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Tag: oyster recipes
Oyster Soup with Artichoke and Spinach
This light savory soup is good cool or warm, and such dishes are at their best on a spring or autumn table for a warm day or a cool night. The base is a blend of store-bought beef and chicken bone broth: The flavor is minimal, as is the color; it’s used simply for its texture.
Add three cups chopped fresh or two cups well-drained frozen spinach and two jars quartered marinated artichoke hearts with liquid, thyme, basil, chives and just a knife point of minced garlic and cook “with a smile”, meaning just at a simmer for about fifteen minutes, double that if the spinach is raw. Use a quart of oysters, the liquor too if clear, but if cloudy, rinse the oysters and dust with salt and pepper. You’ll often read that oysters should be heated “until the edges curl” before serving, but I suspect this is an echo of those gentler days when a hot soup was finished off in a tureen and brought to table, since oysters cook quickly and are soon firm through and through. Top with finely cut fresh scallions for a nice bite.
Oysters D’Iberville
D’Iberville, Mississippi bears the name of an explorer, adventurer and soldier who had his portrait painted with a periwig of the Third Order, which was like huge back then. These oysters are topped with garlic and scallions browned in butter and a smidgen of grated Parmesan or Romano. You have to put these in the hottest oven you can conjure, on a flaming grill or if you’re lucky under your salamander. And here’s a tip for oysters in the home kitchen. I have a sack full of oyster shells that I keep clean and use to broil shucked oysters I buy in containers. You’ll not find a more perfect surface for cooking oysters than nacre; not only that, but mother-of-pearl is dishwasher-safe. Trust me.
Oysters Johnny Reb
This distinctly Southern recipe is most often cooked and served as a casserole. Now, if you’re wealthy enough to afford a quart of oysters or lucky enough to be able to get a sack, not to mention industrious enough to shuck them, knock yourself out. If however you’re poor, unfortunate and lazy (as I am), you can assert (as I do) that this simple, elegant recipe deserves a more sophisticated presentation and cook individual servings in a gratin.
Most traditional versions of this dish employ parsley and paprika, but I feel the parsley gets lost and the paprika adds an unnecessary smoky accent, as does the Worcestershire many use. I use chopped scallions in lieu of parsley and grated onion or shallots, seasoning with only a bit of black pepper. While oyster cracker crumbs are undoubtedly a nice touch, I use saltines and a heavy cream instead of half-and half.
Place a single layer of drained oysters in a 10” gratin, drizzle with melted butter, sprinkle with chopped scallions, a little more butter, pepper and top with cracker crumbs. Lift one edge of the mixture and slowly pour in the cream, being careful not to wet the crumb topping. Bake in a very hot oven until bubbling and lightly browned.
Oysters in the Saddle
We all know people who simply will not listen to argument, who will not take “no” for an answer, and my buddy Dale Harper is one of them. I love him dearly, but his opinions are unshakable, particularly when it comes to food. Dale has been cooking all his life, knows food, knows people, and will tell you in a heartbeat what will fly and what won’t. So when I told him a dish with oysters and bacon would go over like a lead zeppelin, he just laughed, patted me on the back and poured me another beer, which of course obliged me to listen.
“Jesse, Jesse, Jesse …” he said, shaking a jaw that boasts a red beard longer than my forearm. “Your problem is you do not think! What you have are two ingredients that are simply made for one another! Consider the oyster, a creature of the seas, and while delicious on its own, is lacking in that one essential ingredient that is dear to the palates of us Homo sapiens.”
“You’re calling me “sapiens” when you just said I can’t think?”
“Be hush,” he said, thrusting his beard forward in a gesture of authority. “Of course you think, but you don’t think enough. You have to consider things in many lights and from many angles, in this case an examination of contrasts. The oyster lacks fat!” With that he plunged his forefinger onto the bar and then pointed it at me in accentuation, a superfluous gesture, since his beard was already putting my eyes out.
That’s how Dale brushed away my conviction that angels on horseback is one of those Wayback recipes like rumaki that’s been consigned to the cholesterol woodshed. Upon some less-than-sober reflection, I thought, “Why not?” Angels on horseback have been around for a very long time, and the recipe is simple: wrap oysters seasoned with black pepper or cayenne in bacon (trim it as you like), skewer and broil (I don’t recommend grilling) until bacon is thoroughly cooked. Bring the bacon to room temperature before wrapping the oysters, which you should pat dry before skewering. Turn once for crisping. Don’t use toothpicks, but if you do soak them in water to minimize scorching.
Oysters LeFleur
This dish is a fusion between a Rockefeller and a Bienville, named for Louis LeFleur, the Father of Jackson, Mississippi, as the Bienville is named for Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, the Father of New Orleans as well as Mobile. Oysters LeFleur is a rich dish, and can be served as appetizer or a luncheon entrée.
A lot of people ask me why my recipes are “vague”, meaning that the measurements in the recipes aren’t exact. I have my reasons, first because I rarely cook with measuring cups and spoons, and I make no apology for that because most people I know rarely do either. Secondly, if I say a recipe is for such and such a number of people, I think my readers have enough wherewithal to figure out how to increase or decrease amounts as needed, and this applies to the use of particularly pungent ingredients as well, since any practiced cook will know to use them in sparing amounts. As a rule, people who read recipes know how to cook, and given a list of ingredients and procedure can make sensible decisions on how any given dish is made. Lastly and most importantly, I do not expect anyone to follow a recipe precisely; somebody might not like fennel, or dill or spinach, perhaps a food allergy might be involved, in which case they’ll either leave it out and substitute something chard or mustard instead of spinach and achieve good results.
That being said, oysters LeFleur are oysters broiled in a thick velouté with spinach, green onions, minced cooked shrimp and a hard grated cheese. The only seasonings are Tabasco, a slosh of dry white wine, salt and white pepper. Diced mushrooms are a wonderful option, as are mild peppers, but to be LeFleur, the dish must have oysters, spinach or a viable substitute as well as shrimp. Drain the oysters quite well, and add the sauce cooled, thick enough to be spooned. If you’re not cooking the oysters on the half shell, put a layer of sauce in your cooking dish, add the oysters and top with more sauce, dust with grated hard cheese and breadcrumbs. A dozen serves two as an appetizer, one as an entrée.
Posted on March 1, 2015 June 13, 2019
The Last Meal
Here in the South people of a certain age are known to have casseroles in their freezers ready to pop into the oven when told of the death of a distant friend or same such relative so they can rush hot food to the designated home after dressing, coiffing and putting on an appropriately soulful demeanor, but foods associated with one’s own death are exceptional, the most notable examples being the last meals of the condemned, which range from the anticipated extravagant to the unexpectedly mundane or bizarre.
In the first category we have such foods as the steak and lobster ordered by such as Ted Bundy, Allen Lee “Tiny” Davis and Ronnie Lee Gardner. Sacco and Vanzetti had soup and meat with toast and tea (appropriate). John Wayne Gacy had a dozen fried shrimp, a bucket of original KFC with fries and a pound of strawberries (expected). Timothy McVeigh had two pints of mint and chocolate chip ice cream (skinny). The ultimate example in the second category would be the last federal inmate executed in the United States before the moratorium on the death penalty following Furman v. Georgia, who settled with a single olive (black with pit). A restaurant in Japan currently offers the last meals of these and others to patrons; no substitutions.
Then you have this unique example of a dish reputedly used by a condemned man to delay his own execution. The unfortunate unknown was sentenced to be hanged in Placerville, California, which is a little over 100 miles northeast of San Francisco, during the Gold Rush days.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-california-went-war-over-eggs-180971960/
For his last meal he ordered oysters and eggs knowing that the oysters would have to be brought inland by wagon over rough roads delaying his execution by several days. Other versions of the origins for hangtown fry exist, but the poignancy of this tale resonates. Hangtown fry is nothing more than an oyster omelet or frittata. Bacon, onions, sweet peppers and ham, are traditional, unsurprisingly reminiscent of the ‘Denver’ omelet. Somehow I find hangtown appropriate for a Sunday night.
Jesse Houston: Chef on the Half Shell
We had a little oyster bar at Parlor Market. That’s how I met Craig Noone; we worked at an oyster bar in Stephan Pyles’ flagship, so with the tiny oyster bar in Parlor Market I got to see how Jackson feels about seafood and oysters. That planted a seed, and when I was leaving City Grocery in Oxford, I decided that Jackson would be a good spot for an oyster bar.
Since the oyster bar is the heart of Saltine, we keep the rest of the menu very seafood-centric, and being in the South, we keep the menu Southern-rooted. Then again being who I am, I like to keep things fresh and creative, to push the envelope. It’s a challenge with this concept because being in Jackson I think we get a little more of the old school mentality here towards Southern seafood, whereas at the Parlor Market, even though it was very much Southern-rooted, it was from the get-go known as a place where you could go and get an off-the-cuff creative meal. Here there’s a bit of resistance to that, so catfish, po’boys, the oysters, the wood-fired oysters, the redfish on the half shell are our top-selling dishes. The more creative dishes are harder to sell. We have an Asian influence in the calamari dishes, which is an ode to Paul Qui, who I got the opportunity to work with while I was at culinary school at the Le Cordon Bleu in Austin. He does a Brussels sprouts dish he’s very famous for that has the same kind of sauce with herbs, mint, cilantro and cabbage. The oysters Lafitte I would say is the most New Orleans-style dish we have, and we put that together while on a trip to Lafitte, Louisiana to fish for redfish, using what we had around us.
We went into a little crawfish shack, ordered a couple of pounds, peeled them ourselves and put some on the oysters we had on the grill at the fishing camp. Then we have the white Alabama barbecue sauce, once again playing up Southern dishes. The citrus butter with coriander is a nod to a lot of the garlic butter oysters you’ll find at places such as Drago’s, but a lot brighter and more floral.
This summer when we opened the oyster market was very bad. It certainly wasn’t the prime season for Gulf oysters by any means, and due to different regulations in Louisiana that seek to control the quality of oysters, the only ones that could leave the state were those harvested on refrigerated boats. The oysters go straight from the water into refrigeration and from those boats into a refrigerated facility or on a refrigerated truck to Jackson. That’s a huge expense. There aren’t a lot of people who do that, so we had many customers who were upset because we didn’t have Gulf oysters. When we opened, our oysters were sourced from Virginia other places on the east coast. They were very inconsistent in size, people only wanted the big ones, so it was a struggle. But as the temperatures went down, the oysters have become more available, and we no longer have that issue. We have them coming in literally every single day. I probably get anywhere from eight to twelve sacks of Gulf oysters a day, almost a thousand oysters that we go through, and we get probably another twelve to eighteen hundred from other parts of the country: the Pacific Northwest, Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, all over.
Almost all oysters these days are farm-raised, but oysters out of out of the Gulf are still wild. Even though most of the wild oysters along the east coast were eradicated back in the 1800s, and they introduced new species, some of which were invasive and killed off the native populations, you can still get wild oysters from the Gulf. I’ve heard of some great oyster farm programs in the Gulf as well. Derek Emerson was sharing some great stuff with me the other day; he and Chris Hastings were talking about these oysters off Dauphin Island that are grown in baskets that tumble in the surf, which give the oysters a great shape and salinity, and have almost no mud or dirt because they aren’t on the bottom. The other day a supplier out of Birmingham offered me some oysters called “Bama Beauties”. They were sold out at the time, and they were expensive; they were (my cost) a dollar an oyster, and I’d have to be selling them at almost $3.50, the same price I’d ask for a really high-end Pacific oyster. More gourmet Gulf oysters are starting to pop up, but the challenge will be getting people who are used to $1 or $1.50 oysters from Mississippi or Alabama to buy them.
I never considered opening anywhere but Fondren. This is where I spend all of my free time; this is where my friends seem to gather, where I run into people I love. I thought with all the other great restaurants, we could create a wonderful restaurant scene here. Of course, there already was, but I wanted to jump into the middle of it. Duling Hall wasn’t my first choice, though when I first moved to Jackson, before the Parlor Market opened, Craig took us to Duling Hall, and I walked over to the space that is now Joan Hawkins Interiors and
thought it would make an awesome restaurant. Fast-forward to last year when I was looking for spaces, I was actually looking for a house, so I looked on State Street and Mitchell Avenue, but we just couldn’t make anything work. I talked to realtor Mike Peters and told him I wasn’t totally committed to a house, and he walked me through this space. With all the original brick, windows and floors, it just came together, I couldn’t be happier, and I can’t imagine it anywhere else.
I put this restaurant in the hipster capitol of Jackson, and I anticipated my friends and younger people, but I have more of an older demographic. It’s really mixed. I do get some people from out-of-town due to the great articles in “Southern Living” and “Garden & Guns”, but for the most part it’s really different from my expectations. I’ve thought about how the restaurant will evolve a lot. Things are still up in the air as we try to keep the house packed and discover what will drive people in to build our lunch business and early weekend business. The craft beers have really picked up more than I thought it would before we opened. It was always going to be a bar that focused on craft beers. We have thirty-one draughts. At first wine and cocktails were ahead in the mix, but soon the craft beers began outselling them. So we’re pushing that envelope and advocating the craft beer scene in Mississippi, which has growth spurts as well as growing pains.
The creative food is where I feed myself, it’s what I enjoy doing and why I love being a chef, but I have to ask myself if it’s right for here. Whereas I used to be able to put anything I wanted in front of people at Parlor Market, people would try it because it sounded interesting and love it and embrace it, that’s a struggle here. It’s a learning curve on the floor and in the kitchen, and though because of the long hours I work it feels like I’ve been here for five years already, we’ve only been open for six months. I have to keep reminding myself that.
Photo by Jotham McCauley
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Wealth managers head to Singapore as China concerns dim Hong Kong's lure
Sumeet Chatterjee, John Geddie
HONG KONG/SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Some foreign wealth managers are scrapping plans to open offices in Hong Kong in favour of Singapore, as the rich begin to move funds from the Chinese territory where a new extradition bill has stoked public unrest, people familiar with the matter said.
A general view of surveillance cameras near the central business district in Singapore March 5, 2019. REUTERS/Edgar Su/File Photo
A mid-sized European private wealth advisory firm has abandoned a plan to set up its Asia arm in Hong Kong and will instead aim to launch it in Singapore, its London-based chief executive told Reuters.
“We have been watching the situation in Hong Kong for the last few weeks and what we are seeing there doesn’t give us much confidence,” said the chief executive, on condition of anonymity due to the sensitivity of the matter.
“For me, the most important thing is stability for clients because you don’t want to go and invest $1 million-$2 million to set up operations and then one day you need to shut it down because your clients don’t feel safe to operate in that market.”
Some Hong Kong tycoons have begun moving their personal wealth offshore as concerns deepen over a government plan to allow extraditions of suspects to face trial in China for the first time, Reuters reported earlier this month.
The bill, which would cover Hong Kong residents and foreign and Chinese nationals living or travelling through the city, has been suspended. But protesters are now demanding it be scrapped amid broad concern it may threaten the rule of law that underpins Hong Kong’s global financial status.
For the wealthy, a key worry is that Beijing may eventually be able to seize their assets, leading them to weigh moving their assets offshore. Wealth managers mostly go where their clients prefer to park their riches.
The uncertainty over the bill clouds the outlook for Hong Kong as a wealth management hub, one of the main pillars of growth in the former British colony, which has been losing ground to Singapore in recent years.
In a survey published by trade publication Asian Private Banker last year, 58% of the respondents ranked Singapore as the most preferred offshore wealth management hub, followed by Hong Kong and Switzerland, respectively.
The survey said Singapore had become particularly attractive because, compared to Hong Kong, it was “less connected to Mainland China from a regulatory, political, and financial perspective”.
Rahul Sen, a London-based global leader for private banking at headhunter Boyden, said three of his multi-office wealth advisory clients decided in the last few weeks to hire teams of bankers in Singapore after initially considering Hong Kong.
“New teams that are being set up, they are asking why should they align with Hong Kong when the future of Hong Kong itself as an independent wealth hub is uncertain,” Sen said.
PROPERTY INVESTMENTS
The head of Singapore’s central bank said on Thursday that there were no signs of “any significant shift of business or funds” from Hong Kong to Singapore.
Singapore property brokers, though, said they are seeing increased inquiries and visits from Hong Kong-based groups including real estate fund managers and family offices, or private investment vehicles of the rich.
Ian Loh, head of investments and capital markets at Knight Frank Singapore, said the investors are looking at a range of properties – including offices and hotels - starting at around S$200 million ($147.74 million) and going to over S$500 million.
Real estate in Singapore is an attractive asset class for rich individuals due to its affordability and growth outlook.
Singapore prime office monthly rents climbed 24% on the year in Q1 2019 to hit $81.2 per square metre, according to research by Knight Frank. Rents in central Hong Kong rose 3.2% to $221.5 per square metre over the same period.
“The events of recent weeks are likely to add more momentum to a trend that has emerged over the last 18 months where Hong Kong-based private investors and family offices have been looking actively at Singapore property assets,” said Chris Marriott, CEO of Savills in Southeast Asia.
Some analysts said it remained to be seen if bigger financial institutions would move assets out of Hong Kong or bypass it.
“Singapore could be one of the beneficiaries as Hong Kong investors and high net worth individuals look to shift their funds out of Hong Kong,” said Jenny Ling, director of office services at Colliers International.
”(But) the likelihood of a knee-jerk reaction among companies to immediately vacate Hong Kong en masse as a result of the unrest is probably quite low.”
Additional reporting by Aradhana Aravindan in Singapore; Editing by Muralikumar Anantharaman
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North American Lithium
North American Lithium, an Abitibi, Quebec-based minerals mining company, obtained protection under the CCAA on May 28, owing its creditors approximately $210.0MM, including $99.0MM to Investissement Québec (IQ). Until recently, the company operated a mine producing spodumene, the mineral from which lithium, a chemical widely used to produce batteries, is extracted. The lithium battery market is principally located in China. In recent months, the global price of both lithium carbonate and spodumene have plummeted by 60% as a result of increased supply, primarily from Australia, where producers have lower extraction costs and are in closer proximity to the Chinese markets. Unable to operate profitably under the new market conditions, the company halted production in February 2019. Shortly thereafter, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources advised that it would commence enforcement proceedings against the company unless it put up a financial guarantee of approximately $23.0MM to cover the costs of a potential rehabilitation and restoration plan. While under creditor protection, the company intends to explore a recapitalization of the business. Raymond Chabot was appointed monitor. Counsel is Fasken for the company, McCarthy Tétrault for IQ, Norton Rose Fulbright for shareholder Contemporary Amperex Technology Canada and Woods for shareholder Jien International Investment.
Mometal Structures
Mometal Structures, a Varennes, Quebec-based manufacturer and installer of non-conventional steel structures, was placed in receivership on May 8 on application by HSBC, owed approximately $7.8MM. In early April 2019, the company was placed in HSBC's loan management unit after a 13-week cash flow forecast indicated a $5.6MM deterioration in the company's margin position over a 10-week period. A revised forecast was provided by the company in April that showed no deterioration in the bank's position. This forecast, however, was predicated on the receipt of $11.0MM from EllisDon, the company's largest customer, as advances on future projects. By the end of April, these receipts did not materialize and the company did not have sufficient liquidity to continue operations. Deloitte was appointed receiver. Fasken is counsel for the applicant.
Groupe Paquette Mécanique du Bâtiment Inc.
Groupe Paquette Mécanique du Bâtiment Inc., a Laval, Quebec-based mechanical contractor, had its assets placed in receivership on May 6 on separate applications by Caisse Desjardins, owed approximately $7.0MM and Fiera, owed approximately $3.2MM. MNP was appointed receiver over the company's equipment, tools and rolling stock and BLT Lapointe was appointed receiver over the remaining assets. Counsel is Dentons for Fiera, Gowlings WLG for Caisse Desjardins and Miller Thomson for the company.
Wow Air, an Iceland-based airline carrier company that specialized in ultra-cheap flights between North America and Europe, was deemed bankrupt on March 28 by the Icelandic court and ceased operations, leaving thousands of customers stranded or out-of-pocket for future flights. On May 13, the Office de la protection du consommateur (OPC) appointed PwC as claims adjudicator of the claims submitted to the Compensation Fund for Customers of Travel Agents, a financial protection plan administered by the OPC that protects customers who purchased services through licensed travel agencies in Quebec.
Imperial Tobacco, a Montreal, Quebec-based cigarette company that manufactures tobacco products for brands such as Marlboro and Pall Mall, filed for protection under the CCAA on March 12. The company leads the tobacco industry with roughly 48% market share of all legal sales in 2018. The two other major Canadian manufacturers and distributors of tobacco products are Rothmans Benson & Hedges and JTI-Macdonald, the latter of which was granted court protection under the CCAA on March 8. The company is currently facing an existential threat from litigation across Canada, including multiple class actions and government claims seeking to recover health care costs (collectively, the "Tobacco Litigation"). Earlier this month, the Quebec Court of Appeal upheld a 2015 ruling in a lower court that found the tobacco companies concealed the health risks of smoking from the public. The plaintiffs in the Tobacco Litigation are seeking hundreds of billions of dollars in damages, which significantly exceed the company's total assets. FTI Consulting was appointed monitor. Counsel is Osler for the company and Davies for the monitor.
Avara Boucherville Pharmaceutical Services
Avara Boucherville Pharmaceutical Services, a Boucherville, Quebec-based international pharmaceutical services company that delivers world-class contract manufacturing and technical services to the pharmaceutical industry, was placed in receivership on February 18 on application by Sandoz Canada, another pharmaceutical company. EY was appointed receiver. Miller Thomson is counsel to the applicant.
Sural Québec (“SQ”)
Sural Québec ("SQ"), a Victoriaville, Quebec-based greenfield plant that manufactures and commercializes aluminum rods, and Sural Laminated Products of Canada ("SLPC"), a Becancour, Quebec-based rod plant, filed for protection under the CCAA on February 11, listing approximately $142.0MM in liabilities, including $39.3MM to Investissement Québec and $41.3MM to BMO. The two companies are part of a large global group of privately owned companies operating four rod mills in the aluminum sector. In 2014, this group acquired the Becancour plant from Alcoa Canada and entered into a 10-year supply contract with it to provide SLPC with 100,000 metric tons per year of molten aluminum. SQ has experienced higher losses than forecast primarily because of schedule delays caused by, amongst other things, the death of a worker and construction cost overruns. The problems experienced by SQ impacted the SLPC operations. Furthermore, in fall 2018, Alcoa informed SLPC that its molten metal production would no longer be sufficient to meet SLPC's demand. Compounding these existing issues, the US announced in May 2018 that tariffs of 25% on imports of Canadian steel and 10% imports of Canadian aluminum would take effect on June 1, 2018. These tariffs significantly increased working capital pressures on the group as it scrambled to negotiate price concessions with its metal supplier and price premiums with its clients. By February 2019, SLPC's indebtedness to Alcoa increased to approximately $40.0MM, and it sent the company a notice requesting payment. PwC was appointed monitor. Counsel is Norton Rose Fulbright for the companies, Fasken for PwC, BLG for BMO and Lavery de Billy for Investissement Québec.
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Friends of the Huckleberry Trail
New River Valley’s Hiking, Biking & Walking Trail
Rules of the Trail
The Huckleberry Trail has deep roots and a long history of providing transportation between Blacksburg and Christiansburg.
It began as the Virginia Anthracite Coal and Rail Company in 1902 to transport coal from the Merrimac Mine (now the location of the Coal Miners’ Heritage Park) to the Cambria Depot in Christiansburg. In 1904, the railway was extended to Blacksburg (the depot was located at approximately the site of the current Montgomery/Floyd Regional Library) and a contract was made between the coal company and Virginia Tech. On September 15, 1904, the first passenger train rolled into Blacksburg.
The regular schedule at that time was four daily trains, with three of the trips carrying mail. Passengers could make the trip from Cambria to Blacksburg for 50 cents with baggage, or 35 cents without, and a round trip could be purchased for 60 cents without bags.
On September 21, 1904, the first round of cadets made their way into Blacksburg on the train. It was soon nicknamed “Huckleberry Crossing” because when the train would stall, passengers could step off the train and pass time picking the abundance of huckleberries (wild blueberries) along the route. The name stuck, and “Huckleberry Crossing” was soon painted in large letters on the depot. From 1912 to 1922, the Huckleberry was Blacksburg’s main link to surrounding areas, but by the early 1930’s, fewer students were riding the train because of the long wait. With the use of automobiles increasing, the Huckleberry’s passenger service was cut to twice a day in the 1940’s and then once a day in the 1950’s.
On July 25, 1958, the Huckleberry made its last steam run and operated on power until August 9, 1958. In the summer of 1966, the Blacksburg depot was closed.
Thanks to the vision of J.C. Garrett of the horticulture department at Virginia Tech, the Huckleberry would not be lost. In 1966, he and others worked to transform the train path into a nature trail and walking path for about one mile between the Blacksburg Library and Airport Road, the start of what would later become known as the Huckleberry Trail.
About Friends of the Huckleberry Trail
The extension of the Huckleberry Trail to its current length of 7.5 miles and 3.5 additional miles on the Huckleberry North Trail began in 1989 under Blacksburg Mayor Roger Hedgepeth. As a part of an update of the Town’s comprehensive plan, a committee was formed in 1991 in cooperation with Montgomery County and the Town of Christiansburg. It became a non-profit corporation, the Friends of the Huckleberry, Inc. The guidance and financial help of the Friends of the Huckleberry has helped extend the Trail to the Town of Christiansburg Recreation Center. With its goal of promoting and expanding the Huckleberry Trail, Friends has helped raise over $3 million for the expansion of the trail through federal and state grants, funds from the local governments, and from corporations and private citizens. Corporate sponsors of the trail include Corning, Montgomery Regional Hospital, the National Bank of Blacksburg, East Coasters Cycling & Fitness, the Hethwood Foundation, HHHunt, and many others.
Friends of the Huckleberry is currently working with the local governments to extend the Trail south to the Christiansburg High School, into downtown Christiansburg and north to the Heritage Park and the Jefferson National Forest in Blacksburg. It is anticipated that these extensions will be completed in the next couple of years as funds become available. Friends of the Huckleberry will continue to work on improving amenities and landscaping along the trail, even after it accomplishes it’s mission of connecting Downtown Christiansburg and the Jefferson National Forest.
Click image to view map at the Trail Links site.
Original Source: “Huckleberry Line.” Virginia Tech Magazine. Volume 14, Number 3. Spring 1992.
2019-06-14: New Parking Coming Soon June 14, 2019
2019-06-20: Grand Opening Event June 14, 2019
2019-06-05: Linwood Lane-Prices Fork Extension Opens June 5, 2019
Categories Select Category Archives Detours Events Expansion Front-Page Headline News Recent
© 2017 Friends of the Huckleberry, Inc. • 540-449-2000 • P.O. Box 925 • Blacksburg, VA 24063
Site maintained by Linear B Systems as a community service.
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The EPA's futile emissions regulations are devastating job growth and the economy, and other watered-down bills simply don't stop the insanity.
Energy Tax Prevention Act: The Only End to Cap and Trade
The EPA’s futile emissions regulations are devastating job growth and the economy, and other watered-down bills simply don’t stop the insanity.
Sen. James Inhofe
The evidence is in: The Obama Environmental Protection Agency’s cap-and-trade agenda is destroying jobs and decreasing domestic energy supplies. That agenda is slowing our economic recovery. It will mean higher gas and electricity bills for consumers.
Congress can stop this attack on jobs and affordable energy by passing the Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011. The bill would stop EPA’s cap-and-trade regulations, which are designed to make the energy we use more expensive.
They will also strangle economic growth. As the National Association of Manufacturers wrote, “At a time when our economy is attempting to recover from the most severe recession since the 1930s, [EPA] regulations, with no guidance from Congress, will establish disincentives for the long-term investments necessary to grow jobs and expedite economic recovery.”
Workers and consumers will feel the pain. A study by CRA International estimates that the EPA’s cap-and-trade regulations could increase wholesale electricity costs by 35% to 45% and reduce average worker compensation by $700 a year. What would they get in return? EPA itself has conceded that its unilateral actions will be overwhelmed and rendered meaningless due to ever-increasing emissions from China and India.
I introduced the Energy Tax Prevention Act (S 482) with House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Fred Upton (R.-Mich.) on March 3. The House is expected to vote on the bill soon, and it has bipartisan support. The Senate could vote on the bill, in the form of an amendement sponsored by Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, as early as this week.
There is a bipartisan majority in the Senate that favors blocking or restricting the EPA’s cap-and-trade agenda in some way. The vote on the McConnell amendment comes down to a simple choice: Are you for jobs and affordable energy or President Obama’s energy taxes and bureaucratic regulations?
Of course, some want to avoid this stark choice, so they have devised “alternatives,” which amount to, as the newspaper Politico put it, “political cover”—they provide convenient talking points but keep the EPA’s cap-and-trade agenda largely in place. One example comes from Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D.-W.Va.), who has proposed a narrow two-year delay of the EPA’s global warming regulations.
I agree with Sen. Rockefeller that, as he put it last year, “Congress—not the unelected EPA—must decide major economic and energy policy.” But make no mistake: A vote for the Rockefeller bill is a vote for higher energy taxes and more regulations. That’s because a two-year delay provides no certainty for businesses of all sizes planning for new, long-term investment. That lack of certainty is already having a deleterious effect on jobs and economic growth.
Consider Nucor Steel. The company planned a $2 billion investment that would have created 2,000 construction and 500 permanent jobs. But the project was curtailed—by more than 50%—largely because of the EPA’s regulations. Lion Oil, a refinery based in El Dorado, Ark., faced a similar fate: The EPA’s cap-and-trade agenda was, according to the company, a “critical factor” that delayed a “several hundred million” dollar refinery expansion, slated to create 2,000 jobs.
And under the Rockefeller bill, EPA and the states would have every incentive to stall new construction permits. The EPA could even move forward—as it is now—with plans to regulate power plants and refineries, actions that will assuredly raise gas and electricity prices. In short, the Rockefeller bill is not a solution.
The same applies to an amendment sponsored by Sen. Max Baucus (D.-Mont.). The amendment is modeled on the EPA’s “tailoring rule,” which temporarily exempts smaller sources—schools, hospitals, farms, restaurants—from the EPA’s cap-and-trade regulations. That sounds good, but the rule blatantly violates the law, as the EPA changed the emissions thresholds established by Congress.
Hence the Baucus amendment: It would codify the EPA’s permitting exemptions for stationary sources that emit fewer than 75,000 tons a year of greenhouse gases. This exemption, which is actually more stringent than the EPA’s, purportedly is designed to help farmers and small businesses. But as with the Rockefeller bill, it allows the rest of the EPA’s cap-and-trade agenda to move forward. So businesses and farmers would still face higher costs for diesel and fertilizer, while small businesses would face higher electricity costs.
The American Farm Bureau is wise to the false charm of the Baucus amendment. It testified recently that, even with limited permiting exemptions, “Farmers and ranchers would still incur the higher costs of compliance passed down from utilities, refiners, and fertilizer manufacturers that are directly regulated as of January 2, 2011.”
Manufacturers feel the same way. The Industrial Energy Consumers of America wrote that the Baucus approach “does not solve the underlying problem that regulating [greenhouse gases] under the Clean Air Act is very costly for manufacturing, will impact global competitiveness, and encourage capital investment outside the United States .”
The only way to stop the “higher costs of compliance” the Farm Bureau rightly fears is to pass the Energy Tax Prevention Act. It is the only legislation that puts an end to the EPA’s cap-and-trade agenda, once and for all.
It’s also important to note that the Energy Tax Prevention Act does not affect, in any way, the EPA’s authority to regulate pollution, including toxins, which can have public health impacts. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is running ads shamelessly portraying children with breathing apparatuses, suggesting that passing the bill would increase or exacerbate asthma. The NRDC is lying. There are no direct health impacts from carbon dioxide emissions. And notably, carbon emissions have slightly declined in the U.S., while cases of asthma in children have increased.
The contrast couldn’t be starker: The Energy Tax Prevention Act stops the EPA’s energy taxes and costly regulations, freeing up job creation and economic growth. The Rockefeller and Baucus bills free up the EPA to tax energy and stop new jobs, new construction, and America’s economic recovery.
The Iron Dome of Israel
Syria Deploys Army – Clinton Says US Will Not Intervene
Written By Sen. James Inhofe
Mr. Inhofe, a Republican, is ranking member of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.
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Notably, neither President Franklin Roosevelt nor Chester Nimitz, the tall admiral from Fredericksburg, Texas, took credit for the victory.
Courageous Decisions
Lt. Col. Oliver North
ABOARD USS YORKTOWN — There has been much said and written of late regarding “high-risk decision-making” and “courageous leadership” in Washington. The so-called mainstream media, politicians and pundits are all a-twitter — literally — about a congressman’s underwear, the damage done by WikiLeaks and how the death of Osama bin Laden and the “Arab Spring” are changing the course of history. For those having difficulty discerning what qualifies as “decisiveness under duress” or a “gutsy call,” the first week of June offers some excellent examples from living history that put current events into a more reasonable perspective.
Much of that history is visible here on the flight and hangar decks and spaces aboard “The Fighting Lady.” This aircraft carrier, designated CV-10, was commissioned barely 10 months after its namesake was sunk by the Japanese shortly after the epic Battle of Midway, 69 years ago this week. The docents and tour guides here know how bold, brave decisions and the undaunted courage of young Americans in uniform can create world-changing events. And they explain all this without political coloration or equivocation to visiting students, tourists and Boy Scouts.
When I was a midshipman at Annapolis, we were taught how the battle for Midway — a tiny atoll 1,137 miles northwest of Hawaii — became the turning point in the Pacific and America’s first victory in World War II. But it wasn’t until decades later, while interviewing eyewitness participants of the desperate fight (for our Fox News’ “War Stories” documentary), that I completely understood how easily it all could have turned out differently.
From Dec. 7, 1941, until Midway (June 4, 1942), the United States failed to win a single engagement with the Empire of Japan. Less than a month before, during the Battle of the Coral Sea, the U.S. Navy had lost one of its five carriers, USS Lexington, and Yorktown was badly damaged and required extensive repairs in Pearl Harbor. Bill Surgi, an aviation mechanic aboard Yorktown, described the harrowing battle and provided a dramatic account of how his damaged ship was hastily repaired and — with repairmen still aboard — sent back into the fight at Midway.
Fleet Adm. Chester Nimitz, on the job for less than five months, was down to two undamaged carriers in the Pacific, USS Enterprise and USS Hornet. But Nimitz knew, from top-secret code breakers at “Station Hypo,” that Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, the architect of the attack on Pearl Harbor, was en route with the entire Japanese battle fleet to capture Midway. That’s when Nimitz made what Surgi called “the bravest call a commander could make — to attack them before they could hit us again.”
Having the participants in the furious battle — men such as Surgi aboard Yorktown; Ensign Lewis Hopkins, a dive bomber pilot aboard Enterprise; and Mac Showers, one of the legendary code breakers — describe the searing, bloody battle is unforgettable. They all recognize that a more timid commander than Nimitz could well have decided to husband his scant assets until America’s factories and shipyards were able to churn out more planes and ships. But instead, he took the risk.
The battle exacted a terrible toll. Every plane from the USS Hornet’s Torpedo Squadron 8 was shot down. Only five planes from Torpedo Squadron 6, off the Enterprise, made it back. And only two from Torpedo Squadron 3, from Yorktown, came home. The Marine aviators ashore on Midway fared little better. Maj. Lofton Henderson was killed leading his squadron of 16 Dauntless dive bombers in an attack on the Japanese carrier Hiryu. Only a handful of his wingmen survived. Then, late in the day, the Japanese found the already battle-damaged Yorktown. It was hit three more times by Japanese bombs.
As darkness fell on June 4, Yamamoto canceled his order to take Midway and turned toward his homeland with the entire Japanese Combined Fleet. Taisuke Maruyama, one of the Japanese pilots who bombed Pearl Harbor and whose carrier went to the bottom at Midway, gave us a firsthand account of the battle and what it all meant to his nation’s dreams of a globe-spanning empire.
Notably, neither President Franklin Roosevelt nor Chester Nimitz, the tall admiral from Fredericksburg, Texas, took credit for the victory. They gave it instead to those who fought the battle. And unlike what would happen today, a “leak” about how our code breakers provided the decisive “edge” in the Battle of Midway — first carried in an article in the Chicago Tribune and later carried in Time magazine — did not get picked up in Tokyo. Now we have WikiLeaks — and small-minded officials who want all the credit.
Moody’s Threatens U.S. Credit Rating
House Republicans Fight To Secure Homeland Security and Protective Service Appropriations
Written By Lt. Col. Oliver North
Oliver North is the host of "War Stories" on Fox News Channel, the founder and honorary chairman of Freedom Alliance, and the author of "American Heroes in Special Operations."
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Workshop on the community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 24/06/2019 - 05/07/2019 Beirut (Lebanon)
13th Annual Meeting of the South-East European Experts Network on Intangible CUltural Heritage 16/06/2019 - 18/06/2019 Cremona (Italy)
Community-Based Inventorying of ICH in Armenia 04/06/2019 - 07/06/2019 Yerevan (Armenia)
Capacity Building Workshop on the Implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention in the Solomon Islands 03/06/2019 - 07/06/2019 Honiara (Solomon Islands)
Expert meeting on intangible cultural heritage in emergencies 21/05/2019 - 22/05/2019 UNESCO Headquarters, Paris (France)
From Ratification to Implementation: Pacific Intangible Cultural Heritage Workshop held in Nadi 13/05/2019 - 17/06/2019 Nadi (Fiji)
Side event on the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: Opportunities for indigenous peoples 22/04/2019 - 22/04/2019 New York (United States of America)
Workshop on developing safeguarding plans for intangible cultural heritage 21/04/2019 - 25/04/2019 Cairo (Egypt)
Consultation meeting on the role of accredited non-governmental organizations under the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 18/04/2019 - 18/04/2019 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Workshop on the community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 14/04/2019 - 23/04/2019 Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Training Workshop on Participatory Inventory Development with Communities 19/03/2019 - 29/03/2019 Moroni (Comoros)
Workshop on Community based inventorying of the 2003 Convention 03/03/2019 - 12/03/2019 Cairo (Egypt)
Information and exchange session on the provisional upstream dialogue for nominations to be examined in 2019 by the Intergovernmental Committee 01/03/2019 - 01/03/2019 Paris (France)
Workshop for the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 20/02/2019 - 22/02/2019 Beirut (Lebanon)
Training on inventorying and technical assistance for setting up an inventory framework 13/01/2019 - 17/01/2019 Khartoum (Sudan)
Validation workshop on needs assessment in Ghana 13/12/2018 - 14/12/2018 Accra (Ghana)
The global facilitators’ network: How can it support countries to implement the Convention 27/11/2018 - 27/11/2018 Port Louis (Mauritius)
Consultation on the priorities for an Action Plan for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Guatemala 27/11/2018 - 27/11/2018 Guatemala City (Guatemala)
13th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 26/11/2018 - 01/12/2018 Port Louis (Mauritius)
Workshop on institutional and legal frameworks in Comoros for Intangible Cultural Heritage 20/11/2018 - 22/11/2018 Moroni (Comoros)
Paris Peace Forum 11/11/2018 - 13/11/2018 La grande Halle de la Villette (France)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention in Georgia 05/11/2018 - 09/11/2018 Tbilisi (Georgia)
Virtual conference – safeguarding intangible cultural heritage through technical and vocational education and training 29/10/2018 - 07/11/2018 Online (France)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention 28/10/2018 - 30/10/2018 Kuwait City (Kuwait)
kick-off meeting " Community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in urban contexts" 22/10/2018 - 23/10/2018 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Extensive training on community-based inventory on the ICH concept 15/10/2018 - 19/10/2018 Dakar (Senegal)
Community-based inventorying workshop in Lamu 08/10/2018 - 12/10/2018 Lamu (Kenya)
Information and exchange session for the members of the Intergovernmental Committee 02/10/2018 - 02/10/2018 Paris (France)
Training Workshop on Community-Based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Elaborating Nomination Files under the Mechanisms of the 2003 UNESCO Convention 26/09/2018 - 03/10/2018 Pyongyang (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention for decision makers 23/09/2018 - 24/09/2018 Khartoum (Sudan)
Supporting policy development in the field of intangible cultural heritage. Training of trainers for the facilitators from Europe. 17/09/2018 - 21/09/2018 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention for national experts, local associations and communities 16/09/2018 - 20/09/2018 Khartoum (Sudan)
Closing workshop for the project 'Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage through strengthening national capacities in Morocco, Mauritania and Tunisia' 12/09/2018 - 12/09/2018 Rabat (Morocco)
Training of trainers on Community based inventorying in Egypt 02/09/2018 - 06/09/2018 Cairo (Egypt)
Workshop on developing policies in the field of intangible cultural heritage safeguarding 26/08/2018 - 30/08/2018 Cairo (Egypt)
Training of trainers workshop for facilitators from the Asia-Pacific Region 02/07/2018 - 06/07/2018 Hangzhou (China)
Pilot Inventorying Activity Bonaire July – Sept, 2018: BONAIRE’S ICH & NATURAL DISASTERS 01/07/2018 - 30/09/2018 Kralendijk, Bonaire (Netherlands)
Final consultation and validation meeting of the multi-year national strategy for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 28/06/2018 - 29/06/2018 Tunis (Tunisia)
Capacity building workshop on intangible cultural heritage in Vanuatu 25/06/2018 - 29/06/2018 Port-Vila (Vanuatu)
Capacity Building Workshop on the Implementation of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in Kiribati 25/06/2018 - 29/06/2018 Tarawa (Kiribati)
National workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention in the Comoros 25/06/2018 - 29/06/2018 Moroni, Comoros (Comoros)
Training of trainers workshop for facilitators from Central Asia 25/06/2018 - 28/06/2018 Almaty (Kazakhstan)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention for instructors 24/06/2018 - 27/06/2018 Cairo (Egypt)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention for decision makers, members of the consultative platform and high-level officials 19/06/2018 - 21/06/2018 Cairo (Egypt)
National workshop on the implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 18/06/2018 - 21/06/2018 Djibouti (Djibouti)
Sixth meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 07/06/2018 - 07/06/2018 Paris (France)
7th session of the General Assembly 04/06/2018 - 06/06/2018 Paris (France)
Workshop on implementing the Convention at the national level (funded by Sofia category 2 centre) 28/05/2018 - 01/06/2018 Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Training workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention 08/05/2018 - 17/05/2018 Libreville (Gabon)
Training for Bangladesh on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 06/05/2018 - 10/05/2018 Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention and community-based inventorying in South Sudan 03/05/2018 - 11/05/2018 Juba, South Sudan (South Sudan)
Workshop on safeguarding plans for intangible cultural heritage 25/04/2018 - 27/03/2018 Guatemala city (Guatemala)
Information and exchange session for the Overall results framework for the Convention 20/04/2018 - 20/04/2018 Paris (France)
Training workshop for surveyors (1972 and 2003 Conventions) 19/04/2018 - 20/04/2018 Bertoua (Cameroon)
Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage with Young People in Kyrgyzstan 09/04/2018 - 13/04/2018 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)
Training workshop on intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development 04/04/2018 - 05/04/2018 Tunis (Tunisia)
Capacity-building Workshop on Preparing Nomination Files and International Assistance Request 19/02/2018 - 28/02/2018 Asmara (Eritrea)
Workshop on implementing the Convention at the national level (funded by Sofia category 2 centre) 05/02/2018 - 09/02/2018 Dnipetrovsk (Ukraine)
Assessing needs and strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH in Malta 25/01/2018 - 05/02/2018 Malta (Malta)
Workshop on implementing the Convention at the national level (funded by Sofia category 2 centre) 22/01/2018 - 26/01/2018 Ljubljana (Slovenia)
Intangible cultural heritage and tertiary education 05/12/2017 - 05/12/2017 Jeju (Republic of Korea)
12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 04/12/2017 - 09/12/2017 Jeju Island (Republic of Korea)
Regional meeting: Cooperation mechanisms for intangible heritage and higher education 21/11/2017 - 22/11/2017 Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Training workshop on the preparation of safeguarding plans for intangible cultural heritage and Meeting on results of inventorying exercise 20/11/2017 - 22/11/2017 Azrou (Morocco)
Consultation meeting on the development of a national strategy for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 31/10/2017 - 31/10/2017 Hammamet (Tunisia)
Training workshop on the elaboration of a national strategy for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 28/10/2017 - 30/10/2017 Hammamet (Tunisia)
Stakeholders' meeting 26/10/2017 - 26/10/2017 Abuja (Nigeria)
UNESCO Youth Forum 25/10/2017 - 26/10/2017 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Training workshop on the development of safeguarding plans for intangible cultural heritage and Presentation meeting on outcomes of inventorying exercise 08/10/2017 - 10/10/2017 Atar (Mauritania)
Fourth meeting of the 12.COM Bureau 03/10/2017 - 03/10/2017 UNESCO Headquarters (-)
Workshop on participatory inventory methodology in eastern Guatemala 25/09/2017 - 01/10/2017 Esquipulas, Chiquimula (Guatemala)
Training Workshop on Community-Based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage 24/09/2017 - 28/09/2017 Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Training of trainers workshop for the European chapter of the global facilitators’ network 18/09/2017 - 22/09/2017 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Fieldwork for Inventorying and Digital Archiving of Eritrean Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) 15/09/2017 - 03/11/2017 Anseba, Gash-Barka, Maekel, South, Northern Red sea, Southern Red Sea (Eritrea)
Fifth meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 10/09/2017 - 12/09/2017 Shiraz (Iran (Islamic Republic of))
Needs-assessment Safeguarding ICH in Bosnia and Herzegovina 01/09/2017 - 31/12/2017 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Needs assessement for safegaurding ICH in the Republic of Congo 16/08/2017 - 29/08/2017 Brazzaville (Congo)
Workshop on the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH and Community-based ICH Inventorying in Tuvalu 24/07/2017 - 29/07/2017 Funafuti (Tuvalu)
Training workshop on the development of safeguarding plans for intangible cultural heritage 12/07/2017 - 14/07/2017 Djerba (Tunisia)
Safeguarding Nigeria’s Intangible Cultural Heritage: Workshop on preparation of nomination files to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists and the preparation of request for International Assistance. 26/06/2017 - 30/06/2017 Abuja (Nigeria)
Strengthening the implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: sub-regional training workshop for facilitators from Central Asia 19/06/2017 - 23/06/2017 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)
Santa Apolonia pottery pilot inventory 12/06/2017 - 31/08/2017 Santa Apolonia (Guatemala)
Open-ended intergovernmental working group on developing an overall results framework for the Convention 11/06/2017 - 13/06/2017 Chengdu (China)
Community-based inventorying to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage in western Guatemala 05/06/2017 - 09/06/2017 Santa Apolonia, Guatemala (Guatemala)
Community based Inventorying in Mongolia 01/06/2017 - 13/10/2017 Khentii, Dornod, Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)
Training workshop on the preparation of International Assistance requests 26/05/2017 - 28/05/2017 Beni Mellal (Morocco)
Integrating intangible cultural heritage in education: Intersectoral meeting with Education Institutes and programmes 17/05/2017 - 19/05/2017 Paris (France)
Training workshop on the preparation of International Assistance requests 16/05/2017 - 18/05/2017 Tabarka (Tunisia)
Needs Assessment for the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage at National Level 06/05/2017 - 18/05/2017 Conakry (Guinea)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans, ICH legislation and policies 03/05/2017 - 06/05/2017 Tashkent (Uzbekistan)
Reinforcement Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention ICH' 01/05/2017 - 31/05/2017 Paramaribo (Suriname)
Reinforcement Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention ICH' 01/05/2017 - 31/05/2017 Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
Reinforcement Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention ICH' 01/05/2017 - 30/06/2017 Kralendijk, Bonaire (Netherlands)
Reinforcement Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention ICH' 01/05/2017 - 31/05/2017 Oranjestad (Aruba)
Developing Safeguarding plans 16/04/2017 - 20/04/2017 Dubai (United Arab Emirates)
Joint workshop on the nomination, Dutch Caribbean islands 08/04/2017 - 11/04/2017 Kralendijk, Bonaire (Netherlands)
Capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Guatemala 03/04/2017 - 07/04/2017 Guatemala (Guatemala)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in the context of implementing the 2003 Convention in Eritrea 03/04/2017 - 18/04/2017 Asmara (Eritrea)
Field survey and inventorying of ICH elements in Fiji 01/04/2017 - 31/07/2017 Fiji (Fiji)
Reinforcement Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention ICH' 01/04/2017 - 30/05/2017 Philipsburg (Sint Maarten)
Training workshop on the preparation of International Assistance requests 01/04/2017 - 03/04/2017 Atar (Mauritania)
Third expert group meeting on cultural contexts of health and well-being 13/03/2017 - 14/03/2017 Paris (France)
Nomination of the UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH in Montenegro 07/03/2017 - 11/03/2017 Cetinje (Montenegro)
Envisioning the future of the global capacity-building programme and its facilitators' network - Strategy meeting with facilitators 06/03/2017 - 09/03/2017 Bangkok (Thailand)
Workshop on the preparation of nominations and safeguarding plans in Norway 21/02/2017 - 24/02/2017 Trondheim (Norway)
Community-based inventorying workshop with the Bida community 20/02/2017 - 24/02/2017 Niger State (Nigeria)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Fiji 20/02/2017 - 24/02/2017 Suva (Fiji)
Policy Advisory Mission Sri Lanka 23/01/2017 - 27/01/2017 Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans in Lao People's Democratic Republic 05/12/2016 - 09/12/2016 Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Capacity-building Workshop on the Elaboration of Nominations 30/11/2016 - 02/12/2016 Libreville (Gabon)
Learning with intangible cultural heritage in education 29/11/2016 - 29/11/2016 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
11th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 28/11/2016 - 02/12/2016 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
Inventory Workshop: Towards a National Inventory for Tanzania 21/11/2016 - 02/12/2016 Dar es Salaam (United Republic of Tanzania)
Capacity-building workshop on Developing Safeguarding Plans for Intangible Cultural Heritage in Nepal 21/11/2016 - 25/11/2016 Kathmandu (Nepal)
Workshop on ICH and Sustainable Development in Kazakhstan, Implications for Policy Development and Implementation 21/11/2016 - 23/11/2016 Astana (Kazakhstan)
Community-based inventorying workshop with the Oyo community 14/11/2016 - 18/11/2016 Oyo State (Nigeria)
Workshop on elaboration of public policy tools for the ICH safeguarding national plan of Ecuador 09/11/2016 - 11/11/2016 Quito (Ecuador)
Institutional Capacity-building Workshop for the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 31/10/2016 - 02/11/2016 Ndjamena (Chad)
Training of Trainers on Digitizing Mongolian Intangible Cultural Heritage: First Steps towards the Establishment of a National Inventory and Electronic Database of Mongolian Intangible Cultural Heritage 24/10/2016 - 27/10/2016 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans for ICH 24/10/2016 - 28/10/2016 Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Needs-assessment for strengthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH in Republic of Moldova 20/10/2016 - 30/11/2016 Republic of Moldova (Republic of Moldova)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans in Fiji 17/10/2016 - 21/10/2016 Lautoka (Fiji)
Community-based inventorying workshop with the Calabar community 09/10/2016 - 14/10/2016 Cross River State (Nigeria)
Supporting policy development in the field of intangible cultural heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean 03/10/2016 - 07/10/2016 Lima (Peru)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH in Senegal: Needs analysis and development of a project proposal 01/10/2016 - 13/11/2016 Dakar (Senegal)
Training of Trainers on Strengthening National Capacities for Implementing the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. 19/09/2016 - 23/09/2016 Mariental (Namibia)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans in Samoa 12/09/2016 - 16/09/2016 Apia (Samoa)
Expert Meeting on developing an overall results framework for the 2003 Convention 07/09/2016 - 09/09/2016 Beijing (China)
Policy development workshop for Southern African countries in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage 05/09/2016 - 16/09/2016 Lusaka (Zambia)
Training Workshop on Community-Based Inventorying of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 28/08/2016 - 01/09/2016 Pyongyang (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)
6 ateliers sur la mise en œuvre de la Convention organisés au niveau régional 01/08/2016 - 31/08/2016 Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Workshop on inventorying, international assistance and nominations in Zambia 25/07/2016 - 29/07/2016 Kabwe (Zambia)
Policy Advisory Mission Lao PDR 20/06/2016 - 22/06/2016 Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Implementing the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH at the National Level in Romania 13/06/2016 - 17/06/2016 Bucharest (Romania)
Workshop on formulating public policy and post-disaster recovery tools for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage 13/06/2016 - 16/06/2016 Puerto López (Ecuador)
Fourth meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 03/06/2016 - 03/06/2016 Paris (France)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/06/2016 - 31/07/2016 Paramaribo (Suriname)
Implementation of the 2003 Convention of Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 29/05/2016 - 01/06/2016 Amman (Jordan)
Workshop on elaborating safeguarding plans in Mongolia 23/05/2016 - 27/05/2016 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Joint workshop on the elaboration of safeguarding plans, Dutch Caribbean islands 17/05/2016 - 20/05/2016 Willemstad (Curaçao)
Workshop on the formulation of public policy tools relevant to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage 16/05/2016 - 19/05/2016 Riobamba (Ecuador)
First Aid Support Meeting on Syrian Traditional Music 13/05/2016 - 13/05/2016 Room VIII UNESCO Headquarter (France)
Training of Trainers on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in Viet Nam 09/05/2016 - 15/05/2016 Hanoi (Viet Nam)
Regional final workshop of the capacity building project in Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP) 09/05/2016 - 13/05/2016 Maputo (Mozambique)
Policy Advisory mission in Samoa 02/05/2016 - 06/05/2016 Apia (Samoa)
Workshop on documenting and inventorying intangible cultural heritage of the pastoralist Samburu community 13/04/2016 - 31/05/2016 Arapal, Baragoi, Maralal (Kenya)
Implementing the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH at the National Level in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 11/04/2016 - 15/04/2016 Skopje (North Macedonia)
Inventorying of living heritage in Suriname 11/04/2016 - 15/04/2016 Paramaribo (Suriname)
Workshop on the formulation of public policy tools for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage 04/04/2016 - 07/04/2016 Loja (Ecuador)
Capacity building on the 2003 Convention in Guinea Bissau 04/04/2016 - 09/04/2016 Bissau (Guinea-Bissau)
Workshop on Community-based inventory 09/03/2016 - 19/03/2016 Luanda (Angola)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/03/2016 - 30/04/2016 Oranjestad (Aruba)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Fiji 03/02/2016 - 11/02/2016 Suva (Fiji)
Community-based inventorying workshop 24/01/2016 - 31/01/2016 Dubai (United Arab Emirates)
Final workshop Cabo Verde 18/01/2016 - 23/01/2016 Praia (Cabo Verde)
Emergency workshop on nominations for Iraq 26/12/2015 - 28/12/2015 Amman, Jordan (Iraq)
Emergency workshop on community-based inventorying for Iraq 19/12/2015 - 24/12/2015 Amman, Jordan (Iraq)
Information Session Capacity-building programme 01/12/2015 - 04/12/2015 Windhoek (Namibia)
10th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 30/11/2015 - 04/12/2015 Windhoek (Namibia)
Final workshop in Sao Tomé and Principe: community-based inventories for a national safeguarding strategy of cultural intangible heritage 23/11/2015 - 27/11/2015 Sao Tome (Sao Tome and Principe)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 16/11/2015 - 20/11/2015 Apia (Samoa)
Training workshop on the implementation of the 2003 UNESCO Convention in Angola 09/11/2015 - 13/11/2015 Luanda (Angola)
Refresher workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 08/11/2015 - 15/11/2015 Luang Prabang (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Training workshop on the preparation of nomination files for the Convention's lists and of requests for international assistance. 02/11/2015 - 06/11/2015 Hammamet, Nabeul (Tunisia)
Regional symposium on the development of post-graduate degrees focusing on intangible cultural heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region 02/11/2015 - 03/11/2015 Bangkok (Thailand)
Workshop on implementing the Convention at national level 25/10/2015 - 29/10/2015 Dubai (United Arab Emirates)
Training Workshop on Community-Based Inventorying in Monaco 22/10/2015 - 22/10/2015 Monaco (Monaco)
Community-based inventorying workshop in Norway 19/10/2015 - 23/10/2015 Trondheim (Norway)
Transmission workshop from elderly to younger Kallawayas 17/10/2015 - 22/10/2015 Curva (Bolivia (Plurinational State of))
Second meeting of the 10.COM Bureau 06/10/2015 - 06/10/2015 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 05/10/2015 - 09/10/2015 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Community inventories: Boubon, Agadez and Habbanae practice 01/10/2015 - 31/12/2015 Boubon, Agadez (Niger)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/10/2015 - 31/12/2015 Willemstad (Curaçao)
Supporting policy development in the field of intangible cultural heritage in Africa: A workshop for expert facilitators from the region 28/09/2015 - 02/10/2015 Constantine (Algeria)
Training on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Fiji 24/09/2015 - 29/09/2015 Suva (Fiji)
Training workshop on community-based inventorying 23/09/2015 - 03/10/2015 Ribeira Grande de Santiago (Cabo Verde)
Implementation the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH at the National level in Albania 14/09/2015 - 18/09/2015 Tirana (Albania)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 14/09/2015 - 18/09/2015 Taunggyi (Myanmar)
Transmission workshop from elderly to younger Kallawayas 13/09/2015 - 18/09/2015 Charazani (Bolivia (Plurinational State of))
Inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in Ecuador 02/09/2015 - 07/09/2015 Loja (Ecuador)
Inventorying of living heritage in Ecuador 24/08/2015 - 29/08/2015 Riobamba (Ecuador)
Need assessment for strengthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Egpyt 09/08/2015 - 15/08/2015 Cairo (Egypt)
Suriname taking important strides towards the safeguarding of its living heritage 27/07/2015 - 31/07/2015 Paramaribo (Suriname)
Training workshop on the implementation of the 2003 UNESCO Convention 27/07/2015 - 31/07/2015 Praia (Cabo Verde)
Field survey and inventory in pilot communities Samoa 20/07/2015 - 21/08/2015 Upolu, Savail (Samoa)
Worskhop on Providing Technical Assistance to States Parties requesting International Assistance 20/07/2015 - 22/07/2015 Paris (France)
Third meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 06/07/2015 - 08/07/2015 Guiyang (China)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/07/2015 - 31/10/2015 Philipsburg (Sint Maarten)
Collective steps in inventorying and safeguarding living heritage in Ecuador 24/06/2015 - 29/06/2015 Portoviejo (Ecuador)
Training Workshop on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 08/06/2015 - 12/06/2015 Valposchiavo (Switzerland), Tirano (Italy) (Italy)
Developing a follow-up and evaluation mechanism for capacity-building activities 01/06/2015 - 03/06/2015 Paris (France)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 27/05/2015 - 06/06/2015 Kralendijk, Bonaire (Netherlands)
A stakeholder’s workshop on Eritrean Cultural and Natural Heritage Legislation 26/05/2015 - 27/05/2015 Asmara (Eritrea)
Workshop Development of nominations for inscription on the Lists of the Convention 25/05/2015 - 29/05/2015 Casablanca (Morocco)
Palestinian Law on the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 18/05/2015 - 19/05/2015 Ramallah (Palestine)
Workshop on strengthening the policy and legal framework for the safeguarding of ICH in Nigeria. 14/05/2015 - 14/05/2015 Abuja, Nigeria (Nigeria)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/05/2015 - 30/06/2015 Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
Inventorying Field Exercises for the project ‘Strengthening the capacities of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Suriname to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.' 01/05/2015 - 30/06/2015 Saba (Netherlands)
Training workshop on the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage - Moving towards an ICH Inventory for a State of Goa 27/04/2015 - 28/04/2015 Goa, India (India)
Need assessment for strenthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Madagascar 24/04/2015 - 23/05/2015 Antananarivo (Madagascar)
Workshop on community-based inventorying for intangible cultural heritage 21/04/2015 - 30/04/2015 Niamey (Niger)
Workshop on needs assessment in Djibouti 16/04/2015 - 16/04/2015 Djibouti (Djibouti)
ADTCA needs assessment in Sudan 03/04/2015 - 10/04/2015 Khartoum (Sudan)
Workshop on community-based inventorying of living heritage 30/03/2015 - 10/04/2015 Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome and Principe)
Expert meeting on a model code of ethics for intangible cultural heritage 30/03/2015 - 01/04/2015 Valencia (Spain)
Need assessment for strengthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Sudan 09/03/2015 - 10/04/2015 Khartoum (Sudan)
Need assessment for strenthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Djibouti 09/03/2015 - 17/04/2015 Djibouti (Djibouti)
Need assessment for improvement of national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Comoros 28/02/2015 - 07/03/2015 Moroni (Comoros)
Joint workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 22/02/2015 - 28/02/2015 Willemstad (Curaçao)
Training Workshop on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of theIntangible Cultural Heritage 17/02/2015 - 19/02/2015 Goma Nord-KIVU (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
A 2 day Capacity Building and Consultative Conference for parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Youths and Sports and Key Stakeholders on the Seven(7) UNESCO Conventions Ghana has tabled for Ratification(for the protection and preservation of cultural Heritage)through the 2003 UNESCO Convention(for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage). 09/02/2015 - 10/02/2015 Accra (Ghana)
Training on the 2003 Convention 09/02/2015 - 13/02/2015 Beirut, Lebanon (Syrian Arab Republic)
Training of trainers workshop on safeguarding plans and policy support for intangible cultural heritage for facilitators from the Asia-Pacific Region 19/01/2015 - 23/01/2015 Shenzhen (China)
Workshop on awareness raising and capacity building on the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and its implementation at the national level 02/12/2014 - 04/12/2014 New Delhi (India)
9th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 24/11/2014 - 28/11/2014 Paris (France)
Capacity-building Workshop on the Elaboration of Community-based Intangible Cultural Inventory 17/11/2014 - 25/11/2014 Bujumbura (Burundi)
Training Workshop on the the implementation of the 2003 Convention 10/11/2014 - 14/11/2014 Niamey (Niger)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Myanmar 27/10/2014 - 03/11/2014 Nyaung Shwe (Myanmar)
Workshop in Mozambique: towards a national strategy for the safeguarding of cultural intangible heritage 27/10/2014 - 01/11/2014 Chinhambudzi, Manica and Maputo (Mozambique)
Need assessment for strenthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in South Sudan 21/10/2014 - 28/10/2014 Juba (South Sudan)
Expert meeting on safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development at the national level 29/09/2014 - 01/10/2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
Review meeting of the global capacity-building strategy for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in Europe and Central Asia 23/09/2014 - 26/09/2014 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Joint training on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Dutch Caribbean islands 08/09/2014 - 12/09/2014 Phillipsburg (Sint Maarten)
Capacity-building workshop on ICH community-based inventorying 05/09/2014 - 15/09/2014 Bamako (Mali)
Needs-assessment Safeguarding ICH in the Republic of Albania 01/09/2014 - 30/11/2014 Albania (Albania)
How to provide policy advice effectively? 25/06/2014 - 25/06/2014 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Curaçao national consultation meeting 24/06/2014 - 25/06/2014 Willemstad (Curaçao)
Tunisia: INV workshop 19/06/2014 - 26/06/2014 Kerkennah (Tunisia)
Review meeting: safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Belize, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago 10/06/2014 - 11/06/2014 Kingston (Jamaica)
National Consultation for Strengthening Capacities to Safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Development in Ethiopia 10/06/2014 - 11/06/2014 Adama (Ethiopia)
Second meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 06/06/2014 - 06/06/2014 Paris (France)
Needs assessment and national consultation Workshop for strengthening capacities to safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage for sustainable development in Ethiopia 26/05/2014 - 12/06/2014 Ethiopia (Ethiopia)
Morocco: inventory workshop. Marrakech 20/05/2014 - 27/05/2014 Marrakech (Morocco)
Myanmar pursues its march towards safeguarding intangible heritage 19/05/2014 - 24/05/2014 Mandalay (Myanmar)
Training-of-trainers workshop: implementing the UNESCO 2003 Convention at national level 12/05/2014 - 16/05/2014 Trondheim (Norway)
Community-Based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tajikistan 11/05/2014 - 17/05/2014 Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Training of trainers in inventory of tangible and intangible cultural heritage 05/05/2014 - 10/05/2014 Yaoundé (Cameroon)
Regional workshop: conceptual and legal frameworks for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in the Arab region 05/05/2014 - 09/05/2014 Kuwait (Kuwait)
Iraq: Workshop on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention 13/04/2014 - 17/04/2014 Erbil (Iraq)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Dominican Republic 31/03/2014 - 06/03/2014 Baní (Dominican Republic)
Joint meeting of the Bodies of the Convention 27/03/2014 - 28/03/2014 Paris (France)
Morocco: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention 26/03/2014 - 30/03/2014 Agadir (Morocco)
Using Natural and Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development – Synergy for Development 24/03/2014 - 26/03/2014 Bergen (Norway)
Strengthening sub-regional Cooperation and National Capacities in Seven Southern African Countries for implementing the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 18/03/2014 - 20/03/2014 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Inventory workshop in Mauritania 05/03/2014 - 12/03/2014 Aleg (Mauritania)
Elaboration of nomination files to the ICH Lists in Bhutan 04/03/2014 - 08/03/2014 Paro (Bhutan)
Community-based inventorying to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage in western Guatemala 25/02/2014 - 04/03/2014 Guatemala (Guatemala)
Training on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage at the national level in Eastern Cuba 11/02/2014 - 14/02/2014 Santiago de Cuba (Cuba)
Elaboration of Nomination Files to the ICH List in Sri Lanka 11/02/2014 - 15/02/2014 Galle (Sri Lanka)
pilot activity on community-based inventorying in Jamaica 01/02/2014 - 30/04/2014 Jamaica (Jamaica)
Tunisia: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 27/01/2014 - 31/01/2014 Matmata (Tunisia)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Lao PDR 20/01/2014 - 24/01/2014 Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Timor-Leste 03/12/2013 - 06/12/2013 Dili (Timor-Leste)
8th session of the Intergovernmental Committee 02/12/2013 - 07/12/2013 Baku (Azerbaijan)
Brunei Darussalam: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 25/11/2013 - 29/11/2013 Brunei (Brunei Darussalam)
Inventorying of living heritage on the top of Kazakhstan’s agenda 22/11/2013 - 29/11/2013 Astana (Kazakhstan)
Indonesia: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 11/11/2013 - 14/11/2013 Jakarta (Indonesia)
pilot activity on community-based inventorying in Trinidad and Tobago 01/11/2013 - 31/05/2014 Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad and Tobago)
pilot activity on community-based inventorying in Belize 01/11/2013 - 30/04/2014 Belize (Belize)
Third meeting of the 8.COM Bureau 28/10/2013 - 28/10/2013 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Mauritania: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 22/10/2013 - 26/10/2013 Kaédi (Mauritania)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Cambodia 21/10/2013 - 25/10/2013 Phnom Penh (Cambodia)
Samoa: workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 21/10/2013 - 26/10/2013 Savaii Island (Samoa)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 14/10/2013 - 22/10/2013 Santiago del Estero and Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Community-Based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Uzbekistan 08/10/2013 - 15/10/2013 Fergana (Uzbekistan)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 07/10/2013 - 11/10/2013 La Havana (Cuba)
Round table on an audiovisual production for intangible cultural heritage in South-East Europe 05/10/2013 - 05/09/2013 Belgrade (Serbia)
Inventorying the living heritage of Belize 01/10/2013 - 09/09/2013 Orange Walk (Belize)
Second community-based inventorying (INV) 23/09/2013 - 28/09/2013 Milne Bay Province (Papua New Guinea)
Global Strategy for Strengthening National Capacities for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage: Latin America and the Caribbean Review Meeting 17/09/2013 - 19/09/2013 Cuzco (Peru)
