benefit occurred within 10 days of learning the TM technique (3). Effect sizes were larger than those seen with other behavioral and meditation, relaxation or stress management techniques.
American Vietnam-era veterans with PTSD were taught TM and showed significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and negative personality traits (4). Similarly, Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had a 50% reduction in PTS symptoms in a three-month period after learning the TM technique (5).
TM is a cost-effective, easily learned, effortless mental technique from the ancient meditative traditions of India. Over five million people worldwide have learned this non-religious technique. It is taught in a systematic, highly structured and standardized manner by trained teachers. Over 350 peer-reviewed studies have documented its positive effects on mental and physical health.
The efficacy of TM practice has been confirmed by the American Heart Association, which concluded that TM is the only behavioral technique that can be recommended for lowering hypertension (6). Previous meta-analyses have also shown TM to be the most effective behavioral technique in reducing anxiety (7).
TM practice produces a state of “restful alertness” – deep rest that allows for a kind of passive processing of trauma. TM dissolves the deep stresses incurred by trauma on the physiological level and thereby attenuates identification with the trauma on the mental level.
During TM practice brain wave activity becomes highly coherent, an indicator of orderliness and brain integration. Biological age and stress hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine decrease. Indices of relaxation and well-being such as serotonin levels, galvanic skin resistance, and immune-modulatory effects all increase (8).
Although conventional approaches to PTSD can improve self-confidence, sense of mastery and coping mechanisms, TM practice apparently goes deeper. It provides a broader spectrum of benefits, including increases in ego development, executive functioning, personality integration, creativity, problem-solving abilities and intelligence. More “side benefits” of TM practice include significant global improvement in psychological functioning and well-being beyond disorder-specific symptom reduction (8).
In addition, African military personnel and veterans may be hesitant to seek PTSD treatment because doing so might be viewed as a sign of weakness. TM is a self-sufficient technique, free from the possible stigma of mental health services.
The faces and words of people with PTSD whose lives have been changed by TM practice can reveal far more than this article. To hear one woman’s experience, please visit http://tinyurl.com/oqdmdep.
Lessons from Trump’s Foiled ‘Coup’ ~ by Olusegun Adeniyi
Order over justice: man’s original sin ~ By Osmund Agbo
Human Trafficking: JIFORM Calls for Multi-Dimensional Approach to…
Available data indicate that TM is effective in decreasing symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Delay in its implementation allows that suffering to persist.
By Brian Rees, M.D., M.P.H.; David O’Connell, Ph.D.; and David Leffler, Ph.D.
Colonel (Ret.) Brian Rees, a former VA doctor, is a graduate of the US Army War College who served in the Army Reserve for 37 years, including five deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. He was the lead author of the two studies on TM for PTSD in Congolese refugees. His most recent book, Detained: Emails and musings from a spiritual journey through Abu Ghraib, Kandahar and other garden spots, was published this month.
Dr. David O’Connell is an author and has been a clinical and forensic psychologist for over 35 years. He most recently edited Prescribing Health: Transcendental Meditation in Contemporary Medical Care (New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield; 2015).
Dr. David Leffler is the Executive Director at the Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS). He served in the US Air Force for nearly nine years and has published articles about TM in over 1,000 locations worldwide.
1. JAMA 2015; 314(5), 489-500
2. J Counseling and Development 1985; 64, 212-214
3. Military Medicine 2011; 176, 626-630
4. J Traumatic Stress 2013; 26, 295-298
6. Hypertension. 2013 June; 61(6):1360-1383. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
7. J Altern Complement Med. 2014; 20(5), 330-341
8. Multiple references at: Orme-Johnson, D. (2015) http://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/TMResearch/TMResearchSummary/index.cfm
There is no court Order against the screening Amaechi – APC
Another set of bomb blasts hit Maiduguri in Friday morning attack
Human Trafficking: JIFORM Calls for Multi-Dimensional Approach to Addressing Menace
Good bye 2020: A year with great turmoil ~ by Abba Dukawa
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line438
|
__label__wiki
| 0.989074
| 0.989074
|
Oyo Governor names Vanguard Editor, Ajani, Media Adviser
By ElombahNews On Jul 10, 2019
Oyo State Governor, Engineer Seyi Makinde has approved the appointment of the immediate past Sunday Editor of Vanguard newspaper, Mr. Jide Ajani as Special Adviser, Media.
A statement by the Chief Press Secretary to the Governor, Mr. Taiwo Adisa, confirmed Ajani’s appointment, which he said takes immediate effect.
Ajani read Mass Communication at the Ogun State Polytechnic (Now Moshood Abiola Polytechnic) Abeokuta and also holds a Masters’ degree in Communication Studies from the University of Leicester, England.
Through the instrumentality of some Executive Programmes, Ajani became an alumnus of Oxford University – Smith School of The Environment – Oxford; Aston Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading; and Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester – all in the United Kingdom, (UK).
He was appointed Editor, Sunday Vanguard, in December 2011 having served as Politics Editor of the Vanguard between January 2000 and November 2008.
He was subsequently named Deputy Sunday Editor in November 2008 and remained on that post till December 2010 when he was named Editor, Northern Operations in January 2011.
In June 2011, he was re-appointed Deputy Editor, Sunday Vanguard and emerged Editor Sunday Vanguard in December of the same year.
Before rising to the position of Editor Sunday Vanguard, he had worked at the defunct Reflections Magazine between 1987 and 1988 as well as The Sunday Magazine, TSM, where he was a Staff Writer between October 1991 and December 1992.
Ajani had also worked as an aide to the former Defence Chief, General Domkat Yah Bali (rtd), and had been involved in public relations and public policy Advisory.
Governor Makinde wished Ajani success on the new position.
Wike assures of continued good governance as Obi commissions…
33rd session of ECOWAS mediation & security council at the…
Taiwo Adisa,
Chief Press Secretary to the Governor of Oyo State.
July 9, 2019.
Breaking: Nigeria’s Total Debt Stock Rises To N24.9tr —DMO
VIDEO: Nigerians Protest At UK Embassy Chanting “Buhari Must Go”
33rd session of ECOWAS mediation & security council at the Ambassadorial level…
De-Marketing Anambra State: Corruption is Fighting Back, but it will fail
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line439
|
__label__cc
| 0.626173
| 0.373827
|
Review by Laura Raud
Paprika 2006 ★★★★
Laura Raud’s review published on Letterboxd:
The thing about this movie is that, at first, you probably won't understand anything. Maybe the first half hour or so. And by that I mean that you'll be very confused for a long time. Even frustrated. But the thing that will keep you going is the fact, that this movie is very intriguing. You will want to know what's going on and you will watch the movie until at some point everything will start making sense. Now I might be overstepping the boundaries here by assuming that you will all feel the same way about this movie, but I'm not saying that. I'm hoping for that. Because this movie really is worth the watch.
Another thing this movie is known for, is the speculation that a lot of "Inception's" originally came from "Paprika" and I'm not going to lie, if you watch this movie, a lot things are suspiciously similar. And well, because "Paprika" is older than "Inception" and not completely unknown either... Well, we can assume the worst. But I don't really want to elaborate on that any further.
The movie takes place in the not-so-far-away future where a new kind of therapy has been invented. It's called "dream therapy" where therapists dive into their patient's dream using a device called the DC mini. Now the problem is that the device has not yet been completed and a few of the prototypes go missing. Wrong use of the DC mini could result in disaster.
I can't say much more about the plot without giving anything away though, but I can tell you one thing - this movie is a gem. Although (like i previously mentioned) it's a little bit hard or frustrating to watch at first, it's totally worth it.
It does have a few problems though, one of them being the length of the movie. It falls a bit short leaving the end solved but not entirely satisfying. The tempo of the movie is a bit slower at the begging and ultrafast towards the end but because of the amount of information we're given in the end (especially drastic compared to the lack of any information at the beginning of the movie) I, myself, felt the need for a better resolution.
The animation is great. It's very well made and also bends the rules in the most fantastic way. It does things you could never see in a movie without it looking horrible or over-edited. It really lives up to its full potential.
"Paprika" is also famous for its soundtrack which, I must say, is genius! It is very well placed and combined. It truly is wonderful. I, myself, cannot get enough of it.
In conclusion I would like to say that this movie is very worth the watch, I do recommend it to everyone, but I would also like to say that this probably isn't the best animation for children. It's isn't very explicit, but it's psychologically very intense and a little bit hard to follow. But fun. It's a fun movie.
zombieswatchingmovies.blogspot.com
Laura is using Letterboxd to share film reviews and lists with friends. Join here.
Laura’s films
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line440
|
__label__wiki
| 0.78629
| 0.78629
|
When it comes to film franchises, you usually know what you are going to get after watching the first movie. Movie franchises like Die Hard, Fast and Furious, and Star Wars might claim to go in new directions, but there is a sameness about them that spans the years. That’s not a bad thing, of course, and you only have to look at the box office receipts to see that the fans want that. There is a pretty good reason for this claim of ours.
We get to love the characters that usually are either main protagonists or are playing smaller roles that appear in pretty much all the titles in a particular franchise. We can see that creating franchises is a pretty popular concept, due to the possibilities for the storytelling that can be told in a much bigger capacity than having just one movie.
It’s needless to say that the urge for creating future entries heavily depends on how much people will be interested in the story movie has to tell. Furthermore, we can see franchises are the sources of TV shows, which are probably the most popular way of telling a particular story. Just see how streaming services and how popular they’ve become in the last couple of years and you will understand.
Anyway, let’s get back to franchises. It can be said that some of the future installments can be prone to some changes that would not be understandable at first sight. Surely, we can see that there are a lot of these examples. But that doesn’t make them less interesting, right? Moreover, it should be said that the vast majority of these movies are pretty consistent when it comes to the story.
However, if there is one franchise that has challenged itself to be intrinsically different over the years, it’s the Alien series. At this point, after eight movies (we are including Alien vs. Predator films), there isn’t even a typical Alien movie. We believe that this franchise has a lot of quality. There have been some great movies, and we list the best five in order below:
Alien (1979)
It should come as no surprise that Alien is number one – it’s a masterpiece of sci-fi horror from Ridley Scott. While later films will expand on the themes, plotline, and action sequences, the original Alien is basically, as critic David Thomson put it, “a haunted house film”. Like all good horror films, it relies on atmosphere and tension rather than cheap ‘jump scares’ alone, although there are a few of the latter. It can be said that this is one of the main virtues of this picture.
We believe that the reason behind the popularity of the first installment in the Alien franchise is that it sets the tone for future movies. Some of them came to a lot of years in the future. But that doesn’t change the fact that you will feel the tone from the first one no matter which one of these you are looking for. All the action takes place on the Nostromo, a commercial space tug that seems to get more and more claustrophobic for the protagonist, Ripley (Sigourney Weaver). Made on a budget of $11 million, it doesn’t look dated at all over 40 years later.
James Cameron took the reins from Ridley Scott, and he delivered an excellent film that moved the franchise towards classic action sci-fi and away from the atmospheric dread of the original. The action takes place 57 years later, with Ripley leading the charge to kill a colony of aliens on the exomoon, LV-426. As you might expect, disaster looms. Cameron, who had just had his biggest hit with The Terminator, worked on a relatively tight budget ($18 million), but Aliens raked it in 10 times that amount at the box-office.
However, we can see that despite the changes that happened in this movie the original atmosphere is pretty well done. Thankfully, Cameron took the major things from the first movie and expanded them in his movie. Aliens, critically speaking, was something of a sleeper, growing more acclaimed over the years after a lukewarm critical response in 1986. This approach wasn’t considered as a miss and we can see that this movie got many different awards in the world of cinema. In 2008, Empire Magazine ranked it as no. 30 in its Top 500 Films of All Time.
This might be a controversial pick at number three, and some might put AvP at the bottom of the franchise, but we are not apologizing. AvP is fun, and it does not try to take itself too seriously. Just like visiting the platform where you can play games ( you can find more information visiting this site ); you know what you are going to do here; and, movie-goers lapped it up, with AvP taking in almost $180 million at the box-office.
It should be said that anyone who craves any kind of plot is in the wrong place. Similarly to all the movies done by Paul W. S. Anderson, you cannot expect Alien vs. Predator to have some kind of exceptionally written story. The approach is pretty simple. It can be described as “style over substance”. However, we won’t dwell on the plot because there is none – just two iconic movie monsters bashing each other for 101 minutes. Grab the popcorn.
Alien Covenant (2017)
While we hailed AvP as a film knowing exactly what it is, Alien Covenant perhaps falls down on the fact that it is unsure of itself. Like its predecessor, Prometheus, Alien Covenant tries to answer big philosophical questions, sometimes succeeding but often failing. Ridley Scott is back as director and producer, and it shows in the wonderful set design and haunting tone, which is a pretty good approach, similar to previous entries in the franchise.
Some critics loathe Alien Covenant, but others love it. That’s why it makes our list because, while scrambled, there are some elements that make this a masterpiece. We can say that the main quality of this movie is that it polarized the opinion about its quality. We will not provide you with our detailed opinion. The reason is, we believe that this small explanation is more than enough. Similar things could be said about Prometheus, which narrowly failed to make our list.
Alien 3 (1992)
You might see a pattern here, but Alien 3 is loved by some and hated by others. This time around, David Fincher is in the director’s chair, and that leads to some bonkers ideas. Fincher made some brave decisions, killing key cast members and transporting Ripley off to a prison planet to fight more aliens and an all-male religious sect. This is the third movie where viewers will follow this iconic character and is surely among the favourite titles.
Weaver is brilliant, taking the Ripley character to new heights by displaying simultaneous qualities of vulnerability and badassery. Add to that the fact that the movie is brilliantly directed by a master director, Fincher. Fincher disowned the film after claiming the studio had messed too much with it, and so there is a lot of talk about the director’s cut. But the theatrical version is perhaps misunderstood, and, like Aliens, has grown more loved over time. It can be said that it became some sort of a cult classic.
Alien 3 Alien Covenant Alien Universe Alien vs Predator franchises
Last modified: December 17, 2020
About the Author: Sebastian Merton
Solve Captcha* + 35 = 40
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line441
|
__label__wiki
| 0.610491
| 0.610491
|
Countdown to Year 2000
Assessing Your Y2K Conversion
With Information Technology (IT) divisions around the globe nearing the end of the countdown to 2000 (or 1900 if they are not successful), many companies find themselves only mid-way into the conversion process. While some Fortune 1000 companies are close to completion, many small-to-mid sized companies are lagging behind due to budget constraints, lack of trained staff to aid in the conversion, or a belief that their systems are already compliant. The Year 2000 conversion process has five major components: Awareness, Assessment, Renovation, Validation and Implementation.
By some estimates, approximately 58 percent of major companies are still in the throes of the assessment phase - drafting their budget and developing a plan to ensure a compliant system. These efforts will have a significant impact on a company's overall financial and competitive position. Triaxsys Research L.L.C., tracks the largest corporations based on their annual revenues and studies their SEC files for the Y2K statements contained in the quarterly and annual reports. Triaxsys reported that as of July 1998 a mere 6 percent of the top 250 corporations have reached the testing phase.
Based on current estimates, many companies will complete their Y2K conversion projects very close to the final deadline, leaving little room for an all-important "check up" on their Validation phase. Once past the Assessment and Renovation phases, organizations should take an additional, but worthwhile step toward checking that renovated systems are truly Y2K-compliant.
Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) and Intensive Testing is perhaps the most critical stage of the Y2K conversion project. A total of 45 to 60 percent of a company's total Y2K budget should be allocated for this phase, during which many unforeseen difficulties often surface, including incorrect coding changes or difficulties with electronic data interchange.
Accurate documentation of code changes during the Renovation phase will drastically speed IV&V and Intensive testing. Most remediation tools enable the programmer to include notes or comments in the lines of source code, noting precisely where changes were made and what the changes entailed as a form of audit trail. A validation tool allows testers to search the program quickly to find areas that were changed. Human errors in editing and logic inevitably play a role as source code is altered, and the audit trail leaves footprints that facilitate the IV&V process.
Double Take: A Second Look at Compliance
The techniques involved in a Y2K second look follow the same stages or phases as sequential software development methodologies. The analyst team follows a model that defines the problem and requirements, its specification, design and coding, followed by testing, operation and maintenance. The effort assumes that the system is not ready, and as in a regular testing procedure, sets out to determine where dates are present by scanning source code. The analyst team can re-interview subject matter experts to identify which programs or components are most critical, and re-evaluate risk assessment should particular programs or components have failed in early validation tests. With this intelligence, the analyst team prioritizes the review process, and initiates a four-phase testing procedure with each building for the next test phase.
- This includes scanning the source code as a whole for dates and double-checking each area where the documentation notes that changes were made and the use of various testing routines (Requirements, Regression, Date Aging, etc.) and test data libraries.
- The analyst team continues with the various testing routines and review of output from these tests to ensure integration of modules and applications is successful.
- Frequently, software applications are linked to other applications on the same system or with other distributed computer systems. The data shared must be checked to confirm that the interchange has functioned correctly. The review of testing output will check to see that data and parameters are passed correctly and if application timing has been disrupted across the system(s).
Organizations should adhere to a single methodology and tool set throughout the conversion project. Companies that outsource Y2K renovation, however, should consider a different tool for the second check. The additional expenditure may be a factor, however, the costs associated with a non-compliant system will far outweigh the cost of any preventative measure.
As businesses race closer to January 1, 1999, increasing attention should be paid to ensuring that business partners, vendors, distributors, suppliers, telcom, utilities and banking services are also Y2K-compliant. Special task forces will help organizations focus on the different links of each chain. Their first priority should be to establish a list of an organization's EDI interchanges and gain an understanding of the information data that is being exchanged. The task force must then investigate each point of failure identified as outside of company control for their Y2K conversion project status and progress to date.
Finally, the Year 2000 issue has called worldwide attention to our ultimate reliance on Information Technology. A long lasting benefit of the conversion process should be more advanced QA/QC procedures that will enhance overall business practices. In the long run, organizations that use Y2K as an opportunity to redefine and enhance these procedures will be well positioned to survive - and thrive - in the next millennium.
Tom Soeder is Chairman of RMM, Inc. (Columbia, Md.), a Year 2000 remediation solutions provider, and one of the few companies to hold Y2K patents. He can be reached at (410) 730-8118 or tsoeder@rmm-inc.com.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line447
|
__label__cc
| 0.719388
| 0.280612
|
BlogHome » Final Paper You are the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sell
Final Paper
You are the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sells fireworks, puts on ground display fireworks, and large aerial display fireworks. The company started in the owner’s garage two years ago and now has 15 employees that you manage. The company started as a sole proprietorship, and the owner has never changed the entity. The owner has informed you that the company has received inquiries from several large businesses wondering if the company could create several fireworks displays on a regular basis. The owner told the inquirers that the company could fill such display orders, and a price per display was agreed upon. It was discussed that most of the cost for a fireworks display is for skilled labor, insurance, and the actual service of setting off the fireworks. No other details were discussed. The owner is anticipating that new employees will need to be hired, but he is worried that if the large orders for fireworks displays do not continue, the company will not have the funds to pay the new employees. The owner is now considering changing the business entity, but he does not know what entity to form or how to form it.
The owner has asked you to do the following:
Determine if the contracts with the businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and explain why.
Analyze whether the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract.
Explain the potential personal liability to Acme Fireworks if a spectator is injured by a stray firework from a fireworks display.
Discuss the different employment types and relationships relevant to agency law, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each type specific to Acme Fireworks.
Explain why Acme Fireworks should not operate as a sole proprietorship. Recommend a new business entity, and provide rationale to support your recommendation.
For each task, be sure to analyze the relevant law, apply the facts to the law, and make a conclusion.
Must be 8 to 10 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. That is, describe what your response is to the content, either positive or negative, and defend your position. If multiple options, alternatives, and/or positions are present and are being rejected, you must also defend the reasons for rejecting an option.
Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
Must include at least five scholarly sources, two of which must be from the Ashford University Library, in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).
The Outline is attached and you have to use this along with the paper.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line449
|
__label__wiki
| 0.512619
| 0.512619
|
Can Andean medicine coexist with biomedical healthcare? A comparison of two rural communities in Peru and Bolivia
Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel1,
Ina Vandebroek2 &
Stephan Rist3
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine volume 8, Article number: 26 (2012) Cite this article
It is commonly assumed that indigenous medical systems remain strong in developing countries because biomedicine is physically inaccessible or financially not affordable. This paper compares the health-seeking behavior of households from rural Andean communities at a Peruvian and a Bolivian study site. The main research question was whether the increased presence of biomedicine led to a displacement of Andean indigenous medical practices or to coexistence of the two healing traditions.
Open-ended interviews and free listing exercises were conducted between June 2006 and December 2008 with 18 households at each study site. Qualitative identification of households’ therapeutic strategies and use of remedies was carried out by means of content analysis of interview transcriptions and inductive interference. Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the incidence of culture-bound illnesses in local ethnobiological inventories was performed.
Our findings indicate that the health-seeking behavior of the Andean households in this study is independent of the degree of availability of biomedical facilities in terms of quality of services provided, physical accessibility, and financial affordability, except for specific practices such as childbirth. Preference for natural remedies over pharmaceuticals coexists with biomedical healthcare that is both accessible and affordable. Furthermore, our results show that greater access to biomedicine does not lead to less prevalence of Andean indigenous medical knowledge, as represented by the levels of knowledge about culture-bound illnesses.
The take-home lesson for health policy-makers from this study is that the main obstacle to use of biomedicine in resource-poor rural areas might not be infrastructural or economic alone. Rather, it may lie in lack of sufficient recognition by biomedical practitioners of the value and importance of indigenous medical systems. We propose that the implementation of health care in indigenous communities be designed as a process of joint development of complementary knowledge and practices from indigenous and biomedical health traditions.
The developing world’s population relies heavily on indigenous medicine to meet its health care needs. In some developing countries, up to 80% of the population uses indigenous medicine for primary health care [1]. The World Health Organization and the World Bank explain the relationship between poverty and poor health as follows:
"“When formal health care services are unavailable, people turn to traditional medicine. In most cases, they say that they would rather be treated by modern health care providers, but often traditional services are all they can access or afford”([2], p.24)."
This quotation summarizes a commonly held assumption among health policy-makers and researchers since the beginning of the 1980s, namely that indigenous medical systems remain strong in developing countries because formal health care is physically inaccessible or not affordable [3, 4]. Young and Garro [5], in a comparative study of two Mexican communities that share the same ethnomedical beliefs, observed that inhabitants from the community with better access to biomedicine consulted a physician nearly twice as much as people from the other community. The corollary of this assumption is that increased access to biomedicine displaces indigenous medical knowledge and practices through a process of “medical hegemony” [6], a view supported by several authors [7–10].
In the present paper, we investigate this assumption by comparing the health-seeking behavior of households from rural Andean Quechua communities in Peru and Bolivia. The main research question was whether the increased presence of biomedicine led to a displacement of Andean medicine or to coexistence of indigenous and biomedical health care. Our hypothesis was that at the Peruvian field site, where biomedical facilities are more accessible and affordable than at the Bolivian site, the use of Andean medicine would be at a lower level. We combined a qualitative research approach to identify and analyze households’ therapeutic strategies and use of remedies with quantitative assessment of the incidence of culture-bound illnesses in local ethnobiological inventories.
Medical pluralism refers to the coexistence of various medical traditions. Baer [11] describes a widely used model developed by Chrisman and Kleinman [12] that distinguishes three overlapping sectors in pluralistic health care systems: 1) the popular sector (health care provided by the sick persons themselves, their families, social networks, and communities); 2) the folk sector (health care provided by traditional healers, including herbalists, bonesetters, midwives, mediums, and magicians); and 3) the professional sector (health care provided by practitioners and institutions in biomedicine and professionalized heterodox medical systems, such as Chinese, Ayurvedic and Unani medicine). Researchers working in the Andes have recognized the coexistence of these three types of medical traditions [13, 14]. We will hereafter use the terms “indigenous” or “Andean” medicine to refer to the popular and folk sectors and the terms “biomedicine” and “formal health care” to refer to the professional sector as defined by Chrisman and Kleinman [12]. Within Andean medicine, we further distinguish self-treatment (popular sector) from recourse to healers (folk sector).
Historically, scholars who study medical pluralism have often considered these different medical systems as closed or even competing domains [15, 16]. However, Crandon-Malamud [14] suggests that this view is the result of artificial boundaries set up by researchers for analytical purposes, and that exchanges between systems may be ubiquitous. Some authors stress that indigenous medicine and biomedicine might be part of the same cognitive system, characterized by the integration and syncretism of the medical beliefs, knowledge and practices of these two healing traditions [17–23]. Other researchers affirm that complementarities can exist between these contrasting medical systems, as exemplified by the multiple use of these systems by sick persons or active collaboration between practitioners of both types of medicine [24–29]. Nonetheless, one must also consider “the unequal global power relations involved in the creation and use of particular health care systems in specific places by different groups of people” ([10], p.305). This is especially true when looking at the interactions between biomedicine and indigenous medical systems, given the overall dominance of the former as a global and state-supported apparatus over the latter as a local cultural model [6, 9–11, 30, 31].
Research setting and study sites
This study was part of the research component of BioAndes, an international cooperation program that aimed to contribute to the conservation of biocultural diversity in the Bolivian, Peruvian, and Ecuadorian Andes [32]. Formal agreements were signed between the program’s implementing agencies and their governmental counterparts at the national and municipal levels. The study was carried out at the Institute of Geography of the University of Bern, which does not have an ethical review board. However, it was approved by the boards of both the Swiss National Centre of Research North–South and the Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE). Both institutions subscribe to the KFPE’s Eleven Principles for Transboundary Research Partnerships [33].
Research was conducted by the first author between June 2006 and April 2010 in two of the seven field areas of the BioAndes program: the rural communities of Waca Playa (17°27'30"S, 66°29'21"W) in Tapacarí Province, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia, and Pitumarca (13°58’48”-S; 71°25’W) in Canchis Province, Cusco Department, Peru (Figure 1). Although located in two different countries, these study sites were selected for their historical, sociocultural, and ecological similarities despite differing availability of formal health care services, as shown in Table 1.
Map of the study sites [[35]]. Research was conducted in Pitumarca District in the Department of Cusco, Peru (A) and in Waca Playa Subcentral in the Province of Tapacari, Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia (B).
Table 1 Variables of human development, health, and availability of biomedical facilities in Waca Playa and Pitumarca
Waca Playa is a rural subcentral in the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera, 65 km east of the city of Cochabamba. Its capital is located at 3,950 m.a.s.l., on the top of a hill that overhangs the territory of five peasant villages (Figure 2). The site belongs to the “Central Andean Puna” (montane grassland and shrubland biome) and “Bolivian Montane Dry Forests” (tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome) global ecoregions [34]. Pitumarca is a rural district in the Southern Peruvian Andes, 87 km south-west of the city of Cusco. The town is situated at 3,580 m.a.s.l., at the bottom of the Pitumarca Valley (Figure 3). The site corresponds to the “Central Andean Wet Puna” ecoregion (montane grassland and shrubland biome) [34]. Both sites display a similar anthropogenic landscape, composed of a mosaic of small cultivated parcels, remnant patches of native forests (e.g. Polylepis spp.) and exotic plantations (e.g. Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus spp.), rivers, rocks, and grasslands.
View from the village of Tres Cruces in Waca Playa Subcentral, Bolivia.
Valley of Pitumarca, Peru. The town of Pitumarca can be seen in the background.
Both study sites are inhabited by indigenous Quechua-speaking farmers who gained community property rights over their territory after the agrarian reforms (in 1953 in Bolivia and from 1968 to 1975 in Peru). At the village level, authorities are elected from amongst the households on a rotational basis. Decisions are taken at monthly assemblies, where all the village’s households are represented. The population of both sites is mainly engaged in subsistence farming with the growing of grains (e.g. maize, wheat, quinoa, barley, oats), many varieties of potatoes and other Andean tubers (e.g. Ullucus tuberosus Caldas and Oxalis spp.), vegetables and fruits, and the herding of livestock (sheep, goats, cows, and also lamas and alpacas in Pitumarca’s highlands). The surplus production is sold at local and regional markets. Local livelihoods are supplemented by temporal migration to the Amazon lowlands or to the urban centers for remunerated work. In addition, some households are also engaged in commercial activities [35].
The most common health problems found at both sites are respiratory, gastrointestinal, parasitic, infectious, skin diseases, and labor complications [36, 37]. Andean medicine is an important health resource for the local population; it is performed by laypeople themselves, who are highly knowledgeable about medicinal plants and animals, and by specialists such as healers, bonesetters, and midwives [36, 37]. Most natural remedies are collected locally, but others grow outside the study sites and are bought at local markets (Figures 4 and 5).
Participant in the study collecting medicinal plants around her house in the village of Lambramani, Waca Playa, Bolivia.
Medicinal plants sold at the weekly market of Pitumarca, Peru.
From Table 1, it is clear that formal health care is better in Pitumarca than in Waca Playa, both in terms of the quality of services provided and physical access to the nearest hospital. In Waca Playa a small health post with an auxiliary nurse was established only in 1995 (Figure 6). In contrast, Pitumarca has had a health center since the 1960s where eleven health professionals now operate (one medical doctor, two obstetricians, two nurses, and six auxiliary nurses). Furthermore, whereas there are no health workers based in Waca Playa’s villages, in Pitumarca village members are recruited by the health center as volunteer health workers. They receive basic training once a month in nutrition, hygiene, breastfeeding, and prevention of common afflictions such as parasitic illnesses, pneumonias, and diarrhea. Their main task is to ensure that sick villagers, young children and pregnant women go to the health center for treatment, vaccinations, or routine check-ups. Table 1 also shows that biomedical health services are more affordable to the local population in Pitumarca (Peru) than in Waca Playa (Bolivia). Social health security coverage is better in Pitumarca. In Bolivia, the SUMI (Seguro Universal Materno Infantil) was created by Law 2426 in 2002 and provides coverage for pregnant women until six months after childbirth and for children up to age five. In Peru, the SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) was created by Law 27675 in 2002, resulting from the fusion of the SMI (Seguro Materno Infantil), which provided coverage for pregnant women and children up to the age of five living in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty, and the SEG (Seguro Escolar Gratuito), which gave free health care to students in state schools under age 17 . In 2005, Peruvian Law 28588 extended SIS coverage to all adults, regardless of age, living in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty – which applies to the population of Pitumarca. The United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index is also higher in Pitumarca than in Waca Playa, which implies that Pitumarquinos have an overall higher income per capita, better education, and longer life expectancy.
Waca Playa’s health post, Bolivia.
Data for this study were collected between March 2007 and May 2008 in Waca Playa and between June and December 2008 in Pitumarca. Prior informed consent was obtained orally from community representatives and from each person interviewed prior to data collection. Open-ended interviews and free listing exercises were conducted with 18 households at each study site. In addition, expert interviews were conducted with representatives from the formal (one in Waca Playa and two in Pitumarca) and indigenous (two in Waca Playa and two in Pitumarca) health sectors at both study sites, as well as with three health workers from Pitumarca from among the participating households. Interviews were conducted in Quechua, with the help of a native Quechua-speaking translator, and/or in Spanish when the interviewees were also fluent in this language. They were recorded, translated into Spanish where needed, and transcribed for further analysis.
All the participating households from Waca Playa and ten from Pitumarca were selected at village assemblies, in order to represent young (20 to 34 years old), middle-aged (35 to 49 years old), and elderly (50 years old and above) households. The remaining eight participating households from Pitumarca volunteered themselves. Participants represented the villages of Tres Cruces (nine households, 18% of all households) and Lambramani (nine households, 23% of all households) in Waca Playa and the villages of Huasapampa (ten households, 16% of all households) and Huito (eight households, 13% of all households) in Pitumarca. According to the age of the main interviewee in each household, two participants from Waca Playa were young, seven were middle-aged, and nine were elderly. In Pitumarca, six participants were young, seven middle-aged, and five elderly. Most participants from Waca Playa had no formal education or had reached the primary level. Only one participant had more than six years of education. In Pitumarca, thirteen participants had no formal education or less than six years of education, while five participants had seven or more years of formal education. Interviews took place during three to six visits to each household with the husband and/or the wife. Each interview lasted approximately one to three hours. Information was also occasionally cross-checked by means of additional interviews with the adult children. Data were collected at the household level because preliminary field work showed that illness and well-being were family issues. Decisions regarding health-seeking options were usually taken by the sick person (or his/her parents in the case of children) after discussion with the other household members, and sometimes also with the extended family (parents, siblings, etc. from other household units).
Health-seeking behavior of households was investigated by means of open-ended interviews. Households were invited to explain their concepts of health and illness, describe the more common illnesses that occurred in their family, their symptoms and etiology, and explain their health-seeking strategies. Preliminary informal interviews at the study sites allowed us to identify three prevalent strategies in the communities: 1) self-treatment with natural remedies (medicinal plants, animals, and minerals); 2) consultation with an Andean healer; 3) visits to the health center. During the open-ended interviews, households were asked which of these three strategies they chose as a first option, and which they adopted as a second option if the first strategy did not work. They were also asked whether they used pharmaceutical or natural remedies (including plants, minerals and animals), and the types of remedies they preferred. In addition, households were invited to explain thoroughly their health-seeking choices and preferences and provide examples based on their own experience.
Free listing was used to assess the incidence of “culture-bound illnesses” (CBIs, hereafter) at each study site. CBIs, also called “culture-bound syndromes” or “folk illnesses”, can be defined as “illnesses that are bounded according to cultural systems and are often not directly translatable into biomedical terms” ([38], p. 282). According to this definition, all illnesses could be considered “culture-bound” from an anthropological perspective. Nonetheless, preliminary field work at the study sites revealed that local people clearly distinguished a set of illnesses considered specific to Andean culture from the other ailments that affected them. Households were asked first to list all the natural remedies (plants, animals, minerals) that they knew and/or used, as well as all the illnesses that were treated with each of these remedies. In addition, they were asked to describe these illnesses in detail.
Health experts were interviewed individually about their professional activities, their views on biomedicine and Andean medicine, and their perception of the health situation and the health-seeking behavior of the local population. Finally, they were asked to assess changes that may have occurred in the population’s therapeutic strategies in recent decades.
Answers from participating households about their health-seeking strategies and their use and preference of types of remedies were summed at each study site. The proportions of households that expressed a preference for pharmaceutical over natural remedies were compared by means of the z-test for comparison of proportions with Yates correction. Next, interview transcriptions were analyzed qualitatively to obtain in-depth understanding of these strategies and preferences, according to participants’ own perspectives. As suggested by grounded theory [39], content analysis and inductive inference were applied to interpret the discourses by which the participants imbue social reality with meaning. Content analysis consisted in fragmenting the interview transcriptions into units of information for their subsequent coding and categorization, and inductive inference consisted in formulating generalizations based on the observations and prior theoretical conceptions [40].
Inventories of plants, animals, and minerals and their medicinal uses were compiled for each study site based on the results from the household free listing exercises. These ethnobiological inventories were the basis for assembling a list of illnesses treated with natural remedies at each site. CBIs were then identified from these lists according to the participants’ description of illnesses, when the symptoms and/or etiology could be considered specifically part of Andean culture. These included health problems with multiple symptoms, including reference to emotional, physical and spiritual health, reference to social or spiritual causes, and reference to the humoral hot/cold classification of diseases widespread in Latin American medical systems. The incidence of CBIs at each study site was calculated as the percentage of total responses on medicinal use given by participating households during the free listing exercises. A response is a report on the use of remedy X to treat illness Y by household Z. The z-test for comparison of proportions with Yates correction was applied to compare the results for the incidence of CBIs from the two study sites.
Methodological limitations of the study
This work should be understood as an exploratory study that aimed to enrich a mainly qualitative approach with quantitative analyses. The main methodological limitation of this mixed approach was the reduced sample size (18 households at each site). A total of 36 households was the largest number of participants we were able to collaborate with during the 22 months of data collection, which included long open-ended interviews, informal exchanges, and participation in the villagers’ daily activities. We believe that the ethnographic data obtained through this approach combined with qualitative analysis allowed for strengthening of the observations drawn from the results.
Household health-seeking strategies
When faced with illness, almost all participating households from the two study sites first try to cure themselves through self-treatment with natural remedies (18 and 17 of the households from Waca Playa and Pitumarca respectively). The only household from Pitumarca that goes directly to the health center explained this behavior by its limited knowledge about medicinal plants, which made it dependent on formal health care. Our ethnographic data show that being able to rely on one’s own medicinal plant knowledge and local natural resources for self-treatment was highly valorized by all participants at both study sites. The other treatment options (biomedical doctors and Andean healers) were often met with suspicion and critical evaluation, as illustrated by the following quotation:
"“In vain we go to the doctor; he cannot even cure us of a stomach ache. Others also go to the healers, but I think that some of them are thieves because they do not cure us either. (…) Only our plants are better for us; we take our plants and we are immediately healed.” (Waca Playa-Household 9, 04/03/2008)"
If this first health-seeking strategy does not lead to a healthy outcome, then participants either consult a healer or go to the nearest medical post. The number of participating households opting for each of these therapeutic strategies as first and second options at each study site is shown in Figure 7.
Households’ health-seeking strategies as first and second options in Waca Playa (Bolivia) and Pitumarca (Peru).
As a second health-seeking option, more households from Waca Playa consulted a healer, while more households from Pitumarca chose to go to the health center, even though these differences are not statistically significant. In Waca Playa, half of all participants preferred consulting an Andean healer as a second option when self-treatment failed. Six of these nine households explained their choice by trust in the healers’ knowledge to heal them or diagnose their ailment and advise on treatment (which might include going to the medical post). Four households stated that going to the medical post was more costly because they would have to pay for medicine, and two affirmed that the medical post was not efficient and did not heal them.
Of the ten Pitumarquino households that chose the health center as a second option, five said that they did not consult healers because there was no need to, as they did not have a serious CBI that required the knowledge of an indigenous specialist, but only minor ailments that could be treated at home with natural remedies or by the medical post staff with pharmaceuticals. Three households said that they went to the health center because they were forced to. They declared that they were severely scolded by the biomedical staff if they did not consult them about illness and might even be blamed for the eventual death of a sick person. Another reason mentioned was lack of good healers in the region (three households). Only two households stated that they did not believe in the healers’ powers, and thus went to the health center if they could not cure themselves with natural remedies.
Three considerations are relevant for better understanding of Andean households’ therapeutic strategies. First, households have a preference for the healer or the health center depending on the illness. At both study sites, households sought the help of a healer in the following cases: “unknown” illnesses that patients were not able to diagnose; illnesses considered “serious” that they were not able to cure; divination and diagnosis by observing coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca Lam.); CBIs with a spiritual cause, such as susto (fright sickness), wayra (bad wind), rayo/qhaha (lightening) or hechicería (witchcraft). Conversely, participants from both study sites said they went to the medical post when they faced the following health problems: illnesses “known” to patients, such as various types of nanay (pain) including rheumatism, headache, tooth ache, and stomach ache; fever and common cold; wounds and fractures; pediatric issues (vaccinations and check-ups), and gynecological conditions (contraceptives and pregnancy check-ups, also childbirth in Pitumarca). Only one household from Waca Playa and three from Pitumarca mentioned that they also went to the health post when an illness was considered “serious”, which implied “when our plants are of no use”.
At both study sites, qualitative data showed that illness classification was also strongly related to cultural identity and a sense of belonging to a specific place. Households were clearly aware of the limitations of biomedicine in dealing with CBIs or what are considered “our illnesses”; this view was shared by 14 and 16 of the households in Waca Playa and Pitumarca, respectively. This commonly held belief is exemplified by the following quotation:
"“I do not know which one [from the medical post or the healer] is best. But for us from the highlands, the post does not have an effect on us and cannot detect our illnesses. So if we need remedies from the highlands the post is not efficient, and if we do not [need remedies from the highlands] we can go to the post and they give us pills and injections. (…)[Illnesses] for the post are illnesses that are only appearing now; only these can be treated by the post.” (Pitumarca-Household 18, 29/09/2008)"
Participants believed that inhabitants from the highlands suffered from specific illnesses that could only be cured by local natural remedies and the knowledge of Andean healers, whereas the health center could treat new illnesses that came from outside the study site in recent decades by means of pharmaceuticals and injections. Previous studies in the Andes and elsewhere in Latin America refer to the same distinction between ailments and the corresponding choice of treatment made by local people [18, 41]. This view corresponds with the earlier concept of “folk dichotomies” in health-seeking behavior (for a history of the concept see [42], cited by [5]). This categorization of illnesses is also consistent with Federico Aguiló’s distinction between “mythical” and “natural” illnesses in Aymara-Quechua concepts of health and illness in Potosi, Bolivia [43]. According to Aguiló, a mythical illness is the result of aggression by a supernatural being proceeding from the hostile environment or the Pacha Mama (Mother Earth) that produces a lesion on both the ajayu (spirit) and the body. In contrast, a natural illness is aggression by an external agent and a consequent lesion on the peripheral areas of the body, without direct incidence on the ajayu ([43], p.11). In her study on fright sickness and soul loss in the Peruvian Andes, Greenway also stressed the relationship between illnesses cured by healers and Quechua identity. She noted that “people were (…) doubtful about the knowledge and ability of nonruna [non-Quechua] health care practitioners to treat ailments caused by ancestor spirits, evil winds, or other similar causes” and that the realization of “a despacho (a burnt sacrificial offering by a traditional healer) serves (…) to reaffirm [the patient’s] (…) identity as a runa as opposed to misti (white or mestizo)” ([41], p. 997).
The second consideration regarding households’ health-seeking strategies is that the different treatment options are not perceived by participants as mutually exclusive, but as complementary. As noted above, there is recognition of the limitations of biomedicine in treating CBIs, but there is also acknowledgment of the contributions that the formal health care system can make to the treatment of other ailments that are mainly physical in origin. This consideration explains the apparent contradiction between feelings of suspicion and trust expressed towards Andean healers. Parallel to the critical perception of both healers and the medical post, there was also awareness that both options might sometimes succeed in reestablishing health and thus are worth a try. While most households trusted the healers more in cases of unknown or serious illnesses, they would still use biomedicine if Andean medicine was not able to cure them. As a result of this perception of the three medical systems as complementary, the health-seeking behavior of households often took the form of a therapeutic itinerary. This pragmatic multiple strategy usually started with self-treatment with natural remedies, then switched to visits to an Andean healer or to the health center, and continued with the other therapeutic option or a return to self-treatment. This behavior was recurrent in the narratives of 12 and 13 of participants from Waca Playa and Pitumarca respectively. A typical way of expressing it follows:
"“I was told that I had gastritis (…). I was at the hospital in Sicuani for 15 days, but they did not cure me. The doctors told me: 'Go to Cusco [to the hospital] and there they will treat you, if not you will die in less than a week.’(…) Since I did not have money, I came back home and I drank my herbs. (…) I did not pay attention to what they told me. And here there is a yachayniyuc [healer] that reads the coca [Erythroxylum coca Lam.]. I made him read the coca, and he told me that it was uraña [bad wind].” (Pitumarca-Household 13, 02/10/2008)"
This quote shows how individuals make their own therapeutic choices and trials, characterized by changing diagnoses and based on perceived efficacy, knowledge and beliefs, socioeconomic situation, and social networks. This result is consistent with Crandon-Malamud’s work on medical pluralism in the Bolivian highlands [14, 44, 45]. She argues that individuals select from the various medical systems available in a process of negotiation of cultural identity and access to economic, social, and political resources. In Belize, also a pluralistic setting, another study showed that individuals select from alternative therapies and etiologies consistent with their understanding of an illness in a continuing process of negotiation [46]. These studies and our own results imply that the boundaries between the various medical systems are fluid and that there may be a mutual appropriation of resources and conceptions between them [14].
The third consideration regarding households’ health-seeking strategies is that the therapeutic choices at the study sites were sometimes the outcome of power struggles between representatives of different medical systems. From this perspective, the example of labor and postpartum practices is interesting in assessing the differing influence of the formal health sector on people’ s health-seeking behavior at the study sites. While in Waca Playa these practices remain fully within the scope of Andean medicine (women give birth at home with the help of relatives and midwives, based on extensive local knowledge of delivery care and use of plants), in Pitumarca they have drastically changed in recent years as a result of the attitude and policies of the health center’s workers. Indeed, interviews with biomedical professionals showed that their attitude towards Andean medicine differed at the study sites. While the auxiliary nurse from Waca Playa recognized the importance of Andean medicine and seemed to favor possible collaboration with local healers, the staff from Pitumarca’s health center was openly dubious about healers’ and laypeople’s medical competence. One of Pitumarca medical center’s main campaigns during the last decade was to discourage the practice of home birth, in an attempt to lower maternal and infant mortality rates. Health workers based in the villages were instructed to observe and report pregnant women to the health center. Furthermore, women were fined if they did not go to the medical center for routine maternity controls and childbirth. As a consequence of these measures, most women now give birth at the health center (approximately 70% of the women from Pitumarca district, according to the health center’s physician), whereas they practiced home-birth with the help of relatives and sometimes midwives until a few years ago. Interestingly, all the women we interviewed mentioned that their husbands accompanied them to the health center and gave them medicinal herbal teas and drinks to facilitate labor, typically boiled chicha (a fermented drink made of maize, wheat, or other grains) and manzanilla (Matricaria recutita L.). Furthermore, once back home, they were given herbal teas from k’irihampi (remedies for body pains and bruises) – for example, thurpa (Nototriches spp.), chirichiri (Grindelia boliviana Rusby), yawarch’unka (Oenothera multicaulis Ruiz &Pav.), or wichullu (undet.) - and submitted to traditional postpartum rituals and treatments, such as the q’apachi (incense burnt as a protection against “bad winds” and malevolent spirits) and walt’aska (wrapping up of the whole body with a mixture of medicinal plants and honey, usually performed by women specialists). In this example, biomedicine clearly imposes itself by coercive means upon the indigenous medical systems. However, households from Pitumarca -while apparently accepting this imposition and changing their behavior- maintained part of their own self-treatment and specialist practices from Andean medicine in a process of cultural resistance. In the Andes, as in many other parts of the world, biomedicine dominates over indigenous medical systems. According to Vandebroek et al. [13], for instance, many Bolivian doctors and nurses believe that biomedicine is superior and should replace Andean medicine. However, scholars working on medical pluralism in the Andes stress that laypeople are positively inclined towards dual use of distinct, competing, therapeutic traditions [11, 15] and that “indigenous healers and medical systems remain strong, both for their perceived efficacy and expertise and for the expressions of cultural identity they represent” ([31], p. 10). Crandon-Malamud also recognizes that “resistance (…) may frequently be the objective of medical dialogue” ([14], p.-32). Our results thus show that coexisting healing traditions can be simultaneously complementary and conflicting. This is supported by the work of Ngokwey [9] in Brazil, who reported both multiple use of popular remedies and pharmaceutical drugs and differential expectations of efficacy with these two types of remedies, resulting from the perceived superiority of biomedicine in local culture.
Contrary to what other researchers have shown [5], our findings suggest that the health-seeking strategies of households in Waca Playa and Pitumarca are basically independent of the level of access to biomedicine, except for some specific practices such as childbirth. At both study sites, self-treatment with natural remedies is undoubtedly the first strategy adopted. This finding is corroborated by other studies [18, 22, 47]. The difference observed in the second option for health care in Waca Playa and Pitumarca can be interpreted as follows: In Waca Playa, where the availability of formal health services is limited, households consult more with indigenous healers when they cannot rely on their own knowledge and use of natural remedies to cure themselves. Conversely, in Pitumarca, where biomedical health care is not only more accessible and affordable, but also imposes itself by coercive means, households rely less on indigenous healers. One reason for this difference is that households are compelled to go to the medical post: when adding the three households that reported this situation to the six that chose freely to consult a healer, we obtain the same figures as in Waca Playa. The other reason why these households rely less on healers is not because they do not trust in their capacities, but because they do not feel as much need for their help. Elsewhere we have shown that knowledge about medicinal plants was greater in Pitumarca than in Waca Playa [35], and we suggest that this superior knowledge makes people there less dependent on the knowledge of specialists in Andean medicine.
Use of and preference for pharmaceutical versus natural remedies
At both study sites, all 18 households used natural remedies such as plants, animals, or minerals to treat themselves. In addition, 14 also used pharmaceuticals, while the remaining 4 stated that they never used them. The results were identical in Waca Playa and Pitumarca.
The percentage of households that preferred pharmaceuticals to natural remedies at each study site is presented in Figure 8. Paradoxically, the results show that significantly more households from Pitumarca (17 households) preferred natural remedies over pharmaceuticals compared to Waca Playa (11 households) (z = 2.001; P = 0.045), where there is more limited access to formal health care services and lower indicators of human development. Only three households from Waca Playa and none from Pitumarca had a preference for pharmaceuticals.
Preference for pharmaceuticals versus natural remedies for 18 households in Waca Playa (Bolivia) and 18 in Pitumarca (Peru).
Of the eleven households in Waca Playa that preferred natural remedies, four explained this preference by economic reasons, as pharmaceuticals were costly whereas natural remedies were free. Four said that natural remedies were more efficient in healing them. One household also mentioned that natural remedies were healthier, whereas pharmaceuticals were harmful. The three that preferred pharmaceuticals mainly used painkillers, stating that they were efficient and healed quicker than natural remedies. One household preferred pharmaceuticals owing to insufficient knowledge of natural remedies.
Almost all households in Pitumarca preferred natural remedies. Two main arguments were mentioned to support this choice. First, plants, animals and minerals were seen as “natural” and thus healthier, whereas pharmaceuticals were “chemical” and harmful – pharmaceuticals are believed to be drugs to which the body becomes addicted and that cause other illnesses (11 households). Second, pharmaceuticals were considered less efficient than natural remedies and only able to sooth pain momentarily (8 households). Only two households mentioned that they preferred natural remedies for economic reasons. A few households and a healer from Pitumarca stated that for two or three years there had been a process of revalorization of the use of natural remedies as a consequence of increasing awareness about the beneficial properties of medicinal plants and a corresponding growing critical appraisal of biomedicine. Following is a representative statement:
"“[People] now use more traditional medicine; they are revalorizing the properties of medicinal plants. I am working with agroecology; we are thus consuming everything natural and seldom go to the [medical] post. (…) Formerly they used to go more to the post; but (…) when I was a child they always healed themselves with plants. (…) [Nowadays] people are starting to revalorize [traditional medicine]. (…) [The post] is not recommendable; it only soothes pain and cannot heal totally.” (Pitumarca- Healer, 08/12/2008)"
Unexpectedly, our results demonstrate that the use of pharmaceuticals or natural remedies is independent of the availability of biomedical health care in terms of quality of services provided, physical access, and affordability. Furthermore, a preference for natural remedies over pharmaceutical coexists with biomedical healthcare that is both accessible and affordable.
Our findings partially contradict the results of Vandebroek et al. [13] in the Bolivian Amazon and the Andes. Their study showed a strong negative correlation between a community’s physical isolation (and thus access to biomedicine) and the use of pharmaceuticals in the lowlands. In contrast, a similar proportion of informants used pharmaceuticals and medicinal plants in the highlands, where there was a medical post. They explained the popularity of medicinal plants at the latter site in terms of their importance in Andean culture. Even though a few participating households and people in resource-poor countries elsewhere mentioned that the cost of pharmaceuticals was one of the main reasons for preferring natural remedies [4, 18], our results do not support this observation, since there was a negative association between the preference for pharmaceuticals and indicators of human development. Our results suggest that increased access to and experience with biomedicine might actually lead to a valorization of mostly local natural remedies and rejection of pharmaceuticals. While in Waca Playa a few families had more trust in pharmaceuticals, in Pitumarca there was an emerging revalorization of natural remedies. At the latter site, natural remedies can be considered elements of an indigenous medical system revalorized in response to its confrontation with a global and dominant medical system. This process is also fuelled by the concomitant strengthening of exogenous, agroecological development projects in the area that aim not only to increase the use of organic products in agriculture instead of chemicals, but also to strengthen cultural identities and local environmental knowledge as part of an integral effort to enhance biocultural diversity [48].
Knowledge about culture-bound illnesses
The households from Waca Playa and Pitumarca mentioned a total of 74 and 93 different illnesses cured by medicinal plants, animals, or minerals, respectively. For analytical purposes, these illnesses were grouped into 50 illness categories common to the two study sites, 17 of which can be defined as “culture-bound” (CBI). These CBI categories are listed and described in Table 2, according to an emic perspective. During the free listing exercises, participants gave a total of 778 (Waca Playa) and 1511 (Pitumarca) different responses about medicinal use of natural remedies, respectively. Of this total, 45 (Waca Playa) and 53 (Pitumarca) were omitted and reserved for further analysis because they corresponded with illnesses that were too poorly defined, such as “serious illness that could not be healed with another remedy” or “all illnesses”. Of the remaining 743 (Waca Playa) and 1458 (Pitumarca) responses, 181 (Waca Playa) and 624 (Pitumarca) were considered CBIs in the analysis. The overall incidence per study site and detailed incidences of each CBI category in the participants’ responses are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Description of culture-bound illness categories (CBIs) and their incidence in Waca Playa (Bolivia) and Pitumarca (Peru)
There was a significant difference between the incidence of CBIs in Waca Playa (24.4%) and Pitumarca (42.8%) (z = 8.428; P = <0.001). This does not necessarily mean that there was a higher occurrence of CBIs in Pitumarca, but it implies greater knowledge about CBIs, their symptoms and etiology at the latter site. It may also indicate that Pitumarquinos have deeper Andean medical knowledge and understanding of all illnesses in general and of their relationships with the various spheres of Andean cosmology, including natural, social, and spiritual domains. For example, an ailment simply described as “headache” in Waca Playa (not classified as CBI), was described as “headache and dizziness caused by exposure to urañawayra during a night walk” in Pitumarca (classified as CBI). A condition expressed as “stomach ache” in Waca Playa would be depicted as “cólera or stomach ache and bitterness transmitted through breastfeeding a baby by a mother who is angry due to a recent fight with a close relative.” The higher incidence of CBIs in responses from households in Pitumarca could also indicate a stronger affirmation of cultural identity, corresponding to Greenway’s results [41]. She interprets some cases of fright sickness and their healing ceremonies in the Southern Peruvian Andes as a process of “resistance to submersion in a wider national identity.” ([41], p. 1003).
We believe our work makes an important contribution to the body of empirical ethnomedical research by de-monstrating that the increased presence of the formal health sector does not necessarily displace indigenous medicine in the rural Andes, but that these two systems can coexist in complex ways. Three interesting insights about Andean households’ health-seeking behavior can be derived from this study. First, the health strategies of Andean households denote a strong aspiration for autonomy in the management of health based on own cultural beliefs. This was observed in the prevalence of self-treatment over other therapeutic strategies and in valorization of own knowledge about natural remedies. This striving for autonomy echoes current struggles of Andean peasants in other spheres of daily life, such as in governance and management of territory and natural resources [49]. Second, Andean households are aware of the limitations of the formal health system in responding to CBIs, and of the potential contributions of biomedicine in treating other ailments with mainly physical origins. This leads them to a pragmatic, self-determined search for complementarities between different medical systems, reflected in their therapeutic itineraries. Third, the encounter between these various medical ideologies, far from being harmonious, is characterized by the tentative hegemony of biomedicine over indigenous medical traditions. This leads to changes in some health practices in Andean households but at the same time to a reflexive maintenance and revalorization of other aspects of indigenous medicine, in a process of cultural resistance and renewal. Ethnomedicine thus becomes a resource for cultural affirmation in its confrontation with the dominant medical system. More studies are required to determine whether these findings apply to other settings characterized by medical pluralism in rural areas of the developing world.
The take-home lesson for health policy-makers is that the main obstacle to use of biomedicine in resource-poor rural areas might not be infrastructural or economic alone. It may lie in a lack of sufficient recognition by biomedical practitioners of the value and importance of indigenous medical systems. We propose that implementation of health care in indigenous communities be designed as a process of joint development of complementary knowledge and practices from indigenous and biomedical health traditions. This could be achieved through a social learning process that explores complementarities between biomedicine and indigenous medical systems based on dialogue, cultural sensitivity, and equitable participation of representatives from existing health traditions.
WHO: Traditional Medicine, in Fact Sheet N°134. 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization
Dodd R, Munck L: Dying for Change: Poor People's Experience of Health and Ill-health. 2001, Geneva: World Health Organization, 38-
Bussmann RW, Sharon D: Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006, 2 (47): 18-
Quinlan MB, Quinlan RJ: Modernization and medicinal plant knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2007, 21 (2): 169-192. 10.1525/maq.2007.21.2.169.
Young JC, Garro LY: Variation in the choice of treatment in two Mexican communities. Social Science & Medicine. 1982, 16 (11): 1543-1465.
Elling RH: Political economy, cultural hegemony, and mixes of traditional and modern medicine. Social Science & Medicine. 1981, 15A: 89-99.
Hanazaki N, et al: Diversity of plant uses in two Caiçara communities from the Atlantic Forest coast. Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2000, 9: 597-615. 10.1023/A:1008920301824.
Caniago I, Siebert SF: Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Econ Bot. 1998, 52 (3): 229-250. 10.1007/BF02862141.
Ngokwey N: Home remedies and doctors' remedies in Feira (Brazil). Social Science & Medicine. 1995, 40 (8): 1141-10.1016/0277-9536(94)00241-K.
Madge C: Therapeutic landscapes of the Jola, The Gambia, West Africa. Health & Place. 1998, 4 (4): 293-311. 10.1016/S1353-8292(98)00033-1.
Baer HA: Contributions to a critical analysis of medical pluralism. An examination of the work of Libbet Crandon-Malamud. Medical Pluralism in the Andes. Edited by: Koss-Chioino JD, Leatherman T, Greenway C. 2003, London and New York: Routledge, 42-60.
Chrisman NJ, Kleinman A: Popular health care, social networks, and cultural meanings: the orientation of medical anthropology. Handbook of Health, Health Care, and Health Professions. Edited by: Mechanic D. 1983, New York: Free Press, 569-590.
Vandebroek I, et al: Use of medicinal plants and pharmaceuticals by indigenous communities in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004, 82 (4): 243-250.
PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Crandon-Malamud L: From the Fat of Our Souls. Social Change, Political Process, and Medical Pluralism in Bolivia. 1991, Berkeley: University of California Press, 267-
Press I: Urban illness: physicians, curers and dual use in Bogota. J Heal Soc Behav. 1969, 10 (3): 209-10.2307/2948391.
Nall FC, Speilberg J: Social and Cultural Factors in the Responses of Mexican-Americans to Medical Treatment. J Heal Soc Behav. 1967, 8 (4): 299-10.2307/2948424.
Giovannini P, et al: Do pharmaceuticals displace local knowledge and use of medicinal plants? Estimates from a cross-sectional study in a rural indigenous community, Mexico. Social Science & Medicine. 2011, 72: 928-936. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.007.
Giovannini P, Heinrich M: Xki yoma' (our medicine) and xki tienda (patent medicine) - Interface between traditional and modern medicine among the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121 (3): 383-399. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.003.
Mignone J, et al: Best practices in intercultural health: five case studies in Latin America. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2007, 3 (31): 11-
Etkin NL, Ross PJ, Muazzamu I: The indigenization of pharmaceuticals: therapeutic transitions in rural Hausaland. Social Science & Medicine. 1990, 30 (8): 919-928. 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90220-M.