Training of trainers of community-based inventorying the intangible cultural heritage 16/09/2013 - 23/09/2013 Porto-Novo (Benin)
Safeguarding Nepal’s Intangible Cultural Heritage: workshop on preparing nominations to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, Kathmandu 16 - 20 September 2013 16/09/2013 - 20/09/2013 Kathmandu (Nepal)
Jamaica pushes on with the inventory of its living heritage 04/09/2013 - 13/09/2013 Kingston (Jamaica)
Community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 24/08/2013 - 31/08/2013 Cholpon-Ata (Kyrgyzstan)
Ratification of the UNESCO Convention 2003, San Salvador, El Salvador 21/08/2013 - 23/08/2013 San Salvador (El Salvador)
Mozambique: workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 12/08/2013 - 21/08/2013 Manica (Mozambique)
Mozambique: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 05/08/2013 - 09/08/2013 Maputo (Mozambique)
Field survey and inventorying of ICH elements in Bhutan 01/08/2013 - 31/01/2014 Wangdi, Bumthang, Samtse, Central Bhutan, Lhuentse (Bhutan)
Field survey and ICH inventorying in pilot communities in Sri Lanka 01/08/2013 - 31/01/2014 Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Central America 29/07/2013 - 02/08/2013 Managua (Nicaragua)
First meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 24/07/2013 - 26/07/2013 Sozopol (Bulgaria)
Bangladesh on the right track 16/07/2013 - 20/07/2013 Dhaka, Bangladesh (Bangladesh)
Inventorying of living heritage in Trinidad and Tobago 22/06/2013 - 01/07/2013 Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago)
Training on inventorying intangible cultural heritage in El Salvador with the participation of the community of Conchagua 17/06/2013 - 25/06/2013 San Salvador (El Salvador)
The Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention: its first decade 14/06/2013 - 16/06/2013 Chengdu (China)
Lao PDR: workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage 11/06/2013 - 18/06/2013 Thalat (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Practical field survey and inventorying of ICH in pilot communities in Nepal 01/06/2013 - 31/08/2013 Khaopsi, Badikhel, Thokarpa (Nepal)
Kyrgyzstan on its way to prepare nominations to the 2003 Convention 28/05/2013 - 31/05/2013 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)
Seventh Annual Regional meeting on Intangible Cultural Heritage in South East Europe 27/05/2013 - 28/05/2013 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Intangible Cultural Heritage Community-Based Inventorying Workshop 22/05/2013 - 28/05/2013 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Cap Haïtien (Haiti) 13/05/2013 - 17/05/2013 Cap Haïtien (Haiti)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Les Cayes (Haiti) 06/05/2013 - 10/05/2013 Les Cayes (Haiti)
Sub-regional worskhop on ICH strategy and capacity building: focus on national training of trainers process 30/04/2013 - 02/05/2013 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Second Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Community-Based Inventorying Workshop in Timor-Leste 16/04/2013 - 18/04/2013 Suai Loro (Timor-Leste)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Guatemala 15/04/2013 - 17/04/2013 Guatemala (Guatemala)
Strenghtening national capacities for the implementation of the 2003 Convention 15/04/2013 - 17/04/2013 Oranjestad (Aruba)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention in Brunei Darussalam 10/04/2013 - 10/04/2013 Brunei Darussalam (Brunei Darussalam)
Tajikistan: Implementing the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on the International Level 10/04/2013 - 13/04/2013 Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Namibia: rolling out the capacity building strategy at the national level 08/04/2013 - 19/04/2013 Waterberg (Namibia)
Bhutan: Workshop on Community-based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage 02/04/2013 - 09/04/2013 Phuntsholing (Bhutan)
Pilot inventory in the tango community of Buenos Aires 01/04/2013 - 30/11/2013 Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level in Honduras 18/03/2013 - 22/03/2013 Tegucigalpa (Honduras)
Dominican Republic on the road to the implementation of the 2003 Convention 11/03/2013 - 15/03/2013 Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
Sri Lanka gets ready for inventorying intangible cultural heritage 10/03/2013 - 17/03/2013 Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Workshop on implementation of the 2003 Convention 07/03/2013 - 08/03/2013 Asuncion (Paraguay)
Inventorying intangible cultural heritage with community participation in Argentina 04/03/2013 - 06/03/2013 Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Cuba: communities involved in the inventory of the rural festivities of Red and Blue bands of Majagua 28/02/2013 - 05/03/2013 Majagua, Ciego de Ávila (Cuba)
A step further in the identification of intangible cultural heritage in Argentina 25/02/2013 - 01/03/2013 Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Nomination of the UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on the International Level 18/02/2013 - 21/02/2013 Almaty (Kazakhstan)
Cambodia reorienting its methods of inventorying living heritage 14/02/2013 - 21/02/2013 Phnom Penh (Cambodia)
Samoa is mobilizing different actors for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 11/02/2013 - 15/02/2013 Apia (Samoa)
Inventory of the intangible cultural heritage in Nepal 19/01/2013 - 28/01/2013 Kathmandu (Nepal)
The challenges of capacity building in the Arab world 14/01/2013 - 17/01/2013 Doha (Qatar)
MedLiHer final evaluation meeting in Paris on 17 and 18 December 2012 17/12/2012 - 18/12/2012 Paris (France)
Final evaluation meeting in Paris: presenting the audiovisual documentation on Intangible Cultural Heritage of the parnter countries 17/12/2012 - 18/12/2012 Paris (France)
Safeguarding “living heritage” of Jamaica 10/12/2012 - 14/12/2012 Kingston (Jamaica)
Bagamoyo: how to prepare nominations files 10/12/2012 - 14/12/2012 Bagamoyo (United Republic of Tanzania)
NGOs Forum on the occasion of the 7th session of the Committee 02/12/2012 - 02/12/2012 Paris (France)
Review meeting on the implementation of the 2003 Convention with Directors of Culture 27/11/2012 - 28/11/2012 Nairobi (Kenya)
Samarkand: understanding the nominations process 21/11/2012 - 24/11/2012 Samarkand (Uzbekistan)
Caribbean Youth Forum on Intangible Cultural Heritage 20/11/2012 - 24/11/2012 St. George's (Grenada)
Ratification in Benin - what's next? 19/11/2012 - 23/11/2012 Porto-Novo (Benin)
Mongolia takes another step to implement the 2003 Convention 19/11/2012 - 23/11/2012 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Youth Forum in Central Africa: awareness-raising on Intangible Cultural Heritage 19/11/2012 - 23/10/2012 Brazzaville (Congo)
Preparing the inventory in the Matanzas Province, Cuba 12/11/2012 - 20/11/2012 Matanzas (Cuba)
On the right track? Review meeting on UNESCO’s global strategy: Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage 07/11/2012 - 10/11/2012 Beijing (China)
Safeguarding of living heritage builds in Belize! 05/11/2012 - 09/11/2012 Belize City (Belize)
Capacity building for officers of the cultural heritage area in the Ministry of Culture in Colombia (2 workshops) 22/10/2012 - 25/10/2012 Bogota (Colombia)
Inventory of intangible cultural heritage of Timor-Leste 22/10/2012 - 27/10/2012 Dili (Timor-Leste)
Inventory of intangible cultural heritage in Goroka 22/10/2012 - 27/10/2012 Goroka (Papua New Guinea)
Open-ended intergovernmental working group on the scale or scope of an element 22/10/2012 - 23/10/2012 Paris (France)
Second IMP workshop for “Patrimonio Vivo”: three South American countries team up for the implementation of the 2003 Convention 15/10/2012 - 17/10/2012 Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Heritage policy advice in Aruba 15/10/2012 - 17/10/2012 Oranjestad (Aruba)
Capacity building for officers of the cultural heritage area in the Ministry of Cultures in Bolivia (3 workshops) 15/10/2012 - 19/10/2012 La Paz (Bolivia (Plurinational State of))
Byblos: how to prepare nominations for the lists of the 2003 Convention 12/10/2012 - 14/10/2012 Byblos (Lebanon)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Kyrgyzstan 08/10/2012 - 11/10/2012 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)
“Patrimonio Vivo”: three South American countries team up for the implementation of the 2003 Convention 08/10/2012 - 12/10/2012 Salta (Argentina)
Another step in the safeguarding of Jordan’s living heritage: understanding the nominations’ process 07/10/2012 - 11/10/2012 Amman (Jordan)
Sao Tome and Principe embarks on an intangible heritage safeguarding project 01/10/2012 - 06/10/2012 São Tomé (Sao Tome and Principe)
Implementation workshop on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 01/10/2012 - 05/09/2012 Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
The role of youth in the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in South-Eastern Europe 24/09/2012 - 25/09/2012 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Moroni's working on the implementation of the 2003 Convention 24/09/2012 - 28/09/2012 Moroni (Comoros)
Capacity building review meeting in Harare on elaborating policy and legal framework for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage 03/09/2012 - 07/09/2012 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Egypt: Workshop on the implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 01/09/2012 - 30/09/2012 Cairo (Egypt)
New step in the MedLiHer project: Moviemakers and photographers meeting in Paris 27/08/2012 - 29/08/2012 Paris (France)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tajikistan 21/08/2012 - 25/08/2012 Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Cambodia pursues its march towards safeguarding intangible heritage 13/08/2012 - 17/08/2012 Phnom Penh (Cambodia)
Strengthening capacities for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in Ecuador 26/07/2012 - 27/07/2012 Quito (Ecuador)
Exploring the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Nile’s banks: Inventorying activity in the governorate of Damietta, Egypt 14/07/2012 - 18/07/2012 Damietta (Egypt)
Madaba, a pilot region for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Jordan 12/07/2012 - 20/07/2012 Madaba (Jordan)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Uzbekistan 03/07/2012 - 07/07/2012 Tashkent (Uzbekistan)
Abuja: introducing the 2003 Convention 01/07/2012 - 01/07/2012 Abuja (Nigeria)
Encountering Zajal Poetry: Training Communities for its Inventory in Lebanon 29/06/2012 - 03/07/2012 Beirut (Lebanon)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Sri Lanka 25/06/2012 - 29/06/2012 Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Capacity building on the 2003 Convention in Ecuador 21/06/2012 - 22/06/2012 Quito (Ecuador)
Strengthening capacities of African Universities in intangible cultural heritage 18/06/2012 - 22/06/2012 Mombasa (Kenya)
Capacity building workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national Level 13/06/2012 - 17/06/2012 Phnom Penh (Cambodia)
Capacity building on implementing UNESCO 2003 Convention for safeguarding the ICH 12/06/2012 - 15/06/2012 Lahore (Pakistan)
Capacity building workshop on preparing nominations to the lists of the 2003 Convention 11/06/2012 - 15/06/2012 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Capacity building workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level 11/06/2012 - 15/06/2012 Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
4th extraordinary session of the Intergovernmental Committee 08/06/2012 - 08/06/2012 Paris (France)
A series of local workshops on inventorying intangible heritage kicks off in Gabon 04/06/2012 - 10/08/2012 Lambarene, Koula-Moutou, Mouila and Oyem (Gabon)
St. Kitts and Nevis hopes to soon ratify the 2003 Convention 31/05/2012 - 31/05/2012 Basseterre (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Need assessment for strenthening national capacities in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Mongolia 28/05/2012 - 29/05/2012 Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)
Strengthening community capacities for the inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina 21/05/2012 - 27/05/2012 Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
The National Institute for Cultural Heritage and UNESCO join forces to improve safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Ecuador 17/05/2012 - 18/05/2012 Quito (Ecuador)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Papua New Guinea 15/05/2012 - 18/05/2012 Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea)
Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Bhutan 14/05/2012 - 18/05/2012 Paro (Bhutan)
Sixth Annual Regional meeting on Intangible Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe 10/05/2012 - 11/05/2012 Athens (Greece)
Botswana takes another step to safeguard its living heritage with the training of community members and government officials 23/04/2012 - 27/04/2012 Gaborone (Botswana)
Efforts of safeguarding Nepal’s intangible cultural heritage initiated to with the support of UNESCO/Japan Fund-in-Trust 16/04/2012 - 20/04/2012 Kathmandu (Nepal)
Institutional Capacity Building for the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: Training of technical staff of the School of African Heritage 11/04/2012 - 17/04/2012 Porto-Novo (Benin)
Capacity-Building on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Timor-Leste 10/04/2012 - 14/04/2012 Dili (Timor-Leste)
Kazakhstan: A new State Party to the 2003 Convention on the road to safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. 06/04/2012 - 10/04/2012 Astana (Kazakhstan)
Consultation on Complementary Additional Programme for Intangible Cultural Heritage 30/03/2012 - 30/03/2012 Paris (France)
Zambia hosts workshop to strengthen capacity to safeguard its living heritage 26/03/2012 - 30/03/2012 Lusaka (Zambia)
Upgrading competencies on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage and planning related national workshops 23/03/2012 - 25/03/2012 Paris (France)
Zimbabwe mobilizes communities, traditional chiefs, academia and government officials to safeguard its intangible cultural heritage 19/03/2012 - 23/03/2012 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Malawi welcomes workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention to strengthen its capacity to safeguard its living heritage 12/03/2012 - 16/03/2012 Lilongwe (Malawi)
Capacity building on ratification in Samoa 14/02/2012 - 15/02/2012 Apia (Samoa)
6th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 22/11/2011 - 29/11/2011 Bali (Indonesia)
NGOs Forum on the occasion of the 6th session of the Committee 21/11/2011 - 21/11/2011 Bali (Indonesia)
Capacity Building Workshop on the Ratification of UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 14/11/2011 - 15/11/2011 Dili (Timor-Leste)
Capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 14/11/2011 - 18/11/2011 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
Sensitizing policy makers on the implementation of the UNESCO 2003 convention 07/11/2011 - 11/11/2011 Mombasa (Kenya)
Second capacity-building workshop on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: the role of communities in safeguarding and inventorying ICH 02/11/2011 - 03/11/2011 Santiago (Chile)
National training workshop on community-based inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in Montenegro 24/10/2011 - 31/10/2011 Cetinje (Montenegro)
Regional capacity-building workshop on the role of NGOs in implementing the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 19/10/2011 - 21/10/2011 Quito (Ecuador)
National capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 10/10/2011 - 14/10/2011 Bamako (Mali)
Regional capacity-building workshop on the role of NGOs in implementing the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 28/09/2011 - 30/09/2011 Libreville (Gabon)
Strengthening National Capacities for the Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Kyrgyz Republic 15/09/2011 - 16/09/2011 Osh (Kyrgyzstan)
Second meeting of the 6.COM Bureau 15/09/2011 - 15/09/2011 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Awareness-raising of key stakeholders from the Ministry of Culture on techniques of inventory 12/09/2011 - 14/09/2011 Brazzaville (Congo)
Meeting of the open ended intergovernmental working group on the treatment of nominations to the Representative List by the Committee, Subsidiary Body and the Secretariat 12/09/2011 - 13/09/2011 Paris (France)
Two workshops on safeguarding intangible heritage in Afghanistan 01/09/2011 - 03/09/2011 Kabul (Afghanistan)
Training Needs Assessment Workshop Luanda, 31 August-02 September 2011 31/08/2011 - 02/09/2011 Luanda, Angola (Angola)
Tanzania on its way to implement the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 12/07/2011 - 13/07/2011 Dodoma (United Republic of Tanzania)
Towards the ratification of the 2003 Convention in Comoros 12/07/2011 - 13/07/2011 Moroni (Comoros)
Capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 11/07/2011 - 15/07/2011 Broumana (Lebanon)
Second Training Session at Pakistan National Council of the Arts 25/06/2011 - 25/06/2011 Islamabad (Pakistan)
Strengthening national capacities for the inventorying of intangible cultural heritage in Kyrgyz Republic 18/06/2011 - 19/06/2011 Talas (Kyrgyzstan)
Capacity building on implementing the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Cameroun 07/06/2011 - 10/06/2011 Kribi (Cameroon)
Nigeria: A workshop to anchor the Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage at the national level 01/06/2011 - 03/06/2011 Enugu (Nigeria)
National capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 26/05/2011 - 28/05/2011 Bujumbura (Burundi)
Strengthening National Capacities for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage 19/05/2011 - 21/05/2011 Minsk (Belarus)
Training Workshop on the Implementation of 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage 02/05/2011 - 05/05/2011 Islamabad (Pakistan)
The Power of Culture in Development 28/04/2011 - 28/04/2011 Accra (Ghana)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers for the Arab States 10/04/2011 - 14/04/2011 Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers for Latin America and the Caribbean 28/03/2011 - 01/04/2011 Havana (Cuba)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers workshop in Sofia 14/03/2011 - 18/03/2011 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Awareness-raising on safeguarding intangible heritage for North Korean authorities 23/02/2011 - 25/02/2011 Pyongyang (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers in Libreville 31/01/2011 - 04/02/2011 Libreville (Gabon)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers in Harare 24/01/2011 - 28/01/2011 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Strengthening national capacities for safeguarding ICH: training of trainers for Asia and the Pacific 10/01/2011 - 14/01/2011 Beijing (China)
Windhoek hosts workshop on the elaboration of the nominations to the Urgent Safeguarding List 29/11/2010 - 03/12/2010 Windhoek (Namibia)
MEDLIHER Phase II evaluation meeting 28/11/2010 - 30/11/2010 Cairo (Egypt)
Capacity-building workshop in Central America and the Caribbean on the Implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 16/11/2010 - 18/11/2010 Panama City (Panama)
5th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 15/11/2010 - 19/11/2010 Nairobi (Kenya)
Forum on the Contribution of Civil Society and NGOs to the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and to the Rapprochement of Cultures 14/11/2010 - 14/11/2010 Nairobi (Kenya)
Information meeting for the members of the Intergovernmental Committee 25/10/2010 - 25/10/2010 Paris (France)
Implementation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention through the preparation of inventories 20/09/2010 - 23/09/2010 Libreville (Gabon)
The role of NGOs in implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 02/09/2010 - 04/09/2010 Tallinn (Estonia)
National Workshop on the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage Alta Gracia 31/08/2010 - 02/09/2010 Cordoba (Argentina)
Intangible Heritage Beyond Borders: Safeguarding Through International Cooperation 20/07/2010 - 21/07/2010 Bangkok (Thailand)
Regional consultation among category 2 centres in Asia and the Pacific 19/07/2010 - 19/07/2010 Bangkok (Thailand)
3rd session of the General Assembly 22/06/2010 - 24/06/2010 Paris (France)
Meeting of the working group of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (5.COM 4.WG) 21/06/2010 - 21/06/2010 Paris (France)
Meeting of the Restricted Working Group of the Committee on the amendments to the Operational Directives of the 2003 Convention (5.COM 3.1.WG) 01/06/2010 - 01/06/2010 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on the 2003 Convention 15/03/2010 - 15/03/2010 Paris (France)
Civil society and cultural heritage in the Mediterranean: EH 4 Regional Conference 24/02/2010 - 25/02/2010 Palermo (Italy)
Workshop on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Palau 23/02/2010 - 25/02/2010 Koror (Palau)
“Recording and safeguarding the intangible”: third RMSU training module 22/02/2010 - 23/02/2010 Palermo (Italy)
Building capacities for community-based intangible cultural heritage inventorying in Southern Africa 15/02/2010 - 20/02/2010 Maseru (Lesotho)
4th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 28/09/2009 - 02/10/2009 Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Vanuatu inter-departmental meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 03/06/2009 - 05/06/2009 Port Vila (Vanuatu)
Opening seminar of the Mediterranean Living Heritage project (MEDLIHER) 25/05/2009 - 26/05/2009 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on culinary practices 04/04/2009 - 05/04/2009 Vitré (France)
Meeting of the subsidiary body for the examination of nominations for the Representative List 12/01/2009 - 13/01/2009 Paris (France)
Tongan inter-departmental meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 05/12/2008 - 05/12/2008 Fua’amotu (Tonga)
Second Pacific meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 02/12/2008 - 04/12/2008 Fua’amotu (Tonga)
3rd session of the Intergovernmental Committee 04/11/2008 - 08/11/2008 Istanbul (Turkey)
Meeting of the 3.COM Bureau 20/10/2008 - 20/10/2008 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
National Capacity-Building Workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention 19/09/2008 - 20/09/2008 Maputo (Mozambique)
Capacity-Building Workshop on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention for the African States Parties to the 2003 Convention 23/06/2008 - 24/06/2008 Paris (France)
3rd extraordinary session of the Intergovernmental Committee 16/06/2008 - 16/06/2008 Paris (France)
2nd session of the General Assembly 16/06/2008 - 19/06/2008 Paris (France)
Information meeting on the 2003 Convention and the second General Assembly 02/06/2008 - 17/07/2019 Paris (France)
Inter-departmental Meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 21/05/2008 - 22/05/2008 Suva (Fiji)
Sub-regional workshop on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 19/05/2008 - 20/05/2008 Bamako (Mali)
Strengthening National Capacities for Implementing the 2003 Convention 17/04/2008 - 18/04/2008 Jakarta (Indonesia)
Sub-regional Capacity-Building Workshop on the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 27/03/2008 - 28/03/2008 Pretoria (South Africa)
Inter-departmental Meeting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 18/03/2008 - 19/03/2008 Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea)
Kenyan National Meeting on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention 05/03/2008 - 06/03/2008 Nairobi (Kenya)
2nd extraordinary session of the Intergovernmental Committee 18/02/2008 - 22/02/2008 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Sub-regional meeting in Nadi, Fiji, on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 12/12/2007 - 14/12/2007 Nadi (Fiji)
Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Cultural Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges 11/12/2007 - 13/12/2007 Hue (Viet Nam)
Expert Meeting on Intangible Cultural Heritage keywords 06/12/2007 - 07/12/2007 Paris (France)
Intangible Cultural Heritage at the Crossroads of Cultures 03/12/2007 - 03/12/2007 Paris (France)
Expert Meeting on Current Trends in Linguistic Mapping in preparation of the 3rd edition of the Atlas 29/11/2007 - 30/11/2007 Paris (France)
2nd session of the Intergovernmental Committee 03/09/2007 - 07/09/2007 Tokyo (Japan)
Workshop on inventorying intangible cultural heritage 23/07/2007 - 27/07/2007 Maputo (Mozambique)
National Workshop on inventorying intangible cultural heritage in Madagascar 16/07/2007 - 20/07/2007 Antananarivo (Madagascar)
1st Extraordinary Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 23/05/2007 - 27/05/2007 Chengdu (China)
International seminar on Principles and Experiences of Drawing Up ICH Inventories in Europe 14/05/2007 - 15/05/2007 Tallinn (Estonia)
Expert Meeting on the Lists Established by the 2003 Convention 02/04/2007 - 04/04/2007 New Delhi (India)
Regional meeting for Arab States 31/03/2007 - 04/04/2007 Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Expert meeting on Transmission and Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage through Formal and Non-Formal Education 21/02/2007 - 23/02/2007 Chiba (Japan)
First meeting of the 2.COM Bureau 13/02/2007 - 13/02/2007 UNESCO Headquarters (France)
Identifying Good Practices in Safeguarding Endangered Languages in Africa 09/02/2007 - 10/02/2007 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
Regional meeting for West Africa 04/12/2006 - 05/12/2006 Dakar (Senegal)
Regional meeting for Central Africa 30/11/2006 - 01/12/2006 Douala (Cameroon)
Regional meeting for Eastern and Southern Africa 27/11/2006 - 28/11/2006 Dar es Salam (United Republic of Tanzania)
1st session of the Intergovernmental Committee 18/11/2006 - 19/11/2006 Algiers (Algeria)
1st extraordinary session of the General Assembly 09/11/2006 - 09/11/2006 Paris (France)
Meeting on inventorying intangible cultural heritage in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia 19/10/2006 - 20/10/2006 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
UNESCO. Executive Board; 175th session; 2006 26/09/2006 - 12/10/2006 Paris (France)
1st session of the General Assembly 27/06/2006 - 29/06/2006 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on the Impacts of the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 20/04/2006 - 21/04/2006 Paris (France)
Joining forces for preserving Africa’s linguistic diversity 23/03/2006 - 25/03/2006 Bamako (Mali)
Expert meeting on Identification of Intangible Heritage in Sudan 21/03/2006 - 22/03/2006 Khartoum (Sudan)
Expert meeting on Community Involvement in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage 13/03/2006 - 15/03/2006 Tokyo (Japan)
Preparatory Meeting for a Manual on Oral Traditions and Expressions 27/01/2006 - 28/01/2006 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on documentation and archiving of intangible cultural heritage 12/01/2006 - 13/01/2006 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on criteria for inscription on the lists established by the 2003 Convention 05/12/2005 - 06/12/2005 Paris (France)
Music, dance and theatre traditions 01/11/2005 - 01/11/2005 Paris (France)
UNESCO. Executive Board; 172nd session; 2005 01/11/2005 - 01/11/2005 Paris (France)
UNESCO. General Conference; 33rd session; 2005 03/10/2005 - 21/10/2005 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on inventorying Intangible Cultural Heritage 17/03/2005 - 18/03/2005 Paris (France)
UNESCO. Executive Board; 171st session; 2005 01/03/2005 - 01/03/2005 Paris (France)
Regional meeting for Caribbean States 17/02/2005 - 19/02/2005 Roseau (Dominica)
Regional meeting for Arab States 05/01/2005 - 06/01/2005 Algiers (Algeria)
Regional meeting for Europe and North America 13/12/2004 - 15/12/2004 Kazan (Russian Federation)
Regional meeting for Eastern and Southern Africa 22/11/2004 - 24/11/2004 Nairobi (Kenya)
International Conference on « The Safeguarding of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Towards an Integrated Approach » 20/10/2004 - 23/10/2004 Nara (Japan)
Regional meeting for Asia 20/09/2004 - 22/09/2004 New Delhi (India)
International Conference on Globalization and Intangible Cultural Heritage 26/07/2004 - 27/07/2004 Tokyo (Japan)
Preparatory Meeting for a Manual on social practices, rituals and festive events 08/07/2004 - 10/07/2004 Paris (France)
Regional meeting for Latin America and Cuba 28/06/2004 - 30/06/2004 Paraty (Brazil)
Regional meeting for West and Central Africa 07/06/2004 - 09/06/2004 Dakar (Senegal)
Expert meeting on museums and Intangible Cultural Heritage 05/04/2004 - 07/04/2004 Oud-Poelgeest (Netherlands)
Expert meeting on Gender and Intangible Cultural Heritage 08/12/2003 - 10/12/2003 Paris (France)
UNESCO. General Conference; 32nd session; 2003 29/09/2003 - 17/10/2003 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on the UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World 17/09/2003 - 18/09/2003 Paris (France)
Third session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 02/06/2003 - 14/06/2003 Paris (France)
Intersessional Working Group of government experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 22/04/2003 - 30/04/2003 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on Safeguarding Endangered Languages 10/03/2003 - 12/03/2003 Paris (France)
Second session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 24/02/2003 - 01/03/2003 Paris (France)
First session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 23/09/2002 - 27/09/2002 Paris (France)
Third Round Table of Ministers of Culture: the intangible cultural heritage, a mirror of cultural diversity 16/09/2002 - 17/09/2002 Istanbul (Turkey)
Second meeting of the select drafting group of a preliminary international convention on Intangible Cultural Heritage 13/06/2002 - 15/06/2002 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on "Intangible Cultural Heritage - Establishment of a Glossary" 10/06/2002 - 12/06/2002 Paris (France)
First meeting of the select drafting group of a preliminary international convention on intangible cultural heritage 20/03/2002 - 22/03/2002 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on “Intangible Cultural Heritage: Priority Domains for an International Convention” 22/01/2002 - 24/01/2002 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
UNESCO. General Conference; 31st session; 2001 15/10/2001 - 02/11/2001 Paris (France)
Expert meeting on Women, Intangible Heritage and Development 25/06/2001 - 27/06/2001 Tehran (Iran (Islamic Republic of))
International Round Table: Intangible Cultural Heritage, Working Definitions 14/03/2001 - 17/03/2001 Turin (Italy)
Regional Workshop on the Transmission of the Traditional Technique of Costume-making of the Miao/Hmong People Living in China, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam 01/06/2000 - 01/06/2000 Kunming (China)
International Symposium on the Role of Women in the Transmission of Intangible Cultural Heritage 27/09/1999 - 30/09/1999 Tehran (Iran (Islamic Republic of))
International Conference ‘A Global Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore: Local Empowerment and International Cooperation’ 23/06/1999 - 30/06/1999 Washington (United States of America)
WIPO-UNESCO Regional Consultation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore for Latin America and the Caribbean 14/06/1999 - 16/06/1999 Quito (Ecuador)
WIPO-UNESCO Regional Consultation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore for Arab Countries 25/05/1999 - 27/05/1999 Tunis (Tunisia)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Beirut 01/05/1999 - 17/07/2019 Beirut (Lebanon)
WIPO-UNESCO Regional Consultation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore for Countries of Asia and the Pacific 21/04/1999 - 23/04/1999 Hanoi (Viet Nam)
WIPO-UNESCO African Regional Consultation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore 23/03/1999 - 25/03/0199 Pretoria (South Africa)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Noumea 01/02/1999 - 17/07/2019 Noumea (New Caledonia)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Accra 01/01/1999 - 17/07/2019 Accra (Ghana)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Tashkent 01/10/1998 - 17/07/2019 Tashkent (Uzbekistan)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Joensuu 01/09/1998 - 17/07/2019 Joensuu (Finland)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation - Tokyo 01/02/1998 - 17/07/2019 Tokyo (Japan)
Workshop on Safeguarding and Promotion of the Traditional Techniques of Bamboo in Modern Life 17/12/1997 - 19/12/1997 Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam)
UNESCO. General Conference; 29th; 1997 21/10/1997 - 12/11/1997 Paris (France)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation- Mexico City 01/09/1997 - 17/07/2019 Mexico City (Mexico)
UNESCO/WIPO World Forum on the Protection of Folklore, Phuket, Thailand, April 8 to 10, 1997 08/04/1997 - 10/04/1997 Phuket (Thailand)
Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa 17/03/1997 - 21/03/1997 Harare (Zimbabwe)
Regional Workshop on East Asian Lacquerware 14/02/1997 - 21/02/1997 Yangoon (Myanmar)
Expert Meeting for the Safeguarding and Promoting of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Minority Groups of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 07/10/1996 - 11/10/1996 Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)
Regional Seminar on the application of the 1989 Recommendation- Strá nice 01/06/1995 - 17/07/2019 Stráznice (Czechia)
International Conference on the Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region 01/01/1995 - 01/01/1995 Tokyo (Japan)
Expert Meeting for the Safeguarding and Promoting the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Minority Groups in Viet Nam 15/06/1994 - 17/06/1994 Hanoi (Viet Nam)
Expert Meeting for the Safeguarding and Promoting of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Region of Hué 21/03/1994 - 24/03/1994 Hué (Viet Nam)
International Consultation on New Perspectives for UNESCO’s Programme : The Intangible Cultural Heritage 16/06/1993 - 17/06/1993 Paris (France)
UNESCO. General Conference; 26th session; 1991 15/10/1991 - 07/11/1991 Paris (France)
Special Committee of Governmental Experts to Prepare a Draft Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Folklore; Paris; 1989 24/04/1989 - 28/04/1989 Paris (France)
Meeting of the Working Group for the Preparation of a Plan of Action for Safeguarding the Non-physical Heritage; Paris; 1987 05/10/1987 - 08/10/1987 Paris (France)
Intergovernmental Copyright Committee; 7th session; Geneva; 1987 22/06/1987 - 30/06/1987 Geneva (Switzerland)
Special Committee of Technical and Legal Experts on the Safeguarding of Folklore 01/06/1987 - 05/06/1987 Paris (France)
UNESCO. General Conference; 23rd session ; Sofia; 1985 08/10/1985 - 09/11/1985 Sofia (Bulgaria)
Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 6th session; Paris; 1985 17/06/1985 - 25/06/1985 Paris (France)
Committee of Governmental Experts on the Safeguarding of Folklore; 2nd; Paris; 1985 14/01/1985 - 18/01/1985 Paris (France)
Group of experts on the international protection of expressions of folklore by intellectual property 10/12/1984 - 14/12/1984 Paris (France)
Meeting of experts to draw up a future programme concerning the non-physical heritage 28/11/1984 - 30/11/1984 Paris (France)
Regional Committee of Experts on Means of Implementation in the Arab States of Model Provisions on Intellectual Property Aspects of Protection of Expressions of Folklore 08/10/1984 - 10/10/1984 Doha (Qatar)
Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 5th session; Geneva; 1983. International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Executive Committee; 22nd session; Paris; 1983 12/12/1983 - 16/12/1983 Geneva (Switzerland)
Regional committee of experts on means of implementation in Africa of model provisions on intellectual property aspects of protection of expressions of folklore 23/02/1983 - 25/02/1983 Dakar (Senegal)
Regional committee of experts on means of implementation in Asia of model provisions on intellectual property aspects of protection of expressions of folklore 31/01/1983 - 02/02/1983 New Delhi (India)
Committee of Governmental Experts on the intellectual property aspects of the protection of expressions of Folklore 28/06/1982 - 02/07/1982 Geneva (Switzerland)
Committee of Governmental Experts on the Safeguarding of Folklore 22/02/1982 - 26/02/1982 Paris (France)
International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Executive Committee; 19th session; Geneva; 1981. Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 4th session; Geneva; 1981 30/11/1981 - 07/12/1981 Geneva (Switzerland)
Committee of experts on the modalities of applying the model provisions for national laws on the "Intellectual Property" aspects of the protection of the expressions of folklore and traditional folk culture in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 14/10/1981 - 16/10/1981 Bogota (Colombia)
Working Group on the Intellectual Property Aspects of Folklore Protection; 2nd meeting; Paris; 1981 09/02/1981 - 13/02/1981 Paris (France)
UNESCO. General Conference; 21st; Belgrade; 1980 23/09/1980 - 28/10/1980 Belgrade (Serbia)
Working Group on the Intellectual Property Aspects of Folklore Protection, Geneva, 7-9 January 1980 07/01/1980 - 09/01/1980 Geneva (Switzerland)
Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 3rd session, 1st pt; Geneva; 1979; International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Executive Committee; 5th extraordinary session; Geneva; 1979 05/02/1979 - 09/02/1979 Geneva (Switzerland)
Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 2nd session; Paris; 1977; International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Executive Committee; 4th extraordinary session; Paris; 1977 28/11/1977 - 06/12/1977 Paris (France)
Committee of Experts on the Legal Protection of Folklore 11/07/1977 - 15/07/1977 Tunis (Tunisia)
Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971; 1st extraordinary session; Geneva; 1975 10/12/1975 - 16/12/1975 Geneva (Switzerland)
Intergovernmental Copyright Committee; 12th session; Paris; 1973 05/12/1973 - 11/12/1973 Paris (France)
Sint Maarten national consultation meeting 17/07/2019 - 17/07/2019 Philipsburg (Sint Maarten)
- 17/07/2019 - 17/07/2019 ([country])
Daimokutate Japan (2009)
What is ICH?
Safeguarding without freezing
Inventories: identifying for safeguarding
Best Safeguarding Practices
A global strategy
Donors supporting capacity-building
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The Iona Institute NI warmly invites you to
“The Future of Conscience in an Age of Intolerance”
Wellington Park Hotel,
Malone Road, Belfast BT 9 6RU
10 am – 1pm (Registration opens 9.30am)
See timetable below for further details.
To book or request further information, please email ionainstituteni@gmail.com
Our Guest Speakers
Dr Helen Watt is Senior Research Fellow at the Anscombe Bioethics Centre in Oxford, United Kingdom. Her publications include The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth and Life and Death in Healthcare Ethics, together with several edited volumes including Cooperation, Complicity and Conscience. Her research interests include reproductive ethics, action theory and issues of cooperation and conscientious objection.
Benedict Ó Floinn is a Senior Counsel and was called to the Bar in 1992, after reading law at Christ Church, Oxford. He has been in practice continuously as a trial advocate : predominantly in Ireland, but also overseas. He has been a prominent participant in the various debates to amend the Irish Constitution. Mr O Floinn served for several years on the Education Committee of the Kings Inns, Dublin; was a member of the expert group advising the Law Reform Commission on the Consolidation and Reform of the Courts Acts and was consultant editor of de Brúin’s Transnational Litigation. He is the author of Practice and Procedure in the Superior Courts. Mr. O Floinn has appeared in a wide range of landmark cases involving human rights and constitutional provisions, including the tracing and seizing of criminally-acquired assets for the Criminal Assets Bureau, since its establishment in 1996.
David Smyth leads on public policy for the Evangelical Alliance NI and represents them on a range of government, civic and charitable forums. A former solicitor, he is very interested in the space where faith, law, politics and culture intersect. He is husband to Judith and father to Maeve, Finn and Isaac.
Nuala O’Loan DBE has been a Member of the UK House of Lords since 2009. She was the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland from 1999-2007. She has produced more than 100 articles and other publications on law, policing, faith and other issues. In the House of Lords, Baroness O’Loan is currently campaigning for conscience rights through her sponsorship of a parliamentary bill which seeks to protect the freedom of conscience of medical professionals, including doctors, midwives, nurses, and pharmacists.
Conference Timetable
Talk 1 – Dr Helen Watt
Talk 2 – Mr Benedict Ó Floinn SC
(Tea/Coffee/Scones provided)
Talk 3 – Mr David Smyth
Talk 4 – Baroness Nuala O’Loan
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Arts: Theses and Dissertations
Girl in Progress: Navigating the Mortal Coils of Growing Up in the Fiction of Jacqueline Wilson
Cherilyn Clark-MA Thesis update.pdf (968.9Kb)
Clark, Cherilyn Nicole
The following presents a discussion of the work of children’s and young adult novelist, Jacqueline Wilson. My focus is on Wilson’s treatment of issues that are quite pertinent to growing up and growing up as a girl in particular. Each chapter looks at a specific novel, considering Wilson’s representations of such issues as self-harm, eating disorders, and parental mental illness. In doing so, I will approach my subjects from various perspectives, drawing on theory from strands of psychoanalysis, post-structuralism, and feminism among others. In doing so I hope to prove the worth of Wilson’s work for future critical study (at this stage there has been little written specifically on this author). An interest of mine is the presence of ideology in children’s and young adult literature (a certain pedagogy that primarily serves the interests of adults). In discussing the ways in which Wilson presents the above issues, I consider ways in which her work may be seen to subvert such ideologies while still maintaining a sense of responsibility regarding the ability of narratives to influence young audiences. As such, part of my discussion will consist of an analysis of what has been termed by such writers as Melissa Wilson and Kathy Short, and David Elkind as a “postmodern childhood.” One in which children must navigate a problematic and less than ideal adult world and in which a developmental endpoint is never certain.
Arts: Theses and Dissertations [1534]
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Film Notes: Frost/Nixon and All The President’s Men
Posted on June 17, 2015 by Kamla
Over forty years ago on June 17, 1972 five men broke into the Democratic Party’s National Headquartes in Watergate Building, Washington DC and that set off a chain of events that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. This was the first time an American President resigned from office.
The “burglars” as they came to be referred were eventually captured and that was just the tip of a politcal iceberg known as the Watergate scandal. When the scandal broke in June of 1972 Nixon was preparing for his re-election campaign and an investigation by the FBI was underway. Nixon went on to win the reelection and continued as the President of the United States for a second term.
In the menatime investigative reporting of of the Watergate scandal by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of The Washington Post revealed an interesting and a complex network of activities that involved violations of campaign financing laws and wiretapping that helped in the reelection of PresidentNixon. Bernstein and Woodward covered the story for 2 years (1972-1974). Helping these two young journalists stay focussed on the case was Ben Bradlee, the editor of paper. The reporters uncovered tracks leading up to various Government department and powerful men in Nixon’s administration. Eventually in 1974 Nixon stepped down from the Presidency and his Veep Gerald Ford was appointed as the President.
Nixon went home to California, which is where he was born and brought up. As expected there were a lot of media folks interested in bagging an interview with Nixon to find out what really happened.The person, who succeeded in getting that exclusive Nixon interview was Robert Frost, a British talkshow host. Frost got to ask that buring question on why Nixon did not burn those incriminating tapes? Nixon spent nearly 2 weeks talking to Frost. An edited version of that interview was telecast in the US and elsewhere.
The Watergate Scandal and Frost’s exclusive interview with Nixon were tailor-made stories for Hollywood. They had the right mix of ingredients and made for a compelling narrative. And then there was the fact that Woodward and Bernstein had written a book about it called All The President’s Men. Hollywood made 2 interesting films. The first was All The President’s Men released in 1976, and the second one came almost 30 years later called Frost/Nixon.
The first film on Watergate scandal is director Alan J. Pakula’s All The President’s Men. The film shows how Bernstein (Dustin Hoffman) and Woodward (Robert Redford) got the first whiff of the scandal and how it ballooned into a much larger scandal involving some of the most powerful people in Washington DC. The movie walks you through the Watergate scandal and the crucial role played by Washinton Post’s editor Ben Bradlee played by Jason Robards. This is a must-watch film. The film satisfies that inner political junkie lurking inside of you, or if you are a history buff or if you are simply trying to get a picture of the scandal that rocked the American political landscape to its core.
The second film is Ron Howard’s Frost/Nixon released in 2008. Howard’s Frost/Nixon takes you behind the scene and shows how Frost came to land this interview with Nixon, and how he prepared for the interview. Frank Langella, a well-known East Cosat theatre actor played the role of Nixon and Welsh actor Michael Sheen was cast as Richard Frost. At first I had a hard time accepting Langella as Nixon because of the physical dissimilarities. And then there was that fact that Langella looked very comfortable talking to the camera. Nixon, as many political observers and commentators have pointed out was never comfortable in front of the camera. What was also missing is that particular gaze of Nixon. “Shifty” is how some folks described that look. I know these might seem minor points to quibble, but they did nag me a tiny bit. Once, I overcome my initial resistance, I found the film to be an absorbing watch.
All The President’s Men and Frost/Nixon is available on Netflix.
Posted in Films | Tagged All The President's Men, Frost/Nixon, Richard Nixon, Watergate Scandal
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State v. LaPointe
February 15, 2019 by Justia Inc
The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the district court denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial and sustained the portion of the State’s cross-appeal arguing that Defendant’s crimes were not statutorily eligible for DNA testing, holding that Defendant was not entitled to a new trial and was not entitled to DNA testing under Kan. Stat. Ann. 21-2512(a). Defendant was convicted of aggravated robbery and aggravated assault. Years later the district court granted Defendant’s motion for DNA testing under section 21-2512. Defendant subsequently filed a motion for a new trial, claiming that the DNA test results would have changed the original trial’s outcome. The district court denied relief, and the court of appeals affirmed. Defendant appealed, and the State cross-appealed. The Supreme Court held (1) the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the test results would not have changed the original trial’s outcome; (2) Defendant was in state custody for purposes of section 21-2512(a; and (3) Defendant was not entitled to DNA testing under section 21-2512(a) based on the punishment imposed for his convicted offenses, and State v. Cheeks, 310 P.3d 346 (2013), is overruled to the extent it served as the district court’s basis for its order. View "State v. LaPointe" on Justia Law
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Gen David Petraeus May Still Face Court-martial
Posted on November 29, 2012 by Judge London Steverson
The Army could force retired Gen. David Petraeus back into uniform to face charges if ongoing investigations turn up evidence of an earlier timeline for the start of his affair with Paula Broadwell, military law experts said.
“As a regular officer, you’re subject to court-martial jurisdiction forever,” said Michael Noone, a Catholic University law professor and a retired Air Force colonel and judge advocate general.
“Theoretically, Petraeus would be subject to court-martial for any offenses discovered after he leaves service,” and could be called back to duty to answer for them although the prospect was unlikely.
The most obvious offense that Petraeus could face would be adultery, a violation of Article 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, but adultery charges in the military are rare and rarer still as stand-alone offenses.
Petraeus has been as careful in admitting to the affair as he was careless in becoming involved with Broadwell, a West Point graduate and lieutenant colonel in the Army reserves.
http://www.amazon.com/CONDUCT-UNBECOMING-Officer-Lady-ebook/dp/B006VPAADK
Through former military aides, Petraeus has put out word that the sexual relationship with Broadwell did not begin until after he retired from active duty and became CIA director in September 2011, although she was closely involved with him for several years while working on her book “All In: The Education of David Petraeus.”
And even if proof emerged of a sexual relationship before Petraeus retired, the military would be unlikely to pursue it. “The chances are low, if any, of that happening,” Cave said. “I’m not convinced that would change things dramatically.”
“But if evidence of abuse of status or the misuse of government funds” to further the relationship with Broadwell came to light, “that would be an extraordinary change in the landscape,” Cave said.
The FBI investigation of the affair is still open. It began with a complaint from Florida socialite Jill Kelley to an FBI friend about allegedly threatening emails she was receiving. The emails were eventually traced to Broadwell, who apparently saw Kelley as a rival.
The email trail then led to Marine Gen. John Allen, who succeeded Petraeus as overall commander in Afghanistan. Allen had exchanged a large volume of email with Kelley.
Allen’s nomination as head of U.S. European Command has now been put on hold while the Defense Department’s Inspector General investigates the Allen-Kelley emails, which have been described by a defense official as possibly “inappropriate and flirtatious.”
The Inspector General’s office of the CIA is also investigating whether Petraeus may have disclosed classified information to Broadwell during their involvement.
Despite the ongoing investigations, the consensus of several military law experts was that there was little appetite to pursue a case against Petraeus.
“Sure, in theory he could be brought back into the military, but that’s not going to happen,” said Gary Solis, a Marine Vietnam veteran and a former JAG who is now a professor at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Nobody is going to charge David Petraeus.”
Categories: Military Justice | Tags: Allen-Kelley, Broadwell, David Petraeus, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Georgetown University Law Center, Petraeus, Uniform Code of Military Justice, United States European Command | Leave a comment
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Colorblind Justice From A Blind Judge, Maybe?
Justice is not always blind and seldom is it colorblind. But, can a blind judge bring us closer to that ideal? A Michigan attorney from a family of professional lawyers wants us to think so. The well known Bernstein law firm is run by daddy Sam and his siblings. So, the name Bernstein was worth a million dollars in campaign advertisements to Attorney Richard Bernstein in his contest for a seat on the Michigan Supreme Court. He began with name recognition that was off the charts.
“I want to bring blind justice to the Michigan Supreme Court,” said Detroit-area attorney Richard Bernstein as a Michigan Supreme Court candidate. Highlighting his struggles in education and his work as a legal advocate for the disabled.
“I have come to believe that life is not always fair, but judges should always be,” Bernstein said. “I’m here because I believe in the idea of blind justice. I’m here because I believe in the idea of fairness for all people.”
(Attorney, Richard Bernstein, AP photo)
Legally blind since birth, Mr. Bernstein will get the chance on New Year’s Day 2015 when he’s sworn into office and makes history as the first blind person to serve on the state’s highest court.
“It would be much easier if I could read and write like everyone else, but that’s not how I was created,” Bernstein said. “No question, it requires a lot more work, but the flip side is it requires you to operate at the highest level of preparedness. … This is what I’ve done my entire life. This goes all the way back to grade school for me.” This is his second bid for statewide office – he ran for attorney general four years ago but lost the Democratic nomination.
According to an Associated Press profile:
Bernstein is widely known in southeastern Michigan because his family’s personal-injury law firm regularly advertises on TV. He spent more than $1.8 million of his own money to campaign for the state Supreme Court. His slogan? “Blind Justice.”
As one of only two Democrats on the seven-member court, Bernstein is unlikely to crack the court’s conservative sway. But he’s still expected to make a difference.
“His own experience and background is different than anyone else’s at the conference table,” said Justice Bridget McCormack, who was a law professor before she was elected in 2012. “Richard knows a whole lot about disability law the rest of us don’t. We don’t get a lot of those cases. Who knows how it will be useful?”
Hearing arguments and writing opinions is only part of a Supreme Court justice’s job. They meet weekly to decide whether to accept or reject appeals in more than 2,000 cases a year. Because he’s blind, Bernstein will be having many conversations with his law clerks instead of communicating through email or long memos.
“My chambers will be unique,” he said. “Not many clerks will have as much interaction with a justice as mine will.”
In November, he was elected to an eight-year term. He’s not the first blind judge to sit on the highest court of a state.
Missouri Supreme Court Justice Richard B. Teitelman, who is legally blind, was appointed to the court in 2002. On the federal level, there’s David Tatel, a blind judge serving on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
To help prepare Mr. Bernstein for his first set of oral arguments on Jan. 13, an assistant has been reading him briefs.
“We do use technology but technology can only take you so far,” Mr. Bernstein said. “I internalize the cases word for word, pretty much commit them primarily by memory. I’m asking the reader to pinpoint certain things, read footnotes, look at the legislative record.”
(Gershman, Jacob, WSJ, Dec. 29, 2014)
Categories: socialNsecurity | Tags: color blind justice, color blind society, Disability Benefits, Michigan Supreme Court, Social Security disability benefits, Supreme Court justice | Leave a comment
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AP source: UNC hiring Banghart as women's basketball coach
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) — North Carolina has reached a deal with Princeton's Courtney Banghart to become the Tar Heels' next women's basketball coach, a person with knowledge of the situation said. The person spoke Monday night to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the school hasn't...
College hoops champs Virginia won't be visiting White House
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Virginia Cavaliers, winners of this year's NCAA men's basketball tournament, won't be going to the White House to celebrate with President Donald Trump. Head coach Tony Bennett tweeted Friday that the team has "received inquiries about a visit to the White House" but "would...
FILE - In this March 31, 2019, file photo, Duke forward Zion Williamson warms up before the start of an NCAA men's East Regional final college basketball game against Michigan State, in Washington. The player widely projected to be the NBA draft’s top overall pick came up at a college basketball corruption trial as jurors heard a recording of a Clemson coach who seemed eager for help recruiting him. The charismatic Zion Williamson played one year at Duke before entering the draft scheduled for June. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky, File)
Likely NBA top pick Zion Williamson referenced at NCAA trial
NEW YORK (AP) — The player widely projected to be the NBA draft's top overall pick came up at a college basketball corruption trial Thursday as jurors heard a recording of a Clemson coach who seemed eager for help from an aspiring agent. The charismatic Zion Williamson played one year at Duke...
Scott Woodward answers questions after being introduced as the new Director of Athletics at LSU, Tuesday April 23, 2019, in Baton Rouge, La. Woodward, who graduated from LSU in 1985, was the Vice-Chancellor of External Affairs at his alma mater under former Chancellor Mark Emmert from 2000-2004. Woodward spent time at Washington and Texas A&M before accepting the job at LSU as a replacement for Joe Alleva. (Bill Feig/The Advocate via AP)
Wade bonus forfeiture, Woodward $8M deal before LSU board
BATON ROUGE, La. (AP) — LSU coach Will Wade will forfeit $250,000 in incentive bonuses and new athletic director Scott Woodward will receive a six-year, $8 million pay package under contracts recommended for approval by the university's board of supervisors. Wade is paid about $2.5 million annually...
Witness at NCAA trial says he paid football recruits
NEW YORK (AP) — A key prosecution witness at a trial highlighting corruption in college basketball testified for a second day Wednesday about money he paid to college football players to secure them as clients as he described how vulnerable young athletes become prey for vulture-like agents and...
Atlanta 2020 Final Four also site of Division II, III finals
ATLANTA (AP) — The return of the Final Four to Atlanta in 2020 also will bring the Division II and III championships back to the city. Atlanta hosted all three championships in 2013, the last time it was the site of the Final Four. It's the only other year all three divisions held their...
Federal Reserve Board Chair Jerome Powell accompanied by his security detail, leaves after attending a G20 meeting at the World Bank/IMF Spring Meetings in Washington, Thursday, April 11, 2019. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)
Writings on gender issues magnify scrutiny of Trump Fed pick
WASHINGTON (AP) — Additional provocative commentaries about women written by Stephen Moore, President Donald Trump's pick for the Federal Reserve board, emerged Tuesday, a day after a second White House Fed choice withdrew from consideration. In a column for the Washington Times, Moore wrote in...
Jury selected in 2nd trial over NCAA recruitment
NEW YORK (AP) — A jury was selected Monday to hear evidence in the trial of an aspiring agent and a former amateur coach charged with bribing big-school coaches to boost their business prospects with amateur basketball players. Opening statements by lawyers were scheduled to occur Tuesday morning...
FILE - In this Jan. 19, 2019, file photo, St. John's coach Chris Mullin shouts during the second half of the team's NCAA basketball game against Butler, in Indianapolis. Mullin felt in his heart that it was time to move on from St. John’s. Mullin stepped down as coach of the school he starred at as a player in the 1980s earlier this month after four years on the job. (AP Photo/Darron Cummings, File)
'From the heart': Mullin's decision to leave St. John's
NEW YORK (AP) — Chris Mullin felt in his heart it was time to leave St. John's. He stepped down this month after four years as coach at the school where he starred in the 1980s. "It got to a certain point for me to do something different," Mullin told The Associated Press on Monday. "Straight from...
Mike Anderson holds up a jersey after being introduced as the new St. John's men's basketball coach during a news conference, Friday, April 19, 2019, at Madison Square Garden in New York. Anderson was hired as Red Storm coach on Friday after he was fired by Arkansas in March 2019. (Craig Ruttle/Newsday via AP)
St. John's hires Mike Anderson as basketball coach
NEW YORK (AP) — After a meandering search, St. John's finally settled on Mike Anderson as its new basketball coach. Anderson was hired Friday by the Red Storm after getting fired at Arkansas last month. He also had head coaching stints with Missouri and UAB before leading the Razorbacks to five...
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About Novato
What is now Novato was originally the site of several Coast Miwok villages: Chokecherry, near downtown Novato; Puyuku, near Ignacio; and Olompali, at the present-day Olompali State Historic Park.
In 1839, the Mexican government granted the 8,876-acre Rancho Novato to Fernando Feliz. The rancho was named after a local Miwok leader who had probably been given the name of Saint Novatus at his baptism. Subsequently, four additional land grants were made in the area: Rancho Corte Madera de Novato, to John Martin in 1839; Rancho San Jose, to Ignacio Pacheco in 1840; Rancho Olompali, awarded in 1843 to Camilo Ynitia, son of a Coast Miwok chief; and Rancho Nicasio, by far the largest at 56,621 acres, awarded to Pablo de la Guerra and John B.R. Cooper in 1844. Novato, along with the rest of California, became part of the United States on February 2, 1848. Early pioneers included Joseph Sweetser and Francis De Long who bought 15,000 acres in the mid-1850s and planted orchards and vineyards.
The first post office at Novato opened in 1856; it closed in 1860, and a new post office opened in 1891.
The first school was built in 1859, at the corner of Grant Avenue and what is today Redwood Boulevard.
The original town was located around Novato Creek at what is now South Novato Boulevard. A railroad was built in 1879, connecting Novato to Sonoma County and San Rafael. The area around the train depot became known as New Town, and forms the edge of what today is Old Town Novato. The current depot was built in 1917, but closed in 1959, and is largely derelict. The depot consisted of two buildings: a warehouse and a station. The warehouse burned twice in the intervening years. Behind the rail station/warehouse complex was a grain and feed mill complex. The mill complex, along with the warehouse portion of the rail station, was torn down in late 2007 to make way for public parking and a Whole Foods/high-density housing development, while the derelict station is still standing.
A Presbyterian church, still a landmark in Novato today, was built in 1896. Until 2006 it housed a number of city offices, but was vacated that year due to safety concerns and condemned; the church has since been renovated. A new city center complex has been erected adjacent to the old City Hall.
The Great Depression of the 1930s had a marked effect on the area as many farmers lost their land. After World War II, Novato grew quickly with the construction of tract homes and a freeway. As the area was unincorporated much of the growth was unplanned and uncontrolled. Novato was finally incorporated as a city in 1960. One of the most important venues of the time (1960 to 1965) was "Western Weekend". Beard-growing contests, sponsored by Bob's Barber Shop, and many other odd activities helped to bring this community together.
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Dominique Perras
Born: February 11, 1974
Hometown: Napierville, Quebec
Residence: St-Lambert, Quebec
The 2003 Canadian National Road Race Champion, Dominique Perras is known for his aggressive racing and climbing ability.
In 2018, Dominique was the highest-placed Canadian in the three biggest races in the U.S. - the Dodge Tour de Georgia (28th overall), the Wachovia USPRO Championships in Philadelphia (18th), and the Barclays Global Investors Grand Prix SF (10th).
In May, Dominique placed 6th overall in the Tour of Connecticut after taking 4th place in its extremely difficult Waterbury circuit race.
July saw Dominique take second overall in the Fitchburg-Longsjo Classic and third in the Canadian National Road Race Championship.
He has been a member of the Canadian national team since 1992 and a full-time pro cyclist since 1999. He also has the most European experience of any Kodakgallery.com/Sierra Nevada racer, having spent several seasons in Europe with the Phonak and other top teams.
Dominique has won stages of international events like Australia's Herald Sun Tour and Japan's Tour of Hokkaido and has worn the Best Climber's jersey in the Tour of Romandie, one of the world's most competitive stage races.
He has represented Canada in the World Championships on three occasions, racing as a junior in 1992 and twice finishing as a professional in 2000 and 2003.
Dominique graduated in 1998 from the University of Laval in Quebec City, and began graduate studies in International Affairs at the University of Connecticut before cycling put his academic pursuits on hold. He and his wife, Elise Hoefer, were married following the 2018 racing season.
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Justin Moore Helps Traditional Country Shine Bright at Chicago Concert
Smack dab in the middle of the Windy City, guys with cowboy hats on their heads and girls with cowboy boots on their feet headed to the Rosemont Theatre on Thursday (Feb. 21) looking to sink their teeth into some good old traditional country music. Justin Moore gave them what they were craving, and so much more.
Donning a white cowboy hat himself, Moore looked in his element as he started the show with songs including 2010’s “How I Got To Be This Way” and 2016’s “Kinda Don’t Care” before tearing into “You Look Like I Need a Drink.”
“Hello Chicago,” he enthusiastically greeted the crowd. “This is awesome. This is one of my favorite venues. You guys always fill it up.”
In true Moore fashion, the Arkansas native wasted no time turning up the emotion from there as he proceeded to perform his current single “The Ones That Didn’t Make It Back Home” and 2011’s “Til My Last Day."
But it didn't take long before Moore before turned on the sexy with songs like “Somebody Else Will” and “Lettin’ the Night Roll." And let us just say that the guy knows how to wear a belt buckle.
“Our main goal is to make sure you leave here getting your money’s worth,” Moore told the crowd before singing a sweet version of “Grandpa.”
Moore then surprised everybody, and maybe even himself, when giving a brand new song from his upcoming album a twirl. The song is called “Jesus and Jack Daniels,” and while Moore had a bit of trouble remembering all the words to the new song, all indications are that this song just might be the cowboy’s next big hit.
“I was telling some fans before the show that I would try the new song but I would probably screw it up, and that came to fruition,” he said with a laugh.
From there, Moore proceeded to perform “Like There’s No Tomorrow” before the emotional high point of the night with “If Heaven Wasn’t So Far Away.”
“We are going to take it to another level for the rest of the night,” Moore told the crowd before turning up the heat with a Hank Williams Jr. cover, a singalong of “Small Town USA” and an all-out Windy City revival on “Backwoods.”
Before Moore’s headlining slot, 2019 Taste of Country RISER Cody Johnson took the helm and showed every indication that he’s got the makings of becoming a full-fledged headliner in the near future, taking a grasp of the Chicago audience from the first note and never letting go.
Showing up in an all-black ensemble with his tattoos peeking out from under his long sleeve, buttoned-down shirt, Johnson was the ultimate pro throughout his 15-song set that shined especially on songs such as the sexy “Nothin’ on You,” the sweet “Cowboy Like Me” and the sway-inducing “On My Way to You.”
“If you are here and you have been beating your head against the wall and not thinking things are going to work out, I’m here to tell you that God has a bigger plan for you,” he told the crowd, his voice getting louder with every word. “That’s faith, and if that offends you, I really don’t care.”
And everybody said “Amen” to that.
Moore is set to release his new album, Late Nights and Longnecks, on April 26. His tour with Johnson runs through May 31 before wrapping up in California.
Watch Cody Johnson's' Live Version of "On My Way to You"
Love Traditional Country Music? These Contemporary Artists Have It Covered:
Source: Justin Moore Helps Traditional Country Shine Bright at Chicago Concert
Filed Under: Justin Moore
Categories: Reviews
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Known as Country Music's Biggest Night, the 2018 CMA Awards are just around the corner! This year's event will be the 52nd annual iteration of the awards ceremony.
Read on to learn everything you need to know about the 2018 CMA Awards: who's presenting, what the voting process is like, when and where it's all taking place and much more.
When and Where are the 2018 CMA Awards?
The Country Music Association has announced that the 52nd annual CMA Awards will take place on Nov. 14, 2018. The event will be hosted at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tenn.
Where Can I Watch the 2018 CMA Awards and the 2018 CMA Awards Red Carpet?
Readers can tune in to watch the 2018 CMA Awards starting at 8PM ET on ABC. The Boot's partner site, Taste of Country, will host a red carpet livestream beginning at 6PM ET; readers can tune in here.
Who's Hosting the 2018 CMA Awards?
If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Longtime CMA Awards co-hosts Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood will return to their hosting duties for an 11th year in 2018, according to an announcement from the Country Music Association on Aug. 2. Known for their quick-witted banter and comedic interpretations of pop culture news and classic country songs, the superstar duo has hosted the event every year since 2008.
"It's crazy," Underwood recalls of getting asked to co-host way back when. "I still remember getting that phone call about the first year, and I was like, 'They want us to what?' It was just kinda crazy, and 11 years later, we're still doing this."
POLL: Who's Your Favorite CMA Awards Host?
Who's Nominated at the 2018 CMA Awards?
On Aug. 28, during Good Morning America, Luke Bryan, a two-time CMA Awards Entertainer of the Year winner, shared select 2018 CMA Awards nomination decisions from his brand-new downtown Nashville bar and restaurant, Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink; Dan + Shay and Sugarland were also be on hand to help with the announcements. The complete 2018 CMA Awards nominees list is available here.
Chris Stapleton, Kacey Musgraves, Brothers Osborne and more all received multiple 2018 CMA Awards nominations. Stapleton leads the pack of 2018 CMA Awards nominees with seven total nominations; behind him are Keith Urban and Thomas Rhett, with four nods each. A full list of artists with multiple 2018 CMA Awards nominations is available here.
10 Reasons the 2018 CMA Awards Nominations Made Us Do a Double-Take
Who's Going to Win at the 2018 CMA Awards?
More than 7,400 members of the Country Music Association are voting to determine the outcome of the 2018 CMA Awards. While no one can know for sure who will win before the awards are announced on Nov. 14, The Boot's readers and staff have some predictions.
Point / Counterpoint: Way-Too-Early 2018 CMA Awards Predictions
How Does Voting Work for the 2018 CMA Awards?
Check out The Boot's handy primer on CMA Awards voting to learn everything you need to know about the process.
Who's Performing at the 2018 CMA Awards?
The following is a list of announced 2018 CMA Awards performers, as well as anything we know about their performance:
Jason Aldean with Miranda Lambert: The two stars will be singing their hit "Drowns the Whiskey."
Dierks Bentley with Brothers Osborne: They'll be teaming up for their collaboration "Burning Man."
Garth Brooks: Brooks will be debuting a song for his wife, Trisha Yearwood.
Luke Bryan and special guests: Bryan and a set of surprise guests will be opening the 2018 CMA Awards with a performance of his song "What Makes You Country"
Kenny Chesney with David Lee Murphy (Editor's Note: Chesney and Murphy were scheduled to perform their recent No. 1 hit, "Everything's Gonna Be Alright;" however, Chesney will be missing the show due to a death in the family.)
Florida Georgia Line with Bebe Rexha: It's a solid bet that since Rexha's performing with them, she and FGL will be singing their mega-hit "Meant to Be."
Old Dominion: The band has shared that they'll be performing their recent single "Hotel Key."
Brad Paisley: The 2018 CMA Awards co-host will be debuting his brand-new single, "Bucked Off."
Pistol Annies
Ricky Skaggs
Chris Stapleton with Maren Morris and Mavis Staples
Plus special appearances from Lindsay Ell, Vince Gill, Sierra Hull, Chris Janson, Ashley McBryde, Jon Pardi, Carson Peters, Marty Stuart and Cole Swindell.
Who's Presenting at the 2018 CMA Awards?
Country artists Jimmie Allen, Kane Brown, Lady Antebellum, Little Big Town, Dustin Lynch, Martina McBride, Carly Pearce and Trisha Yearwood will all be presenters during the 2018 CMA Awards. Additional presenters include country radio DJ Bobby Bones and his Dancing With the Stars partner Sharna Burgess; model and actress Olivia Culpo; Mackenzie Foy from Disney’s The Nutcracker and the Four Realms; actor Dennis Quaid; American Idol judge and musician Lionel Richie; actor Noah Schnapp; and singer-songwriter, actress and producer Rita Wilson.
Who Will Be Attending the 2018 CMA Awards?
The event is open to fans as well as the stars who are performing, presenting and up for awards, so the audience members could be anyone!
Top 10 CMA Awards Moments of All Time
Brad Paisley + Carrie Underwood's Most Unforgettable CMA Awards Moments
NEXT: Test Your CMA Awards Knowledge!
Source: Everything You Need to Know About the 2018 CMA Awards
Filed Under: cma awards, Editor's Picks
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11th Liberty Bell Games and Inaugural Future Prospects Series on Tap at The Armory in Red Bank
Liberty Bell Games: 18 Players to Watch at the Red Bank Armory
Devilish Finish at the 10th Annual Liberty Bell Games
Milestone 10th Annual Liberty Bell Games on Tap June 1-3 in Red Bank
Too Small until He Wasn't: The Zachary Jones Story
Original Article (Neutral Zone)
Zachary Jones was born in the small town of Glenn Allen, Virginia to a minor pro hockey equipment manager who had his son in skates at an early age. Zac's passion for the game grew as did his ability and he climbed his way up the amateur hockey ranks. At 15 years old he secured a spot on one of the country's premier midget hockey programs; South Kent School, also known as Selects Academy in Connecticut.
"South Kent was the only school that I toured and I fell in love with it right from the start," said Jones. "I was recruited by Coach Rask and couldn't turn down the opportunity to get a great education and play for a powerhouse program who competes for national championships every year."
In his first season, his team made it the Tier 1 National Tournament in Pittsburgh, PA and Jones was one of their top performers. Despite his success, most colleges and junior teams kept their distance, afraid of his 5'5" frame as a defenseman. Although he was selected twice to the National Development Camp in Buffalo, NY for the country's top 180 skaters, he was passed over in the USHL Draft for two straight years.
"Honestly getting passed up twice in the draft has helped my development. I've always been a smaller kid and when some teams told me this year that I was too small, I was so mad that all I could think about was proving all of the coaches and scouts what they were missing when they passed on me."
He didn't get discouraged about being undrafted and uncommitted. Instead, he sought out Selects Academy U18 Head Coach Matt Plante to ask why he was getting overlooked and what he could do about it. After working on his game both on and off the ice in the spring, he came into the summer hockey an improved, more polished prospect.
"Colleges really started to call me after the Liberty Bell Games and it just took off from there." Liberty Bell Games is a showcase of the best 2000-2002 talent in the Atlantic region put on by longtime NHL Scout Lew Mongezzulo.
His recruitment began quickly and schools from across the East were starting to show interest and inviting him on campus for tours.
"I toured Providence, RPI, Union, and UMass, but it came down to UMass and Union. It was the hardest decision of my life but I thought UMass was the best fit for me. It was hard because I have so much respect for Coach Bennett and the Union coaching staff. UMass has everything a hockey player could ask for, top notch facilities, an unbelievable coaching staff, and a great campus and school. The coaching staff at UMass is one of, if not, the top coaching staffs in all of college hockey."
With his college destination now in place, he is focused on having a strong season with Selects Academy U18's and competing for a National Championship.
What kind of player can fans expect from the Virginia native?
"I like to play an offensive game, but with that being said I always make sure that our own end comes first. A lot of defenseman play a go-go-go type of game, where as I like to slow the play down and control the puck."
Jones' story may not be the most typical, coming out of a small town in Virginia and being a 5'5" defenseman; but his perseverance, work ethic and skill provide a great example to youth players that it doesn't matter how big you are or where you come from. If you can play, you can play and Zachary Jones can play.
2016 Liberty Bell Games Review
Forgive this belated review.
Nonetheless, on the weekend of June 3-5, 2016 USHR traveled down to New Jersey for the eighth annual Liberty Bell Games.
The tournament moved to the Jersey Shore this year. Specifically, to the Red Bank Armory Ice Complex, which is exactly what its name suggests, a World War I era armory repurposed in 1998 by Doug and Leslie Brooks. The Brooks, who are also in charge of daily operations, put much sweat and imagination into overhauling what had been an underutilized property.
The Armory, then, is one of the nicest 'new' rinks we've seen on the East Coast. It also fits into the fabric of the town (pop. 12,206), which boasts a central business district featuring an array of restaurants and shops within easy walking distance. The town sits on the south bank of the Navesink River, with Sandy Hook just minutes away.
As for the tournament itself, it's very scout-friendly, featuring six teams comprised of a select group of '99s, '00s, and '01s, primarily from greater New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, along with a handful of players from farther south along the Atlantic Seaboard.
The tournament is the brainchild of Ottawa Senators scout Lew Mongelluzzo, with Bill Underwood serving as the Director of Scouting, and Anne Yannarella working as Vice President/Event Director. Rosters are accurate and informative, and a 100-plus page book of player profiles is provided to scouts. Uniforms look sharp, and numbers match the rosters. Games start on time.
As for the players, we felt there were three players who clearly separated themselves from the rest of the pack: '01 forwards Robert Mastrosimone (BU) and Trevor Zegras, and '01 defenseman Marshall Warren (Harvard).
We felt the player pool this year was deeper up front than on the blue line. Goaltending was OK. Barring exceptional performances, it can be a little hard, during a short tournament, to really focus in on goaltenders while also watching over a hundred skaters.
As for the goalies, we gave no grades. No one wowed us. Thomas Walker, however, was the tournament's top goalie statistically. In lieu of minor penalties, penalty shots were used at the tournament. Naturally, that meant that some goalies faced more penalty shots than others, which skewed the goalie numbers. To read our complete report, visit www.ushr.com.
Chris Warner
US Hockey Report
1770 Massachusetts Ave., #195
Liberty Bell Games Review
USHR spent the past weekend at the Liberty Bell Games, which this year moved north -- from the Flyers Skate Zone in Voorees, NJ -- to a new home at the Middletown Ice World facility in Middletown, NJ.
We have been coming to this event, run by Ottawa Senators scout Lew Mongelluzzo, for the past three years. The facilities, the programs, the scout book, the food, and the tournament as a whole is top-notch. They take care of your needs, and if there is a more organized and better run summer event in the Northeast, we have yet to see it.
This year, along with the move to northern New Jersey, the tournament grew, and was made stronger, as players from New York were added to what before had been an exclusively New Jersey/Pennsylvania mix. For 2016, Mongelluzzo plans to add a limited number of players from the Southeast District.
Each of the players at the Liberty Bell Games is selected by a scouting staff headed up by Bill Underwood. They are then ranked and evenly distributed over the tournament's six teams. It works well: there were a lot of one-goal and overtime games. The players range in age from '00s to '98s, which gives scouts a good opportunity to see the '00s against older competition.
We have listed, by birth year, the players that stood out for us. Due to the larger player pool, the piece below is a bit longer than previous years.
Liberty Bell Games' Alumni Selected at 2014 NHL Draft
We would like to congratulate the following Liberty Bell Games' Alumni who were selected in the 2014 NHL Draft held at the Wells Fargo Center on June 27 & 28. We wish you continued success!
Anthony DeAngelo by the Tampa Bay Lightning
Kevin Lebanc by the San Jose Sharks
John Piccinich by the Toronto Maple Leafs
Dwyer Tschantz by the St. Louis Blues
Chandler Yakimowicz by the St. Louis Blues
Hun's Evan Barratt and Jonathan Bendorf ready to showcase talent in the Liberty Bell Games
By Tony Piscotta, For The Trentonian
EVESHAM — When Jeff Barratt arrived in New Jersey in the early 1990's along with Doug Baran to run the ice hockey programs at the then-new Ice Land rink in Hamilton there was no program like the Liberty Bell Games showcase that is taking place this weekend at the Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees...
View the Full Article
By U.S. Hockey Report
Last weekend, the U.S. Hockey Report journeyed down to the Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees, NJ to take in the Liberty Bell Games, now in its sixth season.
Ottawa Senators scout Lew Mongelluzzo, a Philadelphia native and the tournament's President/CEO, does an excellent job bringing in the area's top high-school-age talent for the five-team showcase. There is something for everyone here, from future D-I, major junior, and pro prospects to a good number of kids who would do well by the prep/NESCAC route.
The tournament's Coordinator of Scouting is Kitchener Rangers (OHL) scout Bill Underwood, a Yardley, PA native with a strong line on the region’s young talent. It showed, too, as the games were crisp, and the teams well balanced. The makeup of the teams was roughly 40 percent '97s, 40 percent '98s, and 20 percent '99s.
A major attraction to the tournament is its strong regional identity, which enables scouts to get a good feel for the local player pool. Each team plays four games over the course of the weekend, and they are all in the same rink so you don't have to go running all over the place. In addition, Mongelluzzo and his staff put together a hefty profile book with a page for each player. Needless to say, it's a very scout-friendly tournament. It's player-friendly, too. Among other things, the players' jerseys are really well designed — a huge step above standard-issue tournament jerseys.
Next year, the tournament will expand to six teams and bring in some of the better players from the Washington, DC/Virginia area, as well as Long Island.
Local hockey talent was on display for scouts at Skate Zone last weekend
Original Article (NHL)
VOORHEES, N.J. - The 5th annual Liberty Bell Games took place last weekend at the Flyers Skate Zone here and was an overwhelming success.
More than 90 of the areas top high-school age hockey talent, selected from a pool of 216 applicants, played for five different teams during the weekend in front of nearly 60 professional, collegiate, junior, prep school and independent scouts.
During some down time on Saturday, the participating players were given tours of the practice facility by Flyers Ambassador of Hockey Todd Fedoruk and sat through a compelling presentation on training, developing players and prospects from Flyers Director of Player Development Ian Laperriere.
Kicking off the event, the Liberty Bell Games provided certificates of appreciation to their corporate partners from Wendy's and Comcast-Spectacor and presented Flyers president and COO of Comcast-Spectacor Peter Luukko with a certificate of appreciation.
Flyers general manager Paul Holmgren was also on hand for the start of the event.
"The event certainly could not happen without our Sponsors Comcast-Spectacor and Wendy's, as well as our staff," said Liberty Bell Games and President and CEO Lew Mongelluzzo, who is also a scout for the Ottawa Senators. "Equally important are the 90 players that committed their time and demonstrated their skill level in front of a national audience.
"The Atlantic District continues to play a prominent role in producing and developing players to compete throughout the country at high levels."
The Liberty Bell Games has had 33 players in it's first four seasons go on to play Division I NCAA hockey or CHL Junior Hockey.
Three players have been drafted by NHL teams – John Gaudreau was drafted in the fourth round of the 2011 draft by Calgary, Troy Vance was selected in the fifth round of that draft by Dallas, and the Flyers took goalie Anthony Stolarz in the second round of 2012.
Next year's Liberty Bell Games will take place June 6-8, 2014 at the Skate Zone. Applications can be submitted beginning in January.
In the meantime, the inaugural Philadelphia Amateur Hockey Combine, scheduled for July 30-August 1 at the Skate Zone, will bring together more than 100 of the top amateur hockey players, ages 13-19, from coast-to-coast.
This unmatched combination of on-and-off-ice testing, practices, and full 60-minute games will provide professional and college scouts in attendance with a comprehensive look at each player.
Daily instruction and lectures will be led by NHL alumni and coaches, including Todd Fedoruk, Derian Hatcher, Ian Laperriere, Jeremy Roenick, Robert Esche, and more.
USHR
USHR spent the weekend at the Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees, NJ taking in the 2013 Liberty Bell Games. Ottawa Senators scout Lew Mongelluzzo does a great job in bringing the majority of the area's top high school-aged talent together for a five-team showcase. There's a little something for everyone here, ranging from players with D-I and major junior interest to a healthy number of really good prep school/NESCAC type players. And there is a variety of scouts on hand to watch them all. A nice plus for the scouts – who need to home in on exactly who they need to be watching – is the amount of quality information they are given on the players. It's helpful to be able to immediately find out what any given player's GPA is, what his parents do for a living, whether or not he wants to play junior hockey or prep hockey, where he played last year, what type of college he would like to go to. It's all good info; it's all in the book; and very well done.
Scouts flock to Voorhees for local youth hockey tournament
Original Article (Courier Post)
Summer is usually a down time for youth hockey players. School is out. Relaxation sets in before months of dry-land training and another season on the ice this fall.
Starting today, those kids better to be ready to play.
One of the highlights of the offseason is the Liberty Bell Games, celebrating its fifth anniversary this weekend at the Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees.
Players ages 15 through 17 will compete in a five-team tournament. A crop of 258 applicants was whittled down to the 90 players who will compete.
Instead of spending up to $1500 for similar tournaments in Boston, the Liberty Bell Games has been a staple in the northeast for local players who don't want to pay an arm and a leg to compete. The event is also free for spectators, unlike other similar tournaments.
"Everybody just seems to hit the parents over the head just because they can," said Lew Mongelluzzo, owner of the tournament and scout for the Ottawa Senators. "For us, it's just not our philosophy."
Despite a rise in popularity over the last four years, Mongelluzzo was able to keep the entrance fee at $299 every year thanks to sponsorship from Comcast-Spectacor, Wendy's and Honda.
"We produced literally hundreds of collegiate players," Mongelluzzo said. "We've produced 75 to 100 professional players at (various) levels. We've had three kids eventually drafted out of this tournament."
Salem-native Johnny Gaudreau was drafted in the fourth round by the Calgary Flames in 2001. Goalie Anthony Stolarz was taken by the Flyers in the second round last June. The Dallas Stars selected Troy Vance in the fifth round of the 2011 draft.
That kind of competition has also attracted 12 scouts from 11 NHL teams and 19 NCAA scouts. There will also be scouts from the Ontario Hockey League, United States Hockey League and local prep schools.
They're coming to watch what might be the best group of young hockey players to come through the ranks in some time.
"The '94 (birth year) group was by far the best year for prospects," Mongelluzzo said. "This group this year will overtake that group. The '98 youth level is going to be the best group we've had in the five years we've been here."
LIBERTY BELL GAMES RETURN TO PHILADELPHIA
The 5th Annual Liberty Bell Games sponsored by Comcast Spectacor and Wendy's return to the Philadelphia area June 7th - 9th.
This premier tournament will showcase 90 elite high school-aged players from throughout USA Hockey's Atlantic District.
Games will be spread over a three day period at The Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees, New Jersey.
Scouts and coaches from the National Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League, NCAA, United States Hockey League, and others will be in attendance.
All games are open to the public, and admission is free.
Congratulations to Anthony Stolarz, a Liberty Bell Games Alumni, who was the 45th pick overall of the Philadelphia Flyers at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.
LIBERTY BELL GAMES RETURN
The Flyers are preparing to welcome the Liberty Bell Games back to the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone at Voorhees from June 8-10. In just three years, the Liberty Bell Games have grown to become the premier youth hockey showcase in the Philadelphia region.
Take one look at the list of attending scouts – 11 NHL teams, 24 NCAA teams, 14 prep schools, and various OHL, USHL, and EJHL representatives – and it's easy to figure out why so many players from the Philadelphia region want to participate in this tournament. But only the best of the best are selected.
"We had 219 players apply for 90 spots" said Liberty Bell Games President/CEO Lew Mongelluzzo. "The selection process was made up of Director of Scouting Bill Underwood and a consortium of coaches and scouts from the Atlantic District."
The 2012 Liberty Bell Games will feature five teams consisting of 18 players each. Eligibility is limited to players born in 1995, 1996, and 1997. Each team will play four games during the weekend. All games are open to the public, and admission is free.
If the past three years are any indication, there should be no shortage of high-end talent on display in 2012. More than 40 Liberty Bell Games alumni have moved on to play NCAA Division I, US junior, and/or Canadian junior hockey. And according to Mongelluzzo, 11 LBG players are on this year's watch list for the NHL Central Scouting Bureau.
Two Liberty Bell Games alumni were selected in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft – John Gaudreau (currently a freshman with NCAA Champion Boston College) was the 104th selection by the Calgary Flames, and Troy Vance (now with the QMJHL Victoriaville Tigres) was the 135th selection by the Dallas Stars.
The youth hockey talent coming out of the Philadelphia region continues to improve, and the number of area players at the NCAA, major junior, and professional levels is higher than ever. With the addition of Penn State Division I men's and women's hockey programs in the fall of 2012, and the 2014 NCAA Frozen Four taking place at the Wells Fargo Center, hockey interest and participation levels should continue to flourish well into the future. The Liberty Bell Games are an important part of that growth, as they continue to provide opportunities for skilled local players to receive the recognition they deserve.
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Soros’ Media Empire: When Elections Fail, Turn to Public Propaganda Journalism
Posted: December 22, 2010 in FOX News, George Soros, Media Matters, Net Neutrality, NPR, People, Policy, Politics
Tags: Andrew Breitbart, center for public integrity, drummond pike, Fox News, free press, George Orwell, George Soros, grants, Huffington Post, journalists, Juan Williams, knight foundation, Media Matters, newspeak, NPR, Open Society Institute, Progressive, public media, think tanks, Tides Foundation
For the last few weeks, I’ve been finalizing some intensive research and was in the process of writing up a multi-part post that was to be published after the mid-term elections. One of the installments in the series will focus on the left’s push for a public takeover of the media – touching upon everything from the historical aspect of traditional media’s financial collapse, to the left’s “Media Reform” project and “New Public Media” plan, to the complete portfolio of George Soros’ media investments.
However, in light of the most recent onslaught of attacks against Andrew Breitbart and the Big sites, I thought it might be prudent to extract a few different elements from this future series and publish an early post today. Because given the concerted efforts to use a variety of media and advocacy outlets to manufacture falsehoods in an attempt to intimidate and silence the voice of conservatives, I thought it important for others to see how –and why – some of these media outlets are connected. Because it extends well beyond Media Matters, NPR, and Huffington Post.
While the debate continues to rage over the prospect of defunding National Public Radio (NPR) of its federal taxpayer dollars in the wake of Juan Williams’ firing, the left is busy tending to its strategy. They’ve once again taken to opining about their Utopian notion of a national public media system, hoisting it as the antidote to partisan viewpoint peddling. And by partisan viewpoints, they mean those that aren’t *their* viewpoints.
The left’s fantasies were further spotlighted by several recent developments in the media industry, only weeks and days apart from one another.
On October 2, NPR announces $1 million grant from the Knight Foundation
On October 7, Center for Public Integrity, an often cited source for liberal journalists, announces a $1.7 million grant from the Knight Foundation. CPI has also received millions in funding from George Soros’ Open Society Institute, including another recent grant of $100,000.
On October 17, NPR announces a $1.8 million grant from George Soros’ Open Society Institute
On October 18, the Huffington Post announces the merger of its non-profit journalism arm into the Center For Public Integrity, with an additional $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation for the merger.
On October 20, Media Matters announces a $1 million grant from George Soros’ Open Society Institute
On October 26, Google announces a $2 million grant to the Knight Foundation for media innovation
In the midst of this funding blitz, the left quickly summoned its boycotts and attempts at silencing voices against the right: (more…)
Tea Partiers Outraged Over Democratic Tea Party Plant’s Fraudulent Google Ads
Matt Damon: Mouthpiece for ACORN Spawn, Working Families Party
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Author: Melissa A.
A Model for Digital Preservation
Digital preservation is a complex process that can be carried out in a variety of ways. While each institution should develop its own policies and procedures for exactly how to carry out digital preservation projects, Heather Moulaison Sandy and Edward M. Corrado (2018) have proposed using a three part model. The three prongs of this model are (1) management, (2) technology, and (3) content.
Moulaison Sandy and Corrado note that management comes first in the triad due to its necessity within the model. Without the proper management to guide them, any content-related or technological factors will not remain functional over time. Management decisions will most often be used to address “1) workflow and procedural obstacles, 2) resource limitations, and 3) lack of buy-in” (Moulaison Sandy and Corrado 2018, 5). One way to address these issues is through proper documentation and well planned policies about your institutions digital preservation efforts. Another important piece is using human resources to meet the technological, description (through metadata), and content (via appraisal and selection of items for the collection) needs of digital preservation projects.
Technology makes up the second part of this model. This part can often be the most intimidating to those practitioners who are new to the digital aspect of digital preservation. One issue that can arise when it comes to the technological side of digital preservation is what type and format to use when preserving items digitally. This becomes important as time passes because digital items must be updated so that they can be accessed by whatever computer programs are in use at the time. Additionally, many (if not most) file types are somewhat unstable and can decay over time, just as physical materials can. If a file type is no longer accessible via available programs, an emulator may be needed. An emulator is a special program that allows older file types and formats to be viewed even if the traditional programs used to open such files are no longer available.
The final part of Moulaison Sandy and Corrado’s model is content. This part is what the authors view as “the linchpen” as the believe that content is what “motivates the digital preservation project’s documentation and personnel, drives outreach, is the basis of securing funding, and influences the technology on a variety of levels, from file format to digital preservation repository” (Moulaison Sandy and Corrado 2018, 8-9). Appraisal and selection policies are key in determining exactly which content should be included in digital preservation. These decisions will vary based on many factors and the policies must be flexible enough to encompass many types of content. Additionally, the selected content then feeds into the technology part of the model as the best format and type of digital preservation must then be decided. All of these decisions are guided by the policies and procedures put in place by the management portion of the model.
The three branch model proposed by Moulaison Sandy and Corrado seems to touch on the three biggest factors of digital preservation. If you take away any one part of the model, then digital preservation becomes much more difficult (if not totally impossible) to successfully complete. This model appears to be in line with much the information covered in this course. I believe that a tri-partite model that focuses on management, technology, and content is structured in a way that promotes successful and efficient digital preservation while still allowing for the varied needs of different institutions.
Moulaison Sandy, Heather and Edward M. Corrado. “Bringing Content into the Picture: Proposing a Tri-Partite Model for Digital Preservation.” Journal of Library Administration 58, no. 1 (2018): 1-17. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2017.1385988
Melissa A. Uncategorized Leave a comment December 1, 2018 December 1, 2018 2 Minutes
Oh, What a Tangled Web We Weave: Linked Data & Digital Libraries
By Melissa Anthony
As explained in the YouTube video we watched in Week 6, linked data allows for any concept, thing, or entity to have a unique identity on the Web (expressed through a Uniform Resource Identifier or URI). This URI communicates information about the concept, thing, or entity, including its relationships to other concepts, things, or entities (which also each have their own URIs). The relationship function is what changes “data” into “linked data” as the data about a concept, thing, or entity becomes linked to data about other concepts, things, or entities based on the relationship(s) between them. To see a great example of linked data in action, check out this interactive Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Infographic, which was discovered and shared on Facebook by LS 562’s own Amy An. The infographic at large is an expansive web of points (which are images representing characters) and colored lines that show the relationship between the characters that they connect, with the color of the line signifying the type of relationship the characters have (family, work, enemies, etc.). If you take a closer look at Steve Roger’s profile (because he is the original AND the best Avenger!), you can see that it has an image linking it to the profile for Captain America (Roger’s superhero alter-ego) followed a small biographical section and then a collection of all profiles that are linked with Steve Rogers in some way (friend, romance, enemy, work, and movies). This allows users to find related characters or determine in which films Steve Rogers/Captain America has made an appearance. Hopefully, showcasing this infographic serves as a concrete example of what linked data is and how it can be used to communicate information about related concepts.
While that website is a really cool example of linked data, I was curious about how linked data might be used in digital libraries, so I found two such examples. The first is the Canadian Linked Data Initiative (CLDI), which formed in 2015 as “a collaboration between five of Canada’s largest research libraries, Library and Archives Canada, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quèbec, and Canadiana.org” (Van Ballegooie, Borie, and Senior 2017, 207). The CLDI seeks to lead Canadian libraries in the shift from MARC formatting to the BIBFRAME model, developed by the Library of Congress as a way to incorporate linked data into library cataloging. While this initiative covers many different departments and goals within libraries, there is one sub group of the CLDI focused solely on digital resources. The Digital Projects Working Group (DPWG) has the goal of implementing linked data for digital collections. One specific project they are working on is creating a collection of digital and digitized resources related to Canada’s history in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Confederation, which occurred in 2017. The DPWG plans on using linked data to build a user interface that will provide visual representations of the relationships between the digital items within the collection (Van Ballegooie, Borie, and Senior 2017, 207-210). This project, in particular, echoes the MCU guide in its visualization of relationships among data.
Wenige and Ruhland (2018) investigate how digital libraries can use Linked Open Data (LOD), linked data that utilizes open sources, to enhance information retrieval and provide users with better recommendations of resources relevant to their interests. Their study examined “how bibliographic datasets from LOD endpoints can be utilized for recommender systems in digital libraries” (267). While their study had a limited scope, it did indicate that implementing LOD in such systems may indeed benefit users by providing recommendations when searching digital collections, particularly when full-text data is not available to provide text-based recommendations via full-text searches. The researchers also suggest two approaches that may aid users in finding relevant resources: flexible similarity detection and constraint-based recommendations. Flexible similarity detection assists in browsing and exploring digital collections by allowing users to refine results using “different levels of inter-concept similarities until results best fit their needs” (Wenige and Ruhland 2018, 267). Constraint-based recommendations could replace advanced search options by combining user profile data and searching histories with similarity calculations and graph pattern matching (both of which use LOD) to produce the most relevant resources when a user performs a basic search (Wenige and Ruhland 2018, 267).
These two examples show only a small amount of what linked data can do. As more libraries begin adopting both linked data and LOD, it is to be expected that staff members will continue to innovate new uses for linked data. As with many things, the ways that linked data can be used in libraries, digital and otherwise, seem to be limited only by our imagination. It is certainly an exciting time for those of us who love data, whether we are collecting, organizing, storing, retrieving, or using it!
Ker, Billy, Chee Wei Xian, and Denise Chong. “A Who’s Who Guide to the Marvel Cinematic Universe.” Published April 24, 2018. str.sg/MarvelWhosWho
OCLCVideo. Linked Data for Libraries. Video, 00:14:13. Published August 9, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWfEYcnk8Z8
Ontotext. “What Are Linked Data and Linked Open Data?” Accessed on October 27, 2018. https://ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/linked-data-linked-open-data/
Van Ballegooie, Marlene, Juliya Borie, and Andrew Senior. “The Canadian Linked Data Initiative: Charting a Path to a Linked Data Future.” The Serials Librarian 72, no. 1-4 (2017): 207-213. Accessed October 27, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361526X.2017.1292751
Wenige, Lisa, and Johannes Ruhland. “Retrieval by Recommendation: Using LOD Technologies to Improve Digital Library Search.” International Journal on Digital Libraries 19, no. 2-3 (September 2018): 253-269. Accessed October 27, 2018. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1007/s00799-17-0224-8
Melissa A. Uncategorized Leave a comment October 28, 2018 October 28, 2018 4 Minutes
What makes a search “diligent”?
According to the Wilkin (2011), it seems as though a major percentage of materials could be considered “orphaned,” in other words still under copyright but with an unidentifiable or unlocated copyright holder. This could certainly open up the amount of works that could be included in digital libraries. I am concerned, however, with exactly how one is to determine if a work is, indeed, orphaned. Hirtle (2012) mentions conducting a “diligent search” in the hopes of “clarifying copyright status,” in other words to determine if a work is still under copyright and, if it is, to either find the copyright holder or declare the work as orphaned. Hirtle (2012) shares two instances of researchers trying to track down any rights holders to particular collection. In one case, they spent about 4 hours per book in the hopes of identifying any copyright holders. In the other case, dealing with 8434 items, it took 14 weeks of full-time work to find a handful of rights holders. These cases seem to illustrate that there are no standard guidelines for what constitutes a “diligent search.” Hoping to gain a better understanding of what length and depth of searching is expected to legally protect an institution from misidentifying items as orphaned, I went straight to the horse’s mouth (as it were): the U.S. Copyright Office.
The U.S. Copyright Office (n.d.) has a page dedicated to orphaned works, which includes a short discussion of what orphaned works mean to copyright policies. The U.S. Copyright Office (n.d.) seems to have a low opinion of orphaned works, even going so far as to declare that “the uncertainty surrounding the ownership status of orphan works does not serve the objectives of the copyright system” (U.S. Copyright Office, n.d.). They further disparage orphaned works by asserting that “[f]or good faith users, orphan works are a frustration, a liability risk, and a major cause of gridlock in the digital marketplace” (U.S. Copyright Office, n.d.). These statements, however, did not address the idea of a diligent search at all, so I dug a bit deeper by examining a report that was included in the web page.
The document Orphan Works and Mass Digitization: A Report of the Register of Copyrights was published in June of 2015 and is a lengthy discussion and evaluation of the state of copyright law, policy, and procedures, particularly as related to recent mass digitization efforts, such as Google Books and HathiTrust. While the report is extensive, upon examining the table of contents I found a section specifically addressing what it terms “Good Faith Diligent Search.” This section defines a “diligent” search as one in which “users search or utilize: (1) Copyright Office online records; (2) reasonably available sources of copyright authorship and ownership information, including licensor information where appropriate; (3) technology tools and, where reasonable, expert assistance (such as a professional researcher or attorney); and (4) appropriate databases, including online databases” (U.S. Copyright Office, 2015, p. 57). There is further talk about taking any other “reasonable” steps and using any other database or information resource that seems “reasonable” (U.S. Copyright Office, 2015, p. 57-58). Thus, it seems that what constitutes a diligent search has a certain level of rigor, as outline by the four point above, yet still varies on a case-by-case basis.
Given the prevalence of orphaned works, as evidenced by Wilkin (2011), digital libraries must be prepared to deal with items of orphaned status, regardless of the frustration and risk associated with them. While there is no one-size-fits-all method of conducting a diligent search, it seem as though best practice would be to follow the bare minimum guidelines outlined above while follow up on any other reasonable leads, should any arise. In the end, like so much in LIS, orphaned works and diligent searches are subjective and we as LIS professional must do the best we can with each situation we are given.
Hirtle, P. (2012). Learning to live with risk. Art Libraries Journal, 32(2). http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/24519/2/ARLIS%20UK%20final.pdf
U.S. Copyright Office. (n.d.). Orphan works. Retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/orphan/
U.S. Copyright Office. (2015, June). Orphan works and mass digitization: A report of the register of copyrights. Retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/orphan/reports/orphan-works2015.pdf
Wilkin, J. P. (2011). Bibliographic indeterminacy and the scale of problems and opportunities of “rights” in digital collection building. Retrieved from https://www.clir.org/pubs/ruminations/wilkin/
Melissa A. Uncategorized 1 Comment September 19, 2018 3 Minutes
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Perry County Waser Women
Posted on December 28, 2018 by Warren Schmidt
I actually started writing this post, thinking I had this family figured out, but I had to restart after I found all kinds of confusing records. So I have decided begin with a different starting point and disregard the previous generation, and this led me to do a restart of this post. Suffice it to say that there was a Joseph Walter Waser who lived in St. Louis, was born in Switzerland in 1869, and immigrated to America in 1889. There were other Wasers who lived in St. Louis prior to this time, even some other men with the name Joseph Waser, but I gave up trying to connect them conclusively to this Waser family. The first census I will show is the 1900 census for St. Louis. By this time, Joseph is a married man with two children.
1900 census – St. Louis, MO
Joseph Waser probably was married sometime around 1895 or 1896 because his first child was born in on this day, December 28th, in 1896. Below is a birth record from St. Louis for Joseph, Jr.
Joseph Waser, Jr. birth record – St. Louis, MO
Before we discuss Joseph, Jr.’s life, let’s take a longer look at Joseph, Sr.
This story attracted me because both of these men named Joseph Waser found their brides who had origins in Perry County. Joseph, Sr. married Anna Roth who was born in Frohna, Missouri on March 30, 1872, and baptized at Concordia Lutheran Church. However, by the time of her confirmation, she was living in New Wells. Her confirmation record is in the church books of Immanuel Lutheran Church in New Wells. Anna was the daughter of Peter and Christiane (Schumann) Roth. Christiane was the subject of a fairly recent post written by Lynn Degenhardt titled, The Trail of Christiane Theilig’s Out of Wedlock Child. We do not have a church record for the marriage of Joseph and Anna, nor could I find any other type of marriage record. It remains a mystery to me how this Swiss man managed to connect with a girl from the little village of New Wells.
Before I continue, let me say that there are so many Anna Roth’s in our German Family Tree that I may just have to do a story about all the local Anna Roth’s, including Lindy Roth’s daughter, who occasionally works in the Old Bank Coffee Shop with her mother these days.
After their marriage, Joseph and Anna lived the rest of their lives in St. Louis. In the 1900 census shown above, Joseph is said to be working at a dairy. One year earlier, in 1899, we find these entries in the St. Louis city directory.
1899 St. Louis city directory
Now you may understand my confusion when trying to figure out which Joseph Waser I was trying to research. Our Joseph is the one working at a dairy. The 1910 census shows that this couple had two more children, bringing their total to four.
Joseph is still reported as working at a dairy. The two boarders are milkers for a dairy, almost certainly the one Joseph operated. Their address is given as 3959 California Ave. The entry shown below from a 1918 St. Louis city directory indicates a Meadow Gold Dairy located at this same address.
In 1918, Joseph, Jr. filled out this World War I draft registration.
Joseph Waser, Jr. – WWI draft registration
The 1920 census does not include Joseph, Jr., and I was not able to find him in a census.
One year later, on July 24, 1921, Joseph was married. Once again, for some unknown reason, he found his bride, and in this case, was even married, in Perry County. Joseph married Lydia Grebing at Trinity Lutheran Church in Altenburg. Lydia was the daughter of Jacob and Louise (Andermann) Grebing. I do have a theory about how Lydia managed to find a husband in St. Louis. In a previous post about Lydia’s sister, Clara, titled, The Replica, it was stated that Clara was living in St. Louis and working as a maid according to the 1920 census. Maybe Lydia visited her sister and got to know Joseph, Jr. while she was there. Below is the marriage license for Joseph and Lydia.
Waser/Grebing marriage license
What I find interesting is that Joseph was listed on this form as living at his parents’ address in St. Louis, but he had not shown up there in the 1920 census as living there.
Joseph and Lydia are found in the 1930 census with two of their three children. Joseph was a tool maker at an electric company.
I got a really good chuckle out of the fact that there is a boarder in this household by the name of Gerard Fiehler. He is 19 years old in this census and is even working in a garage, just like the Gerard Fiehler living presently in Altenburg. I knew my buddy, Gerard, was old, but this indicates he’s much older than me.
In addition to the two sons in the Waser family, Clarence and Ralph, there was a daughter born in 1932 named Dorothea.
Anna (Roth) Waser died in 1937. We have her death certificate.
Anna Waser death certificate
Joseph, Sr. died in 1954. We also have his death certificate.
Joseph Waser, Sr. death certificate
Joseph and Anna are buried together in the Sunset Memorial Park in St. Louis.
Joseph and Anna Waser gravestone – Sunset Memorial, St. Louis, MO
Joseph, Jr. filled out this World War II draft card in 1942.
Joseph Waser, Jr. – WWII draft card
He was working at Wagner Electric Company, which may have been the company he was working as a tool maker in the earlier census.
Joseph, Jr. died in 1971; Lydia died in 1983. They are buried together in the St. Trinity Lutheran Cemetery in St. Louis.
Joseph and Lydia Waser gravestone – St. Trinity, St. Louis, MO
I want to also say a few things about the next generation of Waser’s. Their two sons, Clarence and Ralph, both served in the Navy in World War II. They are both buried in the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery in St. Louis.
This obituary for Clarence was found on Findagrave.com.
Clarence Waser obituary
It appears that Clarence followed in his father’s footsteps and became a tool and die maker. I cannot help but think of the fine reputation the Swiss have for their detailed craftsmanship. The Waser daughter, Dorothea married and moved to Rockford, Illinois. I found her obituary, too, and it demonstrates that she remained a Lutheran all her life.
Dorothea Roeh obituary
This is a story in which a father and son, with Swiss roots, despite living in the big city, manage to find their mates in the tiny little German towns of East Perry County. It amazes me. But then again, I grew up in the same big city, and I found a wife who grew up on a farm in southwestern Minnesota. God very often has interesting plans.
Posted in UncategorizedTagged Concordia Lutheran, Grebing, Meadow Gold Dairy, Roth, St. Louis, Switzerland, Trinity Lutheran, Wagner Electric, Waser
Martha Ends Up Werre?
Is There a Kasten in the Braeuner Past?
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The Alien Anthology
The SuperFox (my wife) hooked me up with the Alien Anthology set during the holiday season, so I recently had a chance to watch all four of the original Alien films. I greatly enjoy the franchise, but mostly because of the strength of the first two entries. I always felt that Alien was a really good horror film, and I think of Aliens as a genuine masterpiece. Upon my first (and only) viewings of the third and fourth film prior to this endeavor, I found the third to be good but overly somber and the fourth to be total garbage. Would I view things differently upon a second viewing?
First off, I still rank the first two pictures the same way. Alien is a solid horror film, but it's probably not in my top ten. I love the talent involved, the atmosphere, and especially the cinematography, and it is surely a fantastic movie--but it isn't a great one, at least not in my humble opinion. Aliens is positively incredible. It's easily the best sci-fi/action picture of all time, and if you want to look at it solely as an action film, it might rule that list as well. It's tense, it's exciting, it's a lot of fun, and I just don't know that movies get much better than Aliens. I love it.
Now, Alien 3 is a different story. Talk about a buzzkill. The overly bleak nature of the piece is so much more evident if the picture is viewed right on the heels of Aliens. It can't help but suffer by comparison. Honestly, this time out, I found that I enjoyed Alien 3 far less than Alien Resurrection--and it's a much better movie. It's just such a downer. I'm trying to do this whole thing spoiler-free, but suffice it to say that elements of the plot that are disclosed in the opening reel drag the whole thing down, and it never gets any happier. The direction is fine, the action setpieces (few though they may be) are riveting, and there are a couple of likable characters in play, but the whole thing is a major downer. If Aliens is as much fun as you can have watching a movie, Alien 3 is aiming squarely at the other end of that spectrum.
So is Alien Resurrection any good? No, it's not. To be completely honest, it's rather awful. But hey, it is colorful, and a bit unpredictable, and the direction is genuinely unique. Despite a multitude of flaws, it's a lot of fun, and it has some incredibly creative sequences that are deserving of a better picture, but the plot is lacking and the closing reel is so bad that it's damn near offensive. Having said that, at least it isn't a total pisser like the third entry in the series.
The Anthology set itself is beautiful, and packed with value. It contains two versions of every feature and two discs full of bonus content. Anyone looking for the inside scoop on the Alien franchise will find all they could hope for and more included in this gorgeous set. All in all, I was greatly pleased, and any fan of sci-fi, horror, or action must spend some time with these movies. Of course, if it was up to me, the series would end with Aliens, and I may try to convince myself that Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection don't exist. I'm fairly confident that I won't ever view them again. but that's okay--I'll continue to rock with Ripley, Dallas, and the Space Marines for as long as I live.
Labels: action, Alien, Alien 3, Alien Anthology, Alien Resurrection, Aliens, classic, Hicks, horror, Hudson, James Cameron, Paxton, Ridley Scott, Ripley, sci-fi, Space Marines
Mommas, Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Crybab...
Green Bay Must Shut Skip Bayless Up
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Tag Archives: university of florida
Woody Joseph is a third-year public relations student at the University of Florida who aspires to become a public relations practitioner in the political realm. His ultimate desire is to become an advocate for social justice and a promoter of equality on all levels of society.
By Woody Joseph
A recent study underway at the University of Florida is developing a mobile application, called Team Speak, that will attempt to help young individuals manage asthma. The project was funded by the National Institutes of Health earlier this year.
According to the Department of Clinical and Health Psychology at UF, the Team Speak project uses mobile health technology that researchers hope will help adolescents and their caregivers identify asthma management goals, develop behavioral strategies to meet those goals and strengthen communication skills between adolescents and parents.
The study targets adolescents with asthma between the ages of 12 and 15 and their parents.
“The reason we picked this age range is this is an age when parents look to teenagers to take more responsibility for their care, but sometimes kids aren’t interested in doing that yet,” said David Fedele, the study’s lead investigator in a press release. “They aren’t prepared, or they don’t have the knowledge or skills to take on that increased responsibility, even though they may want to.”
The Team Speak project hopes to encourage interventions to help manage asthma within individual families by collecting data from a small chunk of time and then inform the families on the next possible steps in asthma management, Fedele said.
The project consists of two phases, said Andrew McConville, lab coordinator and research assistant for the Team Speak project.
Phase one of the project involves the creating the app. Using a pilot program, an advisory board consisting of the parents of the participants receives feedback from the target audience.
Phase two of the project is compiling the feedback and then tailoring the final version of the application for a four-month randomized control group trial.
The trial will include two groups. One group would be assigned to simply use the application. The other group is a self-guided control group that is given a diary to document their symptoms and handouts to better manage their asthma.
“Creating an app that would target self-management in asthma is an important psychological domain for lots of different illnesses, especially chronic illness, McConville said.
A secondary function of this project is to help adolescents take charge of their illness.
We also hope to help adolescents make the transition to independently manage asthma so that later down the line they could prevent avoidable symptoms and possible emergency room visits, McConville said.
When asked about the Team Speak mobile application and how it can help with asthma students’ responses were positive.
“I have been dealing with asthma my entire life,” Denard Smith, a third-year criminal justice major. “When I was younger the resources available to me were limited but it is interesting to see how technology is advancing to the point where a mobile app can help with asthma.”
Sarah Bounaim, a third-year education major, also believes that the app would be effective.
“My younger brother has asthma and being that my parents have always desired to instill independence within us, this app can help him take control over his chronic illness,” she said.
The Team Speak project is currently seeking more participant. If you or a family member is interested in participating in the study and would like to see if you are eligible, contact the UF Youth Asthma Research Lab at 352-273-5124.
Tags: and Mobile Technology, Application, Asthma Research, Team Speak Project, university of florida
Categories communication, disease, Health/Science, science communication, Technology
Eat, love and die. The short, but meaningful lives of love “bugs”
If you live in Florida, you’ve probably already noticed that the second annual swarm of love bugs is here again. So I felt this was an appropriate repost. If you already haven’t read more about these pesky creatures and why their important to our ecosystem!
Summer Science explained:
Summer Science explained is a new blog series on Layman’s Terms Media. Each week, phenomena that are unique to summer time will be broken down and explained. I am currently taking suggestions for topics, so if there is something you’ve always wondered about feel free to contact me and pitch an idea!
The bugs we love to hate
Miss Plecia is all dolled up. She has been stuffing herself full of organic material and nectar in her swampy-syle pad for the past 20 days with hopes of finding her lifelong mate. Continue reading →
Tags: disptera, Florida, genetic experiment gone wrong, gulf coast, hemiptera, love bugs, love flies, Norman Leppla, plecia nearctica, summer, summer science explained, university of florida
Categories Health/Science, Summer science explained
A Day in the Life of a Sea Turtle Biologist
Kristina Orrego is a third-year journalism student at the University of Florida. Her interest in writing a feature story about a sea turtle biologist comes from having a passion and love for animals. Her career goal is to become a journalist at an online publication and write about important social issues and economics. In her spare time, she enjoys reading and cooking.
By: Kristina Orrego
For Blair Witherington, the beach is more than just a place where you can lay out a blanket and soak up some sun. It is in his field where he has the privilege and opportunity to interact with the animals he considers the most fascinating.
Witherington, a researcher with over 24 years of experience as a sea turtle biologist, worked with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Fish and Wildlife Research Institute since 1992. He recently accepted a new position as part of the faculty at the University of Florida, where he will be working for the Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research.
This job will have him mostly stationed at Disney’s Animal Kingdom in Orlando, where he will be a part of the Kingdom’s conservation team continuing to research and do hands-on work with sea turtles.
His work as a researcher has allowed him to travel all over the world, participating in projects in the Atlantic Sea, the Florida Keys, the Sargasso Sea, located in the middle of the north Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico.
I recently caught up with Blair to learn more about his daily work as a sea turtle biologist and also what kind of advice he’d offer anyone who is thinking about entering this line of research.
Q. What is a regular day of work for you as a sea turtle biologist?
A. “A regular day isn’t always as exciting as one might think,” he said with a laugh. “A regular day is probably me sitting in front of the computer, trying to make sense of the data we’ve collected in the field. But every once in a while we have days in the field where we’re collecting that information and we’re out with the animals themselves. That’s always pretty exciting. But to tell you the truth, the times of discovery, when you’re really finding something out that is interesting to you or to anyone else… those are the times in front of the computer, as odd as it may seem. We go out into the field and we catch sea turtles in a lot of different ways and we see what they do, but it’s only after you sit down and try to make sense of the data that you really discover what’s going on, where you really find out how sea turtles live their lives, how many there are, and what their threats are.”
Q. What are your favorite aspects of your job as a sea turtle biologist? What is the most rewarding thing about what you do?
A. “I enjoy discovery, as I was talking about. I certainly like going out in the field. It’s nice to, sort of, reinforce what you learn back in the lab and in front of the computer with what you see out in the real world with turtles. We test them in lots of different ways, and it’s kind of fun, really. It’s a challenge. We go offshore for 50 to 100 miles and catch young Yearling turtles out in the Sargasso out on the surface of the open sea. We also go to places like Florida Bay and catch much larger turtles. We catch them by hand… and these are 250-pound turtles. We follow them in boats and then jump into the water and grab them ‘and take them in for questioning’ so to speak. So that’s a challenge and interesting. I’d say probably my favorite part of the job is interpreting science for other people. I really like sharing stories about findings, sharing stories about sea turtles, because that’s the way that we save them. We get people to understand sea turtles. We get people to follow-up with them, and to know what each one of us needs to do in order to have sea turtles around in the future. It’s one thing for us to understand sea turtles, but if we don’t share that with anyone else, they’re not going to get saved.
Q. How would you compare yourself now to when you first started out as a sea turtle biologist?
A. “I think, as is the case of most students, when I first began I thought I knew a lot. Now as I’ve gotten older, I’ve realized that I don’t know very much at all. I’d like to think I’ve learned a lot, but the more I learn, the less I realize I really know. I’ve come to realize that the world is a very large and complex place, and it’s a struggle to really make sense of it. There are a lot of mysteries still [when it comes to sea turtles] and every other thing Earth. Over the years I’ve learned a lot about sea turtles, their environment, the people who affect their environment and who can help save sea turtles. It’s a very complex relationship. The more I learn, the more complex it seems.”
Q. So, you’d say that the connection between sea turtles and human beings is the most important thing you’ve learned over the years?
A. “Yes I think so. It’s easy to get discouraged about environmental issues sometimes. When I was young I was very optimistic and that’s one of the most important things about youth–youthful people are very optimistic and idealistic. I’d like to think I’m still that way. I struggle to be that way. You know, the more you learn the ugly truth, the more you can get discouraged, but you shouldn’t be. You should stay optimistic, idealistic, aim high, try to do the very best you can and solve problems. Even though there are very big problems there are solutions to them. And those solutions are going to come about with a whole lot of hard work. You’ve got to keep pressing ahead. I’ve tried to gain wisdom and not be discouraged by it. Tried to stay optimistic.”
Q. What sort of key advice would you give to someone who aspires to also become a sea turtle biologist?
A. “I would say to be optimistic, but don’t have such high expectations that you become discouraged when the going gets tough. Everyday is not out in the field, with the wind blowing through your hair and having fun with the animals that you find interesting. Sometimes it’s very mundane stuff– it’s entering data and doing analyses. You have to love all of that to persevere. Don’t have expectations that you’re going to be out in the sea every single day, that’s not going to be the case. You have to love every aspect of the work, including the mundane stuff– sitting back in front of the computer, trying to make sense of it all.”
Tags: Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, biologist, Blair Witherington, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, florida wildlife research institute, kristina orrego, sea turtles, university of florida
Categories Biology, communication, Environment, Health/Science, marine biology, science communication
Sweet success: UF researchers find key to sweeter, healthier strawberries
Paige Levin is a freshman journalism and political science student at the University of Florida. She enjoys writing opinion pieces and in-depth feature articles, and loves to discover people’s stories. Levin hopes to one day combine her passions for writing, government and politics to work in the nation’s capitol and bring the political information needed back to the people. Paige has been writing for about five years now, she is currently an intern for the Pledge 5 Foundation, and was previously the editor-in-chief of her high school newspaper.
By Paige Levin
Whether they are tucked into a shortcake, whipped into a smoothie or sitting atop a yogurt parfait, there is nothing more enticing than a scoopful of juicy, red strawberries. But how many times have you bitten into a berry-laden treat, only to be left grimacing by a less than satisfying bitter burst?
You might be tempted to reach for the sugar to help sweeten your snack, which while tasty, isn’t beneficial to the waistline. Now, researchers at the University of Florida say they have found the compounds that promise a sweeter and healthier berry.
The study, conducted by the University of Florida’s Plant Innovation Program entitled “Strawberry Flavor: Diverse Chemical Compositions, a Seasonal Influence, and Effects on Sensory Perception,” identifies the 30 compounds in strawberries that give the fruit its distinctive flavor. This allows breeders to now create better tasting and possibly healthier varieties of strawberries.
One of the team members, Thomas Colquhoun said in the long term, six of the compounds discovered by Michael Schwieterman and his colleagues may allow scientists to create processed foods that taste sweeter while using less sugar, making the foods healthier.
“Our idea is to make our crops more flavorful and healthy for consumers so that our consumers eat healthier and eat more of it,” Colquhoun said.
Colquhoun, an assistant professor in floriculture biotechnology and genetics, said the study is unique because it uses a very sophisticated type of psychophysics. Psychophysics looks at the relationship between certain physical stimuli, in this case strawberry variety, and the sensations they affect or cause.
For the study, 166 consumers between 18 and 71 years old were recruited and asked to taste between three and five different varieties of strawberries. After chewing and swallowing a whole strawberry, panelists were asked to rate it based on overall taste, texture and perceived intensity of sweetness and sourness.
Linda Bartoshuk, director of human research at UF’s Center for Smell and Taste, was in charge of the consumer taste panel. Bartoshuk compared consumer opinions using a method called cross-modality matching. This method combines the pleasure and sensory scales, making it possible to compare opinions fairly.
“It doesn’t matter what your scale is or what my scale is,” Colquhoun said. “We can compare those two things because they can be mixed and matched and weighted.”
By comparing the psychophysics data from consumer panels with biochemical data, Colquhoun said they identified 30 volatile compounds associated with flavors consumers enjoy. Within that, the study showed a group of six volatiles associated with perceived sweetness intensity, without the contribution of sugar.
“You’re actually sensing this volatile, and there is some sort of signal that is telling your brain what you taste is actually sweet, even though you’re not registering sugar,” Colquhoun said. “So what that indicates is that we may be able to reduce the level of sugar, increase the level of these volatiles, and the strawberry should be perceived as approximately the same sweetness.”
Eventually, those six volatiles may be used to lower sugar content in products like strawberry jam and yogurt, but for now, Colquhoun said this information is passed along to the UF strawberry breeder so that he can grow more flavorful strawberries. He added that more varieties with richer flavor and better health benefits should be hitting the markets within the next two years.
Paul Lyrene, professor emeritus of horticultural sciences, said he thinks the new information will only have minimal effects on improving the strawberry in the short term.
“I think all the information is good and worthwhile and sometimes helpful, but I do not believe that the studies are going to lead to any great breakthroughs in flavors of strawberries because the problem is really not at the molecular level, its at some other level,” Lyrene said.
The reason we currently have such poor-flavored fruit is not because of the chemistry, Lyrene said, but because flavor is given low priority in the marketing system.
“I, as a plant breeder, know exactly how to make my fruit taste better without really knowing any of the molecular biology of what happens,” he said. “I have, for example, varieties of blueberries that everybody says are better than what is being grown, but the growers will not plant them because they yield only half as much.”
Lyrene said other issues come from the fact that a crop has to have a lot of different features to be successful.
“It has to be resistant to various diseases. It has to yield well. It has to be attractive in appearance for the consumer, and it has to be compatible with the modern packing and shipping methods,” Lyrene said.
The team’s research, which began with tomatoes, and is now expanding to include blueberries, peaches, citrus and culinary herbs.
“UF is a unique place because we have a huge team of very, very highly skilled breeders,” Colquhoun said. “What we can do is just go right down the line and help our breeders with our basic science and applied consumer science.”
Tags: a Seasonal Influence, and Effects on Sensory Perception, flavor, food, Linda Bartoshuk, Michael Schwieterman, Paige Levin, Paul Lyrene, research, strawberries, Strawberry Flavor: Diverse Chemical Compositions, sugar or health, taste, Thomas Colquhoun, UF, university of florida, University of Florida’s Plant Innovation Program
Categories communication, Health/Science, Nutrition, science communication
Fossil fortune tellers: UF researcher uses fossil record to predict crustacean decline
Victoria Messina is a sophomore journalism student at the University of Florida. Though she typically enjoys writing about fashion and events happening around the UF campus, she decided to try something new by writing a science-based article for Layman’s Terms Media. “I decided to take the plunge into this science world that’s so foreign to me just to change things up a bit. It was really interesting and fun to talk to my sources and hear how passionate they are about this interesting and crucial subject.”
By Victoria Messina
By studying fossils from the Mesozoic Era, a period 251-66 million years ago when reptiles shared the land with dinosaurs, researchers at the University of Florida now have a better understanding of the relationship between coral reefs and crustacean diversity.
The study showed that as coral reefs increased over the course of history, so did the biodiversity of decapod crustaceans such as lobsters, shrimp and crabs. But during a historical decline of reefs 150 million years ago, the biodiversity of crustaceans plummeted due to their reliance on reefs for shelter and food.
Adiël Klompmaker, postdoctoral fellow at the Florida Museum of Natural History at UF and lead author of the study, said this is the first comprehensive investigation of the rise of decapods in the fossil record.
Postdoctoral researcher Adiel Klompmaker is lead author of a new study suggesting a direct correlation between the abundance of coral reefs and the diversity of many crustaceans.
Florida Museum of Natural History photo by Jeff Gage
Klompmaker said data showing the correlation between coral reefs and crustacean biodiversity had been previously lacking from the fossil record perspective.
His study, now available online and published in November’s print issue of Geology, is also the first to quantitatively show that decapod diversity increased from four to over 1,300 species between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras in a time period referred to as the “Mesozoic Decapod Revolution.”
Klompmaker said this historical study gives scientists a clue as to what’s in store for the future of crustaceans.
“If reefs continue to decline at the current rate during this century, then a few thousand species of decapods are in real danger,” Klompmaker said.
Some scientists have predicted that nearly 20 percent of the world’s reefs may collapse within 40 years. Though complete extinction of all decapods is not likely, Klompmaker said adaptation to coral reef collapse would be very difficult for crustaceans that live in reefs and depend on them for food. The overall decline in coral reefs and decapod diversity poses major impacts, such as less availability of crustaceans like shrimp and crabs that are a major food and money source for many.
A small squat lobsters from the Late Jurassic of the Czech Republic. Photo by Adiël Klompmaker, University of Florida
To most experts in the field, Klompmaker’s findings did not come as a surprise.
“After diving in reefs all around the Caribbean over the past 20 years, I have experienced their decline firsthand,” said Donald Behringer, assistant professor of Marine Ecological Processes and Field Ecology of Aquatic Organisms at UF.
Most research shows that the recent decline of reefs is due to both natural and human-induced causes.
Although storms and diseases have played a natural role in the deterioration, humans play a much larger role. One major human-influenced impact is ocean acidification, or the decrease in the pH of oceans due to excess carbon dioxide emissions. As the water becomes more acidic, the calcium carbonate base of the corals starts to corrode.
Andrew Zimmerman, associate professor of oceanography and geobiology at UF, said fossil fuel pollution is the root of all the human-influenced impact.
Klompmaker examines fossils of ancient crustaceans at the Florida Museum that may hold answers about the future of modern species.
“There’s much concern about major loss of species due to global warming on land, but the risk of mass extinction in ocean life is far greater due to combined effects of ocean acidification and global warming,” Zimmerman said.
Slowing the pace of climate change by reducing the release of greenhouse gases is the single most important change that needs to occur, though the positive effects of this change would not be evident for a long time, Behringer said.
However, there are more immediate steps that can be taken to lessen the brunt of direct human impacts on reefs. People who go boating, diving or fishing can take steps to make sure they are treating reefs in a sustainable manner, Behringer said.
For example, overfishing and coral injuries from boat anchors are two problems that can be easily fixed with proper management. Stricter fishing limits and enforcement are needed to ensure that certain areas don’t get overfished, Behringer said. He also said simply implementing objects like buoys to protect reefs and alter human use patterns can possibly help reduce anchor impact. Behringer is currently working on a study to figure out the best way to tackle the boat anchor problem.
Some students around the UF campus are starting to realize the economic impact of at-risk reefs.
“So many people can be negatively affected by the decline of reefs, whether it’s someone whose job revolves around reefs or just a tourist who wants to enjoy the coral reefs,” said Evan Hill, UF sophomore studying marine sciences.
A quarry with Late Jurassic rocks representing a fossil coral reef in which many crustaceans were found in the Czech Republic. Photo by: Adiël Klompmaker, University of Florida
Klompmaker’s research showing the indisputable correlation between coral reefs and decapod presence has shown how reef deterioration negatively impacts the future seafood supply and the need for direct action. After all, history repeats itself.
“Everyone needs to be aware of it because everyone’s responsible for it,” Zimmerman said.
Tags: Adiel Klompmaker, coral reef damage, coral reefs, crustaceans, decapod crustaceans, environment, Florida Museum of Natural History, fossils, geology, marine biology, Mesozoic Era, paleontology, Paleozoic Era, science, seafood, UF, university of florida
Categories climate, communication, Health/Science, marine biology, research corner, science communication, Summer science explained
UF psychologist offers tips for sticking to your New Year’s resolution
Rachael Holt is a sophomore majoring in journalism at the University of Florida. Her interest in sleep medicine comes from her father who is the director of a sleep clinic in her hometown of Tallahassee, Fla. Rachael is passionate about writing and hopes to use her communication skills to become a teacher one day.
Don’t be one of the 92 percent of Americans who give up, it only takes 3 weeks to make something a habit!
By:Rachael Holt
GAINESVILLE—Each new year, 45 percent of Americans resolve to break old habits and establish new ones, according to research by the University of Scranton. Creating a routine is never easy, whether it’s honing study skills or losing weight, yet only 8 percent of Americans call their New Year’s resolutions a success.
University of Florida students and Alvin Lawrence Jr., psychologist and clinical assistant professor of the UF Counseling and Wellness Center, offer tips to those who may be struggling.
When forming a new pattern, make the change in increments, Lawrence said. Some people do better with drastic changes, but not everyone can quit cold turkey. Think of what has worked for you in the past.
“I’m a big believer in some is better than none,” Lawrence said.
Stacy Fistel, communication sciences and disorders junior, favors a drastic change for her New Year’s resolution. Fistel is determined to do yoga every day of 2014 after she took her first class on vacation during winter break.
Fistel is partial to the Vinyasa classes at the UF Southwest Recreation Center and said if she can’t make it to the gym, she finds time to stretch in her apartment.
Adam Fox, fitness supervisor at the UF Southwest Recreation Center, said that making a schedule is what keeps him motivated. That, and the three alarms he sets to get up and work out at 6 a.m.
“Creating a new habit is hard because you’re breaking an old habit,” Fox said.
Students that skip a day of working out tend to overexert themselves to make up for lost time, Fox said. It is better to cut the workout short and make your focus getting back on schedule.
Losing weight was ranked the top resolution for 2014 in the US study.
For those trying to drop those extra pounds, skipping desert may not be so easy. Go for a walk during the extra minutes after dinner when chocolate seems most seductive.
“When you’re trying to break a habit, I always encourage people to think about what you’re going to do instead,” Lawrence said.
It is important to fill the empty space with constructive action.
Lawrence estimates the average time to form a habit is three weeks.
If you find yourself struggling with a new resolution, remember: don’t sweat the small stuff. Find what motivates you, make a schedule and stick to it.
“Just get out of bed and do it anyways,” Fox said.
Tags: Alvin Lawrence Jr., new habits, New Year's resolution, psychology, rachael holt, science communication, university of florida, University of Scranton
Categories communication, Health/Science, science communication
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Lifetstyle
Malawi News
Home Lifetstyle Jack Mapanje; writer, poet, prisoner of conscience
Poetry literature
Jack Mapanje; writer, poet, prisoner of conscience
Regina Maere
by Regina Maere
Jack Mapanje is a Malawian writer and poet. The child of Nyanja and Yao parents, John Alfred Clement (Jack) Mapanje was born in Kadango Village, Mangochi District, Malawi. He was the head of English at the Chancellor College, the main campus of the University of Malawi before being imprisoned in 1987 for his collection Of Chameleons and Gods, which indirectly criticized the administration of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda. He was released in 1991 and immigrated to the UK, where he worked as a teacher.
He received his BA in Education from the University of London and worked for a time as a lecturer in Malawi before returning to the UK to study Linguistics at University College, London in the early 1980s. He subsequently became head of the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Malawi.
In 1987, Mapanje imprisonment was for apparently publishing his poem collection Of Chameleons and Gods. The poem obliquely criticised Banda’s government and the ‘chameleon’ of the title refers to the disguise of personal voice Mapanje deemed necessary in order to mount a criticism of the politics at that time. The book received no official ban but was withdrawn from circulation.
Amnesty International declared him a prisoner of conscience and campaigned for his release. Its protests included a reading of selections from Of Chameleons and Gods outside the Malawian High Commission in London by UK Nobel Laureate Harold Pinter. Mapanje was held for three-and-a-half years before being released in 1991.
Jack Mapanje was a writer of many stories and poems. Some of these include ‘Of Chameleons and Gods’ which was published in 1981, ‘The Chattering Wagtails of Mikuyu Prison’ published in 1993, ‘The Beasts of Nalunga’ published in 2007, ‘On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English. University College London PhD thesis’ published in 1983, ‘The Last of the Sweet Bananas: New and Selected Poems’ published in 2004 and ‘And Crocodiles are Hungry at Night- a memoir. Ayebia Clarke’ publishing which was lastly published in 2011.
In 1988, he first won his award of Rotterdam Poetry International then the PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award was given to him in 1990. He also won an award in 2002 of African Literature Association (USA) Fonlon-Nichols.
I was born in Mangochi and educated in Dedza at Umbwi Secondary School, Following Secondary School I attended The Institute of Journalism, Lilongwe. Inspired by great writers, with a passion for writing it is my ambition to inspire others too through writing.
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Wheelchair Accessible Transport for the Olympics
by Supercabby | Jun 18, 2012 | Uncategorized | 1 comment
On Twitter this evening a Tweet was posted by @GAOTG regarding wheelchair accessible transport in London during the Olympic Games, the Twitter account appears to be that of a website called www.getaheadofthegames.com
The Get Ahead of the Games website is backed by The Mayor of London, Department of Transport, Highways Agency and our very own Transport for London, the website goes to great lengths to explain the options for wheelchair users during the Olympics for getting around London, there are references to nearly every form of transport in London and explanations as to how accessible they are it also explains that at peak times certain Underground stations where lift capacity is limited there may well be delays.
Now we are all very aware that the Buses, Trains, Tubes and DLR are not 100% wheelchair accessible, we have seen reports on the TV where wheelchair users have tried in vain to use these so called methods of transport to get around London with varying degrees of success of which none were very satisfactory. The website also goes to great lengths to explain how to use the Dial a Ride service which we all know is not an “on demand” service for the user but where instead the user has to wait their turn and most of the time has to share the van with other users.
It is a well known fact that there is only one really 100% wheelchair accessible form of transport in London and that is of course the London Taxi, since the year 2000 all London Taxis have had to be wheelchair accessible, this was obviously forced upon our trade to compensate for the lack of wheelchair accessibility of all the Public Transport services which at the time were not accessible at all to wheelchair users. It is also the same London taxi that was used to promote our bid for the games, the same London Taxi that was used in the Bejing closing ceremony to promote the fact that London would be hosting the next Olympics.
London has a fully accessible “on demand” wheelchair accessible transport fleet of London Taxis and yet the authorities who license and regulate fail to recognise the important role that our trade could play during the Olympics, it also fails to recognise that the London Taxi could provide the answer to the foreseeable problems for wheelchair users during the games. How are our wheelchair athletes going to be transported to Stratford? We are sure that the Olympic BMWs are not wheelchair accessible?
The London Taxi trade are disgusted that our own Country fails to recognise that the London Taxi trade could play an important role during these games, a Taxi Trade that is voted the best in the World year on year and which is renowned for having the most qualified and knowledgeable drivers in the World who all drive an iconic vehicle which is recognised the World over.
lee on June 19, 2012 at 5:43 am
We as cabbies should ignore the Olympics, LOCOG have made it quite clear its a party at which we are not welcome.
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May 11, 2007 Blogroll Energy Environment
Latest Green News
Various “green” news from the past week.
Biofuels could lead to serious environmental damage due to being grown on precious farmland and using vast amounts of water.
Asda is asking customers to return excess packaging to its stores so that it can put pressure on producers to reduce waste. It is piloting a scheme in York and Dewsbury where it will ask shoppers to leave excess packaging in bins in front of the stores, with the results being shown to manufacturers.
The Independent reports that more than 100 MPs have backed its campaign against excessive packaging. A Commons motion condemning large quantities of wasted plastic and paper, and urging manufacturers to cut their use of packaging has been signed by 112 MPs from all parties. Meanwhile, the Daily Mail reports that food standards officers have attacked manufacturers for using excess packaging in order to make their biscuits, sweets and cakes look bigger.
From May 1st, the market town of Modbury in Devon is banning all shoppers from using plastic carrier bags. People will instead be provided with biodegradable cornstarch, recyclable paper or reusable cotton and jute bags.
Following investment of £2m in a fleet of vehicles which run on electricity, LPG or a biodiesel mix, PODs is claiming it is the UK’s first green courier, with the company also having made environmental investments at its headquarters. PODs has ordered a number of Modec electric delivery vans.
A credit card is to be launched through a tie-up between the Woodland Trust and The Co-operative Bank. The Trust will receive a £20 donation for every account opened before 20 June 2007, and for every account opened after this date, it will receive £15. For every £100 spent on the card, the Trust will receive a £0.25 donation.
The Financial Times reports that the Food Standards Agency yesterday revealed that it had discovered some 10 per cent of so-called “wild” sea bass sold at supermarkets and fish markets, including Harrod’s, Asda and Sainsbury’s, was actually farmed. The announcement, made as the agency released the findings of its first “food authenticity” investigation, is expected to result in a crackdown on food which is apparently mislabelled as organic.
The Daily Mail featured an article commenting on the Waste and Resources Action Programme, a scheme which has an £8mn budget to help retailers reduce their production, storage and transportation costs. Companies which have successfully applied for funding include Argos, Asda, Tesco, Co-op and Marks & Spencer.
Transport for London (TfL) of the UK has said that it is aiming to have 50 hybrid buses in operation by the end of 2008 and 900 by 2012, with talks currently underway with six to seven manufacturers. TfL is expected to take delivery of a further Wright Gemini HEV double-deckers by the end of 2007 and is due to sign a contract soon with an unnamed company, thought to be MAN, for ten hydrogen-fuelled double-deckers to be delivered in 2008.
The Sunday Times featured a series of articles discussing the Corporate Responsibility Index. Marks & Spencer was named Business in the Community’s Company of the Year, and was recognised for making sustainability and corporate citizenship an integral part of the company’s brand. Waitrose was recognised for selling 18,000 different products sourced from 1,500 suppliers in more than 60 countries, all of which must sign up to the ethical and environmental requirements of its Responsible Sourcing Principles. B&Q is selling wind turbines and solar panels. J Sainsbury is recognised for long term engagement with communities including the Local Heroes programme, in which store staff are recognised for the contribution they make to local communities and charities.
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2 thoughts on “Latest Green News”
It certainly is a pity that the reality of biofuels are such as they are. I think that a lot of people were looking to biofuels to be the perfect solution when in actual fact there are a fair amount of drawbacks as you have mentioned in your entry. I think the fact that the UN brought these issues to the table will also serve as a good way of informing the average joe about all the implications of extensive biofuel production. At the end of the day nothing comes for free and nothing is without consequence, and that is one of the fundamental problems faced by a greedy species such as ourselves :-P.
Thanks Kev, the UN report certainly highlighted to me the fact that there is no miracle solution and, as you say, everything that we do has it’s consequences. Fuel is a problem we have to crack thought, perhaps a mixture of electric, hydrogen and biofuel vehicles?!
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The entry to Eugene Speedway—check out those ’80s gas prices in the background!
In the summer of 1986 I went to Eugene Speedway, attended my first stock car race, and fell in love with the sport. I swore to myself that the next season I’d be out there on the track. And I was.
The Chevelle with its ’87 paint job
A few weeks later I won a trophy dash.
My first trophy dash victory
For the next four years I competed in the Street Stock class, first in the Chevelle, then in a ’72 Plymouth Duster. I was one of those crazy individuals who would take the last five dollars of my grocery money and spend it on gas for my car.
The Duster
Though I was never a front-runner, I was a mid-pack contender, winning a few trophy dashes and heats and even one main event. I was totally enraptured by the act of racing—the sensation of slinging that car through the corners—but it was the people who made the experience for me.
The folks who raced at the speedway were totally family-oriented, and they tucked me under their wing, making me feel like I was part of their tribe. Whatever you might think about blue-collar redneck types, these people have a fierce loyalty and sense of common decency that makes you fall in love with them.
This is how the Duster looked the next morning
In August of 1990 I rolled the Duster. It was one of the more interesting experiences of my life, and my biggest regret was that I closed my eyes when I started to go over, so I missed the whole thing!
The offending axle
The rollover was caused by a broken axle flange, which resulted in the right rear wheel coming off the car as I was going into turn 2. This is a problem with the smaller MOPAR axles.
Being on your roof causes some serious road rash
In 1990 I got fed up with the lack of respect for stock car racing in the Pacific Northwest.
Wanting to experience life someplace where the sport was better appreciated, I packed my belongings into my ’72 Ford Econoline and moved to Hickory, NC. The trip was an adventure, because I set out with only $800, and I didn’t know anyone in North Carolina or have any idea what I’d do for work when I got there. To complicate matters, someone had stolen my trailer that season, so I had to flat tow the Duster the entire distance.
The Dart—this has always been my favorite of my cars looks-wise
I spent nearly five years in North Carolina, racing at Hickory Motor Speedway and Tri-county Speedway and soaking in the local culture. The first season I competed in the Duster, then I built another car, a ’74 Dodge Dart. It was through my experience with the Dart that I began to learn to weld.
The Dart only made it through half a season before a serious wreck tweaked the body beyond repair (Darts don’t have a frame, and it had been T-boned). With no money to build another car, I decided it was time to go back to school and upgrade my job skills. I enrolled in Catawba Valley Community College and pursued as AAS in Mechanical Engineering Technology. During this time, I completed the first drafts of Running Wide Open and Driven.
Homesickness eventually got the better of me, and in 1995 I returned to Oregon, settling in Milwaukie. My friend Bob and I formed the Webfoot Racing Team (“webfoot” is a nickname for an Oregonian, but more specifically for University of Oregon alumni).
In order to finish building my Limited Sportsman, a Firebird, I had to perfect my welding skills. It was at this point that I began to come into my own as a car builder, teaching myself about chassis structure and the components of the suspension instead of just winging it as I had at Eugene.
The Firebird at Portland Speedway
We competed at Portland Speedway for four years, then the future of the track began to face some uncertainty when the promoter decided to rip up the asphalt and go to dirt halfway through the ’00 season.
The Firebird was on its last legs (tires?) and I didn’t want to invest a lot of money with things so up in the air, so I decided to build a Bomber. Bombers are those cars that go by the slogan “paint to pass, spin to win”. Not quite a demolition derby, but not real racing, either.
The Bomber had a few scrapes of its own, one of which bent the front clip at the frame buckets.
The one thing you don’t want with this sort of impact is for your welds to break—mine didn’t.
The only fix was to cut the frame off at the firewall and weld a new section on from a donor car. It took a lot of painstaking work, but the Bomber handled just as well after the wreck as it had before, an indication that the transplant was successful.
I had a great time building the car but quickly lost interest in driving it. After 12 years of repairing damages, I couldn’t stomach the idea of crashing on purpose.
At the time Bob and I were running a business, the Webfoot Garage, which serviced and restored old cars. “Jimmy”, one of our employees, had a family background in racing.
One night I informed Jimmy I’d had enough and I wanted him to drive my car. He balked, but I told him that if he didn’t get behind the wheel, I’d park the damned thing on the trailer and no one would race it.