Hausmann Muela S, et al: Medical syncretism with reference to malaria in a Tanzanian community. Social Science & Medicine. 2002, 55 (3): 403-413. 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00179-4.
Cosminsky S, Scrimshaw M: Medical pluralism in a Guatemalan plantation. Social Science & Medicine. 1980, 14: 267-278.
Pool R, Geissler W: Medical Anthropology. Understanding Public Health. 2005, London: Open University Press, 172-
Calvet-Mir L, Reyes-García V, Tanner S: Is there a divide between local medicinal knowledge and Western medicine? A case study among native Amazonians in Bolivia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2008, 4 (18): 11-
Bastien JW: Cross-cultural communication between doctors and peasants in Bolivia. Social Science & Medicine. 1987, 24 (12): 1109-1118. 10.1016/0277-9536(87)90025-6.
Bussmann RW, Sharon D, Lopez A: Blending traditional and Western medicine: medicinal plant use among patients at Clinica Anticona in El Porvenir, Peru. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2007, 5: 185-199.
Shukla S, Gardner J: Local knowledge in community-based approaches to medicinal plant conservation: lessons from India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006, 2 (20): 9-
Vandebroek I, et al: Comparison of health conditions treated with traditional and biomedical health care in a Quechua community in rural Bolivia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2008, 4 (1): 12-10.1186/1746-4269-4-12.
Saethre EJ: Conflicting traditions, concurrent treatment: medical pluralism in remote aboriginal Australia. Oceania. 2007, 77 (1): 95-110.
Lee RPL: Comparative studies of health care systems. Social Science & Medicine. 1982, 16: 629-642. 10.1016/0277-9536(82)90453-1.
Miles A, Leatherman T: Perspectives on medical anthropology in the Andes. Medical Pluralism in the Andes. Edited by: Koss-Chioino JD, Leatherman T, Greenway C. 2003, London and New York: Routledge, 3-15.
AGRUCO, ETCAndes, and EcoCiencia: Revalorización y conservación de la diversidad biocultural andina: Experiencias y aprendizajes del programa regional BioAndes. 2011, Cochabamba: AGRUCO, 101-
Stöckli B, Wiesmann U, Lys J-A: A Guide for Transboundary Research Partnerships: 11 Principles. 2012, Bern: Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE), 30-
Olson DM, et al: Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on earth. BioScience. 2001, 51 (11): 933-938. 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.
Mathez-Stiefel S-L, Vandebroek I: Distribution and transmission of medicinal plant knowledge in the Andean Highlands: a case study from Peru and Bolivia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012, 18-http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/959285/,
AGRUCO: Diagnostico participativo comunitario del "Municipio de Tapacarí" y las zonas bioculturales de la Subcentral de Waca Playa y comunidad Tallija-Confital". 2006, Cochabamba: AGRUCO, 227-
INC: Diagnostico Situacional y Socioeconómico del Distrito de Pitumarca – Canchis. 2008, Cusco: INC, 85-
Carey JW: Distribution of culture-bound illnesses in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1993, 7 (3): 281-300. 10.1525/maq.1993.7.3.02a00030.
Strauss AL, Corbin JM: Grounded Theory in Practice. 1997, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks
Ruiz Ruiz J: Sociological discourse analysis: Methods and logic. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum. Qualitative Social Research. 2009, 10 (2): 1-30.
Greenway C: Hungry earth and vengeful stars: soul loss and identity in the Peruvian Andes. Social Science & Medicine. 1998, 47 (8): 993-1004. 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00163-4.
Foster GM: Medical anthropology and international health planning. Social Science & Medicine. 1977, 11: 527-
Aguiló F: Enfermedad y salud según la concepción Aymaro-Quechua. 1985, Sucre: Qori Llama, 232-3
Crandon L: Why susto. Ethnology. 1983, 22 (2): 153-167. 10.2307/3773577.
Crandon L: Changing times and changing symptoms. The effects of modernization on mestizo medicine in rural Bolivia (the case of two mestizo sisters). Medical Anthropology. 1989, 10 (4): 255-264. 10.1080/01459740.1989.9965972.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Staiano KV: Alternative therapeutic systems in Belize - A semiotic framework. Social Science & Medicine. 1981, 15 (3): 317-332. 10.1016/0271-7123(81)90061-4.
Waldstein A: Mexican migrant ethnopharmacology: pharmacopoeia, classification of medicines and explanations of efficacy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 108 (2): 299-10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.011.
Mathez-Stiefel S-L, Gianella Malca C, Rist S: Abriendo nuevas perspectivas para la juventud campesina de los Andes a través de la valorización de productos de la agrobiodiversidad. LEISA Revista de Agroecología. 2011, 21 (1): 34-38.
Rist S, Delgado F, Wiesmann U: Social learning processes and sustainable development: the emergence and transformation of an indigenous land use system in the Andes of Bolivia. Social Learning Towards a Sustainable World. Edited by: Wals A. 2007, Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 229-244.
Our deep appreciation goes to the community members, Andean healers, and health practitioners from Waca Playa in Bolivia and Pitumarca in Peru for sharing their time and knowledge. We also gratefully acknowledge the following field assistants for the support they provided with interview interpretation and/or translation: Martin Huamán, Sonia Medrano, Sandra Acuña, Roger Juárez, Rolando Sánchez, and Deicy Mejía. We are indebted to the following organizations: AGRUCO in Cochabamba, CEPROSI in Cusco, and ETC Andes in Lima, for their support with field work logistics. Research for the present study was conducted within the framework of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North–South (project TN3 and RP13 on Transformation of Agrarian Systems), co-funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), and participating institutions. Support from the SDC “Jeunes Chercheurs” program, managed by the Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE), is also acknowledged.
Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012, Berne, Switzerland
Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel
Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
Ina Vandebroek
Stephan Rist
Correspondence to Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel.
SLMS conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. IV participated in the data analysis. SR helped with the design of the study. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the data and revision of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Photographs were taken by SLMS.
Mathez-Stiefel, SL., Vandebroek, I. & Rist, S. Can Andean medicine coexist with biomedical healthcare? A comparison of two rural communities in Peru and Bolivia. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 8, 26 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-26
Self-treatment
Culture-bound illnesses
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line450
|
__label__cc
| 0.631281
| 0.368719
|
Home Business "World Wealth Report": more and more Germans are rich
“World Wealth Report”: more and more Germans are rich
By Matthew Velter
The number of Dollar millionaires has increased, according to the “World Wealth Report” significantly. A study last year found that in Germany, 1,466 million people have a system capable assets of at least one Million US dollars. That’s nine percent more than the year before.
Worldwide, the number of Dollar millionaires rose according to the Report, to 8.8 percent. Together, the investible assets of these 19.6 million people in 74 trillion dollars.
According to the study, Germany in 2019, was still among the five countries with the most millionaires – together with the top USA as well as Japan, China, and France. Accordingly, the super make in the USA, Germany, Japan and China together accounting for 61.6 percent of all millionaires in the world.
Among the millionaires, those with an investable assets of between one and five million US dollars, with nearly 17.7 million, around 90 percent, while worldwide, almost 1.8 million people between five and 30 million in U.S. could create dollars and about nine percent of millionaires represent. The around 183.400 “Ultra-millionaires” with more than 30 million US-Dollar assets do not make up even one percent of the Rich.
Studies for “World Wealth Report”
For the study, among other things, national statistics and data from the International monetary Fund (IMF) and the world Bank were evaluated.
Matthew Velterhttps://etrendystock.com/
With 5 years of experience as an editor, Matthew has been a crucial part of eTrendy Stock since its inception. He looks after the editing of news content published on eTrendy Stock. Apart from investing his time in editing, he also provides well-researched news articles for the U.S. niche. Mathew studied at University of central Florida.
ViaDerma Sets Stage for Significant Growth in 2021
Morris - January 15, 2021
The Crypto Bulls are back, so the time to BE CLEVER and buy CLVA is now!
In spite of conflicts, arms exports in the billions in the crisis region of the middle East
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line451
|
__label__cc
| 0.72968
| 0.27032
|
The president of the Republic of Italy congratulates Gorizia and Nova Gorica for ECOC 2025
The president od the Republic of Italy Mattarella congratulates Gorizia and Nova Gorica for the European Capital of Culture 2025 win in his new years' speech.
Congratulations and best wishes to the people of Gorizia for the designation of Gorizia and Nova Gorica jointly as 2025 European Capital of Culture. This is a signal that honours Italy and Slovenia for having developed relations that go beyond coexistence and mutual respect and express cooperation and prospects for a common future. I hope that this message will be heard in the border areas of many parts of the world, including Europe, where there are often bitter disputes and sometimes wars rather than the search for dialogue between different cultures and traditions.
Quirinale official site
Current Page: The president of the Republic of Italy congratulates Gorizia and Nova Gorica for ECOC 2025
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line453
|
__label__cc
| 0.53235
| 0.46765
|
Midterm elections could mark peak for stocks, says SocGen analysts
Posted on September 16, 2018 By News Team
‘The game-changer by the end of the year will likely be the U.S. mid-term elections,’ said SocGen analysts
The midterm elections could represent the peak for a U.S. stock market that has so far been resilient to political risks and trade fears.
That is according to analysts at Société Générale who see President Donald Trump’s economic plans pausing after the November midterm elections, when the Democrats are likely gain a majority in the House and Senate. Amid concerns of a debt buildup, an eventual economic slowdown and fears that short-dated Treasury yields will exceed those of their longer-day peers, the prospect of a stall-out in the Trump administration’s pro-growth agenda could refocus investors on myriad worries that have run in the backdrop thus far.
“The U.S. mid-term elections on 6 November might, in the end, prove to be the peak of this atypical U.S. market cycle, with fund managers starting to focus on the risk of a standstill for the U.S. government with no key reform agenda until the end of Trump’s mandate,” they said, in a recent note published on Thursday.
This year, corporate earnings have been buoyed by share buybacks and brisker economic growth. Stock repurchases are expected to hit $1 trillion in 2018, twice as much as in 2017. And even as a flare-up in trade tensions threatens to soften the economic outlook for Europe and Asia, analysts say the U.S.’s reputation as an economy resilient to the recent tit-for-tat escalation of tariffs has helped to trigger inflows into U.S. equities and bonds among investors.
That backdrop has helped the S&P 500
SPX, +0.03% climb more than 8% this year even as stocks outside the U.S. have struggled mightily amid a strengthening dollar, fostered by a steady pace of rate increases by the Federal Reserve. The iShares MSCI Emerging Markets exchange-trade fund EEM, -0.10% is down around 11% over the same period, with emerging economies buffeted by a stronger dollar as they service dollar-pegged debt in local currencies.
Still, that divergent growth trajectory for the U.S. and the rest of the world may not continue. Once the tax cuts that fueled the U.S. stock market’s record-setting gains “starts to fade, in spring 2019 according to our economists, and the Fed continues to gradually raise rates, the U.S. economy should start to slow,” the investment bank’s analysts said.
SocGen is forecasting U.S. growth to decline to 1.6% in 2019, from 2.8% this year, 1 percentage point below the average analysts’ estimate. The analysts attribute that projection to a belief that fiscal stimulus announced earlier this year was front-loaded toward 2018 and will likely result in economic expansion petering as stimulative effects wane.
Laws to boost government spending and halt the slide in growth could become difficult to enact in a Congress where control is presently split between the Democrats and Republicans. Such a shift would also elevate the risk of government shutdowns and impeachment proceedings against President Donald Trump, “starting a period of increased uncertainties on economic policy,” the SocGen analysts said.
The U.S.’s dimming growth prospects would thus highlight the cracks in the stock market’s run-up, including the buildup of leverage throughout the economy as it enters the late stages of its multiyear expansion, and the lack of market breadth in the S&P 500’s SPX, +0.03% climb in 2018. Most of the gains produced by the broad-market index came from technology-related, health-care and consumer-discretionary stocks.
Though, debt levels in the economy remain well-contained, they could start to constrain business activity once monetary tightening enters a more restricting phase. Accounting for cash assets, corporate debt to gross domestic product stood at 32.3% at March 2018, below its 2009 peak of around 35%, Moody’s data show.
The Fed benchmark fed-funds rate remains a few hikes below the central bank’s estimate of the neutral level, the interest rate at which tighter monetary policy begins to weigh on growth. But those effects will intensify with the central bank expected to raise once every quarter to normalize policy from crisis-era levels.
On top of that, bond yields that closely follow the central bank’s interest rates will begin to weigh on the equity risk premium, or the earnings yield of the market minus the yield of the 10-year U.S. Treasury note. The 10-year Treasury yield TMUBMUSD10Y, +0.84% stands at 2.988%.
As rising bond yields compress the so-called risk premium, equity valuations will look more comparatively stretched than they currently stand. The cyclically-adjusted price to equities ratio, or CAPE, one way to measure stock valuations, for the S&P 500 is around 32. That is near the highest level since 1929, but below peaks reached during the dot-com bubble.
Equities Analysts Issue Forecasts for Kohl’s Co.’s Q1 2020 Earnings (NYSE:KSS)
Battered bitcoin bulls are latching on to this seasonality chart
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line454
|
__label__wiki
| 0.845102
| 0.845102
|
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
Into the Crazy-Loved Dens of Death
As New York’s propertied classes surveyed the new metropolitan landscape, their pride in the city and its power was laced with a sour frustration, even revulsion. All around them stretched noisome urban marchlands where the writ of gentility hadn’t run in years—Five Points, Corlear’s Hook, Dutch Hill, the black enclave around Bancker Street, Kleindeutschland, the Hudson River waterfront, and the sprawling eastside industrial precincts between 14th and 23rd streets—nurseries every one of unionism, radicalism, Catholicism, pugilism, vice, squalor, and disease. Take care, respectable citizens, when you descend into these haunts of “rum-degraded human beings,” warned Solon Robinson in Hot Corn (1854), a popular collection of sunlight-and-shadow vignettes. “You may meet someone, perhaps a man, perhaps a woman, who in their drunken frenzy may thrust you, for the very hatred of your better clothes, or the fear that you have come to rescue them from their crazy-loved dens of death.”
In fact no part of town seemed safe anymore. Prostitutes, homeless urchins, vagabonds, beggars, and other “social rats” had free run of the streets, and legislators investigating conditions in Corlear’s Hook worried that the cancerous horrors of the slums were spreading relentlessly through New York’s “veins and arteries.” If nothing were done, they continued, “the heart and limbs of the city will sooner or later suffer, as surely as the vitals of the human system must suffer by the poisoning or disease of the smallest vehicle.” Once bucolic suburbs weren’t immune from infection either, thanks to the ease of travel by railroad and steamboat. On summer Sundays and holidays, growled George Templeton Strong, “the civic scum” washed over Long Island, Staten Island, and New Jersey. “All conveniently accessible hotels and boarding houses are overrun by the vermin that hot weather roasts out of its homes in towns.” Most of his friends, Strong added, never went out at night without a revolver.
Every year, indeed, brought shocking new testimony—from physicians, health inspectors, hospitals and medical dispensaries, orphanages, courts, police officials, and legislative commissions—that confirmed a horrifying expansion of poverty and disease and crime in the metropolis. Yet concerned elites were no longer certain what they could or should do about it. Many held fast to traditional moralizing while others found the pressure of circumstances (and working-class radicalism) forcing them to reconsider some cherished assumptions about the causes of poverty and the role of government in responding to it.
“PENITENTIAL TEARS”
The merchants and industrialists who ran the Tract Society and Bible Society continued trying to convert tenement dwellers, particularly Catholic ones, to Protestant piety and bourgeois social virtues, though increasingly they shifted from relying on volunteers (who found the immigrant localities “very repulsive”) to using full-time salaried workers. To churn out bulk shipments of Holy Writ for Sunday schools, poorhouses, prisons, orphanages, and immigrant depots—and to manage what was increasingly a worldwide crusade—the American Bible Society erected a grand new Bible House that took up the entire block between Third and Fourth avenues and 8th and 9th streets.
The Home Missionary Society similarly kept on spreading gospel civilization to heathen savages from the African veldt to the American West and working for the Christian redemption of New York City. They were joined in this by Episcopalians (who revived their Missionary Society) and Congregationalists (Beecher’s Plymouth Church opened several waterfront missions), but the boldest initiative came from the Ladies’ Home Missionary Society (LHMS) of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
In 1850, backed by wealthy contributors like Daniel Drew and Anson G. Phelps, the LHMS opened a Five Points Mission in a rented room diagonally across from the infamous “Old Brewery.” There, under the leadership of the Rev. Louis M. Pease, the ladies ran prayer meetings and Bible study classes, opened a charity day school, sponsored temperance speakers, and went out to comfort the sick. Closely attuned to the virtues of publicity, they issued regular accounts of their work—filled with stories of miraculous conversions and deathbed repentances—and on Thanksgiving Day paraded hundreds of scrubbed Sunday school students before benefactors. Then the ladies fed their charges turkey dinners, inaugurating a ritual that would lead, a decade later, to Thanksgiving’s establishment as an official (and feminized) holiday.
In 1852, drawing again on the ample resources of Phelps and Drew and on a thousand-dollar contribution from the Common Council, the LHMS purchased the Old Brewery itself and announced that the notorious “pest-house of sin” would be replaced with a proper “school of virtue.” To dramatize its demolition, the LHMS ran candle-lit tours of the rookery’s fetid interior, “where miserable men, women, and children . . . moodily submitted to the gaze of the strangers in that community of degraded outcasts.” The residents were then evicted and the building razed; in its place rose the new Five Points Mission, complete with chapel, schoolrooms, baths, and twenty apartments for the homeless—a bow to the poor’s material needs.
Some missionaries learned unexpected things in the working-class quarters. One day, the Rev. Pease was preaching to a group of “profligate” women—“respectably, some even genteelly dressed,” he remembered, “yet their character was readily perceived.” Suddenly they turned on him. “Don’t talk to us of death and retribution and perdition before us; we want no preacher to tell us all that,” they cried. “Give us work and wages!” These “sotted wretches,” Pease discovered, could not afford to pay the security deposit clothing manufacturers required before handing out garments to sew. Pease decided to help. Converting the mission’s evening prayer room into a daytime sewing workshop, he collected the piecework himself and offered employment to all who would pledge themselves to temperance and a moral life. The LHMS, believing Pease had gone too far, denounced him as a Fourierist and severed their relationship. But Pease won the backing of the Episcopal Church of the Ascension, and in 1854 his new Five Points House of Industry set up shop on Anthony Street.
By the late 1850s there were seventy-six missions in the metropolis, almost saturating the working-class quarters, yet for all this earnest activity, there was a growing sense that it was little more than an expensive dead end. A vigorous and self-assured workingclass culture seemed to shrug off evangelical efforts as easily as did Middle Eastern Muslims. In 1855, when New York’s population was 629,924, there were only 138,678 communicants in metropolitan churches.
And of these over half, 78,488, were Catholics, a statistic not calculated to warm Protestant hearts. The Irish, long inured to proselytizing by British Protestants, kept evangelicals firmly at bay—a task made easier by the missionaries’ obvious disdain for what they regarded as a cult of medieval superstition and idolatry. (In their determination to guard Christian souls from the clutches of Rome, evangelicals forbade inmates of their homes and shelters to see a priest, even if they were on their deathbeds.) Catholics boycotted “Old Pease’s School,” cursed the redoubtable ladies of the LHMS, and threatened bodily harm to representatives of the Tract Society.
Besides such grass-roots opposition, the evangelicals had the Catholic hierarchy to contend with. Redeeming the poor from “bondage” to Protestant charity was “the noblest work for Catholic charity,” said their spokespaper Freeman’s Journal, and the Church set out to establish a rival aid network. In 1846 Father Varela, pastor of Transfiguration, introduced the St. Vincent de Paul Society to New York City; other parishes quickly established chapters or started their own missions. In 1849 the Sisters of Mercy opened a House of Mercy, which accommodated two hundred destitute women each evening and gave food and clothing to great numbers of the needy. That same year Archbishop Hughes, infuriated that Protestant hospitals blocked priests from visiting Catholic patients, got the Sisters of Charity to launch St. Vincent’s Hospital. (The German Sisters of the Poor would follow suit with St. Francis Hospital.) St. Vincent’s charged a modest admission, in part to remove the stigma of receiving charity, and by 1858 a physician at New York Hospital admitted that “most of our domestic servants prefer” St. Vincent’s.
Catholic and Protestant elites saw eye to eye, however, on the evils of demon rum, being dispensed (as of 1849) at 5,780 licensed liquor groceries, porter houses, taverns, and fancy saloons. The New-York Temperance Society and Bishop Hughes alike welcomed Cork’s famous Father Theobald Mathew to Manhattan, where he spent much of a year preaching against alcohol and inspiring formation of the Roman Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society. Even pleasure-loving Knickerbocker patricians listened more attentively now to temperance claims that “the cheap wines of France” had been responsible for “insubordination and revolution” in 1848.
Yet here too reformers found themselves up against formidable opponents, starting with the immigrants themselves. When advocates opened a mission next door to a German beer garden in 1860, its outraged customers “evinced their displeasure by throwing water into the open windows, shouting, making noises in the hall, casting stones against the door, and other disorderly conduct; so that the aid of the police became necessary.” In addition, alcohol purveyors ranging from merchant importers to waterfront barkeepers mobilized into a formidable pressure group—the Liquor Dealers Protective Union had eight hundred members by 1855—and sponsored mass meetings to mobilize antiprohibition sentiment.
Balked, temperance advocates turned to the state. “Ought law to conform to public sentiment,” Horace Greeley rhetorically asked delegates assembled in 1853 for the World’s Temperance Convention, “or ought law to be based upon essential righteousness, and then challenge a public sentiment to act in conformity therewith?” The reformers answered by successfully pressuring the state legislature into passing the 1855 Act for the Prevention of Intemperance, Paupers, and Crime, a law that, among other things, authorized keeping persons arrested for public drunkenness locked up until they agreed to testify as to the source of their intoxicant. The statute aroused immense hostility in New York City, touching off mass rallies at Tammany Hall and bringing declarations from Bennett’s Herald that it would ruin New York business to the benefit of wet New Jersey. The mayor refused to enforce the law, and in 1856 the state appellate court declared it unconstitutional.
Setbacks in missionary and temperance work were accompanied by abject failure to check the spread of gambling. Jonathan Harrington Green, a reformed gambler turned professional lecturer on tricks of the sharpster’s trade, helped set up a New York Association for the Suppression of Gambling (ASG) in 1850. The board of ministers and businessmen directed executive agent Green to undertake a thorough survey of the problem. He reported back that there were 6,126 gambling houses in town—defined broadly enough to include the first-class “hells” where rich merchants played faro in luxurious surroundings, the dimly lit “penny-poker dens” where small-time thieves congregated, the lottery offices, the policy offices, and indeed anywhere bets were placed, including ten-pin alleys, billiard rooms, saloons, cockfighting pits, and shooting galleries. Green also noted the rarity of arrests: in the previous six years a grand total of fifty-nine people had been indicted for gambling.
The ASG professed great concern about the impact of these establishments on vulnerable young men, and it was true enough that gambling, like much else in New York, had rapidly shifted its nature in recent years. In the past, most recreational betting had been done with peers; monies won generally remained in circulation within the neighborhood. Now much of the wagering went on in commercial settings, organized by oftunscrupulous professionals who lived off customers’ losses. But Green and the ASG proved to be less troubled by gambling’s impact on youths than by its consequences for employers. In general, they bemoaned the gambling-propagated lust for quick wealth that was undermining the industry and sobriety businessmen wanted in their labor force. In particular, they bewailed the rising number of gambling-addicted clerks who dipped into their employers’ tills to make up losses.
Green’s contemporary, a young merchant named George H. Petrie, had visited London for business and to see the Crystal Palace, discovered the Young Men’s Christian Association there, and brought it back to New York in 1852 to “ralley around the young stranger and save him from the snares of this wicked city.” With the help of Mercer Street Presbyterian’s Rev. Isaac Ferris, Petrie set up a temporary sanctuary in two rooms on the third floor of the old New York City Lyceum at 659 Broadway. Clerical workers, many of them new to the city, flocked to the YMCA, attracted by its library and meeting place, network of friends and surrogate family, and help in finding housing, churches, and jobs with YMCA businessman backers. Such men, in turn, responded warmly to the argument (cogently expressed by the Rev. George W. Bethune at the second annual meeting in 1854) that the organization was “a principle of insurance to their interests,” a way “to make their servants—I mean those who are in their employ—faithful to their duty.”
For all its promise, the “Y”—which would itself evolve in unexpected directions—was not intended to transform the immigrant masses in the present but to contend with them in the future. It was wonderful, Bethune said, that “after all this infusion of foreign admixture, the Anglo-Saxon element pervadefs] and rules” New York, but maintaining that predominance required advance planning. The YMCA would train up what Bethune called a cadre of men “calm, resolute, armed, drilled and prepared for the fight, taking their position as the guardians of the city,” but even if successful, such troops could have no immediate impact on a rapidly deteriorating situation.
“TO EXPEL IDLENESS AND BEGGARY FROM THE CITY”
The “scientific reformers” at the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor were not doing much better than the moralizers they tended to belittle. By the early fifties the AICP, with roughly four thousand contributing members—including some of the greatest bankers, merchant princes, and industrialists of the day—was the most influential organization of its kind in New York. Its program of centralized philanthropy to manage city indigents was in full swing; nearly four hundred employed visitors had logged hundreds of thousands of visits; and executive secretary Robert Milham Hartley professed himself mightily pleased with the elaborate structure. “Its machinery,” Hartley boasted, “though extensive, is easily managed, and works with admirable precision, economy and effect.” Surely it couldn’t fail “to expel idleness and beggary from the city.” Here, he crowed, was America’s answer to the recently published Communist Manifesto.
Hartley had succeeded in expelling many of the most wretched from the city, in a sense. They’d been swept from Manhattan’s streets and dispatched to Blackwell’s Island, by 1850 a 1.75-mile-long laboratory for scientific management of the classified poor. Yet no matter how many grand (and costly) new establishments got constructed on Blackwell’s, they were immediately (and expensively) swamped with inmates, 60 percent of them Irish. Many were elderly discharged domestics who, having spent their lives in service, had no children to look after them nor community support networks to rely upon in their old age. Between 1853 and 1856, caring for the seven thousand people crammed into the new almshouse drove the costs of operation up by 240 percent, from $385,000 to $925,000.
The sick and immigrant poor, meanwhile, were shoehorned into Bellevue Hospital. Of the 3,728 admissions in 1850, 2,596 had been born in Ireland and only 647 were native born. A substantial minority were relegated to the floors until a new wing, added in 1855, brought the number of beds to twelve hundred; by the mid-1850s Bellevue was treating four to five thousand patients annually. The place had a fearsome reputation, however, partly because the private hospitals and other poor-relief institutions continued to dump their terminal cases there and then slander the facility for its mortality rate. Ardent efforts brought in-house deaths down somewhat, but in the late 1850s Bellevue remained rat-infested, lice-ridden, and, like many of the other overcrowded institutions, wracked by epidemics of puerperal fever (which carried off parturient women) and ophthalmia (which led to blindness in large numbers of children).
Public and private reformers made heroic efforts to respond to the crisis. A tiny smallpox hospital was opened on Blackwell’s southern tip in 1848, then replaced by a much larger version in 1856. The Blackwell’s Island Lunatic Asylum, a mammoth and intricately designed hospital at the northern apex, was the largest such institution in the country when it opened in 1839 but was quickly overburdened with inmates; it was replaced by two new buildings in the late 1840s. Three-fourths of these inmates were immigrants, two-thirds of whom were Irish. Insanity proved especially prevalent among young immigrant women, one sympathetic physician wrote, who were simply overwhelmed by “the combined moral and physical influences of their leaving the homes of their childhood, their coming almost destitute to a strange land, and often after great suffering.”
The idle and dissolute—“paupers” and “vagrants”—were sent to the new (1855) workhouse, which reformers had been clamoring for for years. There they were set to productive labor, isolated from the respectable almshouse poor with whom they had once been promiscuously mixed. The utterly “debased” and “depraved” were incarcerated in the fortresslike penitentiary near the island’s southern end, with one wing for males, another for females; at times, however, the crush of vagrants in the workhouse was so great that its overflow—twenty-five hundred people in 1851—had to be confined along with the convicts.
Most of these establishments imposed a rigorous and moralistic order on their “inmates.” They required the able-bodied to work: men labored in the quarry, rowed ferryboats to the mainland, and were on occasion loaned out to clean sewers; women cooked, washed, ironed, sewed; expectant mothers scrubbed floors. But these tasks, originally intended to inculcate values while offsetting costs, soon degenerated into devices for maintaining discipline or imposing a punitive routine. Rehabilitation had given way to warehousing.
“IDLE AND VICIOUS CHILDREN OF BOTH SEXES”
The reform community’s greatest efforts were devoted to rescuing children of the poor—now, more than ever, considered a threat to civic stability. In 1849 George Matsell, New York’s chief of police, alerted residents to a “deplorable and growing evil” that threatened the very survival of the city. “I allude,” he wrote, “to the constantly increasing number of vagrants, idle and vicious children of both sexes, who infest our public thoroughfares.” The three-hundred-pound Matsell was detested in workingclass neighborhoods—Mike Walsh called him “a degraded and pitiful lump of blubber and meanness”—but his warning inflamed the imaginations of middle- and upper-class reformers. The Rev. Edwin Chapin quite agreed that “the children of the Poor create an appeal to prudential considerations,” as they “form a large proportion of those groups known in every city as ‘The Dangerous classes.’”
By the late 1840s children under fifteen constituted almost one-third of the city’s population (comparable to London’s 31.9 percent though far more than Paris’s 19.6 percent). The virtual disappearance of apprenticeship with its provision of room, board, and steady work had freed many from traditional constraints, and working-class families, who expected children to earn their keep from early on, routinely sent their young into unsupervised street trades.
Even more alarming than the swarms of children working the streets were those who lived on them as well. Many were orphans—poor parents often died young—but others simply didn’t like working-class family life, with its enforced sharing and cooperation, its parental discipline, often its parental violence. The streets beckoned the discontented with their alluring range of things to buy and places to go; even boys with homes slept out for weeks at a time, swelling the ranks of vagrant children.
The AICP’s solution was similar to the one they fashioned for adult immigrants: round the children up, then slot them, depending on character, into reformatories, schools, or bourgeois-type homes. To accomplish the first goal, the AICP drafted a model Truancy Law and, with help from the Female Guardian Society, got the state legislature to pass it in 1853. The law empowered police to arrest vagrant children between the ages of five and fourteen. If they proved to be orphans, they were to be made wards of the state and institutionalized. If not, they were to be turned over to their parents, who were enjoined to send them to school—an injunction given teeth by making school attendance a condition of family relief. If parents still failed to live up to their responsibilities, authorities were authorized to seize the children “and place them under better influences, till the claim of the parent shall be re-established by continued sobriety, industry and general good conduct.”
The legislation was less effective than it might have been in banning children from the streets, as it was so harsh that in practice many policemen refused to make arrests. But those who were picked up in the dragnet got consigned to a range of specialized institutions.
The hard cases were packed off to the House of Refuge, founded in 1824 and still going strong, though newly relocated in 1854 to Randall’s Island. There, isolated from the wicked city and adult prisoners alike, youthful vagrants were set to laboring alongside convicted juvenile delinquents and rebellious sons and defiant daughters who had been committed by their working-class parents. In the House of Refuge, the AICP noted approvingly, twelve-year-olds were “trained in habits of industry” by being compelled to make sixty pairs of ladies’ shoes a day, which sold briskly in retail shops, undercutting adult shoemakers.
The AICP did worry, however, that inmates who were hardened reprobates would drag down into delinquency those who were as yet merely vagrant and neglected. So the organization proposed and helped institute the New York Juvenile Asylum (1851), dedicated to teaching disobedient and idle children “self-discipline of body, mind, and heart” and then apprenticing them to employers. The asylum, unfortunately, proved no more effective an agency of reform than did the House of Refuge, and it too came to serve primarily a custodial function.
The reformers vested their major hopes for saving the salvageable in the school system, which underwent a major reorganization in these years. The Public School Society, the private board that had been running the free schools with public money, was subordinated to, and then in 1853 subsumed by, the popularly elected Board of Education. The public system launched an ambitious building program, constructing some schools capable of holding a thousand or more, and hired women as teachers, to keep costs down. Most innovatively, the board, seeking to provide an alternative to theaters and saloons, provided an evening school program that by 1856 had enrolled nearly fifteen thousand, some four thousand of whom were females, taught in separate classes.
The board’s pedagogical agenda remained that of the old Public School Society—the president announced in 1852 that he sought the “cultivation of habits of ready obedience”—and many of the new ward-school teachers, old PSS veterans, brought along their emphasis on mechanical memorization and Protestant indoctrination. The schools, accordingly, had a mixed record in accessing the immigrant poor. Over half of those registered never showed up, and perhaps fifty thousand went utterly unprovided for. What the institutions did best was protect and encourage children of middle-class character; youths who failed to measure up were weeded out rather than reformed.
The Sunday School Union had its own problems with the immigrant poor, though it did reaffirm (in 1856) its commitment to the “wretched progeny” of the “refuse population of Europe” as well as the “offcast children of American debauchery, drunkenness, and vice.” However, as the union admitted, “our object has always been to reach the masses, but we cannot get to them.” More and more, the Sunday schools became adjuncts of middle-class congregations, and most outposts in the working-class districts were eventually written off as failures.
The era’s most creative educational initiatives were aimed at older youths and adults. In 1846 the Board of Education’s Townsend Harris, a prosperous crockery merchant, proposed establishing a college for those who “have been pupils in the common schools.” It would offer studies relevant for the “active duties of operative life” rather than the classics courses Columbia and NYU considered preparatory for “the Pulpit, Bar, or the Medical profession.” The Free Academy was authorized in 1847 by an act of the legislature, but under pressure from “friends of the present expensive colleges [who] dislike it and are trying to crush it,” its fate was made conditional on winning a referendum.
In a whirlwind thirty-day campaign, Tammany posted placards all over town urging a “Free Academy for the poor man’s children” while Whigs opposed the idea on several grounds. Some complained of the cost. Others suggested that workers lacked the intellectual capacity to absorb higher education or, conversely, that they would absorb it and then become “too proud of their superior education to work either as clerks or mechanics, or to follow any active business except what is termed professional.” After all, as “Plain Truth” argued, “in every organism there must be diversity of members. There will be head, and hands, and—we must venture to say it—feet, too.” Finally there was the blanket ideological objection that the proposed expansion of free public services was really the opening wedge of a “mongrel Fourierism.”
Overriding these plaints, the citizenry passed the Free Academy referendum by 19,305 to 3,409. Architect James Renwick was set to designing a Gothic structure on Lexington and 23rd, and at the formal opening, in January 1849, a speaker hailed the “system of popular education for the common man” as solid evidence of the “growing democratization of American life.” Mike Walsh denied this, predicting that few laboring-class children would ever grace its Gramercy Park precincts, for most could not afford not to work, and the academy, while free, offered no stipends. Walsh’s prediction proved only slightly overstated. Talented sons of laborers, cartmen, craftsmen, and clerks did enter (though few from the ranks of Irish or German immigrants), but most were indeed forced by indigence to drop out and take jobs. The vast majority of graduates were scions of merchants, ministers, lawyers, doctors, brokers, or clergymen, and most were of English, Dutch, or Huguenot descent. Nor were any graduates women, no matter what their ethnic and class credentials, for despite an 1854 legislative grant of authority to extend free higher education to females, raucous opposition within and outside the board blocked formation of the female Normal School (later Hunter College) for another decade and a half.
Peter Cooper set out to do better. Long inspired by the adult education programs offered by lyceums and mechanics’ institutes in the United States and abroad, Cooper, while PSS leader, had helped inaugurate the public schools’ evening classes back in 1848. Now he decided to erect an institute that would offer free education in the mechanical arts and sciences, with an emphasis on practical education, for men and women of the working classes. In 1853, on a plot of land between Astor Place, Third Avenue, Seventh Street, and Fourth Avenue, he laid the cornerstone for Cooper Union; he spent $600,000 completing it over the next five years. Its open-admission night classes were available to all comers, regardless of previous education; those lacking rudimentary knowledge were sent to the public evening schools. Two thousand people responded avidly—clerks, salesmen, bookkeepers, machinists, carpenters, and cabinetmakers predominated—filling every class immediately, though over six hundred soon dropped out. The courses were coed—though 95 percent of the students were male—and Cooper also opened a daytime Women’s School of Design to teach engraving, lithography, drawing, and painting on china. Cooper Union’s program was strictly nonsectarian, despite Cooper’s strong history of opposition to Catholics’ receiving state funds for education, and the school drew high praise from Bishop Hughes. The Great Hall, to the alarm of some, became a place where civic issues were debated from many (including radical) points of view. And its well-stocked reading room—unlike those of the neighboring Astor Library (which opened at 6th and Lafayette in 1854) or the Mercantile Library (now housed in the old Astor Opera House) or the New York Society Library (newly installed on University Place in 1856)—was kept open until ten P.M., making it accessible to working people.
WESTWARD HO! (CHILDREN’S VERSION)
Despite the defects of existing child-saving programs, the Rev. Charles Loring Brace insisted that this was a time for decisive action, not despair. Brace believed, as did the moralizers and schoolmen, that the “existence of such a class of vagabond, ignorant, ungoverned children” represented a massive danger “to the value of property” and even “the permanency of our institutions.” But his mission work with the Rev. Pease in the Five Points had convinced him that “the old technical methods—such as distributing tracts, and holding prayer-meetings, and scattering Bibles”—were now useless. “The neglected and ruffian class which we are considering are in no way affected directly by such influences as these. New methods must be invented for them.”
Brace also dissented sharply from the AICP approach. The street urchin, Brace agreed, having “grown up ignorant of moral principle as any savage or Indian,” would eventually “poison society,” yet while fearing those he called “barbarians” and “street rats” Brace also admired the “independence and manly vigor” of the newsboys, bootblacks, match sellers, even the petty thieves. Their creative entrepreneurial energy suggested they might be little businessmen in the making—if only they could be instilled with a ” ‘sense of property,’ and the desire of accumulation, which, economists tell us, is the base of all civilization.”
Clearly the first step was to isolate urchins from their working-class milieu—the “engine runners, cock fighters, pugilists, and pickpockets,” the “low theatres, to which he is passionately attached,” the “vicious career of [his] parents.” But the next step, Brace insisted, was not to place them in asylums or schools, whose obsession with “drilled and machine-like” conformity would only break their spirit and render them “unused to struggle.”
The better solution was to extract them from the city altogether and ship them off to the interior, where they would be boarded in “kind Christian homes in the country.” This would submit them to the moral tutelage of some pure woman: “No influence, we believe, is like the influence of a Home.” It would also set them to work, having the additional advantage of sending “laborers where they are in demand” while relieving “the over-crowded market in the cities.” Clumped in New York, the children were a festering menace; dispersed over the continent, their individualism and opportunism could be put to good account.
To this end, in 1853 Brace set up the Children’s Aid Society, on Astor Place on Fourth Avenue (near the headquarters of the AICP and the YMCA). At first, after screening both children and potential families, it shipped youths to farms in the nearby countryside. Later, when the railroad system penetrated deeper into the interior, they were sent all the way to Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa. By 1860 the society had placed out 5,074.
Brace’s approach attracted a good deal of support from socially prominent merchants, bankers, and lawyers (though not, despite some help from the Unitarians, from the ministerial community, a sign of the growing secularization of the reform movement). Working people were of a more mixed mind. The program had its appeals: enterprising youths were attracted to its promise of a western adventure; emigration schemes were in the air; and the Irish, in particular, were well accustomed to seasonal migrations of adolescents as farm laborers and domestic servants. On the other hand, there was a widespread (and often justified) sense that the children were being exploited as cheap labor by shrewd western farmers. And unlike the land reformers’ voluntary homesteading plan, the Children’s Aid Society approach had the unappealing aspect of something done to one. Moreover, just as African Americans had long resisted Colonization Society efforts to “solve” the racial problem by deporting them en masse, Catholics vigorously resented a policy that seemed, in the words of the Freeman’s Journal, to be “seizing them in the name of charity and of religion, and carrying them away to be brought up aliens to the Catholic faith.”1
The New York Archdiocese, accordingly, redoubled its own children-saving efforts. By 1858 the assets of its massive parochial school system were valued at over two million dollars, and soon there were nearly fifteen thousand attending twelve select schools and thirty-one free schools. Some of these were artfully counterplaced: when crowds of Catholic parents prevented children from entering Pease’s House of Industry in the fall of 1853, they redirected their youngsters to a parochial school that had been deliberately set up nearby. New orphanages rose, to prevent Catholic children being consigned to Protestant asylums and “brought up in hatred of that religion which was the only and last consolation of their dying parents!” The most spectacular countermeasure was launched in 1863 when the enormous Catholic Protectory was inaugurated on 114 acres of farmland in the Bronx—a rural training center where city boys could be rescued from the wicked city and the Children’s Aid Society alike.
ENTER THE ENVIRONMENTALISTS
In 1842 John H. Griscom, a learned and pious Quaker physician who served on the AICP’s first executive committee, issued a scorching report on sanitary conditions in the city. Griscom had seen the effects of living in cellars and tenements close up during his years of service at the New York Dispensary and New York Hospital, and after he was appointed to John Pintard’s old post of city inspector in 1842, he embarked on a comprehensive survey of city health.
Griscom concluded that a good deal of metropolitan mortality was avoidable. To his mind, “first among the most serious causes of disordered general health” was the city’s crowded and poorly ventilated housing, especially its rear courts and cellars (he found some that housed as many as forty-eight persons), and he bitterly condemned the cupidity of those who had taken advantage of abject destitution to convert their basements “into living graves for human beings.” Griscom’s second-ranked killer was the omnipresent filth, which resulted from obscenely overused facilities (often fifty people shared a single privy) and from abysmal drainage and sewerage.
After carefully demonstrating the connection between unsanitary living conditions and poor health, Griscom argued for preventive action. Like his predecessors, he wanted common nuisances eliminated. But he went farther, citing studies of Edwin Chadwick and other English health reformers, and urged construction of a comprehensive sewage and drainage system and free provision of Croton water to the entire population. Griscom also sought public regulation of housing. Going far beyond the existing fire-related statutes, he asked for legislation to protect residents “from the pernicious influence of badly arranged houses and apartments.” Griscom wanted to require landlords to provide tenants with adequate space and fresh air (at least ten cubic feet per minute per adult). He urged banning the use of cellars, limiting the number of residents per building, and holding landlords accountable for keeping buildings clean. To ensure compliance, he proposed replacing politically appointed health wardens with nonpolitical medical experts—a Health Police, authorized to make routine inspections and, if necessary, close down places found unfit for human habitation.
The aldermen did not take kindly to Griscom’s proposals, which among other things would lop off lots of patronage positions, and the doctor was not reappointed as city inspector. But a group of reformers including Peter Cooper put together a fund to publish an expanded version of his 1842 study, and The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York—a landmark in the history of public health—came out in 1845.
Among Griscom’s many striking departures from conventional bourgeois wisdom was his refusal to blame the poor for their wretched housing. He knew that lack of fresh water and adequate sanitation made it impossible for residents to keep clean and pious homes, even if they wanted to, and he even declined to blame laboring men for escaping from such hovels to the grogshops. For Griscom, dirt was a symptom of poverty, not its cause.
On the other hand, he didn’t blame the rich, as the land reformers did. Rather he appealed to them to provide decent housing, not just as “a measure of humanity, of justice to the poor,” but as a matter of self-interest. Bad housing meant sick workers, and sick workers meant lower profits, higher relief outlays, and higher taxes. Ultimately, too, slums fostered the growth of “a class in the community more difficult to govern, more disposed to robbery, mobs, and other lawless acts, and less accessible to the influence of religious and moral instruction.” Griscom was convinced that such rational appeals would have weight because the problem seemed to stem from lack of understanding: “One half of the world does not know how the other half lives.”
The comfortable half didn’t pay much attention to Griscom, however, until rudely reminded of the costs of inaction. In June 1849, scant weeks after the riot in Astor Place, James Gilligan, an Irish laborer, was found dead, sprawled on the dirt floor of a rear basement room he shared with four women on Orange Street; by next day three of his fellow tenants were dead too.
The previous December the packet ship New York had arrived in quarantine from Le Havre with cholera as a passenger. Three hundred steerage customers had been hastily sequestered in commandeered customs warehouses, but many escaped to the city in small boats. Within a week cases had begun appearing in crowded immigrant boardinghouses. The cold winter had slowed its spread; now the disease roused itself and leapt out of the Points, sending the city into plague mode. The Board of Health struggled to find space for a makeshift hospital; turned down everywhere, they seized a colored public school. Railroads and steamships pulled in with no passengers aboard. Hotels emptied out. Business stopped.
The wealthy escaped to the country, leaving the disease to claim over five thousand of their poorer compatriots (another 642 died in Brooklyn). Bodies lay in the streets for days. Eventually they were rowed over to Randall’s Island and dumped in an open trench, at which point a gruesome public health device came into play as thousands of rats swam over and gnawed the flesh from the carcasses before they rotted.
As in 1832, many declared the cholera God’s retribution for sin—notably that of being Catholic. (Had not over 40 percent of the casualties been born in Ireland?) Indeed the Herald was amazed to find victims “among the respectable, including even ladies.”Overall, however, the cholera—together with the Astor riot and rising radicalism—strengthened the hand of those who argued that moralizing was no longer a sufficient response to social crisis. The relationship between ethics and environment had to be reconceptualized as an interactive rather than a one-way affair. “The physical and moral are closely allied,” announced the liberal Protestant New York Independent in 1850, trying out the new thinking: “The habit of living in squalor and filth engenders vice, and vice, on the other hand, finds a congenial home in the midst of physical impurities.” Poor people tended to be sick people, a group of state officials noted, and vice versa. Even Hartley began to temper his moralizing and to admit that substandard housing, inadequate sanitation, and other environmental or circumstantial factors might be causes as well as consequences of poverty.
The implication for action, Charles Loring Brace concluded robustly, was that “Material Reform and Spiritual Reform must mutually help one another.” But the former would prove as difficult to obtain as the latter, especially as the municipality and state, smitten with laissez-faire, had dismantled much of their eighteenth-century regulatory apparatus. Still, the patent social breakdown registered by the crudest of social indicators—corpses stacked like cordwood—gave newly enthused reformers the chance to make a considerable impact on the urban landscape.
Another pig round-up, from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 13, 1859. (© Collection of The New-York Historical Society)
Starting with hogs. The 1849 catastrophe jolted the city into taking up arms once again against the immemorial foe. Overcoming sometimes violent resistance by impoverished owners, the police flushed five to six thousand pigs out of cellars and garrets and drove an estimated twenty thousand swine north to the upper wards that summer. (At the same time, in an exterminating frenzy spurred on by municipal bounties, 3,520 stray dogs were killed in the streets, mostly by small boys with clubs.) The authorities, moreover, kept up their campaign year after year, banishing from lower Manhattan (in 1851—2) all bone-boiling works (along with the putrefying carcasses piled high in their yards). In the late 1850s Hog Town was invaded and the westside piggery complex between 50th and 59th streets dismantled. By 1860 New York’s porkers had been definitively exiled north of 86th Street and transformed into a distinctively “uptown” menace.
Cows were another story. Absent refrigeration, the city’s on-the-hoof meat supply had to be kept close at hand. Besides, the Common Council was reluctant to limit the entrepreneurship of powerful butchers. An 1853 ordinance did ban cattle drives south of 42nd Street (at least in the daytime), but that still left 206 slaughterhouses open for business, which butchered over 375,000 animals annually (usually draining excess blood to the gutters). Then there were the eleven public markets, the 531 private markets or butcher shops, the tanneries with their piles of putrid hides, and the beasts—usually five thousand a year—who simply dropped dead in the streets from natural causes. In August 1853 alone, the city’s contract scavenger reported clearing away 690 cows, 577 horses, 883 dogs, 111 cats, fourteen hogs, and six sheep—plus 1,303 tons of “butchers offal” and sixty-two tons of refuse bones from the slaughterhouses.
Then there was shit. The mercantile boom had vastly expanded the horse-based transport system—in 1854, there were 22,500 horses pulling public vehicles alone and countless others hauling private ones—collectively plopping tons of manure in the streets each day. Humans contributed their share via thousands of overflowing privies and cesspools, especially in the densely overpopulated tenement districts, where absentee landlords were disinclined to waste profits on tenant amenities, and tenants lacked money to pay privy cleaners. Where night scavengers did make pickups, they often spilled much of their cargo along the lanes as they jounced their way to the waterfront. There they dumped their loads onto (or off of) the wharves, where poorly designed slips held the effluent fast to the shore and were themselves rendered almost impassable to vessels, to say nothing of the stench.
That New York was drowning in garbage was in large measure a by-product of the explosive and unregulated growth that few were willing to impede. But the problem was compounded by the city’s having turned street cleaning over to private contractors in 1842, convinced this would bring improved service and lower costs. In the real world, collection contracts were often handed out as political plums to recipients who felt little compunction to make more than token swabs on the main streets; or they were awarded to the lowest bidders, often unprincipled sorts who hadn’t the slightest intention of doing any work whatever.
Ironically, Croton water, so recently hailed as savior, only made matters worse. The rich built water closets in profusion, which when flushed with Croton water overflowed their cesspools even more rapidly. They consequently clamored for the right to plug directly into the sewers, which had been built for draining storm water from the streets. In 1845 the Common Council permitted such hookups. However, the pipes had been laid at right angles or awkward grades that could handle swift-moving rain runoff but couldn’t cope with thick and sluggish wastewater. The result: impenetrable blockages, clogged pipes, and rampant flooding.
This problem was in turn resolved—in part—by building new sewers. The drawback here was that sewers, financed by assessments on adjacent property owners, were built only when resident proprietors or speculative realtors petitioned for them. Unlike the water supply, which had been designed as a system and paid for out of the common treasury, sanitation was reserved to those who could afford it. Sewer pipes slithered up Lexington, Second, and Third, where horsecar lines had facilitated better home construction, but most Irish and German areas remained bereft. Even where trunk lines did penetrate working-class quarters—along Stanton, Rivington, Delancey, Broome, and Grand—landlords refused to connect up with them, just as they resisted paying the Croton Aqueduct Department’s installation fee and its annual water rent of ten dollars. In 1854, however, in yet another concession to environmentalists, the Common Council ruled that residences had to be connected to sewer lines. And in 1856 it passed an ordinance limiting construction of new buildings to lots serviced by drains.
Nevertheless, in 1857 (the AICP noted), only 138 miles of the city’s five hundred miles of paved streets had been sewered. This left two-thirds of all New Yorkers still reliant on backyard and basement privies, whose overflow continued to seep to the water table, infect public wells used by the poor, flood cellars, and leave missionaries and physicians routinely horrified to find children playing and mothers hanging the wash in yards coated with human excrement and swarming with flies. Against all this, the pioneering Bath and Wash House opened by the AICP in 1852 was a worthy but woefully insufficient response.
Foul milk, like foul water, proved durable and deadly. Dairy herds, like beef cattle, had to be kept near consumers and were most densely concentrated on the west side near 16th Street. Often, to keep costs low, they were placed next to distilleries, allowing “swill,” the boiling-hot waste product of fermentation, to be fed directly into stable troughs in the cramped quarters. Swill had nutritive value but required supplementation with hay and grain. Few profit-conscious owners bothered to provide it. Nor were they overly concerned that disease ran rampant among their confined herds. They continued extracting thin blue milk from rotting and ulcerous cows until the animals died (at which point they were sold for meat). Then they doctored the product with magnesia, chalk, and stale eggs and passed it on to consumers, felling infants by the thousands.
Griscom and Hartley campaigned vigorously against swill milk, proposing city inspection, but neither city nor state was inclined to interfere with the workings of the free market, especially when the wealthy could afford good milk from farms in Westchester and Queens. By 1856 an estimated two-thirds of all milk sold in New York City was coming from distillery dairies. In 1858 Frank Leslie began a visual expose in his Illustrated Weekly Newspaper, depicting the milking of sick cows, detailing dairymen’s profits, and decrying lobbyist payoifs to aldermen. The Common Council reluctantly authorized an investigation, then dropped the matter. Not until 1862 would environmentalists win a swill-milk law from the state legislature, and it proved to be full of loopholes.
TENEMENT TROUBLES
Housing reformers too ran into brick walls, though some of their difficulty in finding a solution stemmed from their own misdiagnosis of the problem. John Griscom had focused his ire on the “merciless inflation and extortion of the sublandlord.” The AICP agreed that slumlords tended to be unscrupulous immigrants or, at best, firstgeneration Americans—petty exploiters, often operators of saloons, brothels, and gambling dens—difficult to distinguish, in other words, from their wretched tenants.
It was true that large landlords commonly sublet their buildings to middlemen, leaving to them the chore of extracting high rents, rather as big garment shops left small contractors to do the direct sweating of labor. It was also true that many of these intermediaries were lower-middle-class proprietors (grocers, tavern keepers, building tradesmen) who had jumped into the real estate game or were professional real estate agents (often unemployed building tradesmen) who for a 5 percent commission let apartments and collected rent. In either case, landed grandees were effectively distanced from their tenants, few of whom knew that their ultimate landlord might be an Astor.
But the bottom line was determined from above: sublandlords had to pay chief landlords what Griscom blandly termed “a sum that will yield a fair interest on the costs.” But “fairness” was defined in relation to the returns their capital could fetch elsewhere. New York’s bourgeoisie had many outlets for accumulated cash—finance, industry, transportation, and western lands—and would invest in local real estate only if they could garner comparable profits. The same logic dominated the building industry, where the newly incorporated construction companies bid for capital from individuals and institutions; forced to pay high interest rates, building companies cut costs elsewhere, usually by slashing wages of construction workers, lowering housing standards, or both.
Griscom nevertheless believed he could convince “the benevolent capitalist” to build decent housing at a fair rate of profit. The AICP vigorously promoted a bricksand-mortar discussion among builders and capitalists by circulating plans of “model” tenements gleaned from English sources. Well maintained and properly managed, it was argued, they could bring the owner a legitimate 6 percent return. Alas, even respectable Christian businessmen preferred to invest in upper-class housing that brought in 10 percent, new tenement housing that could garner 15 to 25 percent, or old crammed-up artisan housing that could reap 50 to 75 percent, though much of that had to be split with others.
When distressingly few businessmen stepped forward to begin construction, the AICP decided, again taking its cues from English and Continental philanthropists, to do the job itself. In 1855, after frustrating delays and false starts, it opened the largest multiple dwelling yet built in New York City, a six-story structure for eighty-seven families at Mott and Elizabeth streets, just north of the Five Points. Known as the Workingmen’s Home and often described as the city’s first model tenement, it had water closets on each floor, gas lighting, and Croton water. All the apartments were rented to African American New Yorkers, since “they are usually forced into the worst kind of dwellings, and are deprived of most special privileges, and consequently were specially deserving commiseration.” The experiment wasn’t successful, however. Though many rooms lacked windows, and all were absurdly cramped (bedrooms measured eight feet by seven and a half), rents, ranging from $5.50 to $8.50 per month, proved too high for most tenants yet too low to ensure the promised 6 percent. After a dozen years of losing money (and continuing trouble with the “inmates”), the Workingman’s Home was sold to the Five Points House of Industry as a residence for working women.
As it became clear that tenement reform wouldn’t attract private investors, the AICP began to consider the need for government regulation of the housing market. Joined by fire insurers, who thought a stricter building code would reduce their risk exposure, by concerned physicians, who were also seeking to enhance their standing as public experts, and merchants worried about the city’s sinking reputation as a healthy place to do business, the environmentalists persuaded the legislature’s Tenement House Committee to launch a full-scale investigation in 1856.
The legislators proceeded to immerse themselves (a la Dickens) in places like Corlear’s Hook and were duly shocked. “Though expecting to look upon poverty in squalid guise, vice in repulsive aspects, and ignorance of a degraded stamp,” the investigators recounted in conventional sunshine-and-shadow prose, “we had not yet formed an adequate conception of the extremes to which each and all of these evils could reach.” The committee’s Tenant House Report of 1857 declared that housing in New York’s Tenth Ward was “without room sufficient for civilized existence” and that some dwellings in the Eleventh Ward were so bad “it is astounding that everyone doesn’t die of pestilence.”
The legislators, however, were no more prepared than Griscom or the AICP to ask tough questions about the larger economic order that gave rise to the slums. The mismatch between rising rents and falling wages was not on the table. Nor was the premise that housing had to be provided as a commodity: the land reformers’ notion of government-underwritten urban homesteads was literally unthinkable. They did, however, recommend passage of regulatory housing laws, and their work led to the drafting of the state’s first housing code.
Drafting, but not adoption: the prospect of regulation raised an enormous hue and cry from builders and owners, forcing the legislature to retreat, and another decade would pass before it summoned the nerve to try again. Housing was left to market forces—with the predictable result that the thirty-four blocks along Fifth Avenue between Washington Square and 42nd Street housed a mere four hundred families in virtually agoraphobic comfort (twelve families per block) while on the East Side seven hundred families jammed themselves into one tenement block.
When added to inaction on the garbage and sewage fronts, the result (said a legislative committee) was that “death is making an alarming inroad upon [our] population.” Cholera raced through the tenements again in 1852. Typhus, an immigrant disease of dirt and overcrowding, grew endemic, then turned epidemic in 1852. Deaths from consumption (tuberculosis) soared in the black and immigrant communities. Between 1845 and 1854 the city wide mortality rate hovered at an all-time high of forty deaths per thousand city residents, and the gap between bourgeois and working-class districts widened dramatically: in 1855 the Sixth Ward had the highest death rate in New York. The flood of corpses manifested itself in a grisly version of the law of supply and demand. With the number of unclaimed bodies growing faster than medical schools’ need for cadavers, their prices dropped accordingly. Corpses had cost twenty-five dollars in the early 1800s, but in 1848 a certain Dr. Reese was selling bodies of dead patients as a sideline at five dollars apiece.
The infant mortality figures were particularly horrifying. Pulmonary diseases drove the rate to a record high of 166 per thousand between 1850 and 1854, with the casualties (the AICP noted) “chiefly amongst the children of the poor, in the most filthy parts of the city.” Between 1850 and 1860 more than half of those under the age of five died each year—seven of every ten under the age of two—figures equal to the worst of the English factory districts.
By 1856 more New Yorkers were dying each year than were being born. Without the continuing torrent of immigration, said the city inspector, “the city would in a few years be depopulated.”
“LUNGS OF THE CITY”
In the end, only one environmentalist enterprise succeeded fully, though its public health component would constitute a small part of a project that for a wide variety of other reasons enlisted the backing of some very powerful New Yorkers.
In October 1848, only months after the revolution in the streets of Paris, landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing proposed the creation in New York of a mammoth (five-hundred-acre) People’s Park. Until then Downing had concentrated on providing country gentlemen with picturesque retreats and editing the Horticulturist. But the European upheavals alarmed him. They seemed to herald similar convulsions in a New York that, to his dismay as an old-school republican, had been dividing up into social classes that no longer comingled one with the other as they once had. New York desperately needed a place where classes could regain comity. Parks, he thought, would facilitate interactions no longer available on the street. Such social intercourse, Downing believed, would, as reformers wished, uplift the lower orders. “Every laborer is a possible gentleman,” Downing argued. It wanted only “the refining influence of intellectual and moral culture,” which a park might make available, to raise up “the man of the working men to the same level of enjoyment with the man of leisure and accomplishment.” In addition, Downing said, coupling his concerns to the demands of the growing public health movement, the park’s material as well as moral environment would be beneficial: the open space would serve as the “lungs of the city.”
Merchant and AICP sponsor Robert Bowne Minturn reached a similar conclusion by a somewhat different route. After returning in the winter of 1849-50 from an eighteen-month grand tour, he and his wife, Anna Mary Minturn, were struck, as so many other well-off travelers had been, with the mortifying contrast between what Downing called New York’s “mere grass-plots of verdure” and Europe’s grand green spaces. Minturn became the nucleus of a group of largely Whig gentlemen, many of whom had made their fortunes in international trade, that came to agree that Manhattan needed a public space worthy (as William Cullen Bryant put it) “of the greatness of our metropolis.”
A proper park, these gentlemen said, would advance New York’s commercial interests, counter the attractions (like Brooklyn’s Green-Wood) offered by rival cities, and offer a pastoral and healthy retreat from the disorderly city. It would also provide the respectable classes a place to promenade that was far from crowded Broadway, where cultivated ladies like Anna Minturn were finding themselves “stared out of countenance by troupes of whiskered and mustachioed chatterers” (a Post correspondent noted). Even better, a spacious park would allow the gentility to roll about in their fabulous new carriages, rectifying what Nathaniel Parker Willis had long ago singled out as New York’s great deficiency “as a metropolis of wealth and fashion”: the “lack of a driving park.”
Placing a park at the spot favored initially—the iso-acre plot bounded by 66th, 75th, Third Avenue, and the East River known as Jones’ Wood—would, moreover, reap additional advantages. Uptown property owners had been expressing considerable dismay at finding Irish, German, and African Americans forced northward along with hogs, bone-boiling establishments, and dung heaps. The Harlem Rail Road, too, was fostering a rapid growth of up-island brickworks, ropewalks, and paint manufactories. By removing a substantial chunk of uptown territory from the marketplace, landowners believed, a park would protect their terrain from further encroachment. Establishing the “character” of the surrounding neighborhood would also “materially improve Real estate” and make possible the profitable construction of terraced villas like those facing Regent’s Park in London.
Unfortunately, the Joneses and Schermerhorns who owned the Wood were unwilling to sell, scenting bigger profits in more commercial and river-oriented uses. So in 1851 James Beekman, a wealthy Whig state senator, who himself owned property near Jones’ Wood and was generally regarded as uptown’s representative in the legislature, introduced a bill to seize the land by eminent domain. Backed by Minturn and other prominent merchants and bankers, Beekman’s proposal passed quickly into law.
Despite this fast start, the Jones’ Wood plan now triggered vigorous opposition from other downtown merchants who castigated it (said one irate Tribune contributor) as “a scheme to enhance the value of up-town land.” Fiscally conservative gentlemen like U.S. Senator Hamilton Fish also objected to the way Beekman’s plan shifted the method of paying for the park: away from the traditional practice of assessing the neighboring landowners who would be the chief beneficiaries, and toward putting the burden on all taxpayers. There were additional reservations about the unnervingly massive and worrisomely precedent-setting expansion of state intervention in the land market.
Unionists, land reformers, and environmental reformers had their own objections. The Industrial Congress was on record as saying that if the city was to build parks, they should be placed in “vacant squares in the more thickly populated districts”; Mike Walsh and others were particularly keen to enlarge the Battery as a people’s promenade. The Staats-Zeitung also preferred “many smaller parks in different parts of the city” to one big one for “the heirs of the Upper Tendoms,” and it rejected as “complete humbug” the claim that a landscape park three miles north of the congested center would somehow lower the mortality rate. Dr. Griscom agreed that eight parks of a hundred acres each, or sixteen of fifty, “would certainly be less aristocratic; more democratic, and far more conducive to the public health.” Better, said physician and land reformer Hal Guernsey, to use the public’s money for building cheap homesteads on uptown land.
Finally, upper westside landowners made clear that they too were unhappy about the growth of immigrant and poor communities in their domain—places like Seneca Village—and demanded a park in their neck of the woods lest it soon “be covered with a class of population similar to that of Five Points” (as uptown assistant alderman Daniel Tiemann put it). They proposed an alternative, more “central” mid-island location, whose rocky topography made it unsuitable for building houses, grading streets, or digging sewers. The land would be much cheaper, and the municipal corporation already owned 135 acres in the area. It would therefore be possible to build a much bigger park, indeed one of the largest in the world, that would have “ample room for riding and driving therein with Horses and Carriages.”
After two years of debate and maneuver, the coalition backing the central park location won out. In 1853 the state agreed to use eminent domain to take 778 acres (expanded to 843 a decade later) from the 561 proprietors who controlled the site, 20 percent of which was owned by three families. Over the next two years a commission of estimate surveyed and assessed the thirty-four thousand lots, finally authorizing payment of five million dollars for the parcels (three times what advocates had claimed the entire park would cost). Compromising on the funding mechanism, it decreed that one-third of the expense would have to be covered by assessing adjacent landowners, generating screams and (ultimately unsuccessful) lawsuits from men like Archibald Watt, who nevertheless cleared a 1500 percent profit on land he’d bought only twenty years earlier. The sixteen hundred or so Irish, Germans, and blacks who lived on the land—dismissed and disparaged as “vagabonds and scoundrels”—were evicted by 1857, though the Sisters of Charity were allowed to remain in their Mount St. Vincent retreat until 1859.
Also in 1857 the state legislature established a Board of Commissioners of the Central Park, which sponsored a competition for choosing the park’s layout, touching off a new controversy over design. The commissioners were drawn to Downing’s old vision of a park that could foster interclass harmony, but many in the city either doubted that such coexistence was possible or feared that comingling would end with the lower orders imposing their vicious habits on their betters. The Times detested the notion of providing Boweryites with free access: “As long as we are governed by the Five Points, our best attempts at elegance and grace will bear some resemblance to jewels in the snouts of swine. Rather the Park should never be made at all if it is to become the resort of rapscalians.” Far better, some said frankly, to design a space that catered to distinctly upper-class needs—a new trotting course for sporting types, a carriage drive for the fashionable, a pastoral space cleansed of commercial excess and social disorder for the genteel—which would also anchor northern Fifth Avenue as a residential preserve for the wealthy.
Tribunes of popular culture like Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper countered by calling on the commissioners not to “allocate to aristocratic pride and exclusiveness, a place which they may strut and parade in a solitary state, but [to create] a spot for all classes of our fellow citizens” that would allow “the labouring classes to have cafe concerts, cirques, ambulatory exhibitions, and shooting galleries.” The Irish News wanted a “commons” area—in the vein of such pleasure gardens as Niblo’s or the Elysian Fields—that would allow for plebeian pleasures like picnics, festivals, sports, games, militia drills, theaters, fireworks, and circuses.
In the end the commissioners chose the Greensward Plan offered by Frederick Law Olmsted, whom they had just appointed superintendent of the park, and Calvert Vaux, a London-born architect who had suggested the competition idea to them in the first place.
Olmsted, son of a prosperous dry goods merchant from Hartford, had been set up by his father on a 125-acre Staten Island farm (on Raritan Bay) as a scientific agriculturalist. He had also written on rural design for Downing’s Horticulturalist (including a piece on Liverpool’s Birkenhead Park), published travel books on the social landscape of England and the American South, and in 1855 become a managing editor of Putnam’s Magazine, which by 1857 was foundering. When family friend and park commissioner Charles Elliott encouraged him to apply for the position directing the park’s labor force, he swiftly gathered endorsements from editors, writers, reformers, and friends, including Brace, Greeley, Cooper, and Irving.
One thing that helped him secure the position was his anti-laissez-faire conviction—very much in tune with the newest reform currents—that properly designed environments like English-style landscaped parks could elevate the character and condition of the poorer classes. Olmsted was also convinced of the value of class intermixing and in 1854 had urged his Yale chum and traveling companion Charles Loring Brace to “get up parks, gardens, music, dancing schools, reunions which will be so attractive as to force into contact the good and the bad, the gentlemanly and the rowdy.”
Vaux thought in similar terms. Trained as an architect in London, Vaux had attracted the attention of Andrew Jackson Downing, who in 1850 recruited him to run the architectural wing of his flourishing landscape-gardening practice. After Downing died in 1852, Vaux carried on his practice, then moved to New York in 1856, joined the National Academy of Design and the Century Association, and helped found the American Institute of Architects. He too adopted an environmentalist position and in 1857 urged municipal authorities to underwrite wholesome rational play—“public baths, gymnasiums, theatres, music halls, libraries, lecture rooms, parks, gardens, picture galleries, museums, schools”—as activities that would ensure “a refinement in popular education” and “good taste.”
When Vaux decided to enter the Central Park competition, he invited Superintendent Olmsted—whom he had met at Downing’s home in Newburgh—to join him, chiefly for his on-site familiarity with the topography. During the winter of 1857-58 they worked on a plan that would apply their social philosophy to the barren and rocky mid-Manhattan terrain. Evenhandedly rebuffing both working class desires for ball fields and aristocratic longings for a raceway, their Greensward Plan proposed a reformer’s vision—a space designed to school both patrician and plebeian cultures by transmitting, almost subliminally, civilized values and a “harmonizing and refining influence.”
To achieve this, they called for exiling the normal business of urban life to beyond the park’s perimeter. Coal carts, butchers’ carts, dung carts, and fire engines that had to cross the park were to be diverted to sunken transverse roads (rather as servants and tradesmen were kept out of sight in genteel mansions). Also banished was Manhattan’s grid, and with it the kind of streets that were “staked off,” as Olmsted put it, “with a rule and pencil in a broker’s office.” Here therapeutically romantic curves were to be the rule. Pedestrians and carriages would meander along paths affording ever-changing vistas, rather like a succession of Cole or Durand canvasses, intended to invoke decorous contemplation of nature, in the manner of Bryant’s poems. In addition to spectatorship of civilizing scenery, the plan encouraged genteel pastimes such as skating and boating and was particularly attentive to the needs of ladies. The park was to be a sanctuary, a retreat from the city’s competitiveness and congestion akin to the bourgeois-home-asdomestic-refuge, a place to set aside at least temporarily the “habit of mind, cultivated in commercial life, of judging values by the market estimate.” For all this sniping at the marketplace, Olmsted, in particular, stressed that Central Park would “greatly accelerate the occupation of the adjoining land,” pleasing wealthy Fifth Avenue landowners, and increase tax revenues, a claim calculated to warm the hearts of city officials.
The Greensward Plan was far less welcoming to the working classes. It banned not only their conventional recreations but their republican political culture. Olmsted and Vaux forbade martial displays, civic processions, and public oratory. The Mall was reserved for promenades: silent and apolitical encounters. Nor, for all the emphasis on the virtue of interclass mixing, was there much of it. Transport was neatly segregated: the middle class moved through the park space by carriage and horse, the working class on foot.
Central Park, New York, “a picturesque guide through the whole Park showing all the improvements up to June 1865.” (Map Division. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)
Olmsted also took patrician anxieties about potential plebeian rambunctiousness to heart. “A large part of the people of New York are ignorant of a park, properly socalled,” he wrote. “They need to be trained to the proper use of it.” Doubting that the park’s deep structure would sufficiently discipline the unruly, Olmsted established regulations that, in marked contrast to the laissez-faire streets of the city, soon blanketed the park terrain with 125 varieties of directive and injunctive signs and posters. He also instituted park police—“keepers”—who would “respectfully aid an offender toward a better understanding of what is due to others, as one gentleman might manage to guide another.”
For the time being, an apparatus to enforce proper canons of behavior was hardly necessary. The nascent park was too far north of the Bowery, and public transport too expensive, for it to attract many laborers apart from those busy constructing it. But the design and regulatory structure reassured the elite that it would in time become a gathering ground for the civilized. The value of surrounding property skyrocketed accordingly: by 1860 assessed values had risen by two-thirds of their 1856 levels.
This complacency was in fact misplaced. Working-class citizens would soon be contesting Greensward notions of proper usage. However, to the degree that Central Park did for the moment remain an upper-class playground, it represented yet another defeat for the larger reform project. Once again a cultural enterprise designed to mitigate the divisiveness of metropolitan life had served only to exacerbate it.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line456
|
__label__wiki
| 0.823055
| 0.823055
|
THE BATTLE OF LINCOLN
Before we examine the details of the only major battle in this civil war, we need to place it in context. We have already considered the development of warfare in general, with a brief look at such matters as arms and armour and siege techniques. But we need to look a little more closely at why battles were fought, and how. We shall then see the significance of Lincoln more clearly. As pointed out above, battles were rare, because of the risks involved; because of the danger of what might happen if defeated. Battle was bound to be chancy, even if one began with all the advantages. There could still be a surprise move, a panic on one’s own side, the sudden death of one’s leader, the unexpected arrival of reinforcements for the enemy. Any one of a thousand things could undermine even a commander confident of victory. So that although the benefits of victory could be very great, battle was a very high risk gamble, and few commanders in the twelfth century were prepared to take it. Consider the reputation of, say, Richard the Lionheart, always keen for a fight, never afraid of personal risk, yet on several occasions even he turned aside from a possible battle, and the only major battle in which he was involved, at Arsuf, was initiated by the enemy, and engaged at first by his own side against his orders.
Commanders knew that they could gain their ends by other and more reliable means, in particular by siege warfare, winning territory step by step. The occasional setback in this kind of war was to be expected, but it would not cut off one’s hopes at a blow. It was highly likely to be successful if you had more wealth and more men, and therefore appealed in particular to kings and superior authorities. But all twelfth-century war was a kind of challenge, and a successful commander could not avoid all challenges and all conflict. In the end he might have to risk battle or even engage in it to overbear his opponent. Therefore, battles most commonly occurred, oddly enough, at sieges. The first challenge was a lesser one: to gain authority over a single place, but if the opponent wanted to dispute that authority he must try to save the place. If the significance of the issue was great enough, this might in the end involve a defending army and an attacking army, and the issue might have to be resolved by battle.
Because of the riskiness of battle, it was also normal to place emphasis upon defensive tactics; it was more important not to lose than it was to win. Battle, like sieges, developed according to changes in technology, and changes in thinking about war. The most important battle-winning force which had emerged in the period just prior to Lincoln, was that of the cavalry charge.
Cavalry of course was not new, but its strength and method of use was. Typically in the past the point of cavalry had been its speed, and so it had been most useful for sudden manoeuvres such as flank attacks, and for pursuit (or escape). The more lightly cavalry was armed, the greater would be its speed. But this also left it vulnerable to attack of all sorts, and horses, however well trained, would find the noise and blood of warfare a great strain, so they might bolt. The most important factor in the changes which had occurred was the social status of the rider. We do not need to pursue in detail the development of what in modern times is usually called feudalism, though it is a relatively modern term and not a medieval one. The change we are interested in has caused some dispute over its timing, but there is no question that it happened. The socially superior class, by the eleventh century, acted as cavalry when at war, and by about this time were beginning to see themselves as knights, with the social and moral code that implies. Once this had happened, the other changes were almost inevitable. This class wanted to be best armed and protected, and could afford to be. They trained their horses and they trained themselves. The armour they wore as it increased in effectiveness, gradually also increased in cost and in weight. As a military group, therefore, this cavalry became more and more exclusive. Special horses were bred and trained for war, needing to be fast enough to move well – so not like cart horses – but heavy enough to play their part in battle, and also to carry the armour with which they, as well as their riders, were provided.
No sensible rider wanted his horse always to be weighed down with armour, but it became common practice to arm the horse as well as the man when fighting was likely, including, of course, for a pitched battle. We begin to see what is known as the barded, or armoured horse, as the common type of cavalry mount in battle. This horse would not move especially fast, but it would have reasonable protection and it would have weight. It could now be useful if speeded up and headed against men; it could trample infantry; it could break through their ranks. Thus developed, gradually, the idea of groups of cavalry charging across the field in battle. So effective was this method against forces not accustomed to it, that it helped to win some dramatic victories, as during the First Crusade, or at Hastings. Anna Comnena, the Byzantine chronicler, described its impact upon the Byzantines, who themselves used cavalry and armour, but not in quite the same way. She wrote that ‘the first charge of Celtic [Frankish] cavalry was irresistible’; ‘a mounted Celt is irresistible; he would pierce his way through the walls of Babylon’.1
What made the western cavalry so especially effective was the way they were trained to act as a group. To begin with, this seems to have occurred in small numbers, perhaps ten or twelve together. It was honed by the development of a newly popular sport, the tournament. At first this was mock group warfare rather than individual jousts. Knights from the western world flocked to advertised tournaments in Flanders or France or wherever. They could get rich through them, since one practice was to capture enemy knights and then ransom them. At the peak of the popularity of tournaments, they were occurring somewhere or other at almost weekly intervals. The point about the tournament for us, is that it also provided the opportunity to practise group cavalry moves. At some time between Hastings and Lincoln, it became the custom to use a large number of cavalry for a charge, in unison, what elsewhere I have referred to as the concerted charge.2 This is to distinguish it from the small group charge. Now a commander could send in a wave of cavalry: a line right across the field, or a mass attack from one or both wings. At first it was almost like a secret weapon.
As always with new battle-winning tactics, it is not long before someone seeks and finds a response; so it was with the concerted charge. It was powerful, but it had flaws. Once delivered, it was difficult to repeat, since it meant gathering the horses together again in the midst of the turmoil of battle, and finding another chance to give them a clear run. So that if the charge did not decide the battle at once, the opposition was then in a good position to counter. Another flaw was that, although this was an excellent offensive tactic for battle, the cavalry force was not very useful in defence, so that the commander was more or less committed to seeking early means of attack. Another weakness was that, however well armoured, horses could still be wounded, for example in the leg. By aiming at horses, defensive troops, especially if they possessed archers, could halt or weaken the charge before it was even delivered. And horses, after all, are animals, and likely to do unexpected things if hurt or frightened, however well trained; sometimes they bolted, very often they reared, and riders were constantly thrown in the middle of a fight.
One rather unpleasant solution to the problem of how to stop the cavalry charge, was to place objects in the path of the horses, such as caltrops – metal spheres with spikes. This is a tactic mentioned by Anna Comnena, but not so far as we know, used in the West at this time. Another answer attempted in the East was to push forward wagons in the path of the horses.3 One common answer in the West was increasingly to employ infantry with bows or spears, though this often failed to halt the charge altogether, and such troops tended to be poorly armed and vulnerable to the charge if it reached them.
By 1139, the armies of the Anglo-Norman world had developed their own tactic to cope with the charge. It had been honed through use at several battles from Tinchebrai in 1106, through Alençon, Brémule, Bourg-Théroulde, and as we have seen already at Northallerton in 1138.4 The Anglo-Norman answer was to use a method practised occasionally in the past for other reasons, of dismounting troops trained as cavalry, to fight on foot. Various examples can be quoted of this use in the past, from the Battle of the Dyle in 891, through Conquereuil, to Pontlevoy. It would shortly also be employed by the Franks themselves on the Second Crusade. But no one used it as frequently and consistently as the Anglo-Normans in the first half of the twelfth century; it was theiranswer to the charge.
On the face of it, there seems to be some illogicality about training and arming troops to fight on horse, and then on the battlefield using them as infantry. Some historians have thought that the Anglo-Normans borrowed the tactic from the Anglo-Saxons, who rode to battle and fought on foot. But this is not the same thing. The troops we are talking about were trained as cavalry, which the Saxons were not. And the evidence shows that the men who practised the tactic for the Anglo-Normans were almost exclusively men of Norman, not Saxon, origin. Economically, in the long run, it did not make sense to pursue this method, but it was an empirical answer to a question which required an urgent response. How do we cope with the mounted charge in battle? What this answer entailed, was to use your best troops to do the dirty work. Archers and missile throwers could obstruct charges, but would not be good at holding their position. The idea of dismounting knights was to use the best armed troops, the best trained troops, the troops with the best morale, and to stand fast against the charge and hold it. Because commanders had soon realized that although the impact of the charge was great, it could be faced and held by determined infantry. Knights were not keen to fight in this way, and protested, for example, to the commander who ordered them to dismount at Bourg-Théroulde. But it was effective and so until a better solution presented itself, virtually every good commander used it.
There were probably some experiments, and at the Standard the archers and dismounted knights were mixed together at the front of the line. But again it had worked. The one disadvantage of this tactic, was that it immobilized mobile troops. It made a good defensive formation, but victory in battle generally required something beyond soaking up enemy offensives. Therefore, most Anglo-Norman commanders only dismounted a proportion of their knights; others were kept on horseback in separate formations, sometimes on the wing, sometimes as a tactical reserve.
This then was the world of war at the time of the Battle of Lincoln. The major new offensive tactic was the concerted charge by heavy cavalry; the main defence against it was to use archers and dismount some of your knights as infantry. But beyond that it still mattered enormously what troops you could raise, from feudal levies to mercenaries, what novel ideas you could introduce, and how good was the morale of your troops. Battle, as always, was a matter of tried and trusted tactics and principles, plus intelligent use of the forces and weapons at your disposal. As medieval commanders knew, it would always remain a risk.
Stephen had made William of Albini, Earl of Lincoln. This was the same William who then married Henry I’s widow, Adeliza, and was thus Lord of Arundel at the time of Matilda’s landing. But if his wife’s allegiance was doubtful, and she either invited or allowed Matilda to enter England through Arundel, her second husband remained loyal to Stephen.
Cronne has suggested that this grant, of Lincoln to William of Albini, enraged both Ranulf of Chester and his half brother, William de Roumare, who believed they had a claim on Lincoln Castle and saw the grant as ‘an affront’. Round believed that Ranulf was also motivated by hostility to Henry of Scots after Stephen’s Scottish settlement. This was partly over the loss of Carlisle, but also because of a personal antagonism to Prince Henry which had shown itself while the prince was in England at Stephen’s court. He had probably been involved in some attempt to ambush the prince, which was one of the reasons King David ordered his son to return home.5
If Davis is right, Stephen juggled his earldoms in 1140, transferring William of Albini to Sussex and making William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln.6 William de Roumare was half brother to Ranulf, Earl of Chester, both sons of Lucy, who is thought to be the daughter of Thorold, sheriff and castellan of Lincoln Castle. William was the son of Lucy’s second husband, Roger fitz Gerold, and Ranulf, the son of her third husband, Ranulf le Meschin, Earl of Chester.7 Through Lucy, therefore, both had some claim to Lincoln, and William’s was the best.
The following sequence of events is uncertain, since there are some discrepancies in the chronicle accounts, and because Stephen visited Lincoln several times, and there is the possibility that the writers mixed up the dates, confused the visits, or repeated events. In 1140 the half-brothers took Lincoln Castle by a ruse. They visited when the best part of the garrison was in the town. They came under the pretext of a social visit to the castellan, sending their wives in advance, to talk and joke with his wife. Ranulf then himself arrived, without a cloak and unarmed, but the men with him carried hidden arms. Once inside, they overwhelmed the guard and took control of the castle. Then they let in William de Roumare, waiting with troops outside.
Stephen came to visit the half brothers in the city, and seems to have accepted their case, moving William of Albini to the Sussex earldom as a result. This was a very special favour to William de Roumare, and makes the subsequent events even more puzzling. The explanation seems to be that William’s strong attachment to his half-brother Ranulf, Earl of Chester, overcame any gratitude to the king.
Ranulf, rather illogically, had been enraged by the recognition of the Scots’ right to Carlisle, though it was a good claim, recognized previously by Henry I, and though he had played no part in the Battle of the Standard to defend the north against the Scots. Ranulf seems to have been a choleric and difficult man, and William de Roumare, though older, seems to have been dominated by him.
It would seem that the king had taken the castle into his own hands before these events, and that the half-brothers had, therefore, taken it from him. It is not certain what Stephen had gained from the agreement made with them, but William of Malmesbury verifies that a peace had been made.9
The citizens of Lincoln soon felt that the half-brothers had exceeded the bounds of the peace, and were treating them harshly, so they sent to the king to come and assist them. They found him in London, where he had intended to spend Christmas. Stephen now decided to besiege the castle, which must mean either that it should have remained in his hands and the brothers had retaken it, or that he demanded they render it to him and they refused. From the uncertain evidence, the former seems to be more likely. Certainly, the taking over of the castle infuriated the king. Orderic wrote that he ‘was very angry at the news, and astounded that his close friends, on whom he had heaped lands and honours, should have committed such a crime’.10
Stephen came to besiege Lincoln Castle, although it was the Christmas season, and found only a small garrison there which gave him hopes of success. The citizens welcomed the king and let him into the city, so the castle was isolated. They captured seventeen knights who were relaxing in the town. Ranulf had gone, but had left his wife and his half brother William in the castle.11 No doubt Ranulf had left behind his wife, the daughter of Robert of Gloucester, as a deliberate ploy to encourage Earl Robert to come to the rescue.
Stephen set up throwing engines and began to batter the garrison. Without aid it was unlikely they could survive long. But now Ranulf of Chester decided to throw in his lot with the Angevins, and went for help to Robert of Gloucester, his father-in-law. From the Angevin point of view it was a godsend. Matilda accepted Ranulf’s offer of fealty. Ranulf and William together would be powerful new allies, and war in Lincolnshire as well as in the west would greatly improve their chances of success. Robert, therefore, responded positively and raised as large a force as he could, calling up Welsh troops in the process, probably from his own lands and those of his allies.
On the night before the battle, there was a dreadful storm, with hail, rain, thunder and lightning. Then on the day itself, Sunday 2 February, Stephen attended a service, presumably in the cathedral, and was celebrating mass at dawn. According to the ritual, it was the king’s role to carry a lighted candle in his hand, but the flame suddenly went out and the candle broke. The chronicler says it was then mended and relit, and with the obvious benefit of hindsight adds: ‘which was a sign of course that he would lose the dignity of the kingdom for his sin and at length, when penance had been rendered, by God’s favour wondrously and gloriously get it back again’. But Orderic probably voiced most people’s thoughts, seeing it as ‘a clear omen of misfortune’. According to Henry of Huntingdon, there was yet another evil omen, when during the service, the pyx containing Christ’s body broke its fastening, and fell upon the altar; ‘a sign of the king’s fall from power’. It would not appear that Stephen had much chance of victory!12
Like many other battles in the twelfth century, Lincoln arose out of a siege. Stephen had only a small force with him, sufficient to besiege the small garrison within Lincoln Castle. Robert of Gloucester led a larger army, intended to relieve Lincoln and not afraid to face Stephen’s small force in battle. Stephen was informed of their approach. He was advised to retreat and gather a larger army. The king here made a serious error, probably by allowing feelings to dominate sense. Most commanders would have heeded the advice and avoided battle. But there were special personal reasons why Stephen chose to stay and fight. Of course, he was not keen to abandon the siege; his anger against the half-brothers had not decreased, and one of them was in the approaching army. He was also promised aid from the citizens of Lincoln, which would bolster his army’s size. In addition, he may have been influenced by the thought that at last he could get at the heart of the enemy. Through the war to this date, he had always possessed the greater force in the field and the Angevins had assiduously avoided battle. Now before him was the backbone of the enemy military power: the Earls of Gloucester and Chester, along with Miles of Gloucester. Victory for the king would put an end to Matilda’s hopes. But quite likely the motive which dominated was fear; fear of looking a coward; fear of being tarred with the same brush as his father. The Gesta Stephani says ‘he refused to sully his fame by the disgrace of flight … but went boldly to meet them outside the town’. Orderic says that ‘the wilful prince turned a deaf ear to the advice of prudent men, and judged it dishonourable to put off battle for any reason’.13
Robert of Gloucester made a diagonal approach to Lincoln from the west, in order to get his army across the River Witham. The course of this river has altered since the Middle Ages, but only a little. The water still meanders across the flat lands to the south and west of the city. Lincoln is one of those cities whose medieval condition is easy to imagine. One can still enter the city formally near the Brayford Pool, from the bustling modern shopping centre, where one faces a medieval stone arch. Ahead and above, silhouetted against the skyline stand the two buildings which dominated the city then and still do, to the west the square bulk of the castle, to the east the soaring towers of the cathedral. They stand at the top of a very steep hill, which made the castle particularly difficult to approach and capture. The city occupied the hill on which the buildings stand. The west wall of the city was the western defence of the castle. At the foot of the western slope is a flat plain, across which wanders the River Witham after its journey through the Fosse Dyke westwards from the Brayford Pool.
The lookout of the royal force in the town, would easily have been able to see the army as it crossed the river by a ford, probably a mile or so to the west of the city, and made its way through marshy ground by the river to the firmer ground of the plain. William of Malmesbury says that the river was swollen by rains so they had to swim across, which would account for the marshy state of the ground around.14 The writer in the Victoria County History, with a close knowledge of the area, thought the battle was fought to the north of the city, on the grounds that it was the best direction from which to attack. But given the evidence of the fording, the more likely site is immediately to the west of the walls.15
It was Sunday 2 February when Stephen was informed of the approach. He called a council to debate what should be done. The advice was to leave a force to defend the city, but himself to go for reinforcements. As we have seen, he refused to budge. According to Orderic, clerics present advised the king that battle should be avoided because it was Sunday, and that peace negotiations should be initiated, and a truce agreed. Stephen refused to heed the advice.16
The king led his forces to stand before the west walls of the city, while the Angevin forces deployed as they arrived to the north of the ford. There was some attempt by the royalists to obstruct the crossing, but it failed. The Gesta Stephani gives the impression that the battle followed immediately after the ford crossing was made, but this does not match other accounts, and is probably simply a telescoping of events.17 Stephen did not make his own battle speech. The scene is beautifully depicted in the pages of the chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon by a line drawing in pen and ink. Stephen, wearing his crown, is shown standing to one side, while the speech was made for him by Baldwin fitz Gilbert, whose brother had been killed in the fighting in Wales at the beginning of the reign. The chronicler says this was because the king was not good at making speeches, lacking a witty tongue.18 Baldwin, ‘a man of the highest rank and a brave soldier’, stood upon a hill to make the speech.19 He began by attracting the attention of all, allowing a telling pause. This suggests that Stephen may have deliberately asked Baldwin to make the speech because he knew him to be an accomplished speaker.20 According to the chronicler the speech consisted of insulting the enemy leaders, though one suspects the chronicler is having fun at the expense of the nobility through invention rather than repetition. He retailed speeches made on both sides, though he cannot have heard both, and probably heard neither. Baldwin accused Robert of Gloucester of having the heart of a hare. But Baldwin also reminded his own side of the justice of their cause, their numbers and their courage.
For the Angevins, speeches were made by both of the earls; Ranulf first and then Robert. Robert reminded his audience that he was the old king’s son, and that Stephen had usurped the crown which should be his sister’s. He accused Stephen of bad government, and blamed him for the disorder in the land. On that side insults were also issued: that Earl Alan was guilty of every evil, that Count Waleran was boastful, slow to advance but quick to retreat, that Earl Hugh Bigod was a perjurer, that William of Aumale, Earl of York, had been deserted by his wife because of his intolerably filthy behaviour, and that the adulterer who had carried off the said lady had the gall to be standing alongside the earl in the royalist forces, let alone William of Ypres with his treasons and ‘impurities’.21When Robert had finished speaking, his army raised a great shout, lifted their arms to heaven and advanced.22
As the besieging army facing a relief force, the royalists were in a naturally defensive situation. They had to guard against a sortie from the castle at their rear. Oman thinks the royalists had more infantry, following the words put into the mouth of Baldwin fitz Gilbert by Henry of Huntingdon: ‘we are not inferior in cavalry, and stronger in infantry’, but both these statements seem wrong. Since the speech goes on to praise the loyalty and bravery of the earls, who all fled, one wonders if the speech as presented by Henry is meant to be ironic. Orderic says that the reverse is true; and all other evidence suggests that the royalists had fewer cavalry. It does seem probable, however, that the royal infantry was better quality.23 We do not know how good the city militia from Lincoln was, but it was unlikely to be worse than the poorly armed Welsh, ‘unskilled and unpractised in the art of war’ (at any rate in this kind of war), not generally equipped for fighting in battles.24 The difference almost certainly was in the Angevin superiority in cavalry; they had come prepared for a battle. Stephen had only his siege army, and had previously had no reason to expect to face a large force. Orderic also says that some of the magnates who were with the king had treacherously sent troops to join the rebels.25
The royal force dismounted some knights in the one main division, the king in its midst, himself on foot. He drew these knights in close order around him. The horses were led away to a distance.26 He meant to lead by example. His own household men protected the royal standard. His left was commanded by William of Aumale, in company with his chief military adviser, William of Ypres. His right was probably led by Hugh Bigod, but contained a whole handful of earls: those of Warenne, Northampton and Worcester (Waleran), as well as Alan of Penthièvre, Earl of Richmond, an experienced captain, no doubt to balance William of Ypres on the left. Both left and right seem to have been cavalry forces, and few in number. Many of the magnates were at Lincoln with only a small proportion of their feudal followings. The royal cavalry formed in two lines ‘but this part of his force was small’.27 It is possible, from Henry of Huntingdon’s account, that the cavalry made a line right across the front of the royal force, and were then broken into three sections by the enemy attack.28
The Angevin army was probably commanded by Robert of Gloucester. Orderic says he was ‘the greatest in the army’, and John of Hexham calls him the ‘general and organizer of the battle’, though Ranulf may not have seen himself as inferior, and had made the first of their battle speeches.29 It is not possible to reconcile the various chroniclers’ accounts entirely. Some describe both armies in line abreast, some as if in divisions, one behind the other. The most coherent account is that by Henry of Huntingdon. He was also nearest of the main chroniclers to the scene of the battle. We have, therefore, chosen to prefer his account, and where possible to incorporate other information. This suggests that the disinherited formed the left wing of the Angevin force, and faced those earls alongside Alan of Brittany. No leader is mentioned for this division, but Miles of Gloucester, though not an earl, would seem to be the likely name to pencil in. Henry of Huntingdon refers to Welsh on the right flank of the Angevin army, and then speaks of Ranulf’s intervention on this wing. This is not the usual decision of historians, but following Henry of Huntingdon, we therefore place Ranulf in command of the Angevin right wing. Since three divisions are clearly mentioned by several writers, this would leave Robert of Gloucester commanding the centre, which would seem to be the natural position. Like the royalists, the Angevins too dismounted some of their knights to fight on foot. Ranulf had also brought with him infantry from Cheshire, most probably archers. It would be wrong to pretend we are certain about the positions in this battle, particularly with regard to the Angevin formation. It is quite possible that the description of ordering, one division behind the other, was the order of march, which as often happened in medieval campaigns, resolved into divisions abreast for battle, van on one wing, rear on the opposite wing. This might explain at least some of the discrepancies in the sources. From the chronicles it is uncertain if the three Angevin divisions were in line abreast or one behind the other. Given the royalist formation, we have preferred line abreast.30
The Battle of Lincoln, 2 February 1141.
One still has to find a position in the van for the Welsh. They were certainly in the van of the Angevin army, and the first to be mentioned as the engagement got under way. Again, following Henry of Huntingdon, we have placed them on the right flank, probably slightly in advance of the main divisions. It is possible from other accounts that a similar Welsh group was placed in the same position on the left flank. Three main Angevin divisions in line abreast seems the most probable formation in order to face the three divisions of the royalists, and we place the Welsh infantry on both flanks, thrown slightly forward. Orderic says the Bretons and Flemings under Alan and William of Ypres faced the Welsh, which implies that they were on the wings. Henry of Huntingdon reports the Welsh advancing from the side, which also clearly places them on at least one flank, presumably the right. Robert of Torigny supports this point, suggesting a Welsh advance from the flank. There does not seem to be agreement among our chroniclers about the formation, so we should remain suitably unsure that we have interpreted correctly. Orderic at least seems to suggest that the Welsh and the royalist cavalry were in the van on either side, and this does match other accounts, and is the one we have chosen to follow. He also tells us that the Welsh were led by Maredudd and Cadwaladr. These are identifiable Welsh princes, brother and brother-in-law of Owain the Great. Cadwaladr married the daughter of Richard fitz Gilbert of Clare, so these men were probably fighting as allies or mercenaries for the Angevins.31 We conclude that the Angevins had three main divisions in line, with Welsh in advance of both wings.32 These Welsh levies were infantry forces and poorly armed.
The advancing troops raised their voices in shouts, while trumpets blared, and trampling horses shook the earth.33 The first action of the battle saw the destruction of the Welsh infantry when they were attacked by William of Ypres and the Earl of York on one side, and Alan of Brittany on the other. This first clash was of brief duration, and the Welsh fled from the field. But the cavalry forces behind them stayed put and now entered the fray. The Angevin left wing, probably under Miles, attacked the royalist forces which included Alan of Brittany. The Angevin cavalry on the right, under Ranulf, must have attacked at the same time, since we are told that their royal opponents were the first to be forced from the field. One account says that Waleran and William of Ypres fled ‘before coming to close quarters’, which is highly suggestive of an archery attack by the Angevin forces.34 The royalist cavalry had presumably lost its order in the destruction of the Welsh, and were now themselves an easy target for the Angevin cavalry wings, which broke through and routed them.35 This was the decisive point of the battle. William of Ypres we know to have been a brave and loyal captain. The fact that he now left the field suggests the hopelessness of Stephen’s position. Henry of Huntingdon says that ‘as an experienced general he perceived the impossibility of supporting the king’.36 In fact, according to William of Malmesbury, all six of Stephen’s earls fled from the field. Orderic says that William of Ypres and Alan were the first to take flight, and that Waleran, William Warenne and Gilbert of Clare then followed suit.37 Wise soldiers knew that the king should never have fought the battle; his cavalry numbers were clearly not up to coping with the enemy, and William of Ypres and the others considered that the only option was to flee in order to fight another day. When William left, he obviously considered defeat inevitable. His assessment was not incorrect.
The formation of the two armies, especially that of the Angevins, is uncertain, and so, therefore, must be the exact sequence of events of the cavalry battle, but the final stage is quite clear. Stephen, with his one central division on foot, was now faced by three divisions, ‘on all sides’, which closed in on him.38 The situation was graphically described by one writer as being like an attack all round a castle.39 Some lords had stayed by his side and fought on, including Baldwin of Clare, Richard fitz Urse, Engelran de Saye, and Ilbert de Lacy.40 Helmets and swords flashed in the air. Shouts and cries echoed all around. The king fought with his sword, men recoiling from his ‘terrible arm’.41 Eventually the weapon broke, and a citizen of Lincoln passed him a weapon more familiar to the Anglo-Saxons than to modern Anglo-Norman armies – a battle axe. Orderic indeed calls it a ‘Norse axe’, which suggests that the Lincoln militia were not armed in the most modern manner, but in a by now rather antiquated way as infantry forces.42 Stephen fought on ‘like a lion, grinding his teeth and foaming at the mouth like a boar’.43 At least he did not leave an impression of cowardice, but made a ‘strong and most resolute resistance’.44 The battle axe was also broken in the conflict. At last he was put out of his misery, when one of the opposing army hit him over the head with a rock, which hardly sounds like a knightly action. Stephen was taken prisoner, either by Robert of Gloucester, or by William of Cahagnes. When he came round he kept on complaining that this was not the treatment to give a king, and that his enemies were breaking their faith, to the point where some of them actually burst into tears.45 The ordinary citizens of Lincoln, however, could expect no mercy. Many were cut down, by ‘the just anger of the victors’. As many as 500 drowned trying to escape across the river, more than were killed in the battle. They leaped into any boat they could find until the boats were too full and capsized.46 The town itself also suffered, with houses and churches set on fire by the victors.
William of Malmesbury says that Robert of Gloucester treated the king well, ordering that he should be kept alive and unharmed, not even insulted.47 He was taken before the empress at Gloucester, and then on to Bristol, where he was imprisoned. According to William of Malmesbury, because others wanted him closer confined, and because Stephen was found from time to time at night having wandered outside his place of confinement, he was put in iron chains.48 It sounds like the apologist trying to explain away the fact that his hero, Earl Robert, was keeping in irons the anointed king. But battle was seen as divine decision, and Stephen had lost. One writer, who gave only a couple of lines to the battle, concluded that Stephen had been captured ‘by the just judgement of God’.49
1. Comnena, The Alexiad, pp. 163, 416.
2. Bradbury, ‘Battles’, pp. 1–12.
3. Comnena, The Alexiad, p. 165; Bradbury, ‘Battles’, pp. 1–12, p. 12.
5. H.A. Cronne, ‘Ranulf de Gernons, Earl of Chester, 1129–1153’, TRHS, 4th ser., xx, 1937, pp. 103–34, p. 113; J.H. Round, ‘King Stephen and the Earl of Chester’, EHR, x, 1895, pp. 87–91, p. 87.
6. Davis, Stephen, p. 134.
7. F. Hill, Medieval Lincoln, Cambridge, 1948; Cronne, ‘Ranulf’, pp. 103–34.
8. Gesta Stephani, pp. 110–11.
9. William of Malmesbury, p. 46: ‘pacifice abscesserat’.
10. Orderic, vi, pp. 540–1.
11. The Gesta Stephani says he had gone, but Orderic says he only escaped after the king arrived; Gesta Stephani, pp. 110–11; Orderic, vi, pp. 540–1.
12. Gesta Stephani, pp. 110–13; Orderic, vi, pp. 544–5; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, pp. 276–7; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271.
13. Gesta Stephani, pp. 112–13; Orderic, vi, pp. 540–3.
14. William of Malmesbury, p. 48, says that they had to swim across, which is possible, but also that the river was the Trent, which seems impossible.
15. C.H. Vellacott, ‘Political History’, in VCH, Lincolnshire, ii, ed. W. Page, p. 252.
17. Gesta Stephani, pp. 112–13.
18. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271: ‘quia rex Stephanus festiva carebat voce’; BL Arundel MS 48, f. 168v.
19. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271: ‘Loco stans excelso’.
20. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 277; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271: ‘ubi attentionem eorum modesta taciturnitate stimulavit’.
21. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, pp. 275–6; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, speeches by Angevins, pp. 268–71, for royalists, pp. 271–3.
22. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 276; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271: ‘terribili clamore’.
23. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 277; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 272: ‘in equitibus non inferior, in peditibus confertior’; Orderic, vi, pp. 542–43.
24. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 278; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 273; ‘inermem bello praeferunt temeritatem, et arte et usu belli carentes’.
26. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 277; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271: ‘equis abductis’; Robert of Torigny. RS, p. 140: ‘Ipse pedes omnem circa se multitudinem loricatorum, equis abductis’.
27. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 277; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 271; Robert of Torigny, in Stevenson, p. 53, repeats this; Torigny, in Howlett, p. 140.
28. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 273; and Robert of Torigny, RS, p. 140: ‘et divisio eorum in tria deserit’.
29. Orderic, pp. 542–3; John of Hexham, p. 134; ‘dux et dispositor praelio’.
30. In The Medieval Archer, p. 55, I took the one behind the other formation, but on consideration, have decided that the alternative is just to be preferred. From the chronicles, either could be correct.
31. Orderic, vi, pp. 542–3, and n. 2; Robert of Torigny, in Stevenson, p. 53; Robert of Torigny, RS, p. 146: ‘Walenses qui a latere procedebant’. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 268: ‘a latere’; and the Angevin Chronicle, based on Henry of Huntingdon, p. 302: ‘a latere vero erat turma Wallensium’.
32. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279, says that William of Ypres’ force routed them; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 273: ‘percussit Walenses … et in fugam coegit’.
33. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 273; see n. 24 above.
34. Gesta Stephani, p. 112: ‘antequam manus consererent’.
35. William of Malmesbury, p. 49.
36. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 274: ‘videns impossibilitatem auxiliandi regi’.
37. William of Malmesbury, p. 49; Orderic, vi, pp. 542–3.
39. Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 274.
40. Orderic, pp. 542–5.
42. Orderic, vi, pp. 544–5: ‘securi norica’; and John of Hexham, p. 135: ‘securem Danicam’; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279 has the axe broken first and then the sword, which seems a less likely order; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 274.
43. Robert of Torigny, RS, pp. 140–1; in Stevenson, p. 53.
45. Ibid., pp. 112–15; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Forester, p. 279, is the only source to say that William of Cahagnes captured Stephen, but may still be correct; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 274: ‘miles valdissimus’.
49. Worcester, in Stevenson, p. 368; Worcester, ed. Thorpe, p. 129: ‘justo Dei judicio’.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line457
|
__label__wiki
| 0.864359
| 0.864359
|
Heinrich Laube
Heinrich Laube (18 September 1806 – 1 August 1884), German dramatist, novelist and theatre-director, was born at Sprottau in Prussian Silesia.
2 Assessment
3.1 Other novels
3.2 Other dramas
3.3 Collected works
LifeEdit
He studied theology at Halle and Breslau (1826–1829), and settled in Leipzig in 1832. Here he at once came into prominence with his political essays, collected under the title Das neue Jahrhundert, in two parts — Polen (1833) and Politische Briefe (1833) — and with the novel Das junge Europa, in three parts — Die Poeten, Die Krieger, Die Bürger — (1833–1837).
These writings, in which, after the fashion of Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne, he severely criticized the political regime in Germany, together with the part he played in the literary movement known as “Das junge Deutschland,” led to his being subjected to police surveillance and his works confiscated. On his return, in 1834, from a journey to Italy, undertaken in the company of Karl Gutzkow, Laube was expelled from Saxony and imprisoned for nine months in Berlin. In 1836 he married the widow of Professor Hanel of Leipzig; almost immediately afterwards he suffered a year's imprisonment for his revolutionary sympathies.
In 1839 he again settled in Leipzig and began a literary activity as a playwright. Chief among his earlier productions are the tragedies Monaldeschi (1845) and Struensee (1847); the comedies Rokoko, oder die alten Herren (1846); Gottsched und Gellert (1847); and Die Karlsschüler (1847), of which the youthful Friedrich Schiller is the hero.
In 1848 Laube was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament for the district of Elbogen, but resigned in the spring of 1849, when he was appointed artistic director of the Hofburg theatre in Vienna. This office he held until 1867, and in this period fall his finest dramatic productions, notably the tragedies Graf Essex (1856) and Montrose (1859), and his historical romance Der deutsche Krieg (1865–1866, 9 vols), which graphically pictures a period in the Thirty Years' War.
In 1869 he became director of the Leipzig Stadttheater, but returned to Vienna in 1870, where in 1872 he was placed at the head of the new Stadttheater; with the exception of a short interval he managed this theatre with brilliant success until his retirement from public life in 1880. He has left a valuable record of his work in Vienna and Leipzig in the three volumes Das Burgtheater (1868), Das norddeutsche Theater (1872) and Das Wiener Stadttheater (1875).
His pen was still active after his retirement, and in the five years preceding his death, which took place at Vienna on 1 August 1884, he wrote the romances and novels Die Böhminger (1880), Louison (1881), Der Schatten-Wilhelm (1883), and published an interesting volume of reminiscences, Erinnerungen, 1841-1881 (1882).
AssessmentEdit
Laube's dramas are not remarkable for originality or for poetical beauty; their real and great merit lies in their stage-craft. As a theater manager he had no equal in Germany, and his services in this capacity have assured him a more lasting name in German literary history than his writings.
WorksEdit
Other novelsEdit
Besides those mentioned above, other of his novels of note are:
Das Glück (1837)
Der Prätendent (1842)
Die Grafin Chateaubriand (1843)
Other dramasEdit
Other dramas of note include:
Böse Zungen (1868)
Demetrius (1872)
Collected worksEdit
His Gesammelte Schriften (excluding his dramas) were published in 16 vols (1875–1882); his Dramatische Werke, in 13 vols (1845–1875); a popular edition of the latter in 12 vols (1880–1892). An edition of Laube's Ausgewählte Werke in 10 vols appeared in 1906 with an introduction by H. H. Houben.
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Laube, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This work in turn cites:
Johannes Proelß, Das junge Deutschland (1892)
Heinrich Bulthaupt, Dramaturgie des Schauspiels (vol. iii., 6th ed., 1901)
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Laube, Heinrich" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. This work in turn cites:
Gottschall, “Heinrich Laube,” in Unsere Zeit, vol. ii. (1884)
"Laube, Heinrich" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Laube&oldid=943680957"
Last edited on 3 March 2020, at 09:21
This page was last edited on 3 March 2020, at 09:21 (UTC).
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line462
|
__label__wiki
| 0.503413
| 0.503413
|
Lansdowne, Cape Town
Lansdowne is a former whites only suburb in Cape Town, South Africa. situated 10 kilometres southeast of Cape Town City Centre, surrounded by the suburbs of Rondebosch East, Crawford, Wetton, Claremont, Kenwyn and Athlone. Lansdowne is served by a railway station of the same name, on the Cape Flats Line. During the apartheid era, Lansdowne was declared a area for whites only, but since the end of apartheid many Muslims, Coloureds and some Black South Africans have settled in Lansdowne, racial transformation has taken place in Lansdowne, in a now post-apartheid South Africa.
Show map of Western Cape
Show map of South Africa
Coordinates: 33°59′09″S 18°30′01″E / 33.98583°S 18.50028°E / -33.98583; 18.50028Coordinates: 33°59′09″S 18°30′01″E / 33.98583°S 18.50028°E / -33.98583; 18.50028
Main Place
1.40 km2 (0.54 sq mi)
(2011)[1]
4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2011)
• Black African
• Coloured
• Indian/Asian
First languages (2011)
• Xhosa
UTC+2 (SAST)
Postal code (street)
InformationEdit
The suburb of Lansdowne is east of the M5, adjacent to Rondebosch East and Crawford, bordered to the south by Racecourse Road.It is linked to Claremont and more westerly suburbs.
The following high schools are found in Lansdowne- Windsor High School and Oaklands High School.The following primary schools are found in Lansdowne -Yorkshire Primary School, Portia Primary School and Windsor Primary School.A segment of Lansdowne Road has been renamed to Imam Haron Road.
Lansdowne is the birthplace of acclaimed South African poet and social philosopher Athol Williams. Professional soccer club Engen Santos is based in Lansdowne. There is a Catholic church, a Methodist church and a Salvation Army church situated in Lansdowne.The following mosques are situated in Lansdowne -York Road Mosque and Islamia Mosque, also known as masjid Al-Furqaan
Medical facilities:
Lansdowne Clinic, https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/lansdowne-clinic
Vitacare Pharmacy, https://www.sayellow.com/vitacare-wetlands-pharmacy-lansdowne
Public amenities: Lansdowne Post Office
Lansdowne Police Station- https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/lansdowne-police-station
Lansdowne Library- https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/lansdowne-public-library
Lansdowne Civic Centre - http://community-services.blaauwberg.net/halls-venue-hire/halls-and-venues-for-hire-cape-town/Lansdowne-Civic-Centre
Turfhall Stadium-https://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/turfhall-stadium
Government and politicsEdit
Lansdowne is in the City of Cape Town municipality, it falls within Sub-council 17.It is part of three wards that stretches from Athlone, through Crawford, Penlyn Estate and Hanover Park, through Manenberg.The major roads that run through Sub-council 17 include Klipfontein Road, Kromboom Road, Racecourse Road, Jakes Gerwel Drive and Govan Mbeki Drive. Lansdowne is in ward 60 and the acting ward councillor is Mark Kleinschmidt, who is a member of the Democratic Alliance Party(DA).
^ a b c d "Sub Place Lansdowne". Census 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lansdowne,_Cape_Town&oldid=994354912"
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line463
|
__label__wiki
| 0.682184
| 0.682184
|
(Redirected from Music composition)
Find sources: "Musical composition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Musical composition, music composition or simply composition, can refer to an original piece or work of music,[1] either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called composers. Composers of primarily songs are usually called songwriters;[2][3] with songs, the person who writes lyrics for a song is the lyricist. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of composing typically includes the creation of music notation, such as a sheet music "score," which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet, which sets out the melody, lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, orchestration (choosing the instruments of a large music ensemble such as an orchestra which will play the different parts of music, such as the melody, accompaniment, countermelody, bassline and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable sound recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in classical music.
Scherzo in A flat by the Russian Romantic era composer Alexander Borodin (1833–1887) Play (help·info)
Jazz, rock and pop songwriters typically write out newly composed songs in a lead sheet, which notates the melody, the chord progression and the tempo or style of the song (e.g., "slow blues").
Jazz and rock genre musicians may memorize the melodies for a new song, which means that they only need to provide a chord chart to guide improvising musicians. Play (help·info)
Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when all members of a band collaborate to write a song or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics and a third person orchestrates the songs. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images or, since the 20th century, with computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from 20th century avant-garde music that uses graphic notation, to text compositions such as Karlheinz Stockhausen's Aus den sieben Tagen, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and Witold Lutosławski. A more commonly known example of chance-based, or indeterminate, music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces, and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers.
Although in the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each aspect of music (harmony, melody, form, rhythm and timbre), according to Jean-Benjamin de Laborde (1780, 2:12):
Composition consists in two things only. The first is the ordering and disposing of several sounds...in such a manner that their succession pleases the ear. This is what the Ancients called melody. The second is the rendering audible of two or more simultaneous sounds in such a manner that their combination is pleasant. This is what we call harmony and it alone merits the name of composition.[4]
2 As a musical form
2.1 Indian tradition
3.1 Computer methods
4 Compositional instrumentation
5 Arranging
7 Copyright and legal status
7.1 In the U.S.
7.2 In the UK
7.3 In India
10 Sources
TerminologyEdit
A page from the score for a string quartet for two violins, viola and cello.
Since the invention of sound recording, a classical piece or popular song may exist as a recording. If music is composed before being performed, music can be performed from memory (the norm for instrumental soloists in concerto performances and singers in opera shows and art song recitals), by reading written musical notation (the norm in large ensembles, such as orchestras, concert bands and choirs), or through a combination of both methods. For example, the principal cello player in an orchestra may read most of the accompaniment parts in a symphony, where she is playing tutti parts, but then memorize an exposed solo, in order to be able to watch the conductor. Compositions comprise a huge variety of musical elements, which vary widely from between genres and cultures. Popular music genres after about 1960 make extensive use of electric and electronic instruments, such as electric guitar and electric bass. Electric and electronic instruments are used in contemporary classical music compositions and concerts, albeit to a lesser degree than in popular music. Music from the Baroque music era (1600–1750), for example, used only acoustic and mechanical instruments such as strings, brass, woodwinds, timpani and keyboard instruments such as harpsichord and pipe organ. A 2000s-era pop band may use electric guitar played with electronic effects through a guitar amplifier, a digital synthesizer keyboard and electronic drums.
PieceEdit
Piece is a "general, non-technical term [that began to be] applied mainly to instrumental compositions from the 17th century onwards....other than when they are taken individually 'piece' and its equivalents are rarely used of movements in sonatas or symphonies....composers have used all these terms [in their different languages] frequently in compound forms [e.g. Klavierstück]....In vocal music...the term is most frequently used for operatic ensembles..."[5]
As a musical formEdit
Main article: Musical form
These techniques[clarification needed] draw parallels from visual art's formal elements. Sometimes, the entire form of a piece is through-composed, meaning that each part is different, with no repetition of sections; other forms include strophic, rondo, verse-chorus, and others. Some pieces are composed around a set scale, where the compositional technique might be considered the usage of a particular scale. Others are composed during performance (see improvisation), where a variety of techniques are also sometimes used. Some are used from particular songs which are familiar.[citation needed]
The scale for the notes used, including the mode and tonic note, is important in tonal musical composition. Similarly, music of the Middle East employs compositions that are rigidly based on a specific mode (maqam) often within improvisational contexts, as does Indian classical music in both the Hindustani and the Carnatic system.[6]
Indian traditionEdit
In the music tradition of India there are many forms of musical composition. To some degree this is on account of there being many musical styles prevalent in different regions of the country, such as Hindustani music, Carnatic music, Bengali music, and so forth. Another important influence in composition is its link with folk music, both indigenous and also from musical culture of Arabia, Persia, and Bengal.[7]
In the Hindustani musical tradition, Drupad (originally in Sanskrit and later adaptations in Hindi and Braj Bhasha) is one of the ancient compositions and had formed the base for other forms in this music tradition such as khyal, thumri and raga. In the Karnatak music tradition the compositions are in the form of Kriti, varanam and padam.[7]
People composing music using synthesizers in 2013.
MethodsEdit
Computer methodsEdit
As technology has developed in the 20th and 21st century, new methods of music composition have come about. EEG headsets have also been used to create music by interpreting the brainwaves of musicians.[8] This method has been used for Project Mindtunes,[9] which involved collaborating disabled musicians with DJ Fresh, and also by artists Lisa Park and Masaki Batoh.
StructureEdit
Compositional instrumentationEdit
Main articles: Instrumentation (music) and Arrangement (music)
The task of adapting a composition for different musical ensembles is called arranging or orchestration, may be undertaken by the composer or separately by an arranger based on the composer's core composition. Based on such factors, composers, orchestrators, and arrangers must decide upon the instrumentation of the original work. In the 2010s, the contemporary composer can virtually write for almost any combination of instruments, ranging from a string section, wind and brass sections used in a standard orchestras to electronic instruments such as synthesizers. Some common group settings include music for full orchestra (consisting of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion), concert band (which consists of larger sections and greater diversity of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments than are usually found in the orchestra), or a chamber group (a small number of instruments, but at least two). The composer may also choose to write for only one instrument, in which case this is called a solo. Solos may be unaccompanied, as with works for solo piano or solo cello, or solos may be accompanied by another instrument or by an ensemble.
Composers are not limited to writing only for instruments, they may also decide to write for voice (including choral works, some symphonies, operas, and musicals). Composers can also write for percussion instruments or electronic instruments. Alternatively, as is the case with musique concrète, the composer can work with many sounds often not associated with the creation of music, such as typewriters, sirens, and so forth.[10] In Elizabeth Swados' Listening Out Loud, she explains how a composer must know the full capabilities of each instrument and how they must complement each other, not compete. She gives an example of how in an earlier composition of hers, she had the tuba playing with the piccolo. This would clearly drown the piccolo out. Each instrument chosen to be in a piece must have a reason for being there that adds to what the composer is trying to convey within the work.[11]
ArrangingEdit
Main article: Arrangement
Arranging is composition which employs prior material so as to comment upon it such as in mash-ups and various contemporary classical works.[12]
InterpretationEdit
Even when music is notated relatively precisely, as in Western classical music from the 1750s onwards, there are many decisions that a performer or conductor has to make, because notation does not specify all of the elements of musical performance. The process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation." Different performers' or conductor's interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their own music in a concert are interpreting their songs, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer.[citation needed]
Copyright and legal statusEdit
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Copyright is a government-granted monopoly which, for a limited time, gives a composition's owner—such as a composer or a composer's employer, in the case of work for hire—a set of exclusive rights to the composition, such as the exclusive right to publish sheet music describing the composition and how it should be performed. Copyright requires anyone else wanting to use the composition in the same ways to obtain a license (permission) from the owner. In some jurisdictions, the composer can assign copyright, in part, to another party. Often, composers who aren't doing business as publishing companies themselves will temporarily assign their copyright interests to formal publishing companies, granting those companies a license to control both the publication and the further licensing of the composer's work. Contract law, not copyright law, governs these composer–publisher contracts, which ordinarily involve an agreement on how profits from the publisher's activities related to the work will be shared with the composer in the form of royalties.