Relenting, he went out on the track and put my driving skills to shame.
On one hand, it was humiliating to have him demonstrate such superiority as a driver. On the other, it was flattering to see him make the car perform so perfectly. I stood outside the fence watching him make music with a car I’d put together, and those two emotions warred inside me. Pride won out, and by the end of the race I was grinning like a kid at Disneyland. Any woman can climb into a car and do a decent job on the track, but how many of us have actually built one?
It was at that point that I realized I could get more respect as a car builder than as a driver. I told Jimmy that I was willing to build him an IMCA modified and be his crew chief. He expressed initial interest, but he had some problems in his life to work out, so nothing ever came of it. It’s a crying shame, because Jimmy had that Dale Earnhardt sort of talent, and the two of us could have really made a name for ourselves.
That experience was the last straw for me. Already disillusioned with the politics of racing at Portland Speedway, I didn’t have it in me to keep fighting. After another season the speedway shut down, anyway. A lot of drivers were left disappointed and were forced to take their cars to smaller dirt tracks in the region. I went back to school, got my degree in horticulture, then started writing again. While I’d never made it as a front-runner on the track, I found my niche writing about the sport. Running Wide Open and its companion books are my tribute to Eugene Speedway, her drivers, and their fans and family members. Magic happened at that track, and though the speedway’s now defunct, it deserves to be remembered with respect.
8 Responses to MY RACING EXPERIENCE
What a history! I’ve been a great fan of your writing for at least a couple of years and now I realize what I missed by not seeing you race! Awesome!
Wow, I had never seen those pictures! They are great. I remember first meeting you back then.
Of course, you didn’t mention that you also MARRIED your friend Bob. Oh, well, guess it doesn’t really matter……
Susan (the evil lesbian mystery writer)
However, for a “young ‘un” you are pretty impressive…..even I have to admit that.
Cool to see the pictures of the cars. I love the flames on the Duster. I’ve always wanted flames on my Vanagon. It looks too much like a refrigerater just plain white. Drives like one, too.
I’d love to go to a stock car race. Your books have made me a fan (not to mention Cars) but I’ve never seen one, except on TV. Can’t wait till you start Getting Sideways at Chrysalis.
Lee Duncan says:
Lisa, My son, Brian Duncan, brought this to my attention. First of all, how can I get your book, In the Blood? I started racing at Eugene Speedway in about 81 or 82 and for the next 15 years. After going through the learning curve I raced in the A’s. I’m sure that at the time I was aware of you being there. I wouldn’t have known your last name, but I vaguely remember a “Lisa”. I always enjoyed it when a gal came out and especially when she would do a good job. I wish now we had gotten acquainted. If we had I would have realized your passion for the sport. Kathy Skinner left you a note. I do remember her.I especially remember when she rolled her car onto it’s top in the middle of turn 3 and 4. One of her competitors came over and spun one of the back wheels to see if she was cheating and had welded up her rear end. She hadn’t. I raced a 6 cylinder Chevy. What was fun was that I didn’t have any trouble beating the bigger V8’s, which all the other cars were. I learned early on that the track had more corner in it than it did straight away. So I worked hard to go faster in the corner. I didn’t keep track of the numbers, but I won hundreds of races. I also built several cars from the frame and suspension up. I didn’t do anything that anyone else couldn’t have done. Except for one occasion, when I got ahead I would refuse to run off and leave the other cars. I would slow down and give the crowd a good show. Many times the other drovers would come and remind me that they “Just about beat you!”. My slowing down paid off! Lisa, you have a great writing style. It is both descriptive and interesting. Please keep me posted with what you’re doing. I’m interested and will look forward to hearing from you in the future. I’m impressed with your passion. Keep it up! Lee Duncan 18D
Indiewritersreview says:
Fantastic post! I am now a stock car racing fan:)
Michael C. says:
I came across this blog while searching for “amateur stock car racing”. I’m glad I came across it. Very entertaining! I enjoyed reading about your racing career.
Have you considered trying out the newer low-budget road racing series such as “24 Hours of Lemons” and “Chumpcar”? It’s endurance racing on a budget and can be a lot of fun. You can build a car or rent a seat on someone else’s team.
I currently race a Spec Miata but I seem to be gravitating towards Mustangs.
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10 Mysterious Swords From Legend And History
Nathan Willey November 16, 2013 0
Swords of renown are the seeds of legend. Fueled by tales of bloodshed and conquest, there have been swords throughout history that have grown to mythical proportions, blending fact and fiction until the two are all but inseparable. We’ve found swords that might in fact be legends brought to life; others have tales so bizarre we have to question their truth. There will never be another weapon that has left a greater impact on history as the sword––some more than others.
10 The Sword In The Stone
While the Arthurian legend is mostly a product of folklore and myth, there is evidence that its sword in the stone tale might be very real. In a chapel in Monte Siepi, Italy lies an ancient sword embedded in stone that could be the key to deciphering the origin of the legend.
It’s believed that Saint Galgano was a 12th-century Tuscan knight whom Archangel Michael commanded to give up his sinful ways. Arguing that the task would be as difficult as cleaving stone, Galgano attempted to prove his point by breaking his sword on a nearby rock. Legend says his blade cut into the stone as if it were butter. The sword in the stone still rests where Galgano left it behind, along with his worldly ways.
After Saint Galgano was canonized, word of his holy sword spread quickly. The legend of Excalibur predates Galgano, but the addition of the sword in the stone arose shortly after Galgano’s time. It’s theorized that his sword was the true-life inspiration for Author’s sword in the stone.
Of course, that all depends on the sword’s legitimacy. Whether or not the sword in Italy belonged to Galgano has been called into question numerous times. Luigi Garlaschelli of the University of Pavia, however, recently carbon dated the sword to the 12th century––appropriate for Saint Galgano’s lifetime, if not necessarily absolute proof of the story’s legitimacy.
9 The Kusanagi
According to legend, the “sword in the snake,” Kusanagi, was found in the body of an eight-headed serpent killed by the god of storms and seas. It’s part of the Imperial Regalia of Japan, icons of the ancient imperial family’s descent from the sun goddess––the symbols of their divine right to rule.
The Kusanagi is said to be housed in the Atsuta shrine in Nagano Prefecture, though it isn’t on public display and hasn’t been seen in centuries. The sword is occasionally brought out for imperial coronation ceremonies, but it’s always kept shrouded in wrappings. Even though it has never been seen, and is only recorded in collections of oral history and pseudohistorical documents, authorities have nevertheless succeeded in keeping the world guessing about the Kusanagi by never officially confirming nor denying its existence.
The only official mention of the sword came after World War II—even though the late Emperor Hirohito disavowed any claim to his divinity, he was also recorded as having ordered the divine regalia’s keepers to “defend them at all costs.”
8 Durandal
For hundreds of years, a mysterious sword had been embedded in the cliffs above the Notre Dame chapel in Rocamadour, France. The monks say it is Durandal, sword of the paladin Roland. According to legend, Roland hurled the holy blade into the side of the cliff to keep it from being captured by his enemies. Since the 12th century, the chapel has been a destination for sacred pilgrimages. In 2011, the sword was removed by the local municipality and given to the Cluny Museum in Paris for an exhibit.
But is the sword actually Durandal? While the battle where Roland lost his life is a well-documented event, the first mention of Durandal was in “The Song of Roland,” composed hundreds of years later––about the same time the Notre Dame monks began claiming the sword was Roland’s. They likely linked their sword to Durandal since Rocamadour was the starting point for his journey, even though his final battle happened hundreds of miles away in the valley of Roncesvaux. So unfortunately, unless Roland pitched a really good fastball, the sword in the cliff is likely nothing more than a story conjured up by the monks of the chapel. Still, where the sword really came from remains a complete mystery.
7 The Cursed Muramasas
Muramasa was an ancient Japanese swordsmith who, according to legend, prayed that his swords would be “great destroyers.” Because of the exceptional quality of his blades, the gods granted his request and imbued them with a bloodthirsty spirit that—if not sated with battle—would drive the wielder to murder or suicide. There are countless stories of the Muramasas’ wielders going mad or being murdered. The swords were believed to be cursed, and were banned by imperial edict.
The edict was made by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who condemned the swords after they killed nearly all of his family. His grandfather had fallen to a Muramasa, and both Ieyasu and his father had been wounded by the swordsmith’s blades. Finally, both his wife and his adopted son were later executed by the supposedly cursed swords.
But were Muramasa’s blades really cursed? Likely, Ieyasu’s trouble with the swords began simply because they were extremely popular. Muramasa was not the name of one man, but the entire school of swordsmiths he founded. Quality Muramasa blades had been produced for close to a century and Japan’s warrior class used them often. The fact that Muramasa’s swords were used in so many killings related to the Shogun, while certainly a coincidence, was not exactly remarkable.
6 The Honjo Masamune
In contrast to Muramasa’s cursed swords are the blades of legendary priest and swordsmith Masamune. Legend has it that Masamune and Muramasa held a competition to decide the superior smith by placing their blades in a stream. While Muramasa’s cut everything it touched, Masamune’s refused to cut anything undeserving, even the air.
While Masamune’s works are valued as Japanese national treasures, one of the swords has never been found. Following Japan’s surrender in WWII, the “Honjo Masamune” was given to an American soldier, Sgt. Coldy Bimore, who most likely took it home with him as a war souvenir. As the mysterious G.I. has never been found, the sword’s whereabouts have likewise been lost. Despite the sword’s doubtless worth (it is potentially worth millions), sword collectors are no closer to finding the legendary lost Masamune than they were the day it disappeared.
5 Joyeuse
Photo credit: Siren-Com
Joyeuse, King Charlemagne’s legendary sword, was said to change colors 30 times every day, and was so bright it outshone the sun. Since as early as 1271, two swords called Joyeuse have been part of French coronation ceremonies. But since both swords can’t be the famed Joyeuse, the mystery of which one is the true sword of the Holy Roman Emperor has lingered for centuries.
The Joyeuse residing in the Louvre has suffered heavy modification over its considerable lifetime. The oldest section is the pommel, which recent tests place sometime between the 10th and 11th centuries. Since Charlemagne died in 813, this puts it just outside the Holy Roman Emperor’s lifetime.
The other contender is the “saber of Charlemagne” housed in the Imperial Treasury in Vienna. It is unknown how the sword became part of the French Imperial Regalia, but the saber is dated to the early 10th century—closer than the Joyeuse, but still just after the time of Charlemagne’s legendary sword. The saber was probably fashioned by Hungarian swordsmiths, which opened the door for additional legends of it being the famed “sword of Attila,” which was said to have been given to Attila the Hun by Mars, the god of war. Sadly, this isn’t really historically plausible either.
4 St. Peter’s Sword
There are several legends about the sword used by Saint Peter when he cut off the ear of the servant to the high priest in the garden of Gethsemane. English lore has it brought to England by Joseph of Arimathea along with the Holy Grail. In 968, however, a sword was brought to Poland by Bishop Jordan—a sword which he claimed was the actual sword of St. Peter. The Bishop’s sword, considered the true relic, remained in Poland and was eventually moved to the Archdiocese Museum in Poznan.
Did the mysterious sword belong to Saint Peter? There are claims that the sword could have been made in the Eastern borderlands of the Roman Empire in the first century, but there is little evidence to substantiate them except the (perhaps misplaced) faith of those who want to believe the sword is a genuine relic. The sword in Poland is a falchion—a type of sword likely not in use during Saint Peter’s time. Metallurgy tests have also dated it to long after the saint’s death.
3 The Wallace Sword
Legend has it that William Wallace––the titular character of Mel Gibson’s Braveheart––used human skin for his sword’s scabbard, hilt, and belt. The flesh’s donor was said to have been Hugh de Cressingham, treasurer of Scotland, whom Wallace had flayed after defeating him in the battle of Stirling Bridge.
One version of the legend speaks of Wallace using one strip of Cressingham for his sword belt. Other accounts say Wallace and his men used Cressingham’s skin for saddle girths. The legend spread even further when King James IV sent the Wallace sword to have its scabbard, belt, and pommel replaced with something more befitting a sword of such stature. The sword as it is now, in the National Wallace Monument, bears the replacement parts.
Did Wallace have a Frankensword? While Cressingham was most definitely flayed, accounts have Wallace using the unfortunate tax collector’s skin only for his sword belt, not the actual sword. The story also came from the English side, and was likely embellished to make the Scottish hero look like a barbarian. Still, we can certainly understand Wallace’s grudge against tax collectors. It might not be a stretch to say he used the skin from one to decorate his sword. As with many legends, the truth has been lost to time.
2 The Sword Of Goujian
In 1965, a remarkable sword was found in a damp tomb in China—despite being over 2,000 years old, there wasn’t a spot of rust on it. The blade was so untouched by time it even drew blood when one archeologist tested its edge on his finger. Besides its unearthly resilience, the craftsmanship of the etchings was also unbelievably detailed for a sword forged so long ago. It was, for the time, a complete mystery.
Further study of the etchings concluded that it was a sword belonging to the Yue king, Goujian, and is believed to be the legendary blade mentioned in The Lost History of Yue. According to the text, when King Goujian had his sword collection appraised, there was only a single sword of merit. This sword was so magnificent it was said to have been made with the combined efforts of Heaven and Earth.
How did the sword stay in such excellent condition for over 2,000 years? Tests show the swordsmiths of Yue had reached such a high level of metallurgy they were able to incorporate rust-proof alloys into their blades. Their swords were also treated with rust-resistant chemicals, helping them survive the ages relatively unblemished. In addition, and in a stroke of brilliant luck, the scabbard of this particular blade was nearly airtight, which prevented oxidation and allowed the legendary sword to be found in such pristine condition—even two millennia after it was enclosed in the tomb.
1 The Seven-Branched Sword
In 1945, a mysterious sword was found in Japan’s Isonokami shrine. The sword was of exceedingly unusual make, with six protrusions branching out from its sides (the tip is considered its seventh). The sword was in poor condition, but a faded inscription could be made out along the blade. The exact translation has been questioned numerous times, but what is clear is that the sword was a gift from a Korean king to a Japanese monarch.
This matched a sword found in the Nihon Shoki, a folklore-infused historical document cataloging the early history of Japan. If this was the same seven-branched sword given to a semi-mythical shaman empress, Jingu, it would serve as an important keystone marking where legend became fact.
The dating on the blade matched reliable sources in China, Korea, and Japan. The Isonokami shrine itself was also mentioned in other documents dating from the time of the Nihon Shoki, so the sword could well have been left there since ancient times. Scholars now believe the seven-branched sword is the actual sword from the legend, giving the shaman empress Jingu an authentic place in history.
+ La Tizona
La Tizona was the sword of legendary hero El Cid, who fought for both Christian and Muslim armies in Spain. In a museum in Burgos, Spain, there is a controversial sword which the museum claims is none other than El Cid’s own blade.
The sword was said to have been given to the Marquis of Falces by King Ferdinand in 1516. It was then passed down through his family until it was given to the Madrid Military Museum in 1944. There it remained, its legitimacy unchallenged, for sixty years until the current Marquis sold it to the Castile and Leon region for display in the Museum of Burgos.
Upon its sale, the Culture Ministry––which is connected to the Military Museum––launched a scholarly attack against the sword, saying it was forged centuries after El Cid’s lifetime. Castile and Leon launched a counterattack, upholding the sword’s authenticity in a different study and saying the Ministry was only jealous because it lost the sword.
In the epic poem, the “Lay of El Cid,” La Tizona was said to have terrified unworthy enemies into a swoon at mere sight. The sword in Burgos may not have made any museum visitors swoon, but it certainly seems to have the power to spark controversy. The sword’s authenticity remains a fierce debate.
+ The Ulfberht
Though mostly forgotten in modern times, there was a type of sword prized by Vikings that far exceeded any European weapon of its day. The Ulfberht swords were a thousand years ahead of their time, and wielded only by the elite of Viking warriors.
What made the Ulfberht blades so advanced? While most Viking blades were found to have been composed of slag-ridden, low-carbon steel, these blades’ metal was comparable to the strength of modern steel. They were inscribed with the signature “+ULFBERH+T,” and their like would not be seen again in Europe until the industrial revolution. The mystery was how the Vikings created these blades while the rest of Europe was still making steel that could shatter like glass.
Scholars now believe the secret to the Ulfberht blades was crucible steel, which the Vikings imported from Iran and Afghanistan. We can’t be certain who Ulfberht was––or even if he was just one man––but he was the only European smith of his time to work crucible steel. And that made his swords arguably the most advanced weapons of their time and place, ever.
Living in a Japan that’s not Tokyo, Nathan unearths the gems hidden in Japan’s rich cultural soil in his blog, www.introvertjapan.com. He also haunts Twitter at https://twitter.com/IntrovertNathan.
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10 Wild West Stories With Modern Developments
Radu Alexander March 17, 2018 0
The Wild West ended over a century ago, but many of its characters live on thanks to pop culture. Their staying power is a testament to the popularity of these lawmen, outlaws, frontiersmen, and folk icons who shot their way into the history books. Of course, over the decades, we might have romanticized the era a bit, and Hollywood chipped in as well, so our image of the Old West might not be entirely accurate.
Legends and exaggerations aside, the Wild West still holds great interest for history buffs. And, just like with other historical periods, we’ll occasionally learn new things regarding affairs thought truly dead and buried a long time ago.
10 No Pardon For Billy The Kid
Photo credit: Mmxx/Wikimedia
In 2010, the governor of New Mexico brought into discussion a potential pardon for one of the country’s most notorious outlaws—Billy the Kid.
This was due to a pardon that the Kid was supposedly offered back in 1879 by Lew Wallace, then governor of the New Mexico Territory and, coincidentally, the man who wrote Ben Hur. The deal came in exchange for Billy testifying before a grand jury about a murder he witnessed. While the outlaw fulfilled his side of the bargain, for some unknown reason, Wallace never followed through on his end. Back in 2010, in his final weeks in office, Governor Bill Richardson thought that it might be finally time for the state to pardon Billy the Kid.
Even over 130 years later, this proposal stirred up a heated debate. Strongly opposing the pardon were descendants of Sheriff Pat Garrett, the famed lawman who gunned down Billy. They argued that the Kid was, ultimately, a cop killer. They also worried that his pardon would tarnish their ancestor’s reputation.
Governor Richardson denied the pardon.[1] He believes there are enough historical records to attest that a deal was struck between Wallace and Billy, but he is not privy to the motives his predecessor had for rescinding the offer. Richardson also took into consideration the fact that Billy continued his criminal ways and killed two lawmen after the deal fell through.
9 Finding The Murder Weapon In The Deep Creek Murders
Photo credit: Times-News
In 2013, former Idaho representative and amateur historian Max Black found the likely murder weapon used in a double murder over 120 years ago.
Back in 1896, a minor sheep war was taking place in Twin Falls County, near the border between Idaho and Nevada. A sheep war refers to a conflict between shepherds and cattlemen over grazing rights that turns violent. In this particular case, two Mormon sheepherders named Daniel Cummings and John Wilson crossed into Cassia County to graze, even though it was cattle territory. Their bodies were found a few weeks later.
The prime suspect in the murders was Jackson Lee Davis—better known as “Diamondfield Jack.” He was quickly found guilty and sentenced to hang. However, before the execution, two other men named Jim Bower and Jeff Gray confessed to the killings, claiming they acted in self-defense after being attacked by the sheepherders.
In modern times, Black used court records to locate the crime scene. He searched the area with a metal detector and found a .44 slug. He took it to a local firearms expert to verify its age, and he revealed that someone brought him a rusted 1878 Colt Frontiersman he’d found in the same area.[2] Black became convinced it was Jim Bower’s gun, which he allegedly lost during the shoot-out. It was the right make and model and had its sight filed off.
8 The Execution Of Wild Bill Longley
Wild Bill Longley claimed to have killed 32 people. However, he told many tales about his adventures, many of them likely fictitious, so it’s hard to say what was true and what wasn’t. He claimed to have gunned down eight black people once after losing a a bet on a horse race. Another time, he allegedly escaped an attempted lynching after someone shot at him, hitting and cutting the rope he was hanging from.
Longley was supposedly executed in Giddings, Texas, in 1878. By this time, he had become a Roman Catholic and had whittled down his self-confessed kill count to eight. According to legend, his family bribed the local sheriff, who used a trick rope during the execution. The casket was filled with stones, and the real Longley lived out his years in Louisiana under a different name.
Forensic anthropologist Douglas Owsley began investigating this story back in 1986. The biggest issue was locating Longley’s casket, as he was buried outside the town’s cemetery in an unmarked grave. It took 15 years, but he finally found it with the help of geologist Brooks Ellwood. It was filled with bones, not rocks, which was a promising start. Afterward, he enlisted the help of a DNA lab. They recovered a sample from the skeleton’s tooth and positively matched it to Helen Chapman, one of Longley’s sister’s granddaughters.[3]
Furthermore, the casket contained a Catholic medal and a celluloid flower, both items Longley carried with him to the scaffold. There was no doubt: Wild Bill Longley was executed that day.
7 Did Butch Cassidy Make It Out Of Bolivia?
As one of the most iconic characters of the Wild West, it’s only normal that legends surrounded Butch Cassidy, the leader of the notorious Wild Bunch. Particularly, a lot of stories came about following his demise, which is still somewhat shrouded in mystery.
On the run from the law in South America, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid supposedly met their ends in 1908 in a shoot-out with Bolivian police. However, local authorities never identified the bodies as anything other than two bandits who robbed a payroll transport. They were buried in unmarked graves in San Vicente, and subsequent attempts to find their remains and DNA-match them failed. Naturally, this started rumors that Cassidy survived his encounter and lived on for decades under a new name.
During the 1970s, there was a new hypothesis, primarily promoted by author Larry Pointer, claiming that Cassidy assumed the name “William T. Phillips.” The latter was an author who published a biography on Butch Cassidy in 1934, titled The Bandit Invincible. According to believers, the book contained intimate details that could have only been known by the famous outlaw himself.
The idea persisted for decades, and it wasn’t until 2012 that Pointer finally changed his tune. This was when researcher Jack Stroud presented the hypothesis that William T. Phillips was the alias of someone who did time with Cassidy in Wyoming State Prison, specifically one William T. Wilcox.[4] Besides the obvious similarity of the names, there is also a strong resemblance between Wilcox’s mug shot and later photographs of Phillips.
6 Where To Bury John Wesley Hardin?
John Wesley Hardin was not a nice man. In fact, he can be considered one of the most dangerous gunfighters of the Old West, with up to 42 kills to his name. According to one story, Hardin once shot a man just for snoring. He was eventually gunned down in 1895 by John Salmon in El Paso, Texas, and buried in the city’s Concordia Cemetery.
A century later, a bizarre legal battle erupted over his remains.[5] A group of people from the small town of Nixon, Texas, showed up with a disinterment order at the El Paso cemetery, looking to dig up what was left of Hardin and rebury him in their little community. They were met by local officials and historians, who stopped them with an injunction. What followed were several years of lawsuits and appeals until a court ruled to keep the body in El Paso.
The Nixon group claimed to represent Hardin’s descendants (although none of them lived in the town). They argued that, as a family man, Hardin should be buried in the place where he married his first wife and had his children. More importantly, they asserted that survivors had final say over their relatives’ burial spots.
The El Paso group saw this as nothing more than a publicity stunt meant to bring tourists to Nixon. As far as the survivors’ law was concerned, they argued that Hardin’s lover, Beulah Morose, paid for his funeral expenses, so her descendants should have final say.
5 Who Killed Pat Garrett?
The demise of Sheriff Pat Garrett has long rested under a cloud of mystery with many people, including his descendants, who question the official story.
Garrett was killed on February 29, 1908, in Las Cruces, New Mexico. He was traveling with two men named Jesse Wayne Brazel and Carl Adamson, hoping to resolve a land dispute. Garrett had leased a ranch to Brazel who, against the former lawman’s wishes, used it for goat grazing. Eventually, the two agreed to cancel the lease if they found a buyer for Brazel’s goat herd, which is where Adamson came in.
For whatever reason, Brazel shot Garrett and then turned himself in, pleading self-defense. However, he was acquitted after a one-day trial, and Adamson, the only eyewitness, was never called to testify.
This version of events raised eyebrows, and talk soon began of a plot to kill Pat Garrett, possibly organized by rancher W.W. Cox to gain his land. Also implicated was notorious gun-for-hire Jim Miller, who might have waited for the trio in ambush. Historian Leon Metz said in his 1974 biography of Pat Garrett that the sheriff’s family believed Carl Adamson was the killer. Regardless of the real shooter’s identity, most agreed Brazel was there to take the blame because he had credibility and a clean record.
A new clue in the mystery emerged in 2017: Pat Garrett’s long-lost coroner’s report.[6] It was uncovered by an employee for the Dona Ana County Clerk’s Office who was going through boxes of old records. It was signed by seven members of the coroner’s jury and concluded that Wayne Brazel killed Pat Garrett. It remains to be seen if this new evidence will strengthen the validity of the official story.
4 How Did Davy Crockett Die?
Photo credit: Robert Jenkins Onderdonk
Known as the “King of the Wild Frontier,” Davy Crockett has become one of America’s greatest folk heroes. His larger-than-life adventures were first popularized by newspapers, almanacs, and plays and greatly enhanced by a 1950s Disney miniseries.
Crockett’s demise was a core part of his legend. During his last stand at the Battle of the Alamo, the frontiersman died fighting valiantly against Mexican troops. However, in 1955, an author named Jesus Sanchez Garza published a book that claimed otherwise. Allegedly based on memoirs of a Mexican officer present at the Alamo named Jose Enrique de la Pena, the book said that Crockett was one of several men who were captured and executed.
At first, the book was completely overlooked. However, two decades later, when it was finally translated into English, it sparked outrage in the United States. Historians were quick to defend Crockett’s reputation and pointed out several issues which questioned Garza’s credibility. For starters, his book was self-published. He never explained how he obtained de la Pena’s memoirs and presented his account shortly after the release of the Disney show, at the peak of Crockett’s popularity.
These reasons were enough for many historians to dismiss the account as fake. However, in 2000, a forgery expert declared the memoir authentic.[7] David Gracy of the University of Texas at Austin evaluated the materials and watermarks of the papers and deemed it consistent with paper used by the Mexican Army at the time. He also found no signs of tampering throughout the 680-page document. This doesn’t mean that what the memoirs say is necessarily true, but they seem to belong to someone who witnessed the event.
3 The Mummy Of The Wild West
Photo credit: W.G. Boag
Back in the 1970s, the crew working on The Six Million Dollar Man TV show was scouting for locations to shoot scenes set in an abandoned carnival. They settled on The Pike, a disused amusement park in Long Beach. Later, during filming, crewmen needed to move a mannequin hanging from the gallows in the House of Horrors. They pulled on it until an arm tore off. Inside, they were shocked to discover a human bone and realized that their “mannequin” was actually a mummified corpse.[8]
The mummy was identified as Elmer McCurdy, an outlaw from the last days of the Old West. He died in 1911 in a shoot-out following a failed train robbery. With nobody to pay for his funeral services, the undertaker who embalmed McCurdy decided to keep him, dress him up, and display him as an exhibit to recoup his losses. McCurdy proved to be quite popular and became known as “The Embalmed Bandit.”
Over the decades, McCurdy appeared in many carnivals and sideshows. During this time, his skin hardened, his body shrank to the size of a child, and he was coated in several layers of glow-in-the-dark paint. That’s how the TV crew found him in 1977. He was finally buried in the Boot Hill section of Summit View Cemetery in Guthrie, Oklahoma, next to fellow outlaw Bill Doolin.
2 Did Jesse James Fake His Death?
Like Butch Cassidy, Jesse James’s fame was so great that rumors of his survival inevitably sprang up. James was killed in 1882 by a former member of his gang, Robert Ford, who wanted to collect the bounty on the outlaw’s head.
Public opinion was divided on the death of Jesse James. Many people saw Ford as a coward for betraying his “friend” and shooting him in the back. Ford himself was gunned down ten years later by Edward Capehart O’Kelley.
There was a hypothesis that Jesse James faked his death, with Ford’s help, to evade justice. (Presumably, the theory held that the body that was photographed was another man’s.) The story gained more prominence in the late 1940s, when a centenarian named J. Frank Dalton came forward claiming to be the famed outlaw.
Many historians and biographers never took the stories of James’s survival seriously, but the idea was pervasive enough that in 1995, his body was exhumed and subjected to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing. While the remains were poorly preserved, two teeth and two hairs provided mtDNA samples which proved identical to DNA samples taken from two of Jesse James’ maternal relatives.[9]
Still, the idea persisted. In 2000, a judge signed an exhumation order for J. Frank Dalton after years of appeals. However, due to a headstone mix-up, the wrong body was dug up. A second order has yet to be issued. For some, the mystery remains alive.
1 Who Killed Johnny Ringo?
Photo via Pinterest
Johnny Ringo was an outlaw considered to be the leader of the Cochise County Cowboys, a loosely organized group of gunslingers. The Cowboys are primarily remembered for their feud with the Earp brothers and the famed Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, where three of them died. Less than a year after that shoot-out, Johnny Ringo was shot in the head. The question still remains today: Who killed him?
Wyatt Earp was always at the top of the suspects’ list. He had motive, as Ringo was possibly involved in the assassination of Morgan Earp and the attempted murder of his brother, Virgil. During the 1920s, an aging Earp even admitted to the deed to several writers. The timelines didn’t line up, though. When Ringo was shot, Earp had already fled Arizona after his infamous Vendetta Ride. Others believed it was Doc Holliday taking revenge on his friend’s behalf, but the timeline puts him in Colorado. Two other suspects were “Buckskin” Frank Leslie and Michael O’Rourke, although there’s only hearsay supporting their stories.
The coroner’s inquest ruled Ringo’s death a suicide. However, many dismissed this notion, seeing it simply as the county closing the case on the unsolvable murder of a violent criminal. People found discrepancies that contradicted the suicide angle. Why was his cartridge belt upside down? Why was there a small piece of scalp missing? Crucially, why were there no powder burns on his temple?
In 2002, author Steve Gatto published his biography on Johnny Ringo, in which he agreed with the suicide verdict and offered possible explanations for the mysteries. He believes Ringo put his belt on upside down because he was drunk. John Yoast, the man who found his body, could have taken a piece of scalp as a souvenir. Most importantly, though, Gatto asserts that the coroner’s report makes no mention of the presence or absence of powder burns because the body had turned black due to decay.[10]
Read more about the Wild West on 10 Horrifying Stories Of Life In The Wild West and 10 Crazy Characters From The Wild West.
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Infamous (2009 Video Game)
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zZenoXx23 June 2009
One of the best PS3-exclusive games ever!
I bought InFamous a few weeks ago and i was amazed by the depth of the game. It's so fun to just run around and blast bad guys off the rooftops. The power of the character is amazing, as the story evolves you get more and more powers.
The story in the game is also great and the gameplay never gets dull.
One of the most amazing things about the game is the paths you can choose. To be good or evil. If you want to be a 'superhero' or a 'villan'. It's not really the first game to do the whole "dark side vs light" but it nailed it nonetheless.
To sum it all up. This game is awesome! If you haven't bought it yet, do it!
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FilmFreak9412 July 2011
Sucker Punch's Excellent Entry Into The Next-Gen Consoles
Sucker Punch was well known for making the family friendly Sly Cooper series for the Play Station 2, but for the Play Station 3 they went in an entirely different direction and made Infamous. The story is about a bike courier named Cole MacGrath who lives in the fictional metropolis of Empire City. The game starts when an explosion levels the entire city and a quarantine is placed leaving the citizens to deal with a plague and new gang members with exceptional powers given to them from the blast. But Cole has gained powers too. He now has power over electricity and has vowed to master his powers and stop the gangs from taking over the city. As the game starts you are given the option of being good or evil. And this is where the real excellence of Infamous starts. Each choice you make affects yourself, the city, and the story. For example, in the first mission if you choose to share an emergency drop of food with the people you'll be praised, but if you choose to keep it all to yourself you'll be scorned. In addition to the main storyline, there are many side-quests that can be taken and some of these involve the same karmic choices between good and evil. Some of these are repetitive but they aren't repetitive to the point where they aren't fun to play. All the karmic choices in the game offer multiple playthroughs as both good and evil, with evil giving you more power but also deals with more destructive consequences and good powers give you more control over electricity. Infamous is incredibly fun to play, without getting too much into the main plot I can say that the game-play is near perfect and I couldn't have asked for a better superhero game from Sucker Punch. This game may lag in certain points but it is none the less a great game for the PS3.
baird-9204817 November 2018
Love it, love it, love it!!! The coolest game in ps3
WakenPayne18 December 2015
Falls kind of flat, but it's still a satisfying enjoyable game
I'm in the middle of playing so many games right now which is probably the reason why I haven't reviewed a game in a while. Well, I figures out how close I was to beating this one and thought "Yeah! I'm so close to beating this I'll just clear it in as short of an amount of time as possible" and while it is a fun game there are just too many things wrong with it to like it as much as other PS3 games like Uncharted 2.
The plot is that Cole is responsible for a blast that destroys a good chunk of the city and turns the whole thing int chaos with the US Government quarantining the place and the rise of criminal groups all over the city. Fortunately for Cole's sake that blast is from a sphere that gives people superpowers which are determined completely at random (just roll with it, it's a superhero game) and it is up to him whether he wants to be this world's Superman or the biggest douchebag he can be.
The Karma system is completely useless. Maybe it's because I played Mass Effect games and the morality in those games are brilliantly tough to determine which one to go for in some situations. Here, it's completely black and white. The first morality choice is to decide whether to shock civilians or not trying to get food even though THE CHARACTER DOES NOT EAT! Every piece of moral choice is like that to such an extent that unless you're trying to be the biggest asshole possible you're going to walk out of this as a saint, literally the only time doing something bad affects your karma in such a way players would need is whether you want to drain the electrical energy from a downed opponent's brain. I know that may seem horrifying but it replenishes the power you have so you don't have to walk up to a power source which towards the end replenishes most but not all of it... That's seriously the only thing and even so healing people costs Cole nothing to do so doing bad actions may become the most obsolete thing in the game which sucks because you don't feel like a hero that way doing what any decent person would have done in those circumstances, at least not to me.
The gameplay simply put... It's no Prototype. However with that said it's fun basically being an electrical god at the end literally having the ability to summon lightning at your beck and call. There is a lot of fun things to do with enemies and it is fun to slide on power lines between buildings. There are other abilities here but I think I've named the most visually fun out of all of them. The Boss fights range from challenging, like this is an epic fight to the last one which is basically run around a crater spamming the shooting lightning button until he falls down. So the gameplay is the best part of the game but the only real weakness to that is the underwhelming final boss fight.
The story is standard, there is very little emotional development here but that ending! What happens is that in an alternate timeline where Cole while getting the sphere powers doesn't save anyone and just runs away like a coward eventually causes a timeline where everyone dies but him, so he activates the sphere one more time to go back in time before Cole got his powers and future Cole orchestrates the whole thing so he has villains to fight and have him become a true hero so past Cole beats the crap out of him and kills him. That's literally how the game ends, the time travel flaws are worse then the ones in The Terminator especially considering my Cole destroyed the sphere, rendering the other bosses to use it completely non-existent and the ability for Cole to go back in time to begin with and finding a photo of Cole and his girlfriend married this time is impossible considering she dies! By the way, they NEVER explain how the time travel is meant to work. If this game is meant to go for the "Time travel and create an alternate reality" then wouldn't there already be a reality in where Cole gets hit by the sphere and becomes a hero? Either way, there is no way to look at the ending and go "Wait what?!". But enough on me theorizing Time Travel.
One thing I also like is the environment. It may be very small to begin with but my favourite part of the game is after boss fights opening up another part of the city and running around that and sorting things out. It doesn't get boring while playing the game, even if it's a little samey at times but I'd say my only real complaint with the environment is that the trains are never connected between the three sections. And the side missions range from fun to "This'll just stop the enemies from spawning there, that's the only reason I'm doing this". Either way, it is a fun thing to explore.
I'd say if you want a simply so-so experience then that's fine but there are good things about the game especially if you enjoy superhero simulations for the same reason I do in that you're a near-god and you are exercising the power you have in beating up bad guys. While the story in Prototype is weaker by a large extent I just found myself enjoying that game more. I guess when I heard the idea of a superhero simulation that says "Good? Evil? It's all valid!" and using a morality system I just expected so much more then what I was given.
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Regionalism art essay
However, with the exception of Bunker, they were not committed Impressionists, but were key players in its transition to America. 18 Contemporaries of the Group of Seven edit Main article: Eastern Group of Painters Founded in 1938 in Montr?al, Qu?bec, the Eastern Group of Painters included Montr?al artists whose common interest was painting and an art for art's sake. The eventual members were Franklin Carmichael, Lawren Harris,. Michaels Cathedral in Charleston; Hassam, age 66, was there during March and April of 1925 looking for warmer regionalism art essay climes than Massachusetts and Connecticut. 9 Thomas Davies is championed as one of the most talented. Early in his career, having studied in Paris and spent time in Barbizon, he was a committed Tonalist. The First International Surrealist Exhibition opened in London in 1936 and sparked enormous interest, not least because of the talk given by the flamboyant self-publicist Salvador Dali from inside a deep-sea diving suit.
The Art Story: Movements and Styles in Modern Art
Regionalism was the midwest variant of American Scene Painting, which relied on the realistic nostalgic setting of rural and small-town America. In 1964, this tendency was given the name Post-Painterly Abstraction by the art critic Clement Greenberg (1909-94) when he curated the influential show " Post-Painterly Abstraction " at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Founded in the Netherlands during World War I, by Theo van Doesburg, the older Piet Mondrian, architect Gerrit Rietveld, and Bart Van der Leck, it advocated a geometrical type of abstract art, (later called concrete art, by Van Doesburg. Contemporary art edit Interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre showing one of Michael Snow 's best known sculptures, titled Flightstop, which depicts Canada geese in flight. However, this did not inhibit his artistic creativity as he was one of the first Canadian artists to depict the local landscape. California Return to Top Because of artists from the East and Midwest and well-traveled resident artists, Impressionism found a welcome home in Southern California before World War. . Note also the feminist sculpture of the French-born American Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010). For contemporary "body fluids art check out Kiki Smith (b.1954 daughter of sculptor Tony Smith. Peters, American Impressionists; John and Deborah Powers, Texas Painters, Sculptors, and Graphic Artists ; William Reaves, Texas Art and a Wildcatters Dream; Kathryn Schadewald, Actively Working, Silently Waiting: The Paintings of Emma Richardson Cherry ; Martha.
Gile said, why dont we have a group; why dont the six of us have a group and show together? A third, lesser tendency - geometric and purely abstract - was pursued in differing ways by Josef Albers and by Ad Reinhardt. Two girls drowned, weighed down by their heavy dresses, while two young men and one woman were able to hold on to the overturned boat until help arrived. They had quarters in the Fenway Studio Building on Ipswich Street or in their homes and generally were close personal friends who exhibited together and critiqued each other's work. Composed of about 300 works, this exhibition had paintings by Monet, Manet, Degas, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Seurat. . Return to Top, the bridge to French Impressionism from Academism was at the village of Barbizon, near the forest of Fontainebleu, with painters who were active between 18Leaders were. Return to Top In 1915, Clapp moved to Piedmont, California where, at age 38, he became Director of the Oakland Art Gallery, a position he held until 1949. Some worked as commercial illustrators, notably at a Toronto company called Grip and were influenced by Europe's current popular Art Nouveau style. Pioneers of this artform, many of whom participated in a major "Earth Art" exhibition at Cornell University's Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, included Robert Smithson (1938-73 his wife Nancy Holt (b.1938 Walter De Maria (b.1935 Agnes Denes (b.1938 Dennis. University of Toronto Press. By then, Impressionism was an established part of American culture. Sargent shared the influence of Monet's teachings with Bunker during a summer in 1888 when they painted together in rural England. Street Art encompasses any visual art created in public locations, specifically unsanctioned artwork and graffiti.
The 1960s saw the emergence of several important local developments in dialogue with international trends. Exhibiting in the US Return to Top The first exhibition of Impressionism in America was in Boston in 1883 at the International Exhibition of Art and Industry in the Mechanic's Building. He also was much better known for his idealized paintings of beautiful women in flowing gowns than for the landscape paintings he did with Impressionist style. Prominent American feminist artists included the Cleveland Ohio-born Nancy Spero (b.1926 Judy Chicago (born Judy Cohen) (b.1939 the Oklahoma-born Mary Kelly (b.1941 the Iowa-trained Miriam Schapiro (b.1923) and the New Jersey-born Barbara Kruger (b.1945). One of their methods of increasing arts awareness was encouraging non-resident artists to visit. . Bauhaus School (Germany, founded in 1919 by the innovative modern architect Walter Gropius at Weimar in Germany, the. In 1891 two New York exhibitions at the American Art Galleries brought much attention to Impressionism. American Feminist Art (Late 1960s) Born out of the Women's Liberation movement, feminist art aimed to give more prominence to women artists in history and to achieve better treatment for female artists in the art world. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Museum of Modern Art (moma), New York Guggenheim Museum, New York National Gallery of Art, Washington DC National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC Phillips Collection, Washington DC Smithsonian. Two years later, nearly 50 students were enrolled, and by 1906, local pressure for a quiet community caused him to move the school to Woodstock, New York. One of the most affected viewers was novelist and critic Hamlin Garland. They espoused painting 'en plein air' (finishing the work on location) and depicting the changing effects of light with masses of color while modeling and defining the forms with distinct color variations. Painters in New France, such as Pommier and Claude Francois (known primarily as Frère Luc believed in the ideals of High Renaissance art, which featured religious depictions often formally composed with seemingly classical clothing and settings.
Art movement - Wikipedia
Leading names are William Morris Hunt (1824-1879 John La Farge (1835-1910), Joseph Foxcroft Cole (1837-1892 George Inness (1825-1894 Alexander Wyant (1836-1892), and Dennis Miller Bunker (1861-1890). It is celebrated in part because of its complex arrangement of figures, decorative floor panels, and the detailed view of the landscape through the open window. Paxton (1869-1941 and other associated painters included Lillian Hale (1881-1963), Philip Hale, Aldro Hibbard (1886-1972 William Lester regionalism art essay Stevens (1888-1969 Charles Woodbury (1864-1940 Lila Cabot Perry, Herman Murphy (1867-1945) and Abbott Graves (1859-1936). This work was donated to the church at Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré as an offering of thanks for the three lives saved. Colin Campbell Cooper (1856-1937) arrived in California from the East Coast when his work was included in the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915 in San Francisco. Landscape painter George Inness did much to prepare a climate of acceptance for American Impressionism.
However, like Childe Hassam, she sketched numerous church views and converted them into etchings, and this work was quite realistic because she wanted to feature the actual architecture of the buildings. One of the instruments of this policy was the Indian Act, which banned manifestations of traditional religion and governance, such as the Sun Dance and the Potlatch, including the works of art associated with them. Russell Harper believes this era of Canadian art was the first to develop a truly Canadian character. Showcased in 1925 at regionalism art essay the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts held in Paris, Art Deco was essentially a reaction against Art Nouveau: replacing the latter's flowing curvilinear shapes with Cubist and Precisionist-inspired geometric forms. From 1906 to 1908, John Frost (1890-1937) painted in Paris with Richard Miller and often visited him at Giverny.
Canadian art - Wikipedia
Societe Anonyme composed of work by, monet and other artists rebelling against the strictures of the government-sponsored Salon exhibitions. If you have information to contribute on this subject, contact us via email: Written by Lonnie Pierson Dunbier, July 2004. Key members included Otto Dix, George Grosz, Christian Schad and to a lesser extent Georg Schrimpf and Max Beckmann. For the magazine, see, canadian Art (magazine). He became a member of the California Art Club, and was one of the plein-air Impressionist painters who, although loosely organized, carved themselves a place in American art history as the Society of Six.
Essay on various topics, Current Topics and General Issues
William Merritt Chase (1849-1916), who became a member of The Ten when Twachtman died in 1902, maintained a commitment to open-air painting as a method but not to strict Impressionism as a style. 20 After World War II edit Government support has played a vital role in arts development, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country. Le Corbusier ) and Amedee Ozenfant, based on theories outlined in their 1918 book. Education also played a part: the German artist Hans Hofmann had a huge influence on painters through his New York art school where he taught from 19Lastly, numerous American patrons and collectors - notably Peggy Guggenheim - were active and creative conduits. The abstract painters Jean-Paul Riopelle and Harold Town and multi-media artist Michael Snow. American Impressionism Definition: A style that evolved from French Impressionism but placed more emphasis on form or recognizable subjects. Among distinguished Impressionist-style painters who were also noted teachers of plein-air regionalism art essay painting were Charles Hawthorne (1872-1930) at his Cape Cod Art School in Provincetown, Massachusetts; Joseph DeCamp at Annisquam, New York; Charles Woodbury at East Gloucester, Massachusetts; and.
He began his painting career in the regionalism art essay Hudson River Valley style of serene, panoramic landscapes with realistic color and shapes. . Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-89 and Cindy Sherman (b.1954). It continues to have a significant influence on art, literature and cinematography. Some members such. Après le Cubisme (After Cubism). Another important Colour Field adherent was Helen Frankenthaler, who began as a Cubist before investigating abstract expressionist painting in the early 1950s.
California Art - Books
Degenerate Art (Entartete Kunst) (1933-45, Germany) Coined by Adolf Hitler, the term " Entartete Kunst " meaning degenerate art, expresses the Nazi idea that any art which did not conform to the ideal of well-crafted figurative images depicting heroic acts. The, government of Canada has, at times, played a central role in the development of Canadian culture, enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals, as well as establishing and funding numerous art schools and colleges across the country. Also, the development of sophisticated photography reinforced magical instantaneity, a term coined by Degas. Joseph Raphael (1869-1950) was a prominent-Impressionist Bay-Area artist who brought the style directly from France where he lived primarily until World War. Impressionism in the South Return to Top Southern states had considerably less early Impressionist activity than the East and the West, and a major factor was geographical isolation from that first wave of American artists who reflected direct exposure to European influences. . 6 While early religious painting told little about everyday life, numerous ex-votos completed by amateur artists offered vivid impressions of life in New France.
This Exposition also helped to soften the American public towards Impressionism, especially in the Midwestern and Southern states. Usually the subject is landscape, but it can include figures in landscapes or interiors. Many works of graffiti art can be seen at the B5 Gallery, New York. Michaels as well as other churches and later made Impressionist etchings from his sketches. Famous artists associated with Art Deco include the Polish-Russian society portraitist. As plein-air painters, they focused on local scenery, especially nearby Brown County. Ansel Adams (1902-84 Imogen Cunningham, and, edward Weston (1886-1958). It was free of political repression, it was home to a number of influential 20th century painters (eg. Neo-Plasticism (fl.1918-26 term used to describe the style of painting invented by Piet Mondrian. Close behind are James Whistler and Mary Cassatt. It was the third phase of the Expressionist movement regionalism art essay in Germany, after Die Brucke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). Although sympathetic with their political goals and aesthetically aligned with the Impressionists concern about light as visual sensation, Winslow Homer (1836-1910) declined affiliation with The Ten because he lacked interest in formal associations.
Upsc Syllabus for IAS Exam 2019 Prelims, Mains & Interview
Though short-lived, and one of several such anti-art groups, Neo-Dada was the forerunner of Pop Art. As a result of a growing rejection of the view that the efforts of a group of artists based largely in Ontario constituted a national vision or oeuvre, many artistsnotably those in Québec began feeling ignored and undermined. Smith became an atmospheric Impressionist landscape painter much influenced by Tonalist Birge Harrison (1854-1929) who was another one of the many eastern visitors to Charleston. Like the peoples that produced them, Indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States. Famous US Pop artists included: Wayne Thiebaud (b.1920 Larry Rivers (1923-2002 Jim Dine (b.1935 Robert Indiana (aka John Clark) (b.1928 Alex Katz (b.1927 Roy Lichtenstein (1923-97 Claes Oldenburg (b.1929 Ed Ruscha (b.1937 James Rosenquist (b.1933 Andy Warhol (1928-87 and Tom Wesselmann (b.1931). Artists turned their back on European hypermodernism and looked for truth in specifically American imagery. If this is true, the 2008-9 recession is likely to set a new value on American artworks from the 19th century, the early/mid 20th century and the contemporary era. A Bostonian, Garland had been exposed to Impressionist painting in that city, having seen paintings by his many artist friends including Dennis Bunker, Lilla Cabot Perry, and John.
Davis was especially noted for billowy cloudscapes, with brilliant blues and whites and a sense of quickly changing formations. It now resides in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley. In future years, she was an active participant in exhibitions with her Impressionist, soft-ground color etchings such as the hazy, luminous street scene she titled The Vegetable Cart, Charleston. At the turn of the century in Northern California, Tonalism dominated Impressionism, and plein-air painters could easily be discouraged by cool, damp, ever-changing weather. . To put it simply, while Europeans worry about aesthetics, Americans buy and sell art as if it were just another set of products. She was from a prominent family whose fortune had dwindled, so she took in boarders. This coincided with the appearance of a the first major American art movement, known as Abstract Expressionism (flourished 1943 to late 1950s).
AskART - Impressionists Pre 1940 Artists - Art Research
Davies recorded the capture of Louisburg and Montreal among other scenes. 17 Early 20th century edit Nationalism and the Group regionalism art essay of Seven edit Main articles: Group of Seven (artists) and Canadian Group of Painters A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven aimed to develop the first distinctly Canadian style of painting. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875-1942) Founder of Whitney Museum, NY, dedicated to American painting sculpture. As the Group of Seven was enlarged into the Canadian group of Painters in the 1930s, Lawren Harris left the group's focus on depicting the Canadian landscape and experimented with abstract forms and aimed to represent broad conceptual themes. See also Nazi art (1933-45). Romanticism remained the predominant stylistic influence, with a growing appreciation for Realism originating from the Barbizon school practised by Canadians Homer Watson and Horatio Walker.
The group consisted of artists with diverse background, with many new Canadians and others of French heritage spread out over Ontario and Quebec. One of the best known examples of this type of work is Ex-voto des trois naufragés de Lévis (1754). Willard Metcalf ultimately combined Impressionist and Hudson River School styles. Despite his disagreement with Van Doesburg over the latter's launch. From Saint Louis, he traveled to Texas where he participated in the Wildflower Competitions and in art organizations in San Antonio, and was so taken with the state and its appreciation of him that he settled there permanently in 1926. Leaders were Edmund Tarbell, Frank Benson, Joseph DeCamp and William. Nancy Boas, biographer of that group, described them as hearty, frank individuals whose rough-hewn quality also characterized their work, both in their choice of earthy, unpretentious subject matter and in their spontaneous, vigorous application regionalism art essay of paint. The group had its genesis at Toronto's Arts Letters Club before the first world war, though the war delayed their official formation. In third place is Childe Hassam and in fifth place is John Singer Sargent. . Art under the Dominion of Canada edit Formed in 1870 by a group of artists including John Bell-Smith, father of Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith and Adolphe Vogt, the Canadian Society of Artists was the first organization that reflected the new political.
American Art: History of Fine Arts in America
The most revolutionary of their common pursuits was plein-air painting, facilitated by the invention in the 1840s of malleable-lead paint tubes. Return to Top The founder of the Group of Seven in Canada was pioneering and regionalism art essay crusading Impressionist, Lawren Harris (1885-1970). . After that, he was a regular summer resident until his death in 1956. The leader of The Hoosier School was Theodore Steele (1847-1926). Coming to America Return to Top During these changes in the French art world that increasingly challenged academism, numerous American painters were studying in French academies, private studios and painting in the countryside. Video Art Video art emerged around 1963 in the United States and then Europe. A derisive critic, Louis Leroy, termed the group 'Impressionists' for the careless-appearing execution of their paintings. Neither purely abstract nor expressionist, the style embraced two broad groupings: the school of "Action Painting" (a style of gestural painting ) whose leading members included Jackson Pollock and Willem De Kooning; and the more passive style of Colour. Cole also played a critical role in Monets success in the American marketplace because he imported Monets paintings for American collectors. Marsden Hartley (1877-1943 the expressionist Russian-American Max Weber (1881-1961 the New York-born. They had a mutual style of solid structure and excellent craftsmanship that combined Impressionism with Realism, and they focused on subjects that conveyed beauty, elegance and refinement. . X, renaissance and Earlier Art, baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, early and Pre-War Modern Art. He returned to Montreal in 1781 after studying sculpture in London and Paris.
Modern Art Movements (1870-1970) - Art Encyclopedia
He immigrated to Canada from Saxony and completed several important portraits of leading figures. Interwar Modern Art, post-war Modern Art, roots of Contemporary Art. 7 Early art in British North America edit The early ports of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland did not experience the same degree of artistic growth, largely due to their Protestant beliefs in simple church decoration which did not encourage artists or sculptors. By comparison, the more restless Van Doesburg abandoned one of the basic tenets of De Stijl in 1924 when he substituted diagonals for verticals and horizontals in search of greater dynamism. Neue Sachlichkeit (Germany,.1925-35) Die Neue Sachlichkeit - a German term, meaning "New Objectivity" - was the name given to a group of Expressionist artists in Germany during the 1920s, derived from their 1925 Neue Sachlichkeit show in Mannheim. Saint Anne is depicted in the sky, saving them. However of the total 100, only 12 early Impressionist names appear, and they are interwoven with Social Realists, Hudson River School Painters, Abstract Expressionists, Pop Artists and others not to be described as Impressionists. Return to Top While some of the American painters studying in France were attracted to Barbizon, others, beginning in the summer of 1887, painted at Giverny, a small village in Normandy where Monet had his home and studio. . Of these four influential persons, Smith, Verner and Hutty adopted Impressionism. Lower Canada's Golden Age edit In the late 18th century, art in Lower Canada began to prosper due to a larger number of commissions from the public and Church construction. Its goal, according to its founding father, the French writer regionalism art essay Andre Breton - in his 1924. Stuart Davis (1894-1964 the calligraphic abstract painter, mark Tobey (1890-1976 the surrealist, man Ray (1890-1976 the Russian-American mixed-media artist.
Robert Vonnoh (1858-1933) and his student Robert Henri (1865-1929) are other prominent American painters whose careers were influenced by visits to Giverny. This three-time annual event was regionalism art essay the brainchild of wildcatter Edgar B Davis, a well-educated, well-traveled oilman, who at that time was one of the wealthiest and most influential Texans. For the leading exponent of post-minimalism, see: Eva Hesse (1936-70) the German-American pupil of Joseph Albers. Note: the Presidential portraits of Mount Rushmore, although clearly works of art, are not regarded as Land Art since they do not celebrate the land but the images made from. Pommier left France in 1664 and worked in various communities as a priest before taking up painting extensively. He later helped along with others to fund the construction of building for some of the group's use as studio space in Toronto. Another defiance of traditionalists was the casting aside of concerns about realistic perspective or diminishing space and throwing everything up front, in-your-face. Joseph Foxcroft Cole was encouraged by Hunt to go to France, where Cole then studied with Daubigny and Corot and emerged with a Tonalist style that in his later years became lighter in tone and more Impressionistic. Some elements of Impressionism were not new to American art because of the experimentation with light and atmospherics by the first-generation Hudson School painters led by Thomas Cole (1801-1848) and Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902). (1981) Painting in Canada: A History 2nd. Alden Weir (1852-1919) and John Twachtman (1853-1902). .
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Specific Components of a Citation This section explains each individual component of the citation, with examples for each section for full citations and in-text. Add your in-text citation next…..
In, hamlet, shakespeare weaves the dominant motif of disease into every scene to illustrate the corrupt state of Denmark and Hamlet's all-consuming pessimism. School Features: How to Analyze a Shakespearean…..
Essay on bipedalism
Genome: The full set of in a cell or organism. Sometimes it is defined as the condition of having more than one allele with a frequency of more than five percent in the population. Carroll, Sean: Developmental geneticist with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. For example, in the mutation called "antennapedia" in the fruit fly, a foot grows in the antennal socket. It is often known for the rise of mammals. The relation between codons and amino acids is given by the. The Story of Pech This offering from the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology focuses on Pech de lAzé IV, a Neanderthal site in southern France. In placental mammals, the young are born in an advanced stage of development.
The Evolution of Bipedalism Accurate Essays
His landmark work, On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, presented a wealth of facts supporting the idea of evolution and proposed a viable theory for how evolution occurs - via the mechanism Darwin called "natural selection.". There are at least 24 homeobox genes, some but not all of which are also homeotic in their effect. His research focuses on evolutionary ecology. The term Thecodontia is no longer used, as they are a paraphyletic group. Paleontologist: A scientist who studies to better understand life in prehistoric times. Furthermore, dental analysis suggests that each species had very different ecological niches. . Recessive: An (A) is recessive if the of the (Aa) is the same as the (aa) for the alternative allele (a) and different from the homozygote for the recessive (AA).
Rak was part of the team that found.3-million-year-old skull fragment from the genus Homo at Hadar, Ethiopia. Distance: In, referring to the quantitatively measured difference between the appearance of two groups of individuals, such as populations or species (phenetic distance or the difference in their gene frequencies (genetic distance). Notochord: A flexible skeletal rod running the length of the body in the of the (including the ). Mind you, most kids would not find the site so cool. Plate tectonics explains the location of mountain building, as well as earthquakes and volcanoes. Anamensis from Kanapoi are geologically older than those from Allia Bay and are more similar.
Saag's research activities focus on both clinical and basic aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus. Idealism: The philosophical theory that there are fundamental non-material "ideas "plans or "forms" underlying the phenomena we observe in nature. Adaptation: Any heritable characteristic of an organism that improves its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Population genetics: The study of processes influencing gene frequencies. Unfortunately Talk Origins Archive came under cyber attack in 2007 and the site no longer updated regularly.
Australopithecus anamensis essay Becoming Human
It would produce attributes beneficial to a group in competition with other groups rather than attributes beneficial to individuals. Habilis is placed within the genus Homo because it shares derived traits with other members of the genus to the exclusion of the australopiths. Schneider, Chris: A biologist and professor at Boston University whose research focuses on the evolution of vertebrate diversity in tropical systems and the scientific basis for conservation of tropical diversity. Australopithecine: A group of belonging to the Australopithecus that lived between.2 and.4 mya. Numerical taxonomy: In general, any method of using numerical measurements. Ammonoid: relatives of cephalopods (squid, octopi, and chambered nautiluses these had coiled shells and are found in the record of the period. Germination: The initial stages in the growth of a seed to form a seedling.
Homo habilis essay Becoming Human
Electrophoresis: The method of distinguishing entities according to their motility in an electric field. During this division, paired chromosomes look somewhat like an X, and the centromere is the constriction in the center. Homeostasis (developmental A self-regulating process in development, such that the organism grows up to have much the same form independent of the external influences it experiences while growing. Gestation: The period in animals bearing live young (especially mammals) from the fertilization of the egg and its implantation into the wall of the uterus until the birth of the young (parturition during which the young develops in the uterus. Habilis fossils were found in Olduvai Gorge in the same stratigraphic layer as early types of stone tools called Oldowan tools. . Syntax: The rules by which words are combined to form grammatical sentences. These all develop through an that is enclosed within a membrane called an amnion. Stepped cline: A with a sudden change in gene or character frequency. Discoverer of late Devonian limbed fossils Hynerpeton bassetti and Designathus rowei and Sauripterus taylorii and Hyneria (lobed-finned fishes all early examples of animals exploiting both land and water environments. Coral (also, rugose coral, tabulate coral These tiny animals make calcium carbonate skeletons that are well known as a key part of tropical reefs. Trilobite fossils are abundant in rocks of this period.
Last updated April 2009. Mammals: The group (specifically, a class) of animals, descended from a common ancestor, that share the derived characters of hair or fur, mammary glands, and several distinctive features of skeletal anatomy, including a particular type of middle ear. The difference between the form of a molecule in two species is then proportional to the time since the species diverged from a, and molecules become of great value in the inference. In the top meter or two of water, both in the sea and in freshwater, small plants can photosynthesize, essay on bipedalism and abundant microscopic life can be observed. Mimicry: A case in which one species looks more or less similar to another species.
Cause and Effect Essay Examples
Derived homology: that first evolved in the common ancestor of essay on bipedalism a set of species and is unique to those species. His research emphasizes combining data from living and organisms to study the origins and fates of and, to develop an understanding of the underlying dynamics of and that could lead to a general theory of evolutionary novelty. Wrangham's central interest is in the significance of chimpanzee behavior, ecology, and life-history for understanding the common ancestor between chimps and humans and subsequent human evolution. Most theropods had sharp, recurved teeth for eating flesh, and claws on the ends of all of the fingers and toes. In other parts of the site you can listen to Radio 4 programs on evolution and related topics and watch a 3D tours of dinosaur landscapes. The diameter of the aperture determines the intensity of light admitted. To keyword search all Best of History Web Sites pages use the search engine located on each page. Wrangham, Richard: A primatologist,.
The Stone Age section has a quiz to test your survival skills, a description of tools and animals, a discussion of culture and creativity, and more. Is an atomistic theory because in it, inheritance is controlled by distinct. With an international team of colleagues, he discovered and named Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus garhi. Habilis was undoubtedly bipedal, with an adducted big toe (the big toe is in line with the other essay on bipedalism toes, not splayed out to the side, as in living apes) and well-defined arches in the foot (structures in the foot. Eukaryotes are generally larger and have more DNA than (whose cells do not have a nucleus to contain their DNA). Eugenics fell into disfavour after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. Photoreceptor cell: A cell, functionally part of the nervous system, that reacts to the presence of light.
Academic Writing Examples
Hominids: Members of the family Hominidae, which includes only modern humans and their ancestors since the human lineage split from the apes. Dart asserted that the skull was intermediate between the apes and humans, a controversial claim at the time, though later work made it clear that the Taung child, as it came to be known, was indeed. A member of the Chordata, which includes the, lancelets, and. Character: Any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism. Also, a formally recognized group, as distinct from any other group essay on bipedalism (such as the group of herbivores, or the group of tree-climbers). Most palaeontologists now use the term "basal archosaur" to refer to thecodonts. The rigid plates consist of continental and oceanic crust together with the upper mantle, which "float" on the semi-molten layer of the mantle beneath them, and move relative to each other across the planet. Because most carbon-14 will have decayed after 50,000 years, the carbon isotope ratio is mainly useful for dating and artifacts younger than this.
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This privacy statement serves as information for the user about the nature, scope and purpose of the survey and use of personal data by the provider responsible
Outdooractive GmbH & Co. KG
Missener Straße 18
87509 Immenstadt
mail: info@outdooractive.com
on this website (in the following called “offer”). The legal basis of data protection can be found in the Federal Data Protection Act and in the Telemedia Act.
Access data/ Server Logfiles
The provider surveys and saves data about access to the offer. These are the so-called Server Logfiles. The following is regarded as access data:
The name of the website
Date and time of the server request
Transmitted data volume
Browser type/ browser version
The operating system used by the user
IP address of the user
Notification on successful retrieval
This protocol data is used for statistical evaluations for the purpose of operating, securing and optimising the offer. The provider, however, reserves the right to subsequently examine protocol data if it becomes aware of illegal use or if there is the justified suspicion of illegal use.
Personal data is individual information about personal or factual conditions of an identified or identifiable natural person. This is in particular, but not exclusively, the name, the email address, the phone number or the gender of a person, the respective hobbies or websites that a person visits.
The provider only surveys, uses or transmits data if it is legal or the users agree to the data survey.
Users have the possibility to create a profile in the provider’s offer. To that end a registration is necessary where every user has to enter the following data:
This data is used for the purpose of utilisation of the offer. This data is used to inform the user via email about relevant information in view of the offer or the registration as well as technical circumstances.
Contacting the provider
In case the user contacts the provider (e.g. via the contact form or the provider’s email address), the following data is saved: the information stated in the contact form or the email including the user’s contact data stated for the purpose of handling the request as well as in case of further questions arising. The data is not passed on without the user’s consent.
Comments and posts
Users registered on the website have the possibility to add comments and posts. In case users make use of these features, their IP addresses are saved. The reason is for the provider to be safeguarded against illegal contents created and published by users (e.g. insults, defamation, etc.). It is important to the provider that the creators of contents like that can be prosecuted and that is why the provider is interested in knowing the identities of these users. When users leave a comment or a post on the platform, they are informed about the reactions of other users (e.g. comments, follow-up contributions) by email. Users have the possibility to cancel the email system notifications in their respective user profiles. Furthermore, every email notification contains the concrete indication about the cancellation of system messages.
For sending the newsletter this offer uses Newsletter2Go, a service of Newsletter2Go GmbH, Nürnberger Str. 8, 10787 Berlin. When the newsletter is opened by a user, a tracking pixel is used. Via that tracking pixel, the following data is saved in Newsletter2Go: newsletter ID, the user’s email address, date and the time when the newsletter is opened. If the newsletter contains links, they also contain tracking information which enable the provider to see on which links the user clicked. This enables the provider to adapt the newsletter to the users’ interests. Via that tracking link, the following data is saved in Newsletter2Go: newsletter ID, the user’s email address, date and the time when the newsletter is opened.
The newsletter informs interested users about the provider and its offers on a regular basis.
If a user wants to receive the newsletter, the provider needs a valid email address as well as information that allow him to verify that the user actually is the owner of the stated email address, or if the owner of this email address agrees to the receipt of the newsletter. The data is exclusively used for sending the newsletter and is solely transmitted to the newsletter service Newsletter2Go GmbH. With the subscription to the newsletter the user’s IP address and the date of the subscription are saved. This serves as evidence in case a third person misuses the email address or subscribes to the receipt of the newsletter without the knowledge of the person entitled.
The user can revoke the consent of the storage of the data and the email address at any given time. The user can also revoke the data being used for sending the newsletter, as for instance, via the link “Unsubscribe” in the newsletter itself or by sending a message to the above-mentioned contact possibilities.
Integration of services and contents of third-party providers
It is possible that contents of third parties are integrated in this offer, such as YouTube videos, Google maps, RSS feeds or graphics of other websites. This requires that the provider of those services and contents (in the following called “third-party provider”) see the user’s IP address. The IP address is absolutely necessary for the presentation of those services and contents, as without knowing the IP address it would not be possible to send the services or contents to the browser of the respective user. The operator tries to solely use services or contents whose respective providers only use the user’s IP address for sending the contents. The provider, however, as no influence on whether the third-party provider stores the IP addresses for statistical purposes. In case the provider becomes aware of that, the users will be informed.
The provider’s offer uses cookies. A cookie is a small piece of data that make it possible to store specific information that refers to the user’s device (PC, tablet, smartphone or the like). Cookies serve to make the provider’s offer user friendlier, for example by storing the login data. They also serve to collect statistical data of website use to analyse them for the purpose of the improvement of the offer.
Users can set their browsers in a way that the storage of cookies is limited or inhibits them altogether or that they are informed about the placement of cookies and can allow them on a case-by-case basis. However, it is pointed out that the functionality of this offer might be restricted without the use of cookies.
This offer uses Google Analytics, a web analytics service offered by Google Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View, CA 94043, USA (in the following called “Google”). Google Analytics uses cookies, so data that is stored on the user’s computer and enable an analysis of the website use. The generated information about the use of the offer is normally transmitted to a Google server in the U.S. and stored there. In case the IP anonymization is activated on this website, the IP address of Google users is shortened within the member states of the European Union or other contracting states to the Agreement of the European Economic Area. Only in exceptional cases is the complete IP address transmitted to a Google server in the U.S. and shortened there. The IP anonymization is active on this website. On the provider’s behalf, Google will use this information to evaluate the use of the website by users to compile reports about the website activities and to provide services that are linked to the use of the website and the internet usage. The IP address that is transmitted by your browser within the scope of Google Analytics is not consolidated with other data of Google.
The users can inhibit the storage of cookies with the respective settings of your browser software. However, it is noted that in this case the users might not be able to fully use all of the features of this website. Moreover, user can inhibit the tracking of the data that is generated by cookies and refers to the website use (including the IP address) and the processing of data by Google by downloading and installing the browser plugin via the following link: http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=en.
As an alternative to the browser add-on or within browsers on mobile devices, please click on this link in order to inhibit the tracking by Google Analytics within the range of this website in the future. In doing so, an opt-out cookie is placed on your device. If you delete your cookies, you will have to click on this link once again.
Use of Google AdWords
In regards to its online marketing measures, the provider uses the online advertising service “Google AdWords” of Google Inc. (www.google.com). So that companies that pay for the advertisement (so called advertisers) can determine how many people buy the advertised products after clicking on the respective ad, Google uses a cookie (Conversion Tracking). The Conversion-Tracking Cookie is only saved on the terminal device if the user clicks on an ad advertised by Google on which the advertiser uses the Conversion Tracking. The Conversion-Tracking Cookie expires after 90 days and does not contain any pieces of information that might identify the users. As far as the cookie has not expired and users visit certain sites of the advertiser’s website both Google and the advertiser can tell that they clicked on the ad and have been transferred to this page. In doing so every advertiser receives a different cookie so that cookies cannot be tracked via the advertisers’ websites. Cookies for conversion tracking can be deactivated with users setting their browser in a way that cookies are blocked by the domain “googleadservices.com”. You’ll find additional hints about the data connection that comes with it and about the objection possibilities here: https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/
Web tracking by the Scalable Central Measuring System
This offer uses analysis tools of third-party providers in order to adapt the offer to the demands of the client and to respectively improve the offer. With the help of the analysis tool the provider can tell where the user of the website comes from, which areas of the offer had been visited and how often and for how long certain sub-pages and categories had been visited. For this purpose the offer uses the technology of the INFOnline GmbH as a central metering service provider of the German Audit Bureau of Circulations “Informationsgemeinschaft zur Feststellung der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V.” (IVW).
This offer uses the Scalable Central Measuring System (called SCMS in the following) of the INFOnline GmbH (http://www.infonline.de) for the assessment of statistical data for the use of this offer.
With this measurement procedure anonymous values are surveyed. The SCMS reach measurement either uses a cookie with the identifier “ioam.de”, “ivwbox.de”, a LocalStorage object or a signature created from automatically transferred pieces of information of the users’ browsers in order to recognise computer systems. The IP addresses are only used in an anonymised way.
The development of the reach measurement happened under the observation of data protection. The objective is to statistically determine the utilisation intensity and the number of users of a website. The user’s identity remains protected. The user does not receive any advertisement via the system.
For web offers which are members of the IVW (http://www.ivw.eu) or which participate in the survey “internet facts” the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online Forschung e.V.” [Working Group for Online Media Research] (called AGOF in the following – www.agof.de ) the utilisation statistics are published monthly by AGOF, the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media-Analyse e.V.” [Working Group for Media Analysis] (ag.ma – www.agma-mmc.de ) and the IVW, and can be viewed on http://agof.de , http://agma-mmc.de and http://www.ivw.eu. A part from publishing the data, the IVW revises the SCMS on a regular basis in view of its rule and data-protection compliant utilisation.
Further pieces of information about the SCMS can be viewed on the operator’s website of the SCMS, the INFOnline GmbH (https://www.infonline.de), on the privacy statement of AGOF (https://www.agof.de/datenschutz-allgemein/?lang=en) and on the website of the IVW (http://www.ivw.eu).
The user can revoke the data processing by the SCMS under the following links: http://optout.ioam.de and http://optout.ivwbox.de
Data protection notice about advertisement
The sale of advertisement on the provider’s sites happens through Ströer Digital Media GmbH (marketer). The marketer uses so called “user targeting” in order to display user-specific ads. More information on the survey and utilisation of the data can be found on the following website of Ströer Digital Media GmbH: www.stroeer.de/digitale-werbung/werbemedien/targeting-data/datenschutz. There users find an overview of all technologies used by the marketer as well as the possibility to prohibit the survey from opt-out buttons for the targeting.
Special Regulations for the utilisation of the Outdooractive App and mobile websites
a) Tracking via the Scalable Central Measuring System (SCMS)
The provider’s Android and iOS apps also use the SCSM of the INFOnline GmbH (http://www.infonline.de) for the determination of statistical values for the utilisation of the offer.
In doing so, anonymous values are surveyed. The SCMS-reach measurement solely uses unambiguous identifiers of the terminal device which are transferred anonymously in order to recognise devices. The IP addresses are only used in an anonymised way.
Within the app, one can object to the data processing by deactivating the feature “transfer data” in the settings. It is to be noted that in doing so, only the measurement in the app is deactivated.
b) Survey of location data
The mobile websites and the provider’s apps survey the user’s location with their consent (GPS location data) in order to use motion data thus creating heat maps for the visualisation of maps enabling the users to assess which region and destination is especially popular. This data is solely surveyed in an anonymous way and cannot be traced back to a user’s profile.
The users’ precise location is only transferred and saved in the provider’s offer with the users’ explicit consent. That is the case when users of the app or the mobile website (called application in the following) allowed the utilisation of the GPS and use the tracking feature. When using the tracking feature by the application, the following data is transferred to the provider and saved in the user’s profile on the offer: images, waypoints, texts
It is possible to revoke the consent for the GPS-data transmission and for the tracking feature at any given time for the future. As an alternative the access to location data can be deactivated in the settings of the user’s mobile device.
c) Conversion Tracking
For measuring the success of an online-marketing measures within mobile apps, it arises at times that tracking codes of third providers are used. Their mere purpose is the attribution of an app installation to a download source. Moreover no personal user data is surveyed, saved or processed.
Right to information and revocation
In case the user does not agree anymore to the saving of personal data or if they become inaccurate, the provider will act on respective instruction and advise the deletion or blocking of their data or make the necessary modifications (as far as it is possible according to applicable law). Upon request, the user receives information about all personal data the provider has saved.
If you have questions about the survey, the processing or the usage of your personal data, for requests, corrections, blocking or deletion of data, as well as for revocation of given consents, please contact:
Missener Str. 18
mail: service@outdooractive.com
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Courtesy of Petals in the Dust
Media & Film
Petals in the Dust: The Endangered Indian Girls
Posted by: Don Schwartz - December 25, 2015 - 9:01am
Preface: My number one issue is our environment—our ecosphere and its ongoing, out-of-control destruction by human beings. The denigration of the human female gender is a close second.
Directed by first-time feature filmmaker Nyna Pais Caputi, Petals in the Dust is the most devastating film on our treatment of females I have ever seen.
Caputi was born and raised in India. Her parents were loving and supportive, raising a healthy, talented daughter. She immigrated to the United States. She returned to India with her husband to adopt a baby girl. This was her moment of discovery. She learned of the deeply entrenched denigration of females in her culture of origin. Caputi worked seven years making Petals in the Dust.
Weaving statistics, personal stories, and interviews with activists working to end the mistreatment of and discrimination against females, Caputi paints a vision of human cruelty that transcends the wars and genocides of modern history. She is clear, of course, that the phenomena she presents are not limited to India. Historical documents and endless news reports of our maltreatment of the female gender demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of this cruelty. Yes, this film focuses on India, but I saw the whole world in this seemingly tight focus.
Petals in the Dust is a masterpiece of documentary filmmaking. It is an absolute must-see. It will catalyze and strengthen many more initiatives on behalf of the female gender.
The film won Best Documentary Film at the San Francisco Global Film Fest as well as Best International Documentary Film at the Vancouver International South Asian Film Festival. It continues being screened at festivals, universities, organizations, and corporations like Google and Cisco.
By the end of 2016, Petals in the Dust will be available as a disc and online.
The filmmakers’s goal for that year is for a million people to see the film in honor of the 50 million girls and women that were eliminated in India in the last century.
http://petalsinthedust.com/
misogyny, infanticide, female foeticide, india
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DGAP-News: ADVA Optical Networking SE: ADVA posts annual revenues of EUR 502 million for 2018
PRESS RELEASE EQS
ADVA Optical Networking SE: ADVA posts annual revenues of EUR 502 million for 2018
* Annual revenues down 2.4% to EUR 502.0 million
* Pro forma operating income of EUR 23.3 million
(4.6% of revenues)
* Q1 2019 outlook: revenues EUR 124 - 134 million;
Pro forma operating income 0% - 4% of revenues
Munich, Germany. February 21, 2019. ADVA Optical Networking (ISIN: DE0005103006), a leading provider of open networking solutions for the delivery of cloud and mobile services, reported financial results for Q4 and full year 2018 ended on December 31, 2018. The results have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Q4 2018 financial summary*
(in thousands of EUR)
Pro forma gross profit
in % of revenues
0.8pp
-0.5pp
Pro forma operating income
Operating income (loss)
Dec. 31
Sep. 30
Net liquidity (+) / Net debt (-)
*Potential differences due to roundingQ4 2018 IFRS financial results
Revenues for Q4 2018 increased by 4.2% to EUR 131.5 million from EUR 126.2 million in Q3 2018 and increased by 12.2% from EUR 117.2 million in the same year-ago period. Revenues for Q4 2018 were within the guidance forecast the company provided on October 25, 2018 of between EUR 126 million and EUR 136 million.
Pro forma operating income for Q4 2018 was EUR 8.1 million (6.2% of revenues), compared to EUR 6.8 million (5.4% of revenues) in Q3 2018 and a pro forma operating income of EUR 4.5 million in the same year-ago period. Pro forma operating income for Q4 2018 was at the upper end of the company's guidance range of between 3% and 7% of revenues.
Operating income for Q4 2018 increased to EUR 6.3 million, compared to operating income of EUR 5.0 million reported for Q3 2018, and improved significantly from the operating income of EUR 2.3 million in the same year-ago period.
Net income for Q4 2018 was EUR 3.6 million, down from EUR 3.9 million in Q3 2018 and significantly improved in comparison to the same year-ago period net loss of EUR 0.9 million.
At quarter-end, the company's cash and cash equivalents totaled EUR 62.7 million, representing an increase of 16.1% compared to EUR 53.9 million in Q3 2018.
The company's net debt decreased by EUR 11.8 million to EUR 26.8 million from EUR 38.7 million at the end of the prior quarter.
Net working capital at quarter-end was EUR 120.5 million compared to EUR 131.0 million at the end of Q3 2018.
2018 annual summary*
*Potential differences due to rounding
For the full year 2018, revenues decreased by 2.4% to EUR 502.0 million from EUR 514.5 million in 2017. The decline is mainly attributable to the lower revenue base with one of the world's largest internet content providers (ICP) in North America, which could not be fully compensated in 2018. Nevertheless, revenues in the past financial year continuously increased over all quarters.
Albeit, revenues declined in 2018, pro forma gross profit increased by 6.4% from EUR 174.4 million in 2017 to EUR 185.6 million in 2018. This improvement resulted mainly from changes in the customer and product mix.
Pro forma operating income for 2018 was EUR 23.3 million (4.6% of revenues), compared to EUR 19.5 million
(3.8% of revenues) in 2017. Operating income for 2018 was EUR 15.0 million compared to EUR 4.4 million in 2017 and was increased significantly by EUR 10.6m. Operating income for 2018 was EUR 15.0 million compared to EUR 4.4 million in 2017 and was increased significantly by EUR 10.6 million.
In 2018, ADVA generated a net income of EUR 9.7 million, after a loss of EUR 4.2 million in the prior year.
Basic and diluted earnings per share in 2018 amounted to positive EUR 0.19 both compared to basic and diluted earnings per share of negative EUR 0.09 in 2017.Management commentary
"We have steered a steady course in these turbulent times, remaining focused on our key goals to ensure both stability and continuity," said Uli Dopfer, CFO, ADVA. "In all four quarters of 2018, we were able to increase our revenues sequentially. Our profitability also developed in a positive direction. In addition to successfully developing existing customers, we have won important new projects in all regions. At the same time, consolidation in our industry has further reduced the number of competitors, further sharpening our profile as an innovative telecommunications supplier with a unique blend of innovation and customer focus."
"Digitization continues to transform networks and drive the investment focus towards us," commented Brian Protiva, CEO, ADVA. "The rapid development and rollout of artificial intelligence, edge computing solutions, IoT and 5G require a robust and scalable telecommunications infrastructure with greater optical transmission capacity, new models for providing communication services, and increasingly precise network synchronization. Our key investments address each of these issues and clearly underline the value of our acquisition strategy. From this solid base, we're creating new growth opportunities that we will capitalize on."Q1 2019 financial outlook
For Q1 2019, ADVA expects revenues to be in the range of EUR 124 million and EUR 134 million and a pro forma operating income of between 0% and 4% of revenues.
ADVA performs quarterly reviews of expected business development with respect to all intangible assets, including capitalized development expenses. In case of adverse business prospects, these reviews may result in non-cash impairment charges in Q1 2019 and beyond, which are excluded from the above guidance.
The company will publish its financial results for Q1 2019 on April 18, 2019.
Conference call details
ADVA will hold a conference call for analysts and investors today, February 21, 2019, to discuss these results and management's outlook. The company's CEO, Brian Protiva, and CFO, Ulrich Dopfer, will host the call at 3:00 p.m. CET (9:00 a.m. EST). A question and answer session will follow management presentations.
To participate, please dial the appropriate number at least five minutes prior to the start time and ask for the ADVA conference call.
International number: +49 69 201 744 210+49 69 201 744 210
US number: +1 877 423 08 30US number: +1 877 423 08 30Pin Code: 77 99 17 44#
A corresponding presentation is available on ADVA's website:https://www.advaoptical.com/en/about-us/investors/financial-results/conference-calls
The complete 2018 Annual Report (January - December) is available as a PDF here: https://www.advaoptical.com/en/about-us/investors/financial-results/financial-statements
A replay of the call will be available here:https://www.advaoptical.com/en/about-us/investors/financial-results/conference-calls
The economic projections and forward-looking statements contained in this document relate to future facts. Such projections and forward-looking statements are subject to risks that cannot be foreseen and that are beyond the control of ADVA. ADVA is therefore not in a position to make any representation as to the accuracy of economic projections and forward-looking statements or their impact on the financial situation of ADVA or the market in the shares of ADVA.
Use of pro forma financial information
ADVA provides consolidated pro forma financial results in this press release solely as supplemental financial information to help investors and the financial community make meaningful comparisons of ADVA's operating results from one financial period to another. ADVA believes that these pro forma consolidated financial results are helpful because they exclude non-cash charges related to the stock option programs and amortization and impairment of goodwill and acquisition-related intangible assets, which are not reflective of the company's operating results for the period presented. Additionally, expenses related to restructuring measures are not included. This pro forma information is not prepared in accordance with IFRS and should not be considered a substitute for the historical information presented in accordance with IFRS.
About ADVA Optical Networking
ADVA is a company founded on innovation and focused on helping our customers succeed. Our technology forms the building blocks of a shared digital future and empowers networks across the globe. We're continually developing breakthrough hardware and software that leads the networking industry and creates new business opportunities. It's these open connectivity solutions that enable our customers to deliver the cloud and mobile services that are vital to today's society and for imagining new tomorrows. Together, we're building a truly connected and sustainable future. For more information on how we can help you, please visit us at: www.advaoptical.com.Published by:
ADVA Optical Networking SE, Munich, Germanywww.advaoptical.com
Gareth Spence
t +44 1904 699 358public-relations@advaoptical.com
Stephan Rettenberger
t +49 89 890 665 854investor-relations@advaoptical.com
21.02.2019 Dissemination of a Corporate News, transmitted by DGAP - a service of EQS Group AG.The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.The DGAP Distribution Services include Regulatory Announcements, Financial/Corporate News and Press Releases. Archive at www.dgap.de
ADVA Optical Networking SE
Märzenquelle 1-3
98617 Meiningen-Dreissigacker
IRelation@advaoptical.com
www.advaoptical.com
DE0005103006
Regulated Market in Frankfurt (Prime Standard); Regulated Unofficial Market in Berlin, Dusseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich, Stuttgart, Tradegate Exchange
End of News
DGAP News Service
Markets Insider and Business Insider Editorial Teams were not involved in the creation of this post.
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Stephen Hawking, science's brightest star, dies aged 76
The physicist and author of A Brief History of Time has died at his home in Cambridge. His children said: ‘We will miss him for ever’
Wed 14 Mar 2018 14.54 GMT First published on Wed 14 Mar 2018 03.46 GMT
A brief history of A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking
His family released a statement in the early hours of Wednesday morning confirming his death at his home in Cambridge.
Hawking’s children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said in a statement: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world.
“He once said: ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him for ever.”
For fellow scientists and loved ones, it was Hawking’s intuition and wicked sense of humour that marked him out as much as the fierce intellect that, coupled with his illness, came to symbolise the unbounded possibilities of the human mind.
I’m not afraid of death, but I’m in no hurry to die. I have so much I want to do first
Hawking was driven to Wagner, but not the bottle, when he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 1963 at the age of 21. Doctors expected him to live for only two more years. But Hawking had a form of the disease that progressed more slowly than usual. He survived for more than half a century.
Hawking once estimated he worked only 1,000 hours during his three undergraduate years at Oxford. In his finals, he came borderline between a first- and second-class degree. Convinced that he was seen as a difficult student, he told his viva examiners that if they gave him a first he would move to Cambridge to pursue his PhD. Award a second and he threatened to stay. They opted for a first.
Those who live in the shadow of death are often those who live most. For Hawking, the early diagnosis of his terminal disease, and witnessing the death from leukaemia of a boy he knew in hospital, ignited a fresh sense of purpose. “Although there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research,” he once said. Embarking on his career in earnest, he declared: “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”
He began to use crutches in the 1960s, but long fought the use of a wheelchair. When he finally relented, he became notorious for his wild driving along the streets of Cambridge, not to mention the intentional running over of students’ toes and the occasional spin on the dance floor at college parties.
The life of Stephen Hawking – in pictures
Hawking’s first major breakthrough came in 1970, when he and Roger Penroseapplied the mathematics of black holes to the universe and showed that a singularity, a region of infinite curvature in spacetime, lay in our distant past: the point from which came the big bang.
Penrose found he was able to talk with Hawking even as the latter’s speech failed. Hawking, he said, had an absolute determination not to let anything get in his way. “He thought he didn’t have long to live, and he really wanted to get as much as he could done at that time.”
There is no heaven or afterlife for broken-down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark
In 1974 Hawking drew on quantum theory to declare that black holes should emit heat and eventually pop out of existence. For normal-sized black holes, the process is extremely slow, but miniature black holes would release heat at a spectacular rate, eventually exploding with the energy of a million one-megaton hydrogen bombs.
His proposal that black holes radiate heat stirred up one of the most passionate debates in modern cosmology. Hawking argued that if a black hole could evaporate, all the information that fell inside over its lifetime would be lost forever. It contradicted one of the most basic laws of quantum mechanics, and plenty of physicists disagreed. Hawking came round to believing the more common, if no less baffling, explanation that information is stored at a black hole’s event horizon, and encoded back into radiation as the black hole radiates.
Marika Taylor, a former student of Hawking’s and now professor of theoretical physics at Southampton University, remembers how Hawking announced his U-turn on the information paradox to his students. He was discussing their work with them in the pub when Taylor noticed he was turning his speech synthesiser up to the max. “I’m coming out!” he bellowed. The whole pub turned around and looked at the group before Hawking turned the volume down and clarified the statement: “I’m coming out and admitting that maybe information loss doesn’t occur.” He had, Taylor said, “a wicked sense of humour.”
Hawking’s run of radical discoveries led to his election in 1974 to the Royal Society at the young age of 32. Five years later, he became the Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, arguably Britain’s most distinguished chair, and a post formerly held by Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage and Paul Dirac, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics.
Hawking’s seminal contributions continued through the 1980s. The theory of cosmic inflation holds that the fledgling universe went through a period of terrific expansion. In 1982, Hawking was among the first to show how quantum fluctuations – tiny variations in the distribution of matter – might give rise through inflation to the spread of galaxies in the universe. In these tiny ripples lay the seeds of stars, planets and life as we know it.
But it was A Brief History of Time that rocketed Hawking to stardom. Published for the first time in 1988, the title made the Guinness Book of Records after it stayed on the Sunday Times bestsellers list for an unprecedented 237 weeks. It sold 10m copies and was translated into 40 different languages. Nevertheless, wags called it the greatest unread book in history.
Stephen Hawking’s big ideas ... made simple
Hawking married his college sweetheart, Jane Wilde, in 1965, two years after his diagnosis. She first set eyes on him in 1962, lolloping down the street in St Albans, his face down, covered by an unruly mass of brown hair. A friend warned her she was marrying into “a mad, mad family”. With all the innocence of her 21 years, she trusted that Stephen would cherish her, she wrote in her 2013 book, Travelling to Infinity: My Life With Stephen.
In 1985, during a trip to Cern, Hawking was taken to hospital with an infection. He was so ill that doctors asked Jane if they should withdraw life support. She refused, and Hawking was flown back to Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge for a lifesaving tracheotomy. The operation saved his life but destroyed his voice. The couple had three children, but the marriage broke down in 1991. Hawking’s progressive condition, his demands on Jane, and his refusal to discuss his illness, were destructive forces the relationship could not endure, she said. Jane wrote of him being “a child possessed of a massive and fractious ego,” and how husband and wife became “master” and “slave”.
My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all
Four years later, Hawking married Elaine Mason, one of the nurses employed to give him round-the-clock care. The marriage lasted 11 years, during which Cambridgeshire police investigated a series of alleged assaults on Hawking. The physicist denied that Elaine was involved, and refused to cooperate with police, who dropped the investigation.
Hawking was not, perhaps, the greatest physicist of his time, but in cosmology he was a towering figure. There is no perfect proxy for scientific worth, but Hawking won the Albert Einstein award, the Wolf prize, the Copley medal, and the Fundamental Physics prize. The Nobel prize, however, eluded him.
He was fond of scientific wagers, despite a knack for losing them. In 1975, he bet the US physicist Kip Thorne a subscription to Penthouse that the cosmic x-ray source Cygnus X-1 was not a black hole. He lost in 1990. In 1997, Hawking and Thorne bet John Preskill an encyclopaedia that information must be lost in black holes. Hawking conceded in 2004. In 2012, Hawking lost $100 to Gordon Kane for betting that the Higgs boson would not be discovered.
He lectured at the White House during the Clinton administration – his oblique references to the Monica Lewinsky episode were evidently lost on those who screened his speech – and returned in 2009 to receive the presidential medal of freedom from Barack Obama. His life was played out in biographies and documentaries, most recently The Theory of Everything, in which Eddie Redmayne played him. He appeared on The Simpsons and played poker with Einstein and Newton on Star Trek: The Next Generation. He delivered gorgeous put-downs on The Big Bang Theory. “What do Sheldon Cooper and a black hole have in common?” Hawking asked the fictional Caltech physicist whose IQ comfortably outstrips his social skills. After a pause, the answer came: “They both suck.”
Hawking has argued that for humanity to survive it must spread out into space, and has warned against the worst applications of artificial intelligence, including autonomous weapons.
'Mind over matter': Stephen Hawking – obituary by Roger Penrose
Hawking was happy to court controversy and was accused of being sexist and misogynist. He turned up at Stringfellows lap dancing club in 2003, and years later declared women “a complete mystery”. In 2013, he boycotted a major conference in Israel on the advice of Palestinian academics.
Some of his most outspoken comments offended the religious. In his 2010 book, Grand Design, he declared that God was not needed to set the universe going, and in an interview with the Guardian a year later, dismissed the comforts of religious belief.
“I regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail,” he said. “There is no heaven or afterlife for broken-down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.”
He spoke also of death, an eventuality that sat on a more distant horizon than doctors thought. “I’m not afraid of death, but I’m in no hurry to die,” he said. “I have so much I want to do first.”
What astounded those around him was how much he did achieve. He leaves his three children, from his first marriage to Jane Wilde, and three grandchildren.
Who Was Buddha?
Confuscius
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'Empire' creator Lee Daniels could have a new show coming to Fox
By Sandra Gonzalez 2015-10-20 22:47:44 UTC
Fox is looking for the next big idea from the man who brought them the blessing that is Cookie Lyon.
The network has officially given a pilot order to STAR, a new show from the Empire creator that he first dropped hints about over the summer.
The show — which Daniels will write, direct and executive produce — tells the story of a female musical group and their journey through fame.
An international casting search is currently underway to find the young artists to play the key roles, which are described in a casting announcement below.
Image: Fox
Daniels first made details about the project known back in August during a panel for Empire at the Television Critics Association press tour.
Daniels said at the time that the group featured in the show would be inspired by the Supremes, Destiny's Child and TLC, among others.
"It's that world meets Good Times," he said.
The new show is said to take place in the same universe as Empire but not designed to operate necessarily a spin-off, Daniels added.
The pilot will begin production in December in Atlanta.
The network will decide after the pilot is made whether the show will receive a series order.
Topics: empire, Entertainment, Fox, lee daniels, Television
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This phone has a big red button for emergencies
By Sasha Lekach 2017-05-10 23:29:18 UTC
Even if you're all alone, this phone's got your back.
The Doro 8020X — available in Europe and the UK — is your typical waterproof smartphone, except it's a bit more robust and potentially life-saving.
SEE ALSO: The successor to the best phone you've never heard of comes this summer
On the phone's edge is a red button—also known as an assistance button—that sends out an alarm in the form of a text message with the user's GPS location. This goes out to up to five emergency contact numbers pre-programmed into the phone.
It's an ideal phone for people who find themselves alone, in remote locations or in dangerous situations for work or other reasons. It's listed as a phone for users with an "active" lifestyle.
Doro 8020X Designed To Monitor Lone Worker Safety https://t.co/hXvq3Y0Vub pic.twitter.com/UTdbRlu70l
— smacula (@smacula) May 9, 2017
Doro, a Swedish company, specializes in phone technology for the elderly and people with disabilities. This phone caters to a slightly different vulnerable population, specifically workers in construction, agriculture, health care, social work, and other "heavy" industries.
It's a pretty durable looking brick of a phone that runs on Android. It's supposed to handle being submerged in water for up to 30 minutes, is dust resistant, and has a long-lasting battery.
If you've broken more than a few iPhones, and don't like swiping around for an emergency contact, this might be the phone for you.
WATCH: This smart pillow can track your sleep and gently wake you up
Topics: cellular-phone, emergency, Gadgets, smartphone, Tech
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What is the Open Public Record Act?
What does OPRA do?
What is a government record?
What is not considered to be a government record?
What is a criminal investigatory file?
Does it matter whether the case goes to Grand Jury or if the defendant was found guilty?
What is a victim’s record?
Can a citizen gain access to a public employee’s personnel file or personal information?
Can a citizen request information?
How long does the government agency have to respond to a written request?
Does the party requesting the information or document have to pay a fee?
How does the party requesting the information receive the information/documents?
Why is certain information crossed out on the documents provided by the government agency?
What information is considered public concerning crimes and arrests?
What if the request is denied?
What is the Government Records Council?
What does the Government Records Council do?
How do I request records from the Monmouth County Prosecutor’s Office?
1. What is the Open Public Record Act?
The Open Public Record Act, commonly referred to as OPRA, was signed into law on July 8, 2002. The purpose of the Act was to make public records accessible for inspection, copying or examination by the citizens of New Jersey, with some limitations. The Legislature and the Judiciary are exempt from application of this law. However, Court Rule 1:38-1 et seq., now allows limited access to the Court’s records by citizens.
2. What does OPRA do?
OPRA allows a citizen to request a government record from any branch of government, State, County or local, other than the Legislature or Judiciary. The request must be in writing. Each government agency has an approved form, but any form of writing is sufficient.
3. What is a government record?
N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 defines a government record as follows: any paper, written or printed book, document, drawing, map, plan, photograph, microfilm, data process or image processed document, information stored or maintained electronically or by sound-recording or in a similar device, or any copy thereof, that has been made or maintained or kept on file in the course of his or its official business by any officer, commission, agency or authority of the State or any political subdivision thereof.
4. What is not considered to be a government record?
N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 provides that inter-agency and intra-agency advisory, consultative, or deliberative material is not included. Criminal investigatory records, domestic violence and victims’ records are also not included. There are a variety of other exemptions listed in the statute, including emergency and security and safety information or procedures.
5. What is a criminal investigatory file?
N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 defines a criminal investigatory file as follows: any record not required by law to be made, maintained or kept on file that is held by a law enforcement agency which pertains to any criminal investigation or related civil enforcement proceeding. Police reports concerning an investigation into a criminal offense are considered part of the criminal investigatory file regardless of whether charges are actually signed.
6. Does it matter whether the case goes to Grand Jury or if the defendant was found guilty?
No, it does not. Once a case file has been classified as a criminal investigatory record, it retains that exemption regardless of the outcome of the case.
7. What is a victim’s record?
N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 defines a victim’s record as an individually-identifiable file or document had by a victims’ rights agency which pertains directly to a victim of a crime, except that a victim of a crime shall have access to the victim’s own records. “Victim of a crime” means a person who has suffered personal or psychological injury or death or incurs loss of or injury to personal or real property as a result of a crime, or if such a person is deceased or incapacitated, a member of that person’s immediate family. “Victims’ rights agency” refers to a public agency whose primary function is to provide services to victims of crimes.
8. Can a citizen gain access to a public employee’s personnel file or personal information?
No, information in a personnel file is deemed confidential and will not be released under OPRA. The only information which will be released is the employee’s name, title, position, salary, payroll record, length of service, date of separation and the reason therefore, and the amount and type of pension received.
9. Can a citizen request information?
The short answer is “No.” OPRA governs the release of records, not information. Except for the information listed in question 14, all requests for information will be denied.
10. How long does the government agency have to respond to a written request?
The Act requires the Custodian of Records for the government agency to respond to the request as soon as possible, but in not more than seven working days. The day of receipt does not count as one of the seven days. If the information cannot be supplied within that time frame, the Custodian of Records for the government agency is required to notify the requesting party and inform them of the delay and the reason. The custodian must also give an estimated time of completion.
11. Does the party requesting the records or document have to pay a fee?
Yes, the party requesting the records must pay according to the fee schedule contained within the act: for letter-sized pages (8″ x 11″), $0.05 per page; for legal-sized pages (11.5″ x 14″), $0.07 per page; or the actual cost for duplication where such cost exceeds the foregoing rates. Fees for different media will be assessed on a case-by-case basis in accordance with subsection 5 of P.L.2010, c.75. (C.47:1A-5). A deposit of $10.00 may be required of any person who makes an anonymous request for records. N.J.S.A. 47:1A-5(f). This fee will be automatically credited toward any cost incurred.
12. How does the party requesting the records receive the records/documents?
Responses will be sent by mail, unless otherwise specified. The requesting party may specify that the records be held for pick up, mailed, faxed, and/or provided electronically. When it is not possible to meet a request to produce a response in a particular media, the requestor will be notified and a response will be sent in another acceptable manner.
13. Why is certain information crossed out on the documents provided by the government agency?
OPRA requires that any document which discloses a social security number, credit card number, unlisted telephone number or driver’s license number shall be redacted, or in other words, that information and similar information will be deleted.
14. What information is considered public concerning crimes and arrests?
The answer depends on whether a suspect has been arrested for the crime. If no one has been arrested, the police or the Monmouth County Prosecutor’s Office shall make available to the public upon request within 24 hours after the commission of the crime, the nature of the crime, the time, the location, and any weapon used.
If a suspect has been arrested, the following information is to be made available to the public upon request within 24 hours, unless release of the information compromises the integrity of the investigation or puts the victim or the victim’s family in jeopardy of harm: name, address and age of any victims; the defendant’s name, age, residence, occupation, marital status and similar background information; the identity of the complaining party; the nature of the charges; the identity of the investigating and arresting personnel; the length of the investigation; the circumstance surrounding the arrest, including the time and place of the arrest, resistance and any use of force by either the defendant or the arresting police officers.
15. What if the request is denied?
If a request is denied, the Custodian of Records must indicate the basis for the denial. The party requesting the information can either file an appeal with the Government Records Council or institute an action in the Superior Court, Law Division, Civil Part. Because an appeal to the Government Records Council is without cost, most appeals are filed there. However, their decision is not final and can still be appealed to the Appellate Division.
16. What is the Government Records Council?
The Council is a group of individuals, who need not be lawyers, who are tasked with the responsibility of interpreting and ensuring compliance with OPRA.
17. What does the Government Records Council do?
After the necessary paperwork is completed by both parties, the Council hears the allegations of the party requesting the information. The burden then shifts to the government agency to justify the denial. The Council can order the release of all or some of the requested information/documents or uphold the denial. The Council also determines whether the fees charged fall within the statutory guidelines. The Council can also impose a fine for a willful and wanton failure to provide the requested information. The Council can also award attorney fees to the appealing party, if that party is successful. Whether the custodian has acted willfully is determined by an Administrative Law Judge.
18. How do I request records from the Monmouth County Prosecutor’s Office?
To request records from the Monmouth County Prosecutor’s Office, please visit our OPRA Records Request page and follow the instructions listed there.
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David Silverstein
As MediaLink’s Chief of Stuff, David Silverstein works closely with Chairman and CEO Michael Kassan and partners with teams across the organization, focusing on all industry groups served by the company, including media, marketing, entertainment, advertising, and technology.
David concentrates primarily on strategic operations, business development, client engagement, and any company-wide “stuff” in between. He works with a variety of clients from Fortune 500 marketers and large-scale media and entertainment companies to emerging media and technology organizations.
Before joining MediaLink, David worked as GM and SVP of Defy Media’s SMOSH brands, the largest-owned and operated digital comedy brand. In that role, David oversaw the organization’s strategic planning, business operations, and brand strategy. Before that, he worked across disciplines leading content strategy and business development projects. Prior to his career in digital media, David was based in Washington, D.C. at the center of political conversation where he served as a Press Secretary to former U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, and prior to that worked as a public affairs and communications strategist.
David graduated cum laude with a B.A. from Vanderbilt University and received his MBA at NYU Stern School of Business.
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“HOPE SPRINGS ETERNAL…”: WE HOPE.
EMOTIONS, IDEAS, THINKING AND THOUGHT
“Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful… All that I know now is partial and incomplete… Three things will last forever–faith, hope, and love…–Paul 1 Cor. 13.
“Where no hope is left, is left no fear.” –John Milton, Paradise Regained, 3:206.
“Hope is the worst of evils, for it prolongs the torments of Man.” –Friedrich Nietzsche
“It is hope that maintains most of mankind.” –Sophocles
“There can be no hope without fear, and no fear without hope.” –Spinoza
“Hope is the only God common to all men; those who have nothing more, possess hope still.” –Thales
from Sam Keen, Apology for Wonder (1969): “There is no hope that we can eradicate evil and tragedy–only that we can find ways of keeping the spirit alive.”
“My Lord God, I have no idea where I am going. I do not see the road ahead of me. I cannot know for certain where it will end… But I believe that the desire to please you does in fact please you. And I hope I have that desire in all that I am doing. I hope that I will never do anything apart from that desire….”— Prayer by Thomas Merton
“…mental illness results directly from hopelessness and lack of a sense of the possible. Wishing, willing, and hoping are essential to sanity.” –Sam Keen
“Agnosticism and hope are not incompatible.” — Sam Keen
“The only hope you have is to hope for the best, but don’t you get your hopes up nor hope against hope.”
MEMORIES OF A TIME: “IS WHAT’S PAST, PAST?”
EMOTIONS, IDEAS, MEMOIRS, THINKING AND THOUGHT, WRITING PHILOSOPHY, WRITING/BLOGGING
“What we call the beginning is often the end / And to make an end is to make a beginning. / The end is where we start from.” –T. S. Eliot
“The past is never dead. In fact it’s not even past.” –William Faulkner
“…these statements express the realization that we can never access the body of the past, the physical experience that people now dead once felt in the very fiber of their bodies. But we can also nevernot want to access that past, to think, imagine, and write our way back to an imagination of what those bodies must have felt [Walt Whitman’s referring to the Civil War dead]. Often our own past feels this way, too–we recall feeling pain or horror or terror, but it is difficult to ‘get it in the books,’ to write it so that others can experience in their bodies what we felt in ours (or so that we can once again feel what we know we once felt). Writers often experience most keenly this notion that ‘the past is never dead’ and that we are always starting at the end.’” [IWP © The University of Iowa 2012-2016]
MEMORIESOFATIME are often written about past events which caused the writer to feel intensely and deeply and physically, then described in such a way emphasizing what the body felt–words being used to bring a dead past alive.
“Memories are the key not to the past, but to the future.” –Corrie Ten Boom
“Fear not for the future, weep not for the past.” –Percy Bysshe Shelley
“There is not past, no future; everything flows in an eternal present.” …. “Hold to the now, the here, through which all future plunges to the past.” –James Joyce
“We can’t let the past be forgotten.” –George Takei
“The destruction of the past is perhaps the greatest of all crimes.” –Simone Weil
“LOVE BEYOND WORDS”: THE TIME TRAVELER’S WIFE: A BOOK INTO A MOVIE
ARTISTIC VENTURES, EMOTIONS, IDEAS, PEOPLE
“You can’t tell a book by its cover.” “Read the book first.” Really?
“Time traveling is very confusing.” –Rachel McAdams
“A movie, for me, is a completely heart-, gut-level experience. And occasionally, the mind comes into play to sort of engage what’s happening…but mostly movies are not observed in the mind. And often, when your energy goes into your mind to watch a movie, you disengage from the story, and it takes a little while to get pulled back.” –Bruce Joel Rubin, Screenwriter
“The movie is gonna exist alongside the book. But I think you can get in trouble if you don’t give the movie a life of its own. If you don’t have time to tell it in the movie, you can’t assume the audience knows it, because you have to tell your story for people who haven’t read the book, and who are maybe gonna read the book later as well.” “ Gomez,” Ron Livingston
“You can create the illusion of a novelistic feeling in a film, but it’s not really what film does best, for the most part. I think films are probably closer to a short story. Films work toward a single cataclysmic event…most of the time at the end, and that’s a short story: ‘When is it gonna happen? How is it gonna happen?’” –Robert Schwentke, Director
“…there is a presence that goes beyond death. I play with that a lot in the movie Ghost. I play with it a little bit in Jacob’s Ladder. It’s a theme I really care about. The great love stories are always stories that are ultimately about loss…about not being able to have forever, in the physical sense, the one you love.
“As a writer, I get this enormous joy of knowing I get two hours at any given moment to talk to the world. But I realized early on that each movie is like a sentence, an idea, one idea.
“And a career, if you’re lucky to have a career, is a paragraph. And that’s what I want. I want to be able to have one paragraph of understanding that I can share with the world. And all of these films put together, I think, create that paragraph. And Time Traveler’s Wife fits into that paradigm perfectly for me.
“It’s not a full 100-percent statement of what it means to be free of death, but it is a real intimation of love continuing beyond time.” –Bruce Joel Rubin
© 2008 Internationale Scarena Film.
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Review - The Rules of Survival
by Nancy Werlin
Listening Library, 2007
Sep 25th 2007 (Volume 11, Issue 39)
In Nancy Werlin's The Rules of Survival, three children living with their mother live in fear of her sudden anger and cruelty. The book is written as a letter from the eldest, Matthew, to the youngest, Emmy, telling her all that happened over the previous years because she is too young to remember it all. The story starts when he is thirteen, Callie is eleven, and Emmie, who has a different father, is just five. They live with their mother Nikki in south Boston. Nikki is neglectful, often going out all evening, and then coming back in the middle of the night, drunk or high, with a man. Nikki's relationships generally don't last long -- often not more than a night. She often gets into rages with her children, and acts recklessly, endangering their lives. But they have no one to turn to: their father and their aunt, who both live close by, know what Nikki is like, but they don't do anything about it. One day, when Matt and Carrie are out buying something at the local store, they see a parent shouting at a child, and another man confronts the parent. They watch in admiration to see an adult standing up for a child. They find out that his name is Murdoch, and Matt starts trying to track the man down. Through a strange set of circumstances, Nikki ends up dating Murdoch, and for a few months they are like a real family, but inevitably Nikki can't keep her emotions under control and Murdoch stops seeing her. After that, Nikki's behavior gets even worse, and Matt decides he has to do something to protect Emmy and Callie, and going to Murdoch is the obvious thing to do. However, the more Matt does to try to help his sisters, the angrier Nikki gets. We know from the start that the children will end up safely, but we don't know what will happen to Nikki or Murdoch.
Werlin's story has several themes. Matt takes on a great deal of responsibility for his sisters early on in life, and he pins a great deal of hope on Murdoch. Nikki is a terrible mother, but she also shows love towards her children, which makes her a more complex character. The other adults are also not just simple characters -- they can rise to challenges and they can also disappoint expectations. Both Matt and Callie are dealing with puberty and they have their own private concerns and hopes. The story deals with all these themes with sensitivity.
The form of the novel, an extended letter, makes the book distinctive, but it is also less believable. It is also difficult to get a sense of what makes Nikki act the ways she does. She has problems with her moods and substance abuse, but there are some signs that she becomes manic or in some ways out of touch with reality. Some of the major events in the plot happen surprisingly quickly, as if they were thrown in. One would think that in describing them, Matt would give more detail and say more about them. So the book as a whole does not quite cohere perfectly. However, it does give a serious and powerful treatment of major family problems, showing how intractable they can be, and how difficult it can be to intervene. Although this book deals with troubling problems, teens and young adults may find much in this novel to discuss.
© 2007 Christian Perring
Christian Perring, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Dowling College, New York.
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MICROBES + INDUSTRY
MICROBES OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
Moulds are filamentous fungi. They are known as filamentous fungi because they have hyphae which are long branching filaments of fungi. Moulds are multicellular fungi that are non photosynthetic in nature. Unlike yeasts that are single celled or unicellular moulds have multiple cells and thus are known as multicellular fungi. Moulds grow as filamentous branching strands of hyphae. Hyphae is a long branching structure (filament) of some fungi (i.e. moulds). Moulds grow by the expansion of their interconnected hyphae, and water is important in their growth. Moulds are common contaminants of household appliances, furniture and food. They are generally saprophytic in nature and thus derive their energy and nutrient from thus organic matter on which they live or are growing.
Some common moulds genera include:
Acremonium
Rhizopus
Penicillium
Mucor
Aspergillus
Cladosporium
Trichophyton
Moulds grow on dead organic matter and they can become visible to the naked eyes especially when they form large colonies. They thrive at various temperature conditions and can even survive some harsh conditions in the environment.
Importance of moulds
They cause disease in humans and animals.
Moulds secrete hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade high molecular weight materials or biopolymers such as starch, lignin and cellulose into simpler substances.
They play important roles in the production of various foods and beverages.
Moulds are important in the production of some antibiotics such as penicillin sourced from Penicillium chrysogenum.
Moulds are important are spoilage of food and raw materials for food production.
Moulds are important in most fermentation process involved in wine production, food and other beverages.
Moulds reproduce by both sexual and asexual reproduction methods; and their reproductive parts or structures are spores: mould produce their spores in large numbers; and these spores are readily spread by air. Spores that fall or settle on favourable substrates can initiate a new phase of growth and develop into a new mycelium. A mycelium is a mass of branching intertwined or connected filaments. The whole mass of the hyphae formed by moulds is known as mycelium (pleural : mycelia)
Citric acid for soft drink production and some enzymes for bread making are from moulds.
The use of moulds in food industries is however limited unlike yeasts that have a wider application. Most moulds despite their importance in fermentation are mainly concerned in the spoilage of foods.
Yeasts are the single celled growth forms of most fungi. Yeasts are unicellular fungi. They are heterotrophic organisms that require organic carbon as its common source. Most yeasts are facultative e anaerobes and are able to grow even in the absence of oxygen. Many yeasts especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae are important industrial micro organisms because of the important roles that they play in the production of foods and other product s of economic importance. Most yeasts exhibit dimorphism a phenomenon in which a yeast cell exhibit two growth forms i.e. the yeast form and the filamentous (mould) form. Only few yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans (which causes a rare form of meningitis) and Candida albicans are animal/ human pathogens
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: S. cerevisiae is a species of yeast that is also called the bakers yeast. It is one of the most useful yeast because it has been used in baking and brewing since ancient times. S. cerevisiae cells are usually round to oval in shape, and they measure about 5-10 um in diameter. Scerevisiae reproduce asexually by a process known as budding in which daughter cells are produced as off shorts of a parent cell by bud development. Yeasts can also reproduce sexually, and this usually involves two mating haploid yeast cells. Yeasts are common in the environment and are isolated from sugar rich materials. Brewer’s yeast, aye yeast, top fermenting yeast baker’s yeast and budding yeast are other names that S. cerevisiae is known for. S. cerevisiae can grow aerobically on simple carbohydrate sources such as glucose, and maltose. They use ammonia and urea as their sole nitrogen source. Yeasts also require phosphorous and some minerals for their optimal. S. cerevisiae has a short generation (doubling) time which is about 1-2 hours, and they can be easily cultured. These characteristics accounts for their use and preference as the major source of nutritional yeast and yeast extract for most of the fermentation processes in the industry. S. cerevisiae has a small size; they can be easily manipulated or transformed in the lab; they have a short generation time; they can be easily accessed or cultured; their growth requirement can easily be obtained; and S. cerevisiae has tremendous economic benefits, which is why they are they are the most preferred yeast for fermentation processes.
IMPORTANCE OF YEAST (S. cerevisiae)
They are used in brewing beer.
They are used in baking bread.
Yeasts are used in wine fermentation.
They are used for the industrial production of ethanol and other industrial fuels.
Yeasts such as boulardii are used in the production of probiotics used to maintain the health of the gastrointestinal tract.
Yeasts convert sugars to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol; and can be used to generate CO2 to nourish plants in aquariums.
Yeasts also cause food spoilage.
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. They are single celled microorganisms that are ubiquitous in nature. Morphologically, bacteria measure between 0.5 to10 in diameter. Bacteria exist in three different shapes. Some are cocci (spherical), rod-shaped (bacilli) or spiral in shape. Bacteria are of economic importance because they cause disease in plants, animals and humans. They are also employed in various industrial processes for the production of goods/products that are of significance to man, animals and the environment. Their mode of nutrition is simple and they can derive their energy and carbon from organic and inorganic materials in their environment. They grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobic bacteria) or in the absence of it (anaerobic bacteria). Some bacteria are facultative organisms since they can thrive either in the presence or absence of oxygen. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, in which a bacteria cell wall divides into two cells. Bacteria have a simple cell structure and they lack a membrane bound organelles since they are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria can also exist as single cells in pairs (diplococcic), in chains or in clusters. Comma shaped bacteria (e.g. Vibrio cholerae) and bacteria with corkscrew shape (spirochetes) also exist. Bacteria have extrachromosomal genetic elements known as plasmids; and these plasmids are different from the chromosome or DNA of the organism. Bacteria also cause food spoilage and some infectious diseases.
Based on the product of their fermentation, bacteria can be classified as:
Lactic acids bacteria- they produce lactic acid from fermentative reactions.
Acetic acid bacteria- production of acetic acid
Propionic acid bacteria.
Some bacteria break down protein and may be called proteolytic bacteria. Those that break down lipids are called lipolytic bacteria while those that breakdown sugars are called saccharolytic bacteria.
Streptococcus, lactobacillus, and bacillus produce lactic acid.
Escherichia coli produce ethanol and acetic acid including CO2 and hydrogen.
Vinegar, wine and beer are some foods and beverages in which the fermentative actions of bacteria are applied in their production.
IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA
Bacteria produce enzymes that drive fermentation.
They are important for the production of proteins.
Bacteria are important for the production of amino acids and vitamins.
They take part in the production of acetic acid.
Bacteria produce lactic acid
They produce antibiotics.
Bacteria of industrial importance are found in the genus Bacillus, Streptomyces, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, Acetobacter, and Azotobacter and Xanthomonas amongst others.
ACTINOMYCETES
Actinomycetes are fungi-like bacteria. They are widespread in nature, and can be found in the soil, water and in compost. Actinomycetes form branching hyphae or mycelium (which is typical of fungi), and this is why they are often called fungi-like bacteria. Actinomycetes are chemoorganotrophic organisms that derive their carbon from organic molecules or substrates. They degrade chitin, agar cellulose, paraffin, rubber and keratin. Actinomycetes also produce antibiotics. Actinomycetes are gram positive bacteria, and they are spore forming bacteria. The bacteria genera in the group of organisms known as actinomycetes includes: Nocardia, Actinomycetes, Corynebacteria, Streptomyces and Micromonospora. Not all members of actinomycetes are known to produce mycelium. Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria because they form mycelium. Actinomycetes are aerobic bacteria that produce asexual spores. Actinomycetes have mycelia morphology (that makes them have similar resemblance to fungi); and majority of bacteria in this group of actinomycetes are known for their antibiotic production, especially those in the genus Streptomyces.
IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOMYCETES
Actinomycetes are well recognized because they produce primary and secondary metabolites that are of economic significance.
Actinomycetes produce enzymes such as lipase, cellulases and amylase which are used in fermentation processes.
They produce some valuable antibiotics including, amphotericin, neomycin, vancomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, nystatin, novobiocin and chloramphenicol.
Actinomycetes are also used as plant growth promoting agents.
They produce biopesticide agents used to control pests in farmlands.
Actinomycetes also have application in bioremediation.
Actinomycetes produce protease enzyme which is used as anti-inflammation agents and also in cancer treatment.
Actinomycetes produce enzymes that have application in wine production.
Viruses are non-cellular microorganisms that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins. They can only replicate within a living cell, including cells of animals, plants and bacteria. A virus contains either an RNA or a DNA as its genome. No viruses contain both DNA and RNA as its genome. The size of viruses ranges from 0.015 µm to 0.2 µm and they can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses are lacking in cellular components necessary for their independent reproduction or metabolism. And this is why viruses replicate or multiply inside a living cell. Outside a living cell they remain dormant and inactive. Viruses cause diseases in man plants and animals. A virion is defined as an individual virus particle. Because a virion contain only one type of nucleic acid as its genome (DNA or RNA), viruses can be classified into two classes based on their nucleic acid genome. Thus, they are DNA viruses (whose genome is only made of DNA) and RNA viruses (that only contains RNA as its genome).
Viruses are not cells and they do not contain organelles. Viruses are not cultured in the artificial media like the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are cultured in living cells such as in embryonated egg cell or in cell cultures containing cell lines of living cells extracted from plants animals or humans.
IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES
Viruses cause disease in plants animals and man.
They are employed in the production of vaccines.
Viruses are sources of important enzymes such as reverse transcriptase used in molecular biology or biotechnology
Viruses can act as gene vectors for the useful production of useful proteins.
Fermentation is defined as a metabolic process that converts sugars (substrates) to alcohol, acids and gases (e.g. CO2). It can occur both I n the presence of oxygen and in the absence of oxygen. But most fermentation processes occur in the absence of oxygen. Several definitions exist for fermentation. Fermentation occur when organisms including moulds, bacteria actinomycetes and yeasts consume organic substrate molecules as part of their own metabolic processes; and thus produce metabolites of substances that are of economic importance in the process. When spoilage microbes grow in food they cause spoilage and food borne diseases when such food is consumed. However some fermentation processes are highly desirable since they lead to the production of important molecules like alcohol, acids and gases; and microbial by-products are significant in food production.
Yoghurt, cheese, sauerkraut are some examples of food produced via fermentation spurred by microbial activity. Wine and beer are beverages produced by fermentative action of microbe.
BENEFITS OF FERMENTATION
Fermented foods can be more nutritious and tasty than unfermented foods.
Fermentation foods products (such as acids and alcohols) that inhibit the overgrowth of spoilage and pathogenic microbes in the food.
Fermentation produced industrially useful end-products such as organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.
Fermentation processes leads to the production of important biological molecules including vitamins and antibiotics.
Fermentation leads to the production of products with enhances activity and value.
ROLES/SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN FERMENTATION
Microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are important in fermentation processes because of the metabolites that they produce during and after their growth or development. The production of beer, antibiotics, wine, some beverages, food and pharmaceutical products go through the process of fermentation before the extraction of the final (end) product of fermentation .if these organisms fail to metabolize the nutrients in this growth medium made available to them. The primary metabolites which are central to the growth and the production of organisms will not be produced; and once this is done, the organism will not grow well and at the end the secondary metabolites(which are of economic importance to man, plants, animals and the environment) will not be produced. These organisms drive fermentation processes and it is important that they continue to produce metabolites that encourage their optimal growth during fermentation.
TYPES OF MICROBIAL METABOLITES
PRIMARY METABOLITES: Primary metabolites are produced during the growth of an organism. They are produced during the exponential phase of growth of the organism. Primary metabolites are involved in the growth development and reproduction of microorganisms. They act as key components in maintaining the normal physiological and metabolic processes of the organism. Primary metabolites are critical for the optimal or normal growth of the organism. Examples of primary metabolites are alcohol, vitamins and essential amino acids.
SECONDARY METABOLITES: Secondary metabolites are produced at the end of growth of the organism. They are produced during the stationary phase of growth. i.e. at the stage when the organism is resting and is not actively growing. Secondary metabolites are not in the growth, development and reproduction of the organism. They are organic compounds that are produced through the modification of primary metabolites. Secondary metabolites provide defensive function and they have tremendous economic importance. They play no role in maintaining the physiological and metabolic processes of the organism. Examples of secondary metabolites include: antibiotics steroids and enzymes.
THE MAJOR ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS INCLUDING BACTERIA, YEASTS, MOULDS AND ACTINOMYCETES IN FERMENTATION PROCESSES is to convert or breakdown large substrates (macromolecules to economically important end-products. As the organism is growing in the fermentor or fermentation vessel, it produces primary metabolites- which it uses to maximize the available substrate or nutrient in the growth vessel (fermentor). These primary metabolites are primarily utilized by the organism to manufacturer its secondary metabolites such as antibiotics that are of great economic importance. Most fermentation processes are activated by microorganism including moulds, yeasts, actinomycetes and bacteria; and these organisms act on their own in collaboration with others.
Prescott L.M., Harley J.P and Klein D.A (2005). Microbiology. 6th ed. McGraw Hill Publishers, USA.
Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., Dunlap P.V and Clark D.P (2009). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 12th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Inc, USA.
Microbiology Tests
MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRING RESISTANCE
Antibacterial agents overview
CORONAVIRIDAE FAMILY
BRIEF HISTORY OF VIROLOGY
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
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Potentials of Microbes in Food Production
PRINCIPLES OF FOOD HYGIENE
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Union of Samian City States
This article is of poor quality and needs improvement. You can help improve the article by editing it. The discussion page may contain suggestions.
Capital (and largest city) Weston
Demonym Samian
Government Parliamentary Republic
Prime Minister Sam West
Established 20 April 2010
Area 2 acres
Population 16
Currency US dollar
The Union of Samian City States, also known as the USCS, the Samian Union or the Samian Empire, was a micronation that existed in North America. The USCS was a federation of several city states. It bordered the United States of America, and the Confederation of Awesome. The nation joined the Confederation of Awesome and was annexed September 10, 2010.
1.2 Expansion
1.3 2010 Election
1.4 Collapse
2.1 City-State Government
3 Foreign Policy
4 Administrative Divisions
The Union of Samian City States government was founded with 3 documents. The first was the Secession Declaration, ratified on April 20, 2010, which officially declared the USCS separate from the United States of America. The Second was the Constitution of the USCS, ratified on April 25, 2010 which set up the basis for the Union Government. Lastly, the Bill of Additions was ratified on April 26, and is an ongoing list of amendments to the Constitution, as well as a statement of rights given to the people by the Union government.
The Union of Samian City States opened diplomatic relations with the Confederation of Awesome and signed a military alliance with the Empire of Jake during June 2010. When the nation nearly entered into war with the Monarchy of Sophopolis, the Treaty of Vestavia 2010 was signed between the two, stipulating non-agression and restricted military buildup to prevent a war. After the economy of the Empire of Jake collapsed, the army of Brantley Evans asked to be annexed into the USCS, and were accepted in as a part of the Alabaster SCS.
The nation was still technically in the state of its provisional government until the August 5th election. In the election, Sam West became Prime Minister officially, with his Liberal Party winning two seats. The Marijuana Party one one seat, forming the Official Opposition. Politician Cory Findlay campaigned aggressively to become Prime Minister, however, he was defeated in all ridings due to his percieved far-right views. Smarted by his inability to take control of a micronation, Findlay would later create his own- the Southern Union.
The Union was becoming less ane less active in late August and September 2010. This inactivity became a key factor in the nations politics, and on September 5, 2010, the President called a meeting for citizens of the nation called the "Confrence on National Dissolution or Preservation of Union." The meeting took two votes. The first was a vote on whetether the attending members wished to remain a part of the USCS or return to the United States. This vote turned up 57% would leave and 43% would stay. All citizens who chose to leave the Union left the meeting. The next vote was among citizens who remained interested, on whether to continue as an indpenedent state or join the neighboring Confederation of Awesome. This vote was 60% for merging with the Confederation, 40% for maintaining independence. A state Constitution was drafted, and on September 10, 2010, the Union of Samian City States became the Commonwealth of the Samian States.
The Union of Samian City States is a secular, federated, parliamentary democracy. A Prime Minister is elected every four years based on the number of seats his party wins in Parliament. Parliament is a unicameral legislature consisting of one representative from each City-State. The Judicial System of the USCS is that of a High Court.
City-State Government
The USCS consists of 3 city-states, federated into a union. Each city state is further divided into cities. These states are semi-autonomous, and have the right to regulate powers not given to the government in the constitution. States can make descisions for themselves about certain issues, although they are restricted of certain rights in the constitution, ie, states cannot have their own military, print their own money, etc.
The USCS maintained a defensive and slightly expansionist foreign policy, saying that it's overall goal is to annex new City-States without going to war. Recently, the Union has entered into Diplomatic relations with the Republic of Atlantis, and formally joined the World Micronations Alliance.
Full Article (List of USCS States)
Annexation Date
Alabaster City State Lori Brundege AB 6/20/10 Alabaster, Montevallo
Weston City State Sam West BI 6/20/10 Weston
Panama City State Jess Stroud PC 6/20/10 Panama City
The Culture of the Samian Union is a combination of American, German, and Japanese culture, as well as Sam's personal eccintricities. The National Animals of the USCS are the Three Birds of the Union (the Pheonix, the Prussian Eagle, and the Ictarine Warbler.) The national tree is the palm, and the national fruit is the Lemon. The Union's main cuisine includes the national drink, Slurpees, and the national food of pancakes, eaten for late breakfast.
The USCS maintains a small standing military, the Blue Army. This military consists of only ground forces, and is currently 5 men strong. This army uses a combination of Airsoft weapons and staffs for short range. The General of the Army is Brantley Evans, and the President serves as Strategic Advisor. All army members are currently stationed at the nations 3 army bases- Vernon, Trussville, and Alabaster. The Blue Army has not been mobilized in any conflicts.
The Union of Samian City States Website
Retrieved from "https://micronations.wiki/index.php?title=Union_of_Samian_City_States&oldid=474663"
Republics
World Micronational Alliance
North American micronations
Anglophone sector
USCS
Trussville Sector
Defunct micronations
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Tag Archives: wildcat ammunition
Wildcat Rounds: A Guide to Wildcatting and Customized Cartridges
Posted on October 22, 2018 by mikethegunguy
From Our Friends At Ammo.com.
Wildcat cartridges, sometimes referred to as simply “wildcats,” are custom-designed cartridges – meaning they are not mass produced, but instead made by individual shooters. The purpose of a wildcat is the cultivation of some attribute not sufficiently present in a commercially available round. Wildcats aren’t great for law enforcement or military purposes, but they aregreat for hardcore shooting aficionados, handloaders looking to take things to the next level, and gunsmiths who want to homebrew ammunition for their homebrew weapons.
The number of ways that a round can be wildcatted is theoretically endless, as there are thousands of wildcat cartridges created and available for gunsmiths and handloaders with a “can do” attitude. A wildcat round could be built from scratch from the ground up, but most are commercially modified. The equipment for reloaders and gunsmithing can frequently be found through the same distributors, which is another reason why shooters who are into one are frequently into the other. The wildcatting hobby is, unsurprisingly, concentrated in the United States.
A Brief History of Wildcat Cartridges
The term “wildcat” is derived from the same source as the other meaning of the term – a labor strike not authorized by the union brass. Wildcatting probably began after the American Civil War, when the .30-06 was considered by most shooters to be the only round that a hunter was going to need. American ingenuity and innovation, however, quickly decided that something more could be made out of the materials at hand.
In the late 1800s, Charles Newton was perhaps the first American to leave his profession (in his case, law) out of a desire to spend all of his time wildcatting. Along the way, he developed a number of rounds that became indispensable for shooters of his era. He tuned the .30-06 into the .25 Special and 7mm, which were the raw materials that crafted the 25-06 and .280 Remington. Newton wanted to build rifles more than anything, but circumstances beyond his control eventually shut down his business. In the end, he was the man who lit the fire of wildcatting in the United States – and many were more than willing to pick up where he left off.
Some of the first names to follow in his wake are legends among wildcatters in the know. These are names like Harvey Donaldson, J.E. Gebby, Grosvenor Wotkyns, John Sweaney and J.B. Smith. By the 1940s, Parker “P.O.” Ackley changed the wildcatting game by making small adjustments to rounds that greatly improved their overall performance. The most famous of this era, though, was Roy Weatherby, the son of Kansas sharecroppers.
Roy was earning $200 a week at the Automobile Club of Southern California in San Diego, which was a seriously solid wage back in those days. When the shop was closed, however, he used a lathe and a drill press purchased at Sears to make his own homebrew ammunition. Among these was the .220 Rocket, built off of a Swift parent cartridge.
Wildcatting developed as a way for the amateur shooter to tailor rounds for their individual purposes. This was commonly to comply with caliber or bullet weight permitting regulations for specific game, though performance also drove the rise of wildcatting. Metallic silhouette shooting is a popular field for wildcatters, as many competitors seek to adapt rifle rounds they can fire through their pistols. Autopistol hunters and competitors have also used wildcatting as a means to improve feeding.
In the last 30 years, wildcatting has taken off as a common man’s hobby – resulting in a lot of great, innovative rounds as well as many that are not so great. At the end of the day, it’s the chase for a better round that matters.
Main Features Wildcatters Seek to Develop
Higher velocities: This feature is selected for by either reducing the caliber of a round or increasing the capacity of the case.
Increased energy: Increasing the capacity of the case or the caliber increases the overall energy of the round.
Increased efficiency: Shortening the case, reduction of the case taper or increasing the shoulder angle all result in increased overall efficiency, which means increased accuracy.
Greater consistency: Tinkering around with the weight, diameter or velocity can increase the consistency of a round, which likewise leads to improved accuracy.
Methods of Altering Wildcat Rounds
Increased case length: When the case length is increased, more propellant can fit inside. This is what transformed the .38 Special into the .357 Magnum – with the latter having three times the energy. It’s much easier to create a new case from scratch than it is to modify an existing one (commercially produced rounds). It’s possible to modify existing cartridges through stretching them out, but this is a very advanced form of wildcatting requiring highly specialized tools.
Cold forming: A heavily lubricated case is carefully forced into a reloading die for the desired caliber. This can only be used to reduce the overall dimensions of the round.
Fire forming: This is actually a rather ingenious method of wildcatting, whereby a parent case, or case partially formed through cold forming, is fired out of the desired firearm using only a light load of powder and bullet. Sometimes fast-burning powder is topped off with Cream of Wheat, creating a specialized blank that will expand the size of the case.
Rim modifications: Highly precise turning is required to modify a rim, making this another wildcatting modification primarily done by commercial enterprises. Most rim modifications remove the rim entirely or make a rimless round into a rebated one. This allows for larger rounds to be loaded into the weapon than the action was designed for.
Trimming to length: Both cold forming and fire forming come with the same problem: The case is generally still too long for the purposes the wildcatter is looking for. So the case has to be trimmed down to the appropriate length, which is a standard reloading procedure.
Changing the shoulder angle: This is a means of making the casing more closely resemble a standard cylinder, allowing for a more efficient burn. Moving the shoulder back requires cold forming, while moving the shoulder forward requires fire forming.
Case taper reduction: A hot forming procedure whereby a cartridge is made into more of a standard cylinder, similar to changing the shoulder angle.
Changing the Case Diameter: Also known as “necking up” or “necking down,” this is the most common method of wildcatting. It changes the range of bullets, which can be loaded into the case. That significantly increases the velocity, power or wind resistance of a round. It is the most common method of wildcatting because it is relatively easy and also so versatile.
Necking back: This cold forming operation reduces the overall case capacity, making rounds more appropriate for shorter barrels. It is useful when trying to change a rifle round into something more appropriate for a pistol.
Blowing out: A fire-forming variety of wildcatting a round that increases case capacity by moving the shoulder forward.
Each of these methods requires a different set of equipment to execute, so don’t think that because you can do one you can do them all. Some companies catering to the hobby offer special dies designed specifically for the purpose of making wildcatting easier. Even if you’re looking to wildcat an unusual round, these companies generally have these dies available for special order. What’s more, some are very simple, albeit powerful, while others take extensive training and have a very small margin of error. As with any hand reloading, be very careful and err on the side of caution. If you don’t know what you’re doing, you’ll end up learning the hard way.
Notable Wildcat Cartridges
It makes sense once you hear it, but it might surprise you to find out that there are more wildcat calibers than there are commercially available rounds on the market. To make a list of all the wildcat cartridges of the world would be a book, not an article. However, there are some wildcat cartridges that are representative of the field in general and are worth mentioning:
Thompson/Center Ugalde: This is an entire family of wildcat rounds. Necking up .223 Remington cartridges to accept larger bullets is the main modification. These were created for the Thompson Center Arms Contender single shot pistol. The basis of this is the Contender pistol. Because of its bolt action, all that is required for a caliber change is the changing of a barrel. Variants include .30 TCU (.308 caliber), 6mm TCU (.243 caliber), 7mm TCU, .25 Ugalde, also known as .25 TCU (6.35 mm) and 6.5mm TCU (.264 caliber, really a 6.7 mm bullet).
.22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer: Perhaps one of the craziest wildcat cartridges ever made, this was specifically designed to set a world record for firing at over 5,000 feet per second. It failed to do so, topping out at 4,600 fps. This is a modified .378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge case necked down to .224 calibre. The round is primarily a curiosity without any practical applications.
6MM PPC: The 6mm PPC (Palmisano & Pindel Cartridge), commonly known as the 6 PPC, is a centerfire rifle cartridge prized for its accuracy. At up to 300 yards, it’s one of the most accurate cartridges on the market, which makes it ideal for benchrest shooting, where it finds almost exclusive use. The accuracy is made possible thanks to its barrel of a frame. This aggressively necked-up round is based on the .22 PPC, which is in turn a modification of the .220 Russian round.
Wildcatting Around the World
Wildcatting is most popular in the United States, which isn’t surprising considering the gun culture and degree of gun freedom in the U.S. However, there is one other country where the hobby of wildcatting ammunition is relatively common: Australia. While gun grabbers were mostly successful in eliminating private firearms ownership in Australia, gun ownership was not completely eliminated. Wildcatting still persists, albeit in an extremely niche circle of die-hard participants.
One of the cool things about wildcat cartridges is that they tend to be regional in nature. What works for hunting local varmints in South Carolina might be useless in Australia – where wildcatting is generally used for making better hunting rounds for game like deer and kangaroo. Nearly every Australian wildcatter is operating off of the .303 British round, thanks to the widespread availability and popularity of these after the Second World War. What’s more, there is an abundance of inexpensive Australian Lee–Enfield MkIII military rifles capable of firing them. Surplus rifles are often re-barrelled into .257 caliber, also known as the 303-25.
Wildcat Rounds on the Commercial Market
Some wildcat cartridges are so good that the market can’t help but pick them up and start making them on their own. Typically, this requires a commercial weapon manufacturer to make a firearm with a chamber to accommodate the round. This can be a tipping point for a wildcat cartridge. Word spreads that the round is ideal for some purpose, then a company begins manufacturing an appropriate firearm, then the cartridge is effectively no longer a wildcat round, but a standard commercial round.
Some former wildcat cartridges that became standard commercial rounds include:
.22 CHeetah: This was originally a 308 BR benchrest round, until wildcatters began necking the round down for a flatter trajectory. It’s one of the most effective varmint rounds within 300 yards. Wichita Arms and Shilen Rifle Company both manufacture weapons specifically for this round.
.303/25: This is one of the Australian rounds we talked about above – a .303 British that has been necked down to fire a .25 caliber round. Primarily used in pest and varmint control, the round is largely obsolete, but still popular among a group of collectors and enthusiasts.
.454 Casull: This is an extremely powerful round developed from the Colt .45 specifically for big game hunting. For years, Wyoming-based Freedom Arms was the only real manufacturer of this round. However, due to its popularity and its power, Ruger and Taurus began manufacturing firearms chambered for this round in the mid-1990s. In 1998, SAAMI released its first specs for the .454 Casull, which meant that it was no longer a wildcat round.