The scope of copyright in general is defined by various international treaties and their implementations, which take the form of national statutes, and in common law jurisdictions, case law. These agreements and corresponding body of law distinguish between the rights applicable to sound recordings and the rights applicable to compositions. For example, Beethoven's 9th Symphony is in the public domain, but in most of the world, recordings of particular performances of that composition usually are not. For copyright purposes, song lyrics and other performed words are considered part of the composition, even though they may have different authors and copyright owners than the non-lyrical elements. Many jurisdictions allow for compulsory licensing of certain uses of compositions. For example, copyright law may allow a record company to pay a modest fee to a copyright collective to which the composer or publisher belongs, in exchange for the right to make and distribute CDs containing a cover band's performance of the composer or publisher's compositions. The license is "compulsory" because the copyright owner cannot refuse or set terms for the license. Copyright collectives also typically manage the licensing of public performances of compositions, whether by live musicians or by transmitting sound recordings over radio or the Internet.
In the U.S.Edit
Even though the first US copyright laws did not include musical compositions, they were added as part of the Copyright Act of 1831. According to a circular issued by the United States Copyright Office on Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings, a musical composition is defined as "A musical composition consists of music, including any accompanying words, and is normally registered as a work of the performing arts. The author of a musical composition is generally the composer, and the lyricists if any. A musical composition may be in the form of a notated copy (for example sheet music) or in the form of a phonorecord (for example cassette tape, LP, or CD). Sending a musical composition in the form of a phonorecord does not necessarily mean that there is a claim to copyright in the sound recording."[13]
In the UKEdit
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 defines a musical work to mean "a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music."[14]
In IndiaEdit
In India The Copy Right Act, 1957 prevailed for original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work until the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1984 was introduced. Under the amended act, a new definition has been provided for musical work which states "musical works means a work consisting of music and included any graphical notation of such work but does not included any words or any action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music."[15]
BCM Classification
Developing variation
Dickinson classification
MIDI composition
Music manuscript
Music publisher (popular music)
Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)
^ "Musical Composition". www.copyright.gov. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ "100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ "Symphony – The mature Classical period". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ Translation from Allen Forte, Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice, third edition (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979), p.1. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
^ Tilmouth, Michael. 1980. "Piece". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, first edition, 20 vols., edited by Stanley Sadie, Vol. 14: 735. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
^ Narayan, Shovana (1 January 2004). Indian Theatre And Dance Traditions. Harman Publishing House. ISBN 9788186622612.
^ a b Emmie Te Nijenhuis (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL. p. 80. ISBN 90-04-03978-3.
^ "Making Music With EEG Technology: Translate Brainwaves Into Sonic Soundscapes". FAMEMAGAZINE. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ DJ Fresh & Mindtunes: A track created only by the mind (Documentary), retrieved 5 June 2015
^ June 2020, Future Music03. "Everything you need to know about: Musique concrète". MusicRadar. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ Swados, Elizabeth (1988). Listening Out Loud: Becoming a Composer (first ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-06-015992-8. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
^ BaileyShea, Matt (2007), "Filleted Mignon: A New Recipe for Analysis and Recomposition", Music Theory Online Volume 13, Number 4, December 2007.
^ "Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings. Circular 56A, number 56a.0509" (PDF). United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
^ Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1988.
^ JATINDRA KUMAR DAS (1 May 2015). LAW OF COPYRIGHT. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 163–64. ISBN 978-81-203-5090-8.
Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de. 1780. Essai sur la musique Ancienne et moderne, 4 vols. Paris: Ph.D. Pierres & Eugène Onfroy.
Sorce Keller, Marcello [it; de]. 1998. "Siamo tutti compositori. Alcune riflessioni sulla distribuzione sociale del processo compositivo". Schweizer Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft, Neue Folge 18:259–330.
Sorce Keller, Marcello. 2019 “Composition”, Janet Sturman (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference, 2019, Vol. II, 618-623.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musical compositions.
How to Compose Music – artofcomposing.com
Composition Today – news, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music – an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
A Beginner's Guide to Composing – an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
A Practical Guide to Musical Composition
ComposersNewPencil – Information, articles and music composition resources.
How to compose music
How to compose Music (Wikihow)
Répertoire International des Sources Musicales – online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
How to Compose for New Age Piano
Composing Music
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_composition&oldid=1000055456"
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line464
|
__label__wiki
| 0.711705
| 0.711705
|
US request for allied support in the Persian Gulf crisis/Consolidating NATO’s stance and the adoption of the Alliance’s first ever Space Policy
Gheorghe Tibil
George Tibil in Brussels | The US request for allied support in the Persian Gulf crisis, emergent and disruptive technologies, the Alliance’s cooperation with the European Union, the consolidation of NATO’s stance of deterrence and defence and the allied commitment in Afghanistan were the main subjects of discussion from the second day of the NATO ministerial summit in Brussels.
Because of the ever-increasing importance of new technologies, allied ministers evaluated its implications in the areas of defence and security, in a special session which included the EU’s High Representative, Federica Mogherini, and counterparts in Finland and Sweden. “These technologies bring challenges and opportunities for all us and they could be a promising area for the future NATO-EU cooperation,” said the NATO secretary general. The manners in which NATO’s defence planning process can be used to encourage allies to invest in then new technologies, gain access to latest-generation capabilities and ensure the interoperability of allied forces were also assessed.
The analysis of these disruptive technologies’ impact on NATO’s objectives and policies, focusing on their influence on deterrence and defence, represents a recent topical development for military authorities and political committees. This evolution was mainly caused by the increasingly consistent investments Russia and China made into cutting-edge weaponry and military technology innovation. The areas most considered are artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems, space systems, communications and new missile technologies, with an emphasis on hypersonic and quantic technologies.
In the context of recent transatlantic disputes on restricting the access of US actors to the new initiatives started by the European Defence Fund, NATO gives special attention to its cooperation with the EU in the area of defence technologies, with the final objective of ensuring complementarity between the defensive means developed by the two organizations. For the secretary general, “it is important that these new instruments – PESCO and the European Defence Fund – do not create new barriers between our defence industries (European and US). We must work together, not least to address the technological challenges we face”.
Beyond the bureaucratic jargon specific to the NATO-EU cooperation, used in periodic progress reports on the subject, the topic is particularly current, as the main European states have increasingly more consistent tendencies to emancipate themselves strategically, while Washington has also hardened its stance on these efforts. In these conditions, NATO’s leadership announced its expectation to continue intensifying collaboration with the Union in the areas of security and defence, based on the key-principles repeatedly outlined by Stoltenberg: synchronizing efforts, complementarity, coherence, transparency and avoiding duplicate efforts and competition.
In direct connection to the same subject, ministers approved the Alliance’s first-ever space policy. Due to the rising importance of outer space for the Alliance’s defence capabilities, a decision was taken at the NATO Summit in July 2018 to draft a comprehensive allied policy on the subject. As potential space race opponents (Russia and China especially…) are developing and operationalizing ever-more sophisticated space technologies, which can restrict the allies’ access and liberty to operate in the outer space, Stoltenberg highlighted the Alliance’s need to concentrate on ways to protect allied interests, by “increasing NATO’s vigilance and resilience in space”. Following the pattern already used in regards to cyber technologies, a decision to define the outer space as a NATO operative domain is expected to be adopted in the near future.
Strengthening NATO’s stance on deterrence and defence towards implementing the decisions adopted at the July 2018 Summit, including the NATO Readiness Initiative, was another important topic of discussions at the summit. In this regard, the secretary general restated the progress achieved in implementing the “Initiative of the Four Thirties” (30 mechanized battalions, 30 aviation squadrons and 30 war ships, ready to be deployed within less than 30 days), which grants the Alliance military forces with solid capabilities ready to intervene at a short notice, in response to potential crisis situations. Until now, 75% of the initiative’s necessary forces and military capabilities were rallied, with 100% expected to be ensured by the end of the year. On the same topic, there are proceedings on operationalizing the SACEUR area of responsibility, in order for military authorities to achieve the capability to design and support fighting means which would ensure the completion of strategic and operational objectives set by NATO’s leadership.
Defence ministers also met in the Resolute Support Mission (RSM) format to discuss the evolution of the security situation in Afghanistan, the state and perspectives of NATO’s training, assistance and counselling mission, and also the allies and their partner’s contributions to the mission. Almost two decades after the beginning of NATO’s involvement in Afghanistan (the largest and longest operation in the Alliance’s history), an end-date or a strategy to wrap up its commitment in the country are far from being outlined. The main negative evolutions concern the precarious security situation on the ground, the force of the Taliban insurgency and its control over an important part of the territory, corruption in the Afghan institutions, the complex electoral calendar and the increasingly complicated regional context, with negative influences from Russia and Iran on the Afghan matter.
As for the positives, we can mention some progress registered in initiating and carrying out peace talks with the Taliban, in order to shape a negotiated solution for the conflict, conducted through the US special representative for the case, Ambassador Z. Khalilzad. For Stoltenberg, although “the security situation remains serious”, NATO sees an “unique opportunity for peace”. In this context, the allies are fully supporting US efforts to find a peaceful solution in Afghanistan, and NATO’s continuous commitment is essentially in favour of creating peace conditions. On the other hand, the Taliban’s refusal to directly negotiate with authorities in Kabul (a negotiation conditioned until now by the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan) complicates the perspectives of the peace process. As a result, both the Taliban and government forces are seeking to strengthen their stances in case of potential direct negotiations, which causes the continuation of skirmishes on the ground.
In these conditions, we do not currently have a clear perspective towards an eventual reduction or termination of the mission, which has approximately 16,000 troops deployed at the moment. Furthermore, international final aid to strengthen Afghan security forces will continue until 2024, with a financing of USD1 billion per year, as was decided at the July 2018 summit. In this moment, it hard to imagine the autonomous evolution of Afghan forces in the absence of international support, even in an optimistic scenario where inter-Afghan peace negotiations end with a comprehensive and durable agreement between the two sides.
With one of the most important troop contributions (nearly 800 soldiers, being the sixth-largest contributor to the mission after the US, Germany, UK, Italy and Georgia), Romania is directly concerned with the evolution of the allied commitment in Afghanistan and the cautious planning currently carried out by allied military authorities on the subject. Regarding the future process of finalizing the mission, NATO continues to insist on the importance of applying a strategy based on the expression “Together in, together out”, rejecting the option of a unilateral retreat, not coordinated with other allies.
The United States requested allied support in the Persian Gulf crisis
The growth of NATO’s contribution to the efforts of the anti-ISIS global coalition and the NATO mission in Iraq was another subject addressed within the mission. In this context, although it was never part of the meeting’s official agenda, the Middle East crisis and the potential conflict between the US and Iran was addressed in official discussions and bilateral meetings which took place during the ministerial reunion. Stoltenberg presented information he was given by the US defence secretary and also discussed the constant intelligence exchange carried out within NATO regarding evolutions in the region. At the same time, he presented the serious concern expressed by the allies with regards to Iran’s actions and their support for American efforts to de-escalate the tensions.
On the same subject, the US defence secretary talked to the press about the American approach to the Persian Gulf crisis, requesting allied support to ensure freedom of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz, deter Iran’s support of terrorist groups and a continuation of its nuclear ambitions. He insisted on the economic and diplomatic aspect of the strategy used by the US at the moment and requested the involvement of allies in actions to convince Tehran on the necessity to return to a diplomatic approach, in order to avoid a military conflict. At the same time, he announced the US authorities’ decision to present the allies a detailed briefing, in the first part of July, in order to inform them of Iran’s recent actions to escalate the crisis, including attacks on US commercial ships. He expressed belief that some of the allies will join the naval coalition that the US is currently trying to assemble in the Gulf region, in order to solve the crisis generated by aggressive actions carried out by authorities in Tehran.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line465
|
__label__wiki
| 0.843676
| 0.843676
|
For the Irish academic, see Barry Cannon.
American aquanaut who died in a diving incident.
17 February 1969(1969-02-17) (aged 33)
off San Clemente Island, California, U.S.
Berry Louis Cannon
University of Florida, B.S. 1962
Electronics engineer, aquanaut
Mary Lou Cannon
Berry Louis Cannon (March 22, 1935 – February 17, 1969)[1][2][3] was an American aquanaut who served on the SEALAB II and III projects of the U.S. Navy. Cannon died of carbon dioxide poisoning while attempting to repair SEALAB III. It was later found that his diving rig's baralyme canister, which should have absorbed the carbon dioxide Cannon exhaled, was empty.[4]
1 Early life and education
2 SEALAB II
3 SEALAB III
6 Memorial
Early life and education[edit]
Born March 22, 1935, Cannon grew up in Williston, Florida, where he was raised by his grandmother. He was captain of his high school football team and graduated from Williston High School.[5] Cannon joined the United States Navy after high school and served for four years, becoming a Mineman Second Class. At one time he served at the Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot in Hawthorne, Nevada, where he was on the boxing team. Cannon graduated from the University of Florida in 1962 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electronic Engineering.[6][7][8]
Cannon inside SEALAB II
SEALAB II[edit]
Cannon was a civilian electronics engineer at the U.S. Navy Mine Defense Laboratory in Panama City, Florida, where he designed intercommunications systems.[2][8][9] From August 28 to September 12, 1965, Cannon served on the first crew of SEALAB II near La Jolla, California.[10][11][12][13] He received the Navy's Superior Civilian Service Award for his participation in the project.[14]
SEALAB III[edit]
SEALAB III
In 1969, Cannon was assigned to Team One for the SEALAB III project, which would take place off San Clemente Island. He was one of four members of Team One assigned to open and secure the habitat, alongside fellow aquanauts Robert A. Barth, Richard Blackburn and John Reaves. On February 16, 1969, the SEALAB III habitat sprang a leak. Cannon, Barth, Blackburn and Reaves were twice sent down to SEALAB in the Personnel Transfer Capsule (PTC) in an attempt to repair the problem.[9][15]
Shortly after 0500 hours on February 17, Cannon began to convulse while working on the exterior of the habitat. Barth tried to save him, holding his head in the breathable gas pocket of the skirt surrounding SEALAB's entrance and unsuccessfully attempting to force the mouthpiece of the emergency aqua-lung regulator between Cannon's teeth. Finally, Barth dragged Cannon back toward the PTC, where his fellow aquanauts helped him bring Cannon inside and Reaves and Blackburn attempted resuscitation.[2][16][17] When the PTC reached the surface it was obvious that Cannon was dead. His body was placed in the outer airlock of the deck decompression chamber (DDC), returned to surface pressure and brought to San Diego Naval Hospital.[2][18] Cannon's funeral was held at Humphrey Mortuary in Chula Vista, California, on February 19. He was buried at Wacahoota Baptist Cemetery in central Florida.[5]
Aftermath[edit]
It was widely reported in the news media that Cannon had died of a heart attack.[2] However, the official board of inquiry, held in San Diego from February 28 to March 12, 1969, concluded that Cannon had in fact died of carbon dioxide poisoning. The carbon dioxide-scrubbing baralyme canister on Cannon's Mark IX diving rig was empty. The SEALAB III aquanauts, including Cannon, did not set up their own diving rigs. The identity of the person who failed to refill the baralyme canister was never determined.[2] SEALAB medical officer Paul G. Linweaver later suggested that Cannon would have realized his equipment was faulty had he not been suffering from extreme cold due to breathing pressurized helium.[19] Surgeon commander John Rawlins, a Royal Navy medical officer assigned to the project, also suggested that hypothermia was a contributing factor.[20]
According to John Piña Craven, the U.S. Navy's head of the Deep Submergence Systems Project of which SEALAB was a part, SEALAB III had been "plagued with strange failures at the very start of operations". According to Craven, while the other divers were undergoing the weeklong decompression, repeated attempts were made to sabotage their air supply by someone aboard the command barge. Eventually, a guard was posted on the decompression chamber and the men were recovered safely. A potentially unstable suspect was identified by the staff psychiatrist but the culprit was never prosecuted. Craven suggests this may have been done to spare the Navy bad press so soon after the USS Pueblo incident.[21] As a result, it has been suggested that Cannon's death was a murder.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Cannon was married to Mary Lou Cannon and had three sons.[5][23] He was known for seldom complaining if his complaint would go against command authority.[2] He enjoyed reading the works of Zane Grey.[7]
Memorial[edit]
The Berry L. Cannon Memorial Aquarium was dedicated in 1970 to the distinguished honor and memory of Berry L. Cannon. It is now part of the Citrus County School District's Marine Science Station in Crystal River, FL.
^ Thorne, Jim (1971). The Underwater World: A Survey of Oceanography Today. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 52. ISBN 0-389-00321-2.
^ a b c d e f g Bunton, Bill; Heglar, Mary (March 1999). "Death of an Aquanaut – San Diego Magazine – March 1999 – San Diego, California". San Diego Magazine. SDM, LLC. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^ Barth, Bob (2000). Sea Dwellers: The Humor, Drama and Tragedy of the U.S. Navy SEALAB Programs. Houston, Texas: Doyle Publishing Company. p. 180. ISBN 0-9653359-3-3. LCCN 99-32021.
^ staff (1969-02-28). "Oceanography: Death in the Depths". Time. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
^ a b c Hellwarth, Ben (2012). Sealab: America's Forgotten Quest to Live and Work on the Ocean Floor. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-0-7432-4745-0. LCCN 2011015725.
^ Jones, Don (December 9, 2011). "Buddies Never Forgotten". Derick S. Hartshorn. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
^ a b Hellwarth, p. 130.
^ a b Boyd, Waldo T. (1966). Your career in the aerospace industry. J. Messner. p. 108.
^ a b Bunton, Bill; Heglar, Mary (February 1999). "Death of an Aquanaut – San Diego Magazine – February 1999 – San Diego, California". San Diego Magazine. SDM, LLC. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^ Altonn, Helen (March 31, 2002). "Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Rawlinson, Jonathan (1988). The Great Adventures Series: From Space to the Seabed. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Enterprises, Inc. ISBN 0-86592-872-X. LCCN 88-15815.
^ Radloff, Roland; Helmreich, Robert (1968). Groups Under Stress: Psychological Research in SEALAB II. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 0-89197-191-2.
^ "SEALAB II A Summary Report". URG Bulletin. 1965. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ Transactions of the Institute of Marine Engineers. 81: 2. March 1969. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Hellwarth, pp. 171-180.
^ Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 264–266. ISBN 0-87113-794-1. LCCN 2001018840.
^ Fisher, Arthur (September 1969). "Science Newsfront". Popular Science. 195 (3): 29.
^ Davis, Michael (1979). "Immersion hypothermia in scuba diving". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 9 (2). Retrieved July 29, 2011. (reprint from New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine).
^ Craven, John Piña (2001). The Silent War: The Cold War Battle Beneath the Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-684-87213-7.
^ "Diver Rebreather Fatalities Database Extract". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
^ Hollien, Harry; Thompson, Carl L.; Cannon, Berry (1973). "Speech Intelligibility as a Function of Ambient Pressure and HeO2 Atmosphere". Aerospace Medicine. 44: 249–253.
Barth, Bob (2000). Sea Dwellers: The Humor, Drama and Tragedy of the U.S. Navy SEALAB Programs. Houston, Texas: Doyle Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9653359-3-3. LCCN 99-32021.
Bond, George F.; Siiteri, Helen A. (1993). Papa Topside: The Sealab Chronicles of Capt. George F. Bond, USN. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-795-3.
Bunton, William J. (2000). Death of an Aquanaut. Flagstaff, Arizona: Best Publishing Company. ISBN 0-941332-81-0. LCCN 99-66260.
Hellwarth, Ben (2012). Sealab: America's Forgotten Quest to Live and Work on the Ocean Floor. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-4745-0. LCCN 2011015725.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berry L. Cannon.
San Diego Magazine Article: Death of an Aquanaut, Part 1
Death of an Aquanaut, Part 2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berry_L._Cannon&oldid=995655137"
Accidental deaths in California
American underwater divers
Burials in Florida
Deaths from hypercapnia
People from Levy County, Florida
20th-century American engineers
Underwater diving deaths
United States Navy sailors
University of Florida alumni
United States Navy civilians
CS1 errors: missing title
Place of birth missing
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line467
|
__label__wiki
| 0.539926
| 0.539926
|
Homestake experiment
The underground tank of the Homestake experiment when the basin around the tank has not yet been flooded.
Setup of the experiment in the Homestake mine.
The Homestake experiment (sometimes referred to as the Davis experiment and in original literature called Brookhaven Solar Neutrino Experiment or Brookhaven 37Cl (Chlorine) Experiment )[1] was an experiment headed by astrophysicists Raymond Davis, Jr. and John N. Bahcall in the late 1960s. Its purpose was to collect and count neutrinos emitted by nuclear fusion taking place in the Sun. Bahcall performed the theoretical calculations and Davis designed the experiment. After Bahcall calculated the rate at which the detector should capture neutrinos, Davis's experiment turned up only one third of this figure. The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos, and the discrepancy in results created the solar neutrino problem. The experiment operated continuously from 1970 until 1994. The University of Pennsylvania took it over in 1984. The discrepancy between the predicted and measured rates of neutrino detection was later found to be due to neutrino "flavour" oscillations.[citation needed]
1 Methodology
Methodology[edit]
The experiment took place in the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. Davis placed a 380 cubic meter (100,000 gallon) tank of perchloroethylene, a common dry-cleaning fluid, 1,478 meters (4,850 feet) underground. A big target deep underground was needed to prevent interference from cosmic rays, taking into account the very small probability of a successful neutrino capture, and, therefore, very low effect rate even with the huge mass of the target. Perchloroethylene was chosen because it is rich in chlorine. Upon interaction with an electron neutrino, a 37Cl atom transforms into a radioactive isotope of 37Ar, which can then be extracted and counted. The reaction of the neutrino capture is
ν e + 37 C l ⟶ 37 A r + e − . {\displaystyle \mathrm {\nu _{e}+\ ^{37}Cl\longrightarrow \ ^{37}Ar+e^{-}.} }
The reaction threshold is 0.814 MeV, i.e. the neutrino should have at least this energy to be captured by the 37Cl nucleus.
Because 37Ar has a half-life of 35 days, every few weeks, Davis bubbled helium through the tank to collect the argon that had formed. A small (few cubic cm) gas counter was filled by the collected few tens of atoms of 37Ar (together with the stable argon) to detect its decays. In such a way, Davis was able to determine how many neutrinos had been captured.[2][3]
Conclusions[edit]
Davis' figures were consistently very close to one-third of Bahcall's calculations. The first response from the scientific community was that either Bahcall or Davis had made a mistake. Bahcall's calculations were checked repeatedly, with no errors found. Davis scrutinized his own experiment and insisted there was nothing wrong with it. The Homestake experiment was followed by other experiments with the same purpose, such as Kamiokande in Japan, SAGE in the former Soviet Union, GALLEX in Italy, Super Kamiokande, also in Japan, and SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) in Ontario, Canada. SNO was the first detector able to detect neutrino oscillation, solving the solar neutrino problem. The results of the experiment, published in 2001, revealed that of the three "flavours" between which neutrinos are able to oscillate, Davis's detector was sensitive to only one. After it had been proven that his experiment was sound, Davis shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. Among those sharing the prize was Masatoshi Koshiba of Japan, who worked on the Kamiokande and the Super Kamiokande.
Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment (a previous experiment by Reines and Cowan which discovered the antineutrino)
^ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/191/4224/264
^ Martin, B.R.; Shaw, G (1999). Particle Physics (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-471-97285-3.
^ B. T. Cleveland; et al. (1998). "Measurement of the Solar Electron Neutrino Flux with the Homestake Chlorine Detector". Astrophysical Journal. 496 (1): 505–526. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496..505C. doi:10.1086/305343.
Raymond Davis Jr.'s Solar Neutrino Experiments (at BNL.gov)
Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities
Cowan–Reines (
Lederman–Schwartz–Steinberger (
μ)
DONUT (
τ)
Neutrino oscillation
SN 1987 neutrino burst
(divided by
BDUNT
NEVOD
Super-Kamiokande
Daya Bay
KamLAND
ICARUS (Fermilab)
MicroBooNE
MINERνA
MiniBooNE
NA61/SHINE
NOνA
0νββ
KamLAND-Zen
PandaX
SNO+
XMASS
Baikal-GVD
Hyper-Kamiokande
KM3NeT
SuperNEMO
FASERν
CDHS
CNGS
Cuoricino
ERPM
GALLEX
Heidelberg-Moscow
IGEX
Kamiokande
LSND
MINOS+
SciBooNE
Soudan 2
Neutrino Factory
Nucifer
SBND
JEM-EUSO
DUMAND Project
Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment
NEMO Project
NESTOR Project
BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)
Kamioka Observatory
LNGS
SNOLAB
List of neutrino experiments
Coordinates: 44°21′12″N 103°44′39″W / 44.35333°N 103.74417°W / 44.35333; -103.74417
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestake_experiment&oldid=989587499"
Neutrino observatories
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line468
|
__label__cc
| 0.685453
| 0.314547
|
Flimsy Film Critics
Bad Reviews for Good Movies
Jesse Schaffer’s Posts
Kevin Winters’ Posts
Carrie Winters’ Posts
How to Fix the Denver Broncos
Posted on November 28, 2017 by Jesse Schaffer
It’s been a long season for Broncos fans. Less than two years removed from watching our team win its third Super Bowl at Levi’s Stadium, it’s become a chore to even sit through an entire game. Vance Joseph was adamant in his belief before the season that these Broncos weren’t broken and just needed a reboot, not an entire rebuild. As loss after loss has piled up, it’s abundantly clear that he couldn’t have been more wrong in his assertion.
Wrong, wrong, wrong.
Outside of a few early wins, the Broncos are in the midst of their longest stretch of futility since Josh McDaniels was fist-pumping and screaming at players on the sideline. They’ve already matched their worst losing streak in 50 years and are almost assured to finish the season near the bottom of the league. There is a silver lining that comes with that (you know, embrace the tank!), but while having a good draft pick will be nice, writing these recaps every week has become rather depressing. Watching the Broncos most recent display of vomit-inducing football is bad enough without having to relive it again.
Then this morning, Scotty Payne of Mile High Report posted an article about how the Broncos can reset their organization and get back to their winning ways, which inspired me to more or less do the same thing for my weekly recap. It sounded like a lot more fun than revisiting the rampant ugliness that is Broncos football.
I’ll offer some of my own thoughts on a few of Scotty’s ideas (hopefully he doesn’t unfollow me on Twitter) and present some that I’ve seen from a couple other guys in the Denver media (or “local bloggers,” as Mike Klis would call them). They are good ideas and they need to be shared as much as possible.
1. Appoint Beth Bowlen as the new owner of the team
Three years ago, when Pat Bowlen sadly had to step away from the Broncos due to his ongoing battle with Alzheimer’s disease, ownership of his franchise was placed into a trust. Team president Joe Ellis assumed control until he and the other two members of that trust could determine which of Pat’s seven children would inherit ownership of the Broncos, per Pat’s wishes. That obviously still hasn’t taken place yet and it’s long past time for it to happen, but who should the new owner be?
Meet Beth Bowlen Wallace, Pat’s second oldest daughter with his ex-wife Sally Parker and a perfectly good candidate to take over the Broncos. Like her father, Beth has a law degree from the University of Denver, which she earned in 2016 after spending time as the team’s director of special projects and events. She is active in the community and by all accounts has a lot of the same qualities that her dad was famous for. Darren “D-Mac” McKee of 104.3 the Fan has been pounding the drum for Beth to be the new owner, and I wholeheartedly agree with him.
These types of things are always complicated, but I believe that Beth would honor Pat’s legacy and be the best possible choice to lead the Broncos for the foreseeable future. I don’t know when (or if) that will actually come to pass. I just know that it should, and as soon as possible.
2. Clean house in the front office, but keep John Elway
Of course, new owner or not, there are some more immediate changes that the Broncos need to make if they want to properly rebuild their team. It starts in the front office, which has made some questionable acquisitions in the past few years, particularly when it comes to the draft. I stand by my opinion that Elway shouldn’t be fired for the team’s recent failings, but he most certainly needs to shake up the staff around him.
Get rid of Matt Russell and Tom Heckert. May as well show every other scout and personnel guy the door while you’re at it. Bring in some new people with some fresh ideas, but more importantly Elway needs to surround himself with minds that don’t always think the way that he does. There should be an emphasis on finding people that aren’t afraid to challenge him or present different ways of evaluating talent in the draft, because clearly the process that the current staff has been following isn’t working for the Broncos. You can’t win from now on if you don’t hit on your draft picks.
3. Fire Vance Joseph and get a new head coach
I think we’ve all seen enough of Vance to know that he’s probably never going to make it as head coach here in Denver. Let him finish out the season, then admit that it’s just not a good fit and pull the plug. Elway and his (hopefully new) personnel guys can let the new coach decide what to do with the rest of the current staff before conducting their search. This has been happening way too often in Broncos Country the past six years, but I just don’t see how another season with Vance would do this team any good.
Your guess is as good as mine on who the next coach should be. Jim Harbaugh is a pipe dream. Retreads who have already been fired once as a head coach probably won’t cut it either. However, WHO would be a lot less important in this search than WHAT, as in what does this man bring to the table that the Broncos current head coach doesn’t have? Probably everything, but for example Vance was hired because he was a “leader of men” who could bring his team together and keep them headed in the right direction, despite the fact that he wasn’t a great X’s and O’s guy. That clearly hasn’t worked at all for the Broncos, so maybe this time go for a coach who knows his shit when it comes to X’s and O’s and has a lot of accomplishments on his resume. A guy like Matt LaFleur comes to mind.
Right, just who in the hell is Matt LaFleur? I first learned of him on Benjamin Allbright’s Twitter (you know, the most famous “local blogger”), off of a retweet from Bears Daily. LaFleur, the offensive coordinator of the Los Angeles Rams, has spent time as quarterbacks coach with the Redskins from 2010-2013 (including the one year RGIII was actually good), with Notre Dame in 2014 (when the Irish went 8-5 and Everett Golson threw 29 touchdown passes) and with the Falcons from 2015-2016 (which includes Matt Ryan’s MVP season). Sure, some of these accolades are more commonly attributed to Kyle Shanahan, but quarterbacks under LaFleur’s watch have thrived pretty much everywhere he’s been. Oh yeah, Jared Goff and those Rams are also doing pretty damn well this year, if you haven’t noticed.
It doesn’t have to be LaFleur necessarily, but that’s the kind of coach the Broncos should be looking for to replace Vance. Someone who has been successful in a variety of places and who always seems to get his players to perform at a high level. That may seem like a “no duh” perspective to have, but common sense has largely eluded the Broncos since they won Super Bowl 50. It would be best for them to get back to that.
4. Sign Kirk Cousins
If you didn’t take the time to read Scotty’s article (and seriously, what are you waiting for?), he brought up the idea of the Broncos pursuing Cousins in free agency next year. That’s something that I was previously lukewarm towards, mainly because Cousins is going to command a hefty price tag and is someone I view as a good, not great quarterback. However, good quarterback play is something we haven’t had around here since the first half of 2014, so let’s just say I’m warming up to the idea.
Another reason I’m rethinking my position on Cousins is because Elway had his most success as GM of the Broncos when he had an established quarterback to build around. Cousins is no Peyton Manning, but he would still be an alluring bargaining chip when other players are considering the Broncos. With Cousins in the fold, Elway could use the teams top picks on other positions of need (more on that here briefly) and it would help him secure the type of free agents he has missed on since Peyton retired (Calais Campbell, anyone?).
Furthermore, it’s possible that Cousins is actually pretty darn good. He has managed to lead the Redskins to a near .500 record this season, despite them being near the top of the league with players on IR and the fact that… well, they’re the Redskins. Cousins is certainly better than any of the Broncos’ current quarterbacks and he’ll only be 30 to start next season, which means that he should have many productive years ahead of him. In order to maximize the prime years of guys like Von Miller and Chris Harris Jr., that alone could make the investment worth it.
5. Draft Connor Williams or Saquon Barkley in the first round and Baker Mayfield in the second (if there’s no Kirk Cousins)
This of course will all depend on who is assembling the Broncos’ draft board and whether or not they learn from their past mistakes, but assuming they have, then I recommend going for a high impact player on offense with the first pick, and not a quarterback. The struggles of the offensive line are no secret and Williams would go a long way towards solving the Broncos’ longstanding issue at right tackle. Like Garrett Bolles, Williams is also a left tackle, but most elite pass rushers line up against the right tackle anyway. You need two good tackles to keep your quarterback upright, so draft Williams, pair him with Bolles and then figure out who plays where later.
Barkley is another option that Scotty pointed out, and there’s no question that the offense is in desperate need of more playmakers. Going running back early is not as popular as it used to be, but it’s worth it if Barkley can make the same kind of difference here that he did at Penn State. As for Mayfield, I get that he’s a little on the short side and can be a little fiery. He’s also been lighting up just about every defense that he’s gone against this season, so I don’t care if he’s a crabby little guy. If Benjamin Allbright can be trusted, and it seems like he’s right a lot more often than he’s wrong, then Mayfield is the quarterback you want in this draft. It’s even more appealing since the Broncos can probably get him in the second round or by trading up to the end of the first, because teams are stupid and have a bias for quarterbacks based on their height.
And there are many more things the Broncos will need to do to build themselves back up into contenders. Tight end and middle linebacker remain serious problems. Existing contracts would need to be juggled or removed. It’s not as easy as doing these five things and then everything is wonderful again, but I would like to see all of them happen. Whether you agree or not, I think we all know that some changes have to be made after this disaster of a season.
Next week’s game: Dolphins 23, Broncos 13
Oh shit, there are still games left this season! I get that those who are embracing the tank are afraid that Trevor Siemian starting again will ruin the Broncos’ chances at getting a top draft pick, but Trevor had lost three straight games when he was benched, including one to the now two-win New York Giants (who can apparently only beat AFC West teams). Then you factor in all the guys who are out on defense, including Aqib Talib getting suspended for snatching another one of Michael Crabtree’s chains or Derek Wolfe and Domata Peko getting injured, and the fact that whether the Broncos are good or bad, they usually struggle mightily to win games down in Florida.
Most importantly, I still don’t believe the Broncos can beat anyone right now, including the mediocre Dolphins. The Broncos are probably heading for a top pick no matter which one of their crappy quarterbacks winds up playing.
This entry was posted in Misc and tagged 2017 NFL Season, Baker Mayfield, Denver Broncos, John Elway, Kirk Cousins, Pat Bowlen, Vance Joseph, Von Miller. Bookmark the permalink.
← Broncos Outbungle Bengals in Sixth Straight Loss
Power Ranking Ramblings: Week 13 →
One thought on “How to Fix the Denver Broncos”
Pingback: An Open Letter to John Elway | Pegboards
Amplifying Black Voices: Do the Right Thing- A Spike Lee Joint
An Ode to a King: Black Panther
Amplifying Black Voices: Selma from Ava DuVernay
Amplifying Black Voices: Queen & Slim from Melina Matsoukas
An Ode to a King: 42
An Ode to a King: Bl… on An Ode to a King: Black P…
care on Amplifying Black Voices: Queen…
BlacKkKlansman Enter… on A Statement from Flimsy Film…
Sarah Phelps on 100 Movies Bucket List: M…
Carrie Winters on 100 Movies Bucket List: H…
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line473
|
__label__wiki
| 0.566434
| 0.566434
|
This entry is our analysis of a review or synthesis of research findings considered particularly relevant to improving outcomes from drug or alcohol interventions in the UK. The original review was not published by Findings; click Title to order a copy. The summary conveys the findings and views expressed in the review.
An evidence review of the outcomes that can be expected of drug misuse treatment in England
https://findings.org.uk/PHP/dl.php?file=PHE_50.txt&s=eb&sf=rel
An evidence review of the outcomes that can be expected of drug misuse treatment in England.
Burkinshaw P., Knight J., Anders P. et al.
Public Health England, 2017
English treatment systems perform at least as well as other countries on a number of measures, but have a considerably higher rate of drug-related deaths than elsewhere in Europe. As well as pursuing harm reduction and recovery, this report stresses the importance of social integration as an objective.
Summary In March 2015, the Department of Health commissioned Public Health England to “review … what can be expected of the drug treatment and recovery system and provide advice to inform future policy”.
Public Health England published their report in January 2017, addressing the following seven questions (and dedicating a chapter to each):
What is the history of drug misuse and drug treatment in England?
What is the prevalence of drug misuse and the profile of the treatment population, and how are they changing?
What harms does drug treatment reduce?
Does drug treatment England achieve the outcomes we should expect?
What is the impact of housing, employment and social deprivation on treatment outcomes and what are the interdependencies between drug treatment and other services?
How should treatment be configured and resourced to meet the needs of an ageing heroin using population and respond to new patterns of drug use?
What are the appropriate outcomes to evaluate treatment effectiveness?
Drug use and dependence are associated with a range of harms, including poor physical and mental health, unemployment, homelessness, family breakdown, and criminal activity. In monetary terms, illicit drug use costs UK society an estimated £10.7 billion, and costs family members and carers of heroin and crack cocaine users alone around £1.8 billion.
Public health, crime reduction, and recovery objectives have all influenced drug treatment policy and funding over the years, to varying degrees. The 1995 drug strategy was interpreted by commentators as the end of health-driven policy, and the beginning of over a decade of policies which took the view that “the most problematic users were responsible for the majority of criminality in society and that if they could be treated (either voluntarily or through coercive measures) then crime rates would decline.” The 2010 drug strategy marked a turn towards putting recovery outcomes at the centre of policy.
The vast majority (75%) of people in drug treatment in England are receiving help for problems related to the use of opiates, mainly heroin, which, along with cocaine, is associated with the majority of the social costs of drug use.
The proportion of older heroin users (aged 40 and over) in treatment with poor health has been increasing in recent years and is likely to continue to rise. Many started using heroin in the 1980s and 1990s, and are now experiencing cumulative physical and mental health conditions.
The proportion of people in treatment with “entrenched dependence and complex needs” is predicted to increase, and the proportion who successfully complete treatment, therefore, predicted to continue to fall.
New psychoactive substances
These psychoactive drugs used to be referred to as ‘legal highs’. The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 changed their legal status in the UK, making supply and possession with intent to supply an offence.
Synthetic cannabinoids (which mimic the effects of cannabis) are increasingly being used by vulnerable groups. Controlling the availability of new psychoactive substances in prisons is a significant challenge.
There are reports of increasing problems with prescription and over-the-counter medicines, as well as new psychoactive substancesThese psychoactive drugs used to be referred to as ‘legal highs’. The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 changed their legal status in the UK, making supply and possession with intent to supply an offence. – the latter a particular problem in prisons. New patterns of drug use and risky behaviour are becoming established, including new psychoactive substances being injected, and drugs being used alongside high-risk sexual behaviour (‘chemsex’).
The number of drug-related deaths has increased over the past 20 years, with a significant rise in the last three years to the highest number on record. [The crisis of overdose deaths in the UK is discussed in this Effectiveness Bank hot topic.] In the next four years, Public Health England estimates that there will be an increase in the proportion of people in treatment for opiate dependence who die from long-term health conditions and overdose. Older heroin users, especially, are susceptible to overdose.
Below are some of the recorded positive outcomes of interventions for problem drug users:
• There is consistent evidence that community-based needle and syringe programmes are associated with reduced rates of HIV and hepatitis C infection.
• Opioid substitution treatment (typically using methadone or buprenorphine) is the most widely studied medical intervention for heroin dependence, with consistent reports of reduced drug use, injecting and mortality. It is also a driver of crime reduction, with reduced offending proportionate to the time people spend in treatment.
• Specialist drug treatment services are also associated with reductions in offending.
How do treatment systems in England measure up?
It is difficult to compare the performance of treatment systems in England to those in other countries – one reason being that the breadth of data collected by the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System about public drug treatment services in England is rare in other countries. Alongside this, treatment interventions evaluated by researchers are often tightly controlled and may relate to such specific populations and contexts that comparisons prove difficult.
With these caveats in mind, the evidence still suggests that treatment outcomes in England are equivalent to or better than other countries:
• The proportion of problem drug users in treatment is among the highest reported (60% of opiate users).
• Access to treatment (97% within three weeks) is comparable to other countries.
• The rate of drug injecting among all 15–64 year olds (0.25%) is relatively low (1 2).
• The rate of drop-out from treatment before three and six months (18% and 34%, respectively) is comparable to the literature (28% on average) (1 2 3 4 5).
• England has a very low rate of HIV infection among the injecting drug user population (1%), which compares favourably internationally.
• The rate of hepatitis C virus infection (50%) is lower than several other countries with available data.
• The rate of stopping injecting (52% after three months; 58% after six months; 61% after one year) is comparable to, or better than, the scientific literature.
• Treatment in England is associated with a marked reduction in convictions (47% among those retained in treatment for two years or successfully completed treatment after being retained for at least six months).
Housing needs
While the UK employment rate has improved in recent years, housing availability and affordability have worsened in some parts of the country. There have also been recent increases in the number of people rough sleeping, the number of statutory homeless applications accepted, and the number of households in temporary accommodation.
Among opiate users, the proportion starting treatment with an urgent housing need has increased since 2009–2010. Around 12% are homeless at admission, compared to around 5% for non-opiate drug users.
However, there are opportunities for improvement:
• The rate of illicit opiate abstinence after three and also six months of treatment in England (46% and 48%, respectively) points to poorer performance in comparison with the literature (56% on average).
• The drug-related death rate in England (34 per million in 2013) is substantially lower than in the USA but considerably higher than elsewhere in Europe.
Social factors known to moderate and influence treatment effectiveness include unemployment and housing problems. Gaining employment and receiving employment support can lead to improvements in treatment outcomes and reduce the risk that someone will relapse after treatment.
Advice for commissioners and providers
• Ensure there are arrangements to meet the physical and mental health needs of people in treatment, particularly older people.
• Implement evidence-based interventions to reduce the use of illicit opiates at the start of and throughout treatment.
• Implement evidence-based treatment interventions recommended by NICE.
• Don’t implement a policy of limiting the time that people are able to spend in treatment – it is not supported by scientific evidence and can be counterproductive.
• Ensure there are robust and integrated pathways between drug treatment and all points of the criminal justice system, including pathways between prison and community-based treatment.
• Closely monitor changing patterns of drug use, including new psychoactive substance use and prescription medicines. Coordinate responses for specific sub-populations, including managing prescribing practice, developing workforce skills and developing new service pathways.
Advice for national and local government
• Ensure drug treatment continues to address a broad range of outcomes (including harm reduction, social integration and recovery) through integrated treatment and recovery support systems.
• Improve the current primary outcome measure (successful treatment completion and no return to treatment, used as the proxy measure of success) to better reflect progress made by individuals, through the national and local monitoring of: the proportion of people in need who are in treatment; good treatment access; incident rates of bloodborne viral infections; cessation of illicit opiate use while in treatment; longer-term rates of treatment re-presentation; treatment entry rates following prison release; and access to employment and housing support services.
• Separate drug treatment outcome indicators for opiate users new into treatment and existing cohorts to allow tracking of the progress of those for who evidence tells us we can expect higher recovery rates.
• Maintain a realistic recovery ambition for the ageing cohort of heroin users with complex needs, accepting that the proportion of people who successfully complete treatment is likely to continue to fall.
• Provide longer-term employment and housing support, including in-work support, to help people gain and maintain employment and appropriate housing.
• Develop strategies to address the recent increases in drug-related deaths, including integrating healthcare with drug treatment, and improving local processes for reviewing incidents.
Good progress has been made in reducing drug-related harm and promoting recovery through the widespread implementation of evidence-based drug treatment. Drug treatment should continue to address a broad range of outcomes, including harm reduction, reduced drug use, social integration, and recovery. The assessment of outcomes should also be expanded to better reflect the breadth of the benefits of drug misuse interventions.
Social factors, including housing, employment, and deprivation, are all associated with substance use, and moderate the success of treatment. It is important to provide longer-term employment support, including in-work support to help people maintain employment, and integrated housing support. Given the rise in the number of older heroin users in treatment with poor health, it is also vital to facilitate access to appropriate healthcare services.
Last revised 23 February 2017. First uploaded 21 February 2017
DOCUMENT 2013 Community loses from failure to offer maintenance prescribing in prisons
REVIEW 2012 The effectiveness of opioid maintenance treatment in prison settings: a systematic review
DOCUMENT 2011 Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs
STUDY 2018 Adult substance misuse statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017
DOCUMENT 2014 Time limiting opioid substitution therapy
DOCUMENT 2014 Needle and syringe programmes
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line476
|
__label__cc
| 0.633257
| 0.366743
|
Cooking with "Hot Sour Salty Sweet"
Alcuin replied to a topic in Cooking
I've been cooking a lot from this book lately. The Smoked fish and Green Mango salad has been a standout so far, as is the Chicken and Rau Ram salad. Last night I did the Thai grilled eggplant salad, lemongrass beef, peanut sauce, and cucumber/lettuce/herb plate with daikon pickle (and sticky rice of course). Almost every dish I make from this book I like, but I couldn't get the tapioca dough for the tapioca dumplings with pork. HSSS is a bit too succinct on how to make this dough--is there a trick to making it that's not in the book?
Industrial/mass-produced food products that are better than I can make
Alcuin replied to a topic in Kitchen Consumer
Good observation about the basic differences between cuisines. I'd take out Sambal Olek and Sriracha from this list though. As long as you have a blender/food processor, they're both pretty easily made and far better than the bottled versions (James Oseland for the former and David Thompson for the latter). I use them from the bottle, but for different applications (the bottled versions I use more like I would ketchup). I do agree that freshly made curry paste is better than Mae Ploy (right now I'm eating some leftovers from a fresh green curry I made last night), but the Mae Ploy still has a
minerality is a description of that sense of place
Alcuin replied to a topic in Wine
That makes sense. From what I understand, wines can often have high calcium levels but I'm not sure how that works and why one might have a higher mineral content that another. I've read a few journal articles about it, but I'm no scientist after all. This is something I'll keep looking into though. And you're right, when people talk about wine what they say often makes no sense. There's a lot of half baked notions out there about wine, which is really too bad.
No you won't. What you will taste is the impact the growing conditions have upon the vines and the fruit, and therefore the finished wine. You might perceive that as the same flavour as the soil; and, in fact, growing on this kind of soil may give certain characteristics that are not found from the same variety and clone growing on other soils. However, what you will not be able to taste is the soil itself in the finished wine. Perhaps I was being unclear. No, you won't "taste the soil," whatever that even means if taken literally. You will taste the impact of the soil on the wine. This impac
Minerality is not at all a myth. If you want to taste it, get a Lacryma Christi del Vesuvio and you will clearly taste the volcanic rock that characterizes its soil. You can taste it both in the white and the red. This has nothing at all to do with confusion between sense of taste and sense of place. I've tasted lots of people on it, non-experts all, and they can clearly taste it. Some find it off-putting; I've had some red Lacryma that, for me, is undrinkable because it literally tastes way too much like rock. But minerality also affects the mouthfeel of the wine too. A Pinot grigio from Alto
Wok Cooking Over a Chimney Starter?
I've done the wok in coals. My coals where very hot and plentiful, which made my wok ridiculously hot. Hot enough to burn the seasoning off the bottom of my cast iron wok. When you do this, keep in mind that you will have to work extremely fast, likely faster than you've ever cooked before unless you've cooked over a 100000+ BTU wok burner or something similar before. I cooked three dishes in about as many minutes, and I felt like I was always behind! I would put in the oil, then the aromatics, stir once (no time for more than that), then the meat, stir until nicely brown, then the sauce, stir
Pink Slime
Alcuin replied to a topic in Food Traditions & Culture
Talk about theoretically sophisticated! You're making a whole lot of assumptions. People don't typically appreciate being talked down to as if they are faux-sophisticates or children grossed out upon finding that they've eaten food they think they don't like. So, let me tell you my reasons for being against this stuff. I won't speak for others in these forums, but for me it has nothing to do with the term "pink slime." Would you prefer to call it "boneless lean beef trimmings"? That's a pretty outrageously misleading term. I'll just call it "stuff" from here on out. What I react against is thi
8 Foods You Must Eat Organic
It's not the topic, it's the way you use it that makes a straw man fallacy what it is. Anyway, the idea of an organic market brings up an interesting point which is that things have changed a lot since 1978. The rise of Whole Foods has taken advantage of the cache and murkiness of what organic food is and what it's benefits are, which I think is unfortunate. I think many people associate organic food with this kind of boutique experience and that really pigeon-holes organic food. It shouldn't be that way; as EatNopales says, agricultural subsidies obscure the real cost of food. There are a lo
Lao-style mortar and pestle
I have one of those, but I bought it for around $5 at an Asian market. I only use it for the SE Asian salads, but it's worthwhile because it's got more capacity than my granite mortar and pestle. It's also more bullet shaped, which is great because you make the dressing in the bottom of the mortar and it doesn't splash out when you're mixing the salad. If you make a lot of salads, it's worth it. You just might be able to find a cheaper one if that matters to you.
Sorry, but that was definitely a straw man argument. Nobody was talking raw milk, and I don't think raw milk and organic farming practices are really analogous at all. Connecting the two really begs the question, and attacks a viewpoint nobody said they held. That's the definition of the straw man fallacy. Also, what's an "organic market"? I shop at a co-op that's probably one of the crunchiest in the country, the Willy Street Co-op, but it's not an organic market. Perhaps we're talking Whole Foods then? Count me as somebody who thinks that Whole Foods is a boutique "shopping experience" that
What does raw milk have to do with organic products? I don't see the connection, and I think I see some straw peeking out of the sides of this argument... There are a lot of reasons why organic farming is important. I'm not sure of the health claims myself, but neither can anyone else here be so sure that it doesn't have benefits. It's an open question, to say the least. Skepticism is very important, but its not a substitute for deep consideration. I see a lot of skepticism in arguments against organic food, but not a lot of deep consideration of what we know and don't know, and what may be po
To get back on track... I find myself drinking a gruner veltliner tonight, and noticed that the label says that it's made with organic grapes. I've seen a lot of wines that are organic or biodynamic, but it doesn't seem like most wines I drink make a big deal out of it. I certainly don't pay much attention to organic wines. I also have the sense that a lot of wines may be organic, or close to it, but don't have the certification. It seems to me that wine makers that want to produce good wine aren't using pesticides. But I actually don't know. This is just an assumption I've always made. I don
I use Muir Glen and they switched to non BPA cans about a year or so ago. I realized this when I noticed a distinctly tinny taste where there wasn't one before. I still use Muir Glen, but don't like it as much. I've tried Pomi, but the only tomatoes I can get from them are pureed or diced and I like whole plum tomatoes so I'm sticking with the Muir Glen.
To speak to Fat Guy's question about what we eat that's organic or not. Here goes: Vegetables: everything organic, except when I buy from the Chinese grocer (definitely not organic) or Hmong farmers at the farmer's market (may be organic, may not be). Eggs: I eat Phil's eggs which are certified humane but not organic. They are a dollar cheaper than organic eggs. I use Sassy Cow milk whenever I use milk, but I don't keep it around. For butter I use "Local Source." Interestingly they don't use rGBH but note on the package that there's no significant difference between using it or not. I eat Will
There's no such thing as scientific evidence of the kind it seems you're looking for about something has never happened or will happen in the future. That's because there's no empirical data on it, since no one has tried to feed six billion people and we have no experience of the future. But that's why we have arguments to go where no man has ever gone before. Like this one. Appeals to "science" are often based much more on faith than on empirical evidence. Science is great, but there are so many questions it doesn't or can't answer, like this one. There's really no definitive way to say right
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line478
|
__label__wiki
| 0.703635
| 0.703635
|
HomeKing Solomon, The Unknown Story
King Solomon, The Unknown Story
Glenn AltschulerApril 27, 2011
Solomon: The Lure of Wisdom:
By Steven Weitzman
Yale University Press, 240 pages, $25
Many Christians and Jews believe that the wisdom of King Solomon extended well beyond ordinary human perception. A gift from God, it allowed him to understand the hidden forces of nature, the inner workings of human motivation and the mysteries of the future. Some credit Solomon with an ability to turn lead into gold, conjure demons and become invisible. In Jamaica he is celebrated for discovering marijuana, known there as “the Wisdom Weed.”
SOLOMON: THE LURE OF WISDOM
In “Solomon,” Steven Weitzman, a professor of Jewish culture and religion at Stanford University, explains the reason that story still resonates. An “unauthorized” biography of a man about whom precious little is actually known (not even the date of his birth or the years of his reign), “Solomon” is an engrossing, elegant and erudite exegesis of the quest for knowledge — and an examination of where wisdom originates, the shapes it takes, the Faustian bargains it often makes and the tragic end to which it often comes.
Weitzman revisits Solomon’s famous resolution of the case of two petitioners, each of them claiming to be the mother of a baby. And he reviews Solomon’s stunning political, economic and cultural accomplishments as king of Israel. Even these achievements, Weitzman points out, have been called into question. Modern-day advocates of adoption, he reminds us, “rightly contest the assumption that biological birth generates a unique emotional bond.” Solomon, he implies, may have rewarded the wrong woman. And, drawing on passages in Kings and Ecclesiastes, Weitzman suggests that even as he outperformed other rulers, Solomon began to “mirror their worst qualities.” He became arrogant, exploitative and hard-hearted. Falling under the spell of pagan women, he built shrines to other gods. At the end of his life, he may even have lived in exile, an outcast beggar. How, Weitzman asks, could such a wise man have gone so wrong? Does his fate suggest that our own pursuit of ultimate understanding is “pointless and self-destructive”?
Acknowledging that there is no way to know what went on in Solomon’s mind, Weitzman chooses, rather hopefully, to believe that he fell into sin not because his ambition and sexual passion trumped his intellect, but because his wisdom removed the barriers that usually constrain mere mortals. Able to solve seemingly impossible puzzles, consolidate his kingdom and build a magnificent Temple, he convinced himself that he could sometimes act “outside the confines of God’s commands.”
Does this mean, Weitzman asks, along with Ecclesiastes, that even wise men do not — and cannot — know everything, and that “those who increase knowledge increase sorrow”? His answers, not surprising (he is, after all, a professor), are “yes” (to the first claim) and “no” (to the second).
As with the rest of this book, he gets to these answers with ingenuity and grace. Noting that some have interpreted Ecclesiastes as the reflection of a callow youth — and wondering whether a senior citizen or a teenager is more likely “to profess a seen-it-all skepticism” — Weitzman ends his account of Solomon’s life with a Solomonic compromise, “a split decision between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs.” The king’s final act, he supposes, was to accept the limits of the mind while at the same time affirming his resolve “to go into the darkness, to search late into the night, to keep knocking at the door even without anyone opening it.”
Weitzman’s judgments of Solomon at times appear a bit too harsh. And, alas, he doesn’t provide clear and cogent distinctions between learning and wisdom. But he succeeds, splendidly, in supplying an unblinkingly blunt — and bracing — biography of the desire to know, presented through a parable about the power and the pitfalls of wisdom “encoded into the life of that master of parables, King Solomon.”
Glenn C. Altschuler is the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell University.
Books: King Solomon, The Unknown Story
Glenn Altschuler
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line480
|
__label__wiki
| 0.866997
| 0.866997
|
Cancer patient quarantined on a cruise ship fears she won’t make it home for her chemotherapy
Posted: Mar 7, 2020 / 06:52 PM EST / Updated: Mar 7, 2020 / 06:52 PM EST
(CNN) — A woman quarantined aboard the Grand Princess cruise ship off the California coast has stage 4 cancer and is worried she won’t make it home to start chemotherapy treatment on Monday.
Kari Kolstoe, 60, told CNN she was diagnosed 18 months ago with neuroendocrine cancer, which starts in the digestive tract and it makes carcinoid tumors all over your body.
Since her diagnosis, she’s undergone four rounds of chemotherapy and had her ovaries removed in January, but that did not stop the spread of cancer. It has now made its way to her lower back.
She is on the ship with her husband, Paul. The couple live in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
‘I’m in extremely delicate health right now’
Kari said since her diagnosis, her doctors have given her medication to manage her pain, but she hasn’t been given anything to attack the cancer itself and that’s why getting off the Grand Princess is so important.
She said she has the utmost sympathy for the passengers and crew that have been diagnosed with coronavirus, but she’s concerned that if she doesn’t get the proper treatments her body will fail her.
“I have rights, too,” Kari said. “And if I don’t have the coronavirus, I need to get that found out sooner rather than later because every day we argue about where we (the ship) are going and what the protocols are going to be, my cancer is growing.”
CNN has reached out to Princess Cruises for comment.
A total of 46 people on the ship were tested for the virus with 21 testing positive for the infection. 24 were negative and one was inconclusive, Vice President Mike Pence said during a Coronavirus Task Force press briefing Friday. Of the 21 people who tested positive, 19 were crew members of the ship and two were passengers.
Passengers learned about the test results from watching news coverage of Pence’s briefing.
Living in a ‘cancer world’
Kari said she and Paul had been looking forward to the trip for almost two years. With careful consideration the couple decided to go on their cruise to Hawaii despite all the medical complications that had come to light.
“‘We think you should go on the cruise and then come back, and we’ll be ready to start this treatment,'” Kari said her doctor told her. “So, it kind of looked like the doc opened a little window for us.”
She said she did start worrying when she heard about the outbreak of coronavirus on the Diamond Princess cruise ship in Japan last month. More than 3,500 people were quarantined aboard that vessel for 14 days and more than 600 confirmed cases of the virus have been linked to the ship during its quarantine.
“We had trepidation to do it, but it was going to be this great time,” she said. “All we had been doing is living in our cancer world. Paul’s dad died seven weeks ago, his mom has pretty severe cancer at 92, so we just had all of this stuff going on, and we thought this would be a break from this cancer world.”
And then their trip which was supposed to be a break for the couple has resulted in an ongoing quarantine with no indication of an end.
“My first thought when we got that letter underneath our door on Wednesday was ‘Oh my goodness, we’re not going to be able to get back,'” she said.
Kari said cell service and Wi-Fi on the cruise has been intermittent. She’s been trying to keep in touch with her family as much as possible throughout the quarantine.
“She is the toughest woman I know,” Liz Mackowick, Kari and Paul’s daughter, told CNN. “We are trying to hold to some hope that something will happen today to get her off that ship and someone out there realizes her medical needs and can provide some assistance.”
With her liver covered in tumors, Kari said lying down and sitting has proven to be quite difficult and only makes things worse, but she’s trying to manage the pain with her medications.
“It’s not helping to be cooped up in this tiny, little room,” she said.
The Grand Princess asked passengers to fill out a medication refill request form to get an understanding of who needs medical assistance, according to Kari.
The form asks passengers to rank their medical issue as appropriate on a scale of 1-5, with No. 1 being urgent, life-threatening assistance and No. 5, which meant not needing any regular medication for the next seven days, according to the form.
Kari said she believes she falls under the No. 2 category, which is someone with an “urgent pre-existing medical appointments scheduled within the next 7 days.”
After filling out the form and handing it in, Kari said she has yet to talk to anyone about her needs.
“It does make you feel like no one cares in here,” she said.
For now, Kari said she remains hopeful that help is on the way.
“I know that rights for the common good trump everything else, obviously,” she said. “But we are people too, and we all have lives and people who love us, and we love them.”
Kari said people, including doctors, often don’t know how to explain all that is going on in her body with this form of cancer. She said people die from neuroendocrine cancer and don’t even know they have it.
“Days really make a difference,” she said.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line482
|
__label__wiki
| 0.989148
| 0.989148
|
Steven Tyler: Idol ‘Not My Cup of Tea’
(Photo credit: Fox 8 News video still)
Aerosmith singer turned American Idol judge Steven Tyler said his two-year stint on the show was ‘not his cup of tea,’ according to an MTV.com report.
The article details how Tyler was pressured to replace Simon Cowell as the mean judge, when he saw his role as a mentor.
Tyler told MTV.com that he agreed to the show at a time when he was waiting for a feud with his bandmates to die down.
To read more from MTV.com, click here.
Elvis Presley’s Graceland to offer live virtual tours for those who can’t travel to Memphis
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Elvis Presley's Graceland is now offering live online tours for fans around the world, including those who can't travel to the Tennessee tourist attraction during the coronavirus pandemic.
Graceland said the two-hour guided tours will take virtual visitors into Presley's former Memphis home, which has been turned into a museum, and through the Meditation Garden, where he is buried. The singer and actor died in Memphis on Aug. 16, 1977.
Mario Lopez connects with former ‘Saved by the Bell’ costar Dustin Diamond after cancer diagnosis
by Darcie Loreno / Jan 15, 2021
(WJW) -- Actor Mario Lopez says he is praying for former "Saved by the Bell" costar, Dustin Diamond, after Diamond's recent cancer diagnosis.
Diamond's team confirmed the diagnosis on Facebook Thursday.
‘Elated with the news’: Jeff Bridges says cancer treatment ‘working beautifully’ in new update
(WJW) -- A few months after announcing his lymphoma diagnosis, actor Jeff Bridges says his treatment is "working beautifully."
Back in October, Bridges, 71, said although lymphoma is a serious disease, his prognosis is good. He promised to keep fans posted on his recovery.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line483
|
__label__cc
| 0.679195
| 0.320805
|
« ICM2010 — Ngô laudatio
ICM2010 — Villani laudatio »
ICM2010 — Smirnov laudatio
Next, Kesten shuffled on to the stage. He has an unusual face, in that he has a white beard of the kind that looks as though it is never trimmed — indeed, I think that is probably the case, given the way it grows out sideways as well as down — and looks slightly fake, to the point where one cannot help imagining what he would look like without it, to which the answer is that he would probably look a lot younger as the hair on the top of his head is black. (As I write this, in a large room with dozens of terminals, he has just walked in.)
He began by telling us that Smirnov had got perfect scores in the International Mathematical Olympiads in 1986 and 1987, just in case we were in any doubt about his mathematical talents. His next remark came as a very pleasant surprise: even since the committee had made its decision — in fact, in the last two months — Smirnov had proved a major result. Let me begin by saying what that was.
A self-avoiding walk is a path in a graph that never visits the same vertex twice. (I suppose that is what a graph theorist would just call a path, but here we are thinking of random walks that are conditioned on avoiding themselves.) Self-avoiding walks lead to some of the most fascinating open problems in mathematics, since (i) much of their behaviour is extremely well-understood and (ii) very little of this understanding is rigorously proved. For example, it is known to physicists that a typical self-avoiding walk in of length has end-to-end distance about but nobody has rigorously proved an upper bound of for any and even more remarkably, nobody has proved a lower bound of even (I’ll leave it as an exercise to see that the “obvious counting argument” doesn’t work, even though the idea of its not working is fairly preposterous.)
One thing it is easy to show is that the number of self-avoiding walks of length starting at the origin is of the form where is a function that grows subexponentially. Equivalently, if is the number of walks of length then tends to a limit (Sketch of proof: it is easy to see that for all and and it is a general fact that submultiplicative functions have the desired property.) The constant is called the connective constant of the lattice on which the walk is taking place.
In theory, you can work out the connective constant to any desired accuracy by working out what is for larger and larger However, in practice the calculation gets pretty big pretty quickly. Exact values of have not until now been discovered, but Smirnov and his former (I think) student Hugo Duminil-Copin have proved that the connective constant of the planar hexagonal lattice is Apparently the result itself was the predicted answer, and it had been shown that was an upper bound, but proving the opposite inequality was much harder. Where does a strange number like come from? This may be obvious to some people but it wasn’t to me. Fortunately, I bumped into Smirnov later and he told me it was When I told him it wasn’t, he went very pale indeed …
Actually, that’s not true. He corrected himself and said As I think about it, I see that even that is false, but that makes me not quite sure that that is what he said. More likely, it is closely related to in some way. That’ll be a nice problem to work on if I’m short of something to do during a boring talk. (Incidentally, the talks I’ve been to so far — I’m writing this before the first talk on Sunday — have not been boring at all. I’ll try to write about some of them in due course.)
I should add that even in cases where physicists don’t know the connective constant they can still tell us the extraordinary fact that the right behaviour of is Fascinatingly, the is independent of the lattice, and in fact independent of a whole lot more — basically, any model of self-avoiding walks that is even remotely reasonable leads to this term. This is the mysterious phenomenon of universality. One of the holy grails of mathematics is to prove universality, which basically says that if you stand back from a self-avoiding walk so that the mesh of the lattice is too small for you to see it, then you will not be able to tell what the model is. Universality appears in many other contexts too, and non-trivial universality results are always hugely interesting. (The central-limit theorem can be viewed as such a result. And if you think about it, it is remarkable that a random walk in should have a distribution that, in the large scale, is rotation invariant, which is just one small consequence of universality.)
I said that hearing about this result was a pleasant surprise. I’ve explained the surprise part, I hope. The pleasantness was simply that as a member of the committee one wants reassurance that one has made the right choices (to the extent that the notion of “right choices” makes any sense, which is an important qualification). Part of the point of the medal is to reward promise, so I greet with grateful amazement the fact that Smirnov has been fulfilling his promise in a big way even before the ICM. (I’ve often wondered how the members of the committee that chose Witten felt when the Seiberg-Witten invariants burst on to the scene. Up to then there had been some criticism of the choice, on the grounds that Witten did not tend to publish formal theorems. Afterwards, the critics were silenced.)
I’ve got to get to David Aldous’s plenary talk, so I’m going to speed up. The other highlights of Smirnov’s mathematical output are that percolation on the triangular lattice has a continuum limit that is conformally invariant (which then has amazing consequences thanks to the work of Lawler, Werner and Schramm). See Tao’s blog post for more on this. And more recently Smirnov has proved conformal invariance for the Ising model in the plane — another truly remarkable result. And if I understand correctly (this certainly seems to be claimed in Julie Rehmeyer’s account) he has proved universality in this case, jointly with Dmitry Chelkak.
In case you are not familiar with it, the Ising model is a model for the behaviour of arrays of magnetic particles. There is a tendency for these particles to want to align with each other, but there is also a “temperature” parameter that goes in the opposite direction. (One can think of it as follows: the more the particles are vibrating, the less strong is their tendency to align.) To model this, one takes a grid of numbers, each equal to 1 or -1, and associates with it an energy, which is the number of neighbouring pairs of numbers that are different. Call this number One then chooses a parameter and defines a probability distribution on the set of all possible assignments of 1s and -1s, in such a way that the probability of any given assignment is proportional to To understand this, it is helpful to look at the extreme cases. If then all probabilities are the same, so we have the uniform distribution, and there is no tendency for neighbouring signs to be the same. This corresponds to the case of infinite temperature (and indeed, the temperature is thought of as ). If is very large, then the probability is very heavily weighted in favour of low-energy configurations, which means that one expects to see big areas of 1s and big areas of -1s. For intermediate low-energy configurations are also heavily favoured, but this is compensated for by the fact that there are far fewer of them, so a typical configuration will not obviously have low energy — whether it does depends on the value of And there is a critical value of where the system changes from having big patches of 1s and -1s to being much more random in appearance. The behaviour of the Ising model near the critical probability is particularly interesting, and exhibits the kind of conformal invariance and universality that gets people excited. Up to now, we have “known” this without actually knowing it. Thanks to Smirnov and his collaborators, we know it.
More on Ngo.
I received an email last night from Kartik Prasanna, who was a graduate student in Princeton when I was there as a visiting professor from 2000-2002 and is now at Ann Arbor, with an answer to Assaf Naor’s question about what the Langlands programme, if successful, would tell us about more down-to-earth matters such as solutions to Diophantine equations. With his permission, I reproduce his very interesting thoughts. (I don’t understand all the details, but the general points are made very clearly and cogently.)
[I] felt compelled to write in to respond to the question that Assaf Naor raised about whether the Langlands program is useful in any way in understanding Diophantine equations. Broadly, the answer is, yes, it should provide some basic tools to do so, but there is significant work required beyond ….
To describe what might be involved, it’s best to look at one concrete example where fantastic progress has been made – that of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) conjecture for elliptic curves over the rationals of analytic rank less than or equal to one. (I’d say is as concrete as you could get !) In this case, the basic conjecture, namely that the analytic rank equals the algebraic rank is known to be true. The proof itself is a combination of many remarkable results, the main landmarks being (not in chronological order, so I’ve added the years these results were roughly proved ):
1. (1994) The theorem of Wiles ( and Taylor-Wiles, Breuil-Conrad-Diamond-Taylor) that elliptic curves are modular. This tells us that the p-adic Galois representation associated to the Tate module of an elliptic curve E is isomorphic to the Galois representation coming from a modular form for a particular congruence subgroup of In particular, this Galois representation occurs in the cohomology of an associated modular curve where is the so-called conductor of the elliptic curve ( a measure of its bad reduction.)
2. (1982) The theorem of Faltings on the Tate conjecture for divisors on a product of two curves, one of the results for which Faltings got a Fields medal. (He proved something more general, and also the Mordell conjecture in the same article.) This theorem implies from 1 above that there is an actual geometric map
of algebraic curves over the rationals, that is defined over the rationals as well.
3. (1984) The theorem of Gross-Zagier. They look at certain specific points on constructed using the theory of complex multiplication – the so-called Heegner points, and study the images of these points under the map Roughly what they show is that when the analytic rank is 1, then the image of a suitably chosen Heegner point is nontorsion, by proving a precise formula relating the derivative of the L-function to the “height” of the point. This implies that the algebraic rank is greater than or equal to 1, which equals the analytic rank.
4. Waldspurger’s theorem (1980) on nonvanishing on central values of L-functions of quadratic twists for modular forms on GL_2. This is a key ingredient in proving nonvanishing of the Heegner point above.
5. (late 80’s) The work of Kolyvagin on Euler systems that proves the reverse inequalities in the case of analytic rank 0 and 1.
What role did automorphic forms and the Langlands program play in this ?
(a) Certainly, a very important role in 1. For instance, the starting point for Wiles’ work is the Langlands-Tunnell theorem on modularity of certain Artin representations that uses Langland’s theory of base change for a particular case of the general Langlands’ conjectures.
(b) Waldspurger’s result is based on a deep study of automophic forms on and their transfers to metaplectic groups. Interestingly, this is not part of the original Langlands’ conjectures, since metaplectic groups are not algebraic. But there are close connections nevertheless.
(c) Most of the above can be generalized to the case of elliptic curves over a totally real field F. In this case, step 1 (due to Skinner-Wiles, Fujiwara etc.) would produce a Hilbert modular form, which under a suitable hypothesis admits a “Jacquet-Langlands transfer” to an automorphic form on the multiplicative group of a quaternion algebra B that is split at precisely one infinite place of F. The associated “Shimura variety” is actually a curve, which I will call X. Then Faltings’ theorem says there is a map
as before. Shouwu Zhang (around 1999) showed the analogs of 3 and 5 in this context. Again the Langlands program played a crucial role, in allowing one to move our modular form to a different group, namely the multiplicative group of the quaternion algebra B, where the geometry of the associated Shimura variety is simpler and particularly well adapted to constructing rational points.
You might note that the cases of the Langlands program used here were all those proved many many years ago. Also, while it provides some key inputs and basic tools, one needs to go significantly beyond what is predicted by the Langlands program in order to understand Diophantine questions. For instance, one of the key themes in the work of Wiles is the study of the INTEGRAL structure of Hecke algebras – these appeared in your post. One might say that the Langlands program is about understanding the eigencharacters of the Hecke algebra – in other words the structure of the Hecke algebra tensor Q – but it doesn’t say anything about their fine integral structure, the study of which requires understanding CONGRUENCES between modular forms. This study of congruences is in a sense one of the main themes of Wiles’ work, that led to the proof of 1.
Going forward, one might ask: what Diophantine questions might one study and what role will the Langlands program play ? A big open problem is of course the BSD conjecture for curves of analytic rank greater than 1. Another is possible generalizations to higher dimensional varieties. The analog of the BSD conjecture is the Bloch-Beilinson conjecture that predicts that ranks of Chow groups of homologically trivial cycles should be related to orders of vanishing of L-functions. These are difficult questions, but there are reasons to believe that progress on them will require some analogs of steps 1-4 above. Namely, let’s say one is interested in studying algebraic cycles on some variety V. Very speculatively, one would need:
1′. Modularity results – showing that under suitable conditions, the Galois representations associated with the cohomology of V come from automorphic forms that live on Shimura varieties. (This would only work for varieties closely related to Shimura varieties.)
2′: The Tate conjecture ! (for the product of the variety V and the Shimura variety X of part 1.)
3′: Studying special cycles on X and their relation to derivatives of
L-functions.
3”: Finally, study the cycles on V that one gets by correspondence via the Tate cycle of part 2′.
4′: Nonvanishing results for twists of automorphic L-functions.
5′: Some analog of the Euler system argument, which I cannot even begin to imagine …..
What is likely is that the Langlands’ program will provide some key basic tools in trying to understand these questions. However, the point I want to make is that as before, one needs to go SIGNIFICANTLY beyond the Langlands program to understand the rich arithmetic of Shimura varieties and their associated Diophantine geometry. So even if one assumed all the Langlands conjectures, it would just be a starting point. Nevertheless, if one doesn’t have the basic tools that are provided by the Langlands program, one cannot even begin in most cases.
By the way, there is all kinds of interesting work going on, especially on steps 1′ (eg. Taylor and his students) and 3′ (eg. Kudla and his collaborators, Shouwu Zhang and his students.) There is even a notion of an “arithmetic fundamental lemma” – see the paper of Wei Zhang by the same title on his webpage:
http://www.math.harvard.edu/~wzhang/
There is also lots of interesting related work from the p-adic side that would take too long to describe !
– Kartik
This entry was posted on August 22, 2010 at 7:11 am and is filed under ICM2010, News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
13 Responses to “ICM2010 — Smirnov laudatio”
Nurdin Takenov Says:
What is with ? It’s just .
Aldous’s talk was too interesting for me to work that out for myself …
Yiftach Says:
$\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}>1$ of course it cannot be cos of anything!
tou Says:
even the whole langlands program is just a ‘lemma’ in study of Diophantine equations ? oh, amazing!!
Fedor Petrov Says:
His next remark came as a very pleasant surprise: even since the committee had made its decision — in fact, in the last two months — Smirnov had proved a major result. Let me begin by saying what that was.
I think, it is not exactly so: I have heard a talk of Smirnov on this result in January. What is probably true is that this result was not among those for which the medal was awarded.
SQ Says:
Wait a second, isnt 2 cos (pi /8) = cos (2 pi/ 8) = cos(pi / 4)? How dare you question Smirnov’s math!
Boris Says:
Do you know of any good mathematically-oriented reference for the physical intuition of the n^(3/4) or the n^(11/32) results? I looked through a few papers in the physics literature that claimed to derive them, but I couldn’t make sense of anything.
I see you’ve mentioned these results in a paper as well as on MathOverflow recently, so perhaps you’d know of a good writeup. Thanks!
Unsolved Problems in Mathematics « INNOVATION WORLD Says:
[…] ICM2010 – Smirnov laudatio (gowers.wordpress.com) […]
On Self-Avoiding Walks | Honglang Wang's Blog Says:
[…] https://gowers.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/icm2010-smirnov-laudatio/ (a post about this area) […]
observer Says:
What is Igusa’s p-adic local zeta function? http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1012/1012.5087v1.pdf
Is it really true that “part of the point of the medal is to reward promise”? How many Fields medalists had bigger results than the one(s) for which they were awarded the medal later on in life? I personally can not think of many. That’s why I always thought that the medal is given for proving some big result(s).
I think that regression to the mean makes that largely to be expected, whatever the intention of the committee.
By the way, if you take a look at the way Scott Sheffield recently updated his cv on his webpage it is pretty clear that he is being considered for a Fields medal. 🙂
Leave a Reply to observer Cancel reply
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line490
|
__label__cc
| 0.619079
| 0.380921
|
But, but, but, China....
Pages: 1 ... 8 9 [10] 11 12 Go Down
Author Topic: But, but, but, China.... (Read 157059 times)
Re: But, but, but, China....
Not gonna take your garbage no more:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-environment-usa/u-s-asks-china-not-to-implement-ban-on-foreign-garbage-idUSKBN1GZ2WI
Bob Wallace
China install 9.65 GW of solar in Q1 2018. That's up 22% over Q1 2017.
The grid problems which had left solar curtailed 20% have apparently been addressed which means that previously installed solar will make a larger contribution to the grid going forward.
China installed 52.83 GW of solar in 2017.
https://cleantechnica.com/2018/04/24/china-installs-nearly-10-gigawatts-of-solar-in-first-quarter-up-22/
It is expected that solar will generate more electricity than wind and nuclear in 2018, taking third place behind coal and hydro. This is an extremely rapid ramp up.
AbruptSLR
China's Belt and Road initiative, BRI, could make their Paris Pact pledges look good, while having a large negative impact of Earth Systems by transfer environmental degradation from China to its neighbors:
Title: "China’s Belt and Road poised to transform the Earth, but at what cost?"
https://news.mongabay.com/2018/04/chinas-belt-and-road-poised-to-transform-the-earth-but-at-what-cost/
Extract: "
• The BRI is the largest infrastructure initiative in human history, and includes the Silk Road Economic Belt, a land transportation route running from China to Southern Europe via Central Asia and the Middle East, and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, a sea route connecting the port of Shanghai to Venice, Italy, via India and Africa.
• The potential environmental impacts of the mega-construction program could be severe, warn analysts. China has committed to BRI environmental and sustainability standards, at least on paper, but the sheer size of the initiative, along with China’s past environmental record and its autocratic institutions, are cause for deep concern.
One question of great concern to environmentalists is transparency. History has shown that rigorous environmental protections are most likely to be instituted and enforced in open societies where an independent judicial branch, media, activists and public can freely challenge government and business interests. China has no such history, and its construction projects around the world have long been plagued by a troubling environmental record."
China's BRI.PNG (332.65 kB, 627x692 - viewed 1149 times.)
“It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who will survive but those who can best manage change.”
Since China seems to be dedicated to electrifying their transportation and replacing coal generation with low carbon sources I would expect the New Silk Road would mean a significant decrease in carbon emissions.
Quote from: Bob Wallace on April 25, 2018, 10:07:18 PM
The huge drop in air travel alone will make BRI a huge environmental winner.
Centralized governments have the advantage of being able to pivot rapidly during emergencies. We are facing a number of emergency situations in which the slowly churning wheels of democracy may prove a hinderance.
Compare hurricane response in Cuba to the responses in Puerto Rico, New Orleans, or Florida.
rboyd
China's dependency on imported oil, especially from the Middle East, is a huge security issue for them (just look up "Straits of Malacca"). So electrification plays to both security and environmental issues, as well as helping drive China's thrust into the "next economy".
Will be very interesting to see when electrification gains the scale to cause China's oil imports to fall, that will be a major geopolitical and economic event. With increasing oil and gas imports from Russia, and the US fracking its way to "energy independence", the medium term scenario for the Middle East and North Africa oil and gas producers could be very dark. If China also decides to favour Iran for oil and gas imports (protecting the BRI), the Saudis could be in real trouble.
Quote from: rboyd on May 07, 2018, 09:07:25 PM
I'm looking for an oil crash within the next five years similar to what has happened to coal. At least clear signs that the crash has started which will mean a large decrease in oil company values and a major slowdown in new well development.
Between being one of the epicentres for climate change, the poisoned legacy of great power politics, massively expanded populations grown on the back of the oil boom, and drastically reduced oil revenues the Middle East could be a way more of a shit-show than it is currently. Just imagine the Saudi rulers not being able to afford the bribes and security needed to keep their population from taking them out. Trump may be doing Iran a favour by driving it further into the arms of China and the BRI, it desperately needs to diversify its economy.
Perhaps us "westerners" will not care about the Middle East anymore once we don't need the stuff thats under their lands. If a coup takes place in a country with no MSM reporters or western military is it really important? All those skyscrapers in Abu Dhabi could look like incredible malinvestments.
https://gbtimes.com/china-finland-cargo-train-link-extends-to-norway-and-sweden
"The first direct cargo train route linking China and Finland is being extended to Norway and Sweden as part of a Finnish city’s plans to establish itself as a Northern European logistics hub for China-bound rail freight.
The route linking the southeastern Finnish city of Kouvola with Xi’an and Zhengzhou in central China was opened last November and the service has run in both directions every week since April. It takes 10 to 12 days to complete the one-way journey from Finland through Russia and Kazakhstan to China, compared to eight weeks when shipping by sea."
It takes 10 to 12 days to complete the one-way journey from Finland through Russia and Kazakhstan to China, compared to eight weeks when shipping by sea."
The time difference is going to take a tremendous amount of freight off the seas and onto land.
We know how to run trains on very low carbon electricity.
BenB
I don't know whether this belongs here or in the cars thread, but 97,000 EVs were sold in China in May, including 12,624 of the market-leading BAIC EC-Series:
http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2018/06/china-may-2018.html
Several of the cars have recently upgraded batteries, including the BAIC Ex-series crossover with a 48kWh battery and the BYD e5 with a 61 kWh battery.
Hullo BenB,
An entry in the cars,more cars.... thread is a good idea. China is really ahead of the game. Even when Tesla gets to 5 6 7 8 9 10 thousand cars a week, it is likely China will have got way ahead.
Quote from: BenB on June 19, 2018, 12:54:28 PM
China's impact right now is to cause other car companies to develop good, affordable EVs if they want part of the Chinese market. That means that those companies will have models and experience that they can use in western markets as demand switches from ICEVs to EVs.
Chinese manufacturers may have all the market they can handle inside China for some time as their growing middle class buys their first cars and the Chinese government pushes buyers away from ICEVs. We might not see China exporting many EVs or building factories outside China for some years. But their in country use of EVs may speed up the transition outside China.
BP's 2018 Statistical Review of Global Energy is now online. 2017 data. Seems like a good time to see how China is doing since it's a major GHG country.
Overall fossil fuel use increased some from 2016 but it could be mostly noise as China plateaus out. It will take a few more years or a drastic increase/decrease to determine. Coal consumption was down a small amount with oil and natural gas increasing.
Fossil fuel use for electricity is declining in terms of the percentage of electricity generated. Coal is losing market share.
Low carbon (hydro, wind, nuclear, and solar) are taking market share away from fossil fuels. Over the last six years low carbon generation has taken about eight percent of the market from fossil fuels.
Non-hydro renewables and nuclear have been growing but not so much hydro in terms of percentage of generation.
Wind caught up and passed nuclear fairly quickly. It is expected that solar will move higher than nuclear this year or next.
China's emissions may have peaked:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-carbon/china-carbon-emissions-in-retreat-after-structural-break-in-economy-study-idUSKBN1JS1Y4
SHANGHAI (Reuters) - China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions fell from 2014 to 2016 and might already have peaked, according to a study published on Monday, with structural economic changes allowing Beijing to meet targets earlier than expected.
China vowed before the Paris climate talks in 2015 to bring CO2 emissions to a peak by “around 2030”, and the country’s top climate official, Xie Zhenhua, has already said it could meet the pledge ahead of time.
But the study, published by Nature Geoscience, said “in retrospect, the commitment may have been fulfilled even as it was being made”, with emissions hitting a record 9.53 gigatonnes in 2013 and declining in the following three years, dropping to 9.2 gigatonnes in 2016.
While emissions rose by an average of 9.3 percent per year from 2000 to 2013, China’s economy underwent a “structural break” in 2014, and is shifting to less carbon-intensive high technology sectors, it said.
“Unless there is a significant amount of change - a large government intervention like the stimulus package of 2008 - then China’s emissions will stabilize and gradually go down,” said Dabo Guan, a professor of climate change economics at the University of East Anglia (UEA), one of the authors of the study.
Tom_Mazanec
Earth will survive AGW...but will Homo sapiens?
https://www.politico.com/story/2019/08/15/climate-china-global-translations-1662345
Often considered the bogeyman of global climate diplomacy, China is making greater and faster strides than expected away from fossil fuels — becoming the world’s largest investor in solar and wind technology and boasting more jobs in solar energy than in coal-mining. It’s all part of a longterm economic strategy to dominate in critical technologies.
SHARKS (CROSSED OUT) MONGEESE (SIC) WITH FRICKIN LASER BEAMS ATTACHED TO THEIR HEADS
Quote from: Ken Feldman on July 03, 2018, 01:52:48 AM
China CO2 emissions went up 2.7% in 2018, following 1.7% growth in 2017. Doesn't look like "stabilize and gradually go down" to me. Carbon brief is an excellent source for up to date CO2 emissions data:
The stronger growth in 2018 indicates that 2017 was not a blip
Like in 2017, coal consumption grew again, after having gone down from 2014 to 2016. Also like in 2017, the biggest single contribution to coal consumption growth was increased electricity production, which grew at 7.7% in 2018 and accounts for roughly half of coal consumption in China.
From 2014 to 2016, expanded renewable and nuclear power generation was able to cover slow growth in overall electricity consumption. This allowed coal-fired power generation to fall. In 2017 and 2018, however, electricity demand grew so fast that new low-carbon sources could not keep up.
China’s oil (+6.5%) and gas consumption (+17.7%) grew rapidly in 2018, continuing recent trends. Even though they account for a much smaller share of the country’s CO2 emissions than coal, this rapid growth helped push the growth in total CO2 emissions well above the rate for coal alone.
Due to discrepancies between coal production (higher) and coal consumption (not as much higher) numbers, the actual CO2 increase could be as high as 4% for 2018!
Whatever the case, the discrepancy over coal means that overall CO2 growth could be as high as around 4% – compared to 2.3% reported in the communique – even before accounting for other sources of uncertainty that we usually include in our analyses. Those factors push the uncertainty range even wider, to -0.4% to +6.7%.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-chinas-co2-emissions-grew-slower-than-expected-in-2018
Chinese Belt and Road plan ‘may result in 2.7C warming’
https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/09/02/chinese-belt-road-plan-may-result-2-7c-warming/
China’s multi-trillion dollar global investment plans could blow the 2C warming limit set by the Paris Agreement without curbs on pollution, a new study said on Monday.
The 126 countries in the Belt and Road region now account for 28% of global emissions, but on their current trajectory, that could rise to 66% by 2050, researchers, led by Ma Jun, a special advisor to China’s central bank, said.
That could mean global carbon levels would rise to nearly double the level needed to keep temperature increases to below 2C, a major goal of the Paris Agreement.
“If B&RCs (Belt and Road countries) follow historical carbon-intense growth patterns… it may be enough to result in a 2.7 degree path, even if the rest of the world adheres to 2 degree levels of emissions,” the report said.
That strikes me as very pessimistic. In 30 years, oil and gas will be so expensive compared to renewables, China wouldn't be competitive anymore if they still relied on fossils.
So it's either less CO2 emissions because they switched to renewables or less CO2 emissions due to a broken down economy.
Quote from: blumenkraft on September 04, 2019, 06:52:33 PM
The developing countries are in a great position as they will be adding net new electricity generating plants (no sunk costs) and increasing motorcycles/trains/buses/trams/cars with all the advances being made by China etc. available to them. It may take a few more years, but new new fossil fuel plants/transport will become a thing of the past, so the CO2 emissions growth curve may flatten.
Shame is that we need to have it pointing downwards big time and the UN IPCC math that the report relies upon massively understates the probable temperature response.That needs to rich nations to step up to the plate.
Agreed, Rboyd.
Long term the math doesn't work out for fossils anymore (30 years). Hard to say what happens short term though (within 10 years). I guess in this timeframe we do see higher growth year by year and a sharp cut after that.
Implications are known to the considerate reader. We really should have started to phase out 30 years ago...
Quote from: blumenkraft on September 05, 2019, 07:17:36 AM
Implications are known to the considerate reader. We really should have started to phased out 30 years ago...
If we had ended ff use 30 years ago we'd be faced with a difficult, but solvable problem today.
I don't believe "winning" is possible for most of the world's population. We might still be able to mitigate the very worst, if we were all willing to sacrifice today for the benefit of generations yet unborn. We won't make these sacrifices so ...
China’s Industrial Heartland Fears Impact of Tougher Emissions Policies
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04092019/china-climate-change-policy-economic-slowdown-impact-industrial-heartland-factory-shutdown
Chinese regulators have come down hard on polluting industries in recent years. Around Hebei province, the impact of Beijing's industrial reorganization is profound. Small towns like Dazhang village are now surrounded by shuttered and partially dismantled factories. Chained gates and idle yards line the streets.
The tension between China's slowdown and its climate ambitions has global implications, as world leaders prepare for a 2020 deadline for new international targets to reduce emissions that contribute to global warming.
But after two decades of near double-digit expansion, gross domestic product has slowed to 6.2 percent growth in the second quarter — the weakest official pace since the early 1990s.
If China, the world's second-largest economy, does not get tough on its emissions, other countries might not be willing to either.
UN ‘very confident’ China plans to raise climate ambition
https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/09/11/un-confident-china-plans-raise-climate-ambition/
Speaking ahead of the high-level meeting convened by UN secretary general in New York on 23 September, UN special envoy on climate change Luis Alfonso de Alba said he was “very confident that China will come to the summit with a clear commitment on a number of areas… with a much higher level of ambition”.
Referring to a statement signed by China, France and UN chief António Guterres on the margins of the G20 summit in July, De Alba said the communique had “made some important announcements”.
“One of them is a commitment of China to enhance their [national climate plan] and to come in September with a proposal on that,” he said.
Jerry Brown partners with China to fight climate change
https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/09/23/jerry-brown-uc-berkeley-china-climate-institute/
Jerry Brown isn’t finished fighting climate change just yet.
The former California governor is launching a new partnership with China and UC Berkeley — the California-China Climate Institute — to research new solutions for cutting carbon emissions and averting the disastrous impact of global warming, he announced Monday.
“We want to provide a forum and an open line of communication between Americans and Chinese on one of the most important challenges we face,” Brown said in an earlier interview. The plan is to “do everything we can not only to contribute to China and California carbon reduction, but being a force for the rest of the world to emulate.”
The linked article states that China has phased out subsidies for renewable energy products and increased investment in fossil fuel projects.
https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-chinas-renewable-energy-transition-is-losing-momentum
In addition, as renewable energy prices have fallen and the central government has grown increasingly concerned about the impact of the U.S.-China trade war on China’s economy, renewable subsidies are being phased out. Wind and solar facilities must now compete directly at auction with other forms of power generation. China’s green energy sector seems increasingly capable of winning that competition, but solar energy installations are nevertheless expected to drop by about half this year, from a peak of 53 gigawatts in 2017.
And while curtailing subsidies for wind and solar power, the central government has sharply increased financial support for what it calls “new energy” extraction, which includes fracking of shale gas and separating methane from coal. Those subsidies are an important reason behind China’s rising CO2 emissions.
To reduce the country’s CO2 emissions, experts say it is crucial that power produced in provinces like Qinghai be transmitted seamlessly to the industrial and population centers along China’s coast. Many larger renewable projects are located in remote landlocked provinces like Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia. Until more transmission lines are built and government reforms are enacted that better enable power to be transferred to other provinces, far-western “battery provinces” like Qinghai will mainly end up generating power for themselves.
What’s needed, Tu says, is for the central government to eliminate barriers of inter-provincial power trading and to simultaneously give renewables priority in the transfer and dispatching of electricity.
Alvin Lin, an energy and climate expert with the Natural Resources Defense Council who has worked in China for more than a decade, says that an important near-term element in the climate battle is to sustain the momentum of China’s renewable energy drive so that the country’s CO2 emissions peak before 2030. Many experts increasingly argue that the 2030 target date is insufficient.
“We and others would like to push for an earlier carbon peaking around 2025,” Lin says. “China would need to stop building new coal plants now and bring coal power capacity and generation down rapidly.”
Quote from: Ken Feldman on September 26, 2019, 06:46:42 PM
Sad, but makes sense from a short term energy security point of view. China's natural gas demand is exploding, so they want to produce as much domestically as possible rather than importing from the Middle East and Australia etc.
They have cut the EV subsidies and now also the wind and pv subsidies, very sad. They should be going full throttle on these things.
The "Power of Siberia" pipeline was charged up at the end of August and will begin pumping gas this December.
This turns China's energy situation on it's head. Cheap Russian gas as opposed to expensive LNG, no US dollars required, and a big expansion project already on the drawing boards.
The new low priced energy will make renewables a hard sell & will alleviate the need to subsidize projects that no longer make sense financially, even if they do lessen the need for imported energy.
A China with an abundance of low cost energy will be hard for anyone to compete with. If Europe follows Trump's dictates and shuts down Nord Stream 2 European manufacturing will pay a very heavy price.
Quote from: TerryM on September 28, 2019, 06:28:36 AM
... If Europe follows Trump's dictates and shuts down Nord Stream 2 ...
Won't happen! Trump just uses some russiaphobic political arguments to promote US business interests, as the USA hopes to be able to export its expensive LNG instead of the cheap Russian one.
Quote from: Hefaistos on September 28, 2019, 06:50:00 AM
I hope you're right.
bluice
I find interesting how posters here see increasing dependence on Russian fossil fuels as a good thing.
Both China and Europe also have the possibility to develop local zero carbon energy sources.
From a geopolitical point of view it is very intelligent for China to reorient their natural gas and oil imports to friendly nations with over-land transportation. Same as attempting to ramp up domestic natural gas production. This helps remove their oil and gas imports as a weakness that the USA can utilize in a conflict (just like with Japan just before Pearl Harbour). They have also built up a very large strategic oil reserve.
They should also be going full speed with EV's as they replace imported oil with domestic electricity production (coal, natural gas, nuclear and renewables). Their removal of subsidies to EV's and the renewable sector is very short sighted geopolitically and really bad for the climate. Even at 80% coal share in electricity production EV's generate less CO2 due to the efficiency of the electrical engine (and power generating stations).
Wildcatter
Quote from: rboyd on September 28, 2019, 06:14:29 PM
Removing subsidies actually makes perfect sense for China, although it does suck for climate. Although, it could potentially even out.
They "plant 1000 seeds", scale up, start to corner markets, and then they drop subsidies to encourage further cost efficiency, separating the wheat from the chaffe, and monopolize global markets. That's how they do it, and it's very efficient. They did it with solar, EVs, and will do it with batteries (probably). And they've cornered silicon, solar, and will outpace everyone in battery production by multiple times, while having the biggest EV market that will dominate exports to SE Asia, and anyone who imports them, as well as having a huge presence in global electric buses.
It's actually very effective, in a cutthroat kinda way. They are very good at it. I say it may even out, because they drop costs so significantly through scale, and then optimization + innovation and iteration in manufacturing. They're basically the reason why solar is as cheap as it is, and why batteries will drop in costs as well, at economies of scale. So, it's a catch 22.
What we can expect is that they'll do a "tick, tock" type installation with renewables. They're also going to scale up offshore wind with all their coastal population. By tick tock, I mean they installed a large amount, now they're letting domestic suppliers scale up massively and corner markets, also dropping costs, and when this new expansion has optimized processes and cost efficiency with a whole bunch more supply, they'll do another series of large installs, so it doesn't hamper their global supply too much and they maximize value domestically.
It also has the effect of letting them catch up on grid utilization. As can be expected, they had a good amount of grid problems adding all those renewables, lot of curtailment, bottleneck issues, transmission/distribution. A period of slower growth means they can alleviate some of these issues, while letting them plan better for the future. In the near term, they'll likely be adding grid storage while building their grid, to try and get the most effective options, to aid in transmission/distribution and ancillary services for example.
I guess the positive with China is knowing that they actually want energy independence. Besides the global markets, their rate of oil consumption was projected to be astronomical, which has pushed them towards EVs more. Removing subsidies was actually to reduce costs as fast as possible. No one should be too surprised if they renew some EV subsidies in the future, when their markets stabilize a bit and EVs are even more cost efficient and producing more at scale.
It's no surprise about natural gas, it allows them to flex their muscles in Central Asia as well as strategic agreements in the Middle East, part of the Belt n Road. It also allows them to get plentiful of cheap supply, and to them it's less damaging than coal, so it's a win/win for them as it also helps influence + good faith with all those countries as well as pipelines and $$.
I don't really agree with their methods, but removing subsidies has been an effective way to reduce costs. They'll probably renew some of them at a later date. They know their current rates of consumption are basically unsustainable, so that's a silver lining I guess. There is a method to their madness though, so we'll see. If the world goes into a recession, it will probably hurt renewables + EVs, but I imagine we'll see efforts pick up again in the near future. Hopefully, anyway.
Thanks Wildcatter!
Well written & logical.
A extremely rational analysis - welcome Wildcatter!
Guest post: Why China’s CO2 emissions grew 4% during first half of 2019
Estimates based on preliminary data for the first half of 2019, compared to the same period last year, indicate that:
China’s coal demand increased by 3%;
Oil demand was up 6%;
Gas demand rose by 12%; and
Cement production increased by 7%.
At the same time, the debate about energy targets for the 14th five-year plan, to run from 2021 to 2025, and a longer-term plan until 2035, has taken off in earnest.
The five-year plans for different sectors will be published in 2021-22 and will include detailed targets for different energy sources, power generating capacity, share of coal in total energy and so on. This plan will be immensely important in charting the country’s future energy policy, as almost all detailed targets are currently for 2020. One of the proposals being discussed is adopting a CO2 emission cap for 2025.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-chinas-co2-emissions-grew-4-during-first-half-of-2019
The Global Rise of China: Alvin Y So and Yin-wah Chu
Read this really good book on the development of the Chinese economy over the past few decades, the author refers to the policies as "State Neoliberalism" with neoliberalism (deregulation, privatization, market orientation) being used to maintain the state (and the Party) in power instead of handing power over to the corporations.
Seems they still believe in the mixed economy, where natural monopolies and state-subsidized businesses (e.g. banking, energy supply, railways, arms manufacturers, aerospace etc.) should be owned by the state and the basic costs should be somewhat protected from rentier corporations. Also that anti-competitive behaviour should be punished and restrained - the new business social credit system is an interesting move in that direction.
An authoritarian bureaucracy overseeing what used to be called "embedded capitalism" prior to the 1970's, with oversight to make sure that the market actually functions more for the benefit of society. Still lots of problems though, especially with local corruption and exploitation which is permitted as a cost of rapid development, especially outside the major cities.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-28/china-s-social-credit-for-companies-sparks-alarm-eucham-warns
China is on track to meet its [so2 and no and particulate] emissions goals for 2020
The good news - the local air pollution from coal plants in China has been cleaned up a lot.
The bad news - the climate cooling levels of SO2 from Chinese coal plants have been reduced a lot
The team found that between 2014 and 2017, China's annual power plant emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter dropped by 65%, 60% and 72% each year respectively from 2.21, 3.11 and 0.52 million tonnes in 2014 to 0.77, 1.26 and 0.14 million tonnes in 2017, which is in compliance with ULE standards.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191007113327.htm.
China meets ultra-low emissions in advance of the 2020 goal. China's annual power plant emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter dropped by 65%, 60% and 72% from 2.21, 3.11 and 0.52 million tons in 2014 to 0.77, 1.26 and 0.14 million tons in 2017, respectively.
Link >> https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/caos-cm110519.php
GoSouthYoungins
China can't have much more pollution. In fact, as it's citizens get more affluent, it needs to reduce pollution to satisfy the masses.
But fossil fuels are huge energy sources for a society that will continue to use more energy than any other country in the world.
(Emissions metrics per country make no sense, of course. The only real measure of a society is the per person emissions, but whatever.)
China will emit more than any other country for decades.
The good news (maybe), is that because China is the most tightly controlled large advanced economy, they can implement fairly radical policies if they choose.
big time oops
Alexander555
These are big boys, 10 MW windturbines. https://www.rt.com/business/472826-china-worlds-largest-wind-turbine/
China's coal based electricity fleet way more efficient that the US
Interesting report on the Chinese coal-fired electricity generation fleet. 50% is already made up of super-critical and ultra super-critical units (higher temperatures and steam pressure produce more electricity per unit of coal) and by 2020 all units will have to meet an efficiency level that the top 100 units in the US cant meet. With the very low utilization rate of the fleet, less efficient ones can be shut down without the need for replacement. All new plants are at the least super-efficient, so will increase the efficiency of the whole fleet.
Since China’s fleet uses more advanced technology, it also consumes less coal: an average of 286.42 grams of coal equivalent, or gce, consumed per kilowatt-hour of power produced in China versus 374.96 gce consumed per kilowatt-hour produced at lower heating value in the United States.
In 2016:
- Subcritical coal power plants in SE Asia were on average 32% thermally efficient
- SuperCritical coal power plants in SE Asia were on average 36% thermally efficient (that's 12.5% more efficient than subcritical)
- Ultra SuperCritical coal power plants in SE Asia were on average 39% thermally efficient (that's 22% more efficient than subcritical)
China already has Ultra Supercritical plants that are 10 years old running at 45% efficiency (thats 41% more efficient than subcritical). The goal is to get to over 50% efficient.
This means that China may very well be able to cut coal usage in electricity production while actually increasing the amount of electricity generated from coal.
At these levels of efficiency coal plants are pretty close to natural gas plants for CO2 emissions and have much less fugitive methane emissions during production and transport of the coal/NG.
There is also significantly less flue gas to deal with for the sulphur and nox scrubbers to deal with.
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2017/05/15/432141/everything-think-know-coal-china-wrong/
https://www.worldcoal.org/file_validate.php?file=The%20Power%20of%20high%20efficiency%20coal%20-%20WCA%20-%200316.pdf
https://www.power-technology.com/projects/yuhuancoal/
« Last Edit: November 09, 2019, 11:49:52 PM by rboyd »
That article from 2017 relies on some information that appears to be incorrect.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/29/climate/china-coal-climate-change.html
China’s Coal Plants Haven’t Cut Methane Emissions as Required, Study Finds
By Somini Sengupta
China, the world’s coal juggernaut, has continued to produce more methane emissions from its coal mines despite its pledge to curb the planet-warming pollutant, according to new research.
In a paper published Tuesday in Nature Communications, researchers concluded that China had failed to meet its own government regulations requiring coal mines to rapidly reduce methane emissions, at least in the five years after 2010, when the regulations were passed.
It matters because coal is the world’s dirtiest fossil fuel, and China is, by far, the largest producer in the world.
Coal accounts for 40 percent of electricity generation globally and an even higher share in China, which has abundant coal resources and more than four million workers employed in the coal sector. Scientists and policymakers agree that the world will have to quit coal to have any hope of averting catastrophic climate change.
“Our study indicates that, at least in terms of methane emissions, China’s government is talking the talk but has not been able to walk the walk,” Scot Miller, a professor at Johns Hopkins University who led the research team, said in a statement.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07891-7#citeas
Miller, S.M., Michalak, A.M., Detmers, R.G. et al. China’s coal mine methane regulations have not curbed growing emissions. Nat Commun 10, 303 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07891-7
Anthropogenic methane emissions from China are likely greater than in any other country in the world. The largest fraction of China’s anthropogenic emissions is attributable to coal mining, but these emissions may be changing; China enacted a suite of regulations for coal mine methane (CMM) drainage and utilization that came into full effect in 2010. Here, we use methane observations from the GOSAT satellite to evaluate recent trends in total anthropogenic and natural emissions from Asia with a particular focus on China. We find that emissions from China rose by 1.1 ± 0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 from 2010 to 2015, culminating in total anthropogenic and natural emissions of 61.5 ± 2.7 Tg CH4 in 2015. The observed trend is consistent with pre-2010 trends and is largely attributable to coal mining. These results indicate that China’s CMM regulations have had no discernible impact on the continued increase in Chinese methane emissions.
And when the world urgently needs to retire coal power plants, not build more of them, let's compare and contrast countries.
The United States is retiring larger and newer coal plants now.
https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2019/07/26/bigger-younger-coal-plants-are-retiring/
Bigger, younger coal plants are retiring
An analysis of coal plant retirements from the U.S. Department of Energy shows that more than 100 GW of coal-fired power plants have already retired this decade, as solar, wind and gas eat coal’s lunch.
July 26, 2019 Christian Roselund
The last decade has seen a dramatic change in the U.S. generation fleet, with hundreds of older coal-fired power plants being shut down, and replaced with at first gas plants, and increasingly wind and solar.
It’s hard to draw too many conclusions from the overall capacity of coal plants that have retired, as the pattern is highly uneven from year to year. But of the 546 coal-fired power plants totaling over 102 GW which have gone offline during the last decade, the ones that have shut down in the last few years have been both younger and larger than previous plants.
According to EIA, The average age of coal plant that shut down in 2018 was 46 years – 10 years younger than the ones that shut down in 2015. Additionally, the average capacity of plants that are shutting down has nearly tripled, from around 100 MW in 2015 to 350 MW last year. And this means that it is not only small, ancient coal plants that are feeling the heat, but younger, bigger units, which have better economies of scale.
China keeps building new coal plants.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/28/asia/china-coal-plant-inner-mongolia-intl-hnk/index.html
China struggling to kick its coal habit despite Beijing's big climate pledges
By David Culver, Lily Lee and Ben Westcott, CNN
Updated 9:06 PM ET, Sat September 28, 2019
Inner Mongolia, China (CNN)On the coal-rich plains of Inner Mongolia, thick white smoke curls from the huge chimney of a thermal coal power plant which the Chinese Communist Party had pledged to stop constructing two years ago.
The huge Mengneng Xilin Thermal Power Plant's third unit, expected to deliver 700 megawatts of power to China's north, was ordered to cease construction in January 2017.
The order came from China's National Energy Administration as part of a government plan to eliminate millions of tons of "overcapacity" caused by a rush of approvals and the construction of "illegal" power plants. It is also part of President Xi Jinping's pledge to reduce the country's reliance on coal and reach peak carbon emissions by 2030.
But even as China reiterated its commitment to reducing emissions last week in New York, earlier this month at least three large, new coal-fired power stations appeared to be either operating or under construction in Inner Mongolia in northern China -- including Mengneng Xilin.
According to Climate Action Tracker, China's carbon emissions rose an estimated 2.3% in 2018, the second consecutive year of growth after emissions appeared to stall between 2014 and 2016.
Mengmeng Xilin isn't the only coal power plant to have quietly restarted construction or gone into operation since the notice was sent in 2017.
Huaneng North Victory Thermal Power Plant is due to begin operating in October 2019, generating more than 1,000 megawatts of power. Similarly, Xilinhot's Datang Power Plant is expected to finish construction in July, set to provide up to 1320 MW, despite also being on the list of power stations put on hold.
Satellite images from Google Earth show that, after a brief pause in 2017, the construction of all three suspended plants continued. The resumption work has raised questions about the status of dozens of other supposedly suspended heavily-polluting power stations across the country.
More about China's supposedly efficient coal plants.
https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3037206/problem-chinas-clean-coal-push-there-no-such-thing-clean-coal
The problem with China’s ‘clean coal’ push is that there is no such thing as ‘clean coal’
China’s leadership in renewable energy is at odds with the fact that it has too much coal-fired power capacity. But Beijing is not yet ready to make the tough decisions necessary to acknowledge the problem and downsize coal production
Melissa Brown
Ghee Peh
Published: 10:00pm, 11 Nov, 2019
Yet in October, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang renewed the focus on what the global public relations arm of the mining industry calls “clean coal” with comments on China’s potential for development of new coal and coal bed methane technologies.
As China knows, “clean coal” simply does not exist. “Clean coal” describes a hope that new technology like emissions abatement or carbon capture and sequestration might one day solve the coal problem. To date, both technologies have proven uneconomic and unsuccessful in reducing emissions.
While it is tempting to believe that China’s leadership may be hatching some special plans for “clean coal”, the more likely scenario is that they are using the “clean coal” narrative to distract attention from a more uncomfortable problem.
Simply stated, China has far too much under-utilised coal-fired power capacity. In commercially driven power systems, this would be unsustainable. Beijing, however, is not yet ready to make the tough decisions necessary to acknowledge the problem or to fund the type of regional stabilisation programmes that may be needed to downsize coal production and power.
And here's where the article discusses those new coal plants that are so much more efficient than the older plants that the United States is retiring:
These decisions are tough for three reasons. The first is that China’s coal power fleet is young – reflecting a legacy of planning mistakes and overbuilding due to local government incentives. Tragically, much of this overbuilding took place over the past five years even as Chinese renewable energy technologies were winning market share.
The third reason relates to the fundamental nature of coal itself. In a word, coal is dirty and any effort to make it “clean” raises costs and reduces operational efficiency.
China’s leading coal-fired power companies are enthusiastic about reporting to investors on dramatic improvements they have made with their new ultra-low emission coal-fired power units. For example, China Shenhua reports reductions in per kilowatt hour emissions of “soot”, SOx and NOx of 5.5 per cent, 9.3 per cent and 17.9 per cent respectively over the past five years.
These improvements must be put in context, however. China Shenhua increased its installed capacity of coal power by 46.8 per cent during the same period and coal generation by 25.1 per cent. This means that any gains are offset by more coal-fired generation, adding to the company’s conventional pollution emissions and its still unreported carbon emissions.
As per my post in the coal thread, China has a strategic reason to keep its coal-fired generating fleet at relatively low levels of utilization of about 50% - to act as a reserve to replace seaborne natural gas imports and to power greater use of electrical transport (trams, trains, buses, taxis and the couple of a million and increasing number of personal EV's) to replace seaborne oil imports.
This is strategic energy security planning so that they can withstand an energy blockade (as was done with Japan in the months before Pearl Harbour) during any hostilities with the US. By showing that they can, they greatly reduce the possibility of such hostilities. They have also been building up their strategic oil reserve in the past few years and oil and gas imports from Russia and Central Asia through pipelines.
Renewables and nuclear are still at a pretty small amount of Chinese energy use (and capacity), even after the rapid growth of the past few years. So coal will be the bedrock of Chinese energy security. Geopolitics is getting in the way of climate change actions.
If things with the US escalate further, probably after the next Presidential election, I would not be surprised to see China announce a quite radical date for the end of ICE sales in China. EVs move energy supply from oil to electricity (and even with the current Chinese electricity mix reduce lifetime vehicle CO2 emissions). This would also reduce local air pollution a lot (the coal pollution issue having been fixed through very tough particulate matter regulations), especially in the cities, adding to the political legitimacy of the CCP.
So, could be coal use up and CO2 emissions down before 2030 (the Chinese Paris commitment).
Your analysis makes a lot of sense.
I am susprised Japan is not making a larger move into renewables for the same strategic consideration of reducing reliance on imports.
Quote from: rboyd on November 15, 2019, 11:44:53 PM
This is strategic energy security planning
I want to emphasise this point with an anecdote.
Since i'm also interested in bitcoin i know a little about the utilisation of unused renewable power in China.
There are some huge dams build for power production that are not yet utilized. So what do you do if you are responsible for an idling dam in China?
You buy bitcoin mining machines and use the power you have plenty of to mine bitcoins.
For what i can say, the vast majority of bitcoin mining is done this way.
Quote from: oren on November 16, 2019, 08:43:30 AM
Japan is a subservient ally of the US (with a lot of US bases on its territory, such as Okinawa), so it will not be affected by a US blockade. They can get their coal and NG from Australia, not affected by the blockade or any hostilities in the South China Sea. Ships from the Middle East may have to take a more circuitous route, but would still be able to get safely to Japan. In an emergency they could switch back on many of those idled nuclear plants. They also have an excellent, fully electrified, public transport system - from subways to high speed trains.
There is a large amount of trade between Japan and China, so there could be a lot of problems with supply chains etc.
Quote from: blumenkraft on November 16, 2019, 11:31:42 AM
A lot of bitcoin miners in Iceland with their cheap energy and cool temperatures to reduce the power needed to keep all the servers from overheating.
Pages: 1 ... 8 9 [10] 11 12 Go Up
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line493
|
__label__cc
| 0.556211
| 0.443789
|
Faculty of Science and Information Technology »
Environmental Science and Disaster Management »
Building national capacity to tackle climate change
Author Topic: Building national capacity to tackle climate change (Read 363 times)
Monir Hossan
Remain honest in every sphere of life!
Under Article 6 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all countries are supposed to ensure awareness, education and capacity building to tackle climate change with the developed countries also promising to support these efforts in the developing countries. Each year, at the annual Conference of the Parties (COP), there is a negotiating track to review progress on Article 6. This negotiating track is usually very uncontroversial, and developed countries send their most junior negotiators as it tends to be quite cordial.
However, in the pre-negotiations for the Paris Agreement at COP21 in December 2015, the topic of support for capacity building became somewhat controversial as the developing countries, led by the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), challenged the prevailing paradigm under which nearly a billion dollars had been invested in supporting capacity building.
This paradigm consisted of developed countries allocating funds either through their respective bilateral aid agencies (e.g. USAID in US, DFID in UK and JICA in Japan) or through UN Agencies (e.g. UNEP, UNDP) or multilateral development banks (e.g. World Bank, Asian Development Bank) for supporting capacity building in developing countries. These agencies would in turn hire consulting companies or think tanks, with the bilateral agencies usually selecting companies from their own countries to “parachute” as international experts to the developing countries for a short time to carry out some workshops there. This fly-in and fly-out modality of supporting national capacity at best only delivered some short-term capacity with hardly any longer-term in-country capacity being left behind.
Another aspect of this prevailing paradigm was that each developed country decided the amount as well as channels of funding capacity building as well as which developing countries would be the recipients. The UNFCCC had no oversight of what was being delivered. Hence, the LDC group argued for the UNFCCC to have oversight as well as focus more on investing in capacity building systems that are able to sustain it at the national level without being dependent on international consultants for ever.
The developed countries were quite happy with the prevailing paradigm of consultant-driven support without oversight from the UNFCCC and resisted the demand for change.
The good news is that the LDC's argument was accepted and the Paris Agreement adopted Article 11 on Capacity Building which supports the need for every country to develop in-country sustainable capacity building systems and no longer depending on international consultants for ever. It also created the Paris Committee on Capacity Building (PCCB) with a mandate to oversee all efforts for supporting capacity building around the world. The PCCB is constituted with equal representation from developed and developing countries.
Since then, the PCCB has developed its work plan and also initiated an annual Capacity Building Day at the COP where all the stakeholders involved in capacity building activities can share what they are doing. There has also been a number of new initiatives such as the University Network on Capacity for Climate Change (UNCCC) and the LDC Universities Consortium on Climate Change (LUCCC) as well as others bringing together universities as well as think tanks from both developed and developing countries.
One of the challenges in delivering effective capacity building is how to measure it at the national level. Although there are still no universally recognised metrics of measuring capacity building, we can still categorise it in several ways, at least when trying to assess national capacity to tackle climate change through adaptation and mitigation.
The first phase is to raise the level of awareness of the problem by informing the general public about how climate change may affect the country. This has been largely achieved in the case of Bangladesh where climate change is now a familiar term.
The second phase for developing capacity to tackle climate change is to move forward from awareness of the problem to knowledge of solutions to the problem. Here it is important for each stakeholder group to actively learn about what role they should play to tackle both adaptation and mitigation to the climate change. Hence, the role of government officials from different ministries will be different from that of NGOs, or private sector or media or academia, etc. Each group will need to actively learn and be trained on their respective roles.
The third phase is to enhance the knowledge of the next generation of citizens through the education system so that in time every educated citizen of the country becomes a climate-resilient individual. This will take another decade or more.
In Bangladesh, we have largely achieved the first phase of raising awareness of the climate change problem and are now well into the second phase of training the different stakeholder groups on their respective roles. We need to now accelerate the training efforts to cover more and more groups while also investing in the educational institutions so that we start to produce climate-resilient citizens of tomorrow.
If an all-out effort to enhance national capacity to tackle climate change is made by all concerned, Bangladesh could transform itself from being one of the most vulnerable countries (in terms of climate change) today into one of the most resilient countries by 2030.
Source: Saleemul Huq, Director, International Centre for Climate Change and Development at the Independent University
https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/politics-climate-change/building-national-capacity-tackle-climate-change-1567216
Mohammad Monir Hossan
Senior Assistant Director (Division of Research)
E-mail: monirhossain@daffodilvarsity.edu.bd
nafees_research
Re: Building national capacity to tackle climate change
The article will really enhance the knowledge of the readers' at this domain.
Nafees Imtiaz Islam
Research Centre (Office of the Chairman, BoTs, DIU) and Institutional Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC)
Daffodil International University (DIU)
Telephone: 9138234-5 (Ext.: 387)
e-mail:nafees-research@daffodilvarsity.edu.bd
Web: www.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line494
|
__label__cc
| 0.536697
| 0.463303
|
Home Life Food Baklava: The Dessert that has Greeks and Turks Fighting over Origins
Baklava: The Dessert that has Greeks and Turks Fighting over Origins
Tasos Kokkinidis
Greeks and Turks have been at each other’s throats for centuries over many different things, but a rivalry seldom mentioned revolves around the origins of baklava.
The history of this scrumptious delicacy is quite controversial, and unfortunately not very well documented. Many ethnic groups such as the Greek, Turkish and Middle Easterners claim baklava as their own, and prepare it in their own way.
The “Baklava Conflict” has been simmering for centuries, but it erupted into full-blown war in 2006, when Greek Cypriots decided to call baklava their own. A definite sacrilege according to the Turks!
Turkey, as an aspiring member of the EU, took the issue to Brussels. Eventually in 2013, the EU awarded the “protected status” prize to the Turkish Gaziantep baklava, shuttering the dreams of Greeks worldwide.
The Gaziantep baklava, described as a “pastry made of layers of filo pastry filled with semolina cream and Antep pistachio”, became the first Turkish product to receive the coveted status.
One version of the story claims that baklava origins to the mighty Assyrians, who had been preparing it as early as the 8th century B.C. by layering unleavened flat bread with chopped nuts in between, drenching it in honey and then baking it in primitive wood-burning ovens.
The modern day baklava went through a number of transitions as the history of the area kept on changing. Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans, Caucasia; Turks, Arabs, Jews, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians of today who introduce baklava as their national dessert, were all part of the Ottoman empire once.
It is said that ancient Greek seamen and merchants traveling to Mesopotamia soon discovered the delights of baklava.
They brought the recipe back to Greece and modified it slightly.
Their major contribution to the development of this pastry is the creation of a dough technique that made it possible to roll it as thin as a leaf, compared to the rough, bread-like texture of the Assyrian dough.
In fact, the name “Phyllo” was coined by Greeks, which means “leaf” in the Greek language.
Some historians claim that baklava recipe has its roots in ancient Greece, where they made the ‘gastrin’, a sweet very similar to the current baklava.