7-30 Waters: People have been wildcatting this round out of .30-30 Winchester ammunition since the 1890s. Wildcatters wanted to improve the performance of this lever-action round, making it much faster than the parent round without sacrificing much in terms of bullet weight.
How to Get Started With Wildcatting
You’ll likely need to read several books before fully understanding how to make the best wildcat cartridges in your home. However, we can give you some information so that you can decide whether or not wildcatting is something you want to learn more about and pursue further.
The first question is whether you want to start making wildcat rounds of someone else’s development or if you want to start coming up with your own improvements. The latter is a far more involved task and one that requires gunsmithing know-how if you ever want to actually fire the rounds – not to mention, you’re going to have to accept trial and error as part of the process. If you’re just making something someone else has already developed, you’re going to have a much easier time.
The good news is that there are programs that provide theoretical outcomes of potential rounds. Two of these programs are QuickDesign and QuickLOAD – programs used by wildcatters to see what their rounds are going to do when fired in the real world. This allows you to get a look into what your dream round will perform – or not perform. An example of how programs like this can save you time and money, is that they allow you to make crucial changes in your experimental ammunition before you start actually making the rounds. This also provides a safer way of checking to see if your pet design is actually going to work when fired.
Most of the equipment needed for wildcatting is the same as what you need for reloading. Anything you need beyond that depends on what kind of ammunition you want to make and what processes you want to use to make your rounds. You may need additional equipment, but your hand-reloading gear will have you off to a good start.
Is Wildcatting Ammo Worth It?
This is one of the big questions you’ll run into early on, and the answer is mostly a function of two other questions: First, do you absolutely need (or at least really, really want) the features provided by your customized ammunition? And second, do you enjoy the process?
Both of these questions will provide you with the answer to whether or not you’re better off just buying wildcat ammunition from a small provider or skipping it altogether and just using standard, commercially available rounds.
Don’t look at the hobby of wildcatting as a way to save money, or you’ll likely find yourself frustrated. Instead, look at it as a way to spend more time enjoying your firearms hobby, while getting a better feel for the ammunition you use. When approaching wildcatting this way, the frustration will become part of the fun. At the end of the day, the best part about wildcatting might not be improved ammunition, but rather what you learn about something you already love.
Posted in Blogs | Tagged ammo, ammunition, reloading, wildcat ammunition | Leave a reply
When It Comes Gun Violence, Guns Aren’t Cars.
In Virginia The Gun Guys Won With Or Without The NRA.
How To Properly Clean A Gun.
Why Do People Like Guns? Because They Like Guns.
Want To Argue About Nothing? Try Concealed-Carry Or Gun-Free Zones.
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Paul Allen donates $100 million to start cell research institute
by Chris Isidore @CNNTech December 9, 2014: 8:42 AM ET
Paul Allen is giving $100 million to start an institute to focus on the workings of human cells as a way to battle disease.
He said the Allen Institute for Cell Science will investigate and model the complex workings of cells in a way that scientists have not been able to do previously, creating a visual database and animated models of cell parts. It will bring together information from both the cellular and molecular sciences.
"Scientists have learned a great deal about many of the 50 trillion cells in our bodies over the last decades, but creating a comprehensive, predictive model of the cell will require a different approach," said Allen's statement.
The Microsoft co-founder said he hopes the study of how cells work and how their workings sometimes go wrong will revolutionize the study of diseases such as cancer.
Related: Change.org gets $25 million from big names
The initial project for the institute will be the Allen Cell Observatory, which will make a comprehensive study of human induced pluripotent stem cells. They can transform into other types of cells including heart muscle and epithelial cells, such as those that form skin.
Those stem cells are found in adults and are not the more controversial embryonic stem cells.
The results of the research, including data, models and other tools it creates, will be released publicly, which Allen said he hopes will encourage more sharing in the cell science community.
"As we have learned more about the enormous complexity of cell chemistry in recent years, it has become clear that we will need both new types of data and new computational tools to understand even the simplest living cells," says Bruce Alberts, prominent cell scientist at the University of California who is serving as an adviser to the institute.
Melinda Gates on Ebola: 'Vast inequities'
Earlier this year Allen pledged $100 million to battle Ebola in West Africa. In 2003, he created the Allen Institute for Brain Science to study the workings of human and animal brains, and he has contributed $500 million to that institute to date.
Related: Paul Allen pledges $100 million to fight ebola
He has donated $1.5 billion to various charities over his lifetime, according to the institute, and has taken Warren Buffett's The Giving Pledge to give away at least half of his fortune. Allen is estimated by Forbes to be worth $17 billion.
CNNMoney (New York) First published December 9, 2014: 8:42 AM ET
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NashvilleGab - Country music news and Nashville celebrity gossip
The best country music news and Nashville gossip at your fingertips. Helping you keep up with your favorite Nashville superstars and country music celebrities since 2008. Read today what you'll be talking about tomorrow.
Garth Brooks talks YouTube (again), Waylon Jennings spat, Chris Gaines, and more
Waylon Jennings versus Garth Brooks? Yep, it happened. Now Garth has addressed how he felt about having a country music legend not particularly like him much.
Back when Garth was at the height of his popularity, Jennings wasn't afraid to express his dislike of Garth's music. One quote from 1994 probably summed up Waylon's feelings best (quote via Saving Country Music): “I think he’s the luckiest s.o.b in the world. He’s gotten more out of nothing than anybody I can think of. I’ve always accused him of sounding like Mr. Haney on Green Acres.”
There's even a rumored quote that's attributed to Waylon that goes, “Garth Brooks did for country music what pantyhose did for finger ....” Um, yeah, you get the gist. You can read the history of that quote and whether it's actually from Waylon here.
Now Garth has addressed Waylon's feelings about him, telling Broadway that he never met the legend, but that yeah, he definitely didn't like his music.
"For some reason I guess I was the guy that he targeted," Garth admitted. "It was tough for me because he was a country legend and for some reason I was the guy that got the brunt of it."
Despite it being tough, Garth goes on to say that he tried not to take it to heart too much.
"I really never took it that personal. I think he was just addressing the different style in country music and the changing of the guard and that's tough for anybody to handle. The guy is a legend and deserves nothing but respect."
Garth also talks his alter ego Chris Gaines, social media, and what he'd tell his younger self if he had the chance to talk to him.
Check out his full interview below.
Garth Brooks takes a tumble on stage in Kentucky
Brantley Gilbert and Justin Moore jumped off the Spotify wagon
Garth Brooks apparently hates cats and happiness ... calls YouTube the devil
Rascal Flatts heading to Vegas for a limited residency
By Broadway
Nov 23, 2014 6:19:23 AM | Fight, Garth Brooks, Hot Stories, Interview, Scotty McCreery, Waylon Jennings
Reblog It 0
Eric Church is the f***ing man
I caught up with The Chief before his first show at Gillette Stadium last weekend. Not only is he my most favorite person to talk to, but his live show has actually gotten better since I last saw him. Granted, it's been a few years. Having moved twice in the past 18 months, I actually missed him by less than 7 days twice! He feeds off the crowd, and the energy builds as the show goes on. By the end, you need to change your drawers for multiple reasons. Here's my interview...enjoy!
Aug 27, 2013 8:26:52 AM | Eric Church, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings
Waylon Jennings Tribute Album Due Out Feb 8th
A Waylon Jennings tribute album featuring artists such as Trace Adkins, Alabama, Jamey Johnson and Randy Houserwill be released on Feb. 8 by Scatter Records and the Valory Music Co. The album will be the first installment in a trilogy titled The Music Inside: A Collaboration Dedicated to Waylon Jennings, with the remaining two volumes expected later in 2011. Alabama's version of "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way" will be released as the project's first single on Nov. 29 with an official add date of Dec. 13. It's the band's first new recording in a decade. Kris Kristofferson and Patty Griffincollaborate on "Rose in Paradise," and Jennings' widow, Jessi Colter, partners with Sunny Sweeneyfor a duet of "Good Hearted Woman." Jennings' son, Shooter Jennings, covers "Belle of the Ball" while Waylon Jennings appears on two tracks -- a solo version of "Go Down Rockin'" and a duet with John Hiatt on "Just to Satisfy You."
By Mary Kay
Nov 23, 2010 7:23:29 AM | Waylon Jennings
Want to go to a Waylon Jennings museum? Look no further than this liquor store
Littlefield, Texas, is the childhood home of the great Waylon Jennings and is still the home of Waylon's brother James. James owned a gas station in the tiny little town, but when gas prices started going through the roof, James decided to convert the station into a liquor store. And his choice of decoration was his brother....or more precisely lots and lots of his brother's memorabilia.
He has pictures and signatures and gold records and album covers....all the things you would expect to see in a museum grace the inside of the little liquor store. And by the look of the video below James is more than eager to chat about the life of his famous brother.
James said he "ain't ever going to be through" collecting Waylon's belongings and memorabilia. But he wished he had more, even though he already has a roomful of items and more at his house. The memorabilia that cover the liquor store walls were collected mostly from Waylon's wife, Jessi, his friends, relatives and the fans who visit.
"When you're living around something your whole life, you don't think about it," he said. "Looking back, you wish you'd have grabbed on to all that stuff."
Just goes to show you never know what you'll find when you visit some sleepy little towns. You can read the whole article about the Waymore Liquor Store here. And if the video below doesn't work you can watch it here.
Dec 16, 2009 9:50:40 AM | Waylon Jennings
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On Jason Aldean makes first public appearance with girlfriend at CMT Awards
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Business & economics, Politics & society, Research
Affluent people less likely to reach out to others in times of chaos, study suggests
By Yasmin Anwar, Media Relations| August 30, 2012 July 24, 2015
August 30, 2012 July 24, 2015 Yasmin Anwar
Crises are said to bring people closer together. But a new study from UC Berkeley suggests that while the have-nots reach out to one another in times of trouble, the wealthy are more apt to find comfort in material possessions.
While chaos drives some to seek comfort in friends and family, others gravitate toward money and material possessions, new study finds
“In times of uncertainty, we see a dramatic polarization, with the rich more focused on holding onto and attaining wealth and the poor spending more time with friends and loved ones,” said Paul Piff, a post-doctoral scholar in psychology at UC Berkeley and lead author of the paper published online this month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
These new findings add to a growing body of scholarship at UC Berkeley on socio-economic class — defined by both household income and education –- and social behavior.
Results from five separate experiments shed new light on how humans from varying socio-economic backgrounds may respond to both natural and man-made disasters, including economic recessions, political instability, earthquakes and hurricanes. They also help explain why, in times of turmoil, people can become more polarized in their responses to uncertainty and chaos.
For example, when asked if they would move across the country for a higher-paying job, study participants from the lower class responded that they would decline in favor of staying close to friends, family and colleagues. By contrast, upper class participants opted to take the job and cut ties with their community.
Although the study does not provide a definitive reason for why the upper class, when stressed, focuses more on worldly goods than relationships, it posits that “material wealth may be a particularly salient, accessible and preferred individual coping mechanism … when they are threatened by perceptions of chaos within the social environment.”
Each experiment was done with a different group of ethnically and socio-economically diverse participants, all of whom reported their social status (household income and education) as well as their level of community mindedness and/or preoccupation with money.
In a lab setting, researchers induced various psychological states in their subjects –- such as uncertainty, helplessness or anxiety –- so they could accurately assess how social class shapes the likelihood of people turning to others or to wealth in the face of perceived chaos.
Chaos is defined in the study as “the feeling that the world is unknown, unpredictable, seemingly random … a general sense that the world and one’s life have turned uncertain and topsy-turvy.” This uncertainty typically triggers either a fight-or-flight or a “tend-and-befriend” response, which researchers used to assess participants reactions to induced stress.
In the first experiment, a nationwide sample of 76 men and women ranging in age from 18 to 66 were tasked with selecting, online, a visual graph that best reflected the trajectory of economic ups and downs they believed they were likely to face in their lifetimes. The results showed that the upper class and, to a small degree, Caucasian participants, were less likely than the lower class and minorities to anticipate financial instability. Lower-class participants who expected more turmoil in their lives were more likely to turn to community to cope with perceived chaos, the study found.
In the second experiment, 72 college students were asked to write about positive and negative factors that could impact their educational experience. Potential threats that they cited included canceled classes, tuition hikes and academic failures. Again, worries about chaos and helplessness spurred lower class college students – but not the upper class ones – to say they would turn to their community for support. In the third experiment, 77 students were put through computerized tasks in which they rearranged into sentences words that either alluded to chaos or something negative. This exercise was designed to prime certain participants to see their environment as unpredictable and scary. When these participants were offered five minutes to take part in a community building task where they could develop friendships with a group of their peers, only lower class participants jumped at the opportunity.
The fourth experiment had 135 students unscramble similar words into sentences and then report on how much they agreed with such statements as “Money is the only thing I can really count on” and “Time spent not making money is time wasted.” When made to feel as if the world was chaotic, upper class participants consistently agreed more strongly with these statements.
In the fifth experiment, 115 students were given a hypothetical scenario in which an employer offered them a new job for a higher salary, with the caveat that they would need to move, and potentially lose touch with their current network of family, friends and colleagues. Again, when primed with feelings that the world was uncertain and chaotic, upper class participants were more amenable to cutting ties and taking the job, whereas lower class participants opted to stay close to their support networks.
“Given the very different forms of coping that we observe among the upper and lower classes, our research suggests that in times of economic uncertainty and social instability, disparities between the haves and the have-nots could grow ever wider,” Piff said.
Other coauthors of the study are UC Berkeley psychologist Dacher Keltner; Daniel Stancato, a psychologist in Seattle, Wash.; Andres Martinez of George Mason University and Michael Kraus of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation.
Topics: business and economics, press releases
Mark Rubinstein, who forever changed Wall Street, dies at 74
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Yale program exposes local youth to new languages and cultures
By Mike Cummings
Local high school students study Russian as part of the World CLASS program, which provides area youth the opportunity to study languages not offered by their school districts.
Every Monday at 4 p.m., Ayala Mack visits Yale to study Arabic.
Languages fascinate Mack, a ninth-grade student at New Haven’s Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School, and Yale is helping her to feed that passion. She is one of 280 students from area high schools who participate in the World Culture and Language After School Studies Program (World CLASS), which provides high-school students from New Haven and surrounding towns instruction in languages and cultures not commonly taught in local schools.
“Arabic is so different from other languages taught at school, and I wanted to try it,” said Mack, seated in a seminar room in Henry R. Luce Hall. “I think more people should be interested in learning it. It’s really hard, but I’m enjoying the class.”
Her classmate Maek Jung, a 10th-grade student at New Haven’s Wilbur Cross High School, chose Arabic because it seemed so inscrutable.
“I wanted to challenge myself,” said Jung, who moved to New Haven from South Korea during the summer. “This class seemed like a good opportunity for that.”
The program, founded in 1990, is run jointly by the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale and the Center for Language Study. It offers 14 courses in nine languages: Arabic, German, Italian, Japanese, Kiswahili, Portuguese, Russian, Ukrainian, and Urdu. Classes meet once a week for 90 minutes from October through May. The program costs $400 per course, although students of New Haven’s public schools receive scholarships supported in part by federal Title VI grants provided by the Macmillan Center’s Council on African Studies and Council on Middle East Studies. Some students take two languages. Mack, an East Haven resident, is also taking a course on Japanese.
Teaching foreign languages is not the program’s only goal, said Tarana Jafarova, who coordinates World CLASS.
“We also introduce our students to a foreign culture,” said Jafarova, who teaches Russian and Urdu classes and is on the staff of the Council on Middle East Studies. “We expose them to the music, food, dance, and art and try to develop an appreciation for the cultures and countries where people speak these languages.”
The students take field trips to cultural events, such as the Sakura cherry blossom festival at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Each year, the program hosts spring and winter festivals at Luce Hall, enlisting various student groups and cultural centers on campus.
Minjin Hashbat, program administrator at Yale’s Center for Language Study, said providing city and suburban schools a shared learning experience is an important element of World CLASS.
“It brings together students of various backgrounds and fosters understanding among them,” said Hashbat, who oversees World CLASS. “The kids form friendships with each other. They enjoy the diversity and multi-cultural environment in their classes.”
Students also get a glimpse of life on a university campus, which can spark an interest in pursuing a college education, Hashbat said.
“A lot of students enrolled in our programs from the New Haven public schools end up being the first generation in their families to enroll in college,” she said. “They use our program, as well as other outreach programs on campus, as a stepping stone that strengthens their college applications.”
Jessica Haxhi, supervisor of world languages at New Haven public schools, said the program provides city students a unique and valuable opportunity.
“Our students develop language skills, cultural understanding, and a love of language learning that will follow them well into college, career, and life,” she said. “We are thrilled to have this exciting learning opportunity made available to them and to cooperate with Yale on this and other projects to enhance education for New Haven students.”
The program solicits feedback from its students. Their testimonials show an appreciation for the opportunity to learn about a foreign language and culture in a diverse environment.
A student who had completed a Portuguese course reported having enjoyed the experience.
“I thought I wasn't going to fit in at first but having students with a different ethnicity/nationality really helped me feel comfortable,” the student wrote.
The program’s instructors are Yale staff members, graduate students, and language teachers from the community. Hanan Elkamah, who teaches at New Haven’s Mauro-Sheridan Magnet School, instructs Mack and Jung’s Arabic class.
“I like how she takes the time to explain things to me,” Mack said. “She’s patient. She doesn’t fly through the information.”
The courses are structured under the guidelines of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. The Center for Language Studies organizes at least two methodological and pedagogical workshops a year for the program’s instructors. New Haven public school students, and students from about half of the suburban districts, receive a half-credit in foreign languages when they complete a course.
Three years ago the Yale Office of New Haven and State Affairs included World CLASS in its Yale Pathways to Arts and Humanities initiative, which seeks to inspire youth to explore the human experience through art, history, literature, and languages. Faculty in the language departments are supportive of the program and hope to see it expanded, Hasbat said.
Hashbat said that, according to surveys, World CLASS students often continue to study foreign languages and cultures in college and pursue related careers.
“We can see how this program literally transformed their lives,” she said.
Part of the In Focus Collection: Giving back: Yalies in service to communities around the world
Part of the In Focus Collection: Impact: How Yale research, programs, and people effect real-world change
Mike Cummings: michael.cummings@yale.edu, 203-432-9548
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JOBLESS RATE FALLS TO 8.6%
Employers added 120,000 jobs in November, sending the unemployment rate down to 8.6%.
WASHINGTON (CNNMoney) — Hiring accelerated in November, and the unemployment rate unexpectedly plummeted to its lowest rate in nearly three years.
Employers added 120,000 jobs in November, the Labor Department reported Friday, marking a pick-up in hiring from October.
Meanwhile, the unemployment rate fell to 8.6%, the lowest rate since March 2009 and a significant decline from 9% just a month before.
It’s too early to bust out the champagne though. The unemployment rate fell for two reasons: yes, more Americans got jobs, but at the same time, even more people gave up on their job searches altogether.
Men were the biggest group to benefit from a stronger labor market, as the unemployment rate for those over age 20 fell to 8.3% from 8.8% in October, primarily because they landed jobs. The women’s unemployment rate however, experienced a much smaller dip, mostly because more women had left the labor force.
“It’s always important to keep in mind, the unemployment rate can bounce around, depending on who is actively looking for jobs,” said Paul Ballew, chief economist for Nationwide.
Still though, this bounce was much better than expected. Economists surveyed by CNNMoney had expected the unemployment rate to remain unchanged, and a gain of 110,000 jobs.
Job growth from the two prior months was also stronger than originally reported. An additional 72,000 jobs were added during September and October combined.
Private businesses have been leading the charge, while the government has continued to bleed jobs, primarily at the state and local level. The public sector cut 20,000 jobs in November, while private employers added 140,000 jobs.
The retail industry alone added about 50,000 jobs, more than half of which were at clothing and accessory stores, while the leisure and hospitality industry added 22,000 jobs, mostly at restaurants. Because the Labor Department adjusts its numbers to account for seasonal trends, job growth in those industries is not necessarily because of holiday hiring alone.
“Retailers realized consumer demand was going to be stronger than had been anticipated,” said Patrick O’Keefe, director of economic research at J.H. Cohn. “It’s confirmation that more of them are taking an optimistic view — but still many of those jobs could prove to be temporary in nature.”
The government’s monthly jobs report is compiled from two separate surveys: one that polls businesses and another that polls households. While businesses have reported mild job growth this year, the household report has shown much stronger gains, averaging around 320,000 jobs created each month since August.
Since the recession, the report has become one of the most closely watched economic indicators. Stocks headed higher Friday, and the White House cautiously welcomed the news, pointing out “the pace of improvement is still not fast enough given the large job losses from the recession that began in December 2007.”
Overall, the labor market still has a long way to go to recover from the financial crisis. Less than a third of all the 8.8 million jobs shed have since been recovered. A whopping 13.3 million people remain unemployed and 43% of those have been out of work for more than six months.
Have you run out of unemployment benefits? What are you doing to survive? Email realstories@cnnmoney.com and you could be included in an upcoming story.
Article source: http://rss.cnn.com/~r/rss/money_topstories/~3/hfqbWgSJPFs/index.htm
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Big money: Tarasenko signs eight-year, $60 million extension with Blues
By Jason BroughJul 7, 2015, 1:09 PM EDT
The St. Louis Blues have signed forward Vladimir Tarasenko to an eight-year, $60 million contract.
With a cap hit of $7.5 million, the deal makes Tarasenko the highest-paid player on the Blues.
One of the league’s top young stars, the 23-year-old had 37 goals in 2014-15, fewer than only four others in the NHL. He added six more goals in six playoff games.
The Blues drafted Tarasenko 16th overall in 2010.
As far as recent comparables go, it’s not easy to come up with many, given Tarasenko was a restricted free agent coming off his entry-level deal. Brandon Saad just signed a six-year, $36 million deal with Columbus, but his production pales next to Tarasenko’s.
Elite scoring wingers-wise, Phil Kessel is on an eight-year deal with an $8 million cap hit (shared now by both the Leafs and Penguins), while Corey Perry is also on an eight-year deal, with an $8.625 million cap hit.
Kessel, 27, and Perry, 30, each have a longer track record, but Tarasenko is considerably younger. And, of course, Kessel and Perry signed those deals as pending unrestricted free agents, which gave them more leverage in negotiations.
Tags: Anaheim Ducks, Brandon Saad, Chicago Blackhawks, Corey Perry, Phil Kessel, St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vladimir Tarasenko
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The Nicholas Effect
Nicholas’ story
Places for Nicholas
Category Archives: In the news
Article and photos from 2018 KODA conference in Seul, South Korea
September 2018 – Speech and conference at the 2018 KODA (Korea Organ Donation Agency) Global Forum
Filed under Events, In the news
The life of the others thanks to the organs of Nicholas
Article written by Reg Green and published in the first page of the Italian newspaper “Il Corriere della Sera” on August 23, 2018
A few months ago I received an email from complete strangers that has haunted me ever since. It came from an English couple, Dave and Debbie Marteau, whose 21-year old son, Jack, was killed in a road accident in Palermo in 2009 and whose organs were donated to three Italian families. Despite repeated attempts in those eight years they have not been able to find out anything about the recipients.
They don’t know if they are young or old, male or female or what they do for a living. They don’t even know if they are alive. Their pain was clear in every line.
The Marteaus wrote to me because my wife, Maggie, and I who are American, donated the organs of our seven-year old son, Nicholas, to seven very sick Italians, after he was shot in an attempted carjacking on the Salerno-Reggio Calabria autostrada in 1994.
Two foreign families, two identical decisions — but in our case the names of the recipients, their pictures and the stories of their rescue from the very edge of death were flashed around world and tens of millions of people realized, many for the first time, that hearts, kidneys, livers and other body parts that would otherwise be buried could instead bring dying people, many of them very young, back to full health.
Everywhere, from Russia and Venezuela to India and Taiwan, the willingness to donate was stimulated. I know because people in all those places have told me they personally were affected. In Italy alone in the following 10 years organ donation rates tripled, a rate of increase no other country has come close to and thousands of people are alive who would have died.
The difference between the two incidents is that in 1999 a law was passed that forbade healthcare personnel from revealing the identity of people involved in a transplant.
The law does not forbid the two sides from contacting each other — it would be unconstitutional if it did – but it has effectively prevented it.
The goal is laudable: to protect privacy and allow the healing process to continue for both donors and recipients. Everyone wants that. The question now is whether the law is being interpreted too rigidly for any family to find information that would help give it peace of mind.
Among other objections, opponents of change often say that if the transplant fails, the donor family may experience again the pain of losing their own loved ones. Maggie and I have personal experience about that. Two of Nicholas’ recipients have died but we have never felt we were losing him again, only the sadness of losing two other brave people with whom we had a bond.
Even then the loss was eased by their families’ gratitude that their loved one had that second chance. After the transplant, Andrea Mongiardo, the boy who got Nicholas’ heart told everyone he now had a Ferrari inside him now instead of a patch-up old jalopy. Valentina Lijoi, a cousin of his, smiled when she told me that story after Andrea died and I told her I feel sure it will make me smile too till my dying day: a beautiful shared moment and surely therapeutic for both of us.
Every country has to decide what degree of connection is desirable but I am convinced that as a general rule letting the two pairs of families, working with their doctors, make that decision offers by far the best chance of success.
In the United States, the two sides can contact each other if both want to – but only if both want to. The first contact is normally by anonymous letter, sent through the hospital, so that neither side can identify the other. The letters are read by their doctors to make sure there are no problems — that one side, for example, is not likely to make demands that the other does not want.
In time, if all goes well, they can reveal their names. Typically, they exchange stories that warm each other’s hearts. The recipients say what they can do that they were too ill to do before the transplant. The donor families describe what the donors’ favorite sports were, if they had children, tell anecdotes.Their doctors are ready to help resolve any friction that might occur and either party can break off contact at any stage.
Elling Eidbo, CEO of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, the US government-appointed organizations that administer these programs, says most donor families interact with their recipients in some way. These organizations, which work closely with hospitals all across the country, confirm that in the large majority of cases the results are positive: they help recovery not hinder it.
Can things go wrong? Of course. That’s life. But those occasions are rare. To give just one example: the CEO of one of the most successful OPOs says that in 38 years in his area, which has millions of people, he can remember only two cases of contact causing problems in his area, which includes millions of people. Two! In 38 years!
As a foreigner, it is not my place to make recommendations but I have a question about how the law is being applied: is preventing the few cases that go wrong worth denying every Italian family who wants it the consolation of knowing more about the people who saved their lives or whose lives they saved?
Reg Green.
Filed under In the news, Italia, Italy, Nicholas' story, Uncategorized
June 14, 2017 · 11:14 am
My son died in 1994 but his heart only stopped beating this year
Article by Harry Low – BBC
Link to the complete article: http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39422660
Link to the Facebook post: https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews/posts/10154643441412217
Link to BBC Mundo – Spanish: http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-39815787
Link to BBC Brazil – Portuguese: http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-39818220
Filed under In the news, Italia, Italy, Stories
“How ‘The Nicholas Effect’ changed (in better) the history of transplants”
Article published on “Il Corriere della Sera” (Italy)
To read the complete article, go to:
http://www.corriere.it/salute/17_febbraio_09/cosi-l-effetto-nicholas-ha-cambiato-in-meglio-storia-trapianti-5cbd3fe6-eeb6-11e6-b691-ec49635e90c8.shtml
Filed under In the news, Italia, Italy, Nicholas' story
The final beat of Nicholas Green’s heart of gold
The boy who received my son’s heart died Tuesday, although he wasn’t really a boy any longer. He was 37 years old. But when my 7-year old son, Nicholas, was shot in an attempted carjacking on a family vacation in Italy, Andrea Mongiardo was just 15.
At the hospital in Sicily, my wife, Maggie, and I decided to donate Nicholas’ organs and corneas for transplant. They went to seven very sick Italians, four of them teenagers.
Perhaps the most agonizing feature of being on a transplant waiting list is that patients can do nothing at all to influence if and when a new organ becomes available. Their future depends entirely on whether a family they have never met is willing to put its own mourning aside to help total strangers.
When Maggie and I were told that Nicholas had no brain activity, it was she who said, in her usual thoughtful way, “Shouldn’t we donate his organs?” We had no sense of what the outcome would be, who could be saved, what they would be like. But we realized we could squeeze some good from what was otherwise just a meaningless act of violence.
What we couldn’t have guessed was how much good: News of our decision spread like wildfire and so galvanized Italy that in the next 10 years organ donation rates there tripled, an increase no other country came close to. As a result, thousands of people are alive who would have died.
Some of Nicholas’ recipients were very close to death. One was a diabetic who was almost blind, couldn’t walk without help and was dependent on others. After receiving Nicholas’ pancreas cells, she moved into an apartment of her own for the first time in her life.
A 19-year-old got Nicholas’ liver. The day he died, she was in a coma. She bounced back to health, married her childhood sweetheart a year later, and a year after that they had a baby boy, whom they named Nicholas. He is now a tall, handsome young man with no trace of the liver weakness that has dogged his family.
Andrea took longer to heal. He had been sick for so long that his strength was undermined and, whereas the other six were soon back in circulation, he only slowly came back to full health. But when he did, it was for real. He got a job, played soccer, lived more normally than he had ever been able to growing up.
And that is how things stood until we got an email on Tuesday. “His heart was still functioning,” Andrea’s longtime doctor told us, “but the lungs were fibrotic because of drug toxicity related to chemotherapy treatment received three years ago after diagnosis of lymphoma. The final cause of death was respiratory failure.”
It was deflating, like the loss of a young nephew you never dreamed would go before you did. But we don’t feel as if Nicholas died all over again, as some doctors fear will happen to donor families. And, of course, we still have no regrets about the decision we took in 1994.
When the Italian media first asked Maggie how she felt about our son’s heart being transplanted into another boy’s chest, she said: “I always hoped Nicholas would have a long life. Now I hope his heart has a long life.”
Sadly, Nicholas’ heart didn’t reach old age. It did, however, perform nobly for three decades. I’m not surprised: I always knew it was pure gold.
Published on The Los Angeles Times.
Link: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-green-death-of-recipient-of-nicholas-greens-heart-20170210-story.html
Emotional Upsurge for Italian Earthquake Victims has one Precedent: Death of a Small American Boy
The recent devastating earthquake in Italy caused an enormous increase in blood donations. Searching for a parallel, the highly-respected health writer, Margherita De Bac, could only find one: an organ donation story. Here is an excerpt from her article in Italy’s largest newspaper, Corriere della Sera.
Earthquake, the Amatrice Effect, thousands of blood donors.
“The emotion after the earthquake brought a huge number of volunteers to the blood transfusion centers. Now the people in charge of such donations hope that the solidarity does not end. It has been called ‘The Amatrice Effect’. Thousands of blood units were donated by citizens to help the victims of the shock that crumbled towns between Lazio, Abruzzo, Umbria and Marche regions. There has never been such an immediate and spontaneous response [from blood donors.] The same thing happened in 1994, when the death of Nicholas Green, the American child killed along the Salerno-Reggio Calabria highway when he was traveling with his parents, moved the consciences of the Italian people about the problem of transplants…….. Sometimes emotion is worth one thousand campaigns of awareness.”
[After Nicholas’ organs were donated, donations in Italy increased every year for the next 10 years, until they were three times as high as before he was killed.]
Link to the article: http://www.corriere.it/salute/16_agosto_29/terremoto-effetto-amatrice-d5eae0fc-6e06-11e6-8bf4-ee6b05dcd2d0.shtml
Filed under In the news, Italia, Italy, Uncategorized
On organ donation day in Italy (May 29), a cycling team led by Francesco Avanzini, a 62 year-old man who had a kidney transplant 29 years ago, cycled the very tough 50 kilometers, along the glorious coast from Sestri Levante to Genoa. It was like many other activities for organ donation that day but for me it had not one, not two, but three special features. First, I have become friends with Francesco and have seen a degree of moral courage in him that matches the physical courage he needed to stay alive. Second, the race went close to the very first place I stayed in Italy 65 (!) years ago when I had saved enough money to go abroad for the first time. And third could I, as a young man, have ever imagined on that first visit that a race would one day pass this way that would end at a bridge named for my own son?
Filed under Events, In the news, Italia, Italy, Nicholas' story, Places named for Nicholas
“Nicholas has grown and lives in me”
The touching meeting between the father of Nicholas Green, the child killed along the Salerno-Reggio Calabria highway in 1994, and the woman who received the liver of the child. “At night, when I lift my eyes to the sky and see the brightest star, I know he is there. He is my guardian angel.”
(Visto magazine – February 19, 2016)
“The day Nicholas died, October 1st 1994, Maria Pia was only 19 years old and she was dying. Only a transplant could save her. Looking at her now, a vigorous mother of two lovely children and wife to a loving husband, tears come to my eyes thinking that, if my wife Maggie and I had made a different decision that day, nothing of this would be possible. If we hadn’t helped her and the others, I know we would never have forgiven ourselves”. Twentyone years have passed since Maria Pia Pedalà, in her final hepatic coma in a hospital bed, was saved at the very last moment by a liver transplant: the donor of the organ and of a new life was an American child, Nicholas Green, only seven years old, who was vacationing with his family in Italy and was declared brain dead after having been shot on September 29 1994 by two robbers along Salerno-Reggio Calabria Highway .
Since then, Maria Pia Pedalà has kept in touch from time to time with Nicholas’ parents whose deed of love gave a new life to her and to other three teenagers and an adult, and also sight to two more people thanks to the donation of the kidneys, liver, heart, corneas and pancreas cells. Since then, Nicholas’ father comes to Italy every year – where more than 100 places including streets, schools, parks, squares have been named for the little Green child. The most recent visit took place on February 3rd, on occasion of a conference on organ donation organized in Palermo at the Mediterranean Institute for Transplants and Special Treatments (ISMETT). And right here in Palermo, Green met Maria Pia Pedalà again. Over these years she married and had two children, Alessia, 15 years old, and Nicholas, 17, who got his name to honor her mother’s donor.
“Every meeting with the Greens is a unique emotion for me: I feel a shiver running down my back” Maria Pia explains. “His hug is something you cannot explain, like that of a father to a son: there is something indissoluble that ties me to him because Nicholas lives in me.
Q: Maria Pia, many years passed from the transplant that saved your life. What do you remember of those days?
A: I was 19 and during those last two months I had been suffering stomach ache and nausea – I entered and exited emergency rooms at hospitals not knowing the cause, until one day the pains were so strong that I was urgently hospitalized, suffering high temperature and jaundice. The day after I fell into a coma: a silent and sudden hepatitis was making me die. I was moved to Rome in an Air Force plane and I was in very serious condition. A few days later the doctors told my relatives that an organ was available. My state was so terrible that my relatives were reluctant, fearing to worsen my ordeal. But the doctors insisted that I had to undergo surgery: not only the organ worked perfectly, but after 21 years I am still here.”
Q: when did you discover that your donor was a child only seven years old?
R: I remained in the intensive care unit for a couple of weeks and then I was moved to the ward where they gave me a newspaper: it talked of an angel who had come from a far place and saved seven people. I burst into tears, I felt guilty thinking that a child had died and I was alive instead. It is a feeling that I had very often, until the day that together with the other six recipients I had the opportunity to meet those wonderful parents: Maggie made me understand that their choice had been a choice of love, that the donation had helped them to contain their sorrow. All over these years we have always kept in touch, meeting each other when possible, otherwise through emails.”
Q: You are a mum now: how did you explain your story to your children?
A: “Since October 2nd 1994 Nicholas is part of me, therefore there was no need to explain anything.
They heard me talking of Nicholas since they were born, also because I have a photo of him in my house, the last one before he was killed, that Reginald and Maggie gave me. Besides the photo I placed a toy soldier with which Nicholas played: during the first meeting with all the recipients, Reginald gave one of them to each recipient, and since then I have been looking after it with love. To me Nicholas is my angel: when at night I lift my eyes to the sky and see the brightest star, I think ‘there he is’. Nicholas has grown with me, and it is as if I have two ages: 40 years, my birth age and then 28, the age he will be today.”
Q: Have you ever been in California, where Nicholas is buried?
A: “Yes, and it was an incredible emotion. I went there with my family on the 10th anniversary since Nicholas had died, in 2004, and I took there a bell made in my hometown, San Fratello. Nicholas was buried in a catholic church in Bodega Bay, a small village 60 miles north of San Francisco where the Greens lived before moving to Los Angeles. Nicholas loved the sound of bells and that’s why his parents built a monument, The Children’s Bell Tower, made with 140 bells sent by families from many parts of the world, mostly from Italy; the central bell was blessed by Pope John Paul II.
Q: How is your life after the transplant?
A: I live a very regular life, I don’t smoke, don’t drink, I am careful about what I eat, and I have never had problems. For many years I have taken immunosuppressant medicines, as the procedure requires, but I have been pregnant two times and everything went well. On the other hand my transplant took place on October 2nd, the day dedicated to the guardian angels and I think I have some very special guardian angels: I lost my mother when I was 12, and I lost a brother when I was a child. I suffered loneliness, but a year after the transplant I married my husband Salvatore and I welcome every day of my life as a gift”.
Q: Also thanks to Nicholas and the decision of the Greens, organ donations in Italy started to grow. Until then our Country was at the very bottom in Europe: how is the situation in your region now?
A: “In Sicily there is the ISMETT, a center of excellence as for transplants, and a culture of donation is more and more widespread. As for me, everytime I can, I go to schools to tell my story to the children to let them know what organ donation is. And everytime, they always ask me about Nicholas: his memory is alive now as it was twenty years ago and I am more than certain that people will keep talking of this angel for a long time.”
Article published on Visto magazine (Italy), February 19, 2016.
Filed under In the news, Italia, Italy
April 4, 2016 · 11:03 am
The ripples from Nicholas’ death continue to spread even after 21 years: here is an article from a Russian publication, which includes a photo of his seven recipients and the five members of the Green family taken two years after the transplants. Russian organ donation rates are very low and many people are repelled by the idea. Personal stories like this, showing the tremendous results of a single donation, can have a considerable impact.
Published on March 2016
Link: http://dislife.ru/materials/7
Filed under In the news
The Photos That Have Marked An Era (Facebook page)
SKY TG24 (Italy) – Interview – Organ donation, the campaign to change the law on anonymity
My Daughter Got Married Thinking of Nicholas
BBC: Ten Unmissable long reads from 2017
Organ Recipient Saves the Life of Woman Who Saved Hers. The story of Lisa Barker
A Proven Healing Experience For Bereaved Families
What the OPOs (Organ Procurement Organizations) Say about Connections
Other Countries Say Communication Between Organ Donors And Recipients Is Beneficial In The “Vast Majority Of Cases.”
હરીશ દવે (Harish Dav… on My son died in 1994 but his he…
Luca A. on Twenty-two years after he was…
breathinsteven on Lung Recipient Runs Up A …
Book: 87 and Still Wandering About
Nicholas' Cup
Nicholas' story
Places named for Nicholas
The Gift That Heals
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Reg Green
Reg Green was the chief business writer for the London Daily Telegraph and a freelance commentator for the BBC. Although he specialized in economics, he wrote in his spare time for almost every section of the newspaper, including being the newspaper's jazz critic, writing travel articles, obituaries, book reviews and soccer. After emigrating to the United States he founded and edited Mutual Fund News Service, an investment newsletter. He is the father of Nicholas Green, a seven-year old California boy who was shot in an attempted car jacking while on a family vacation in Italy in 1994. The killing became a worldwide news event when Reg and his wife, Maggie, donated their son's organs to seven very sick Italians, four of them teenagers. They went on to found the Nicholas Green Foundation (https://www.nicholasgreen.org) to promote organ donation to save some of the tens of thousands of deaths around the world caused every year by the failure of one organ that could have been replaced by a donated one.
The Children’s Bell Tower (1996) – Sculptor: Bruce Hasson. Location: Bodega Bay
The Nicholas Effect · A Boy's Gift to the world
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First-Ever Anglican Liturgy comes to St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican
© FILIPPO MONTEFORTE/AFP/Getty Images
[UPDATE 08-FEB-17 15:10 UTC: La Stampa confirms Anglican liturgy will take place at St. Peter's]
Breaking news from the Anglican Centre in Rome: On March 13, 2017, the Vatican will permit its Anglican friends to celebrate a "Choral Evensong" at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. The Centre's web site has announced the event as follows:
On March 13, for the first time ever, Anglican Choral Evensong will be celebrated at the altar of the Chair of St Peter in St Peter’s Basilica at the Vatican. Permission for this unique occasion was granted by Cardinal Angelo Comastri, Archpriest of St Peter’s Basilica, during a recent meeting with Archbishop David Moxon, the Director of the Anglican Centre in Rome. Archbishop Moxon will preside at the 3.00pm service, while the preacher will be Archbishop Arthur Roche, the Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments at the Vatican. The music will be sung by the Choir of Merton College, Oxford. The gesture reflects the deepening bonds of affection and trust between the Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church. It comes just five months after Pope Francis and Archbishop Justin Welby celebrated Vespers together at the Basilica of San Gregorio al Celio to mark the Anglican Centre’s fiftieth anniversary. It also reciprocates the liturgical hospitality of the Archbishop of Canterbury and Dean Robert Willis in welcoming Cardinal George Pell to celebrate Solemn Mass at the High Altar of Canterbury Cathedral on July 7, 2015. This date has been chosen as the nearest available day to the historic feast day of St Gregory the Great, who has become an unofficial patron of relations between the two churches. St Gregory was the Pope who sent St Augustine to England in 595 to evangelise the Anglo-Saxons and who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. ("First-ever Anglican Evensong in St Peter’s, Rome", The Anglican Centre in Rome; accessed Feb. 7, 2017)
While we have not yet seen official confirmation from the Vatican on this, this is sure to follow, since it is inconceivable the Centre would make such a historic announcement without it being absolutely clear that the event is "on". "Choral Evensong" is not a Mass but is basically the Anglican equivalent of solemn Vespers in the Catholic Church. In any case, it is a formal liturgical celebration carried out by a false religion, and for the Vatican authorities to permit it to be carried out at St. Peter's is a mortal sin of sacrilege and implied heresy. As the Anglican Centre notes on the same page, "The service will be celebrated according to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer" (footnote 3). Apparently that is the only way to get the Vatican to permit a liturgy from before 1962. Aside from the fact that Anglican clergy do not have valid orders -- that is, they are all laymen or, as the case tends to be nowadays, laywomen -- to permit a Catholic church to be used for Protestant worship is a sacrilege of the highest order. That it should happen at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, of all places, is a testimony to how rotten the Modernist Vatican II Sect really is. The news article quoted above says that "[p]ermission for this unique occasion was granted by Cardinal Angelo Comastri, Archpriest of St Peter’s Basilica". Those with their heads still in the sand will rush to point out that this approval was clearly not given by Francis, who of course must be presumed innocent in the whole matter until there is evidence to the contrary. This, of course, is nonsense. (We remember how that defense worked out during the Marxist crucifix kerfuffle in Bolivia.) First, the "Archpriest" of St. Peter's Basilica would never be able to give permission for something as explosive as this without the nod from the big guy at the top. Secondly, even if this had been decided without Francis' knowledge or permission, it would not be incumbent upon Francis to make clear that (1) he never gave his approval and (2) had no knowledge of this. Thirdly, let's get real: Precisely what in Francis' "pontificate" so far could possibly give the impression that he would be opposed to such a thing? This is the man who just participated in a syncretist-indifferentist commemoration of the Reformation in Sweden and once told a Lutheran questioner to do whatever she liked about whether to receive "Holy Communion" at a "Catholic Mass". It is ironic that the Anglican evensong should be celebrated at the altar of the Chair of St. Peter -- the very symbol of the spiritual authority that the Papacy has over all Christians, and which Anglicans obstinately reject. In 1865, the Holy Office under Pope Pius IX sent a letter to certain Puseyite Anglicans to remind them that "all groups entirely separated from external and visible communion with and obedience to the Roman Pontiff cannot be the Church of Christ, nor in any way whatsoever can they belong to the Church of Christ..." (italics added). The letter also clarified that it is not sufficient for Anglicans to simply put aside any enmity against Catholicism but they must in fact become Catholics:
...it was not enough to restore this much desired intercommunion to lay aside enmity and hatred against the Roman Church, but ... it was wholly necessary to embrace the faith and communion of the Roman Church by reason of the command and ordinance of Christ. As the Venerable Bede, the most brilliant ornament of your people, says, “All who separate themselves in any way whatsoever from the unity of faith and the fellowship of him (Blessed Peter) cannot be loosened from the bonds of sins and cannot enter upon the gate of the heavenly kingdom. (Holy Office, Letter Ad Quosdam Puseistas Anglicos, Nov. 8, 1865)
How far that is from the teaching of Francis and the Vatican II Sect today, who claim that heretics can equally be saved and that baptism alone suffices to make one a member of the Church! Choosing the altar of the Chair of St. Peter for this spiritually-criminal act of Anglican worship in a Catholic church is not only ironic, however, it is also blatantly heinous. That it should take place on March 13, under Francis, with Anglicans in particular is quite fitting, however. Although the news snippet does not mention it, March 13 of this year marks the 4th anniversary of the election of "Pope" Francis. The Anglican religion was founded by an adulterous King Henry VIII, who insisted on receiving an annulment for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Since he did not have legitimate grounds for having the union declared invalid, however, Pope Clement VII refused to grant him the annulment, which ultimately led to the creation of the so-called "Church of England", of which Henry VIII made himself the head, and to which almost the entire English Catholic hierarchy defected under threats of execution. Since fake annulments and adultery-as-marriage are the hallmarks of Francis' "pontificate", it only makes sense for him to allow the original adultery-promoters to worship according to their rite in St. Peter's. To be clear, though: Allowing heretics and schismatics to use Catholic sacred buildings is not new in the Vatican II religion. The door for it was opened by the Second Vatican Council, and it was formally enshrined in the law of the Novus Ordo Church by "Saint" John Paul II, in his 1993 mammoth document, Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism. See for yourself:
Catholic churches are consecrated or blessed buildings which have an important theological and liturgical significance for the Catholic community. They are therefore generally [!] reserved for Catholic worship. However, if priests, ministers or communities not in full communion with the Catholic Church do not have a place or the liturgical objects necessary for celebrating worthily their religious ceremonies, the diocesan Bishop may allow them the use of a church or a Catholic building and also lend them what may be necessary for their services. Under similar circumstances, permission may be given to them for interment or for the celebration of services at Catholic cemeteries. (John Paul II, Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms of Ecumenism, March 25, 1993, n. 137)
Now, some may say that this explicitly states that Protestants must be lacking a place for their worship, as a condition for them being permitted to use a Catholic church. This is indeed true, but irrelevant, for two reasons: (1) It does not say that that this is the only scenario under which a Protestant service may be conducted in a Catholic church; (2) Even if it did say so, since the principle that Protestants are allowed to conduct their heretical services in Catholic churches under certain circumstances is admitted, the door has been opened to this sacrilege, and now it is merely a question of extending the circumstances under which it may happen. In other words, John Paul II put a wedge in the door, and now it is just a matter of opening it further and further since it is no longer closed. On what grounds could anyone argue that it is licit to allow Protestants to use a Catholic church for their worship if they have no other place, but not if some "spiritual advantage" suggests it (to use typical Vatican II speak)? As a side note, we must mention that there is no such thing as Protestants "celebrating worthily their religious ceremonies", since their religious ceremonies are per se odious to God. Objectively speaking, no heretical worship as such can possibly be "worthy" in God's sight, so John Paul II's phraseology right there implies the heresy of indifferentism. All heretical worship is false worship and is a sin against the First Commandment:
False worship is opposed to the truth of religion (e.g., Old Testament rites which signify that Christ is still to come), or of rites (e.g., Mass by a layman, Mass according to a form disapproved by the Church), or of facts (e.g., fictitious revelations, ecstasies, mysticism, miracles, relies), or of morals (e.g., human sacrifice, praises of God to the accompaniment of lascivious words or music, etc.). (Rev. John McHugh & Charles Callan, Moral Theology, Vol. II, n. 2274)
Since heretical worship is always at the very least "opposed to the truth of religion", it constitutes false worship. That, of course, has never stopped the Vatican II Sect. In 2013, John Paul II's sacrilegious law was applied in the archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, where "Cardinal" Daniel DiNardo -- currently the "conservative" head of U.S. Novus Ordo Bishops -- permitted Methodist heretics to use his co-cathedral to confer "ordinations" on women! See our coverage of this abominable spectacle here:
Houston, we have a Problem
You can't make this stuff up! Officially permitting a false religion to carry out its liturgical rites -- not some joined "ecumenical" service but a specifically Anglican liturgy -- inside the Vatican's St. Peter's Basilica is a new one for the Novus Ordo Church. But then again, all things considered, it really isn't any more outrageous than what we've seen for decades. After all, St. Peter's has long been defiled with the Novus Ordo Missae ("New Mass") of Paul VI, the errors of the Second Vatican Council, and the incredible Modernist heresies and blasphemies of the false Novus Ordo popes, especially Paul VI, John Paul II, and Francis. And we must not forget that on Dec. 8, 2015, St. Peter's facade was turned into a virtual zoo of grunting, howling, roaring, and chirping animals. All of this is part of some "great renewal" we simply haven't properly understood yet, no doubt. So now it's the Anglicans' turn to profane St. Peter's. What difference, at this point, does it make? Image source: Getty Images (Filippo Monteforte/AFP); cropped License: Rights-Managed
First-Ever Anglican Liturgy comes to St. Peter’s Basilica at the Vatican
What difference, at this point, does it make?
[UPDATE 08-FEB-17 15:10 UTC: La Stampa confirms Anglican liturgy will take place at St. Peter’s]
Breaking news from the Anglican Centre in Rome: On March 13, 2017, the Vatican will permit its Anglican friends to celebrate a “Choral Evensong” at St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican. The Centre‘s web site has announced the event as follows:
On March 13, for the first time ever, Anglican Choral Evensong will be celebrated at the altar of the Chair of St Peter in St Peter’s Basilica at the Vatican. Permission for this unique occasion was granted by Cardinal Angelo Comastri, Archpriest of St Peter’s Basilica, during a recent meeting with Archbishop David Moxon, the Director of the Anglican Centre in Rome.
Archbishop Moxon will preside at the 3.00pm service, while the preacher will be Archbishop Arthur Roche, the Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments at the Vatican. The music will be sung by the Choir of Merton College, Oxford.
The gesture reflects the deepening bonds of affection and trust between the Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church. It comes just five months after Pope Francis and Archbishop Justin Welby celebrated Vespers together at the Basilica of San Gregorio al Celio to mark the Anglican Centre’s fiftieth anniversary. It also reciprocates the liturgical hospitality of the Archbishop of Canterbury and Dean Robert Willis in welcoming Cardinal George Pell to celebrate Solemn Mass at the High Altar of Canterbury Cathedral on July 7, 2015.
This date has been chosen as the nearest available day to the historic feast day of St Gregory the Great, who has become an unofficial patron of relations between the two churches. St Gregory was the Pope who sent St Augustine to England in 595 to evangelise the Anglo-Saxons and who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
(“First-ever Anglican Evensong in St Peter’s, Rome”, The Anglican Centre in Rome; accessed Feb. 7, 2017)
While we have not yet seen official confirmation from the Vatican on this, this is sure to follow, since it is inconceivable the Centre would make such a historic announcement without it being absolutely clear that the event is “on”.
“Choral Evensong” is not a Mass but is basically the Anglican equivalent of solemn Vespers in the Catholic Church. In any case, it is a formal liturgical celebration carried out by a false religion, and for the Vatican authorities to permit it to be carried out at St. Peter’s is a mortal sin of sacrilege and implied heresy. As the Anglican Centre notes on the same page, “The service will be celebrated according to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer” (footnote 3). Apparently that is the only way to get the Vatican to permit a liturgy from before 1962.
Aside from the fact that Anglican clergy do not have valid orders — that is, they are all laymen or, as the case tends to be nowadays, laywomen — to permit a Catholic church to be used for Protestant worship is a sacrilege of the highest order. That it should happen at St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican, of all places, is a testimony to how rotten the Modernist Vatican II Sect really is.
The news article quoted above says that “[p]ermission for this unique occasion was granted by Cardinal Angelo Comastri, Archpriest of St Peter’s Basilica”. Those with their heads still in the sand will rush to point out that this approval was clearly not given by Francis, who of course must be presumed innocent in the whole matter until there is evidence to the contrary.
This, of course, is nonsense. (We remember how that defense worked out during the Marxist crucifix kerfuffle in Bolivia.) First, the “Archpriest” of St. Peter’s Basilica would never be able to give permission for something as explosive as this without the nod from the big guy at the top. Secondly, even if this had been decided without Francis’ knowledge or permission, it would not be incumbent upon Francis to make clear that (1) he never gave his approval and (2) had no knowledge of this. Thirdly, let’s get real: Precisely what in Francis’ “pontificate” so far could possibly give the impression that he would be opposed to such a thing? This is the man who just participated in a syncretist-indifferentist commemoration of the Reformation in Sweden and once told a Lutheran questioner to do whatever she liked about whether to receive “Holy Communion” at a “Catholic Mass”.
It is ironic that the Anglican evensong should be celebrated at the altar of the Chair of St. Peter — the very symbol of the spiritual authority that the Papacy has over all Christians, and which Anglicans obstinately reject. In 1865, the Holy Office under Pope Pius IX sent a letter to certain Puseyite Anglicans to remind them that “all groups entirely separated from external and visible communion with and obedience to the Roman Pontiff cannot be the Church of Christ, nor in any way whatsoever can they belong to the Church of Christ…” (italics added). The letter also clarified that it is not sufficient for Anglicans to simply put aside any enmity against Catholicism but they must in fact become Catholics:
…it was not enough to restore this much desired intercommunion to lay aside enmity and hatred against the Roman Church, but … it was wholly necessary to embrace the faith and communion of the Roman Church by reason of the command and ordinance of Christ. As the Venerable Bede, the most brilliant ornament of your people, says, “All who separate themselves in any way whatsoever from the unity of faith and the fellowship of him (Blessed Peter) cannot be loosened from the bonds of sins and cannot enter upon the gate of the heavenly kingdom.
(Holy Office, Letter Ad Quosdam Puseistas Anglicos, Nov. 8, 1865)
How far that is from the teaching of Francis and the Vatican II Sect today, who claim that heretics can equally be saved and that baptism alone suffices to make one a member of the Church!
Choosing the altar of the Chair of St. Peter for this spiritually-criminal act of Anglican worship in a Catholic church is not only ironic, however, it is also blatantly heinous.
That it should take place on March 13, under Francis, with Anglicans in particular is quite fitting, however. Although the news snippet does not mention it, March 13 of this year marks the 4th anniversary of the election of “Pope” Francis. The Anglican religion was founded by an adulterous King Henry VIII, who insisted on receiving an annulment for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Since he did not have legitimate grounds for having the union declared invalid, however, Pope Clement VII refused to grant him the annulment, which ultimately led to the creation of the so-called “Church of England”, of which Henry VIII made himself the head, and to which almost the entire English Catholic hierarchy defected under threats of execution. Since fake annulments and adultery-as-marriage are the hallmarks of Francis’ “pontificate”, it only makes sense for him to allow the original adultery-promoters to worship according to their rite in St. Peter’s.
To be clear, though: Allowing heretics and schismatics to use Catholic sacred buildings is not new in the Vatican II religion. The door for it was opened by the Second Vatican Council, and it was formally enshrined in the law of the Novus Ordo Church by “Saint” John Paul II, in his 1993 mammoth document, Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism. See for yourself:
Catholic churches are consecrated or blessed buildings which have an important theological and liturgical significance for the Catholic community. They are therefore generally [!] reserved for Catholic worship. However, if priests, ministers or communities not in full communion with the Catholic Church do not have a place or the liturgical objects necessary for celebrating worthily their religious ceremonies, the diocesan Bishop may allow them the use of a church or a Catholic building and also lend them what may be necessary for their services. Under similar circumstances, permission may be given to them for interment or for the celebration of services at Catholic cemeteries.
(John Paul II, Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms of Ecumenism, March 25, 1993, n. 137)
Now, some may say that this explicitly states that Protestants must be lacking a place for their worship, as a condition for them being permitted to use a Catholic church. This is indeed true, but irrelevant, for two reasons: (1) It does not say that that this is the only scenario under which a Protestant service may be conducted in a Catholic church; (2) Even if it did say so, since the principle that Protestants are allowed to conduct their heretical services in Catholic churches under certain circumstances is admitted, the door has been opened to this sacrilege, and now it is merely a question of extending the circumstances under which it may happen. In other words, John Paul II put a wedge in the door, and now it is just a matter of opening it further and further since it is no longer closed. On what grounds could anyone argue that it is licit to allow Protestants to use a Catholic church for their worship if they have no other place, but not if some “spiritual advantage” suggests it (to use typical Vatican II speak)?
As a side note, we must mention that there is no such thing as Protestants “celebrating worthily their religious ceremonies”, since their religious ceremonies are per se odious to God. Objectively speaking, no heretical worship as such can possibly be “worthy” in God’s sight, so John Paul II’s phraseology right there implies the heresy of indifferentism. All heretical worship is false worship and is a sin against the First Commandment:
False worship is opposed to the truth of religion (e.g., Old Testament rites which signify that Christ is still to come), or of rites (e.g., Mass by a layman, Mass according to a form disapproved by the Church), or of facts (e.g., fictitious revelations, ecstasies, mysticism, miracles, relies), or of morals (e.g., human sacrifice, praises of God to the accompaniment of lascivious words or music, etc.).
(Rev. John McHugh & Charles Callan, Moral Theology, Vol. II, n. 2274)
Since heretical worship is always at the very least “opposed to the truth of religion”, it constitutes false worship.
That, of course, has never stopped the Vatican II Sect. In 2013, John Paul II’s sacrilegious law was applied in the archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, where “Cardinal” Daniel DiNardo — currently the “conservative” head of U.S. Novus Ordo Bishops — permitted Methodist heretics to use his co-cathedral to confer “ordinations” on women! See our coverage of this abominable spectacle here:
You can’t make this stuff up!
Officially permitting a false religion to carry out its liturgical rites — not some joined “ecumenical” service but a specifically Anglican liturgy — inside the Vatican’s St. Peter’s Basilica is a new one for the Novus Ordo Church. But then again, all things considered, it really isn’t any more outrageous than what we’ve seen for decades. After all, St. Peter’s has long been defiled with the Novus Ordo Missae (“New Mass”) of Paul VI, the errors of the Second Vatican Council, and the incredible Modernist heresies and blasphemies of the false Novus Ordo popes, especially Paul VI, John Paul II, and Francis. And we must not forget that on Dec. 8, 2015, St. Peter’s facade was turned into a virtual zoo of grunting, howling, roaring, and chirping animals. All of this is part of some “great renewal” we simply haven’t properly understood yet, no doubt.
So now it’s the Anglicans’ turn to profane St. Peter’s.
Image source: Getty Images (Filippo Monteforte/AFP); cropped
License: Rights-Managed
in Novus Ordo Wire Ecumenism, Francis, Indifferentism, Profanation, Sacrilege, Syncretism, Vatican 25
Francis has a Message for...
Francis does it again:...
25 Responses to “First-Ever Anglican Liturgy comes to St. Peter’s Basilica at the Vatican”
strickerm February 7th, 2017
Next up, those with prayer rugs.
Vox Cantoris February 7th, 2017
Don’t give him any ideas!
Pedro February 8th, 2017
He already “thought” of it. Just waiting for a “good” time to “surprise” everyone.
Allah Akb…No! No! No! We need to take back Our Lord’s Church from these vile, heretical pantywaists! I agree with you. It appears all manner of vile profanation is going to “surprise” the world. May God have Mercy on the deluded souls responsible for this madness.
James Pridmore February 7th, 2017
Will someone please send up a flare when they see the abomination of desolation stand in the holy place? I’m afraid I’ll miss it given the near total chaos of the Francis papacy.
Already happened, just after VII invaded St. Peter’s Basilica.
Nicholas February 7th, 2017
Francis affirms Anglicans and Lutherans, prays with imams in mosques, but criticizes Catholics. Go figure.
John Hixson February 7th, 2017
That’s a good one! 🙂
Lets hurry up and post this story on the Remnant’s You Tube channel. Then they will finally see that sedevacantism is the only log….er never mind they will just delete it. 🙂
rich February 8th, 2017
As one (of many Im sure) who was recently banned from posting on their site (Im not exactly sure why) I support this message.
Tom A. February 8th, 2017
Im jealous, I’ve only been banned on 1P5.
Siobhan February 10th, 2017
Good for you. 1P5, along with The Remnant, CFN, AKA Catholic, et al, are places online from which Catholic parents must protect their children-for reasons upon which I’ve elaborated many times in this combox.
http://mhtseminary.libsyn.com/conference-matters-of-faith-matters-of-opinion-by-bp-sanborn
poapratensis February 7th, 2017
What is up with partial communion, anyway? Isn’t communion with the church like pregnancy? You are either in communion with the Church or you are not. Partial communion seems to me about as sensible as partial pregnancy. The same thing I wonder in regards to the SSPX. How does one achieve fuller communion? Is this like having twins?
ClareB February 7th, 2017
The “great renewal” is clearly a slogan to shroud something like “Operation Creeping Conquest”. A detailed timeline of events in the Vatican over the last 59 years or so that whittled away at all things Catholic, might give the impression that the Vatican City State territory was slated early on by the enemies of Catholicism to be the center for the ecumenical One World Order religions.
Has any non-Catholic ever turned down an invitation to practice their religion within the boundaries of the Vatican City State stating publicly with media coverage that it would not be right, that their conscious would sear them, that they would be condemned on the spot, that they must needs remain in their own church confines so as not trespass?
King Henry XIII became head of a new church when he took the spiritual supremacy from the Pope and gave it to himself by confiscating, plundering and devastating England. The new church of our time has come not in the form of a person this time but in the form of documents, documents that mandate
the stealth confiscation, plunder and devastation of the Catholic Church from within. The Six Servants of Vatican II Council have altogether exceeded the monster King Henry VIII.
Key words in your comment, imo–, “–gave it to himself.”
ClareB February 10th, 2017
That one sentence to which you refer was fresh in my mind because right now I am reading “A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland” by William Cobbett written in 1824 – 1827.
He writes, p.44, …for being now “head of the Church”, he had a deal to manage; he had, poor man, to labor hard at making a new religion, new articles of faith, new rules of discipline, and he had new things of all sorts to prepare. Besides which, he had, as we shall see in the next number, some of the best men in his kingdom, and that had ever lived in any kingdom or country, to behead, rip up, and cut into quarters. He had, moreover, as we shall see, begun the grand work of confiscation, plunder and devastation.
p. 50, …still there were some men to raise their voices against the illegality and cruelty of the divorce of Catherine, as well as against that great preparatory measure of plunder, the taking of the spiritual supremacy from the Pope and giving it to the King.
p.53, …If the bishops, or only a fourth part of them, had shown equal courage, the tyrant would have stopped in that career in which was now on the eve of producing so many horrors. The stand made against him by these two poor friars was the only instance of bold and open resistance until he had actually got into his murders and robberies.”
I got this book from True Restoration Radio. It is on sale right now at Restoration Radio two for the price of one. This book, like Restoration Radio says about their series, The Root of the Rot, is a real eye-opener from true history to really grasp and understand our present crisis. (And it is a 406 page book.)
https://www.truerestoration.org/press/
JMoore February 8th, 2017
FrancisChurch-anglican, united in sodomy and apostasy, going hand in hand into the noahide rainbow lala land.
Hellaciously hilarious!
CT February 8th, 2017
Snorts*
Teuton1981 February 8th, 2017
At least the Anglicans don’t cover their heresy under the name ‘catholic’ as the VII heretics do. So maybe the NO mass in St. Peter’s Basilica is even worst than the their Anglican brothers counterpart…
unam_sanctum February 8th, 2017
This is great news, Anglicans let us celebrate Mass at Canturbury Cathedral, so we let them sing some songs at St. Peter’s Basilica. This is a win for Catholics. We’re bringing in thousands of Anglicans. The Episcopal Church is falling apart. Do not be surprised if England becomes Catholic again.
Alan F. February 9th, 2017
I think you’ll find the Novus Ordo sect is also falling apart. A few disgruntled Anglicans (who haven’t stopped being Anglicans, by the way) isn’t changing that.
And to think England might become Catholic in the foreseeable future requires a new level if having one’s head in the sand. England in reality isn’t even a Protestant country anymore, it’s an atheist one.
Richard Harrold February 24th, 2017
Come on, this sort of thing has been going on for years. Westminster and St Paul’s Cathedrals have been doing Vespers/Evensong exchanges for ages. What matters above all else is that this is a chance to reveal to the Catholics the cultural treasures of the English choral tradition: Evensong itself is merely an amalgamation of Vespers and Compline, with no meaningful changes to either.
Francis Watch, Episode 40: Amazon Synod, Tweaking the Our Father, and the Declaration of Truths July 3, 2019
View tweet on TwitterIn reply to ܟܪܺܣܛܝܳܢܳܐ
@Servus_Iesus Now you’ve insulted animals. No animal does such a thing!
Video: Woman Violently Pushes Novus Ordo Priest Off Stage During ‘Mass’ Live Broadcast - https://t.co/8wEO3ZDUAF #catholic
“Uncle Ted” #McCarrick reportedly involved in plan to fly thousands of Vietnamese orphans to United States - https://t.co/jbKi766qDC #catholic
Funny! Uber-NovusOrdo Massimo Faggioli discovers the evils of schism, when his sect teaches that schismatics are used by the Holy Ghost as means of salvation: https://t.co/uKDmYhb4dr #catholic #popefrancis
Mark Shea is frightened about the future of the Vatican II Sect….
Zenit English@zenitenglish·
Synod for Amazonia: Mobilization of Latin American Priests https://t.co/4bucACgEPS
View tweet on TwitterIn reply to Rad Trad Dave
@Dave17578502 Absolutely. Right here: https://t.co/wPSq1TJVdT
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Resident Expert: Social Activism in Mauritania
Erin Pettigrew, assistant professor of history, talks to a woman in Mauritania for research into the country's political history.
NYU Abu Dhabi Public Affairs April 4, 2016
When she visited Mauritania in January, Erin Pettigrew was surprised to note a revival of interest in the history of the Kadehiin, an underground leftist movement active in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Surprised and pleased, since the movement is the subject of her current research.
Pettigrew, assistant professor of history and Arab Crossroads Studies at NYU Abu Dhabi, specializes in Mauritania, in the southwestern Sahara. She first went to the country of just under four million people in 2003-05, "right after undergrad, when I was in the Peace Corps," she says. That's when she learned Hassaniya, the local Arabic dialect, which has been essential to her scholarly work. Her previous research there dealt with the social history of the Islamic esoteric sciences and spiritual mediators in Mauritania during the colonial and postcolonial periods. Now, she has moved to focus on postcolonial social and political history.
The Kadehiin Movement
"Kadehiin" is an Arabic word for "workers" or “laborers” and Pettigrew says that although the movement lasted for barely a decade, she is finding that many former activists, now aging, "are wanting to speak out about the movement for posterity's sake … People are wanting to remember and talk about the movement." Likewise, public media discussions of the history of the movement have picked up because of political changes in the country, with many former members actively a part of opposition groups.
The Kadehiin movement emerged during the Cold War, and "some of its members identified as Communist, but of course that's problematic in a country that defines itself as an Islamic republic … and there don't seem to have been any direct connections with the Soviet Union, although many of those who became members studied abroad in France, Tunisia, and Algeria. The Kadehiin were much more focused on internal social and educational reforms."
As long ago as the 14th century, Pettigrew notes, the renowned Arab traveller Ibn Battutu observed that women in Saharan societies had more social freedom than other Arab Muslim women at the time, openly engaging in mixed gendered company and conversations.
She will be investigating the degree of female leadership in the Kadehiin, but knows already that many women did participate. She hopes to explore "what social messaging they had, if any, about gender roles." Pettigrew says the Kadehiin seem to have combined "forces from different sides of Mauritanian society" – those considered “Arab” and speaking Arabic but also those speaking sub-Saharan languages, women, and those of lower social status.
There's growing discontent among some sectors of the population who feel socially and politically marginalized.
Erin Pettigrew, assistant professor of history
"A Growing Voice"
If Mauritania was somewhat ignored politically during the Cold War – "an interstitial place" as Pettigrew calls it – it is becoming less so nowadays. The long borders with Mali and Algeria make kidnapping and terrorism daily concerns for its residents. Even if Mauritania did not experience a change in political power because of the Arab Spring, she says, " there's definitely a growing frequency in street protests and public criticism of the government."
After her most recent visit, "I did say 'I don't know how much longer I'm going to be able to go'. Not because I'm sensing or have experienced anything directly hostile to me, but I think politics in Mauritania are changing … there's growing discontent among some sectors of the population who feel socially and politically marginalized. And what's happening in Mali means my own movement in Mauritania has been limited; there are parts of the country I haven't been able to go to" in the past five years, she says. She stays only with Mauritanian friends, and travels prudently.
Erin Pettigrew, NYUAD assistant professor of history, talks to a man in Mauritania for research into the country's political history.
Still, she's eager to get on with her new research. "I try to test out my topics on my Mauritanian colleagues," Pettigrew says, and about the Kadehiin "people had strong opinions, they're willing and excited to talk about them. That means it will be easier to research, and that the subject has relevance for the people who live there."
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Broken Record with Malcolm Gladwell, Rick Rubin, and Bruce Headlam
By Pushkin Industries
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From Rick Rubin, Malcolm Gladwell, and Bruce Headlam, liner notes for the digital age. Digressions, arguments, back-stories, and random things to disagree with about music.
Vampire Weekend Returns: Ez...
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J.S. Ondara: Knockin' on America's Door
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How To Write A Hit Song: The Love Junkies
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Pilot: Walk on Water
In the fall of 2017, Rick Rubin, Malcolm Gladwell, and Bruce Headlam sat down with Eminem and talked about his song 'Walk on Water', featuring Beyonce. That interview became the pilot episode of Broken Record.
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And more electric shocks to Juergen the cook and to 60 year old Mike, a chair of a trade union and a human rights activist from New Zealand.
But at the same time, things were done with a kind of psychotic tenderness. Like in a strange play, soldiers (men and women) with weapons and vests packed with munitions and personal cameras, but wearing white shirts with the national flag embroidered in a shiny blue color with wearing white masks on their faces. Last time it was all-black.
And let's keep in mind:
Had we been Gazan fishermen or children approaching the Gaza fence, they could have simply put a bullet in the head of each of us and that's it.
The IDF Attorney unit has also confirmed that that there's no need for an investigation.
Kategorie: Medien
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Is the Bible fact or fiction? What does the hard evidence really have to say about the foundational story of the Old Testament – the Exodus of Moses and the Israelites out of Egypt? Patterns of Evidence: The Exodus is an in-depth 12-year investigation by documentary filmmaker Timothy Mahoney. Follow his journey as he searches for answers to these questions while uncovering an amazing pattern of evidence that matches the Bible’s account every step of the way. But will these startling new finds change traditional views of history? And why are so many unwilling to even consider the possibilities? Enter the debate, between the Bible’s account and the majority of the world’s most prominent archaeologists and historians who proclaim that there is no hard evidence to support the Exodus. Mahoney decides to tackle this issue with a deliberate scientific approach. After examining the details in the biblical text, he journeys across the globe to search for patterns of evidence firsthand. The result is the most comprehensive archaeological investigation into the Exodus ever captured on film.
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Tag Archives: luzonensis
Penman No. 353: Our Very Own Indiana Jones
Posted on May 14, 2019 by penmanila
Penman for Monday, May 13, 2019
IT ISN’T every day that a Filipino scientist captures the imagination not only of his own people but of the world, but last month, this amazing feat happened, putting Filipino science squarely on the global map.
The “feat” wasn’t just one event but the culmination of many years of painstaking work, research, and analysis, culminating in the publication of the results in Nature magazine of a cover article titled “Out of Asia: A newly discovered species of hominin from the Philippines,” attributed to an international team including Filipino archeologists Armand Mijares, Eusebio Dizon, and Emil Robles. The article announced the discovery of what the team named Homo luzonensis, a new and previously unknown hominin or human-like species. (For a laymanized version of the article, see here: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01152-3.)
The discovery consisted of about a dozen small bones found over several years in Callao Cave in Peñablanca, Cagayan, which taken together indicate that an early form of man lived here at least 50,000 years ago. Dr. Mijares, an associate professor with the University of the Philippines’ archeological studies program who led the international team, had been excavating the area since the early 2000s. In 2007, the digging paid off with the discovery of a foot bone “dated to 67 thousand years ago (which) provided the earliest direct evidence of a human presence in the Philippines,” according to Nature. The discovery radically questions and reforms previous theories about human migration in Southeast Asia.
As exciting as the unearthing of luzonensis was, almost just as important was the fact of Mandy Mijares—a UP Manila graduate who took his PhD at the Australian National University—getting published in Nature, which stands at the very pinnacle of scientific publishing. As another well-known UP scientist and a good friend of Mandy’s, the geologist Dr. Mahar Lagmay, puts it, “It is every serious researcher’s dream and struggle to publish in this journal. Out of the 15,000 manuscript submissions that the editorial board of Nature receives a year, only 1,000 or approximately 7% are accepted for publication. Only 2% of science journals have an impact factor of 10 or higher. In 2017, Nature’s IF was 41.57—equivalent to publishing 40 articles in most other scientific journals.”
Mandy also happens to be a brother of mine in UP’s Alpha Sigma fraternity (that’s him in the middle, with me and Smart founder Doy Vea), and last week, the brods honored our very own Indiana Jones in a public program at the Asian Center, where he also presented his findings. I was asked to say a few words, and here’s part of what I said:
I had been hearing about this discovery from Brod Mandy in my private conversations with him over the past two years, and I knew he was sitting on something literally groundbreaking but even I had no sense of the magnitude of his project until I saw it on the cover of Nature. In my lectures on science journalism, I often refer to Nature as the one of the summits of scientific publishing. It’s hard enough to get published in, and much, much harder to land on the cover of. That’s what Mandy Mijares has been able to do.
But bragging rights aside, the joy I share with Mandy comes from seeing scientific inquiry and intellect recognized and rewarded in an environment that has become increasingly indifferent if not hostile to intelligence, indeed to the search for truth. Sophistry and opportunism have overtaken scholarship and honest labor, and political hacks purport to know and dispense the truth better than scientists and artists remote from the centers of money and power.
The discovery of luzonensis reaffirms the role of a university not just in its own country but in the world at large—in spearheading and supporting the pursuit of knowledge, even knowledge that will probably not add one percentage point to GDP or have any practical application we can think of at the moment, but which enlarges our understanding of ourselves as humans.
The question that luzonensis poses for us in the 21st century is, how much farther have we truly come along as humans from our hominin ancestors, and what have we done with our humanity? Are we any less crude, any less brutal? Could it be that luzonensiswas more caring for its own kind than we are today with ours? What have we done with our larger brains, our gift of language, with which we have become so facile that we can now distort the truth without batting an eyelash and even look smart and smugly smile and be praised by others for how cleverly we get away with murder? Faced with a creature that may have had no appreciation or even need for truth, reason, and justice, what does it say about us today, many millennia later, at a time when a good many of us seem to be in the same position, and let me repeat—with no appreciation or need for, and perhaps just a flickering memory of, truth, reason, and justice?
I’ll stop here before my sadness gets the better of me and beclouds the brightness of the hour, which properly belongs to Homo luzonensis and its brilliant discoverer. I’ll end with our fraternity’s exhortation to seek excellence in all endeavors—or I should say, in all good and just endeavors. Mabuhay ka, Brod Mandy!
Posted in Art & Culture, Asia, Education, Friends, history, Pinoys, Science & Technology, UP | Tagged archeology, discovery, hominin, luzonensis, Mijares, nature, research, science, UP | Leave a reply
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Archive for the tag “Ricciardo”
Notes from the Singapore paddock
The Romain Grosjean-Felipe Nasr first-lap shunt at Monza (Romain’s right-front hit Felipe’s left-rear) was indeed a “racing accident”. It turns out that when Grosjean’s Lotus was hit from behind by Nasr’s team-mate, Marcus Ericsson, the resultant impact/deceleration was enough to activate the anti-stall on the Grosjean car. That’s why he then had no control and collected Nasr. I asked Romain if this anti-stall-kicking-in-mid-corner thing was something he’d experienced before and he said he had: it’s become an integral part of this current era of technology and I’m not sure if it’s a good thing. I can see why the cars need anti-stall but Romain agreed with me that in the pre-anti-stall days the incident at Monza would have resulted in all three cars continuing relatively undamaged. As it was, we had a “racing accident” – 2015-style.
Speaking of Nasr, he’s been having a lot of trouble with his Brembo brakes recently – specifically with managing the temperature windows. With Ericsson racing Carbon Industries on the other Sauber, Felipe is also switching to CI for Singapore. Daniil Kvyat, meanwhile, was surprised to hear this, bearing in mind how quick he has been on the Brembos. More than anything, I think, it shows how difficult it is for a team to run two different brake types within the same garage. Nick Chester of Lotus was saying that “finding brake temperature windows” is primarily all about brake ducts – “which sounds simple until you remember that ducts not only play a massive role in aerodynamics but are also very expensive and time-consuming to make, given all the aero research that goes into them.” Is this a good thing, I ask? I don’t mind getting excited about a new wing or something but brakes to my mind should be about stopping power. Ducts? Difficult to get massively excited about their inner workings but it explains why low-budget teams like Sauber find it so hard to get the cars to stop.
It’s official: Ferrari have confirmed that Kimi’s poor start in Monza was indeed “finger trouble”. Having said that, Kimi replicated the start sequence a hundred times in the simulator a few days later – and was perfect every time. He would have hated that, too, because he likes working in a simulator about as much as he does wearing a tie. He’s still unsure of what happened but it all points to him not releasing the first clutch paddle…and initiating the anti-stall. Sergio Perez owned up to having made the same mistake in practice – and Romain Grosjean said that he still spends a lot of time thinking through the start procedure the night before a race. It’s still that complicated.
I said on video after the Italian GP (www.youtube.com/peterwindsor) that Kimi’s re-booting process seemed to be pretty quick but the word from the Singapore paddock is that it was actually surprisingly slow: all that’s required is a quick flick of the clutch lever and you’re away. I guess in Kimi’s case he also spent a few seconds wondering whether the nightmare could really be true…
Valtteri Bottas has confirmed that he “just happened” to leave the garage ahead of Felipe Massa in that final qualifying run at Monza. Bottas gave the tow to his team-mate – and the rest is history. My bet is that Valtteri will be a bit more selective about who he has running five seconds behind him come Monza, 2016, but this is really something he should have thought about before the race week. No honest race engineer is ever going to prevent one of the team cars helping the other (in qualifying) but the driver has a different set of priorities – ie, he wants to beat his team-mate more than any other driver on the grid. Most of today’s F1 drivers have managers for their contractual and financial affairs but, to me, this sort of issue should also fall under the remit of “management”. If a personal manager isn’t going to remind the driver about something like this, who is?
Daniel Ricciardo told me that “getting the brakes to work at the correct temperature” has been a major factor in the recent, improved performance at Red Bull-Renault. I say this because so much of the chat these days is about the Renault engine and very little of it is about Brembo. Singapore is going to be a big test for the brakes – but then Monza was, too, and they worked well there on the RB11. Daniel has been preparing for Singapore by cycling in a controlled-temperature environment (stationary bike!) and is of course looking forward to the weekend: “I sweat so much here it’s ridiculous. When I got out of the car a couple of years ago there was so much fluid in the seat that boys thought I’d had an unfortunate accident or something. I wouldn’t resort to Nico Rosberg’s extremes but I need to make sure that the front of the balaclava acts as a sweat-soak..” Nico’s extremes? Apparently he’s tried sanitary pads on his forehead…
Sergio Perez reports that the Mexican GP is a sell-out and that the temperature is definitely rising. (A lot of the tickets were bought by touts, but then it was forever thus in Mexico City.) No pressure on him, then? “I love it,” he chortled. “The place has gone crazy. I never imagined that F1 could be so big in my country.”
Posted in Circuits, F1 and tagged Bottas, Brembo, Ferrari, Grosjean, Nasr, Red Bull, Ricciardo, Romain
Pirelli responds…
I like Pirelli’s response not only to the FIA statement of yesterday but also to the specific tyre problems we saw at Silverstone.
Milan, July 2, 2013 – After exhaustive analysis of the tyres used at Silverstone, Pirelli has concluded that the causes of the failures were principally down to a combination of the following factors:
1) Rear tyres that were mounted the wrong way round: in other words, the right hand tyre being placed where the left hand one should be and vice versa, on the cars that suffered failures. The tyres supplied this year have an asymmetric structure, which means that they are not designed to be interchangeable. The sidewalls are designed in such a way to deal with specific loads on the internal and external sides of the tyre. So swapping the tyres round has an effect on how they work in certain conditions. In particular, the external part is designed to cope with the very high loads that are generated while cornering at a circuit as demanding as Silverstone, with its rapid left-hand bends and some kerbs that are particularly aggressive.
2) The use of tyre pressures that were excessively low or in any case lower than those indicated by Pirelli. Under-inflating the tyres means that the tyre is subjected to more stressful working conditions.
3) The use of extreme camber angles.
4) Kerbing that was particularly aggressive on fast corners, such as that on turn four at Silverstone, which was the scene of most of the failures. Consequently it was the left-rear tyres that were affected.
The only problems that had come to light before Silverstone were to do with delamination, which was a completely different phenomenon. To stop these delaminations Pirelli found a solution by suggesting that the teams use the tyres that were tried out in Canada from Silverstone onwards. When this proposal was not accepted, Pirelli found another solution through laboratory testing, with a different bonding process to attach the tread to the carcass. So the problem of delamination has nothing at all to do with what was seen in Great Britain.
Following the conclusions of this analysis, Pirelli would like to underline that:
1) Mounting the tyres the wrong way round is a practice that was nonetheless underestimated by everybody: above all Pirelli, which did not forbid this.
2) In the same way, under-inflation of the tyres and extreme camber settings, over which Pirelli has no control, are choices that can be dangerous under certain circumstances. Because of this, Pirelli has asked the FIA for these parameters will be a topic of accurate and future examinations. Pirelli has also asked for compliance with these rules to be checked by a dedicated delegate.
3) Pirelli would also like to underline that the 2013 tyre range does not compromise driver safety in any way if used in the correct manner, and that it meets all the safety standards requested by the FIA.
The logical conclusion is that it is essential for tyres with the performance and technical sophistication of the 2013 range to be regulated and carefully controlled by Pirelli itself. In order to ensure the optimal functioning of the tyres, the Italian firm would need real-time data from the teams regarding fundamental parameters such as pressure, temperature and camber angles. While waiting for new regulations that would permit Pirelli access to this data, vital for the development and management of these state-of-the-art tyres, the following measures are proposed for the forthcoming grands prix, in agreement with the FIA, FOM, the teams and the drivers:
1) The use of the evolution of the current tyre that was tested in Canada (and proved to be completely reliable) for the German Grand Prix this weekend. This represents the best match for the technical characteristics of the Nurburgring circuit. In particular, the rear tyres that will be used at the German Grand Prix, which takes place on July 7, have a Kevlar construction that replaces the current steel structure and the re-introduction of the 2012 belt, to ensure maximum stability and roadholding. Given that these tyres are asymmetric as well, it will be strictly forbidden to swap them round. The front tyres, by contrast, will remain unaltered.
2) From the Hungarian Grand Prix onwards, the introduction of a new range of tyres. The new tyres will have a symmetrical structure, designed to guarantee maximum safety even without access to tyre data – which however is essential for the optimal function of the more sophisticated 2013 tyres. The tyres that will be used for the Hungarian Grand Prix onwards will combine the characteristics of the 2012 tyres with the performance of the 2013 compounds. Essentially, the new tyres will have a structure, construction and belt identical to that of 2012, which ensured maximum performance and safety. The compounds will be the same as those used throughout 2013, which guaranteed faster lap times and a wider working range. This new specification, as agreed with the FIA, will be tested on-track together with the teams and their 2013 cars at Silverstone from 17-19 July in a session with the race drivers during the young driver test. These tests will contribute to the definitive development of the new range of tyres, giving teams the opportunity to carry out the appropriate set-up work on their cars.
Paul Hembery, Pirelli’s motorsport director, said: “What happened at Silverstone was completely unexpected and it was the first time that anything like this has ever occurred in more than a century of Pirelli in motorsport. These incidents, which have upset us greatly, have stressed the urgency of the changes that we already suggested – which will be introduced during for free practice in Germany on Friday. We would like to acknowledge the willingness of the FIA, FOM teams, and drivers to act quickly to find an immediate solution to the problem. In particular, the adoption of winter tests, arranged with the FIA, that are more suitable for tyre development and the possibility of carrying out in-season testing will contribute to the realisation of tyres with increasingly improved standards of safety and performance. I’d like to re-emphasise the fact that the 2013 range of tyres, used in the correct way, is completely safe. What happened at Silverstone though has led us to ask for full access to real time tyre data to ensure the correct usage and development of tyres that have the sophistication we were asked to provide and extremely high performance that has lowered lap times by more than two seconds on average. While we wait for a change in the rules, we will introduce tyres that are easier to manage.”
Low pressures and high camber angles have been standard practice up and down the pit lane – and it’s interesting that Pirelli condoned the swapping of tyres, left to right. The kerbs are the kerbs, though, as the BRDC’s Derek Warwick said recently. The early-race on-boards of Lewis Hamilton, which I have seen, show that he uses only a tiny amount of apex kerb at T4. Fernando Alonso uses more – maybe a foot more – but conversely had no problems. It could be, of course, that the “safe” line at T4 was Fernando’s but it’s also interesting to note that Daniel Ricciardo, for instance, never touched the T4 apex on any of the on-boards I viewed.
Posted in F1 and tagged Alonso, British GP, F1, Formula One, Hamilton, Pirelli, Ricciardo, Silverstone
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‘AfroPoP’ is back! Danielle Brooks (Orange Is the New Black) hosts as new season of doc series returns
Award-winning actress Danielle Brooks, star of Netflix’s blockbuster series Orange Is the New Black, has been named host of the eleventh season of the public television series AfroPoP: The Ultimate Cultural Exchange. Brooks will help guide audiences as they journey through AfroPoP’s new slate of documentary and short stories on contemporary life, art and culture in the African Diaspora. Season 11 of the series, which highlights diverse issues including social justice, politics, LGBTQ identity, fashion and violence against women, premiered on Monday, January 21, on the WORLD Channel. A new episode airs every Monday through February 18. AfroPoP is produced by Black Public Media (BPM) and co-presented by American Public Television (APT).
“From Africa to America and back again, AfroPoP once again fulfills its commitment to bring engaging and thought-provoking stories about the African Diaspora to U.S. audiences,”said co-executive producer and BPM executive director Leslie Fields-Cruz.
The trailblazing series will be distributed to public television stations across the U.S. in February.
Lauded for her breakout role as Taystee on Orange Is the New Black, Brooks has also garnered praise on the stage, earning a Tony award nomination for her performance as Sofia in the Broadway production of The Color Purple. A Juilliard-trained performer, Brooks has also appeared in the HBO series Girls and High Maintenance and on Master of None (Netflix). She joins an esteemed list of entertainers who have emceed previous seasons of AfroPoP including Idris Elba, Anika Noni Rose, Wyatt Cenac, Gabourey Sidibe, Anthony Mackie, Yaya DaCosta, Jussie Smollett, Nikki Beharie and Nicholas L. Ashe.
“We are thrilled to have another compelling and dynamic season of AfroPoP to share with public television audiences nationwide,” stated APT Director Business Development & International Sales Thomas Davison. “Now in its eleventh season, AfroPoP has firmly established itself on station schedules across the country.”
“We’re excited to be bringing the eleventh season of AfroPoP: The Ultimate Cultural Exchange to WORLD Channel viewers across the country,” said WORLD Channel Executive Producer Chris Hastings. “AfroPoP continues to share socially impactful stories from across the African diaspora and address issues of identity, politics and social justice. These are important, timely stories, and WORLD Channel is proud to be the public media destination for this important powerful series, and to help drive informative discussions in communities everywhere.”
Episodes of AfroPoP season 11 include:
Season opener Mama Africa: Miriam Makeba! (January 21) is director Mika Kaurismäki’s mesmerizing examination of the life of the iconic South African singer and activist. Through archival performance footage and interviews with those who knew her best and with Makeba herself, the film presents an in-depth look at the life and music of the woman whose artistry and activism became synonymous with the fight against apartheid in South Africa.
Dieudo Hamadi’s Mama Colonel (January 28), winner of the Independent Jury Prize at the Berlinale Forum, takes audiences to the Democratic Republic of Congo as it follows Honorine Munyole, known as “Mama Colonel,” as she leads a special police force charged with addressing violence against children and women in a country struggling to heal the wounds of war.
Piotr Cieplak’s The Faces We Lost (February 4) introduces nine Rwandans and their efforts to use photographs to help keep alive memories of loved ones lost during the 1994 genocide in that nation. Through the stories of survivors, relatives of victims and archivists, viewers come to see how photographs become avatars of the deceased and create tangible links to the past for future generations. April 2019 marks the 25th anniversary of the genocide.
The stirring documentary While I Breathe, I Hope (February 11) by Emily Harrold follows the against-all-odds 2014 campaign of Bakari Sellers, a young Black Democrat running for lieutenant governor of South Carolina. From his time on the campaign trail to the devastation of the 2015 Charleston shootings to his role as a CNN pundit, the film explores Sellers’ unending commitment to his home state and its future in a new America.
The season ends with an eclectic shorts program (February 18)featuring the animated documentary black enuf*by Carrie Hawks, the story of a “queer oddball” on a quest for acceptance and self-love while exploring expanding ideas of black identity; Swimmin’ Lesson, directors Christine List and Shahari Moore’s poetic and moving tale of one young father’s recollection of his son’s fate during Hurricane Katrina; and Stacey Holman’s Dressed Like Kings, an insightful look at the South African pageant where men compete in formal wear for the title of the best and freshest dresser.
Angela Tucker is co-executive producer of AfroPoP: The Ultimate Cultural Exchange, and Duana Butler serves as series producer and director. AfroPoP is produced with the generous support of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and National Endowment for the Arts.
For more information on AfroPoP and other programming from BPM, visit www.blackpublicmedia.org. For viewing information, check local listings or www.APTonline.org.
Danielle Brooks is best known for her role as Tasha “Taystee” Jefferson in the Netflix Emmy-nominated series, Orange Is the New Black. For her performance, Brooks was nominated for a NAACP Image Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. She was the recipient of the Young Hollywood Award for Breakthrough Actress and has received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Orange Is the New Black three years in a row.
Brooks made her Broadway debut in the Tony-winning revival of The Color Purple. For her performance, she was nominated for a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award; she received a Grammy Award as well as a Theatre World Award for Significant Broadway Debut. Her recent work includes a leading role in the feature film Clemency, opposite Alfre Woodard, Wendell Pierce and Aldis Hodge that will premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival; a leading role in the independent feature All The Little Things We Kill; and a lead role in the feature Sadie, opposite Melanie Lynskey. She will also lend her talents to the upcoming TBS primetime animated series Close Enough and will begin work on a leading role in the film Desperados for Netflix and Good Universe that will film in the Spring of 2019.
A champion of body inclusivity, Brooks has been the face of Christian Siriano and Lane Bryant, and has designed her own plus size clothing line. She is currently in the studio working on her debut EP.
Brooks is a native of South Carolina and a graduate of The Juilliard School.
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InternationalNews
Cameroon election: President Paul Biya seeks seventh term
Last updated Oct 7, 2018 16,707 234
Polls have now closed in Cameroon in a presidential election that has been disrupted by a number of violent incidents in English-speaking parts of the country.
The BBC’s Ngala Killian Chimtom, in Yaounde, reported on the run-up to the polls, as the octogenarian leader, Paul Biya, seeks a seventh term in office.
A large poster of Paul Biya hangs like a street sign in Cameroon’s western city of Bafoussam.
“The force of experience,” reads the poster in reference to President Biya’s 36 years in power, to which he now hopes to add another seven-year term.
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A couple of metres from the poster, members of Mr Biya’s governing CPDM party are meeting to drum up support for the person they call their hero.
“Young people may be eloquent. They may make big promises, but none of them can have the steady hands to run a large country like Cameroon,” says party supporter Emmanuel Ndam, 58.
“For over 30 years, our president has been tested by various crises, and each time, he has been able to overcome,” Mr Ndam adds.
“Just look at the mature way he handled the Bakassi crisis with Nigeria. Some hot-headed youth could just have messed up the situation,” he adds, before making his way into the meeting hall.
His comrade Alice Meye, 22, agrees. She says only President Biya has the wherewithal to resolve Cameroon’s myriad crises, most urgent of which is the unrest in the country’s two English-speaking regions.
“We have a president who does what he promises to do. He has said he will solve the problems of our Anglophone brothers. Let’s give him a chance.”
“Even in death, President Paul Biya will continue to reign,” she said.
‘The old man is tired’
But not everyone believes Mr Biya, Africa’s second-longest serving leader, still has the charisma and the physical stamina to stay at the helm.
Picking out specks of beef from his teeth with a wooden pick, Ibrahima Sadiki, a resident of the capital Yaoundé’s swampy Briqueterie slum tells the BBC “the old man is tired”.
“This is a man who should normally stay quietly in the village, playing with his grandchildren.”
Arguments about the president’s age, however, pale in comparison to the numerous problems Cameroon faces today.
A separatist uprising in the country’s two Anglophone regions – the North-West and South-West – is stretching Cameroon’s much-hyped unity to the limits.
In October 2016, teachers and lawyers in Cameroon’s English-speaking regions took to the streets to protest at the imposition of French in schools and courts.
But those protests soon took a political dimension, with thousands of English speakers taking to the streets on 1 October last year to declare the independence of a new country they called “Ambazonia”.
The government cracked down in response. Hundreds of people have been killed – at least 420 civilians, 175 military and police officers, and an unknown numberof separatist fighters.
More than 300,000 people have also been forced to flee their homes, according to the International Crisis Group.
In addition, the economy of the region has been devastated.
The Cameroon Development Corporation – the second-largest employer after the state – has lost 50% of its production, according to its Director General Frankline Njie.
According to the IMF, Cameroon has lost more than 24 billion CFA francs ($42m; £32m) in 2018 alone as a result of the crisis.
Mr Biya’s repeated absences from the country have further riled his critics – the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) estimates that the president spent nearly 60 days out of the country last year on private visits.
Colonial roots – Cameroon’s ongoing divisions:
Colonised by Germany in 1884
British and French troops force Germans to leave in 1916
Cameroon is split three years later – 80% goes to the French and 20% to the British
French-run Cameroon becomes independent in 1960
Following a referendum, the (British) Southern Cameroons join Cameroon, while Northern Cameroons join English-speaking Nigeria
In 1972, another public vote sees Cameroon dropping its federal form to become a unitary state
Ever since, many Anglophones have complained that their regions were being neglected and excluded from power
Today, some militia groups and separatists want an independent state
Others want a return to the federal system of two states – one English-speaking, the other French-speaking
The fighting has left a trail of destruction and death. In May on a visit to the country’s North-West region, I came face-to-face with the stark reality.
Approaching the regional capital of Bamenda, you have to go through rigorous security controls.
At Santa, a locality that borders the country’s French-speaking West Region, a gun-toting mix of soldiers and police officers tell every passenger to step out of their buses, ID cards in hand.
The next 500 metres or so must be travelled on foot. No chances are taken, because an “Amba boy” (separatist fighter) could be hidden among the passengers.
But as you get out of town and into the villages, there is a sense that the government has lost control.
The armed separatists have vowed to enforce a boycott of the 7 October election, raising fears of attacks on polling stations and a low turn-out in the mainly Anglophone areas.
Control posts are now manned by rag-tag Ambazonia fighters. I came across one such post at Bambalang, some 20km (12 miles) from Bamenda.
“Where is your voter card?” one of them asked me, waving a machete. I didn’t have one because I’d been advised not to carry it on me, lest it be destroyed.
The “Amba Boys” have been confiscating voters’ cards and destroying them.
Voter intimidation
The authorities have taken seriously the separatists’ threat to disrupt the poll.
According to the head of Cameroon’s electoral body Elecam, Erik Essousse, the number of polling stations has been reduced in the north West and South West Regions and others moved from turbulent zones to more secure areas.
But the move has been criticised by the main opposition Social Democratic Front, which says it could disenfranchise voters unable to travel longer distances to the new polling centres.
Despite the uncertainties, the campaign is gaining steam and creating suspense.
“It’s over for Paul Biya,” a supporter of the CRM party’s Maurice Kamto tells the BBC, who then joins thousands of people in a chorus singing “Goodbye Paul Biya, Kamto is coming.”
The sense of optimism is also expressed by Seralphine Neh, 22, who supports the election’s youngest candidate, Cabral Libii.
She sees the 38-year-old career journalist as the embodiment of a new kind of politics – one that is shifting the focus from “a system of gerontocracy, to that of inclusion where the youth feel involved”.
Find out more about Cameroon:
Paul Biya: Cameroon’s ‘absentee president’
‘I share my home with 28 refugees’
Red Dragons and Tigers – Cameroon’s English-speaking rebels
Burning Cameroon: Images you’re not meant to see
But President Biya’s supporters do not see things that way.
Tatiana Nzana who sells CPDM gadgets in Yaoundé tells the BBC: “We want someone with experience, with wisdom. We don’t want ping-pong players.
“That’s why we will continue to vote for him. Better the devil you know than the angel you don’t know. Even after his death, he will still be president.”
In total, there are nine candidates in Cameroon’s presidential elections. Parliamentary and municipal elections, meanwhile, have been postponed to October 2019 after the presidency and lawmakers cited organisational difficulties.
President Biya himself has organised only one rally, in the country’s North Region, where he praised the people for their resilience in the face of Boko Haram attacks.
Security forces have been accused of using excessive force in their attempts to deal with both the Boko Haram insurgency to the north, and the Anglophone crisis to the west.
A BBC investigation into a horrifying viral video which shows Cameroonian soldiers leading away and killing two women and two young children in northern Cameroon was initially dismissed by the government as “fake news”.
But Cameroon’s government has since admitted that it has detained seven soldiers in connection with the killings.
Speaking at his campaign rally in Maroua, President Biya blamed separatists for the Anglophone crisis but seemed to acknowledge their grievances, saying:
“Evidently, we still have to restore peace in our two regions of the North-West and the South-West, overburdened by secessionist exactions”.
Mr Biya spoke of the need to satisfy the “just demands” of the country’s English-speakers in order to demonstrate to them that their future lies in an undivided Cameroon.
He had planned a similar rally in the restive South-West region, but suddenly called it off without further explanation. Observers have said he was wary of the separatist threat.
Joshua Osih, a first-time candidate for the main opposition SDF party, has said he could resolve the problem within 100 days in office. He has made the radical proposal of a return to a federal structure of government.
But it is not only the Anglophone crisis plaguing Cameroon.
The Central African nation also suffers from a crisis of governance, illustrated by its undesirable position in 1998 and 1999 as the world’s most corrupt nation, in Transparency international’s rankings.
One of the presidential challengers, Akere Muna – himself a former executive with the anti-graft body – has pledged, if elected, to focus on the fight against the scourge.
“Cameroon loses 40% of its revenue in corrupt practices. We have too many structures in the fight against corruption,” Mr Muna has said.
“We are going to have one department – consolidated, that will do prevention, investigation, sanctioning, and prosecution and that will also be in charge of the recovery of assets.”
Despite the new faces and the unprecedented challenges, few expect 85-year-old Paul Biya to be rattled in the face of a splintered opposition. BBC News.
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How rich is Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty? Net Worth, Height, Weight
Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty Net Worth
How rich is Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty? For this question we spent 22 hours on research (Wikipedia, Youtube, we read books in libraries, etc) to review the post.
Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty information Birth date: December 12, 1882 Death date: 1951-01-01 Birth place: Hamilton, Scotland, UK Profession:Actor
:How tall is Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty – 1,80m.
How much weight is Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty – 75kg
Edmund Breon (12 December 1882 – 1951) was a Scottish film actor. He appeared in 131 films between 1907 and 1952.Born Iver Edmund de Breon MacLaverty in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, he began in John Hares touring company and later played on the West End stage and in Glasgow, gaining prominence. According to his grandson, film editor, Breon started out at the turn of the century doing silent pictures in France. Vampire Movies, so it is reasonably certain that MacLaverty is indeed the actor who appeared under the name Edmond Br?on in many Gaumont films 1907-1922 including, most famously, playing the part of Inspector Juve for Louis Feuillade in the ground-breaking Fant?mas series. He did also appear in a small part in the 1915-1916 Feuillade series Les vampires although this is not, as his grandson supposes, a horror film. He returned to Britain where he made the film A Little Bit of Fluff (1928) then went to Canada in 1929 and worked on the land. A year later he emigrated to the United States and gained his first big American film part in The Dawn Patrol (1930).His grandson also recalls that he played the role of Dr. Ambrose in Howard Hawks’ The Thing from Another World (1951).Breon died in his native Scotland in 1951, aged 68, although the date, cause and place are unknown.
Wikipedia Source: Iver Edmund De Breon MacLaverty
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#1…Top 5 Albums of All Time! July 16, 2010
Filed under: Manic Monday Top 5 — NVMP @ 4:44 PM
Tags: Dookie, ESCM, Master Of Puppets, Return Of Saturn, Something To Write Home About
TNT’s #1
1. Something to Write Home About by The Get Up Kids – Without a doubt, this is my favorite album of all time because of the way it makes me feel. I remember I had such a strong connection with this album when I played it for the first time. From the guitar slide in the first seconds of “Holiday” (track 1) to the ending chord in “I’ll Catch You” (track 12), I’m hooked. I reference this album as true ’emo’ music. They’re not whining (in my opinion) or crying or pissing everyone off, their lyrics are EMOtional. Take the hint you poser bands hiding under the tag ’emo’. People are usually shocked when they ask “What’s your favorite band or album?” and I can answer the question. It’s not an easy task for such a tremendous music lover like myself.
Angela’s #1
1. Dookie by Green Day – I chose this as my number one for a few reasons. I can listen to this album over and over and it never gets stale. I was in 4th grade when Dookie came out; I studied this album. I listened to it religiously, studying the lyric sheet and committing each song to memory. It’s directly responsible for my love affair with the band as well as my first introduction to punk rock. I know American Idiot was phenomenal, but this one is a bit more personal…and it can get me through anything. To this day, people still cite it as one of the top albums of the 90’s.
Klone’s #1
1. Master of Puppets by Metallica (1986) – One could argue that if its historical significance, or impact on the music world at large, when it comes to Metallica it would be about either their debut album Kill ‘Em All (1983), their mainstream break-through album Metallica (The Black Album) (1991) or their controversial transitional album Load (1996). When one is arguing with true, die-hard fans, who are about Metallica for the music, for the feeling they get from listening to the songs and identifying with the themes and emotions being expressed, one cannot expect that argument to end anywhere but Master of Puppets (1986). The final album featuring bassist phenom Cliff Burton (1962 – 1986), the collection of tracks could be considered the group’s true masterpiece, as well as their first gold record, selling over 500,000 copies when released. From the opening bars of “Battery” through the last notes of “Damage, Inc.” this anthem laden album is an explosive powerhouse of thrash metal combined with serious melodic structure, giving rise to some of the most epic songs in Metallica’s library, without a single one less than 5 minutes. Tracks worthy of special mention, since none of the songs on this album were radio singles or music videos at the time of the album’s release (though some tracks eventually made their way to the airwaves in the following decade): Track 2 – “Master of Puppets”, Track 4 – “Sanitarium (Welcome Home)”, and my personal favorite Metallica song of all time Track 7 – “Orion” (Instrumental).
Mark’s #1
1. ESCM by BT– Easily one of the greatest dance albums in the past 20 years. A truly diverse and ethereal album that appeals to the senses, in particularly mine. It’s hard to believe that I ignored this album as ‘overlong nonsense’ when I first heard it. But once I gave it a chance and experienced this masterpiece all the way through, I was
forever initiated into the sonic church that BT leads. From the hip-hop/folk grooves of “Firewater”, to the piano led beauty of “Flaming June” (my favorite tune), right through to the hidden symphonic segment of “Flaming June” at the end of the album. I am forever hooked.
Dan’s #1
1. Return of Saturn by No Doubt – It didn’t have many radio hits, but No Doubt’s Return of Saturn is my favorite album of theirs. Upbeat, downbeat, kooky, moody and whimsical, Return of Saturn bursts with personality and shows how the band grew from Tragic Kingdom.
Stigz’s #1
1. Dookie by Green Day – This album, a complete and utter classic, is responsible for my descent into the world of music. I think the first time I heard this I was like 11 years old, and it’s been downhill from there.
One Response to “#1…Top 5 Albums of All Time!”
Jeanne Gray Amato Says:
ABBEY ROAD……THE BEATLES
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The Case of Bigger Thomas
By Malcolm Cowley
“Native Son” is the most impressive American novel I have read since “The Grapes of Wrath.” In some ways the two books resemble each other: both deal with the dispossessed and both grew out of the radical movement of the 1930’s. There is, however, a distinction to be drawn between the motives of the two authors. Steinbeck, more privileged than the characters in his novel, wrote out of deep pity for them, and the fault he had to avoid was sentimentality. Richard Wright, a Negro, was moved by wrongs he had suffered in his own person, and what he had to fear was a blind anger that might destroy the pity in him, making him hate any character whose skin was whiter than his own. His first book, “Uncle Tom’s Children,” had not completely avoided that fault. It was a collection of stories all but one of which had the same pattern: a Negro was goaded into killing one or more white men and was killed in turn, without feeling regret for himself or his victims. Some of the stories I found physically painful to read, even though I admired them. So deep was the author’s sense of the indignities heaped on his race that one felt he was revenging himself by a whole series of symbolic murders. In the pattern is the same, but the author’s sympathies have broadened and his resentment, though just as deep, is less painful and personal.
The hero, Bigger Thomas, is a Negro boy of twenty, a poolroom loafer, a bully, a liar and a petty thief. “Bigger, sometimes I wonder why I birthed you,” his pious mother tells him. “Honest, you the most no-countest man I ever seen in all my life.” A Chicago philanthropist tries to help the family by hiring him as chauffeur. That same night Bigger kills the philanthropist’s daughter—out of fear of being discovered in her room—and stuffs her body into the furnace. This half-accidental crime leads to others. Bigger tries to cast the blame for the girl’s disappearance on her lover, a Communist; he tries to collect a ransom from her parents; after the body is found he murders his Negro mistress to keep her from betraying him to the police. The next day he is captured on the snow-covered roof of a South Side tenement, while a mob howls in the street below.
In the last part of the book, which is also the best, we learn that the case of Bigger Thomas is not the author’s deepest concern. Behind it is another, more complicated story he is trying hard to explain, though the words come painfully at first, and later come in a flood that almost sweeps him away. “Listen, you white folks,” he seems to be saying over and over. “I want to tell you about all the Negroes in America. I want to tell you how they live and how they feel. I want you to change your minds about them before it is too late to prevent a worse disaster than any we have known. I speak for my own people, but I speak for America too.” And because he does speak for and to the nation, without ceasing to be a Negro, his book has more force than any other American novel by a member of his race.
Bigger, he explains, had been trained from the beginning to be a bad citizen. He had been taught American ideals of life, in the schools, in the magazines, in the cheap movie houses, but had been denied any means of achieving them. Everything he wanted to have or do was reserved for the whites. “I just can’t get used to it,” he tells one of his poolroom buddies. “I swear to God I can’t…Every time I think about it I feel like somebody’s poking a red-hot iron down my throat.”
At the trial, his white-haired Jewish lawyer makes a final plea to the judge for mercy. “What Bigger Thomas did early that Sunday morning in the Dalton home and what he did that Sunday night in the empty building was but a tiny aspect of what he had been doing all his life long. He was living, only as he knew how, and as we have forced him to live…The hate and fear which we have inspired in him, woven by our civilization into the very structure of his consciousness, into his blood and bones, into the hourly functioning of his personality, have become the justification of his existence…Every thought he thinks is potential murder.”
This long courtroom speech, which sums up the argument of the novel, is at once its strongest and its weakest point. It is strongest when Mr. Max is making a plea for the American Negroes in general. “They are not simply twelve million people; in reality they constitute a separate nation, stunted, stripped and held captive within this nation.” Many of them—and many white people too—are full of “balked longing for some kind of fulfilment and exultation”; and their existence is “what makes our future seem a looming image of violence.” In this context, Mr. Max’s talk of another civil war seems not so much a threat as an agonized warning. But his speech is weakest as a plea for the individual life of Bigger Thomas. It did not convince the judge, and I doubt that it will convince many readers.
It is not that I think Bigger “deserved” the death sentence for his two murders. Most certainly his guilt was shared by the society that condemned him. But when he killed Mary Dalton he was performing the first free action in his whole fear-tortured life; he was accepting his first moral responsibility. That is what he tried so hard to explain to his lawyer. “I ain’t worried none about them women I killed…I killed ‘em ‘cause I was scared and mad. But I been scared and mad all my life and after I killed that first woman, I wasn’t scared no more for a little while.” And when his lawyer asks him if he ever thought he would face the electric chair, “Now I come to think of it,” he answers, “it seems like something like this just had to be.” If Mr. Max had managed to win a life sentence for Bigger Thomas, he would have robbed him of his only claim to human courage and dignity. But that Richard Wright makes us feel this, while setting out to prove something else—that he makes Bigger Thomas a human rather than a racial symbol—shows that he wrote an even better novel than he had planned.
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Wildfires Erupt in California
In the month of November, over ten fires have blazed through the Western state.
Many homes and buildings have been damaged or destroyed from the wildfires. The Camp Fire has demolished multiple neighborhoods as well as other establishments.
LiPo Ching
Filed under News, Showcase
California has always been notorious for extreme wildfires, but the ones occurring this month are the worst ever recorded. According to a recent statistic, so far this year, The Golden State has lost 1,627,652 acres of land because of wildfires.
The 2018 fire season is the worst in California in over 15 years with over 70 people dead and at least 1,000 missing.
“The fire season has gotten longer and temperatures have gotten hotter,” Ryan Zinke, President Trump’s Interior secretary said. “State and federal officials have to work more closely together to thin out overgrown forest areas.”
Two of the worst fires burning in California are the Camp Fire and the Woolsey Fire. The Camp Fire is the deadliest and most devastating fire in the state’s history, with the Woolsey Fire following suit.
Overall, the Camp Fire has been burning in Butte County since November 8th, and 150,000 acres of land have been burned. It is 65 percent contained, according to the California Fire Department.
79 deaths have been confirmed because of this fire, and there are 993 citizens missing. Full containment is expected by November 30.
The Woolsey Fire is not as cataclysmic, but has still been very destructive. It is located mostly in Los Angeles and Ventura, with almost 97,000 acres burned down, but it is over 90 percent contained. Only three deaths have occurred because of this fire. The fire should be contained by November 22.
President Trump travelled to California on November 17 to analyze the damage that the Camp Fire has brought upon the state.
“The president not only has signed a presidential declaration giving California substantial funding, but he said and pledged very specifically to continue to help us, that he’s got our back,” California governor Jerry Brown said. “And I thought that was a very positive thing.”
Brown said the economic effect of the wildfires will be extreme, potentially adding up to tens of billions of dollars.
However, money is not the only thing worrying the state during this natural disaster. According to Berkeley Earth, as of the morning of the 16, San Francisco, Sacramento, and Stockton were the three “most polluted cities” in the world.
In the Bay Area of San Francisco, citizens are lining up to acquire face masks to reduce the amount of unhealthy and polluted air they intake. The masks are being called N95 respirators because of their capability to filter 95 percent or more of the airborne pollutants.
Many efforts are being made to help and console the victims. In the city of Lincoln, residents are coming together to help the victims of the fire in Paradise. Paradise City, almost a two hour drive from Lincoln, is one of the most damaged cities from the Camp Fire. The two communities are coming together on Thanksgiving day for a special meal.
Kris Wyatt, a citizen of Lincoln, wanted to do something to help victims of the fire from up north. She started by going on social media and asking leaders in the community as well as her friends about their Thanksgiving plans. She hoped she could find a few people to welcome evacuees into their homes, but the results she got were way larger than anticipated.
City leadership is willing to provide one of the biggest buildings in the community, the Mcbean Pavilion, for the meal. Lincoln’s fire department donated over 100 turkeys, wineries offered wine, and a local bakery offered 100 pumpkin pies.
“I’m overwhelmed by it,” Wyatt said. “Everyone is offering volunteering, doing table decorations and making signs.”
Not only are communities and people doing their best to help the victims of the wildfire, the forecast for later this week has its own benefits.
A flash flood warning has been issued in Northern California, as four to six inches of rain are expected to fall from now until Friday. The precipitation will help put out the fires and relieve the firefighters, but it could also bring potential damage.
The chances of downpours could decrease the risk of fires spreading or starting, or better yet end the fire season altogether. However, many citizens are afraid that the storms could cause flash floods and mudslides. These natural disasters could obliterate what’s left of the communities affected by the wildfires.
“Rapidly rising water could flood roads, hampering search efforts and putting displaced residents camping outdoors in peril,” Gene Norman, CNN meteorologist said.
California has endured many hardships over the last three weeks. However, many efforts are being made to provide help for victims and ensure the state’s rapid recovery. While this fire is a tragedy, it has shown the capability of people to come together and support their neighbors in their time of need.
My name is Leah Boone, and I’m a sophomore at Reagan. This is my first year on the newspaper staff. I enjoy going on hikes, spending time with my sister,...
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RWRHS 8 - R. J. Reynolds 7
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RWRHS 11 - West Forsyth 12
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Heat Wave Fries Eastern United States
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Voting closes; Student Government Results are in
Teachers oppose lack of educational funding at State Capitol
Reagan Gains Some Power
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Inclement weather pushes back the start of second semester
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Theme park Venice
In Uncategorized • Add Comment
Venice used to be a big city. Actually, it used to be a small empire, but that’s a few centuries ago now.
Venice grew slowly from 130,000 in 1861 to almost 175,000 persons in 1951, but since then the city has almost collapsed, with an exodus from the city on water to the city on land, Mestre and Marghera. In 1961 Venice had lost 20% of the population just a decade before, and another 20% ten years later. In 1981 the population was just over half of the 1951 level, and now the population is just around 60,000, about 1/3 of the 1951 population.
If the current trend continues the last Venetian will move away in 2040.
Most Venetians have moved to the mainland nearby, the towns of Mestre and Marghera,where you can live a “normal” life, with a house, a car, shopping malls and all the other modern amenities you don’t have so easily in the lagoon.
The population of Mestre and Marghera has grown even faster than the decline in Venice, with a recent drop. The population in the rest of the lagoon, on the Lido and the smaller islands, is mostly stable.
The population of the entire municipality of Venice, lagoon and mainland was 316,000 in 1951,
(Venice: blue; Lido and islands: red; mainland: yellow – source: Venice city council)
As the Venetians flee, the tourists move in.
It is hard quantify tourism in Venice. The graph below show the number of night spent in hotels, B&Bs, camp site etc, in Venice, in the lagoon and on the mainland in the last sixty year. This is one measure, but it excludes all the day tourists who come in just for a day, by car, pullman, train or cruiseship, but there really isn’t any reliable way to count them.
In 1951 less than half a million tourists spent just over 1,129,000 nights in hotels in the city of Venice, with another 60,000 tourists on the Lido and 49,000 on the mainland.
In 2007 there were 2,2 million tourists in Venice for 5,9 million nights, with 188,000 tourists on the Lido and 1,3 million on the mainland. In all there were 3,6 million tourists for almost 9 million nights.
There is no reliable way of measuring the total number of tourists in Venice, but most estimates are between 15 and 20 millions tourists every year.
This means that currently, on an average day in Venice, there are more tourists than inhabitants, and on a busy day there are probably twice as many.
Venice is now in a situation where it is economically dependent on the high number of tourists, and as a consequence many of the few remaining residents of the city are feeling that the city administration care more for the needs of the tourists than for the needs of the people who actually live there and who make the city live in return.
Many old traditions, such as the ancient feasts of the city, are now almost abandoned by the city dwellers and mostly attended by tourists, to an such an extent that at this years carnival groups of residents had staged their own counter carnival celebration, with an American Indian theme, to protest they way they feel they’re living in a reservation, almost as strangers in their own city.
(young Venetian indians – photo by Massimo Fadalti – venessia.ning.com)
If the Venetians continue to vote with their feet as they have for over half a century now, the city of Venice will become little more than a fancy theme park.
#Venice
Compiz 0.5 in Debian unstable
Marina di Arbus
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Operation Sovereign Borders
Information in your language
Commander of Operation Sovereign Borders
Major General Craig Furini is a graduate of the Australian Defence Force Academy and the Royal Military College Duntroon commissioning into the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery in 1990. Since then he has served in a wide variety of appointments at the tactical, operational and strategic levels. He assumed the role of Commander Joint Agency Task Force – Operation Sovereign Borders in December 2018.
As an Artilleryman Major General Furini initially served as a Lieutenant with 8th/12th Medium Regiment, returning to the Regiment in 2000 as a Battery Commander and again in 2007 as the Commanding Officer. He also served as a Forward Observer in 4th Field Regiment and 26 Regiment (Royal Artillery) in Germany. Other artillery appointments have included student on the UK’s Gunnery Staff Course, instructor at the School of Artillery, staff officer at the Directorate of Artillery and Head of Regiment.
Outside of Artillery he served as a Captain on HQ 1st Brigade. As a Major and Lieutenant Colonel he served in the UK’s Defence Intelligence Service (DIS) and the Australian Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO). On promotion to Colonel he served as the Director of Global Operations at HQ Joint Operations Command (HQJOC) and was subsequently seconded to the National Security Staff in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as the Senior Adviser Defence Policy and Operations. In 2014 he was appointed Chief of Staff to the Chief of the Defence Force.
On promotion to Brigadier in January 2015 he deployed to the Middle East as the Director Strategy, Plans and Assessments on HQ Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, returning to Australia in March 2016 to HQJOC as the Director General Plans. In addition to his most recent deployment he has deployed to Cambodia (with the UN) (1993), East Timor (2000), Iraq (2003) and Afghanistan (2009).
Major General Furini was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross in 2006 for his work in the intelligence community. In 2017 he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia for his role in Operation Inherent Resolve and was also awarded the US Legion of Merit. He is a graduate of the Australian Command and Staff Course and Defence and Strategic Studies Course and holds a Bachelor of Science, Masters of Management (Defence Studies) and Masters of Arts (Strategic Studies).
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Tag: Performances
The Christmas Revels: A Welsh Celebration of the Winter Solstice
2015-12-22 2015-12-21 ~ Liam ~ Leave a comment
It’s warm and overcast out, and looking to only get warmer as the week goes. We’re more likely to have a wet Christmas than a white Christmas, but I know the holiday is coming soon. Today my family and I celebrated the solstice with a matinée of The Christmas Revels. This is our (mostly) annual tradition going back to 2001. The Revels this year is set in Wales, a land of beautiful singing traditions, poetry, and mythology. I’ve never been to Wales but this show gave me a nostalgic longing for the place.
It should be noted that while Shirley Bassey and Tom Jones are famed Welsh singers, their was music was not represented in the show. There were familiar tunes for the sing-a-longs – “Cwm Rhondda” and “Hydrofol” – which as song leader David Coffin pointed out, “you know these songs just not with these words.” The familiar Christmas carol “Deck the Hall” was also sung by a choir of children, but in the original Welsh. The children – who were excellent as always – also performed scenes from Dylan Thomas’ A Child’s Christmas in Wales.
There’s a beautiful scene near the end of Part 1 where Coffin sings “Daffydd y Garregg Wen (David of the White Rock)” accompanied by Haley Hewitt, while Emma Crane Jaster performing as the legendary bard Taliesen. Jaster is lit from below and moves her arms like a harpist, casting large shadows on the roll-top desk ceiling of Sanders Theatre. My daughter imitated the gesture, waving her arms by her own imaginary harp. (And I was right in my memory that Taliesen is also the name of Frank Lloyd Wright’s estate in Wisconsin). Other highlights include a group of rugby supporter singing a rousing victory song, some fine clogging, and a retelling of “Froggy Went A-Courtin'” with the children.
No matter where in the world the Revels is set, there are the Revel’s traditions. There was a rowdy morris dance and “The Lord of the Dance” where we all spill out into the lobby singing and dancing (I can never get enough of doing that), there’s the haunting Abbots Bromley Horn Dance and there’s the mummer’s play, this year with the Red Dragon playing the role of the hero vanquishing the White Dragon of England for the Welsh. We sing rounds, we shout “Welcome Yule!,” we finish on “The Sussex Mummers’ Carol,” I weep. Tradition.
I was entranced as – for me – the Revels never fail to please. My kids were more antsy. Welsh-language songs make no sense, and my son said even the English was hard to follow. My daughter wanted to see a dragon and had to wait a looooong time for a four-year-old, but I think the dragon’s eventual arrival satisfied. They soldiered through and I think they enjoyed themselves, although they wanted cookies too.
Performances continue through December 27, so get your tickets and go if you haven’t already.
Christmas Revels (2006)
Pub Sing
Christmas Revels: The Reviews Are In (2009)
The 40th Anniversary Christmas Revels (2010)
The 41st Annual Christmas Revels (2011)
The 42nd Annual Christmas Revels (2012)
The 43rd Annual Christmas Revels (2013)
The 44th Annual Christmas Revels (2014)
The 44th Annual Christmas Revels
The Christmas Revels at Sanders Theatre in Cambridge are annual family tradition. My first Revels experience was in Washington in 1996. After moving to the Boston area, the Cambridge Revels were an annual event from 2001-2006. We missed the show in 2007 due to a newborn, and in 2008 due to a blizzard, but have been regular attendees since 2009 (that same year I actually sang in the chorus!). So, I calculate that I’ve seen 13 different Christmas Revels performances. Each year is delightful and surprising in its own way.*
This year’s Revels is set in Victorian England, with music halls and the Crystal Palace playing center stage. The first act shows two teams of buskers competing on the streets of a Northern England town as the Crystal Palace manager Harry Colcord and composer Arthur Sullivan seek an alternate performer after a cancellation. In the usual Revels’ way, everything comes together as the buskers join forces to create a performance of music, tricks, and a “panto” of Cinderella. The second act is treated as a command performance at the Crystal Palace (complete with life-size wooden cutouts of the royal family in the mezzanine).
Highlights of the show:
comic busking performances by Marge Dunn, Billy Meleady, Mark Jaster, and Sabrina Selma Mandell
singing a round of “Row the Boat, Whittington”
David Coffin’s solos on “It Was My Father’s Custom” and on the melodic “Christmas Bells at Sea”
the sing-a-long and acting out of “When Father Papered the Parlour”
the “Panto” of Cinderella, which while not a true Panto (oh no it isn’t!), we did get to shout “Don’t touch Billy’s eggs” several times
And of course, the Revels traditions of “Lord of the Dance” (and dancing out into the lobby), “Dona Nobis Pacem,” “The Shortest Day,” and “Sussex Mummers’ Carol.” Unfortunately, the “Abbots Bromley Horn Dance” was conspicuously absence in this year’s performance.
There are five more performances from December 26-28, so if you’re in or near Cambridge, get a ticket and go!
* I also recently discovered that the Revels website has a list detailing the theme of every performance from 1971 to present. Now I need to discover time travel technology so I can go back in time and see each and every one.
The 43rd Annual Christmas Revels
2013-12-22 2013-12-23 ~ Liam ~ 3 Comments
This afternoon, my wife, son, and good family friend Craig took in the performance of The Christmas Revels at Sanders Theatre in Cambridge. The annual pageant of music, dance, storytelling, and drama focused this year on the pilgrimage along the Camino de Compostela in the Spanish region of Galicia. As a Celtic culture, the Galicians have their own version of the bagpipe called the gaita which featured prominently. Any piece featuring gaita and drums was a highlight for me. The largest drum resonated throughout the house.
The story of this Revels follows Everyman (portrayed by Jay O’Callahan) on his pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella and onwards to the End of the Earth in Finisterre. Elements of Don Quixote are woven into the story as Everyman is knighted and joined on his journey by squire Sancho (Billy Meleady, who starred in last year’s show) and the tavern keeper Angélica (the delightful Angélica Aragón).
Usually the theme of a Revels’ performance is an excuse to tie together song and dance numbers, but this story of a pilgrimage actually maintains a pretty continuous narrative built around set pieces along the Camino, in a tavern, at a monastery, at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, and finally at Finisterre. The sets and lighting are really remarkable in adapting the stage for the different places along the journey.
Highlights of the show include:
the talent and hard work of the Revels’ children whose performance more than ever is fully-integrated into the show.
the charming line dance when the pilgrims are greeted by the monks to the tune of “Alborada de Ourense.”
O’Callahan telling the story of “The Singing Sack.”
sing-a-long with choreography to “Fum, Fum, Fum.”
puppetry and lights to enact the Galacian version of the posadas ritual.
an amazing bit of stagecraft where a giant censer is swung like a pendulum over the performers on the stage (based on the Botafumeiro at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Jaime Jaffe’s solo performance of “Ondas Do Mar De Vigo.”
a mummers play featuring a mustachioed dragon who performed the hammiest death throes.
There were some disappointments. Jay O’Callahan was hard to understand and I’m not sure if he was mumbling or mic’ed improperly. Sitting in balcony center meant it took a long time to get downstairs to participate in “The Lord of the Dance.” It ended just as we reached the lobby. While I would not rank this among my all time favorite Revels’ performances, it was still delightful and I recommend seeing it if you have the chance. There are four more performances before the show closes on December 27th, so get your tickets now!
The Boston Globe has a more-detailed review for your perusal.
The 42nd Annual Christmas Revels
It would not be Christmas without the Christmas Revels at Sanders Theatre in Cambridge. This year my wife, son and I joined by our friends Abby, Kim, & Sid took in the Winter Solstice performance on the evening of December 21st. The show was delightful as always with the subject being near and dear to my heart, the music of Irish emigrants as they sail the new world.
The show was a more restrained and simple performance than a typical Revels keeping to the theme of the cast being impoverished immigrants aboard a ship and not having much to celebrate with. After the opening number, lines and gangways were removed from the sides of the stage and notably no cast members went down the steps into “the ocean” except during a storytelling sequence. These restraints did nothing to detract from the beauty of the song, dance, and stories performed.
Highlights of the show for me included:
Bill Meleady’s colorful telling of The Soul Cages, the exception to the restraint on the performance where the visuals of the story come to life in vivid detail. I enjoyed the dancing crustaceans especially as well as Steve Barkhimer’s portrayal of the merrow Coomara.
“The Wexford Lullaby” gorgeously performed by Mary Casey along with Jamie Jaffe as a duet and later as a quartet.
The dramatic “St. Patrick’s Breastplate” swelling as the audience joins the chorus.
“The Lord of the Dance” is always a highlight and was cleverly worked into the show as being the English ship crews’ contribution to the shipboard celebration.
The show had several sets of traditional Irish music by The Rattling Brogues and step dance by O’Shea-Chaplin Academy of Irish Dance that livened up the proceedings greatly.
If there was one minor disappointment is that the show ends with the immigrants seeing The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. The show is set aboard the Cunard steamship RMS Carpathia and since Cunard had a western terminus in Boston (there’s still an office building marked “CUNARD” on State Street) it would have been a nice local connection to have the ship dock here instead of New York.
A traditional element of the Revels – “The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance” – was not included in the program but as this was the Winter Solstice, the audience was treated to a special rendition of Abbots Bromley after the curtain call. I’d actually guessed that Abbots Bromley was the surprise we’d been promised before the show, but it was still a thrill when the first haunting notes of the recorder came out and the audience reacted with joy.
This was another great Revels and I believe all the shows were sold out. If you missed this year’s Revels, make sure to get your tickets early for next year’s show which I promise will be just as great.
[youtube http://youtu.be/_tfCs4A1BPQ]
Christmas Revels: The Reviews Are In
As reported earlier, I’m participating as a member of the Roaring Gap Chorus in this year’s Christmas Revels at Sanders Theater in Cambridge, MA. The show has been great thus far and tickets are still available for the final six performances. Come out and see us and don’t just take my word for it, read these lovely reviews from:
BNN News (there are about six times in this 2-minute video where I’m just right outside the camera lens. I guess the camera doesn’t love me)
Lost in Boston
more like a word theme, really
Jamestown 2007 – America’s 400th Anniversary
As detailed in this post about Jamestown, the buried truth, I’ve been greatly anticipating the 400th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in the Western hemisphere. May 13, 1607 is the date of the founding of Jamestown by the Virginia Company (although some sources state May 14, since that is the day the colonists went ashore and started building. I’ll go with the 13th since that is also my sister’s birthday). I first visited Jamestown as a geeky 11-year old in 1985 and even at that time I calculated that I could be alive for the 400th anniversary, albeit impossibly old. Turns out I’m not as old as I imagined, but I’m still geeky and love commemorations of historic events. Since I lived in James City County, VA (the modern continuance of Jamestown) for 7 years, and worked in a living history museum in Virginia, this was an event I could not miss.
My photos from Jamestown 2007 – America’s 400th Anniversary
The key event is patriotically called America’s 400th Anniversary cleverly overlooking the priority of St. Augustine while advancing Jamestown’s claim over those upstarts in Plymouth, MA. Jamestown does have the advantage that it plays a role in beginning one of the colonies that would eventually form the original United States whereas Florida is in territory acquired later, so Jamestown is central to the story of the American experience from its very beginning. This point was emphasized by stressing the “birth of democracy” (basically the election of the Virginia Company’s chairmen of the board in 1619) and the “birth of slavery” since captured Africans first arrived in America for forced labor at Jamestown, also in 1619. Another interesting point is that Jamestown is the first place in the world where people of Europe, Africa, and indigenous Americans lived and worked together, albeit far from an ideal community.
The anniversary weekend took place 11-13 May and my mother and I attended on Sunday, the final day. Due to a visit by President Bush, access to the site was restricted from 9:30 am to 12:30 pm and people who were already there were pretty much in a lockdown situation. So we decided to arrive in the afternoon, after the President departed, and security was less stringent. The logistics for the event were excellent, especially the use of satellite parking in numerous lots in the area with school buses shuttling visitors to Jamestown. The scenic Colonial Parkway basically became a convoy of yellow buses as well as a staging area for emergency vehicles. The bus was full of happy, chatting people and was a good way to start the day. Oddly, many people who still live in the area went out of town (including my mother’s co-workers) but they were counterbalanced by the soldier we met on the bus who used his leave from Iraq to come Jamestown.
We arrived first at Jamestown Settlement, which looks very different from when my mom worked there and when I volunteered with the museum registrar to help count rocks. Not only is the museum expanded and redesigned but they’ve even realigned a road around the parking lot! We visited the living history exhibits at Jamestown Settlement which for maybe the first time ever were densely populated with costumed historic interpreters. One of the first employees I met was my friend and former housemate Lara although we did not get to speak for long. We wandered through the recreated James Forte, down to the ships, and back to the Powhatan village.
Next we took the bus to the actual site of the original settlement at Historic Jamestowne, property which is administered jointly by the National Park Service and the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA). Things have changed there quite a bit since my last visit as well, especially since the APVA hired Dr. William Kelso to conduct an archaeological excavation which uncovered the remains of the original James Fort used from 1607-24, and many other fascinating discoveries. We arrived just in time to hear Bill Kelso speak which may have been the highlight of the day for me. I don’t think Kelso ever finished his presentation because he got a bit choked up the the magnitude of the day, but he received a well-deserved standing ovation. After strolling through the fort site and taking a lunch break by the river, we waited in line for the brand new Archearium a museum containing the relics, um, I mean artifacts from Kelso’s Jamestown Rediscovery excavations. The wait was long to get into the small museum, made longer because we chose to visit the gallery with the skeletons. While in line we saw that the elderly woman behind us had a pewter broche from the Jamestown tercentenary in 1907 which was pretty cool. What was not cool is that the younger woman pushing the elderly woman’s wheelchair kept pushing it into my heels, and didn’t seem all to sorry about the pushiness either.
While wonderful to visit all the museum sites on THE DAY, they definitely will be worth a more comprehensive return visit in the future. Footsore and facing closing time at the museums, we headed over to the Anniversary Park to relax with entertainment. Anniversary Park was once the Jamestown Beach Campsites and I’m said to see it’s gone (unless they campground owners just rented the land out for the weekend). We stayed at that campground on our first visit to Virginia in 1985 and it has sentimental memories. Anniversary Park consisted of a giant stage and a grassy area for the audience as well as some exhibition tents that we never had time to see.
There were a lot of people in Anniversary Park when we arrived including the 1,607-voice choir and 400-piece orchestra performing. For some reason I expected all those musicians to be really loud but in the “back rows” the music sounded faint even when amplified.
Following the concert, emcee Dr. Rex Ellis told us we had a “special treat,” a performance entitled “Journey of Destiny.” Subtitled: “Hokey-hontas.” Told through a bizarre mix of interpretive dance, historical pageants, and dramatic readings of primary documents, “Journey of Destiny” recreated Jamestown history in an incredibly cheezy manner.
Once that was over, the Governor of Virginia and family dropped some things in the time capsule. Rex Ellis told us that the time capsule had a CD-player, DVD-player, and batteries for future generations to use to watch and listen to the items within. I suspect those things will be rusted and inoperative. But I’m a librarian, and librarians and archivists hate time capsules.
For a finale, fireworks lit up the chilly night sky accompanied by the 400-piece orchestra. That may be the first time I’ve ever seen fireworks with live music which is pretty cool even if the musical selection was odd for the event (The 1812 Overture? The Star Wars main title theme?) It was all good fun though, and a nice finale. Despite being in a crowd of up to 30,000 people we were able to get to our shuttle bus and back to home fairly swiftly.
Lots more about Jamestown’s Birthday at the Library of Congress blog.
News reports:
Virginia Gazette
Richmond Times Dispatch
Other blogs:
I searched Technorati to find posts by other people who attended the Jamestown 2007 events but didn’t have much luck. Most posts were simply reporting on the event or criticizing them (or reporting on Bush’s visit and criticizing him). If you attended America’s 400th Anniversary please post your thoughts in the comments and/or link to your blog. Thanks!
Pink Leader’s Pontifications
Where the hell are we?
The Wandering Camera
jim_p
Ancarett’s Abode
Also in my searches I found this map of the College of William & Mary as Middle-Earth, which has nothing to do with Jamestown but it’s damned funny.
Notes from the Walk for Hunger
Another successful this Sunday. 43,000 people participated raising a record 3.3-million dollars for 400 emergency food programs in Massachusetts! Of course, with poverty on the rise every one of those $3.3-million and more will be needed. It’s not too late to donate, so drop by my personal walk page and make a secure online donation. Thus far my incredibly generous sponsors have contributed $2600 to Project Bread!
My Walk for Hunger Photo Gallery (all the pictures are of people I don’t know, so if your see yourself, let me know).
This year’s walk was different from previous years. Since Susan is out of town, I walked alone for the first time (if you call being among 43,000 people alone). Susan’s absence probably contributed to my sleeping through my alarm for a whole hour before I finally woke up. Starting an hour later than usual, I noticed the walk route was a lot more crowded. On the plus side there were more performers out serenading the walkers at that time than in my previous experience. Since I’ve had a bum ankle for a while, I also decided to take it slow so while I’m usually finished in the early afternoon, this time I pretty much took the entire day to walk. It’s actually a good idea, because in years’ past my legs felt near-crippled after the walk (especially the day after the walk), but this year I felt no more than an ordinary soreness.
I arrived at Boston Common around 8 am and checked in at the Heart & Sole tent. The volunteers are always wonderfully cheerful and they had Dunkin Donuts and coffee to get me started. The city is doing some restoration work on the Common so all the tents were in different locations this year and it was a bit disorienting. I passed under the start line at 8:15 and I was on my way. The weather was good for walking if a bit on the chilly side, especially when the clouds covered the sun. When the sun was out it warmed up considerably but I never took my jacket off the entire walk, which is unusual for a radiator of heat like myself.