Others say that baklava originates from the Byzantine era. Greek professor Speros Vryonis, defends the Byzantine thesis by creating similarities with a Greek dessert called kopton.
American journalist, Charles Perry, dismisses this theory arguing instead that baklava is a culinary fusion of Turkish Central Asian flaky preparations and Persian fillings made from cooked dried fruits (nuts, hazelnuts, peanuts).
Whatever the historical controversies, the fact remains that baklava is a delicious traditional dessert made of layers of crispy golden brown phyllo, filled with chopped nuts and garnished with lemon scented syrup… Just heaven!
For the traditional recipe see here
Greek dessert
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line496
|
__label__wiki
| 0.765121
| 0.765121
|
Review: 'Trading Places' a Solid Investment in 4K
by Michael Cox
What's more important than money? Nothing.
This is the theme of the high-concept, Reagan-era comedy "Trading Places." And it's a movie that would prove to make a lot of money for its filmmakers, turning Eddie Murphy into one of the most sought-after and highly paid actors of the decade.
In the film, two obscenely wealthy commodity brokers, Randolph and Mortimer Duke (Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche), decide to conduct a social experiment. The goal is to prove that having money makes people better and the lack of it makes them worse. The Dukes do their research by using human test subjects - in other words, screwing with people's lives.
The brothers make a bet that if they take all the money and privilege away from one of their employees, the arrogant and ignorant Louis Winthorpe III (Dan Aykroyd), and give it to a street beggar, Billy Ray Valentine (Murphy), the wealthy man will become a smart and talented executive and the poor man will become a criminal.
For a while, it seems that the theory is correct - until the two victims realize they're being played, and seek revenge. Unlike the classic tales that inspired this scenario, like Twain's "The Prince and the Pauper," no one learns a life lesson, no one discovers there are more important values than the material, and no one wins in the end but the guys with the biggest bank account.
As one of the most successful and critically acclaimed movies of the early '80s, this film is seen as an astute social satire and even a Christmas film, but you couldn't get away with its comedy today. It's painted in broad strokes that are sometimes sexist, racist, and homophobic. This being said, it's no more appalling than Dan Aykroyd's acting, and we've always seemed to forgive that.
This 4K Blu-ray offers a host of vintage special features, including deleted scenes, the theatrical trailer, and bonus features.
Remember those VHS cassettes you wore out in the '80s, back when you marveled over the fact that you could rewind scenes and watch them over and over? Now they're remastered in outstanding color and sound that makes streaming video fall flat.
Eddie Murphy's freshest and most critically acclaimed works, the movies that shot him to stardom, are available in 4K Ultra HD, a must for any real fan. In addition to "Trading Places," the movies "Coming to America," "Beverly Hills Cop" and "The Golden Child" are all newly remastered and anxiously awaiting your big screen. If you can't go out to the movies, watch movies at their best quality in your home.
Your best investment is "Trading Places," available in glorious 4K Ultra HD, December 1.
A Digital Download of ALL THE GIRLS with Rebecca Luker and Sally Wilfert from PS CLASSICS!
Liz Weston: Putting Financial Survivor's Guilt to Good Use
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line507
|
__label__wiki
| 0.744187
| 0.744187
|
A global network promoting objective and open debate on drug policy
Follow IDPC on the web
Search Subscribe
Taking stock: A decade of drug policy - A civil society shadow report
Solidarity that cannot be confined – Support. Don’t Punish 2020 Global Day of Action – Summary report
Harm reduction service delivery to people who use drugs during a public health emergency
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Resources and information
A harm reductionist’s case for abolition
Illinois clears 500,000 low-level cannabis charges
Blog (Español)
Drug Law Reform, 2016 UNGASS
This article was originally posted on the TNI Weblog.
By Martin Jelsma
International tensions over Uruguay’s decision to regulate the cannabis market reached new levels when Raymond Yans, president of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), accused Uruguay of negligence with regard to public health concerns, deliberately blocking dialogue attempts and having a "pirate attitude" towards the UN conventions. President Mujica reacted angrily, declaring that someone should "tell that guy to stop lying," while Milton Romani, ambassador to the Organisation of American States (OAS), said that Yans "should consider resigning because this is not how you treat sovereign states."
The majority vote in the Uruguayan Senate on Tuesday, December 10, gave the final green light to legally regulate the domestic cannabis market for medical, industrial and recreational use. The system for licensed cultivation and distribution through pharmacies will start in the spring under strict state controls. And as soon as president Mujica signs the bill, people will be able to grow up to six plants for personal use, and cannabis clubs can be registered to allow 15 to 45 members to grow up to 99 plants collectively. INCB president Raymond Yans said in a press release he was "surprised" that Uruguay "knowingly decided to break the universally agreed and internationally endorsed legal provisions of the treaty".
The real issue at hand is how the UN apparatus has been dealing with the reality of ongoing cannabis policy changes that appear to be irreversible, spreading out rapidly and posing fundamental challenges to the treaty system. The real surprise this week, therefore, was to see how ill-prepared, politicised and undiplomatic the statements from both INCB and UNODC were, given that they were well aware of Uruguay’s plan and would have been conscious of the need to respond.
The real issue at hand is how the UN apparatus has been dealing with the reality of ongoing cannabis policy changes that appear to be irreversible, spreading out rapidly and posing fundamental challenges to the treaty system. The 2006 UNODC World Drug Report recognised that "much of the early material on cannabis is now considered inaccurate, and that a series of studies in a range of countries have exonerated cannabis of many of the charges levelled against it." The report concludes that “[e]ither the gap between the letter and spirit of the Single Convention, so manifest with cannabis, needs to be bridged, or parties to the Convention need to discuss redefining the status of cannabis."
The outcome of the Senate vote was as expected (the approval in the House of Representatives earlier this year was much more a cliff-hanger) and the fact that the INCB came out with a strong statement against it was no big surprise either. There is little doubt that the cannabis regulation schemes approved in the US states of Colorado and Washington, and now in Uruguay, fall outside of the "limits of latitude" of the UN drug control conventions. The INCB mandate includes monitoring compliance with the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the treaty in which cannabis is scheduled, so the Board can legitimately express its concern over the increasing defiance of international cannabis control requirements. As the Commentary on the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs explains, however, the Board “has to maintain friendly relations with Governments, guided in carrying out the Conventions by a spirit of co-operation rather than by a narrow view of the letter of the law” (p. 11, § 5).
The real surprise this week, therefore, was to see how ill-prepared, politicised and undiplomatic the statements from both INCB and UNODC were, given that they were well aware of Uruguay’s plan and would have been conscious of the need to respond. Perhaps their awkward remarks reflect their recognition this is the beginning of an irreversible trend that they are powerless to stop. The first dominoes have fallen and there are more to come… Some US states are preparing regulation initiatives to bring to the ballot in November next year, and several more intend to do so for the 2016 presidential elections.
Offensive accusations
In the INCB press release, Yans accused the Uruguayan government and parliament of not acting in the interest of the health and safety of the population. Without any references or sources, he said that "the decision of the Uruguayan legislature fails to consider its negative impacts on health," that "available scientific evidence … was not taken into consideration by the legislators" and that the stated aim of the legislation to reduce crime "relied on rather precarious and unsubstantiated assumptions."
Without devoting a single word to the justification provided by the government, the detailedpresentation by senator Roberto Conde or the arguments given in the nearly twelve hours of debate about the law, Yans simply gave his own unsubstantiated judgement. The legislation "will not protect young people but rather have the perverse effect of encouraging early experimentation, lowering the age of first use, and thus contributing to developmental problems and earlier onset of addiction and other disorders."
Uruguay has developed evidence-based policies on prevention, demand reduction and risk and harm reduction for all psychoactive substances. The strong public health approach adopted by Uruguay is also showcased by its strict tobacco controls for which the country is currently being sued by Philip Morris, who are claiming billion dollar losses, and by new alcohol misuse prevention measures that will be introduced next year. Accusing this government and these legislators of negligence in the area of public health protection is unjustified and offensive. UNODC issued the same day a fairly lame statement, simply to say that they agreed with everything the INCB president said: parroting Yans was apparently the best UNODC could come up with on this crucial moment for the global drug policy debate.
The Dread Pirate Mujica
Things got worse when Yans was interviewed by EFEand accused the Uruguayan government of having a "pirate attitude" to the conventions. In a previous video interview, referring to the referenda in Colorado and Washington, he had called on these states to "stop this nonsense" – once again a disrespectful way to describe the outcome of a democratic decision making process. He hasn’t accused the US government of negligence or a "pirate attitude" yet, prompting Mujica to question a double discourse: "One for Uruguay and one for the powerful."
To EFE, Yans also expressed his frustration on how difficult it has been to get access to the government to discuss these matters: "We have desperately tried to meet with Uruguayan authorities for two years. It is the only country in the world, with Papua New Guinea, Equatorial Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, that has refused to have a dialogue with the INCB." Twice before, Yans had expressed the same frustration, first when a proposed INCB mission to Montevideo was cancelled and later on when "Uruguay-Guinea" decided not to send a delegation to the November 2013 INCB session.
It is not true that a high level political dialogue has not taken place. In the margins of the 2013 Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) session in March in Vienna, the Uruguayan Minister for the Presidency ("prosecretario", equivalent to "Prime Minister") Diego Cánepa had extensive meetings with Raymond Yans. But it is true that there was a certain reluctance on the Uruguayan side to receive Yans in Montevideo before the Parliamentary process was concluded. Yans' attitude raised concerns that the already polarised and politicised national debate in Uruguay might be further "polluted" by his unsubstantiated personal opinions if they were presented as official UN positions. Uruguay expressed its willingness to engage in further dialogue with the Board once the legislation had been approved. By now, however, dialogue seems pointless as long as Yans remains president.
Raymond Yans is not known for his excellence in the art of diplomacy and nuance, and his controversial remarks do not represent the opinion of all thirteen INCB members. Usually no prior consultation takes place before issuing such statements presumably done by the president in name of the INCB, and as one of the members made clear that was the case again now.
UNGASS 2016
Looking at the long-term implications for international drug policy, UNODC Executive Director Yuri Fedotov said, in response to Uruguay’s decision: "It is unfortunate that, at a time when the world is engaged in an ongoing discussion on the world drug problem, a unilateral action has been taken ahead of the outcome at a special session of the UN General Assembly planned for 2016." An intensive debate about the future direction of drug policy is ongoing, particularly in the Western Hemisphere, as Yans also recognised and "welcomed". "Yet, such discussions should be within the framework of the drug control conventions," he said, trying to impose limits on what states are allowed to discuss.
The reality is that as long as no country has the courage to truly challenge the dominant paradigm and to pioneer alternative policies in practice, the 2016 UNGASS will most likely result in nothing more than a slightly tweaked new "consensus" declaration. Uruguay’sDrugs Strategy for 2011-2015 mentions the need for a new drug control paradigm based on science, public health, social development and human rights, and promises to promote "a great international debate about the implementation and the results of the hegemonic drug policies in force in the last 50 years, prompting the review of the international conventions governing the matter." According to the policy document, international agencies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNODC, the Joint UN Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), the Human Rights Council, OAS/CICAD, etc., all should be involved in the debate.
Such a process to redefine future UN drug control policy guidance is starting right now, with the CND high-level segment in March 2014 and the preparations for the 2016 UNGASS. Managing the upcoming debate constructively to reflect the diverging opinions and policies will require not only basic understanding of the art of diplomacy, but also respect for the difficult choices countries need to make in the process. In theory, the INCB could play a useful role in assisting member states to carefully manage the unavoidable future changes in the treaty system. With his blunt statements on Uruguay, however, Yans has disqualified himself, become an obstacle to constructive dialogue and should indeed consider stepping down.
Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.
Transnational Institute (TNI)
TNI is an international network of activist-scholars committed to critical analysis of the global problems of today and tomorrow, with a view to providing intellectual support to those movements concerned to steer the world in a democratic, equitable and environmentally sustainable direction.
Regulated drug markets
UN drug conventions
Related INCB Updates
INCB issues first-ever statement on International Human Rights Day
IDPC and GDPO release the critique of the INCB Annual Report for 2019
INCB postpones its 128th session, originally scheduled for May 2020
INCB launches its Annual Report 2019
INCB thematic hearing on "the use of drugs among older persons"
INCB highlights dearth of access to controlled medicines as ‘pressing public health problem’
INCB mission to Kosovo
On World Drugs Day, INCB President promotes justice for all
INCB stronger than ever before on decriminalisation, capital punishment & extrajudicial killings
INCB planned country visits to the Bahamas, DPR Korea, Jordan, Madagascar, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago & Ukraine
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line511
|
__label__wiki
| 0.719316
| 0.719316
|
My Heart to Fear would like just one, normal tour
By Rob Houston
My Heart to Fear caught our attention last winter with their debut EP, Lost Between Brilliance and Insanity. HM’s founder Doug Van Pelt said he wanted them on the cover. I said it was his magazine and he could do whatever he wanted. It went well for both parties: The issue was read, and fans were made. Now if they could only have just one tour go the way it was supposed to, they’d be set.
They got such a great response, they went into the studio to record their first full-length, Algorithm. I had a chance to chat with their frontman Trevor Pool, and I got to ask him about the new record, tour life and the blessings God gives the faithful.
Great dude. Just sitting on at a Park-and-Ride on tour because Spies Like Us’s van broke down.
When did you start your tour?
This last tour, we started June 13 and we’re just a few days into the tour.
You guys finally have a full-length coming out on Solid State Records. How does that feel, having another record come out six months after your guys’ debut EP?
Well, the EP was just remixed songs off of the album that got us signed to Solid State. We were very eager to be able release the full-length. We were excited about the EP and all the stuff Solid State was going to do for it, but it just wasn’t the same feeling as releasing new songs, you know? It’s really awesome; we’re excited, and everyone seems to be responding to the singles great so far, so hopefully that carries out well with the album.
What is different, and how long was it from writing and recording that record to writing and recording this full-length?
We went on a tour in 2011 for three months, and it kind of fell through, maybe because of the lack of promotion. So we basically had three months of glorified practices, just shows with no people. We just decided to make the best of our time and write an album.
Around September, October of 2011, we recorded the album with Dave Catrone at Ukonatron, and then we released some of the songs, but then Solid State contacted us. They called us and said, “Are you guys the toilet band?” We had sent them a toilet in the mail awhile back to get their attention, along with one of our EPs, a long time ago. They talked to us some more, said they were interested, and that they wanted to see us at SXSW. We toured down there and played for them, and they told us they wanted to sign us. It’s been about two years since we started talking. Well, since we recorded the previous album and then we started talking to Solid State.
That’s just a normal record cycle for any band; two years between records is pretty standard. I’ve seen a couple of bands do a record within a year of their last record. Sometimes that does well, but sometimes it can be a very bad decision.
Yeah, because you’re just constantly spending that large sum of money for the promotion of the record, not really enough time to market it as much. We’re friends with (band name redacted), and they released an EP that was getting big, but then, like six months later, they released their full-length. The songs off of the EP were just a completely different thing. It was really quick, and I feel like people didn’t really absorb as much.
With you guys, the Solid State fan base that just heard of you in December, they didn’t know those songs were two years old. Then you have all the fans you built up by touring being like, “Alright, finally we have some new stuff to listen to.” So how was that, to finally give the fans waiting for a full-length something new?
It’s been awesome. They are all really excited because we have been saying we have new material for a long time, but unfortunately we couldn’t release it until later — but that’s only because we recorded later than we thought. But yeah, the whole response has been great. We hope it just keeps going in that direction.
You guys and August Burns Red are both coming out with new records this month. Was it kind of nerve-racking to write a new record and to find out your release date was around the same time as theirs?
Yeah, we’re not too worried about it. I mean, if people like our music, then we figure they’ll just buy it. If they don’t, then they won’t. We hope we put out a good enough record that speaks for itself, you know?
What have you guys learned with this new record that you didn’t learn on the last record? Like, how to record lyrics, and being in a studio again. Every record is different, and you always learn something new.
This past studio experience was at Atrium Audio, and it was awesome because we got to stay there. What really helped, actually, was that they had two studios there; Carson worked downstairs with all the instruments, and Grant McFarland worked upstairs with me on vocals. The last record was my first time really putting out songs with my screaming on them, because we only put out two (songs like that) for the full-length, and those are the first heavy songs we ever released.
I learned a lot was to be passionate with vocals more, because I was just kind of hitting the notes and screaming the screams on the last songs. But this new record, if people listen, you can feel the emotion the song is invoking. It’s not just the notes being hit. We feel there is a lot of heart in this record because we spent about a year writing it.
That’s a big thing to do. I remember watching an interview with Billy Corgan, and he talks about how it took them a year to write Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, and that was the longest they’ve ever taken to write a record.
The thing I’m really excited about — and I hope people recognize this — but I know our band feels every single song on this record sounds completely different. We released “The Witching Hour Part 2,” (from Algorithm), and it’s very progressive and slow-moving, but it’s written in a storyline structure. It escalates and escalates and then resolves in the end. But then, we released “414 Days,” which is influenced a lot more by hardcore, and more of the bare bones sound.
Why did you guys decide to do a record like that, kind of all over the place? The fans could be like, “Yeah, that record’s awesome, but it was just all over the place,” but at the same time, you can get the fans that are like, “I really like this record because it’s totally different.” Why did you guys choose to play the fence on writing a record like this?
Well, honestly, we didn’t really choose anything. Our bassist writes a lot of instrumental ideas and parts. … When we started writing this record, we were just like, “Oh yeah, that one riff is cool,” and then we started writing (from there). What really helps — not helps, but motivated the record were a lot of the things (the band members) went through. We went through a lot of emotional turmoil with family problems and close people to us dying and things like that, and it really inspired us to write in honor of them, in honor of our family and the people that support us, as well.
Because of that, every song is based off of a completely different scenario. There is one song that’s a story; it’s a personal story and it’s meant to invoke a message through the story. And then you have a song like “414” that we just released that says, “This newer generation’s drowning in self-pity,” things like that.
I don’t want to sound cocky or weird when I say that; we literally just kind of wrote and modified the songs for, like, a year straight, and they ended up sounding completely different than when we first started. Also, what helped a ton were Grant and Carson. They really helped us change the songs, especially with the drums, because Grant is incredible with the drums. The record just kind of wrote itself.
What was the most challenging thing about writing this new record, from the music to lyrics?
Honestly, for me, it was working at McDonald’s. I had to make some money to pay off my college bills. I worked 40 hours a week, and it made it really difficult to write vocals. The guys were just like, “We really need you to start writing more,” and I was like, “I can’t! I work 8 hours a day!” But eventually, we figured out a system. It was tough because it was literally like: work, come home, write until two in the morning, sleep, wake up, work. It was like that for a good five months. Then I finally quit, and that was actually just because of touring. Then we wrote the rest of the record pretty smoothly.
The only thing that was difficult, as always, is whenever you go through those periods of time where you have no clue what to write at all. … What also helps is the fact that we live in the middle of the woods, so we are secluded, camping all the time, and writing in the basement.
How much McDonald’s did you consume when you would go home and write lyrics?
I kid you not, man, I gained 20 pounds between the time I started and quit there. It was really bad. I’m actually still trying to lose the weight. It was really bad, and I regret all of it.
Do you have a workout regime while you’re on tour?
Yeah, we bring our weights. Cross and Reverse brought this giant weight set; their frontman is jacked as heck. They brought their weight set, and we brought some weights as well, and a couple of pull-up bars, and that’s what we’ve been doing. I’m really sore, but I still gotta do a show in Connecticut today.
What have been your favorite places to eat while going on tour, things you don’t usually get to eat at home?
In South Carolina, there’s this place called Cookout and it is so good! It sells really good barbecue and burgers for like three dollars, and it’s awesome. It’s like Sonic, except cheap.
What have you guys been doing for your leisure time on tour, besides working out, eating Cookout and bad food?
Honestly? Playing football in the Wal-Mart parking lot. We work out, we’ll call pizza places and ask for free pizza. It always works; they always end up giving us free pizza. We love meeting new people. We meet new people all the time, and have our lives changed from that in many, many ways. There’s been crazy things that have happened on our tours, like a homeless guy fixed our van’s transmission. If you want to hear the full story, I’ll tell you, but I don’t wanna just tell you 15 minutes of a story before you’re ready.
I know a lot of people want to hear it. We posted about it, and I don’t think anybody really knows the full story.
It’s really actually not 15 minutes, but we were at the Wal-Mart parking lot. We broke down in New Mexico and we were kind of upset because we had no money, and we hate making those IndieGoGo things because we don’t want to beg people for money. (But I’m saying anyone else shouldn’t do campaigns, I’m just saying we don’t like it personally.) So we were wondering what to do, sitting in a Wal-Mart parking lot, laughing and saying, “God, I wish you could bring us a six-pack of beer.” It was morning, and this homeless couple comes up to us and they started preaching to us, saying, “God loves you, and He’s there for you, and He’s going to take care of you.” Of course we agreed with him, and we just kept talking to them, and they’re like, “Well, we really need money, and we have a six-pack of beer here if you want to buy it for four dollars.” We didn’t really care if we had beer or not, but we were like, “Oh well, let’s help them out,” and we gave them ten bucks and some granola bars and then they went on their way.
We were just chillin’ and five minutes later, this second homeless couple comes immediately up to me, and they’re like, “God is good, and He’s taking care of you,” and it kind of freaked me out. It was eerie, two homeless couples coming up to me in a row, telling me about God before they even talk to me. The lady prayed over our van: “God, I pray to you this van is fixed today, and they leave today.” I am not gonna lie: I was a little cynical. I was like, yeah, because our van is actually going to leave this parking lot today. Our transmission is busted. We’re not leaving.
After she prayed over the van, they went on their way, and then I prayed. Because I heard her say it, I prayed, “God, if you want us to leave today, then send one more homeless guy to our van by himself, have him ask for a sandwich and fix our van, and then I’ll believe we’re supposed to leave today.”
This is legitimately, word-for-word what I prayed. About 30 minutes later, I notice about half a block away, there’s this homeless guy we saw earlier. He was with his family, asking for food on the side of the road. But he was running towards our van; he comes over and he trips and falls and drops this entire bag of groceries. We help him pick it up, but we’re thinking he’s going somewhere else, like to Wal-Mart because Wal-Mart was right there, but he looks up and hands us the groceries. We’re like, “No, we don’t need this.” He starts making crosses on his chest with his fingers, and then he’s pointing up, like, violently shaking his hands. We took the groceries; we were like, “Alright, man,” because he didn’t understand English and we didn’t understand Spanish. It wasn’t anything we could use, it was just like Worcestershire sauce and cream of mushroom, but it was weird: A homeless guy was giving us his food.
He ran back over about five minutes later with another bag, and in that bag was a foot-long sandwich and two Powerade’s. I was like, that’s kind of weird. Then about half an hour later, this one guy walks from across the parking lot — we didn’t see where he came from — and he comes up to our van. It turns out he is a homeless guy named Mike, and he asked, “Do any of you guys got like a sandwich or something?” I was like, “Uh, yeah. A homeless guy just gave this one to us” (laughs). I didn’t say that, but this whole thing was blowing my mind. I gave him the sandwich and Powerade’s, and he was asking us what was going on, and then he asked, “Do you have anything I can lay on?”
So we gave him a merch bin lid, and we slid under the van. Two minutes later, he comes out from under the van, gets in it, and then drives off with our guitarist and drummer still in it! I was afraid he was going to kill them or something. Eventually, they came back and nonchalantly got out of the van.
I wasn’t really paying attention until Luke came up to me, and he tapped my shoulder and said, “You know, that guy fixed our van.” I’m like, “No, he didn’t. There is no way he did that. It’s our transmission.” He’s like, “Dude, drive it!”
So we went on a drive and it worked. He fixed our van. I prayed all of those things in detail, and all of them happened in detail. And afterwards, this guy pulls up in a car and is like, “Hey Mike, get your $@!& out of here!” and starts cussing him out. We were kind of freaked out at first, concerned. But he was just being his buddy. He was telling us that he picked him up on the freeway, that he was hitchhiking, and he was letting him stay with him for a little bit. So then, the guy that is letting the homeless guy that fixed our van stay at his place looks at us and says, “You know what’s weird? I bought some food for this homeless family a block away, and they gave it all away!” And we’re like, “Uh, you mean this food?” and then he sees it in our van and he’s like, “Yeah! That food!” And we were all laughing and drinking beer and it was a great day and God answered a prayer.
So the worst tour experience you guys have had was almost getting killed?
We were in Seattle visiting a label, and after that, our van’s transmission went dead again, but it was for a different reason. It was because the wiring in the brake came loose while we were driving. So this one guy said he saw our post on Facebook, and he called my dad and told us to go to this one shop. We go out there, and this guy Phil is barbecuing chicken for us. He was this six-foot-seven, ex-Navy SEAL guy. He said he was also in the Hell’s Angels. He was solid muscle, like 370 pounds. He told us he’d fix our van within the week. We were stoked.
Then, things went wrong. He left for a day. We were literally just sitting there all week, and he left for a day, and then he came back around one in the morning, high off of cocaine, meth, and PCP. We were upstairs, and the only way to get out of the shop was through where he was because he decided he wanted to sleep there with us. (This guy is like 50.) He was screaming at the top of his lungs saying he was going to kill his one employee, Rob, and Taylor, Brad, our guitarist Jay and Dale were all downstairs. They start talking to him and are saying, “No you can’t kill Rob! Don’t kill Rob!” He’s all, “I’m gonna go get my shotgun! There’s someone here!”
Our tours are crazy and I don’t know why. They’re not just “normal tour crazy” — they’re insane. Every tour is like this that we do.
He started talking about how he was on the beach at three in the morning the night before, and there was this gang fight between 500 people — that’s what he told us. Then he points to me while I’m trying to sleep and he says, “You!” I’m just thinking, “Oh. No.” Luke was telling me he was high. Then the guy says, “If you bring this to the Navy,” and he grabs my butt. “If you were in the Navy, my Navy buddies would have (Editor’s note: censored)!” That’s what he said to me while grabbing my butt in front of my entire band, and I was terrified. It was awful.
By now it was around two in the morning. We went inside, and he went up to my brother and says, “I’ve killed 32 people, and I have a mass grave at my old shop.” He says to Brad, “Man, when I watch movies like ‘The Passion of the Christ,’ I just want to kill people.” Brad’s says, “Yeah, I know what you mean, man. You get so angry that you just think it in your head,” and I could tell Brad was trying to steer him away from saying anything else. But then Bill says, “No, like, I’ve really done this. I really do kill people if I feel that God wants me to.”
(Later), Dale, Taylor and I decided to leave because we were too freaking scared, and Taylor got his big knife and we walked through the room. Phil caught us and says, “Guys, where you going?” We say, “We’re going to Denny’s, man, we’re just chilling.” (We told him we’d be back in the morning), but upstairs, the rest of my band decided to stay, which I thought was stupid. They slept with knives under their pillows and had a couch blocking the door.
So the next morning we go back there, and you can hear him screaming at Rob. We were upstairs, and we heard him throw Rob into a window. You hear Rob saying, “Phil! Phil! No! You’re on drugs!” He’s saying, “That doesn’t matter!” Rob says, “No! I’m gonna tell my dad,” because his dad owns the building the shop is in. So Rob has his dad come and fire Phil. Phil comes upstairs, high as heck, and he tells me we need to defend him because they’re saying he’s on drugs. So I go downstairs — I was so pissed because I didn’t want to say anything, and I didn’t want to lie. I eventually said I didn’t see him do any drugs, because I didn’t, I just knew that he did because he told us.
So what did you learn from that whole experience?
To not trust mechanics that don’t have a name on the shop or any posters on the walls (laughs).
In the last 6 months since you guys have put out your EP, and now your new full length, can you say that it’s been the most adventurous time in your band’s career?
Yeah (laughs). Yes, we can. It’s been absolutely insane. We can already tell this tour’s going to end up like that last tour. The other night we were all half asleep except for John the Driver. We were on the highway, but he didn’t know the highway had ended and that it was just going into residential areas. Out of nowhere, we ramped our trailer and our van very high in the air and slammed to the ground. We all lifted off of our seats, and we were suspended for a good second.
Do you think you guys will ever have a normal tour?
I honestly hope so. I love the insanity, but I honestly want to have a tour without van problems. I want that so bad. Anything else? I don’t care. I don’t care if I have money, I don’t care if I have enough clothes or food because I always get it. God provides; it just happens. Our band never literally worries when we’re on the road, because we always get (taken care of) somehow. That’s why we love bringing people on tour because they get to experience it first hand.
Tell us a couple fun facts or some weird thing that either you or one of the guys in the band likes.
There’s quite a few. We can sleep anywhere. We sleep on top of our van. There’s one of us in the band that just so happens to have the ability to fart at will. Luke is a great skateboarder, actually. Jay sleeps 18 hours of the day. Dale is extremely tall and loves country music, and my brother would never be afraid to kill someone because he is psychotic. I am just your lonely front man.
Is there anything you’d like to add about this new record or new tour? Any advice you want to give to bands that think they can handle the road?
Here’s the thing: If you’re like us and you don’t care about money, then your tour will be very crazy, like ours, because we don’t have money. Ever. We only get like a hundred something dollars a show (and we use it) for gas. We’re okay with it. We love living in our van; we put bunk beds in it. But any advice I would give for a tour would be, Do not spend your money at gas stations. You will run out of money so fast.
Another thing is, no matter what happens, from a Christian standpoint, if you trust in God, you don’t need to worry. But honestly, even if you don’t believe in God, you’re on tour! When you have problems it sucks, but what are you going to do about it? All you can do is try to fix them and keep going.
Bands quit because of stuff like that, man, and it’s stupid because it’s so easy. You just anticipate the tour having problems and you be ready for them. And when they don’t happen? Awesome.
Honestly, the best advice would be to make sure that your band is a brotherhood, not just a bunch of co-workers, you know? Keep each other accountable. Treat everyone with respect and love.
The thing is, everyone’s trying to figure out what to say in their 30 seconds on stage to try and change someone’s life. That’s great, but I think what matters more is showing it in your actions off the stage. That’s what our band is about. Showing people love and respect like they should be show.
I grew up with my mom telling me this: If I’m giving 100 percent to you, and you’re giving 100 percent to me, then we’re both getting 100 percent. We’re both being treated with equal respect and love.
You, my friend, have a wonderful rest of the tour, and hopefully you guys come through Dallas/Fort Worth and I will take you to some really good barbecue.
What about wings?
No, you’re in Texas, you get barbecue! You can get wings at home.
That’s true. That is true. Okay.
In Texas, you can get barbecue, or you can try the Midwest California staple of In ‘n’ Out.
When we ended up staying this past time we ended up going like three times in a day. I got like two triple burgers each time. I’m fat, dude.
My Heart to Fear was posted on July 3, 2013 for HM Magazine and authored by Rob Houston.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line514
|
__label__wiki
| 0.549602
| 0.549602
|
Lampen – Heystek part 12
Gepubliceerd: donderdag 07 januari 2021 11:32 | Geschreven door Tes Rogers | Afdrukken | E-mailadres
Roza Roots
Before digging into the many, many South African ancestors on Ouma Hannie Lampen’s Erasmus/Malan side (which will ultimately lead back to the first century AD in Italy!), let’s take another tour through the Netherlands and see if we can find those elusive knights… or maybe a castle?
Ouma Johanna Elizabeth Heystek-Lampen’s grandmother was the Johanna Roza who traveled to South Africa in 1862 with husband Jan Heijstek (both born in Giessen Netherlands). She died on board the ship Willem Hendrik a few days before they reached Cape Town.
The Roza line has been researched by quite a few genealogists and others who are determined to find the Roza roots. An eighteenth century genealogist by the name of Gijsbert van Rijkhuizen, whose mother was a Rosa, wrote about a Van Rosendael-marriage, among others, in his research. From him we learnt quite a bit, although he apparently did not get all the facts right.
Among all the different Roza lines in Holland there is even a Jewish Roza/Rosa line from about the 1490’s that fled Portugal during the Spanish inquisition, and settled in Amsterdam. I wonder if one of this family of Portuguese Rozas could have made his way to the Cape in the early 1650’s, since a certain Jacob Cornelisz Rosendael—originally from Amsterdam—was one of the four soldiers in service to the V.O.C. (Dutch East Indian Company) to be given a parcel of land on April 14, 1657, outside the first Fort de Goede Hoop—the one built before Die Kasteel. This land was near the Liesbeeck River in an area then known as the “Hollantse Thuyn” and also “Steven's Colony”, near Fort Coornhoop (aptly named “hope for wheat”). Today we know the area as Mowbray. The freeburghers were tasked with producing supplies for the Cape refreshment station. Another one of these four chaps, Steven Jansz Botma, is a Lampen/Heystek/Erasmus forebear… But, I digress.
Our family, through Johanna Elizabeth Roza-Heystek, descends from the Herwijne Rosa/Roza/Roosas. The history of our Roza-family line also goes back to 1490 with the birth of a Reier Goertsz (the s/z suffix indicates “son of Goert”). We don’t know where Reier was born for sure, but he married a Lijsbeth Janse Sterck from Herwijnen in 1515, where our Oupa W.S. Lampen hailed from originally. The earliest records used to track the Rozas are from the Tuil archives, where their land ownership and land sales were recorded.
Reier and Lijsbeth’s son, Goert Reyersz, married “Jutta van Hoeckelom van Rosendael”, daughter of Ot van Hoekelum, which is where the story gets interesting—and also more complicated. The “van Rosendael” addition is written in family documents of Walraven van Arkel, the lord of Waardenburg, Ammerzoden and Heukelom, documenting a baptism where Jutta was a witness. Apparently this particular van Heukelom/van Culemborg clan kept the “van Rosendael” in their surname, as Jutta’s great-grandmother was “jonkvrouwe” Aernt van Rosendael. (“Jonkvrouw” was honorific of nobility). Aernt was the oldest daughter of Ridder (knight) Jan Jansz van Rosendael, and she inherited Heerjansdam (literally “lord Jan’s dam”), the area that is now known as Zwijndrecht.
A ridder (knight) in the Netherlands had “the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing below Baron, but above the untitled nobility Jonkheer”. “Ridder” is a literal translation of the Latin “Eques”, and originally meant “horseman” or “rider”. The association during the Middle Ages was of landed gentry and of warfare, as well as participation by some in the Crusades—a very dark history for sure. The nobles, in conjunction with the urban regents, formed the administrative, political and economic elite of counties. Collectively they were known as the “Ridderschap”. Apparently from the 1550’s onwards there was a decline of nobles who held such offices. Scholars are still debating the cause of this decline.
There is a Rosendael Castle near Velp in the Gelderland Province, but I cannot find any of our ancestry names related to it, funnily enough. However, in the history of the “Slot van Crayesteyn”—as in Schloss or castle, some of our ancestor names connect a few more dots. But sure enough, as I was digging around to make sure of the who’s who here, another genealogy line opened up with family names connected to this castle, going much further back into the 1200’s... That will take some more time to figure out, though, so it will have to be another small story later on.
In 1704 one of the more recent Rozas, Govert Jans, married Lijsbeth Jans van Rijswijk. From Lijsbeth we can follow the van Rijswijks back for another twelve or thirteen generations, and find a father and son who both were knights/ridders: Jan Heimanszn van Rijswijk, born in 1261 in Rijswijk, Altena, and his father Heiman Heimanszn van Rijswijk, born in 1231. Somewhere in the van Rijswijk marriages a few “lords” with names of “Claes Claesz, Lord of Alphen” (1460), “Lord Claes Gerritz” (1410), and a Lord Gerritz Pietersz (1390) make their appearance.
For all the intrigue in finding these names and titles, I care more about the character of the people than any “nobility”. Their standing in societies gave them such responsibility over the lives of others—how did they rule over their lands and the people living there? Is there a good “inheritance” in who they were as human beings?
I added all the Roza names and ancestry lines (up to date) to the genealogy page https://www.familytreedna.com/my/family-tree… , so you can click away on who’s who from when and where, to your heart’s delight if you so wish. You have to minimize and then move the page around to find Johanna Roza, and then click on the little tree-icon to see more of the entries under her name. Have fun!
Previously published on: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Lampens/
•https://www.heijstekfamilie.nl/…/232-de-naam-roza-in-heystek… - How the Rosas fit into the Heysteks
•https://daktari.antenna.nl/rosa.htm - explaning the intricicies of how to find the Rosas
•https://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/g7/p7897.htm - The Cape van Rosendael
•https://www.stamouers.com/civil-and-…/…/1-concis-history-voc - First farmland
•https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Van_Rosendael-1
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerjansdam - short history of Jan van Rosendael’s dam that became Zwijndrect.
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder_(title)
•Herman Selderhuis: Handbook of Dutch Church History, 70–71.
•https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuil_(dorp)
Categorie: Ongecategoriseerd
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line515
|
__label__wiki
| 0.860797
| 0.860797
|
News Chevron Right
Pete Davidson officially confirmed his engagement to Ariana Grande in most Pete Davidson way possible
Updated Jun 21, 2018 @ 9:25 am
After keeping us guessing for what feels like a million years, we’re happy to announce that Pete Davidson confirmed he’s engaged to Ariana Grande. Though the couple has been teasing us with shots of that stunning engagement ring on Instagram and other not-so-subtle hints on social media, they had yet to officially confirm the big news…that is, until now.
Davidson very appropriately made the announcement during his June 20th appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, which is certainly fitting given that Grande is a longtime pal and frequent guest on Fallon’s show. Naturally, Fallon didn’t hold back, telling Davidson right off the bat, “You know, you didn’t have to get engaged to Ariana Grande to come on our show.”
To which Davidson quipped, "But I did though!"
After a congratulations and a handshake, Davidson said that being engaged is “f*cking lit,” adding, “I feel like I won a contest. […] It’s so funny walking down the street, because dudes are walking by, and they’re like [tipping their hats to me]. Like ‘Yo, man, you gave me hope.'”
He joked, “I’m like, I didn’t know I was that ugly!” before sweetly adding, “I’m a lucky motherf*cker.”
Davidson also admitted he finds all the attention around their relationship baffling. "Why do people care?" he asked. "It's very weird. The president's, like, trying to pardon himself, and he's like, f*cking a pornstar. Shouldn't we care about that?"
Fallon replied, joking, “No. We want to know what you’re wearing.”
All jokes aside, Davidson seems insanely happy about his pending nuptials, if not perhaps slightly uncomfortable by all the attention. In fact, he seemed far more comfortable geeking out about his fellow guest, Robert Pattinson, noting that he really came on the show to help promote one of his favorite movies of all time, Good Time (which Pattinson stars in).
“It’s one of the best movies ever made,” Davidson gushed as Pattinson sat next to him, cracking up. “I’m here to promote Good Time. It’s the most insane, crazy movie I’ve ever seen. That’s why I’m here. What? I’m going to promote a movie I’m in for 10 seconds? Which is great, by the way. Go see Set It Up. But [Pattinson] should’ve gotten an Oscar! I love this movie so much.”
Credit: Andrew Lipovsky/NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images
He also called Pattinson “the greatest actor of his generation,” and revealed that he was literally wearing a shirt with Pattinson’s face on it.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line516
|
__label__wiki
| 0.738346
| 0.738346
|
Front Matter The Land of Prester John Vasco da Gama The Story of Almeida The Queen of Sheba's Mines The First Martyr The siege of Mozambique Old Letters Van Riebeck Van Riebeck (Cont.) Van Riebeck (Cont.) House of Van der Stel House of Van der Stel (Cont.) Table Mountain and its Cloud The Story of Sheik Joseph First British Conquest Second British Conquest Old Cape Colony Slachter's Nek Kafir Wars The 1820 Settlers More Kafir Wars The Great Trek Natal and the Zulus The Family Quarrel The Family Quarrel (Cont.) Conclusion
South Africa - Ian D. Colvin
Van Riebeck—Concluded
When the Dutch came to the Cape the English were their chief rivals, and there were, of course, either as open or secret enemies, the Portuguese and the French. Van Riebeck, like a good Dutchman, detested them all, and was always ready to serve them a scurvy trick if he got the chance, taking care, however, to make friends with them when friendship seemed worth while. The great Italian, Machiavelli, who was not nearly so bad a man as he is usually painted, held that it is quite right, for the good of your country, to tell lies or cheat, or to circumvent your enemy in any manner possible. Van Riebeck was a disciple of Machiavelli. To show how he dealt with foreigners, let us take the case of the French sealer which was discovered at Saldanha Bay shortly after van Riebeck arrived at the Cape. The Frenchmen had collected nearly fifty thousand sealskins, besides blubber, before the Dutch galiot discovered them, and the French captain gleefully told his visitors that he "hoped to retire if he got home." When he heard all this, our good Commander immediately sent men overland to Saldanha Bay with letters which the French captain was asked to be so good as to deliver in Holland. He was also told that if he had touched at the Cape he would have been supplied with sheep, cattle, fowls, geese, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of game, besides salad, cabbages, carrots, turnips, and all kinds of European garden produce, which we were also inclined to send him if we had had a vessel at our disposal." At the same time as these pleasant civilities were to be delivered, "you are to tempt as many of the Frenchmen as possible to desert, and as secretly as you can, that in this way the captain may become so helpless that he may be induced to sell his ship and cargo to the Company." We are glad to hear that this cheerful piece of scoundrelism did not succeed, as the captain grew suspicious, "trusting us as little as we trust him," and the Dutch were only able to get four Frenchmen who had been marooned on an island for insubordination.
That van Riebeck would have played the English the same trick if he dared is shown by entries in the Diary. Thus when an English ship called at the Cape and took water and fish without so much as asking by your leave, there is the following observation:—
The Dutch part of the Englishman's crew very unwilling. About thirty or forty of them would have liked to remain here, and we might easily have hidden them inland, but as our masters do not like to be in trouble with that nation, we did not dare to do so; otherwise there would have been a chance of hampering the Englishman to such an extent that he would not have been able to move his ship, and been obliged to sell the whole concern to the Company for a trifle.
Van Riebeck, indeed, had a healthy fear of the English, and was very civil to them when he got the chance, "to show them the kind heart we have towards them without any hypocrisy." Thus on one occasion he "entertained the English officers at dinner; treated them so well that at night they went on board pretty sweet and jolly and well pleased." And shortly after we have the entry: "English officers again dined with us, and at night they were as jolly as before, dancing, jumping, rolling, and happy when they left." Jack ashore is always the same, you see; and he was not to be outdone in kindness. The captain offered the Dutchmen anything which the ship might have," and when this large offer was refused, sent the commander a hogshead of good English ale, a case of distilled waters, a good English cheese, and six smoked tongues." Van Riebeck, in his turn, "to be under no obligation, but rather to leave it on the other side," sent on board a large quantity of vegetables. Very pleasant, is it not? and yet, I make no doubt, they would have cut each other's throats with all the pleasure in the world.
But the Commander had cause to be careful. They were a desperate lot on the seas in those days. The French at Madagascar, for all their backing by Cardinal Mazarin, were little better than pirates. We hear how these gentry "went to the Red Sea to rob the Moors; there they had chased a vessel supposed to be a Moor, but found it to be English, and having sent their small bark and sloop against it, were beaten off with the loss of sixty men." Then we have an account of how a French vessel from Dieppe, with a Swedish commission, lay in the Dutch harbour of Cape Verde for two months, pretending to be a peaceful merchantman, while two Dutch flutes were taking in their cargoes. The Governor gave a dinner in honour of the departing vessels, and ten of the Frenchmen, "secretly armed with pistols under their clothes," were among the guests.
After dinner, when all stood up to drink a parting glass together, the Frenchmen seized the opportunity, and placing their pistols on the breasts of the Governor and some of his retinue, compelled them to surrender as prisoners, together with all who were in the fort and were unarmed or had no idea of evil. At the same time they made a signal to the men of their ships, who at once attacked the flutes, and after a successful plunder they departed, leaving the Governor in possession of his plundered fort, though no one was killed.
Part of the plunder taken by these buccaneers was three hundred thousand guilders in gold; and we need not be surprised when van Riebeck remarks, "This narrative made us more prudent towards these visitors, though we never trusted them."
Little wonder, too, if the Commander felt alarmed when the French ship Marechal was wrecked in the Bay, and a hundred and fifty desperate Frenchmen came swimming ashore on casks and planks and other wreckage. The new Governor of Madagascar—for already France claimed possession of that island—a Prussian named Gelton, was on board, as well as a bishop, Monseigneur Estienne. Van Riebeck demanded that all the arms be delivered up, at which very reasonable request the Prussian used most desperate threats. The Commander was firm, however, and soon brought them to terms, and the upshot was that a good many of the Frenchmen were taken into the Dutch service, while the officers were given quarters in the town tavern.
Those were troublous times, and van Riebeck had need to be careful. For example, we find him sending the following message to "the Admiral and Combined Council of the Return Fleet":—"This serves to inform you that the English have garrisoned Saint Helena, and that the Seventeen have sent written orders that the return fleet shall not touch there this year, because it is not certain whether, in consequence of the tottering Government in England, a stronger alliance or war with that country and our State will be the result." Thus we see the three great Powers had taken up their positions—the French at Madagascar, the Dutch at the Cape, the English at Saint Helena—points of vantage in the struggle for the East, and the reversion of the great Portuguese Empire. Each meant to have it, and the struggle was to rage for a hundred and fifty years before England came out victorious. In this great fight the Cape, as we shall see, was not the least important factor.
But in the meantime our Netherlanders were making themselves very snug ashore. For all van Riebeck's troubles and perplexities he had his consolations. His garden, we can see, was a perpetual delight to him. He gloats over his cabbages, his sweet potatoes, his parsnips, and his turnips. The first cauliflower grown at the Cape has a special entry to itself. "Everything at the table reared at the Cape," he says, with the true colonial pride; and again, "The horse-radishes grow well, glory be to God!" The finest heads of lettuce in the world" is another of the entries. And then, later, we can see the joy he takes in his fruit trees grown from seed gathered east and west, his pisangs and pummeloes—his olive trees "doing well"—alas, that they have never since done well at the Cape—his oranges and lemons, medlars, quinces, and currants. "The first cherry grown at the Cape" appears as an entry. But I think the sweetest and most touching entry of all is, "This day the first Dutch rose was plucked at the Cape." I like to fancy that it was a Marie van Hout, that glorious and delicate bloom, pale cream with a flush of pink, and that the Commander himself pinned it over the snowy linen upon his wife's breast. Then we have another entry, almost as delightful: "To-day (Sunday), glory be to God, wine was pressed for the first time from the Cape grapes, and the new must fresh from the tub was tasted; it consisted mostly of Muscadel and other white round grapes, of fine flavour and taste."
Then van Riebeck rejoiced to see his woodcutters bringing down the mighty trees of the forest, and it is plain that lime-making and brick-burning, planning a fort, or building a house were keen delights to him. And he had great joy in his experiments with free settlers and their farms, though here he had many disappointments. He would go and watch the waving fields of corn, and he is in a bitter mood indeed when the south-easter blows the grain out of the head. Then a hedge to keep out the natives, or a canal to fill the moat, or a redoubt to protect the shore becomes an absorbing interest. And when a "tiger" breaks into the kraal and kills all his ducks and geese there is mourning and lamentation. As for the breeding of pigs, it becomes a passion with him, and we have a "resolution," a yard long, instructing the burghers in pig-rearing. Even rabbit-breeding is not too trifling an occupation, and there is a world of anxiety in the entry: "The last buck sent is worth nothing; he allows himself to be bitten by the others, who chase him about; the black buck is good, but he seems to have forgotten the does."
The scarcity of labour was a great trouble, then as now, and the Commander is constantly wishing for a few thousand Chinese to cultivate the soil. Then comes the Hasselt with a cargo of slaves from Popo, in the Gulf of Guinea—"a fine, strong, and healthy lot," says the Diary. They were very useful, and I do not suppose the Cape could ever have become what it is were it not for slave labour. But they were a great trouble also. In some cases, no doubt at all, they were cruelly treated, and they were a sullen, murderous lot, always plotting to escape or to murder their masters. The blacksmith was kept busy making chains for them; but still they escaped now and again, or wreaked dreadful vengeance upon their owners; and the most atrocious crimes ever committed in South Africa were the result of slavery. The geographical notions of these people seem to have been as crude as van Riebeck's own, and they thought that if they could only escape they could walk back to their homes in Angola. Cheerful people they were: "They further stated that they intended to live on Hottentoo flesh, whom they would kill here and there, as they were accustomed to do in their own country, where the victors ate the conquered."
But the Commander had trouble also with his own people. He was a stern disciplinarian, as I have shown, and he had need to be, for he had a rough lot to deal with. We already know how Jan Blanx and van Leyden were punished; but I did not say that a bo'sun, who was only suspected of sympathising with the deserters, was sentenced, as "a loose and dirty prater," to drop three times from the yard-arm, and receive "100 lashes on his wet posterior before the mast." We hear of others getting "fifty cuts on their dry skin"; but which was the worse form of punishment I leave those of my readers who are schoolboys or schoolmasters to determine. Van Riebeck kept good discipline, that is certain. Every one had to go to church on Sunday, and at meal times it was the duty of the gunner to go round and see that every one said grace. But sometimes a drunken and riotous crew on shore made terrible trouble, slashing about with knives and hangers, and firing their pieces, to the great danger of quiet folk.
Much more serious, however, than such drunken escapades was "the great treason" discovered by the surgeon, Mr. William Robertson, a native of Dundee: "During the examinations before the council it was revealed that four English, four Scots, three Dutch servants, besides two freemen's servants and fifteen slaves, whose intention was first to kill the seamen of the Erasmus working in the forest; after that the men at the 'Schuur'; and after that, to scale the fort and murder all in it, the smallest child included; after that to proceed to the yacht Erasmus in the boats of the Company or the freemen, to seize her, and depart in her. But the Almighty be thanked, who had been pleased to prevent this murderous conspiracy."
The nationality of these conspirators, who were duly punished and sent to Batavia, shows what a very mixed lot the servants of the Company were. To say that the colony was composed of Dutchmen is impossible after reading the Diary. Some were Dutch, but a great many were Germans; and there was, besides, a large sprinkling of English, Scots, and Swedes. The Company picked up its men where it could, and the Cape has always been cosmopolitan.
Besides these troubles, great and small, there was usually the excitement of wild beasts to keep the settlement lively. Sometimes it would be a leopard in the fowl-house, sometimes a lion in the cattle kraal. It was no joke to kill a lion in those days, and many a terrible fight at close quarters is recorded in the Diary. Here is one which must stand for all the rest:—
During the forenoon the Commander saw many marks of wild beasts in the garden, and a little later, about fifty yards off, a lion jumped up and proceeded slowly towards Table Mountain. The sergeant, hunters, and others were sent to kill him, and at once they were followed by about 200 Hottentoos, with all their sheep and cattle driven before them. At the foot of Table Mountain the beast was so thoroughly enclosed in a deep kloof that he could only escape through the flock of sheep, which the Hottentoos intended to be a defence. The lion was lying under a bush, and they remained between their sheep and cattle. When the lion showed itself, and, roaring, wished to break through or seize a sheep, they rushed forward with their assegays over the sheep, making a great noise; the lion then retired, looking round very thoughtfully, but as the Hottentoos could not very well reach him, the sergeant (the hunters and others being about ten yards away from the beast) fired but missed; the hunters, however, sent three bullets through its head, so that it fell down dead at once. Then the Hottentoos became valiant, and tried to give the animal a hundred stabs after death, but they were prevented from doing so in order not to spoil the skin, that, properly prepared, might be hung up in the large hall used for a church.
But I must resist the temptation to quote further, though there is much else that is interesting in this Diary of our first true South African colonists. The whole life of the settlement appears to us, not dimly but quite clear, with detail as precise as you may see in an old Dutch picture, where every thread of the lace on ruff and sleeve is painted in. We see van Riebeck at his work, directing, praising, blaming, bullying; the woodcutters in the forest; the brickmakers at the kiln; the ensign and his soldiers, sudden and quick in quarrel; a bos'un and his mates from the return fleet with news of the siege of Goa, or the doings of the French pirates; a brace of English sailors rolling along "sweet and jolly" from the Staats Herberg, where they have had a trifle too much bomboe; there are the Company's two hunters drunk as usual, and boasting of the lion or rhinoceros last shot; a fisherman comes up laden with snoek from the jetty the Commander has just built with such pains and trouble; and there is Frederick Boom, the Company's head gardener, a solid man, already well-to-do, and looking forward to a farm of his own. He is walking along with Louwys Rickart, who is a great pastry-cook, roaster, and cook," and has just been allowed to set up for himself as a baker. And there, sure enough, is Mynheer Mostert, the miller, whose water-mill is click-clacking away farther up the stream. They'll all sit down on the Fiscal's stoep presently and have a glass of wine with him, and smoke a pipe of tobacco, and discuss the latest news from Batavia or Amsterdam. And now along the little street beside the canal comes Vrouw van Riebeck herself, with her little girl trotting beside her, and Abraham, one of the first of the Cape-born, in her arms. He is to be a great man, Abraham, one day,—no less than Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies,—greater than his father, who never became anything higher than secretary of the Council at Batavia. But now, look, there is a fleet of great Indiamen coming into the bay; they make a grand show as they sweep in with a flourish of trumpets and a resounding salute. Yet may be there will be hardly enough men to lower the great sails, and the good Commander makes haste to send them boatload upon boatload of fresh meat and green vegetables, for this is his chief end—the chief end of the town—to be the tavern of the Indian seas. He was a good man, our Commander, for all his fiery temper and manifold deceits, and he did a great work; few men could have done it so well. He founded Cape Colony, its gardens, its houses, its farms, its industries—all had their start in him. As Mr. John Runcie, the poet of South Africa, has sung—
Yet here the tale beginneth, whatever pride may be
In affluent power and traffic from war and victory,—
With the keen-eyed Little Thornback stepping shoreward from the sea.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line517
|
__label__wiki
| 0.748776
| 0.748776
|
English grammar is the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-day Standard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical and pronunciation differences.
Word classes and phrases
Eight types of word ("word classes" or "parts of speech") are distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. (Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech.) Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of the clause and sentence structure of the language.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/English_grammar
"There Is" is the second single and tenth track from Box Car Racer's eponymous album. Guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge still occasionally plays a solo version of this song in concert with Angels & Airwaves. The single peaked at #32 on the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks Chart.
"There Is" (Radio edit) – 3:08
"Tiny Voices" – 3:27
In the music video, the band plays the song in the rain outside of a house, where a boy is trying to get a girl to talk to him. During the video, people come out of their houses trying to make the band stop. A policeman comes and takes away Tom DeLonge towards the end, as the boy runs into the girls room to see her. The video was directed by Alexander Kosta, and can be seen on the Box Car Racer DVD.
"There Is" Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/There_Is
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line518
|
__label__wiki
| 0.853141
| 0.853141
|
No. 16/15 Indiana WBB Rolls Past EKU In Season Opener
by Paul Condry | Nov 26, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
No. 16/15 Indiana Rolls Past EKU In Season Opener
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. – Junior guard Grace Berger recorded the program’s first triple double and sophomore forward Mackenzie Holmes went a new school record 13-for-13 from the field as the No. 16/15 Hoosiers toppled Eastern Kentucky, 100-51.
Berger and Holmes highlighted spectacular performances by four total players who scored in double figures including senior guard Ali Patberg, who dropped 18 points, and 14 points from redshirt junior guard Danielle Patterson in her IU debut.
Indiana would go on to shoot 54.7 percent in their 2020-21 opener and hit 9 3-pointers en route to the victory.
The Hoosiers (1-0) cruised from the opening possession, racking up an 8-0 lead just two minutes in to the contest. It was part of a 34-8 first quarter where IU shot 65 percent from the field including a 57.1 percent clip from 3-point range.
In the second quarter, Patberg eclipsed her 1,000th career point at Indiana as she dropped eight points alone in the quarter and led IU to a 53-22 halftime margin.
Indiana outscored the Colonels (0-1) 32-12 in the third quarter behind Holmes going 5-for-5 from the floor in the frame.
Holmes would end the day with a school single game record 13-for-13 from the floor to go along with eight rebounds and tie a career-high seven blocks.
Berger would also make her historic triple-double in the third quarter as she would exit the game with 25 minutes played and 17 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists.
Patterson would help put the exclamation point on the season opener with eight points in the fourth quarter as IU won its eighth-straight season opener.
The Hoosiers win their eighth straight home opener and have won all home openers under head coach Teri Moren.
Grace Berger recorded the first triple-double in program history with 17 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists. Combined men’s and women’s basketball it’s the first triple-double since Juwan Morgan in 2018. It is the third in men’s/women’s basketball history along with Steve Downing in 1970. All three happened in Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall. Berger’s triple-double is the first for a Big Ten women’s basketball player since 1/23/18 by Alex Wittinger of Illinois.
Mackenzie Holmes scored 26 points on 13-of-13 from the field. Her perfect shooting sets an Indiana program record for field goal percentage (minimum 10 attempts). The previous record was shared by Sue Hodges (12-13 in 1981) and Quacy Barnes (12-13 in 1998). Holmes added eight rebounds and seven blocks. Holmes 13-13 tie the Big Ten record, shared with Iowa’s Megan Gustafson at Western Kentucky on 11/13/18.
Ali Patberg scored 18 points on 7-of-11 from the field for her 16th straight game scoring in double figures. Patberg became the 28th Hoosier to join the 1,000-point club and now has 1,007 for her career.
Patberg, Holmes and Berger combined for 61 points and combined to shoot 26-of-34 from the field.
The seven blocks from Holmes are tied for second for a single game in program history. Her 13 field goals are tied for fourth most for a single game in program history. IU’s 11 total blocks also ties for second-most in a single game.
The Hoosiers started the game on an 8-0 scoring run and added a 14-0 run later in the first quarter to jump out to a 24-5 lead. Holmes scored 10 of the Hoosiers 14 points in the scoring run.
Indiana made 13 of its first 20 shots and led 34-8 at the end of the first quarter. For the game the Hoosiers shot 41-of-75 (54.7 percent) and held EKU to 20-of-80 (25 percent).
Indiana outscored Eastern Kentucky 60-12 in points in the paint.
The Hoosiers reached the century mark in the 100-51 victory. The last time IU scored 100 was the second game of the 2019-20 season, a 111-47 win over Nicholls St.
Indiana tallied 28 assists for the game.
Freshman Chloe Moore-McNeil and redshirt freshman Arielle Wisne scored their first career points in the game.
Indiana head coach Teri Moren
“It was a good opening day for us. We miss our crowd and our fans. We miss the energy that they provide, but none the less I thought our energy on the sideline was terrific as it has been. That says a lot about this basketball team and who they are as people and as a team. There were some obvious bright spots today. Anytime you can play everybody, the entire roster, that is always a good day. Grace Berger was terrific with her triple double and Mack (Holmes) being perfect from the field. I didn’t realize that it was a school record and she made history. It is really cool for Mack. It is so well deserved. The way she has gotten her body right as a sophomore, and the fact that I overheard her talking about her conditioning and how important it was for her to stay out on the floor longer. I thought Ali Patberg was solid. Those starters have played a lot of minutes. I thought there were some good things. It was great to see Jaelynn Penn out there. We didn’t know if we would be to this point where we would see her so early. There are a lot of good things ahead for her. I thought Dani (Patterson) came in and provided some really good minutes for us. Overall, we were trying to get some of those young kids and some of the people who come off the bench feet wet in the fourth quarter. Only eight turnovers today and 28 assists. I thought those were two things, statistically speaking, that stood out to me. We have to do a much better job. We gave up 17 offensive rebounds, and we have a lot of work still to do in that area.”
The Hoosiers will be back in action on Thursday, December 3 when it hosts Samford.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line521
|
__label__wiki
| 0.886006
| 0.886006
|
Software // Enterprise Applications
George V. Hulme
Supply-Chain Software Cuts Costs For Auto-Parts Firm
Company deployed a suite of supply-chain and E-commerce applications to cut inventory costs and improve customer service.
Investments in supply-chain technology can reap big rewards, even for small companies. Just ask John Krieger, CEO and president of automotive parts distributor Star Sales and Service.
Less than two years ago, Krieger says his inventory management and ordering process had grown antiquated and too costly. Each time one of his customers, many of them repair shops and dealerships, needed a part they would call Star to see if it was in stock. They then had to tell their own customer the pricing and availability information before calling Star a second time to place the order.
Star's inventory-management system provided data that often was at least a day old, so the company found itself running out of popular parts and holding too much inventory of parts that didn't sell as rapidly as expected.
Star has four wholesale store locations, and its inventory-management system made it difficult to ensure that it had the proper amount of each part at each location. "I could do it," Krieger says. "But I had to roll up my sleeves and spend a day once a month to do it."
So Krieger set out to build an electronic store and a real-time inventory management system. "We needed to get our information on-demand, and our old system just couldn't get us there," he says.
In May 2003, Krieger deployed an integrated suite of supply chain and electronic-commerce applications called DMS Distribution Express from IT integrator and services provider DMS Systems Corp. The system runs with IBM WebSphere Application Server Express, DB2, and an eServer iSeries back-office system. Star also turned to DMS Systems for its Qwik-Order Web-based online store.
The new systems have produced a number of gains, Krieger says. The online store has slashed the number of calls flowing into his order desk and improved inventory management. Since the new systems were deployed, Star has improved its inventory turn-around time by 95% as a result of more-accurate forecasting of inventory demand from the trend analysis provided by the DMS software.
The software also lets Star track individual parts by part number, rather than by manufacturer. It also replenishes inventory based on how long it would take for the parts to be delivered, rather than the minimum/maximum order system he used in the past. "One part from the same manufacturer could have an [estimated time of arrival] of seven days, while a different part may be 24 days. The new system can account for the timing difference, which is huge," Krieger says.
Star has 30,000 parts valued at around $2 million in inventory at any one time. Thanks to the new software, "we've identified $500,000 in wasted inventory," says Krieger. It also helped to boost the company's gross margin by nearly 20%, he says.
Orders on Star's online store for the month of April surpassed 1,300. "That would have been 2,600 calls into the order desk," he says. "This is a much more effective way to do business."
The real-time system also helps Star better manage staff. "Now if a large shipment of parts comes in, and the phone lines aren't busy, I can re-allocate those workers to the receiving dock," Krieger says. "In the past, they would have just sat there until the phone rang."
2020 Threat Hunting Report
Oldest First | Newest First | Threaded View
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line525
|
__label__cc
| 0.672492
| 0.327508
|
The founder of this work and the GTSSS-organization, Jacob Marineni, was born into an Indian Hindu-family in 1971. When Jacob was 8-years old he got severely ill and was expected to pass away. While the family was on their way back home from the hospital with their dying son, they learned about a Christian gospel proclamation happening in one of the villages, and afterwards this Christian prayed for the child. The next night Jesus appeared to Jacob and announced that he would get better and not die. And so did happen. Jacob and his whole family became servants of the living God from the bottom of their hearts.
While growing up Jacob felt like God was calling him to his work and he answered to that call. He began to study theology. When he graduated in 1991, after many colorful and hard phases, he started to proclaim the gospel as the first mission worker in an Indian reservation.
The work with the Indian orphans began in 1994, when Jacob took three orphans into his home. That same year he started the GTSSS-organization. The work with the orphans has also proceeded with incredible speed. By the spring of 2016 there is already over 4500 orphans in forty different orphanages.
Jacob’s main working location is in Andra Prades in east India.
The work has proceeded with such great pace that it proves that God is in charge of His work. Because He had given the call, he will also give the success. The same fire still burns in Jacob’s heart, the enormous need to win as many as he can for Christ. He works without resting seized by his vision.
GTSSS:n homepage: www.gtsss.org.
In Finland two organizations are co-operating with GTSSS and Jacob Marinen:
Hope to India ry (Since 2012)
www.hopetoindia.com
Contact: Jorma Rämö
Lontilanraitti 38, 37800 Akaa
hopetoindia@gmail.com
Agape Intia ry, (Since 2004)
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line528
|
__label__wiki
| 0.556696
| 0.556696
|
Tag Archives: Hayes
KENT, LOST HOUSES
November 5, 2018 David Poole
An American shrine on English soil. Following in the footsteps of Benjamin Franklin, the great negotiator, and the sad plight of an English country house.
Hayes Place was the home of the distinguished statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, who was Prime Minister in 1766-1768. His son, William Pitt the Younger (the youngest ever Prime Minister) was born here in 1759. Image: The British Newspaper Archive.
In March 1918, The Graphic highlighted Hayes Place in Kent, the ornate home of the Earl of Chatham, and the historical visit of the great American, Benjamin Franklin.
From 1757 to 1774, Franklin lived mainly in London where he was the colonial representative for Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts. His attempts to reconcile the British government with the colonies proved fruitless. On his return to America, the war of independence had already broken out and he threw himself into the struggle. In 1776, he helped to draft, and was then a signatory to, the Declaration of Independence.
In 1758, when relations between the mother land and her American colonies had become strained to breaking point, William Pitt the elder, later the 1st Earl of Chatham, went out of his way to make the acquaintance of the famous American. They met within the walls of Hayes Place, where Franklin and the Earl held many discussions as to how the differences between Great Britain and America might be healed.
Pitt acquired Hayes in 1757 then rebuilt the house and added land to the estate. General Wolfe dined here in 1759 on the night before he departed to his fate at Quebec. During Pitt’s time as Prime Minister, Thomas Walpole held the house and encased it in white brick during further enlargement. Walpole resold it to Pitt in 1768, who died here ten years later in 1778. Image: Lost Country Houses of Kent.
Site of a house since the 15th century, in 1754 William Pitt the elder bought the property, subsequently rebuilding it. The birthplace of his son, Pitt the Younger in 1759 and the scene of his own death in 1778, it was visited by many of the major figures of the late 18th century but passed out of the family in 1785.
Other noted owners of Hayes Place included philanthropist Edward Wilson (who acquired the house in 1864) and Sir Everard Alexander Hambro (1880), who carried out improvements to Hayes village. Hayes Place was demolished in 1933 and houses were erected on the site. Image: Ideal Homes.
In 1880 Everard Hambro of the banking family, became the owner. Following his death in 1925 his son Eric decided to dispose of the estate for building, although the need for an improved infrastructure for this rural area meant delays.
As a result the house survived until 1933.
Developed as the Hayes Place Estate by Henry Boot, a Sheffield based company, roads such as Chatham Avenue and Hambro Avenue were named after figures associated with the house’s history.
“Where statesmen once met to discuss state matters, builders’ men now eat their lunches. Hayes Place, the historic mansion of the Pitts, is now used as a store for building materials.” – Taunton Courier and Western Advertiser – March 1933.
Hambro Avenue in Hayes, Kent. This is named after one of the occupants of Hayes Place. Sheffield-builder Henry Boot demolished the house in 1933 and laid out the Hayes Place estate. Several local firms put up more estates, including Hayes Hill, Pickhurst Manor, and Hayes Gardens. Image: Google Streetview.
Country HouseCountry MansionHambroHayesHayes PlaceHenry BootHeritageKENTLOST HOUSESMansionThe British Newspaper ArchiveWilliam Pitt
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line530
|
__label__wiki
| 0.897323
| 0.897323
|
10-year Anniversary Symposium
Keynote Speakers & Panelists Bios
ARUN AGRAWAL
Professor, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan
Arun Agrawal emphasizes the politics of international development, institutional change, and environmental conservation in his research and teaching. He has written critically on indigenous knowledge, community-based conservation, common property, population resources, and environmental identities. Agrawal is the coordinator for the International Forestry Resources and Institutions network and is currently carrying out research in central and east Africa as well as South Asia. Since 2013, Agrawal has served as the editor-in-chief of World Development and his recent work has appeared in Science, PNAS, Conservation Biology, Development and Change, among other journals. Preceding his work at U-M, Agrawal was educated at Duke University, the Indian Institute of Management, and Delhi University and has held teaching and research positions at Yale, Florida, McGill, Berkeley, and Harvard among other universities.
FITSUM ASSAMNEW ANDARGIE
Lecturer, Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Fitsum Assamnew Andargie is a lecturer in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Addis Ababa University where he is currently a doctoral candidate in computer engineering. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (Computer Stream) and a Master of Science in Computer Engineering from Addis Ababa University. His research interests are high performance computing with general-purpose graphics processing units (GP-GPUs), acceleration of mobile applications using mobile GP-GPUs and Computer Vision.
BARBARA ANDERSON
Professor, Sociology/Population Studies, University of Michigan
Barbara A. Anderson is the Ronald Freedman Collegiate Professor of Sociology and Population Studies at the University of Michigan. She received her AB in Mathematics from the University of Chicago and her PhD in Sociology from Princeton University. At the University of Michigan, she has been Director of the Population Studies Center and the Center for Russian and East European Studies. She has published widely on issues of demographic methods, data quality, and population and development in South Africa, the former Soviet Union and China. She has consulted with Statistics South Africa, Statistics Estonia, the China National Bureau of Statistics, the Turkish Statistical Institute and the U. S. Census Bureau. She received the Regents Award for Distinguished Public Service for her work advising the governments of South Africa, China and Estonia and the Ann Arbor District Schools.
NAOMI ANDRÉ
Associate Professor, Women’s Studies, Afroamerican and African Studies, Residential College, University of Michigan
Naomi André is associate professor in the Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, Women’s Studies, and the Associate Director for Faculty at the Residential College at the University of Michigan. Her research focuses on opera and issues surrounding gender, voice, and race. Her publications include topics on Italian opera, Schoenberg, women composers, and teaching opera in prisons. Her current book, Black Opera: History, Power, Engagement, is forthcoming from the University of Illinois Press in May 2018. Her earlier books, Voicing Gender: Castrati, Travesti, and the Second Woman in Early Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera (2006) and Blackness in Opera (2012, co-edited collection) focus on opera from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries and explore constructions of gender, race and identity. She has served on the Graduate Alumni Council for Harvard University’s Graduate School of Art and Sciences, the Executive Committee for the Criminal Justice Program at the American Friends Service Committee (Ann Arbor, MI), and as an evaluator for the Fulbright Senior Specialist Program.
CHRISTOPHER AMEYAW-AKUMFI
PhD, Zoology, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, 1976
Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi is a renowned academic, who served as the Minister for Education of Ghana in the John Ageyekum Kufour administration. He has also served as Director-General of the Ghana Education Service, Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Cape Coast, and Policy Adviser to the Ministry of Education. Professor Ameyaw-Akumfi co-coordinated the introduction of the Semester and Course Unit System at the University of Cape Coast as well as the production of academic programs for the University College of Education, Winneba, in Ghana’s Central Region.
KWASI AMPENE
Associate Professor, Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan
Kwasi Ampene is a scholar and practitioner of ethnomusicology. He specializes in the rich musical traditions of the Akan people of West Africa. His research interests include the performing arts as individually and collectively created and experienced, the performance of historical and social memory, politics, ideologies, values, and religious philosophy in Akan court music. He has disseminated his research in conferences, workshops, and speaking engagements at major universities in United States and around the world. He has also provided expert advice for public engagement projects on West African culture and music to institutions such as the British Library, Tufts University, and Princeton University. Professor Ampene is the author of journal articles and books including, Engaging Modernity: Asante in the Twenty-First Century (Michigan, 2016); Discourses in African Musicology: J.H. Kwabena Nketia Festschrift (Michigan, 2015); and Female Song Tradition and the Akan of Ghana: The Creative Process in Nnwonkorɔ (Ashgate, 2005). Professor Ampene is currently working on a monograph entitled Experience and Values in Asante Court Music and Verbal Arts. The work comes out of his extensive field research at the Asante King’s court in Kumase-Ghana, where since 2009, he has been given rare and unrestricted access to the centuries old heritage of stool regalia and other heirlooms. He is documenting esoteric song and instrumental texts, as well as texts of referential poetry by bards and members of the constabulary.
TODD AUSTIN
Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
Todd Austin is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. His research interests include computer architecture, robust and secure system design, hardware and software verification, and performance analysis tools and techniques. Currently Todd is Director of C-FAR, the Center for Future Architectures Research, a multi-university SRC/DARPA funded center that is seeking technologies to scale the performance and efficiency of future computing systems. Prior to joining academia, Todd was a Senior Computer Architect in Intel’s Microcomputer Research Labs, a product-oriented research laboratory in Hillsboro, Oregon. Todd is the first to take credit (but the last to accept blame) for creating the SimpleScalar Tool Set, a popular collection of computer architecture performance analysis tools. Todd is co-author (with Andrew Tanenbaum) of the undergraduate computer architecture textbook, Structured Computer Architecture, 6th Ed. In addition to his work in academia, Todd is co-founder of SimpleScalar LLC and InTempo Design LLC. In 2002, Todd was a Sloan Research Fellow, and in 2007 he received the ACM Maurice Wilkes Award for “innovative contributions in Computer Architecture including the SimpleScalar Toolkit and the DIVA and Razor architectures.” Todd received his PhD in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin in 1996.
REUVEN AVI-YONAH
Professor, Law, University of Michigan
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, the Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law and director of the International Tax LLM Program, specializes in corporate and international taxation. He has served as a consultant to the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on tax competition, and is a member of the steering group for OECD’s International Network for Tax Research. He is also a trustee of the American Tax Policy Institute, a member of the American Law Institute, a fellow of the American Bar Foundation and the American College of Tax Counsel, and an international research fellow at Oxford University’s Centre for Business Taxation
KOFI AWUSABO-ASARE
Professor, Population & Health, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Kofi Awusabo-Asare is a professor in population studies at the University of Cape Coast, where he has taught since 1980. His research interests are in adolescent reproductive health, social dimensions of health, poverty studies, and population, environment and health. He has authored a number of publications based on his areas of research. He participated in the Agenda to Improve the Implementation of Population programmes and involved in policy dialogue on adolescent sexual and reproductive health education for young people in Ghana. He served as Head of the Department of Geography and Tourism (1998-2004), Head of the Department of Population and Health (2008-2010), Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences (2000-2006), and Director, Directorate of Academic Planning and Quality Assurance, University of Cape Coast (2012-2017). He is currently the Chair of the Council of the National Accreditation Board of Ghana. He is a member of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Population Association of America (PAA), Association of American Geographers (AAG), Ghana Geographical Association and Union of African Population Studies (UAPS). He has served on committees and commissions, including the IUSSP Committee of HIV/AIDS (1995-1999), Panel on young people (2010-2014), member of the Nominations Committee of IUSSP (2005-2009), member, the President’s Commission on the Review of Education in Ghana (2001-2003), a member of the Research and Monitoring Committee of the Ghana AIDS Commission and Co-chair of the World Health Organization’s Panel on the Social Science Research on Health (1998-2010). He has been associated with ASRI since 2010. He has had collaborative research and working relationship with Universities and Research Institutes around the world, among them the Australian National University, Brown University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Ghana, Guttmacher Institute (New York) and Population Council, New York. He holds a BA from the University of Cape Coast, MA (Demography) from the Australian National University and a PhD from the University of Liverpool (UK). He has been a visiting Fulbright Professor at Brown University (1994-95) and Richard Bernstein Professor at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (2006-2007).
RETHA BEERMAN
LLM, Law School, University of Michigan, 1996
Retha Beerman is a director of the leading South African law firm Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc., heading up its Knowledge Management (KM) department. In this role, Ms. Beerman and her team strive to deliver continuous improvements in the quality of legal services, which includes astute use of technological advances in the field of law, proven to improve quality, efficiency, and the overall client experience. The function further includes oversight of all teaching within the firm, as well as effective uses of new and acquired knowledge and information in the firm. Prior to taking on the role as head of Knowledge Management, Ms. Beerman practiced as a director in the firm’s Employment Practice, specializing particularly in employment equity. This interest in employment law and discrimination law stemmed from her time studying these subjects with Professor Emeritus Theodore J. St. Antoine at the University of Michigan. She retains a deep interest in this field, and is part of the management team steering practical implementation of employment equity principles, within her law firm.
SUE ANN BELL
Clinical Associate Professor, Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan
Sue Ann Bell is a nurse scientist and family nurse practitioner, with expertise in disaster response, community health and emergency care. Her research focuses broadly on the health effects of disasters and the impact of climate change on human health within a health equity framework. She is particularly interested in the long-term impact of disasters on human’s health, in developing policy that protects and promotes health throughout the disaster management cycle, and in the relationship between community resilience, health disparities and disasters. She is active in multiple emergency preparedness and response activities, including serving on federal panels, co-authoring books and advising on national policy issues. Dr. Bell has practiced nursing and conducted research in multiple global settings including Ghana, Ethiopia, India, Cambodia and the Caribbean.
LEMLEM DEMISSIE BEZA
Nursing, Addis Ababa University
Lemlem Demissie Beza is a lecturer in emergency medicine at Addis Ababa University. She will be a UMAPS scholar in the 2018-2019 cohort. In 2016, Mrs. Beza participated in the 7th annual meeting of the Consortium for Universities for Global Health (CUGH), focused on the theme Bridging to a Sustainable Future in Global Health.
JENNIFER BISGARD
BA, Political Science, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, 1985
Jennifer Bisgard co-founded Khulisa Management Services in 1993 in Johannesburg, South Africa. An expert in monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and organizational development, Ms. Bisgard leads evaluations and capacity-building assignments in the Education, Governance, and Media sectors across Africa. Prior to establishing Khulisa, she was the Senior Education Specialist at USAID/Pretoria from 1988 to 1993. Ms. Bisgard currently serves as a senior advisor to the African Evaluation Association (AfrEA). She is the former Interim General Secretary and Southern Africa board representative for 11 countries on the AfrEA board from 2012-2014 and the founding Chair of the South African Monitoring and Evaluation Association (SAMEA) from November 2005 to March 2007. She also represented AfrEA on the International Organization for Cooperation in Evaluation (IOCE) board from 2013-2016. Since 2013, she co-chairs the United Nations EvalPartners Task Team on Toolkits to support Voluntary Organisations for Professional Evaluators (VOPE).
UPHIE CHINJE MELO
President, University of Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
Uphie Chinje Melo was appointed as Rector of the University of Ngaoundéré in 2017. She is a chemical engineer who received her doctorate in 1984 in England. She was a professor at the University of Yaoundé for 14 years before becoming the Director of MIPROMALO (Mission de Promotion des Matériaux Locaux), which advances the use of locally fabricated materials. In 2015, Chinje Melo was elected to the Academy of Science of Cameroon, where she is one of only ten female members.
MARY SUE COLEMAN
President Emerita, University of Michigan
Mary Sue Coleman became U-M’s first female president after serving seven years as president of the University of Iowa. At the University of Michigan, Dr. Coleman oversaw the groundbreaking partnership with Google to digitize the University’s 7 million volume library, launched enduring institutional partnerships with universities in China, Ghana, South Africa, Brazil, and India, revitalized student living and learning experiences through a residential life initiative, and worked tirelessly to promote economic revitalization and innovation within the state of Michigan. In recognition of these efforts, Dr. Coleman was named by President Obama in 2010 to help launch the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, and U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke named her as co-chair of the National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Throughout her career, she has promoted the educational value of diverse perspectives in the classroom and within the academic community, and she has worked in numerous venues to improve access to higher education for all. A strong advocate of internationalization, she launched academic partnerships on three continents while at U-M, including establishing the African Studies Center in 2008 in the wake of her historic visit to Ghana and South Africa. In 2016 she was named president of the Association of American Universities.
WILLIAM COSBY
MBA, Stephen Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 1998
William Cosby has over two decades of experience and has served on a number of boards of both publicly listed and privately held companies, across a number of different industries, where he has contributed international private equity and corporate finance experience gained through completing investments, mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, and capital raising assignments throughout North America, Latin America, and across Africa. Prior to Sedgefield Capital Partners, he worked with KTH as an Investment Director, as well as Banc Boston Robertson Stephens and Banc of America Securities, where he focused on Mergers & Acquisitions, Leveraged Finance, and Debt Capital Markets. Prior to Banc of America Securities, Mr. Cosby worked with CoreStates Investment Advisors as a Portfolio Manager in the Fixed Income Capital Markets group. He began his career as a Financial Analyst with CoreStates Bank in both the Asset Based Finance and Telecommunications Specialized Finance Group(s).
EMMET DENNIS
President Emeritus, University of Liberia (2008-2017)
Emmet A. Dennis obtained a Bachelor’s degree in biological sciences from Cuttington College and Divinity School in Liberia, now Cuttington University. He holds a Master’s degree in Zoology from Indiana University, and a PhD in Parasitology from the University of Connecticut. Dr. Dennis served as President of the University of Liberia (UL) from 2008 to 2017. In this position, he has focused on academic integrity, curricular transformation, faculty, staff and student development, and infrastructure development and rehabilitation within the context of a student-centered environment. During his tenure, sixty two faculty returned to UL with graduate degrees from institutions all over the world. Over 35 institutional relationships were established with a number of international universities and colleges leading to the acquisition of major grants, graduate studies for potential faculty and the institution of contemporary curricula. Prior to his appointment as President of the University of Liberia, Dr. Dennis was on the faculty in Cell Biology and Neuroscience at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. There, Professor Dennis served as Vice Chair for Academic Affairs of the Department of Biological Sciences, Associate Provost for Academic Advancement of the Rutgers New Brunswick Campus, Dean of Rutgers University College, Rutgers–New Brunswick and Rutgers University Vice President for Student Affairs. Recently, his alma mater, Cuttington University named its science college the Emmet A. Dennis College of Natural Sciences. Dr. Dennis is currently a professor in the A. M. Dogliotti College of Medicine, University of Liberia.
ADEY DESTA
Assistant Professor, Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Adey Feleke Desta is an assistant professor of environmental biotechnology at the Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. She received her PhD in applied microbiology from Addis Ababa University in 2014. Her research focuses on microbial ecology of biological wastewater treatment systems and resource recovery from wastewater, with a particular focus on the fate of bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes during the process of recovering Phosphorus and Nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Through research fellowships from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and African Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF), she has demonstrated cost-effective methods for detection and monitoring of microbial communities in biological wastewater treatment plants. During the research fellowship from the University of Michigan African Presidential Scholars (UMAPS), she started researching the role and fate of microbes during the process of nutrient recovery from human urine. Dr. Desta is currently working on reclamation of nutrients from urine and domestic wastewater in Ethiopia in collaboration with national and international partners.
JAMES DUDERSTADT
President Emeritus, University of Michigan (1988-1996)
James J. Duderstadt is President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan. Dr. Duderstadt received a BEng in electrical engineering with highest honors from Yale University in 1964 and a MS and PhD in engineering science and physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1967. After a year as an Atomic Energy Commission Postdoctoral Fellow at Caltech, he joined the faculty of the University of Michigan in 1968 in the Department of Nuclear Engineering, rising through the ranks to full professor in 1975. Dr. Duderstadt became Dean of the College of Engineering in 1981 and Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs in 1986. He was elected President of the University of Michigan in 1988 and served in this role until 1996. He currently holds a university-wide faculty appointment as University Professor of Science and Engineering, co-chairing the University’s program in Science, Technology, and Public Policy and directing the Millennium Project, a research center exploring the impact of over-the-horizon technologies on society.
WILLIAM GBLERKOR
Lecturer, Archaeology & Heritage Studies, University of Ghana
William Narteh Gblerkpor is a lecturer in archaeology and heritage studies at the University of Ghana, Legon. He holds a PhD in Anthropology from the University of Texas at Austin, and MA degree in Archaeology from the University of Ghana. Gblerkpor’s research and writing explore the active role of material culture in the historical and contemporary construction and maintenance of social identities in West Africa. He is interested in the archaeology of identities; archaeology and community development; cultural resource management; digital archaeology; environmental humanities; environmental archaeology, and biodiversity heritage conservation. Gblerkpor is the Director of the “Shai Hills Archaeological Research Project (SHARP)” and the “Krobo Mountain Archaeological Project (KMAP).” He is currently coordinating a partnership research project between Ghana Forestry Commission (Wildlife Division) and the Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies at the University of Ghana, to establish a “Center for Archaeology, Culture and Biodiversity Conservation at Shai (CACBC-Shai).”
GEORGE INTSIFUL
DARCH, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 1989
George William Kofi Intsiful has taught at universities in Ghana, Liberia, the US, and Zimbabwe between 1979 and 2018. He was voted the Most Outstanding Professor at Tuskegee University in 1991, was the Acting Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Building Technology at the National University of Science and Technology in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe in 2000. Professor Intsiful was the Chair of the Department of Architecture at the KNUST from 2005 to 2009 and from 2011 to 2013. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Building Technology at KNUST from 2010 to 2011. Professor Intsiful is still teaching at KNUST and has been an External Examiner in Universities in Togo and Belgium. He has published various papers in renowned journals and written chapters in three books, including the Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Popular Culture. He has designed and supervised the construction of educational buildings, hotels and residential buildings across Ghana.
TIMOTHY JOHNSON
Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan
Timothy R.B. Johnson, MD served as Bates Professor of the Diseases of Women and Children and Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Michigan from 1993 to 2017. He is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor; Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Professor of Women’s Studies; Research Professor, Center for Human Growth and Development and a member of the Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine. His education and training have been at the University of Michigan, the University of Virginia and Johns Hopkins. After service in the US Air Force, he rejoined the Johns Hopkins faculty eventually to become Director of the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine. Since returning to Michigan in 1993, he oversaw a department whose national rankings reached #3 in USNWR rankings and top ten in NIH funding. A new world class $750M+ combined Mott Children’s and Von Voigtlander Women’s Hospitals opened in 2011. He has proven success in development, presiding over the establishment of 9 endowed professorships, 4 endowed lectures and 4 endowed resident/ fellow research funds in the department and a campaign that raised over $100M for the new Mott/VVWH Hospitals. He has a proven commitment and track-record of achievement in academic Diversity, Equity and Inclusion initiatives.
ELSIE EFFAH KAUFMANN
Senior Lecturer, Biomedical Engineering, University of Ghana
Elsie Effah Kaufmann is a senior lecturer and founding head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ghana. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE), a Master of Science in Engineering (MSE), and a PhD in Bioengineering, all from the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Following her graduate studies she received her postdoctoral training at Rutgers University before joining the University of Ghana in 2001. Dr. Effah Kaufmann was a member of the Planning Committee set up by the Academic Board of the University of Ghana to make proposals for establishing the Faculty of Engineering Sciences and was also a member of the three-person Implementation Committee set up by the Vice Chancellor following the submission and adoption of the Planning Committee’s report. She was appointed as the first Head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering in 2006.
NKEM KHUMBAH
Lecturer, Comprehensive Studies, University of Michigan
Nkem Khumbah is a lecturer of mathematics with the Comprehensive Studies Program at the University of Michigan who has been heavily involved with ASC’s STEM-Africa initiative. He is a main organizer for the biennial Buea International Conferences on the Mathematical Sciences, which brings global experts to Buea, Cameroon to discuss their research with peers across the continent.
DAVID LAM
Professor, Economics, University of Michigan
David Lam is Director of the Institute for Social Research, professor in the Department of Economics, and research professor in the Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan. He is Honorary Professor of Economics at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He received a MA in demography and a PhD in economics from the University of California, Berkeley. He has worked extensively in Brazil and South Africa, where his research analyzes links between education, labor markets, and income inequality. He has served as president of the Population Association of America and currently serves on the Council of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). He was a member of the Committee on Population of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and has served as an advisor or consultant to the World Bank, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the United Nations Population Division, the United Nations Development Program, and the South Africa Office of the Presidency.
MURRAY LEIBBRANDT
Professor, Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Murray Leibbrandt is the Pro Vice-Chancellor, Poverty and Inequality, at the University of Cape Town. He holds the National Research Foundation Research Chair in Poverty and Inequality Research. He is the Director of the Southern Africa Labor and Development Research Unit in UCT’s School of Economics. His research analyses South African poverty, inequality and labor market dynamics using survey data and, in particular, panel data. He is one of the Principal Investigators on the National Income Dynamics Study. In 2016 and early 2017 he served on the South African Deputy President’s Advisory Panel on the National Minimum Wage. He is a Senior Research Fellow of the World Institute for Development Economics (WIDER) and a Research Fellow of the Institute for Labor Economics.
ABRAHAM MENSAH
Associate Professor, Pharmacogsony, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
Abraham Yeboah Mensah is a foundation fellow of the Ghana College of Pharmacists, a fellow of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana, an associate professor in pharmacognosy, and the current head of the Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University and Technology (KNUST). He is the Ghanaian project leader for a German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD)/German Ministry of Education funded project for “Cultivation of plants containing bioactive ingredients for development of cosmetic products” under the broad theme: “Partnership for sustainable solutions with Sub-Saharan African (Phytochem SSA2015-33-074,- Teaching, Research and Product Development”). He is the coordinator of the Vice-Chancellor’s Central Laboratory project, which involves the purchase, installation and operation of modern scientific equipment for research activities. He attended Prempeh College for his secondary education and holds a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree from KNUST, Kumasi and a PhD in Pharmacognosy from the King’s College London (University of London).
INNOCENTIA (BRENDA) MHLAMBI
Associate Professor, African Languages, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
Innocentia J. Mhlambi is an associate professor in the Department of African Languages at the University of the Witwatersrand. She teaches African-language literatures, black film studies, popular culture, oral literature and visual culture. She is the author of African-language Literatures: Perspectives on isiZulu Fiction and Popular Black Television Series, a timely critical intervention into the aesthetic hiatus in the field. She has published extensively on aesthetics, literature, popular culture and media in South Africa. She was a fellow in the 2012-13 University of Michigan African Presidential Scholars Program and is currently studying black opera in post-1994 South Africa.
LESTER MONTS
Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Music, University of Michigan
Lester Monts is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Music (ethnomusicology). From 1993 until 2014, he served as senior vice provost for academic affairs and senior counselor to the president for the arts, diversity, and undergraduate affairs. He is currently director of the Michigan Musical Heritage Project that seeks to capture on film the state’s folk, ethnic, and immigrant music traditions. Monts received a bachelor’s in music education from Arkansas Polytechnic College, a master’s degree in trumpet performance from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and a doctorate in ethnomusicology from the University of Minnesota.
MOSES MUSAAZI
Professor, Engineering, Makerere University, Uganda
Moses Kizza Musaazi is a professor of engineering at Makerere University and the team leader of Technology for Tomorrow Ltd (T4T). He is an innovator, who is currently working on appropriate cook stoves and granaries for those with no financial means.
ELIZABETH NANSUBUGA
Professor, Population Studies, Makerere University, Uganda
Elizabeth Nansubuga is a faculty member in the Department of Population Studies - School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Uganda. She is a Population Scientist/ Demographer by training. She holds a PhD in Population Studies obtained from North West University, South Africa and an MSc. in Population and Reproductive Health obtained from Makerere University, Uganda. She has commendable knowledge and over 10 years’ research experience in population dynamics, and sexual and reproductive health. She is passionate about engaging in research that impacts policy and society. Specifically, her research interests are primarily geared towards improvement of maternal and child health, with a major focus on characterization of maternal near misses and male involvement in reproductive health. Her other research interests include HIV/AIDS, circumcision, gender, women empowerment, and adolescent health. Dr. Nansubuga’s work is published in internationally recognized peer-reviewed journals and she has presented her work in different international fora/conferences. She is a recipient of several prestigious fellowships, including the University of Michigan African Presidential Scholars Program (UMAPS), Population Reference Bureau (PRB) - Policy Communication Fellow, USAID – Demographic Health Survey (DHS) Fellow, APHRC - African Doctoral Dissertation Fellow among others. She has done consultancy work for several national and international organizations in the area of population and reproductive health. She is a member of several professional associations such as Public Health Association of South Africa (PHASA), Population Association of America (PAA), International Epidemiological Association (IEA), and Union for African Population Studies (UAPS). She is currently a panel member of the UAPS Gender Panel (2018- 2020); and is also a member of the National Task Force -- Health Sector geared towards enabling Uganda achieve a demographic dividend.
ANNET OGUTTU
Professor, Law, University of South Africa
Annet Wanyana Oguttu is a professor of tax law and the tax law subject head in the College of Law at the University of South Africa. She holds a Doctorate in Tax law (UNISA - 2008), which was followed by Post-Doctoral Studies at the University of Michigan, USA - 2009; a Masters in Tax law (UNISA - 2001); LLB degree (Makerere University - 1993); a Higher Diploma in International Tax Law (University of Johannesburg -2008) and a Post Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice (Makerere University Hill - 1994). Professor Oguttu is a visiting professor at the University of Pretoria and the University of Johannesburg, and has lectured on international tax law at the African Tax Institute. In 2015, she was invited to present a lecture on “Tax base erosion and profit shifting in the context of African tax treaties” at the Academy of Public Finance, Vienna University of Economy and Business in Austria. Professor Oguttu is a rated researcher of South Africa’s National Research Foundation, which acknowledges her as an “established researcher,” recognized by peers as having a sustained a recent record of publications that shows ongoing engagement in the field of international tax law.
NKECHI OWOO
Lecturer, Economics, University of Ghana
Nkechi S. Owoo is a senior lecturer in the department of economics at the University of Ghana. In her current position, Dr. Owoo teaches courses in Micro- and Macro-economics at the undergraduate level. She also lectures in Health Economics and Applied Econometrics at the graduate level. Dr. Owoo has a specialization in spatial econometrics and her research focuses on microeconomic issues in developing countries, including household behavior, health, agriculture, gender issues and population and demographic economics. Dr. Owoo’s work has been accepted for presentation at high profile meetings such as the Population Association of America (PAA), Global Development Network (GDN) conference, the World Bank-Paris School of Economics ABCA conference, the PopPov conference and the CSAE conference, among others. Dr. Owoo received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Ghana in 2006, and received a Master’s degree in Economics from Clark University in 2009. She completed her PhD in Economics from Clark University, MA, USA in 2012.
DEREK PETERSON
Professor, History, Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan
Derek R. Peterson is professor of history and African studies at the University of Michigan (USA). He is the author of two books, most recently Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival (2012), which won the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association. He has edited or co-edited seven books, including The Politics of Heritage in Africa: Economies, Histories, Infrastructures (2015), co-edited with Ciraj Rassool and Kodzo Gavua. In 2016 Peterson was elected Fellow of the British Academy and awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in African Studies; in 2017 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. He is currently writing a book about Uganda under the government of Idi Amin.
ANNE PITCHER
Professor, Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan
Anne Pitcher’s research comparatively examines the political economy of urban residential development, the distribution of goods under authoritarianism, and the role of regulatory agencies in Africa. She has undertaken extensive fieldwork in Mozambique, Angola, South Africa, and Zambia. In addition, she has built a dataset on the characteristics of privatization agencies in 29 African countries and is also currently geo-coding all the residential projects that have been completed in Luanda, Angola. Her book, Party Politics and Economic Reform in Africa’s Democracies (Cambridge, 2012) won Honorable Mention for best book award from the African Politics Conference Group, an organized section of the American Political Science Association and the ASA. She has also recently published articles in the Journal of Public Policy and African Affairs. She has been awarded a fellowship for 2018 from the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study in South Africa to undertake a comparative study of urban residential development in Luanda and Nairobi. She is the immediate past President of the African Studies Association.
CIRAJ RASSOOL
Professor, History, University of Western Cape
Ciraj Rassool is professor of history at the University of the Western Cape and directs its African Programme in Museum and Heritage Studies. He has published widely in the fields of political biography, museum and heritage studies and memory politics. His latest books are The Politics of Heritage in Africa: Economies, Histories and Infrastructures (Cambridge University Press, New York 2015), co-edited with Derek Peterson and Kodzo Gavua, and Unsettled History: Making South African Public Pasts (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2017), written with Leslie Witz and Gary Minkley. He has been on the boards of the District Six Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) and the National Heritage Council. He continues to serve on the board of the South African History Archive and on the Human Remains Advisory Committee of the Minister of Arts and Culture as well as the Archaeology, Palaeontology, Meteorites, Burial Sites and Heritage Objects Permit Committee of SAHRA. Internationally, he has chaired the Scientific Committee of the International Council of African Museums, and serves on the High Level Museums Advisory Committee of UNESCO, as well as the International Advisory Board of the Luschan Collection, Berlin.
MARK SCHLISSEL
President, University of Michigan
Mark S. Schlissel is the 14th president of the University of Michigan and the first physician-scientist to lead the institution. He became president in July 2014. President Schlissel previously was provost of Brown University, where he was responsible for all academic programmatic and budgetary functions within Brown’s schools and colleges, as well as the libraries, research institutes and centers. A graduate of Princeton University (AB, summa cum laude, 1979, Biochemical Sciences), he earned both MD and PhD degrees at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1986, Physiological Chemistry). He did his residency training in internal medicine at Hopkins Hospital and conducted postdoctoral research as a Bristol-Myers Cancer Research Fellow under David Baltimore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Whitehead Institute. His research has focused on the developmental biology of B lymphocytes, the cell type in the immune system that secretes antibodies. His work has contributed to a detailed understanding of genetic factors involved in the production of antibodies and how mistakes in that process can lead to leukemia and lymphoma. He is the author or co-author of over 100 scientific papers and has trained 21 successful doctoral candidates in his lab.
Professor, Life Sciences, University of Michigan
David Sherman is Hans W. Vahlteich Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and serves as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education in the College of Pharmacy; he is also a Research Professor in the Life Sciences Institute and Professor of Chemistry and Microbiology & Immunology. Professor Sherman received his PhD from Columbia University and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Yale University and MIT before joining the faculty at U-M. Professor Sherman’s research explores the biochemical pathways of marine microorganisms with the goal of finding new drug candidates for infectious diseases and cancers. He collects samples from marine and terrestrial sources around the world to build an extensive library of natural chemical compounds with potential disease-fighting capability.
RAYMOND SILVERMAN
Professor, History of Art, African Studies and Museum Studies, University of Michigan
Raymond Silverman is professor of history of art, African studies and museum studies at the University of Michigan. As a historian of visual culture, his research and writing explore the historical and contemporary visual practices of Ethiopia and Ghana. He is particularly interested in the movement of ideas and objects through space and time and the ways in which the transfer of knowledge shapes societies. Silverman’s recent work focuses on the visual culture of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. His books include Ethiopia: Traditions of Creativity (University of Washington Press, 1999) and Painting Ethiopia: The Life and Work of Qes Adamu Tesfaw (Fowler Museum, UCLA, 2005). He is currently wrapping up work on a monograph titled, Icons of Devotion/Icons of Trade: Contemporary Painting and the Orthodox Church in Ethiopia. Professor Silverman also works in the field of critical museum and heritage studies, exploring “museum culture” in Africa, specifically how local knowledge is translated in national and community-based cultural institutions. He recently edited a collection of essays on this theme, Museum as Process: Translating Local and Global Knowledges (Routledge, 2015), and is now editing a volume that examines the significance of national museums in/for contemporary Africa. In addition to academic projects, he has curated exhibitions, and is currently working on an exhibition of contemporary arts in metal for the Ghana National Museum. He also has been collaborating with colleagues in the city of Techiman, in central Ghana, to develop the community’s first cultural center.
MICHAEL SUDARKASA
BA, History, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, 1988
Michael Sudarkasa is the CEO of Africa Business Group (ABG, www.abghq.com), a South Africa-based continentally active, African economic development company. Founded in 2005, ABG focuses on three key areas: 1) economic and business development consulting, 2) agriculture and renewable energy projects, and 3) capacity development in the areas of private sector development, trade and investment within Africa and between Africa and the global business community. ABG’s key sectoral areas of focus are agriculture/agribusiness and renewable energy/energy efficiency. A U.S. commercial attorney by training, Mr. Sudarkasa has lived, travelled, and worked in 50 countries around the world (including 35 in Africa) and is the author of several publications, including: The African Union Commission’s Africa Business Directory: Toward the Facilitation of Growth, Partnership and Global Inclusion (African Union, 2014), A Field Guide to Inclusive Business Finance (UNDP 2012) and Investing in Africa: An Insider’s Guide to the Ultimate Emerging Market (John Wiley & Sons, August 2000). Currently a Doctoral Student in the Management Faculty of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, Mr. Sudarkasa received his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School and his BA degree from the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
WUBALEM TADESSE
Director, Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute
Wubalem Tadesse Wondifraw has 29 years of professional experience in forestry development and research in various government ministries, research institutions and regions with different responsibilities. From October 2001 to September 2008 he served in the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) as researcher coordinating different research projects and programs, and from September 2008 to May 2014 he was Director of Forestry Research at the institute. In May 2015 he was appointed Director General of the Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI). His academic qualifications are a PhD in Forest Genetics (1997-2001) from Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain, and a MSc and BSc in Forestry (1983-1988) from Pinar del Río University, Cuba. Dr. Wubalem Tadesse has conducted research projects on plantation forestry, non-timber forest products (mainly on natural gum and resin resources) and wood products characterization. He has advised numerous MSc and PhD students and published his research in journals, book chapters, proceedings, manuals, etc. He has actively participated on different collaboration research projects with international partner research institutes and universities of several countries.
ZEWDU JIMA TAKLE
Lecturer, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College
Zewdu Jima Takle is a lecturer in the Department of Physiology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College in Ethiopia and a 2017-18 UMAPS Scholar. He holds an MSc degree in Physiology from Addis Ababa University and a BSc in Physiotherapy from University of Gondar. Zewdu is a doctoral candidate researching “The Molecular Signaling Mechanisms in the Vessel Wall after Stroke and Pathways Mediated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF).” His research interests include vascular biology and neuroscience. His UMAPS mentor is Professor Daniel Lawrence, Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School.
OPHELIA WEEKS
President, University of Liberia
Ophelia Weeks was named President of the University of Liberia (UL) in 2017. She previously served as UL’s Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the T.J.R. Faulkner College of Science and Technology, among other administrative positions at the university. Dr. Weeks is a neuroscientist who spent more than 30 years on the faculty of Florida International University, where she received many university awards. Since 2006, she was also a faculty member at the University of Liberia’s A.M. Dogliotti School of Medicine.
KRISTA WIGGINTON
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan
Krista Rule Wigginton is an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Michigan. Prior to joining the faculty at UM, she was an assistant professor at the University of Maryland, College Park from 2011-2012. Her research focuses on applications of environmental biotechnology in drinking water and wastewater treatment. In particular, her research group develops new methods to detect and analyze the fate of emerging pollutants in the environment. Dr. Wigginton received her BS degree in Chemistry from the University of Idaho, and her MS and PhD degrees in Environmental Engineering from Virginia Tech. After completing her PhD degree, she worked as a postdoctoral researcher at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland from 2008-2011.
Horace W. Davenport Collegiate Professor of Physiology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
Following 15 years on the faculty at the University of California San Francisco, John Williams has been at Michigan for 30 years as professor of physiology and internal medicine and served 20 years as Chair of the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology. He is currently the Horace W Davenport Professor of Physiology. At Michigan he has also participated as a Core Leader and Associate Director in the Gastrointestinal and Diabetes Center. He is active in teaching first year medical students and currently is Co-leader of the Gastrointestinal sequence. He is the author of over 400 publications most of which deal with the pancreas and its regulation by gastrointestinal hormones. He has mentored over 70 trainees at all educational levels. Many former trainees are Professors, Division Chiefs and Departmental Chairs around the world. He has been Editor or Associate Editor of five prominent journals and is the founding Editor of the Pancreapedia, an open access electronic knowledge base for the Exocrine pancreas. He has also served as President of two scientific societies, the American Physiological Society and the American Pancreatic Association. He is the recipient of a number of awards including lifetime achievement awards. He is now phasing towards Emeritus status but expects to continue his academic work.
HERBERT WINFUL
Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
Herbert Winful is a native of Ghana and an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He earned a BS degree in electrical engineering from MIT and a PhD from the University of Southern California. He then spent six years conducting research in fiber optics and semiconductor laser physics at GTE Laboratories in Waltham, Massachusetts. He joined the University of Michigan in 1987 as an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science and was promoted to full professor four years later. His international activities in education have included teaching at Cape Coast University in Ghana, the Shanghai Jiao Tung University in China, and the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Italy. From 2011 to 2017 he served as Principal Investigator on the University of Michigan’s portion of a USAID-funded effort to rebuild Liberia’s higher education programs in engineering and agriculture. He has made fundamental contributions to nonlinear optics, the nonlinear dynamics of coupled lasers, and the physics of quantum tunneling.
AHMED ZEKERIA
Museum Studies, Addis Ababa University
Ahmed Zekeria is a museum professional based in Addis Ababa, who has done extensive research on the Harar shrines in Ethiopia. He received his MPhil in anthropology from Oxford.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line533
|
__label__cc
| 0.692287
| 0.307713
|
Last updated on: 1/19/2017 | Author: ProCon.org
Daniel E. Martinez, PhD Biography
Assistant Professor and Associate Director of the Cisneros Hispanic Leadership Institute at George Washington University
Pro to the question "Should the Government Allow Immigrants Who Are Here Illegally to Become US Citizens?"
“Family reunification is the first tenet of immigration law. Any discussion to regularize the millions of children and young adults that arrive with their parents must include provisions to keep families together [including providing] paths to citizenship for family members of U.S. citizens already living and working in the United States…
Increasing paths to citizenship and legal opportunities to migrate would begin to disentangle migration flows from the informal economy, making unauthorized migration less profitable for smuggling networks. This makes border communities in both Mexico and the United States safer.”
Cowritten with Jeremy Slack, Scott Whiteford, and Emily Peiffer, “In the Shadow of the Wall: Family Separation, Immigration Enforcement and Security,” Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Arizona, Mar. 1, 2013
Associate Director, Cisneros Hispanic Leadership Institute, George Washington University, July 2016-present
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, George Washington University, Aug. 2013-present
Recipient, Morris Rosenberg Award for Outstanding Sociological Achievement, District of Columbia Sociological Society, 2016
Adjunct Lecturer, The Catholic University of America, Jan. 2012-Aug. 2013
Teaching/Research Assistant, University of Arizona, Aug. 2004-May 2013
PhD, Sociology, University of Arizona, 2013
MA, Sociology, University of Arizona, 2008
MS, Mexican American Studies, University of Arizona, 2007
BA, Business Economics and Spanish, St. Cloud State University, 2004
Does Illegal Immigration Relate to Higher Crime Incidence?
ProCon.org. (2017, January 20). Daniel E. Martinez, PhD. Retrieved from https://immigration.procon.org/source-biographies/daniel-e-martinez/
ProCon.org, "Daniel E. Martinez, PhD," ProCon.org. last modified January 20, 2017. https://immigration.procon.org/source-biographies/daniel-e-martinez/.
ProCon.org, "Daniel E. Martinez, PhD." ProCon.org. 20 Jan. 2017, immigration.procon.org/source-biographies/daniel-e-martinez/
ProCon.org. "Daniel E. Martinez, PhD." ProCon.org. Last modified on January 20, 2017. Accessed January 15, 2021. https://immigration.procon.org/source-biographies/daniel-e-martinez/
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line535
|
__label__wiki
| 0.982831
| 0.982831
|
ʿALĪ KHAN ḤĀJEB-AL-DAWLA
ʿALĪ KHAN MARĀḠAʾĪ ḤĀJEB-AL-DAWLA, ḤĀJJĪ, Qajar official (1222-84/1807-08 to 1867). The son of Ḥosayn Khan Moqaddam Marāḡaʾī, when still a child he entered as ḡolām-bača into the service of the future king Moḥammad Mīrzā, son of the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā, when the latter was governor of Marāḡa. In 1250/1834, when Moḥammad Mīrzā was named crown prince, ʿAlī Khan was made his master of the wardrobe (ṣandūqdār); when he acceded to the throne in the same year, ʿAlī Khan was appointed chief of the royal household (ḵᵛānsālār). There he had close connections with Moḥammad Shah’s mother and with one of his wives, Mahd-e ʿOlyā, the mother of the future Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah. He is said to have concluded contracts of temporary marriage (moṭʿa) with each of them during different pilgrimages to Mecca (Bāmdād, Reǰāl V, p. 288, and II, pp. 375-76). Disgraced in 1261/1845, he sought sanctuary in Qom, but was removed by force on the shah’s order. He was saved on payment of 20,000 tomans and exiled to Transoxania. After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he returned with Moḥammad Shah’s mother to Tabrīz, where they contacted Mahd-e ʿOlyā. When she assumed the regency for 100 days after Moḥammad Shah’s death in 1264/1848, she appointed ʿAlī Khan her chief administrator (nāẓer) and tax collector for Gīlān.
Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah left ʿAlī Khan in office; his prime minister, Mīrzā Taqī Khan Farāhānī Amīr(-e) Kabīr, appointed ʿAlī Khan farrāš-bāšī (equivalent to court minister). After deposing Amīr Kabīr in the autumn of 1268/1851, the shah ordered his murder and ʿAlī Khan volunteered to carry out the sentence. As a result, the formula “murderer of Amīr Kabīr” is added to ʿAlī Khan’s name whenever he is mentioned by modern writers. After the Bābī attempt on the shah’s life in 1268/1852, ʿAlī Khan helped to arrest Ḥosayn ʿAlī Nūrī, chief of the Bahāʾī branch of Bābīs; his reward was the title Ḥāǰeb-al-dawla. Since Ḥosayn ʿAlī Nūrī was a relative of Āqā Khan Nūrī, the new prime minister, the latter was at least temporarily on hostile terms with ʿAlī Khan; later they cooperated closely. As chief of the royal household ʿAlī Khan was, next to the prime minister, the most powerful official in the state. ʿAlī Khan’s close connections with the prime minister eventually turned against him. Three days after Āqā Khan Nūrī’s deposal in Moḥarram, 1275/August, 1859, ʿAlī Khan was also removed from office, on the pretext of having embezzled public funds. A year later ʿAlī Khan was pardoned on the intercession of Mahd-e ʿOlyā and appointed governor of Ḵūzestān with the title Żīāʾ-al-molk. In 1277/1860-61 he was allowed to return to Tehran; he was reinstated as court minister (wazīr-e darbār) and became a member of the state council (dār-al-šūrā-ye dawlatī). From 1278/1861-62 to 1281/1864-65 he served as minister of justice (wazīr-e ʿadlīya) and in 1279/1862-63 was granted the title Eʿtemād-al-salṭana; in 1282/1865-66 he was appointed minister of pious foundations (wazīr-e waẓāyef va awqāf) and in 1283/1866-67 he was also made governor of the province of Hamadān. He died in Tehran on 30 Rabīʿ I 1284/1 August 1867 and was buried at Qom.
Partly on the shah’s orders and partly on his own initiative, ʿAlī Khan was one of the most active builders of his time, including a number of palaces in the citadel (Arg) of Tehran (Ḵᵛābgāh, ʿEmārat-e Bādgīr, Ḥammām-e Čahār Ḥawz-e Andarūn), and at Dūšān Tapa, Salṭanatābād, Nīāvarān, and on the Jāǰ-rūd. In Tehran he built forty police stations (qarāvol-ḵāna), a military hospital, and a number of factories. Outside of the capital he was as active as inside. His sons served in high government positions; the most famous of them was Moḥammad Ḥasan Khan Eʿtemād-al-salṭana, author of a number of valuable source books on Qajar history.
Eʿtemād-al-salṭana, Rūz-nāma-ye ḵāṭerāt, ed. Ī. Afšār, Tehran, 1345 Š./1966.
Idem, Ṣadr al-tawārīḵ, ed. M. Moḥsen, Tehran, 1349 Š./1970, pp. 11, 244.
Idem, Tārīḵ-emontaẓam-e Nāṣerī, Tehran, 1299/1881, III, p. 196.
Idem, Ketāb al-maʾāṯer wa’l-āṯār, Tehran, 1306/1888-89, pp. 54-59 (chapt. X on the buildings of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah).
R. Hedāyat, Rawżat al-ṣafā-ye Nāṣerī, Tehran, 1338-39 Š./1959-60, X, pp. 811-16 (buildings of ʿAlī Khan).
M. J. Ḵormūǰī, Ḥaqāyeq al-aḵbār-e Nāṣerī, ed. Ḥ. Ḵadīv Jam, Tehran, n.d., pp. 116, 191, 240, 252, 284.
Bāmdād, Reǰāl II, pp. 374-79.
(H. Busse)
Last Updated: August 1, 2011
Vol. I, Fasc. 8, pp. 867-868
Cite this entry:
H. Busse, “ʿALĪ KHAN ḤĀJEB-AL-DAWLA,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 867-868, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-khan-hajeb-dawla (accessed on 30 December 2012).
0 TAGS ADD A TAG
0 COMMENTS on ʿALĪ KHAN ḤĀJEB-AL-DAWLA
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line536
|
__label__wiki
| 0.75302
| 0.75302
|
ENOCH, BOOKS OF
ENOCH, BOOKS OF, attributed to the seventh antediluvian biblical patriarch Enoch (Genesis 5.21-24), which show Iranian influence. Judging from the number of citations and allusions to Enochic “books” and “apocalypses,” many such works circulated among Jewish and Christian groups during the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. Ancient estimates of Enoch’s books range from Ṭabarī’s “thirty scrolls” (I, pp. 173-74) to the assuredly fantastic “360 books” (variant “366”) of 2 Enoch (“short” 10.7). Only two indubitably Enochic books have been recovered to date, conventionally designated 1 Enoch and 2 Enoch (the so-called “3 Enoch” is a modern misnomer).
Since 1 Enoch’s complete text survives only in an Ethiopic translation, it is sometimes referred to as “the Ethiopic Book of Enoch.” Fragments of earlier versions have been discovered in Greek, Syriac, and Latin, but the most important textual witnesses to the origin and growth of 1 Enoch were found among the Qomrān Aramaic manuscripts, some of which reportedly date to the 3rd or even 4th century B.C.E. (Milik, 1976). In its present state, 1 Enoch includes at least five separate compositions loosely joined to one another and sharing a common perception of Enoch as an exemplary righteous individual who was granted access to heavenly mysteries regarding the governance of the cosmos, the progression of history, and the final judgment of the created order. If the Qomrān fragments are dated accurately, 1 Enoch is the earliest specimen of Jewish apocalyptic.
Since neither recension (“short” and “long”) of 2 Enoch survives except only in Old Slavonic, it is often referred to as “the Slavonic Book of Enoch.” Most scholars now hold that the “short” version is older and that the “long” version is an expansion incorporating interpolations that are mostly Christian. Nonetheless, these expansions might preserve some genuine ancient traditions (Andersen, pp. 93-94). Even in its present form, 2 Enoch shows clearly that it was originally Greek or even Semitic. Some have plausibly argued that it was written around the turn of the Christian era in Syria, Palestine, or Egypt (Morfill and Charles, p. xv; Forbes and Charles, pp. 426-29; Greenfield, p. xviii; Andersen, pp. 94-97). The book is distinguished by an intense interest in cosmogony and cosmology and foreshadows features of later Jewish Hekhalot literature and classical gnostic cosmogonies.
The difficulties in identifying Iranian influences upon the Enochic corpus are aggravated by disputes concerning the dating of Zoroastrian sources and doctrinal developments. The nascent dualism (between the divine and earthly spheres) of 1 Enoch, its developed angelology, concern with an other-worldly origin for evil and its eschatological consequences, and interest in the periodization of world epochs may reflect Iranian speculations but do not require such an explanation (Boyce, Zoroastrianism III, pp. 415-16, 420, 432-34). Winston calls attention to 1 Enoch (18.3ff.; 21.3ff.), descriptions of the punishment of seven stars who disobeyed God, suggesting that this motif of the seven rebellious luminaries reflects either the “usual list” of seven principal Zoroastrian daēvas or the Zurvanite idea that the seven planets are the seed of Ahriman (pp. 192-93). Perhaps a more plausible explanation would be that it is a survival of the Babylonian sebetti “the seven,” demonic beings sometimes identified with the Pleiades (von Soden, p. 1033). Winston (p. 191) also notes 1 Enoch 80.2 (“But in the days of the sinners the years will become shorter . . .,” Knibb, p. 269) as a possible instance of Iranian influence, a suggestion strengthened by the presence of the motif of eschatological “time-compression” in the Oracles of Hystaspes (Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, 7.16.10).
Attention has also been devoted to possible Iranian influences in 2 Enoch. Concerning 2 Enoch 58.4-6 (“short” 15.4-6), in which the souls of animals accuse their human abusers before God’s throne, R. H. Charles observed that the closest parallels to such a conception are in Zoroastrian literature (Morfill and Charles, p. xv; Forbes and Charles, p. 464; Pines, 1971, col. 798). Other possible parallels have been identified by Winston (pp. 196-202), Pines (1970, 1971), and Boyce (Zoroastrianism III, pp. 427-32). Winston mentions the imagery of light and darkness (“long,” 30.8), creation depicted as the emergence of visible forms from an invisible (mēnōg?) prior state of existence (“long,” 24.2, 30.10, 48.5, 51.5, 65.1, 6), the creation of the first human being from seven elements (“long,” 30.8), the identification of the primal couple’s sin as a lack of knowledge (“long,” 30.16, 31.7), and a concern with cosmic periodization (“long,” 33.1-2), although the 7,000-year duration of the world given in 2 Enoch does not correspond with Zoroastrian systems. Pines has argued for a close similarity in the conception of time set forth in 2 Enoch and Zoroastrian works (see also Shaked, pp. 320-21). According to 2 Enoch (“short,” 17.1 ff.), the first created being is the so-called “age of creation,” brought forth for human benefit divided into years, seasons, months, days, and hours. At the end of the world’s duration, these temporal divisions will disappear and the “age of creation” will be transformed into the “great age” or “single age,” i.e., undifferentiated time. Pines proposed (1970, pp. 77-81; 1971, col. 798) that this scheme reflects a similar Zoroastrian conception of the relationship between Finite Time (zamān ī kanāragōmand) and Infinite Time (zamān ī akanāragōmand). Perhaps the most intriguing suggestion involves parallels between the narrative framework of Enoch’s journey through the heavens and that of the Zoroastrian Book of Ardā Wīrāz (q.v.; Boyce, Zoroastrianism III, pp. 429-32).
While Enochic works circulated widely among Jewish, Christian, and even Muslim communities within the Iranian cultural sphere, they seem to have exerted little if any influence upon native Iranian traditions. The only clear example of undoubted dependence is that of Mani and his adherents. Ever since the basic study of Isaac de Beausobre (Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme, Amsterdam, 1734-39), scholars have speculated that Mani may have relied on one or more “books of Enoch.” The publication of Coptic and Middle Iranian Manichean texts has confirmed such suspicions (Henning, 1934; idem, 1943; Sundermann, 1973, pp. 76-78; idem, 1984). Lately new manuscript discoveries and studies (Milik, 1971; idem, 1976; Tubach) have proven Mani’s direct and fundamental dependence on Jewish Enochic sources such as 1 and 2 Enoch and the Qomrān Book of Giants for the development and even the genesis of Manichean ideology (Reeves, 1991; idem, 1992; see also AḴNŪḴ where the influence of Enoch books on Mani and Manicheism is discussed in more detail).
Bibliography (for cited works not given in detail, see “Short References”):
F. I. Andersen, “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch,” in J. H. Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha I, Garden City, 1983, pp. 91-221.
N. Forbes and R. H. Charles, “2 Enoch, or the Book of the Secrets of Enoch,” in R. H. Charles, ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1913, II, pp. 425-69.
J. C. Greenfield, “Prolegomenon,” in H. Odeberg, 3 Enoch or the Hebrew Book of Enoch, New York, 1973.
W. B. Henning, “Ein manichäisches Henochbuch,” SPAW, 1934, pp. 27-35.
Idem, “The Book of the Giants,” BSO(A)S 11, 1943, pp. 52-74.
M. A. Knibb, “1 Enoch,” in H. F. D. Sparks, ed., The Apocryphal Old Testament, Oxford, 1984, pp. 169-319.
J. T. Milik, “Turfan et Qumran: Livre des Géants juifs et manichéens,” in Tradition und Glaube: Das frühe Christentum in seiner Umwelt, Göttingen, 1971, pp. 117-27.
Idem, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4, Oxford, 1976.
W. R. Morfill and R. H. Charles, The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Oxford, 1896.
S. Pines, “Eschatology and the Concept of Time in the Slavonic Book of Enoch,” in R. J. Z. Werblowsky and C. J. Bleeker, eds., Types of Redemption: Contributions to the Theme of the Study-Conference Held at Jerusalem 14th to 19th July 1968, Leiden, 1970, pp. 72-87.
Idem, “Enoch, Slavonic Book of,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica VI, Jerusalem, 1971, cols. 797-99.
J. C. Reeves, “An Enochic Motif in Manichaean Tradition,” in A. van Tongerloo and S. Giversen, eds., Manichaica Selecta: Studies Presented to Professor Julien Ries on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, Lovanii, 1991, pp. 295-98.
Idem, Jewish Lore in Manichaean Cosmogony: Studies in the Book of Giants Traditions, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992.
S. Shaked, “Iranian Influence on Judaism: First Century B.C.E. to Second Century C.E.,” in W. D. Davies and L. Finkelstein, eds., The Cambridge History of Judaism I, Cambridge, 1984, pp. 308-25.
W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, Wiesbaden, 1965-81.
W. Sundermann, Mittelpersische und parthische kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichäer, Berlin, 1973.
Idem, “Ein weiteres Fragment aus Mani Gigantenbuch,” in Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, Leiden, 1984, pp. 491-505.
J. Tubach, “Spuren des astronomischen Henochbuches bei den Manichäern Mittelasiens,” in P. O. Scholz and R. Stempel, eds., Nubia et Oriens Christianus: Festschrift für C. Detlef G. Müller zum 60. Geburtstag, Köln, 1988, pp. 73-95.
D. Winston, “The Iranian Component in the Bible, Apocrypha, and Qumran. A Review of the Evidence,” History of Religions 5, 1966, pp. 183-216.
(J. C. Reeves)
Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5, pp. 453-455
1 TAG ADD A TAG
0 COMMENTS on ENOCH, BOOKS OF
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line537
|
__label__wiki
| 0.656939
| 0.656939
|
Walking the Walbrook, Londons forgotten river
inspiringcity April 28, 2013 May 5, 2020 History Articles, London History
Once upon a time there was a small port town which grew up either side of a small river in southern England. That town, then known as Londinium, would become a major trading port for the Northern Roman Empire and the river would play a significant role in making the settlement possible.
The sighting of the town was ideal because the Thames estuary provided a perfect thoroughfare for goods from all over the known world. Our little port needed access to the Thames but the river at the heart of that old settlement is what became to be called the Walbrook.
Old Roman London grew up around the banks of the river which rose in the swampy area now better known as Shoreditch and which drained into the Thames at the modern day Walbrook Wharf just down from Cannon Street station. It was ideal, the river provided water and sewerage disposal for ancient Roman settlers looking for the ideal spot on which to found a new port.
Later on the city grew and a wall was erected around the perimeter of the city. The river came through the wall between the gates of Bishopsgate and Moorgate and it is believed by some that, it is this transit through the old Roman wall, which gives rise to the name Walbrook.
Now the Walbrook is barely known. Covered up over the years so that as the city grew, traces of the river disappeared, at least on the surface. Now the river is subterranean and plays it’s role as part of the sewerage network of modern day London.
So this blog post is going to attempt to trace the route of the Walbrook. Traces can still be hinted at in the landscape and place names of the city as well as by consulting contemporary sources so with that in mind the plan is to put those together and walk the river overground, from it’s source to it’s mouth.
The first place to start is in the area of Shoreditch. This whole area was marshland and had a number of natural springs which drained into and which became the Walbrook. It’s difficult to know exactly the exact source but there are clues in the names of the area, not least on Holywell Lane. In mediaeval times a priory grew up around here and the Holywell was a notable fresh water source within it’s grounds. Tributaries also would have fed into the Walbrook from around the area which later became known as the Moorfields.
The river followed the line of the modern day curtain road into the city passing along Appold Street and through Broadgate Circus eventually coming through the wall near to where All Hallows church is now on London Wall.
Once through the wall the river passed by the church of St Margarets Lothbury (one of the churches from the oranges and lemons song) and under the modern day Bank of England. It would have cut across the Bank junction and down the modern day road actually called ‘Walbrook’.
Now there is a major dig happening at the site of the now demolished Bucklersbury House. The site is a rare opportunity to explore an area of old Roman London which not only sat on the banks off the Walbrook but bang in the middle of the old city. It was here that the Temple of Mithras was discovered in the 1950’s and the large scale excavation happened now is unearthing some incredible finds.
Looking down from Walbrook the line of the river follows Dowgate. Looking towards the street from a northerly approach it is possible to identify that this sloping street leading past Cannon Street station may indeed have led to it’s outlet at the Thames. From Cannon street itself anyone looking towards the line of river would notice a dip in the lay of the land which again points to topographical evidence for the former route of the river.
Another point of interest close to the route of the river is a fragment of the old London stone which used to stand where the entrance to the station is now. This was the point from which Roman London calculated distance to and from the city. Now though only a fragment of the stone remains hidden behind a grate next to WH Smiths. If this were indeed a true relic of Roman London then it’s original position would have been prominent at the junction of the Thames and Walbrook leading into the city.
The Walbrook now spills out from Walbrook Wharf by the ‘Banker’ pub. You can walk straight down and actually get to the shore of the Thames from here. The outfall can be seen at low tide just under the bridge. Back in Roman times of course this would have been a real estuary and the banks of the Thames would have come further inland than it does now, probably the bank would have been a lot closer to modern day Upper Thames Street.
There are lots of other great sources about the Walbrook to be found and some of them are below.
In search of the Walbrook – Spitalfields Life
The Walbrook Discovery Program – Museum of London
Walbrook River – History
The River Walbrook – London Geezer
Previous Artista adds fun and colour to Shoreditch walls
Next The Art of Blackall Street
david k. holdsworth says:
What an interesting account of the ancient river course,been on the latter part myself.
dianajhale says:
Thanks for this – I shall follow your route sometime!
Pingback: Digging up King Johns Court, Crossrail excavations in Stepney Green | Inspiring City
Pingback: Digging up King Johns Court, Crossrail excavations in Stepney Green | Steal Mag
Pingback: A Historic and Cultural Walking Tour of the East End of London | Inspiring City
John Main says:
I think the source or one of the sources is at the end of French Place.We tend to think of Holy Wells as indicating a hole-fed by an underground spring.It was probably a small stone enclosed pond fed by small streams, which in turn became the The Walbrook stream flowing into the marshy area we now call Moorfields.This in turn was also a catchment area for streams flowing from the eastern side of Islington & Highbury.It then became the the Walbrook River as it flowed out towards the Thames.
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line538
|
__label__wiki
| 0.791693
| 0.791693
|
Azerbaijan has revealed the number of casualties sustained by its military personnel during the recent 44-day war with Armenia over the breakaway Nagorno-Karabakh region.The Interior Ministry said in a On December 2, Armenian Health Ministry officials told RFE/RL that the remains of 2,718 servicemen killed in the war had been examined by medical personnel, adding that the bodies of Azerbaijani soldiers could be among the corpses.De facto officials of the Nagorno-Karabakh region have said that 1,741 Armenian soldiers and officers killed in the war had been identified so far.The office of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev announced on December 3 that November 8, the day when Azerbaijani troops regained control over the key Nagorno-Karabakh city of Susa (Shushi in Armenian), will be marked each year as Victory Day.A previous proposal to commemorate Victory Day on November 10, the day when the war was ended through a Russia-brokered truce, has been reconsidered as it coincides with the Ataturk Memorial Day in Turkey, the president’s office said. Ankara openly supported Azerbaijan during the war.Nagorno-Karabakh is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but the ethnic Armenians who make up most of the population reject Azerbaijani rule.They have been governing their own affairs, with support from Armenia, since Azerbaijan’s troops and ethnic Azeri civilians were forced out of the region in a war that ended in a cease-fire in 1994.
previous:Relief Agencies Prepare Aid for Ethiopia’s Tigray Region
next:Former French President Giscard D’estaing Dies of COVID
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line540
|
__label__wiki
| 0.750126
| 0.750126
|
John Howe Peyton's Montgomery Hall
Enslaved Community
William Madison Peyton (1804-1868)
William Madison Peyton, son of John Howe Peyton and his first wife, Susan Smith Madison, was born in September, 1804 in Montgomery County, Virginia. He died February 16, 1868 in Montgomery County, Virginia at the home of his brother-in-law, Alexander P. Eskridge. Peyton attended Staunton Academy, Princeton, and Yale. Until he came of age, his father managed the land, money, and enslaved people from his late mother’s estate. He married Sally Anne Eliza Taylor, (1807-1881), a daughter of Judge Allen Taylor, March 6, 1826 in Staunton, Virginia. Peyton practiced law for a short time in Staunton, lived in Bath County, Virginia, Botetourt County, Virginia, and eventually settled at Elmwood (now Elmwood Park) in Roanoke County, Virginia. Peyton served in the Virginia House of Delegates in the late 1830s, representing the counties of Botetourt and Roanoke. In 1837, he served on the first vestry of St. Mark’s Episcopal Church in Fincastle. William Madison Peyton is known as the father of navigation of the Coal River. Peyton bought land, formed a mining company, and created a way to transport it by river in what is now West Virginia. Peytona, West Virginia and Madison, West Virginia were named for him. Peyton sold Elmwood in 1858 and lived in New York before the start of the Civil War. He returned to Virginia, purchased Alta Vista in Albemarle County in 1862, and lived there until his death.
William Madison Peyton and Sally Anne Eliza Taylor had ten children:
Elizabeth Taylor Peyton
Susan Smith Madison Peyton
Sally A. E. Peyton
Agatha Garnett Peyton
John Howe Peyton
William Madison Peyton
Allen Taylor Peyton
Betty Watts Peyton
Julia Amanda Peyton
Bernard Josephine Peyton
Montgomery Hall History
The Peyton's
Copyright © 2012-2021 Jane Gray Avery
All Rights Reserved- Content from this website including text and images may not be used or reproduced without prior written permission.
Website Design By Jonroc
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line544
|
__label__wiki
| 0.506842
| 0.506842
|
Response characteristics of visual altitude control system in Bombus terrestris
Kensaku Tanaka, Keiji Kawachi
Journal of Experimental Biology 2006 209: 4533-4545; doi: 10.1242/jeb.02552
Kensaku Tanaka
Keiji Kawachi
Frequency response characteristics of bumblebees to vertical visual oscillations were measured and analyzed. We measured the vertical force of the bees at four oscillation frequencies (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz), and summarized their response characteristics in terms of amplitude and phase differences. The amplitude was almost constant throughout the examined frequency domain, whereas the phase gradually lagged with increasing frequency. In order to view the relationship between the input (visual oscillation) and output (response of the bee) more clearly as a control system, we compared them in the same dimension; we calculated hypothetical positions of the tethered bees on the basis of the measured variation in the vertical force, and compared them with the visual stripe positions. The resultant gain and phase data were plotted on a Bode plot. A transfer function was identified from the Bode plot, revealing that the response characteristics of the measured system could be represented as a simple expression.
The dynamic control characteristics of the bumblebees were analyzed on the basis of the frequency response data. First, we showed that the measured system possesses a substantial stability margin. This means that the control system has substantial damping characteristics, and was suitable for stable flight control. In addition, our results showed that the measured bumblebee system possesses superior steady state and quick-response characteristics in comparison with a human pilot-vehicle system. Such excellence in both the steady state and transient characteristics (i.e. damping and quick response characteristics) provide the evidence that bumblebees can effectively control their flight with stability and maneuverability.
Bombus terrestris
visual oscillation
altitude control
vertical force
Bode plot
transfer function
Flying insects satisfy both their maneuverability and stability requirements by continuously varying their wing kinematics. Smaller objects have, in general, difficulty in controlling their flight with stability, because they have lower moments of inertia and are more sensitive to high frequency disturbances. The control system must therefore possess sufficient steady state and transient characteristics. Although basic flight mechanisms of insects have been summarized (e.g. Azuma, 1992) and correlations between wing kinematics and aerodynamic force generation have been extensively studied (Lehmann and Dickinson, 1997; Lehmann and Dickinson, 1998; Sane, 2003), the dynamic flight performance has not been studied thoroughly.
Studies on dynamic flight stability of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Taylor and Thomas, 2003) provided the first quantitative analysis of dynamic stability of a flying animal. Taylor and Thomas measured the longitudinal static stability derivatives and mass distribution of the desert locusts, and solved the longitudinal equations of motion by utilizing a classical linearized framework of aircraft flight analyses. In the same framework, Sun and Xiong studied the longitudinal dynamic flight stability of a hovering bumblebee (Sun and Xiong, 2005). They computed the aerodynamic derivatives by means of computational fluid dynamics, and solved the equations of motion by eigenvalue and eigenvector analyses. Both studies succeeded in identifying three natural modes of the longitudinal flight: one unstable oscillatory mode, one stable fast subsidence mode, and one stable slow subsidence mode. Neither of them, however, succeeded in explaining the flight stability fully, because of the unstable oscillatory mode.
In the present study, we suggest another approach for the dynamic flight control analysis. Instead of solving the equations of motion to identify the natural modes, we focused on visual altitude control in the flight of a bumblebee Bombus terrestris, and on its dynamic control performance. We can evaluate such performances on the basis of a transfer function, which is a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system (Franklin et al., 2002). We utilized the frequency response method to obtain the transfer function for the bumblebee system. The input of the frequency response measurements was a visual oscillation in the vertical direction, which elicited vertical flight modulation from a tethered bumblebee. The output was the vertical force variation of the bee, measured by using a load cell. The oscillation frequency of the input was varied at 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz. We summarized the frequency response characteristics in terms of amplitude and phase differences, and showed them on a Bode plot. The transfer function of the visual altitude control system was identified from the plot. Our results revealed that the measured control system possessed a substantial stability margin, equivalent to that of a human pilot-vehicle system (McRuer and Graham, 1964). In addition, the bumblebee system was revealed to be superior to the human pilot-vehicle system in terms of both steady state and quick-response characteristics. These results provide the evidence that bumblebees can effectively control their flight with stability and maneuverability.
Insects and their preparation
Bumblebees Bombus terrestris L. were chosen as the model insect because of their general availability, and noted flight capability. We obtained colonies of the bumblebees from a commercial supplier (Arysta LifeScience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The environment in which the colonies were placed and experiments were performed was maintained at around 20°C, when the bees are fully active. Only female bumblebees were selected because females are larger and more robust than males. We used a total of 12 bumblebees for the measurements, all 1-2 cm long and 1.5-2.5 mN in weight.
In preparation for each experiment, we captured a bee in a Petri dish from the colony, and cooled the dish with ice for approximately 30 min. While the bee was anesthetized at that cold temperature, an iron wire 2.5 cm long×0.7 mm diameter (1 mN weight) was glued to the bee near the characteristic yellow line on its thorax. Although all the bees recovered from the anesthesia within a few minutes, some were inactive for nearly 1 h. We used the bees for experiments after they seemed to be fully active, usually within 2 h.
Stimulus presentation
The family of bees has highly developed eye optics (Spaethe and Chittka, 2003) that are sensitive to image motion (Srinivasan et al., 1999). We utilized this characteristic, and elicited vertical flight modulation from the bumblebees by means of vertical image motion. This technique has mainly been used with flies for some time (e.g. Götz and Wehrhahn, 1984).
We prepared a flight arena, as shown in Fig. 1A, for the purpose of stimulus presentation. This arena shaped a hexagonal cylinder, which is 19.2 cm high, and each side of whose hexagon is 9.6 cm wide. Fig. 1B shows the magnified view of one wall of the arena. The inside wall contained 16 rows of 5.5 mm-diameter LEDs (DU-256N-64C, Azuma Electric, Tokyo, Japan, LED color: orange, wavelength: 610 nm) in the horizontal direction, and 32 in the vertical direction. Horizontal stripe patterns were displayed by lighting alternate 8 rows of LEDs, that is, the period of the stripes was 88 mm. Those stripes were visually oscillated in the vertical direction by using a computer control.
(A) The flight arena. During the experiments, the bumblebee was fixed inside this arena, and was given a visual stimulus in the vertical direction. (B) Magnified view of one wall of the arena. The inside wall contains 16 rows of LEDs in the horizontal direction, and 32 in the vertical direction. The diameter of each LED is 5.5 mm. We displayed horizontal stripe patterns by lighting alternate 8 rows of LEDs, that is, the period of the stripes was 88 mm. Those stripes were visually oscillated in the vertical direction by using a computer control. The oscillation amplitude was kept constant at 33 mm (6 dots of the LEDs), whereas the oscillation frequency was varied at 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz (i.e. 5.6, 11, 22 and 46 rad s-1).
During the experiments, we placed a tethered bumblebee in the middle of the arena, and showed it the visual oscillation. We could verify that the bee was responding to the visual stimulus because the wingbeat sound varied continuously according to the visual oscillation. In other words, the amplitude of the sound oscillated at the same frequency as the stripe motion. Although some bees stopped flapping their wings within a few seconds after the stimulus was given, other bees remained responsive. In the analysis, we used data from the responsive bees. The oscillation frequency of the stripes (ω) was varied at 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz, while the amplitude was kept constant at 33 mm (i.e. 6 dots of LEDs).
The measurement system. We measured the vertical force of the bumblebee using a load cell. This load cell was hard-wired to an amplifier using a 100 V AC power system. The output signal was digitalized by an A/D converter, and then stored on a PC. The output signal of the amplifier was imported as channel 1 (CH1). We used a light signal to identify the visual stripe motion, whose output was imported as channel 2 (CH2). This light signal circuit was connected to the flight arena controller. The phase and frequency of the visual oscillation were identified using the CH2 waveform, which enabled us to synchronize the data of the input (visual oscillation) and the output (force variation).
The dynamic properties of the force measurement system were verified by measuring the step response. (A) Before the step input. A 3 mN weight [load (I)] was loaded on the load cell, for the purpose of adjusting the weight condition to the experiments. In addition, a 5 mN weight [load (II)] and an electromagnet were prepared. Load (II) was iron, and pushed up the load cell by the magnetic force of the electromagnet. The magnetic force worked on load (II) was approximately 7 mN. Note that the magnitude of the additional force does not have an influence on the step response result. (B) After the step input. When the electromagnet was switched off, load (II) was immediately detached from the load cell, which signified the step input. Variations in the voltage of the electromagnet circuit and the output of the force measurement system were recorded at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz.
Vertical force measurement
Our measurement system is shown in Fig. 2. The vertical force generated by the bee was measured using a load cell (UL-10GR, Minebea Co., Tokyo, Japan). The iron wire glued to the bee was rigidly attached to the load cell with a clamp (8.5 mN weight). This load cell was hard-wired to an amplifier (CSA-507B, Minebea Co.), using a 100 V AC power system. The output signal was digitalized using an A/D converter (NR110, KEYENCE, Osaka, Japan) and stored on a PC. The resonance frequency of the force measurement system was approximately 60 Hz in our experimental conditions, and is much higher than the visual oscillation frequency (at most 7.4 Hz) and lower than the wingbeat frequency (typically 150-200 Hz). The resonance in this force measurement system, therefore, was not coupled with the measurement data. The sampling frequency of the A/D converter was 2 kHz. We recorded the signals for enough time to observe more than one cycle of the visual oscillation in each experiment. The output signal of the amplifier was imported as channel 1 (CH1). We used a light signal to identify the visual stripe motion, whose output was imported as channel 2 (CH2). This light signal circuit was connected to the controller of the flight arena. The phase and frequency of the visual oscillation were identified from the CH2 waveform, which enabled us to synchronize the data of the input (visual oscillation) and the output (force variation).
The resultant voltage variations in the step response measurement. The voltage of the electromagnet circuit varies almost instantly at t=0 s, which determines the time of the step input. The voltage of the load cell-amplifier output varies with a time lag, and includes a resonance.
The step response characteristics of the experimental data and M(s) (Eqn 2). The agreement is observed to be highly reasonable.
Calibration of dynamic properties of the force measurement system
A proper analysis of the dynamic force measurement data requires a proper correction for the dynamic properties of the force measurement system, which we verified by measuring the step response characteristics (Fig. 3A,B). First, we loaded a 3 mN weight on the load cell [load (I) in Fig. 3A], for the purpose of adjusting the weight to our experimental condition; the total weight of the bee and the wire was approximately 3 mN on average. Next, we prepared a 5 mN weight [load (II)] and an electromagnet. Load (II) was made of iron, and pushed up the load cell by the magnetic force of the electromagnet. The additional upward force was approximately 2 mN, that is, the magnetic force worked on the load (II) was approximately 7 mN. We notify that the magnitude of the additional force does not have an influence on the step response result. Finally, we switched off the electromagnet (Fig. 3B). Load (II) was immediately detached from the load cell, which signified the step input. We recorded the variations in voltage of the electromagnet circuit and the force measurement system (i.e. output of the amplifier), at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. Fig. 4 shows the resultant step response. The voltage of the electromagnet circuit was observed to vary instantly at t=0 s. The output voltage of the load cell-amplifier varied with a time lag, and included a resonance. We identified a transfer function to represent these step response characteristics. The `transfer function' means a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system, generally expressed as a Laplace transform (Franklin et al., 2002). The step response characteristics are usually approximated as a first order or a second order transfer function. We combined these two approximation methods, and expressed the transfer function M(s) as follows:
Here, T is the time constant, ωn is the resonance frequency, and ζ is the attenuation coefficient. These parameters were determined through a trial and error process: T=0.016,ω n=62×2π, and ζ=0.001. Finally, we identified the following transfer function for the force measurement system:
The step response characteristics of M(s) were superimposed on the measured step response data in Fig. 5, showing reasonable agreement. The dynamic properties in a frequency domain were also identified from Eqn 2. The frequency response characteristics are, in general, defined as the magnitude and phase differences between the sinusoidal input and output. We can obtain these values at each input frequency by replacing s with jω in Eqn 2, where j is the imaginary unit andω is the input frequency (Franklin et al., 2002). The frequency response characteristics of M(s), calculated by using MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA), are shown in Fig. 6. The style of Fig. 6 is called a `Bode plot', showing the magnitude and phase differences against logarithmic angular frequency. The frequencies used for the measurements (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz) are equal to 5.6, 11, 22 and 46 rad s-1, respectively (Fig. 6). Fig. 6A shows the magnitude, given as the gain attenuation (Ga) in decibels, according to the following equation:
where Ainput and Aoutput are the input and output signal amplitudes, respectively. The gain is observed to be attenuated as the frequency increases. Fig. 6B shows the phase differences between the input and output. The phase lag is observed to be enlarged with increasing frequency. We showed the gain attenuation (Ga), attenuation ratio in amplitude (Aoutput/Ainput), and phase differences (θa) at each in Table 1. These results indicate that the measurement data obtained by using this force measurement system will include an artifact, which may not be negligible, especially in the high frequency domain. In the analysis of the frequency response of the bumblebees, the values in Table 1 were used to compensate the raw measurement data.
Gain attenuation, amplitude attenuation ratio and phase difference at each stimulation frequency, accompanied by the dynamic force measurements
The frequency response characteristics of our force measurement system, M(jω). This style of figure is called a `Bode plot', and shows the magnitude and phase differences plotted against logarithmic angular frequency. The frequencies used for the measurements (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz) are equal to 5.6, 11, 22 and 46 rad s-1, respectively. (A) The gain in decibels; (B) the phase differences. Note that the gain is attenuated and the phase lag enlarges with increasing frequency, which should be compensated for in the analysis.
Frequency response of vertical force control
The bumblebees responded to visual oscillations in the vertical direction, and varied their vertical forces. Typical results of the temporal transitions of the vertical force (F0) and a visual stripe position (zv) are shown in Fig. 7. The dynamic properties of the force measurement system were not compensated at this stage. The value of F0 was calculated by dividing the measured force by the weight of the bee, and was equivalent to g in an airplane. The upward direction was defined as the positive direction for both F0 and zv. The noticeable fine oscillation in the red lines (F0), the frequency of which is approximately 150 Hz in common throughout A-D, is most certainly due to the wingbeat of the bumblebee. We removed this unwanted oscillation by using Fourier analysis, and fitted sine curves to the respective F0 data (broken lines in blue). Fig. 7 shows that the filtered line of F0 has approximately the same frequency as the line of zv (bold broken lines in green) at each. This indicates that the bumblebees showed the typical frequency response. We focused on their response characteristics in terms of amplitude and phase differences with respect to zv. In Fig. 7, the amplitude of the force (AF0) is observed to remain nearly constant, whereas the phase of F0 (θF0) gradually lagged behind that of zv with increasing ω.
All the results of the responses were summarized with compensations for the dynamic properties of the force measurement system. We defined
as the compensated force response of the bee, and obtained its frequency response characteristics (
) according to Table 1 and the following equations:
We plotted
against a logarithmic frequency axis in Fig. 8. Fig. 8A reveals that most of the
data are distributed between 0.1 and 0.5 at each ω, and the mean values are approximately 0.3 in common. The bumblebees did not change
distinctly with respect to ω. In contrast,
clearly decreases with increasing ω (Fig. 8B). When ω is 0.9 and 1.8 Hz (i.e. 5.6 and 11 rad s-1),
is positive in all the data. Thus, the phase of
is always earlier than that of zv. When ω is around 3.6 Hz (i.e. 22 rad s-1), the mean value of
is approximately 0°, meaning that the phases of
and zv are almost synchronized. When ω is 7.4 Hz (i.e. 46 rad s-1),θ F0 is negative in all the data, i.e. the phase of
lagged behind that of zv.
Transfer function of visual altitude control system
Although the performance of the visual altitude control system could be partly estimated from Fig. 8, further understanding is difficult to be obtained. This is because the dimensions of the input (zv) and output (
) are inconsistent. The dimension of the output is in Newtons (or nondimensionalized), which is a force, whereas that of the input is in mm (a length). When the force measurements are performed under open-loop conditions, the physical values of the input and output can be freely selected. In actual control systems, however, the output is fed back to the input. In order to estimate the direct correlation between the input and output, it is preferable for both the dimensions to be identical. Most of the advanced researches on control engineering have therefore used homogeneous dimension analyses (e.g. Hess and Siwakosit, 2001). In our analysis, we hypothesized that the vertical acceleration was proportional to the measured vertical force, and then calculated the hypothetical vertical position of the bumblebees by integrating the acceleration twice. The equation of motion of a bumblebee in the vertical direction is as follows:
where m is the mass of a bumblebee, zb is the hypothetical vertical position of the bee,
is the non-dimensional vertical force, and g is the acceleration of gravity. Because the mean value of
is generally not equal to 1, direct solution of Eqn 7 involves acceleration motion, which is unnecessary for the frequency response analysis. To avoid this problem, we added an appropriate constant to the right side of Eqn 7, and solved the differential equation. As a result, the input parameter was the vertical position of the visual stripes, zv, and the output was the hypothetical vertical position of the bee, zb. Fig. 9 shows typical results of the correlation between zv and zb at each ω. The lines in red represent zb, and the bold broken lines in green represent zv. We defined Azb and Azv as amplitudes of zb and zv, respectively, and θ as phase difference between zb and zv. As shown in Fig. 9A-D, Azb is clearly attenuated, and that θ decreases with increasing ω.
Typical measurement data of the force response of the bees. The red lines represent the raw measurement data of the vertical force (F0), without any compensations. The source of fine oscillations in F0 is certainly the wingbeat of the bee; the oscillation frequency is approximately 150 Hz in common throughout A-D. The broken blue lines represent the filtered data of F0. The bold broken green lines represent the visual stripe position. The upward direction is defined as the positive direction for both F0 and zv. (A) Visual oscillation frequency is 0.9 Hz (5.6 rad s-1). The phase of F0 obviously precedes that of zv. (B) Visual oscillation frequency is 1.8 Hz (11 rad s-1). The phase of F0 still precedes that of zv. (C) Visual oscillation frequency is 3.6 Hz (22 rad s-1). The phase difference between F0 and zv is small. (D) Visual oscillation frequency is 7.4 Hz (46 rad s-1). The phase of F0 obviously lags behind that of zv. Although the variation in the phase through A-D is clear, the amplitude of F0 is relatively constant.
Summary of all the results of the force response data. The influence of the load cell dynamics was compensated for the respective measurement data, according to Eqn 4 and Eqn 5. We represented the characteristics of the corrected force response (
) in terms of amplitude (
) and phase (
). (A)
is mainly distributed between 0.1 and 0.5 at each ω, and the mean values are approximately 0.3 for all ω. The bumblebees did not change
throughout ω. (B) In contrast,
clearly decreases with increasing ω. When ω is lower than 3.6 Hz (22 rad s-1), θF0 in all the data is positive, i.e., the phase of
is earlier than that of zv. When ω is around 3.6 Hz (22 rad s-1), the mean value of
and zv are almost synchronized. When the visual stripes oscillate at 7.4 Hz (46 rad s-1),
in all the data is negative, i.e. the phase of
Typical results for the position response of the bees. We obtained the hypothetical variation in position of the bees (zb, red lines) according to Eqn 7. The bold broken green lines represent the visual stripe position (zv). We focused on the amplitudes of zb (Azb) and zv (Azv), and the phase differences between zb and zv (θ). (A) When ω=0.9 Hz (5.6 rad s-1), Azb is larger than Azv, and θ is larger than -180°. (B) When ω=1.8 Hz (11 rad s-1), Azb is a little smaller than Azv, and θ is larger than -180°. (C) When ω=3.6 Hz (22 rad s-1), Azb becomes much smaller than Azv, and θ is approximately -180°. (D) When ω=7.4 Hz (46 rad s-1), the oscillation in zb is hardly perceptible. The value of θ is, in fact, much smaller than -180°.
We summarized all the results on a Bode plot (Fig. 10). Fig. 10A shows the gain of the system (G), calculated by the following equation:
Fig. 10B shows the phase differences (θ). The mean values of G and θ at each are shown in Table 2. These values were used for identifying the transfer function of the visual altitude control system. Because the sets of G and θ were obtained at only four frequencies, the number of representable expressions of the transfer function were infinite. Therefore, we focused on finding the simplest expression by means of the following two steps.
Gain and phase difference of open-loop transfer function [(B(s)] at each stimulation frequency
All the results of the position response of the bees were summarized on a Bode plot. (A) Gain of the response (G), calculated from Eqn 8. (B) Phase differences between zb and zv (θ). The gain is attenuated at approximately -40 dB/decade. The phase lag is observed to enlarge with increasing frequency.
First, we hypothesized that the transfer function B(s) was represented as a product of a linear part and a non-linear exponential part:
This hypothesis is based on an earlier study (McRuer and Graham, 1964), in which a transfer function of human systems was simply approximated as a style of Eqn 9. The exponential part means a time delay of the system, mostly due to transport delays and high frequency neuromuscular lags in animals. In insect motion, effective time delay τe is approximately a few dozen ms (Azuma, 1992; Höltje and Hustert, 2003; Ridgel et al., 2001). We hypothesized that τe for the bumblebees was 0.02 s. The frequency response characteristics of e-τes are remarkable in that the gain is 0 dB throughout the frequency domain, whereas the phase lag enlarges with increasing frequency. We showed the gain (Ge) and the phase (θe) of e-τeS at each measured ω in Table 3. Here, we benefit from using the Bode plot, in which the gain is expressed on a logarithmic scale, and the phase is expressed on a linear scale. In this case, the frequency response characteristics (i.e. gain and phase difference) of an arbitrary transfer function, T(s)=T1(s)T2(s)...Tn(s), are calculated as the summation of those of T1(s), T2(s),..., and Tn(s). For example, the gain and phase of B(s) can be calculated as follows:
Gain and phase difference of bumblebee exponential frequency response at each stimulation frequency
where G0 and θ0 are the gain and phase of B0(s), respectively. We can, therefore, identify the frequency response characteristics of B0 (s) by subtracting those of e-τes from those of B(s). We showed the resultant values of G0 and θ0 in Table 4.
Gain and phase difference of bumblebee open-loop transfer function at each stimulation frequency
Next, we determined the expression of B0(s). The Bode plot is useful again in finding the simplest expression. In Fig. 10, the slope of the gain curve is observed to be approximately -40 dB/decade, which should be identical to that of B0(s). In general, the gain slope becomes steeper by -20 dB/decade per a power of 1/s in a Bode plot (Franklin et al., 2002). This indicates that 1/s2 is dominant in B0(s). Therefore, the simplest expression of B0(s), around the measured frequency domain, is represented as follows:
Each coefficient (a, b and c) in Eqn 12 was calculated by a MATLAB program, using an algorithm of identifying continuous-time filter parameters from frequency response data. The resultant B0(s) was:
Consequently, the transfer function of the visual altitude control system in the bumblebees is represented as:
In Fig. 11, the frequency responses of B0(s) and B(s) [i.e. B0(jω) and B(jω), respectively] were shown with the measurement data. The agreement between B(s) and the measurement data is observed to be reasonable in both G and θ.
The frequency response characteristics of visual altitude control system were measured for bumblebees. The tethered bumblebees responded to visual oscillations in the vertical direction, and varied their vertical forces (F0) according to the oscillation frequency (ω). We measured the temporal transitions of F0 at each (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 Hz) (Fig. 8). Because the raw measurement data included an artifact due to the dynamics of the force measurement system, we compensated the data for the influence of the artifact, and obtained corrected force response of the bees (
The frequency responses have been studied for other insects. Sherman and Dickinson (Sherman and Dickinson, 2003) measured the frequency response of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster by mechanically and visually oscillating the tethered flies about the pitch, roll and yaw axes, and recorded the changes in wingbeat amplitude and wingbeat frequency. They characterized the dynamics of the visual and mechanosensory systems, and revealed that both feedback systems were composed of band-pass filters of different frequency characteristics. In a subsequent study, they also successfully identified the contribution of each sensory modality (Sherman and Dickinson, 2004).
The measured response data fitted with a transfer function, derived from a hypothesis that the expression was a product of a linear part and a non-linear exponential part. The exponential part affects the phase lags only (see solid and broken lines). We obtained the simplest transfer function: B(s)=[9/(s+3)]2e-0.02s. It is observed that B(s) fits well for both the gain and phase data.
In our study, we focused on the variations in amplitude and phase of the frequency response for visual altitude control. Our results showed that the amplitude (
) was almost constant, and that the phase (
) gradually lagged with increasingω (Fig. 8). Next, we solved the equation of motion (Eqn 7) to obtain variations in hypothetical vertical position of the bee. For the purpose of adjusting the dimensions of the input and output, we defined the input parameter as the vertical position of the visual stripes (zv) and the output as the hypothetical vertical position of the bumblebee (zb). Fig. 9 shows that the amplitude of zb is clearly attenuated, and that the phase of zb lagged with increasing ω. We summarized all the results on a Bode plot (Fig. 10). The simplest transfer function, representing the frequency response characteristics of the bumblebees, was obtained as Eqn 15.
Influence of compensations for the load cell dynamics
We measured the dynamic response of the bumblebees by using a load cell. The raw measurement data, however, included an artifact due to the load cell dynamics, which should be compensated for in the analysis. We identified these dynamic properties by measuring the step response of the force measurement system (Figs 3, 4). We represented the step response characteristics by using a transfer function, M(s) (Eqn 1), and estimated the gain attenuation and phase lags in the frequency domain, on the basis of M(s) (Fig. 6 and Table 1). These dynamic properties were compensated for in the analysis of the vertical force data of the bees, according to Eqn 4, 5. As shown in Fig. 6 and Table 1, the influence of the artifact enlarges with increasing frequency. In other words, the data corrections we performed may have importance in the high frequency domain. Here, we discuss how the compensation affected our frequency response analysis.
First, we focus on the gain control analysis. The maximum of the gain attenuation due to the load cell dynamics is 1.7 dB at ω=46 rad s-1 (Table 1). This is much smaller than the gain variation through ω (from 7.8 to -29.6 dB) (Table 2). We notify that the correction values in gain included in the position response data are also equal to Ga. The compensations performed for the gain results, therefore, had little influence on our analysis. On the other hand, phase lags caused by the load cell dynamics are not negligible. When ω is 22 or 46 rad s-1, the phase lags due to the artifact are more than 10% of the lags in the response of the bees (Tables 1, 2). The influence of the compensations was more significant for the phase analysis, rather than for the gain analysis.
As a result of performing the compensations for the measurement data, the phase lags decreased whereas the gain was almost unchanged. It is naturally desirable for the stable control to have smaller phase lags. This indicates that the data with the compensations show more stable control characteristics than the data without the compensations. We discuss the dynamic stability in the visual altitude control system of the bumblebees in the subsequent section (`Meaning of the obtained transfer function'), on the basis of the gain and phase characteristics. We define an indicator of the dynamic stability, `stability margin' in that section. We will see with ease that the smaller phase lags contribute to the larger stability margin.
Visual perception and flight control in the bumblebees
We utilized the sensitivity for image motion in bumblebees, and elicited flight modulation in the vertical direction. Recent studies have revealed that flying insects use cues derived from optic flow for navigational purposes (e.g. Srinivasan et al., 1996). For example, bees flying through a tunnel maintain equidistance from the flanking walls by balancing the apparent speeds of the images of the walls (Kirchner, 1989; Srinivasan et al., 1996). Bees landing on a horizontal surface hold constant the image velocity of the surface as they approach it (Srinivasan et al., 2000; Srinivasan et al., 1996). A large number of studies have focused on modeling the visual motion detection mechanisms of insects, which have been summarized (Srinivasan et al., 1999). Neumann and Bülthoff showed successful simulations of visual flight control by using these models (Neumann and Bülthoff, 2000; Neumann and Bülthoff, 2001; Neumann and Bülthoff, 2002).
The motion-sensitive mechanism in an insect measures the angular velocity of the moving image (Srinivasan et al., 1996). Therefore, the bumblebees used in our experiments most certainly responded to the variation in the angular velocity of the stripes, rather than the position of the stripes. This indicates that the transfer function (Eqn 15), obtained in the positional dimension, is also likely dependent on the angular velocity. In the process of finding Eqn 15, we focused on the amplitude and phase of the hypothetical position of the bee with respect to those of the stripe position. Even though Azv (amplitude of the visual oscillation) is given as a constant, the angular velocity perceived by the bee varies according to the distance between the bee and the display. This implies that the resultant transfer function, B(s), is applicable within the framework of the present experimental conditions. However, the applicable range is likely rather extensive, because the amplitude of the response is dealt with in a logarithmic scale.
We analyzed the bumblebee's control system in the dimension of position, for the purpose of evaluating its control characteristics from the viewpoint of human-related control systems. Human beings can perceive structure and position of a stationary object with high accuracy. Therefore, human beings are most likely to guide their movement by using position control (Rushton et al., 1998), although they also seem to use the optic flow as well (Warren et al., 2001). On the other hand, insects have inferior spatial acuity in comparison with human beings (Horridge, 1977). The insects achieve the same tasks only by using the optic flow. Insects and human beings, therefore, respond to different elements of image motion; insects primarily respond to the velocity, whereas human beings primarily respond to the position. However, we can compare their frequency response characteristics in the same framework of analysis. This is because the available transfer functions for the frequency response are identical, whether they are calculated in the dimension of velocity or position, as far as both the sinusoidal input and output have the same dimension. In addition, the purpose of controlling their motion is the same: reliable guidance to a destination. We can therefore estimate the control performance of the bumblebee system by using Eqn 15, in the same manner as the control analysis for human systems. Below, we discuss the control stability of the bumblebee system, and differences between the bumblebee and a human pilot-vehicle system, on the basis of the resultant transfer function (Eqn 15).
Block diagram of a typical flight control system of airplanes. The inside loop including K1 is called a `stabilization control loop'. This K1 loop controls quick responses reflexively. The outside loop including K2 is called a `guidance and navigation control loop'. The K2 loop controls relatively slow responses such as selection of a flight course. This K2 loop is likely comparable to the system that conveys an intention in the bees. The reflexive responses measured in our study are most likely corresponding to the output of the K1 loop, Y1.
Meaning of the obtained transfer function
In this study, the visual stripes were oscillated in the open-loop condition. The tethered bumblebees could not feed back the variation in the vertical force to the stripe position. The results therefore do not represent the will of the bees to optimize their entire flight, but most certainly represent the conditional reflexes at each instant. For the purpose of characterizing this reflexive response of the bees, we utilized a model of an airplane control system. Fig. 12 shows a block diagram of the most advanced control system in airplanes (Mclean, 1990; McRuer, 1973). The inside loop including K1 is called the `stabilization control loop'. SAS (Stability Augmentation System) and CAS (Control Augmentation System) are examples of such loops. This K1 loop reflexively controls quick responses. The outside loop including K2 is called the `guidance and navigation control loop'. A typical example of this loop is the automatic flight control system consisting of TMS (Thrust Management System) and FMS (Flight Management System). The K2 loop controls relatively slow responses. We applied this control model to the measured bumblebee system. The K2 loop in Fig. 12 is likely comparable to the system that conveys an intention in the bees (for example, an intention to reach the destination as soon as possible, or an intention to fly as far away as possible). The reflexive response measured in our study is most likely corresponding to the open-loop output of the K1 loop, Y1 in Fig. 12.
The performance of this reflexive control system in the bumblebees can be estimated on the basis of the frequency response results. When we analyze control characteristics of an open-loop system, `crossover frequency' and `stability margin' are important (Franklin et al., 2002). The crossover frequency is, in general, divided into the gain crossover frequency and the phase crossover frequency. The stability margin is also divided into the gain margin and the phase margin. The gain crossover frequency (ωgc) is defined as the frequency that produces a gain of 0 dB. The phase crossover frequency (ωpc) is defined as the frequency that produces a phase of -180°. The gain margin (GM) is the difference between the gain curve and 0 dB at ωpc. The phase margin (PM) is the difference in phase between the phase curve and -180° at ωgc. Each ofω gc, ωpc, GM, and PM in our measurement data are shown in Fig. 13, revealing that the measured bumblebee system has sufficient stability margins for both gain and phase. When PM is less than 90°, ωgc is less than or equal to the bandwidth, ωbw (Franklin et al., 2002). The bandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the gain in the closed-loop response is attenuated 3 dB from the steady state. Larger ωbw means that the output of the closed-loop control system can follow the input up to higher frequencies. In other words, larger ωgc yields larger ωbw, and the quick response characteristics are improved. In addition, PM is known as an indicator of damping characteristics; larger PM yields a smaller peak gain in a closed-loop control system (Franklin et al., 2002).
Gain crossover frequency (ωgc), phase crossover frequency (ωpc), gain margin (GM), and phase margin (PM) of the measured bumblebee system. ωgc is defined as the frequency that produces a gain of 0 dB, and ωpc as the frequency that produces a phase of -180°. GM is the difference between the gain curve and 0 dB at ωpc, and PM is the difference in phase between the phase curve and -180° at ωgc. The dynamic stability of a control system can be quantified on the basis of GM and PM. When both GM and PM are positive, the control system is dynamically stable. Our results (GM∼20 and PM∼45) indicate that the measured bumblebee system has substantial dynamic stability.
Empirical studies guide designers of control systems in their choice for PM and GM values. In the case of designing a servo control system, for example, output should be controlled to track a target value, and PM of 40∼60° and GM of 10∼20 dB are desirable. In the case of designing a regulator control system, on the other hand, output should be kept constant to minimize the effect of disturbances, and PM larger than 20° and GM of 3∼10 dB are required. In Fig. 13, it is observed that ωgc=9 rad s-1,ω pc=25 rad s-1, GM=20 dB and PM=45°. These results indicate that the measured control system in the bumblebees is analogous to an ideal servo control system.
Comparison between human beings and bumblebees in terms of dynamic control characteristics
Dynamic flight control analysis has long been studied in the field of aeronautical engineering. McRuer and Graham (McRuer and Graham, 1964) studied the dynamic control characteristics of a human pilot operating an aerospace vehicle. They analyzed the frequency response of the human pilot, and revealed that the open-loop control characteristics of the combined system (human pilot-vehicle system) can be approximated by using a simple transfer function. This transfer function model is called `the crossover model', and is represented as the following expression, where Hp and Hc mean the describing functions of the human pilot and the controlled element (vehicle), respectively:
The crossover frequency, ωgc, is equivalent to the loop gain, and accounts for the adaptive compensation of the pilot for the controlled element gain. An effective time delay, τe, includes the lags due to transport delays and high frequency neuromuscular dynamics. In general, τe is approximately 0.2 s in humans, ten times larger than in the bumblebees. The simplest describing function of the pilot is represented as follows:
where Kp is pilot static gain, TL is lead time constant, and TI is lag time constant. Eqn 17 indicates that the human pilot can be adjusted for variation in lead-lag characteristics of the controlled element by modifying TL and TI, so as to keep `the crossover model'. Although more complicated and fitted models have been developed (e.g. Davidson and Schmidt, 1992; Kleinman et al., 1970), the crossover model is still widely accepted among researchers of man-machine interfaces.
McRuer and Graham proposed design guidance for vehicle systems, on the basis of the crossover model. They suggested that an appropriate vehicle system needs PM of approximately 40°, and that the gain slope nearω gc on a Bode plot should be -20 dB/decade. Because PM is directly correlated with the dynamic stability, the requirement for PM is principal in designing the system. The requirement for the gain slope is derived from the crossover model, because 1/s gives a gain slope of -20 dB/decade. If the system is designed to satisfy these conditions, the human pilot does not need to compensate for the dynamics of the vehicle system, and the handling quality is improved. However, the both requirements for PM and gain slope are simultaneously satisfied under limited condition, because the gain and phase characteristics of a system are correlated with each other (Franklin et al., 2002). When the gain slope becomes steeper, the phase lag inevitably enlarges, and the positive phase margin may be lost.
We compared the control characteristics of the measured bumblebee system with the crossover model. The frequency response data of the two systems are shown in Fig. 14. The data of the human pilot-vehicle system were quoted from McRuer and Jex (McRuer and Jex, 1967). Our results reveal that the gain slope is approximately -40 dB/decade in the bumblebee response, whereas it is approximately -20 dB/decade in the human response. Considering that the measured bumblebee system is prominently dominated by the effect of (ωgc/s)2 (because ωgc∼9), the control rule in the visual altitude control system of the bumblebee could be called as `the square crossover model'. Because the bumblebee system possesses a steeper gain slope than the human pilot-vehicle system, the gain at ω<ωgc is higher in the bumblebee system than in the human pilot-vehicle system. The behavior at low frequencies generally determines the attenuation of disturbances and the performance of tracking low frequency reference signals. These are called steady-state characteristics, and high gain is required to improve these characteristics. The measured control system in the bumblebee is, therefore, revealed to possess superior steady-state characteristics in comparison with the human pilot-vehicle system. The steeper gain slope also produces lower gain at high frequencies. Such behavior is desirable because the robust stability, which is more important than the attenuation of disturbances at high frequencies, is improved.
The measured control characteristics of the bumblebee system are compared with the characteristics of a human pilot-vehicle system (McRuer and Jex, 1967). For the human system, the control characteristics are fitted with a transfer function, H(s)=ω gc,human/s·e-τe,humanS (the crossover model). On the other hand, the control characteristics in the bumblebee system can be approximated as B(s)=[ωgc,bumblebee/(s+3)]2.e-τe,bumblebeeS, which could be called `the square crossover model'. The bumblebee system is observed to possess higher gain at ω<ωgc than the human system, indicating higher performance in terms of the steady-state characteristics. The gain crossover frequency in the bumblebee system (ωgc,bumblebee) is approximately twice as large as that in the human pilot-vehicle system (ωgc,human). Because largerω gc causes larger bandwidth in the system, the bumblebee system is revealed to possess superior quick response characteristics. We already verified that the bumblebee system possesses substantial phase margin (PM; Fig. 13), indicating that the system possesses excellent damping characteristics. The bumblebee system was, therefore, revealed to have superiority in terms of the steady-state and transient (i.e. quick response and damping) characteristics, in comparison with the human pilot-vehicle system.
Evaluation of the control performance must also include the transient characteristics as well as the steady-state characteristics. The transient characteristics are divided into damping characteristics and quick response characteristics. The adequate PM in the bumblebee system indicates excellent damping characteristics, which are comparable to those of an ideal control system for humans. The quick response characteristics depend on the gain crossover frequency. In a human pilot-vehicle system, the gain crossover frequency (ωgc,human) is roughly 2-5 rad s-1 (McRuer and Jex, 1967), which is approximately half of the gain crossover frequency in the measured bumblebee system (ωgc,bumblebee). The bumblebee system is, therefore, revealed to possess superior quick response characteristics in comparison with the human pilot-vehicle system.
In conclusion, we have measured and analyzed the frequency response characteristics of visual altitude control system in the bumblebees. The measured bumblebee system is revealed to have superiority in both the steady-state and transient characteristics, in comparison with the human pilot-vehicle system. Such excellence will be the evidence that the bumblebees can effectively control their flight with stability and maneuverability.
List of abbreviations and symbols
raw amplitude of force response
corrected amplitude of force response
Azb
amplitude of position response
Azv
amplitude of visual oscillation
B(s)
open-loop transfer function of bumblebee
linear part of B(s)
non-dimensional raw vertical force
non-dimensional corrected vertical force
acceleration of gravity
gain attenuation
gain of B0(s)
gain margin
open-loop transfer function of human pilot-vehicle system
describing function of controlled element in human pilot-vehicle system
describing function of human pilot
imaginary unit
pilot static gain
mass of bumblebee
M(s)
transfer function of force measurement system
phase margin
parameter in Laplace transform
lag-time constant
lead-time constant
hypothetical vertical position of bumblebee
vertical position of visual stripes
attenuation coefficient
θF0
raw phase of force response
corrected phase of force response
phase of B0(s)
τe
effective time delay
input frequency (stimulus frequency)
ωbw
ωgc
gain crossover frequency
ωn
resonance frequency
ωpc
phase crossover frequency
The present work was supported in part through the 21st Century COE Program, `Mechanical Systems Innovation', and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S), 18100002, 2006, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
Azuma, A. (1992). The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.
Davidson, J. B. and Schmidt, D. K. (1992). Modified optimal control pilot model for computer-aided design and analysis. NASA-TM-4386.
Franklin, G. F., Powell, J. D. and Emami-Naeini, A. (2002). Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Götz, K. G. and Wehrhahn, C. (1984). Optomotor control of the force of flight in Drosophila and Musca.Biol. Cybern. 51,129 -134.
Hess, R. A. and Siwakosit, W. (2001). Assessment of flight simulator fidelity in multiaxis tasks including visual cue quality. J. Aircraft 38,607 -614.
Höltje, M. and Hustert, R. (2003). Rapid mechano-sensory pathways code leg impact and elicit very rapid reflexes in insects. J. Exp. Biol. 206,2715 -2724.
Horridge, G. A. (1977). Insects which turn and look. Endeavour NS1,7 -17.
Kirchner, W. H. (1989). Freely flying honeybees use image motion to estimate object distance. Naturwissenschaften 76,281 -282.
Kleinman, D. L., Baron, S. and Levison, W. H. (1970). An optimal control model of human response. Part I: theory and validation. Automatica 6, 357-369.
Lehmann, F.-O. and Dickinson, M. H. (1997). The changes in power requirements and muscle efficiency during elevated force production in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 200,1133 -1143.
Lehmann, F.-O. and Dickinson, M. H. (1998). The control of wing kinematics and flight forces in fruit flies (Drosophila spp.). J. Exp. Biol. 201,385 -401.
Mclean, D. (1990). Automatic Flight Control Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
McRuer, D. T. (1973). Aircraft Dynamics and Automatic Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
McRuer, D. T. and Graham, D. (1964). Pilot-vehicle control system analysis. In Guidance and Control. Vol. 2 (ed. R. C. Langford and C. J. Mundo), pp. 603-621. New York: Academic Press.
McRuer, D. T. and Jex, H. R. (1967). A review of Quasi-linear pilot models. IEEE Trans. Hum. Factors Electron. 8,231 -249.
Neumann, T. R. and Bülthoff, H. H. (2000). Biologically motivated visual control of attitude and altitude in translatory flight. In Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop `Dynamische Perzeption'. Vol. 9 (ed. G. Baratoff and H. Neumann), pp. 135-140. Berlin: Infix-Verlag.
Neumann, T. R. and Bülthoff, H. H. (2001). Insect inspired visual control of translatory flight. In Advances in Artificial Life, Proceedings of ECAL. Vol.2159 (ed. J. Kelemen and P. Sosik), pp.627 -636. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Neumann, T. R. and Bülthoff, H. H. (2002). Behavior-oriented vision for biomimetic flight control. In Proceedings of the EPSRC/BBSRC International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Robotics: The Legacy of W. Grey Walter, pp.196 -203. HP Labs: Bristol, UK.
Ridgel, A. L., Frazier, F. S. and Zill, S. N. (2001). Dynamic responses of tibial campaniform sensilla studied by substrate displacement in freely moving cockroaches. J. Comp. Physiol. A 187,405 -420.
Rushton, S. K., Harris, J. M., Lloyd, M. R. and Wann, J. P. (1998). Guidance of locomotion on foot uses perceived target location rather than optic flow. Curr. Biol. 8,1191 -1194.
Sane, S. P. (2003). The aerodynamics of insect flight. J. Exp. Biol. 206,4191 -4208.
Sherman, A. and Dickinson, M. H. (2003). A comparison of visual and haltere-mediated equilibrium reflexes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 206,295 -302.
Sherman, A. and Dickinson, M. H. (2004). Summation of visual and mechanosensory feedback in Drosophila flight control. J. Exp. Biol. 207,133 -142.
Spaethe, J. and Chittka, L. (2003). Inter individual variation of eye optics and single object resolution in bumblebees. J. Exp. Biol. 206,3447 -3453.
Srinivasan, M. V., Zhang, S. W., Lehrer, M. and Collett, T. S. (1996). Honeybee navigation en route to the goal: visual flight control and odometry. J. Exp. Biol. 199,237 -244.
Srinivasan, M. V., Poteser, M. and Kral, K. (1999). Motion detection in insect orientation and navigation. Vis. Res. 39,2749 -2766.
Srinivasan, M. V., Zhang, S. W., Chahl, J. S., Barth, E. and Venkatesh, S. (2000). How honeybees make grazing landings on flat surfaces. Biol. Cybern. 83,171 -183.
Sun, M. and Xiong, Y. (2005). Dynamic flight stability of a hovering bumblebee. J. Exp. Biol. 208,447 -459.
Taylor, G. K. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2003). Dynamic flight stability in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria.J. Exp. Biol. 206,2803 -2829.
Warren, W. H., Kay, B. A., Zosh, W. D., Duchon, A. P. and Sahuc, S. (2001). Optic flow is used to control human walking. Nat. Neurosci. 4,213 -216.
You are going to email the following Response characteristics of visual altitude control system in Bombus terrestris
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line546
|
__label__wiki
| 0.94137
| 0.94137
|
COLUMNIST FIRED FOR SAYING HIGH-PAID FEMALE BBC JOURNALISTS EARN MORE BECAUSE THEY’RE JEWISH
Home/Uncategorized/COLUMNIST FIRED FOR SAYING HIGH-PAID FEMALE BBC JOURNALISTS EARN MORE BECAUSE THEY’RE JEWISH
Updated | The Irish edition of The Sunday Times, owned by Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch, has pulled an article that said the two highest-earning female broadcasters at the BBC managed to secure better pay because they were Jewish.
The opinion piece by columnist Kevin Myers was entitled “Sorry, ladies – equal pay has to be earned,” and discussed the pay of presenters at the U.K. public broadcaster the BBC, including TV presenter Claudia Winkleman and radio host Vanessa Feltz.
Noting that the pair were among the broadcaster’s two best paid stars, Myers wrote, “Good for them.
“Jews are not generally noted for their insistence on selling their talent for the lowest possible price, which is the most useful measure there is of inveterate, lost-with-all-hands stupidity.”
The article was pulled from the newspaper’s website, and its editor apologized “unreservedly,” for the offense caused with readers demanding the newspaper and other News Corp titles refuse to employ Myers in the future.
A spokesperson for The Sunday Times later said: “Further to our earlier statement we can confirm that Kevin Myers will not write again for The Sunday Times Ireland. A printed apology will appear in next week’s paper.”
‘The Sunday Times editor Martin Ivens has also apologized personally to Claudia Winkleman and Vanessa Feltz for these unacceptable comments both to Jewish people and to women in the workplace.”
The Campaign Against anti-Semitism has made a formal complaint about the article to British press regulator Ipso.
The article focused on controversy over the higher payment received by male stars at the BBC.
In the article, Myers also argued that male presenters may earn more because they “work harder, get sick less frequently and seldom get pregnant.”
Myers has previously declared himself a Holocaust denier in a 2009 article for the Irish Independent.
“There was no holocaust, (or Holocaust, as my computer software insists) and six million Jews were not murdered by the Third Reich,” he wrote. “These two statements of mine are irrefutable truths, yet their utterance could get me thrown in the slammer in half the countries of the EU.”
It is not the first time the publication has been accused of anti-Semitism, with Murdoch apologizing in 2013 when the The Sunday Times published a cartoon by artist Gerald Scarfe showing Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu building a wall cemented with the blood of Palestinians.
Mr. Murdoch said on Twitter: “Gerald Scarfe has never reflected the opinions of The Sunday Times. Nevertheless, we owe
[a] major apology for [the] grotesque, offensive cartoon.” He has not commented on the Myers column.
Murdoch is the owner of News Corp, which owns U.K. publications including The Sunday Times, as well as 21st Century Fox, which owns right-wing U.S. news broadcaster Fox News.
This article has been updated to reflect that Kevin Myers no longer works for the paper and later statements put out by the Sunday Times. Additionally, the story has been updated to clarify that Myers was a writer for the Ireland edition of the Sunday Times.
Originally posted July 20, 2017 click here to read the original article: Newsweek.com
By admin| 2018-01-10T16:17:29+00:00 August 2nd, 2017|Categories: Uncategorized|0 Comments
|
cc/2021-04/en_head_0003.json.gz/line548
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.