At Kenmore Square, I looked behind me to check out a passing fire truck and there was Brian of Baptized Pagan fame. We walked together for a bit and he told me he had to be in Worcester by 4:30 pm. As noted above, I was taking it slow so I let Brian go ahead and didn’t see him again for the rest of the walk. Further along Beacon Street, a blond, burly guy in a volunteer shirt called out “Hey Liam!” I had no idea who it was, but it turned out to be another Brian with whom I went to high school! I also went to college with Brian’s older brother Rob, and I don’t think I’ve seen Brian in 10 years since Rob’s wedding. He looked so different, but apparently I don’t since he recognized me right away. I met his wife a bit further down the street.
If one demographic dominates the Walk for Hunger, it appears to be teenage girls, although I don’t have statistics to back this up. A lot of the Walk for Hunger promotional material features photos of teenage girls which begs the question: do the ads feature teenage girls because they participate in the walk in great numbers or are teenage girls drawn to the walk in great numbers because of ads targeting them. Anyhow, it was sweet to see girls walking with their arms linked together, something that has retro-Victorian feel. I don’t remember girls walking arm-in-arm when I was in high school. I think they would have been mocked if they had so things are better these days.
I like the Walk for Hunger because it’s such a community event. Volunteers cheer through megaphones, passing cars bleep their horns merrily, kids set up lemonade stands on the route, and everyone is supportive and having fun. Each walker wears a sticker with their number of walks on them, and I’m always impressed by the people who’ve walked 20-30 times. In fact, I saw a lot of people under 20 years old who wore stickers saying this is my 15th walk! It also makes me a little sad. I like to think that I’ll participate in the walk for as long as I can, but on the other hand, the world would be much better if we could finally eliminate the reasons why we walk.
My ankle felt sore from the start, but oddly felt better the more I walked. I took lots of long breaks, especially along the Charles which was just glorious on this day. The strategy seemed to work as I felt pretty good on the home stretch. At around 4 pm I reached the finish line on Boston Common. It was a bit anti-climactic as I didn’t see a place to get my card marked for the final checkpoint, but I did get ice cream, so all was well. I walked over to the Parkman Bandstand and lay in the sun while a reggae band played. I think I may have nodded off a bit. After that I took the T back home, feeling refreshed and happy.
Overheard on the Walk for Hunger
Child, as we approac the Mass Av underpass: “When we get in that tunnel, I’m going to scream my lungs out!” (surprisingly she actually did not).
At mile 19.5:
Woman #1: “This is why they only have the walk once a year.”
Woman #2: “How’s that?”
Woman #1: “Because you forget how annoying it gets at this point.”
Woman #2: “Yeah, just like labor.”
Five Pictures I Wish I’d Taken on the Walk for Hunger
Even though it’s prohibited, a lot of people bring their dogs on the walk which I think is a bit hard on the poor pooches’ paws. But one woman had a small dog in a sling across her chest. The dog wore a custom made Walk for Hunger hat and t-shirt.
One picture of each of the Brians I met.
More pictures of the great volunteers, especially the great people who staff the checkpoints.
A sultry chanteuse crooning jazz in front off a restaurant, although another walker captured this pic.
News and Blogs Coverage
Boston Globe – “You’re not supposed to be hungry in America,” Crofton said.
Boston Globe – “The Walk for Hunger supports a cause that is near and dear to me,” she said. “I can’t bear the thought of children going to bed hungry. Food should be a given.
Boston Herald – “It feeds thousands and thousands and thousands of people,” said Ellen Parker, executive director of Project Bread. “It’s an opportunity for everyone in Massachusetts to come out . . . and revive our connections to one another.”
Boston Herald – “Kids want to give back,” Rebecca said. “You don’t hear about that a lot. You don’t read about it too much in the paper, but it’s true. They want to make a difference. People need our support and our energy. Besides, it’s fun to do something for other people you may not even know.”
Soft Happiness – I can’t read this blog but it has some great photos.
Donna’s colorful world – A ton of photo’s from the walk.
Cody and Meredith – more folks on the walk.
Freshly Brewed – “It would be faster to tell you what doesn’t hurt, like…my eyelashes. Yes, I can safely say that my eyelashes feel smashing.”
azulunar – “Since I had already reached the 8th point, which was also about 15 miles, I was like……why not? It’s just 5 more miles. Why stop now? When the goal was close.”
johnsmind – “Why are people so cheap when it comes to helping others???”
Quite Quite Fantastic! – “I hope my friends didn’t mind a little spam from me, as it was for a good cause.”
Allogenes – “The Walk is bigger than the Walkers. It has a life all its own. We may walk the Walk, but at the same time the Walk is carrying us.”
don’t eat alone – “The seemingly endless train of people was as diverse as their fashion senses. We saw girls walking arm in arm, sharing the headphones on a single iPod, groups from both urban and suburban schools and churches, parents pushing strollers, families marking a tradition together, and some folks just walking by themselves for the cause.”
imagined-community – “Today was lovely; I even got sunburned. Spent the afternoon cheering on the walkers for Project Bread’s 39th Walk for Hunger.”
# Open # Happy @_^ Micky *_~ Spaces – Another nice photo album on a page written in a language I cannot read.
So that’s it for this year. Hope to take the whole family out on the walk next year! And you can join me too!
Another Weekend in New York
For Christmas, my mother generously gave Susan and I tickets to see Madama Butterfly performed by the New York City Opera at the New York State Theater in Lincoln Center. My friend Mike M., an Atlanta Braves fan, and I have a tradition of catching a Mets-Braves game at Shea Stadium each spring. Fortuitously, the Mets-Braves series and the opera fell on the same weekend and a plan was hatched!
My photos from the weekend.
We drove down early Saturday morning in Mike’s Truckasaurus. From past experience and the many warning of Mets announcers about the lack of parking at Shea, I was worried we’d be stuck in traffic and have to park in a remote region of Long Island. Despite many bathroom breaks for Mike, we arrived about an hour before game time and got parking close to the stadium, so all that worry was for naught.
We sat in the Upper Deck boxes behind home plate. There was a great family of season ticket holders in front of us. Both the man and woman kept score and compared notes during the game. They were die-hard scorekeepers as the man kept a baseball-shaped pencil sharper on hand for mid-game sharpening. The man didn’t like the Wave at all and I have to agree with him. Twenty years ago fans at Shea did the Wave during a Met rally as a coordinated effort to cheer on the action on the field. Nowadays, the Wave seems to happen when the fans are bored, and it’s a pretty tired activity at that.
It was a big day at Shea. First it was Luggage Tag Day (almost as exciting as Mets Ice Cube Tray Day) as all fans received a classy leather tag upon entering. Next it was Earth Day and volunteers from the EPA made a token appearance to collect recyclable cans and bottles (they didn’t stick around too long after the game though). The best part is that it was Dog Day in the Park and Mets fans walked their pooches around the warning track prior to the game. A lot of cute dogs in Mets bandanas out there. This brought much delight to Susan.
The highlight of the day was the on field action between the Mets and Braves. Young Ollie Perez pitched beautifully, including 20 straight strikes at one point. I got to rib Mike a lot about all the 0-2 counts on the Braves batters. I also got to see the most exciting player in baseball, Jose Reyes, doing what he does best: getting on base and then stealing bases.
The Mets broke the game open with a series of home runs over the 5th & 6th innings. I didn’t see any of these because I was attempting to get money by waiting in line at the slowest ATM in the world, and then waiting again to buy ice cream. I didn’t mind too much because I think I was getting too much sun on a warm April day. Spending so much time packed like a sardine within Shea’s interior makes me appreciate the need for constructing a new stadium with extra wide concourses.
For more on the Mets v. Braves, see my latest baseball post Meet the Mets.
After the game, we spent some time under the elevated tracks with a drink and a snack. I was impressed with how quickly and efficiently most of the other fans were moved away from the park. By the time we were ready to go there was no wait for Mike to drive out of the parking lot nor for us to board the 7 train. We zipped downtown to Times Square and then transfered uptown to our hotel in the Upper West Side. The Hotel Riverside Studios promotes their plaid bedspreads and matching drapes, but something about the corridor makes it look like the kind of place where artists go to shoot heroin. We came up with a slogan for the hotel “You’ll come for our plaid bedspreads, you’ll stay for our shady corridors!” The neighborhood was lovely with lots of colorful, stone-front row houses.
After a nap which I couldn’t shake off right away, we headed out for dinner. An excellent soul band played on the crowded platform at 72 St. Station. The lead vocalist had one of those powerful, throat-shredding voices and the guitarist and drummer offered lovely harmonies. They made the rather crumby Commodores’ song “Easy” sound really, really good. I was a bit thrown by the subway not making local stops, grumpified more as I groggily made along the packed sidewalks near Times Square, and positively mortified when I knocked over a candle and broke a glass as we were seated at the restaurant. I was soothed by the delicious Indian food and the friendly staff at the former Nirvana 54.
We strolled down 5th Avenue to the Empire State Building which Susan wanted to visit on recommendation from our nephew Cassidy. The wait was long though, so we took a pass. It was a nice walk and maybe we’ll return and go up when Cassidy is with us. Back at the hotel Susan searched unsuccessfully for a Tom Hanks movie, her New York tradition. Then we went to sleep.
On Sunday we ate breakfast at a cafe on the corner of 71 St. and Broadway. We strolled down to Lincoln Center, but it was far too early, so we made our way over Central Park to get out of the sun. New Yorkers celebrated the warm weather by taking all their cute babies and dogs to the park. We watched for a long time as a young lad played baseball with his dad, always running the wrong way when he hit the ball. Topping off our park experience, we ate Ferrara’s pastries by the USS Maine monument.
We walked around the Lincoln Center complex which really is an amazing complex. This is what Modernism looks like at it’s very best. I especially like the railings in the New York State Theater which look like Jackson Pollock paintings formed into class. Upon entering the Fourth Ring to find our seats, Susan said “Wow!” which I think sums it up. The couple sitting in front of us seemed more inured to the opera house experience. During intermissions he read a book and she did the Times crossword.
For more on the performance read my post Opera Review: Madama Butterfly.
After the opera we strolled up Amsterdam Avenue to Fred’s Restaurant. This place is pretty much a dog-themed bar based on the story of a female lab named Fred who wasn’t able to work as a guide dog for the blind, but was lovingly adopted by the restaurant owners. The walls are lined with autographed photos of dogs from around the world. Susan loved it. Fred’s appears to be a good place to take your children as the other tables were teaming with adorable young’uns. Come to think of it, I think our entire weekend was dominated by dogs and children. Anyhow, the food and staff at Fred’s are great too.
After that we took a long, hot bus ride home and arrived groggy and grumpy. And that was our weekend.
Speaking of New York City, this online gallery of photos of New York from 1964-1969 contains many great images of the city and its inhabitants by Irwin Klein. While this is a little bit before my time, it’s still nostalgic as the city and the people in the photos remind of New York when I was a child.
Opera Review: Madama Butterfly
Thanks to the generosity of my mother, Susan and I saw a matinée performance of the New York City Opera’s production of Madama Butterfly on Sunday.
Madama Butterfly tells the story of B.F. Pinkerton (Christopher Jackson) of the US Navy who on a whim purchases a 999-year lease on a home overlooking the harbor in Nagasaki, and works out a similar agreement with a marriage broker Goro (Matthew Surapine) for the young Cio-Cio-San (Shu-Ying Li), known as Butterfly. He does this because he knows he can break the contract at any time and he even as he prepares to marry Butterfly he toasts his future “real wife” from America. As loathsome and culturally insensitive as he is, Cio-Cio- San can’t help but fall in love with Pinkerton, and in a weird way the American Dream as she rebukes her family and Japanese culture. The second act is dedicated to Cio-Cio-San patiently awaiting Pinkerton’s return despite everyone she knows telling her that it is false hope. In the final act, Pinkerton does return — with his American wife. In the final insult, their only purpose is to take Cio-Cio-San’s sun Sorrow with them to America. Cio-Cio-San allows them to take her son, but takes her own life as well just before the curtain falls.
Critically, there are things that are hard to buy in this story. What makes Cio-Cio-San fall in love with Pinkerton? There seems to be no excuse for her foolishness even if she had few other options available to her due to her culture and gender. Yet, in a sense that is true to life. People are blinded by love, blinded by hope, and blinded by dreams. That is the real tragedy to me because love, hope, and dreams are three of the most positive qualities of humanity, and yet they can destroy us.
Leaving the theater we overheard a woman say “They should have killed him instead of her.” I wonder what the audience of Puccini’s time thought about Pinkerton’s moral choices. Puccini and his librettists certainly seem to want to make us understand Pinkerton’s remorse in the third act. Of course Pinkerton acts on that remorse by going off and moping on his own instead of, you know, actually speaking with the woman he impregenated and abandoned. Do pre-feminist audiences think this was good enough, even progressive for an American man? The mind boggles.
Musically, Madama Buttefly is full of beautiful, heart-wrenching melodies. Shu-Ying Li especially carries the show with her lyrical voice. The second act in particular has some of her best arias and a lovely intermezzo by the orchestra. Christopher Jackson is kind of stiff, but his stage time is actually overshadowed by supporting characters Suzuki (Keri Alkema) and Sharpless (Marco Nisticò). The characters provide the conscience and realism to counterbalance the leads, and their voices provide beautiful singing, albeit Alkema spends much of the performance laying on the floor weeping. I love how operas are cast by voice not by physical appearance so that the American Alkema plays a Japanese house servant and the Italian Nisticò plays an American Consul, adding the multicultural soup. Henry Titcomb as Sorrow doesn’t sing but provides a touching and charming performance as a typical little boy.
The staging and costumes are also great. I’ve seen so many productions lately that update the costumes to another place and time that it was nice to see them sticking to 1900-era Japanese and American fashions. I particularly liked that all the women in the wedding scene wore small American flags in their hair. In a great dramatic moment at the climax of the opera that may not be noticed by those without opera glasses, Cio-Cio-San removes the Star-Spangled Banner from Sorrow’s hand and replaces it with the Rising Sun. The stage is set simply but used effectively. A set of steps at the back of the stage represent the hill upon which Pinkerton’s house while sliding doors represent the walls. In Act II, Cio-Cio-San, Suzuki, and Sorrow spread a silk cloth and flower petals across the steps. The safety commissar in me cringes at the thought of the boy slipping down the steps, but visually the effect was beautiful.
For those keeping score, this was my fourth opera. I’m not the most cultured guy but I do enjoy the experience.
First Night Williamsburg 2007
2007-01-04 2008-12-09 ~ Liam ~ 1 Comment
Susan & I spent the holiday week visiting family in North Carolina and Virginia. We rang in the New Year with my mother by attending First Night Williamsburg 2007. We spent almost the entire night in the University Center at the College of William & Mary and heard a lot of great music (and a couple of duds).
Celtibillies — As the name implies they play Celtic and Appalachian styles of music. There are a lot of bands that do this so they could probably do without the silly name, but they play it well. I love those jigs and reels.
St. Veronica’s Youth Steel Orchestra — A bunch of exuberant youngsters from Baltimore played everything on the steel drums from Earth, Wind & Fire to a medley of Christmas songs. I especially like the bass drums which sound like strings.
C. Shells — We popped in for the end of this participatory children’s performance. I especially liked the song about a kitten on Christmas morning. The women in this duo remind me of Carole and Paula from The Magic Garden. My mother and wife have no idea who I’m talking about.
Ron Fetner — This guy is from Virginia but sounds like he’s from the Boston folk scene.
Bagels and Fraylox Klezmer Band — We really enjoyed this klezmer band which featured a guest mandolin player on a couple of songs.
Friends of Appalachian Music (F.O.A.M.) — In my college days I was a regular a F.O.A.M. contra dances in Norge so this was a nostalgic moment. Susan and I stood in for a couple of easy square dances which was enough to work up a lather.
Poisoned Dwarf — This contemporary Celtic band was really good. The room was so crowded that Susan & I listened from the corridor. Too bad Poisoned Dwarf wasn’t asked to play the Grand Finale.
Schnicklefritz and the Oompahs — I forced my beloved wife and mother to leave the University Center to hear some German music. Perhaps this band wasn’t talented, perhaps they were over-amplified, or perhaps you need beer to enjoy oompah music, but we bear to stay longer than one song.
Grand Finale featuring Coyote Run — I went to the very first First Night Williamsburg to ring in 1994 and for the Grand Finale someone dropped a pineapple off the balcony of the Wren Building at the College of William & Mary. In later years they had music and fireworks in the Sunken Gardens. Now the finale is in Zable Stadium. Since we abandoned Schnicklefritz we got to Zable early and sat in the stands. The band Coyote Run played and they were kilt-wearing, hooting & hollering and basically Scottish cliches who didn’t play very good music. Apparently all the good bands were in the University Center. Then it started to rain so we huddled under the stands to keep dry. At midnight, the fireworks began and for the first few minutes they were pretty pathetic. Then they started firing the good fireworks. It may say something about my age, but after 20 minutes I was checking my watch and ready to go home. After 10 more minutes of booms and flashes the New Year fireworks show was complete and we went home to bed.
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A Comparative Study of the English and German Judicial Approach to the Liability of Public Bodies in Negligence
by Ralph Surma
A. Introduction
B. The Country Reports
I. Some general observations
II. The English law of negligence with regard to public authorities
1. The rule of law
2. Duty of care
a) The development of the law
b) The present law
c) Duty Factors relevant to public authorities
(1) Statutory duties and powers
(2) Liability for omissions and acts of third parties
(3) Statutory framework and statutory purpose
(4) The kind of the loss suffered
(5) Immunities
3. Other elements of the tort of negligence
III. The German Law
1. § 823 BGB
2. The German law of state liability
3. The liability of public bodies for breach of official duty
a) § 839 BGB
b) Art. 34 GG
c) The elements of a claim under § 839 BGB, Art. 34 GG
(1) The official
(2) Act in exercise of a public office
(3) Breach of official duty
(4) Duty owed to a third party
(5) Fault
(6) Causation
(7) Damages
d) Limitation of liability
(1) § 839 I 2 BGB
(2) § 839 II BGB
(3) § 839 III BGB
(4) Contributory negligence
e) Answerability as the proper party (Passivlegitimation)
IV. Summary
C. The English and German Cases
I. English and German judgments
II. The cases
1. Liability of the police for failing to prevent crime
a) Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire
Opinion of Lord Keith of Kinkel
Opinion of Lord Templeman
b) BGH LM §839[fg] BGB Nr.5
c) Notes
2. Liability of the prosecution service
a) Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Judgment of Steyn LJ
Judgment of Morritt LJ
b) BGH NJW 1998, 751
3. Liability of highway authorities
a) Stovin v Wise
Opinion of Lord Hoffmann
Dissenting opinion of Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead:
b) BGH NJW 1980, 2194
4. Liability of social services
a) W v Essex CC
Dissenting judgement of Stuart-Smith LJ
Judgement of Judge LJ
b) OLG Hamm VersR 1994, 677
D. Evaluation of policy arguments
I. The kind of policy arguments
II. Critical review of the English policy arguments
1. Defensive approach
2. Diversion of scarce resources
3. Floodgates
4. Special nature of function
5. Adequate protection – alternative remedies
a) Criminal Compensation Scheme and Local Government Ombudsman
b) Insurance
c) Judicial review
6. Multi-disciplinary process
7. Other concerns
III. The German approach
1. Duty owed to third person
2. § 839 I 2 BGB
3. § 839 III BGB
4. Reasons for the German approach
E Conclusion
English and international legal literature
I. Textbooks
II. Articles
German Legal Literature
The present thesis focuses on the role of so-called public policy considerations in the area of the liability of public bodies in negligence in England and Germany. In both countries public liability in negligence is a complex area of the law. The courts are faced with a defendant whose conduct caused harm while carrying out public law functions in the interest of society. The question is how far this special role should influence the scope of liability with regard to the need to protect individual rights. The relevant law has been developed in both countries substantially by case law, despite the fact that in Germany it has a statutory foundation. The English courts have in many cases limited or denied the liability of public bodies, relying on various policy arguments. In contrast, the German courts have not adopted the English concerns but have instead extended public liability. On the basis of a survey of the present state of English and German law in this area, it is submitted that although policy considerations are influential in the way the law is applied in the two legal orders, there is a different general attitude towards public liability. The difference in approach in the two legal systems is illustrated by a juxtaposition of English and German cases which show that similar factual problems often lead to different results. The use of the English policy arguments is analysed, assessing them critically on their own and by comparison to the German approach. It is concluded that these considerations are not apt to serve as an adequate ground to exempt public bodies from liability in negligence. An outlook on English law in the light of recent European Human Rights and English case law suggests that the position of the English courts may be about to change.
On 28 October 1998, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) gave judgment in the case of Osman v United Kingdom. At the heart of this dispute lay a decision by the Court of Appeal to strike out an action by Mrs. Osman and her son against the police for damages in negligence.
Mrs. Osman’s husband had been killed and her son seriously injured by a school teacher who had developed a dangerous obsession with the boy. It was alleged that the police – despite being aware of the threat that the teacher posed to the Osmans – had failed to take the necessary steps to prevent the crime. The Court of Appeal held that in such circumstances it would be against public policy to impose liability in negligence on the police for failing to act1 In doing so, the Court of Appeal relied primarily on the judgment of the House of Lords in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire2 which, on the basis of various public policy considerations, has in fact established an immunity for the police from actions for negligence in respect of their activities in the investigation and suppression of crime3
The Court of Appeal’s decision was brought before the ECHR, alleging several violations of the European Convention on Human Rights (EConvHR)4 by the English court.
The ECHR held that the decision of the Court of Appeal constituted a violation of Article 6 (1) of the EConvHR, which provides that ‘in the determination of his civil rights and obligations …, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing … by an independent and impartial tribunal’. It was decided that such a hearing had not been granted to Mrs. Osman and her son, due to the refusal to let their action proceed to trial. The public policy arguments put forward by the Court of Appeal were rejected as not being sufficient to bar from the outset, irrespective of the circumstances of the individual case and of other competing public interests, a claim for compensation based on the failure of the police to prevent criminal injury5
Although it is not yet entirely clear what effect this decision will have on English law, it follows from the judgment that any blanket immunity for any class of potential tortfeasors is likely to violate Art. 6 (1) of the EConvHR6 The outcome of Osman v UK has not received a warm and unanimous welcome among the judiciary in England7 Lord Hoffmann, for example, has voiced fears that the entire English jurisprudence on the liability of public authorities for failure to deliver public services is at stake8
It might be wondered whether such concerns are rather exaggerated. However, the House of Lords in its first decision on a striking out order based on policy concerns after the ruling of the ECHR overruled the Court of Appeal, allowing the case to proceed to trial9 Moreover, in recent years there have been quite a few English decisions besides Osman v Ferguson and the Hill case which denied liability of public authorities in negligence on policy grounds. Decisions which involved, for instance, building inspection services10 highway authorities11 socia12 and fire services13 along with more police and Crown Prosecution Service cases14 Not all of these judgments explicitly relied in their reasoning on a public policy immunity, and indeed some of them were not based exclusively on policy arguments to hold that the requirements of the tort of negligence were not met. But when policy reasons were raised, the courts often considered them as at least another independent ground upon which to reject imposing a duty of care and liability on public bodies15 Such a development seems to be quite contrary to other countries’ expansion of public and state liability16 The Law Commission voiced concerns about the availability of compensation against public authorities in the UK as early as 199317 Thus, it is not surprising that another English case from this area of the law, the House of Lords’ decision in X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC18 is pending before the ECHR.
Considering these circumstances and the impact that the Human Rights Act 1998 will have on English case law when it comes into force in the year 2000, it appears to be an interesting and rewarding undertaking to examine more closely the use of policy arguments by English courts in the area of liability of public bodies in negligence. The aim of this thesis is to review critically whether the policy issues relied on by the courts are apt to strike the right balance between the community’s need for efficient administration and individual protection. As the case of Osman v UK implies that English law in this area falls below European Human Rights standards, it seems appropriate to also adopt a comparative approach to the subject. Accordingly, besides English law, the German law regarding public liability in negligence is examined.
There are several reasons why I decided to draw on the German legal system for such a comparison. First of all, coming from a German legal background, it was somehow natural to compare the English law with ‘my own’ legal order. Both England and Germany show a certain degree of similarity in their social, economic and political background which serves as the minimum precondition for any profitable comparative legal study19 Furthermore, analysing this area of the law in the two countries may be useful in a European context with regard to Art. 288 (2) [ex Art. 215 (2)] of the EC Treaty which refers to the general principles common to the laws of the Member States to define some of the conditions for the non-contractual liability of the Community. The same approach has been accepted to determine the Member States’ liability for violations of Community law20 But most importantly, I have found out through my research that German cases with similar factual backgrounds to English cases often lead to opposite results, suggesting that German courts in general are more willing to impose liability on public bodies than their English counterparts. In doing so, they do not openly consider the policy arguments raised by the English courts. Instead, they follow a different approach being led by different concerns. To prove this the thesis includes not only a section about the state of the law in the two countries but also a chapter directly juxtaposing English and German cases. Notwithstanding a divergence in style and methodology, the reasoning by the courts in actual cases will further exemplify where the differences and similarities in the English and German judicial approach to the liability of public authorities in negligence lie. However, the study cannot be exhaustive and a selection of a few suitable cases was made.
The thesis has thus the following structure: The next chapter contains two main sections providing the account of the state of the English law of negligence in respect to public bodies and the introduction into the corresponding German law. Not included in the survey is the liability of the Crown, Crown agents or central government authorities; this is because the cases in question only involve more subordinate forms of public administration, restricting the meaning of the term ‘public bodies’ or ‘public authorities’, when used in this thesis, accordingly. In the third chapter four English cases are presented with their German equivalents. Against this background the fourth chapter offers first a comprehensive critical analysis of the persuasiveness and appropriateness of the policy arguments used by the English Courts to deny liability of public authorities in negligence. In the second part of the chapter these policy concerns are contrasted with the German approach, in order to find an explanation for the different attitude towards public liability in the two countries. The final chapter comprises the conclusion summarising the findings and attempting an outlook on the development of the English law in the future.
In every legal system an individual who has suffered loss due to the wrongful act of another will find rules which allow him to obtain compensatory damages if the necessary requirements for such a claim are met. These rules make up what is known as the law of torts in common law countries and as the law of delict in civil law countries. As part of private law, their primary purpose is to settle disputes between private parties21 Private persons, meaning private individuals as well as private legal entities, usually act for their own benefit; that appears to be one of the main reasons why in principle they are held liable for the damage they have caused22
The position of public authorities is different. In contrast to private persons, their main function is to exercise statutory powers and duties in the public interest and to provide services for the welfare of society23 They often have a certain amount of discretion as to how to carry out these activities. Furthermore, their decisions are open to judicial review and can be challenged on the basis of the rules and principles of public law. The special nature of their tasks has consequently affected the scope of their non-contractual liability. It touches a border area of the law of torts and of administrative law. As a result, almost no legal system has completely subjected public bodies to the ordinary private law24 Nevertheless, while trying to fulfil their public functions, public authorities do occasionally cause damage which can be attributed to erroneous or careless behaviour on their side. A person who has suffered loss wants to recover compensation from the tortfeasor, regardless of whether the tortfeasor is a private or a public body and regardless of the purpose of the harmful act. In most cases public officials and authorities are therefore not totally exempt from the rules of private law25 The extent to which they are held liable depends on where and how each legal system has struck the balance between the protection of the interests of the adversely affected individual and the patronage of public authorities for the public benefit.
In this area, as in many branches of the law, policy considerations occur more or less openly irrespective of the particular legal system. There is generally no fixed canon of them and they can probably be best described as open-ended concerns of public interest and welfare, not restricted to an individual case26 They are not legal rules but represent value-judgments which serve to obtain and justify a certain desirable outcome27 Thus, they are most often referred to when the standard principles of law do not point to a clear solution to a legal problem28 as in the case of public liability.
In English law, a successful claim for damages in negligence requires three main elements: a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and the occurrence of a foreseeable and recoverable damage which was caused by the breach of the duty29 When these conditions are met, the defendant is liable regardless of being a private individual or a public body. The nature of the latter is not precisely defined in English law30 Reduced to the smallest common denominator, public bodies can be characterised as legal entities performing public and other functions conferred upon them by statute, often adopting the structure of corporations, of which local authorities are an important illustration31
The notion of equal treatment of public authorities and private persons regarding their accountability for wrongful acts was considered by A.V. Dicey as one of the main features of the so-called ‘rule of law’32 It is expressive of a strong tradition in English law not to draw a formal distinction between public and private law, not least in order to have better means of control over administrative wrongdoing. The rule of law has established as a general principle that public officials and public bodies are formally subject to the same rules and may be held liable in tort in the same way and extent as private persons33 That is why there is no system of specific public law torts, other than the tort of misfeasance in public office and some special principles of liability meanwhile imposed by statute34 Consequently, the mere fact that an action of a public body or one of its servants was ultra vires, meaning unlawful in the public law sense, is not sufficient to impose liability. To recover damages, the unlawful act must at the same time fulfil the elements of the relevant tort35
In addition, public bodies are subject to the ordinary law of vicarious liability, by which an employer is liable for torts committed by his employee in the course of his employment while the employee remains personally liable as well36 Within the sphere of public authorities, there are thus three possible types of liability in negligence, not always coinciding: first, there is the personal liability of those who act for the public body, secondly the vicarious liability of the public body for the torts committed by those acting on its behalf, and thirdly the direct liability of the public body itself. Since public authorities are only able to act through human agents due to their nature as juristic persons, their direct liability, like their vicarious one, stems from the acts of others37
The most obvious example of an identical liability in tort of public bodies and private persons is when the former enter into relations with the citizen on a private law basis, just as any other private individual, and commit a tortious act. However, many of the functions of and services provided by public bodies are without equivalent in the private sector. This special position is reflected in the way in which the courts have modified the application of the general features of the law of torts to public bodies. In the tort of negligence the concept of the duty of care is used as the most important device to control and limit liability, both in relation to public bodies and private persons. It serves to determine the situations in which the law of negligence should operate and what kind of damage should be compensated38
A person will only be held liable in negligence for a careless act if he owes the victim of his conduct a legal duty to take care. The concept of the duty of care is a complex notion that defies a clear definition. It is rather general in nature and has been subject to various formulations. Serious attempts to establish some principled approach to determine when a duty of care should be recognised with regard to public bodies go back about 30 years. Cases involving public bodies have played an important role in the emergence of the law of negligence as it stands today, often raising problems of general significance.
The 1970s and early 1980s mark the peak of public liability in English law, widening the scope of the tort of negligence at the same time. The first important case in this respect was Dorset Yacht Co Ltd v Home Office39 The facts alleged in this striking out action were that young prisoners who had escaped from an island in Poole Harbour due to the carelessness of their prison officers damaged the plaintiff’s yacht during the course of their flight. The House of Lords held that, on proof of the facts pleaded, the officers would have owed to the owner of the yacht a duty of care to prevent the damage the offenders had caused40 Lord Reid in his opinion referred to the ‘neighbour principle’ presented by Lord Atkin in the landmark decision of Donoghue v Stevenso41 as authority for the possibility to open up within limits new categories of liability and said for the first time that it ought to apply in all cases where there was no justification for its exclusion42
This approach was extended first by the Court of Appeal in Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban D43 and later by the House of Lords in Anns v Merton LBC44 which imposed liability on a local authority for the failure to exercise properly its statutory powers to inspect building foundations and awarded damages for pure economic loss45 Lord Wilberforce on this occasion introduced a two-stage-test to conclude whether a duty of care existed. In his view, a prima facie duty of care arose in case of a sufficient relationship of ‘proximity or neighbourhood46 between the plaintiff and the defendant. At the second stage it had to be considered whether there were any reasons of policy against imposing a duty of care irrespective of the kind of loss suffered47
Anns v Merton LBC had the effect of greatly expanding liability in tort48 In the following years, however, the impression grew that a general principle of liability for all foreseeable damage subject to particular policy exceptions was very difficult to control49 A number of House of Lords and Privy Council decision50 cast doubt on the Anns formula. The leading force behind the criticism in all these cases was Lord Keith of Kinkel. Yet, it was not until the decison in Murphy v Brentwood DC51 a similar building inspection case 13 years after Anns v Merton LBC, that the two-stage-test to establish a duty of care was finally abandoned and Anns v Merton overruled in so far as it concerned the recovery of pure economic loss.
Apart from the reluctance to award pure economic loss, one of the main reasons to depart from the Anns case was that it was thought to be preferable to develop novel categories of negligence incrementally and by analogy with established categories, rather than by applying a generalised approach and extending a prima facie duty of care which could only be limited by indefinable policy considerations52 The retreat from Anns has reversed the trend of expanding liability, which is very much apparent in cases involving public bodies53
The two-level approach in Anns v Merton LBC has been replaced by the development of a three stage test to examine the issue of the duty of care54 The formula was clearly laid down in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman55 It must be reasonably foreseeable that the conduct of the defendant will cause damage to the plaintiff. There must be sufficient proximity between the parties, and it must be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care. This test is not limited to cases of pure economic loss, as the House of Lords affirmed in Marc Rich & Co v. Bishop Rock Marine Co Ltd56
‘Proximity’ encompasses more than the literal meaning of physical or geographical proximity, but the exact content remains unclear57 Terms like ‘close and direct relationship58 and ‘equivalent to contract59 appear in this context. It differs from one situation to another60 In cases of physical injury or property damage foreseeability alone is often sufficient to also satisfy the element of proximity61 while omissions, economic loss or nervous shock cases require a closer degree of relationship if liability is to be imposed.
With regard to the fair, just and reasonable-test, these expressions are not looked at separately. They describe a wide-ranging array of factors which are not based upon technical legal doctrine and are nothing else than ‘shorthand expressions for policy’62 It is under this heading, which is the equivalent of the second stage in the Anns formula, that the courts raise their policy arguments. These can involve inter alia social, political and economic factors and should consider all relevant circumstances including the relationship between the parties, the proportionality of the burden of liability in relation to the nature of the tortious conduct, and the framework of the legal system63 Nowadays, they are mainly used to deny liability in cases in which another defendant or the plaintiff himself is regarded as a more appropriate bearer of the relevant loss64
Although the three stage test is adopted in many cases, there is no universal approach to the question of when a duty of care is owed65 It is difficult to always distinguish the categories and keep them separate as they all incorporate arguments of the same nature and are consequently partly overlapping66 As Lord Bridge put it in Caparo Industries v Dickman67 ‘the criteria are little more than convenient labels to attach to the features of different specific situations which the law recognises as giving rise to a duty of care of a given scope.’ It thus seems to be of minor practical importance how the approach to the concept of duty of care is precisely formulated. Which decision will be taken with regard to the duty of care is in the end often a question of policy68 This becomes even more apparent when the defendants are public authorities. In considering whether they owe a duty of care there are various additional factors which the courts take into account.
Public bodies carry out duties and powers conferred upon them by statute. In the case of statutory duties the specific tort of breach of statutory duty may be applicable69 This depends on the construction and the purpose of the statute. If the duty was imposed for the protection of a limited class of people and Parliament intended to confer on these people a right of action for breach of the duty, an action for damages in tort will lie70 An important indication against such a legislative intent is the availability of other remedies provided by the statute71
When there is no action for breach of statutory duty, the law of negligence applies in the same way to the performance of a duty as to the exercise of a power72 It is settled since Merseyside Docks and Harbour Board Trustees v Gibb73 that a public body can in principle owe a duty of care in the performance of statutory functions74 However, if on the construction of the statute no civil action arises, the mere careless exercise of a statutory power or duty is not sufficient to impose a common law duty of care. It can only be found under the ordinary principles of the law of negligence75
A difficulty arises out of the fact that the exercise of a statutory power usually contains a certain amount of discretion. Discretion is also found to a lesser degree in statutory duties. It is conferred upon public bodies in areas where special skill or knowledge are required to let them decide what is best76 That is why the courts often do not want to substitute their judgement to that of the authorities, and regard certain decisions of the authorities as unsuitable for judicial resolution, especially when the allocation of scarce resources or the distribution of risks is concerned77 This issue of non-justiciability and discretion has led the House of Lords to embark on several slightly different approaches, almost on a case to case basis, in order to determine the imposition of a duty of care on public bodies when discretionary functions are involved.
In Anns v Merton LBC Lord Wilberforce, making use of the so-called policy-operational distinction, found it easier to impose a duty of care on a public body on the operational than on the policy level, provided the ordinary negligence conditions were met78 A policy decision is a decision as to how a statutory power should be exercised, whereas the term operational refers to the implementation of the decision taken. This division is not very precise and, although not formally overruled, has lately been criticised in Stovin v Wis79 and Barrett v Enfield LBC80
Lord Browne-Wilkinson established a(nother) three stage test for decisions involving discretion in X (Minors) v Bedfordshire81 The first step is to exclude all matters which are non-justiciable, irrespective of whether they were performed carelessly. The second stage is to consider whether the conduct complained of lies within the ambit of the authority’s discretion. Only if the decision complained of is so unreasonable that it falls outside the ambit of that discretion, a third step will decide whether it is appropriate to impose on the authority a duty of care82 It is at this third stage that the elements of the Caparo test for the ordinary law of negligence and in particular the concept of what is just, fair and reasonable reappear.
For Lord Hoffmann in Stovin v Wis83 at least two conditions had to be satisfied, if a duty of care should arise at all for the failure to exercise statutory powers. First, similarly to Lord Browne-Wilkinson, he required that it would have been irrational for the public body not to exercise the power84 In addition, there must be exceptional grounds on the basis of the policy of the statute which make compensation necessary in such a case85 These exceptional grounds represent exactly the policy issues that are discussed under the just, fair and reasonable test.
In Barrett v Enfield LBC86 Lord Slynn of Hadley and Lord Hutton took the view that, once a decision or conduct was held to be justiciable, only the ordinary common law concept of foreseeability, proximity and fair, just and reasonableness should be applied to decide the question of a duty of care, even if the exercise of discretion was involved87 They thus reaffirmed that conduct based on the lawful exercise of discretion, in other words implementing a discretionary decision, could also be subject to a duty of care88
To conclude, despite their variations the illustrated approaches of the House of Lords all incorporate the consideration of policy arguments to determine the existence of a duty of care. This underlines the importance of such considerations for the liability of public authorities in negligence.
Many cases against public bodies involve claims for the failure to confer protection or a benefit. In English law, there is in principle no liability for mere omissions to act89 because a person owes no duty to assist another90 There is a substantial difference between actively causing a wrong and not preventing it from happening91 This approach is also extended to public bodies92 Generally they are under no common law duty to exercise statutory powers. Apart from statutory duties, common law duties to act affirmatively for the assistance of others will therefore only exist under exceptional circumstances93 Such situations include relationships where the defendant is responsible for a state of danger or for the protection of the plaintiff who is unable to safeguard himself94 Remarkably, emergency services and people in need of their help are normally not among them. Emergency services have no duty to respond to a call for help95 Their only common law duty in this context is the duty to take reasonable care to avoid causing additional damage, once they have decided to react96
Coinciding with the sphere of omissions are cases in which injuries were not primarily caused by public authorities but by a third person. Because of the unpredictability of human conduct and the problems linked to omissions, there is, vicarious liability apart, usually no liability for the acts of third parties97 There are exceptions in rare situations of a special relationship between the defendant and the third party, or the plaintiff, which are similar to the ones already mentioned. They are based on an assumption of responsibility by the defendant for the third party, or on a high degree of control as in the Dorset Yacht case98 An exceptional situation also exists, where a defendant is responsible for a state of danger which may be exploited by a third party or for property which may be used by others to cause damage, although such cases rarely succeed99
The framework of the statutory power is a significant aspect in determining whether a duty of care should be imposed or not100 If there are no indications within the statute of an intention to provide compensation, it will be difficult to establish a duty of care in negligence101 the law of negligence only being a last resort102 Nevertheless, the mere existence of a statutory remedy does not by itself necessarily rule out the recognition of a duty of care103
Similarly, when the conduct of the authority was intended by statute mainly for the general public benefit, the imposition of a duty of care will be rare104 Some decisions have to be taken in the public interest, even though it is foreseeable that they may cause harm to others105 As long as they are authorised by Parliament, there is no room for public liability. A duty of care can only arise when the statutory power was conferred to look after the affected interests of the plaintiff106
In general, the courts are more willing to allow recovery of compensation for personal injury, property damage and when other important personal interests are infringed. Economic interests are less well protected107 There are only very few cases where pure economic loss will be awarded if it is not consequential upon personal injury or property damage108
General and complete immunities from liability are hardly ever found in the law and the only exceptions are based on strong public interest considerations. Judges, for example, enjoy a public policy immunity from liability in negligence for their conduct in court to ensure their judicial independence109 Otherwise the courts usually emphasise that for public bodies and their servants no blanket immunity exists110 Yet, there are areas of activity beyond judicial control. These include the aforementioned activities involving the exercise of discretion and mainly concern so-called policy matters in contrast to operational decisions. But it seems that even below the policy level, the courts have barred claims for damages against public authorities in certain domains on the basis of public policy arguments111 This might not always have been referred to as a partial immunity but it amounts to it and has been criticised by the ECHR in the Osman v UK case112
There are no special rules for public bodies with regard to the other elements of the tort of negligence. The requirement of the breach of duty determines whether the defendant in fact was negligent. He was negligent when he fell below the required standard of care, this being the sole degree of negligence in all types of cases. The standard of care is objective in nature. For professionals, such as employees of public authorities, it is determined according to the Bolam test113 They breached their duty of care when their conduct was such that no competent body of professional opinion would accept it as being within the means of an ordinary skilled member of that profession114
Turning to causation, the ordinary ‘but for’ test applies which means that the plaintiff would not have suffered the harm but for the public body´s negligence. It is mainly an issue of fact which depends on the result of taking evidence115 The element of remoteness of damage requires that the suffered loss constituted a foreseeable consequence of the authority´s negligenc116 and thus leads to the reconsideration of one of the features of the duty of care concept117 Finally, the assessment of the damage and compensation follows the established principles.
In German law there is no direct or exact equivalent to the English concept of negligence as a separate tort. Being a civil law system, German law is not familiar with the notion of nominate torts. Instead, the law of torts is in principle embodied in the German Civil Code (BGB) and consists primarily of 30 successive articles, called paragraphs, which are found in the second book of the code as part of the law of obligations.
The first and most important of these tort provisions is § 823 BGB which lays down two general rules:
‘(1) A person who wilfully or negligently injures the life, body, health, freedom, property, or other right of another contrary to law is bound to compensate him for any damage arising therefrom.
(2) The same obligation attaches to a person who infringes a statutory provision intended for the protection of others. If according to the purview of the statute infringement is possible without fault, the duty to make compensation arises only if some fault can be imputed to the wrongdoer.118
In § 823 I BGB, negligence is referred to as a mode of committing a tortious act, as a form of fault. This represents the traditional and basic understanding of negligence in German law, which is defined in the second sentence of § 276 I BGB as not exercising the care required in ordinary social intercourse. When § 823 I BGB declares that careless conduct may render somebody liable in tort, it refers to acts as well as to omissions. Omissions, however, will only lead to liability if there was a legal duty to act119 Apart from statutory duties or the voluntary assumption of responsibility, a legal duty to act is most commonly derived from the so called Verkehrssicherungspflichten, which can only inadequately be translated as legal duties to maintain safety. These duties were developed by the courts on the basis that everybody who creates or controls a potential source of danger has to take the necessary precautions to protect others against the risks caused by his activity or his property120 Their impact goes beyond the sphere of omissions as the Verkehrssicherungspflichten determine which circumstances and relationships will give rise to a duty of care to safeguard the enumerated interests in § 823 I BGB and thus limit the scope of liability121 In German tort law, they seem to be the closest equivalent to the English concept of a duty of car122 and are often expressive of judicial policy123
§ 823 II BGB gives rise to liability for breach of a protective statute or enactment. A statute is intended for the protection of others if it exists to defend not only general but also or solely individual interests124 In this sense the provision appears to be comparable to the English tort of breach of statutory duty, both requiring a protective nature towards a limited class of people. German law, however, does not also require a legislative intention in the context of the protective statute to create a civil remedy.
Although § 823 I and II BGB are the main German tort provisions and their wording does not include any limitation, they do not in general apply in the same way to private persons on the one hand, and public authorities and their employees performing public functions on the other125 Regarding public liability, there is a special claim for breach of official duty which is established in § 839 BGB in conjunction with Article 34 of the German Constitution (GG). This does not necessarily mean, however, that public bodies are not held liable in the same way, or to the same extent, as private persons. In fact, there is a provision in the German Constitution which could be described as the German rule of law. According to Art. 20 III GG the executive and the judiciary are bound by law and justice. Correspondingly, any state activity can in theory be challenged in court; this is confirmed by Art. 19 IV 1 GG which provides the right of the individual to have recourse to law where his rights are violated by public authority. In this context it is worth noting that the distinction between public and private law is a strong characteristic of German law126 Therefore, the remedy of judicial review or actions of annulment of administrative decisions have to be brought before the administrative courts, whereas only the civil courts have jurisdiction for claims for damages in tort actions against public officials and bodies127
In Germany, public liability in tort is regarded as part of the wider-ranging law of state liability. The term state liability is not precise because not only the Federation (Bund) and the states (Länder) but also the other territorial units and entities of public law, such as local authorities, are all subject to liability under the same principles. The rules of state liability law do not represent a coherent legal system united in one code. They are scattered in different statutes or have been developed by the courts. Besides public liability in § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG, they deal with compensation for other forms of public law measures128 which are of no interest for present purposes. Any special provisions in the states which used to make up the former German Democratic Republic are also not taken into consideration as § 839 BGB, in conjunction with Art. 34 GG, is applicable there as well129
§ 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG come from different areas of the law and came into force at different times. § 839 BGB, as part of the law of torts in the German Civil Code, came into force with the rest of the Code on January 1st 1900, while Art. 34 GG is part of the German Constitution, which was promulgated on May 23rd 1949. These provisions jointly constitute the foundation of the claim for damages against public bodies. They are interrelated and influence each other130 Although they are laid down in statutes, their elements have been interpreted, refined and adapted by the courts131 As a result the present German law concerning public liability has basically been developed through case law. Even though technically speaking judgments do not constitute a recognised source of law in civil law countries like Germany132 the actual influence of the courts on the law should not be underestimated. The following account mainly presents the current position of the Federal Supreme Court.
§ 839 BGB reads as follows:
(1) ‘If an official wilfully or negligently commits a breach of official duty incumbent upon him towards a third party, he shall compensate the third party for any damage arising therefrom. If only negligence is imputable to the official, he may be held liable only if the injured party is unable to obtain compensation otherwise.
(2) If an official commits a breach of his official duty in giving judgment in an action, he is not responsible for any damage arising therefrom, unless the breach of duty is subject to a public penalty to be enforced by criminal proceedings. This provision does not apply to a breach of duty consisting of refusal or delay in the exercise of the office.
(3) The duty to make compensation does not arise if the injured party has wilfully or negligently omitted to avert the injury by making use of a legal remedy.133
The first section of this provision, if looked upon alone, imposes liability for breach of official duty only on the official acting on behalf of the public body and not on the public body itself. According to its wording, it holds the official personally liable for all the damage he caused by violating the duty he owed to the citizen. In this way § 839 I 1 BGB extends the ordinary tort liability established in § 823 I BGB, as, once the conditions of § 839 I BGB are fulfilled, the official has to compensate for any damage, in principle including pure economic loss, and not only for the infringement of certain enumerated interests134 thus the provision goes beyond the position of English law on the recovery of pure economic loss.
When the official has breached his duties in the exercise of a public law or sovereign act, however, Art. 34 GG shifts his personal liability arising from § 839 I 1 BGB onto the public authority in charge and makes it liable for the conduct of the official. Art. 34 GG provides that:
‘If any person, in the exercise of a public office entrusted to him, violates his official obligations to a third party, liability shall rest in principle on the State or the public body which employs him. In the event of wilful or grossly negligent conduct, the right of recourse shall be reserved. In respect of claims for compensation or the right of recourse, the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts must not be excluded.135
Because of Art. 34 GG, liability of the public body itself is the standard form of public liability. It leads to the assumption of an obligation on the part of the authority which leaves the official exempt from any liability to the third party136 It brings about a transfer of responsibility. This means that the public body is only liable if according to § 839 BGB the conditions for a personal liability of the official are met137 The public body will then be liable in exactly the same way and to the same extent as the official under § 839 BGB138 It is a form of indirect state liabilit139 and thus differs from the direct and the vicarious liability of public authorities in England.
The personal liability of officials and public employees towards a third party continues in situations where they pursue ordinary private law activities. If they enter relations with a citizen on a private law basis on behalf of a public body and breach official duties owed towards the private party, Art. 34 GG will not apply. Officials will be held liable under § 839 I 1 BGB. As a specific rule, it usually overrides the other more general tort clauses of the BGB140 It restricts the meaning of the term ‘official’, however, to civil servants as defined in public law (Beamte). Other government or administration employees are therefore liable according to the regular tort provisions.
The public authority is in these cases only held vicariously liable for its civil servants and employees141 This approach to fiscal liability corresponds with English law. The applicable provisions in the Civil Code are § 823 BGB and the provisions following it, in conjunction with § 831 BGB for acts of employees, or, for torts of organs, §§ 31, 89 BGB, which in fact represent a type of direct liability of the State. An official is able to avoid his personal liability on the basis of § 839 I 2 BGB if he can invoke the vicarious liability of the public authority as an alternative source of compensation for the plaintiff142
As enactments overriding § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG are exceptional and only found in a few specific statutes143 the two provisions will usually apply. A claim for damages under § 839 I BGB and Art. 34 GG requires that an official in the exercise of a public office culpably breached an official duty he owed to a third party which suffered harm as a consequence of his conduct.
The wording of § 839 BGB limits liability to the acts of officials as defined in administrative law. In Art. 34 GG this wording is extended to any person who is performing functions which are part of the sovereign activities of the public body144 not only including its employees but, under certain circumstances, also private enterprises or private individuals145 It is the nature of the activity which is decisive for the liability of the public body and not the legal position or status of the acting person.
This element is satisfied whenever an act is based on a statute which expressly designates a certain duty as an official duty in the exercise of a public office146 Apart from these cases, the exercise of a public office generally encompasses any kind of sovereign conduct147 An activity can be referred to as sovereign when public duties or functions are pursued with public law means148
In areas in which public bodies are able to choose between private law or sovereign means to perform their public functions149 or when physical acts (Realakte) are concerned, it can be more difficult to decide whether an act was conducted in the exercise of a public office150 The courts therefore rely on different criteria. If the form the act takes (Rechtsform), for instance, is clearly a form used and established in the area of public law, the exercise of a public office is presumed151 The same is true when the official acts with the intention to execute public duties and the nature of the task in question is indeed a public law one152 This last principle is especially relevant to classify physical acts of officials where the distinction between forms or means of private and public law is of no assistance. There has to be a special interrelation between the public duty pursued and the tortious conduct153 The connection must be so close that the physical act can be regarded as part of the sovereign activity of the public body154 On this basis, the requirement of ‘in the exercise’ is not fulfilled, for example, when the official acts purely out of personal motives155 If it should finally not be possible to assign an official’s act beyond doubt to public or private law, there is a rebuttable presumption that it falls into the realm of public law156
Official duties are the personal behavioural duties (Verhaltenspflichten) of the official with regard to the exercise of his office. As such they constitute in theory internal duties the official owes to the public body as his employe157 and not to third parties158 They are nonetheless often identical with legal duties incumbent upon the state to the citize159 and – not least with regard to the effectiveness and wording of § 839 BGB – many of them are consequently ascribed an external effect as well160 Official duties are derived from all kinds and levels of legal provisions from community law to municipal law, including customary law and subordinate forms of law such as decrees and even instructions of the official161 In so far as the official has to follow orders of his superiors, he cannot be in breach of an official duty. When injustice is done to the citizen in such a case, it is the conduct of the superior which needs to be examined162
There is no conclusive list of official duties either in § 839 BGB or in Art. 34 GG. This vacuum has led the courts to create a multitude of official duties which often partly overlap163 The main official duty, which stems from the aforementioned Art. 20 III GG, is to act lawfully164 The nature of this general duty is so wide and vague that it serves as a generic term for almost all of the official duties165 Among them is the duty to exercise discretion in a proper and lawful manner166
Although German law frequently only refers to public functions in general, without distinguishing duties or powers, it does make the distinction between decisions involving discretion and ‘bound decisions’, i.e. acts without discretion. Once the conditions of the statute authorizing the exercise of discretion are met, discretion can comprise the choice whether to act or which decision to take167 Where the official acts within the ambit of his discretion, liability will not occur. That is true for German and for English law. It is acknowledged in both systems that discretion provides official bodies with a certain freedom to act. Yet, unlike the English courts, the German courts do not recognise an area of discretion which from the outset is beyond any judicial control. There is no reference to the allocation of resources or distribution of risks marking a boundary which might hint at a different, less policy oriented understanding of discretion in German law. That does not imply that the courts are allowed to substitute their decision for the one of the public body. They can only review specific errors of the public body in the exercise of its discretion. In English law it nevertheless seems that even in justiciable areas of discretion, at least until recently, the misuse of discretion had to reach an obvious level of abuse before a duty of care was imposed168 In German law the courts used to have a similar point of vie169 but it is accepted now that it is sufficient that the official applied his discretion incorrectly, even if it did not amount to evident abuse170 The scope of evaluation granted to the courts includes an erroneous use of discretion (Ermessensfehlgebrauch), an exceeding discretion (Ermessensüberschreitung), no use of discretion at all (Ermessensnichtgebrauch)171 or when the official did not realize that his discretion was limited to only one possible lawful decision (Ermessensreduzierung auf Null or Selbstbindung der Verwaltung)172
Other examples of official duties recognised to fall within § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG are the duty to act proportionally (verhältnismässig)173 the duty to act without delay174 to act consistently175 the duty to provide correct informatio176 and especially the duties not to commit tortious act177 and to comply with the public law duties to maintain safety (öffentlich-rechtliche Verkehrssicherungspflichten). These duties extend to all forms of conduct under public law and can also constitute duties to act178
The official duty must be owed towards the plaintiff179 An official duty is owed towards a third party provided it exists in the interest of a limited group of people worthy of protection and not only in the interest of the community as a whole180 This same consideration occurs in the context of § 823 II BGB181 Three conditions have to be fulfilled for such a duty which depend on its statutory framework and nature182 The official duty must generally be capable of including individual protection183 The plaintiff has to belong to the class of people protected by the duty and, finally, the damage suffered must fall within the protective ambit of the duty184 These formulas are quite open to interpretation by the courts and thus to implementation of policy and value judgments. What they convey is that an imposition of liability on the public body should in principle only be justified when the official duty establishes a somewhat proximate relationship between the plaintiff and the public body185 as for instance in administrative proceedings186
Such a connection is not required where the public conduct breaches the official duty not to commit tortious acts and directly violates interests of the plaintiff enumerated in § 823 I BGB, which are of an absolute nature towards everybody. In such circumstances the affected plaintiff is always a third person within the meaning of § 839 I BGB187 This is somewhat parallel to the English view that in cases of personal injury or property damage mere foreseeability is often enough to satisfy the requirements of a duty of care.
With its emphasis on a relationship or connection between the plaintiff and the public authority, the element of a duty owed to a third party is in general reminiscent of the requirement of proximity in the duty of care concept in the English law of negligence188 It also recalls the importance of the protective purpose of statutory powers and duties189 Under both legal regimes such an element is in theory intended as a means to limit the liability of public bodies190 the German courts have however extended the third party effect of many official duties191
§ 839 I 1 BGB imposes liability only if the official has wilfully or negligently breached the official duty. The distinction matters because different rules apply depending on the kind of fault. In the case of negligent conduct, which is discussed here, § 839 I 2 BGB will apply and lead to an exclusion of the liability of the official or public body if the injured party can obtain compensation otherwise.
Negligence is defined in general in § 276 I 2 BG192 and, unlike English law, subdivided into light, ordinary and gross negligence. As in English law, the required standard of care is objective193 Decisive is what standard could be expected from the average official who was acting in compliance with his duties in the same external circumstances as the defendant194 the latter’s actual skill being irrelevant195 The plaintiff does not need to name or individualize the particular official who acted and fell below the necessary standard of care in order to succeed196
The theory of equivalence or rule of conditio sine qua non requires for causation that the damage would not have occurred without the breach of official duty. This corresponds with the common law ‘but for’ test.
To keep this extensive concept of causation under control, the causal connection between damage and breach of duty has to be adequate. An adequate cause is one which generally is apt to enhance the objective possibility of or to produce such a consequence as has occurred197 It does not include conditions which according to objective human experience and common opinion cannot reasonably be taken into account198 This resembles the English law’s use of the concept of foreseeability, particularly in the test for remoteness of damage in the tort of negligence.
Another feature of causation raised in the area of public liability is the concept of alternative lawful conduct199 When the damage would have occurred even in the case of lawful conduct of the official, the breach of duty is generally not deemed to be a sufficient cause of the damage200
In relation to omissions, causation demands that – supposing there was a duty to act – the undertaking of the act omitted by the official would almost certainly have avoided the materialization of the damage201
§ 839 I 1 BGB in conjunction with Art. 34 GG holds the public body liable for any damage arising from the unlawful conduct of the official202 The sole condition is that the suffered damage represents the kind of loss that the official duty was supposed to prevent203 Nevertheless, the willingness of German courts to impose liability on public bodies does not appear to depend on the sort of damage claimed to the same extent as in English decisions. German law is not as limited in the situations in which pure economic loss can successfully be claimed in the area of public liability.
The assessment of damages is determined according to the general rules in §§ 249 et seq., §§ 842 et seq. BGB with one difference: Public liability does generally not lead to compensation for damage in kind, as only monetary recompense can be awarded204 This is due to the fact that in most cases another public law act would be required to remedy the wrongful conduct of the official. Ordinary civil courts, however, which award the damage claims, have no jurisdiction to force public authorities to act in a particular way in the area of public law205 Moreover, liability in § 839 BGB, even when it is shifted upon the public body, remains focused on the person of the official himself who would be held liable in his capacity as a private person. A private person cannot perform public law acts206
Apart from pecuniary losses, compensation for non-pecuniary losses may be claimed for pain and suffering in cases of personal injury, deprivation of personal liberty and severe infringement of someone’s general right of personality on the basis of §§ 839, 847, 253 BGB, Art. 34 GG207
Even when the requirements of § 839 I 1 BGB and Art. 34 GG are satisfied, public liability is subject to certain restrictions in German law. These restrictions are often expressive of the special role of public officials and bodies performing public functions. The most important limitations are found in the Civil Code itself in § 839 I 2 BGB, § 839 II BGB and § 839 III BGB, as well as in § 254 BGB dealing with contributory negligence. Public liability can also be, in exceptional cases, partly excluded or limited by specific parliamentary statute for reasons of general public interest, as long as it is not abolished altogether or significantly undermined208
The provision of § 839 I 2 BGB is also referred to as the subsidiarity clause. It provides that as a rule the official is not held liable for negligent conduct if the plaintiff can claim the same damages from somebody else209 as in the case of the existence of a joint or different tortfeasor210 Thus, when somebody other than the official primarily caused the damage, which in English law is discussed under the liability for acts of a third party211 § 839 I 2 BGB will in theory relieve the public official of his liability212 if this problem has not already been dealt with through causation.
Although § 839 I 2 BGB was originally intended only for the protection of the individual official213 it equally applies to public bodies, reducing their financial burden214 when, due to Art. 34 GG, they take over the official’s liability215 Nonetheless, the German courts have modified and updated the scope of application of the subsidiarity clause by making use of a teleological reduction (teleologische Reduktion)216 Accordingly, § 839 I 2 BGB is not applicable if it collides with the principle of equal treatment in respect of liability (haftungsrechtlicher Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz), which has its foundation in Art. 3 I GG217 This principle comprises those situations in which, exceptionally, the content of public law duties incumbent upon the official acting in a sovereign manner corresponds with the general duty of care imposed on everybody218 thus removing any justification for a different treatment of public bodies and private persons.
This is of relevance in two areas of great practical importance: First, it was established as a principle of equal treatment of users of the highway which does not allow any privileges for public officials or bodies acting in their public capacity in the case of ordinary driving219 unless they are claiming special rights such as in a police operation220 The second area concerns the public law duty to maintain road traffic safety (öffentlich-rechtliche Straßenverkehrssicherungspflicht) with regard to the condition of the roads221 Here, too, the scope of the public duty is identical with the general duty of care of anybody who owns, controls or creates a source of danger222
The courts have further reduced the significance of § 839 I 2 BGB, not accepting every possible claim of the plaintiff against somebody else as an appropriate means of compensation within the meaning of the provision223 Public bodies are not discharged from their liability if this would be unreasonable and contrary to the intention of the rule224
The largest category of claims which on that basis is no longer considered as an alternative way of compensation consists of private and public law insurance claims225 with the exclusion of the tortfeasor’s compulsory car liability insurance226 The plaintiff earned these claims by using his own financial resources or through his work and performance227 they are often the result of private precaution. Moreover, according to German understanding, the insurance payment serves solely as a form of interim financing until the damage can finally be settled228 A claim for damages is subrogated by law to the insurer to the extent to which he has indemnified the injured person229 This cessio legis also indicates that neither the insurer nor the group of the insured as a whole shall in the end carry the loss unjustly suffered by one of their members, but that the tortfeasor must be held responsible for the damage he caused230 The insurer is only supposed to carry the risk of the enforceability of the claim for compensation231 He will therefore only bear the final loss when the tortfeasor is unable to pay232 which is not sufficient for § 839 I 2 BGB to apply233
The English courts take a different view of the role of insurance. In principle it is established that the insurance status of the parties should be irrelevant to the question of liabilit234 and that the insurability of the parties is to be disregarded235 But, in the area of tort liability of public authorities, insurance is sometimes seen as an adequate means of protection for the plaintiff, since otherwise only the plaintiff’s insurance company would benefit from the authority’s liability236
The German courts have been able to overcome the subsidiarity clause of § 839 I 2 BGB in the most frequent and important cases. In the areas where it still applies it is not necessary that the plaintiff has in fact obtained compensation from another source. The possibility of obtaining damages is sufficient to relieve public bodies of their liability237 This will, however, depend on the enforceability and reasonableness in the individual case238 If there are legal or factual grounds why the plaintiff cannot enforce the other claim in reasonable time, then it is not regarded as an appropriate form of compensation within the meaning of § 839 I 2 BGB, and the public body remains liable239
§ 839 II BGB confers upon judges exemption from civil liability for their activity in the context of giving judgments, unless their conduct amounts to a criminal offence. It thus establishes an immunity which is also found in English law. Apart from judges, no other group of officials or public bodies is given immunity in § 839 II BGB.
According to § 839 III BGB there is no public liability if the plaintiff has wilfully or negligently failed to avert the damage by making use of any other legal remedy. Like § 839 I 2 BGB, this provision originally aimed at benefiting the individual official reducing the chance of his personal liability240 With the assumption of liability by the public bodies, the function of this rule is now seen in emphasizing that the plaintiff has no right to choose between primary and secondary legal protection241 as the latter is subsidiary to the former242 Primary legal protection means the possibility of judicial review and actions for annulment according to the rules of administrative law; secondary protection refers to actions for damages. Only after the plaintiff has made full, but unsuccessful, use of available primary legal protection against public law conduct is he entitled to secondary legal protection243 However, the primary remedies must be designed to cover or prevent the entire damage arising out of the breach of the particular official duty in order to come under § 839 III BGB244
English law regards actions for damages in principle as on the same level with other remedies against unlawful conduct245 In the area of public liability, though, there is likewise the impression that the tort of negligence is seen as a remedy of last option.
In addition to § 839 III BGB the general rules on contributory negligence in § 254 BGB apply246 This provision includes in its two sections the conduct of the injured party before the occurrence of the initial harm as well as afterwards, in the sense of mitigation of damages. Contributory negligence of the plaintiff will in contrast to § 839 III BGB only lead to a reduction of his claim equivalent to his share of responsibility247 which in extreme cases may also exclude the claim entirely.
Liability is generally imposed on the public body that entrusted the official with the office in the exercise of which he breached his official duties (Anvertrauenstheorie)248 It usually constitutes a territorial entity, whereas in English law public bodies are mainly statutory corporations and sued as such249
On the basis of the framework of the ordinary law of torts special rules exist or have been developed by the courts in England and Germany in relation to public liability in negligence. Whereas in English law public bodies and their employees may be liable, Art. 34 GG has in German law established in principle the primary liability of public bodies, thus also implying who to sue.
Both legal systems use a concept of duty to determine liability. In England it is the breach of a duty of care in the tort of negligence; in Germany it is the breach of an official duty owed to a third party in § 839 BGB. Within these concepts the courts make use of vague formulas, be it the Caparo test or the protective ambit of the official duty, leaving a certain amount of flexibility to decide whether a public body should be held liable or not. Whereas the reference to policy arguments is part of English law, such a direct way of considering them is not provided by German law.
Problems such as justiciability and discretion, omissions and liability for acts of third parties have caused the English courts great concern and reinforced a reluctant attitude towards liability of public authorities, which has sometimes even led to immunities for certain kinds of conduct. Except for judges, immunities are generally not found in German law, although a similar result can be reached when official duties are held not to be owed to third parties. However, not sharing the approach of their English counterparts, German courts have, instead of restricting public liability, restricted the effect of the means provided by statute to limit it.
The present chapter will juxtapose four English cases involving the use of policy arguments to limit or deny liability of public bodies in negligence and four German cases with similar factual situations to demonstrate the different judicial approaches in the two legal systems in this area of the law. One determining criterion for the choice of judgments was to select English cases representing the main features and range of policy arguments of the leading English case law on the subject. The other one was the possibility to find for the chosen judgments German decisions with more or less corresponding facts.
The English and German cases opted for come from the same areas of responsibility of public bodies and mark a contrast in the way the courts dealt with them. They are presented in a summarised version with facts and reasoning, concentrating on the issues relevant to the thesis. Three of the English decisions were striking out orders according to RSC Order 18, r 19250 The cases proceeded on the basis that the facts alleged in the statement of claim by the plaintiff(s) were true. The account of the facts of those cases was drawn up accordingly.
Each English case is directly followed by its German counterpart. A small section of explanatory notes is added to each pair of cases. Included are decisions of both the House of Lords and of the German Supreme Court as well as of the respective Courts of Appeal. In Germany there are several Courts of Appeal, each responsible for a certain geographical area. The Oberlandesgerichte as they are called consist of chambers of three judges, whereas the German Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof) is divided into Civil Senates comprising 5 judges. The amount of judges deciding a case in the highest civil courts in England and Germany is hence the same. In both countries they decide by simple majority.
There are some differences in style and structure between reported English and German judgments. In English judgments every judge involved in the decision, including a dissenting one, delivers his own judicial opinion under his name. The judgments usually contain a very full account of the reasoning by which a judge arrived at his conclusion. German judgments in civil matters are published as unanimou251 and anonymou252 decisions of the entire court, revealing neither the names of the judges nor whether there were any differences in opinion. They are usually much shorter than their English equivalents. Reported dissenting opinions are only found in the Federal Constitutional Court. Furthermore, the doctrine of binding precedent does not, in principle, exist in German law253 Previous case-law is cited by the courts either by way of example or to refer to an established practice of the court, of the Supreme Court in particular254
The first pair of cases deals with claims against the police for not preventing crime. The English case of Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Polic255 is contrasted with the German Supreme Court decision BGH LM § 839[fg] BGB Nr.5 from 1953256
The plaintiff was the mother of the last victim of the so-called Yorkshire Ripper. He had, prior to the killing of the plaintiff’s daughter, committed 20 murders and assaults on young women in the police area of the defendant over a period of a little more than 5 years. It was claimed that during the police investigation of the series of crimes a number of mistakes were made such as the failure to compare and evaluate properly information in possession of the police pointing to the perpetrator. It had to be assumed that he would have been arrested before the murder of the plaintiff’s daughter if the police had exercised reasonable care and skill.
The plaintiff claimed damages in negligence on behalf of the estate of her daughter for failure of the police to apprehend the murderer in time and thus prevent her daughter’s death. The matter came before the court as an application by the defendant to strike out under RSC Order 18, 19 r on the grounds that the plaintiff’s statement of claim did not reveal any cause of action.
The claim was struck out by the court of first instance which was upheld by the Court of Appeal. The House of Lords unanimously dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal. It was held that the police in the course of their investigations owed generally no duty of care to individuals to identify or apprehend criminals. The leading opinion was given by Lord Keith of Kinkel with whom the other judges agreed, only Lord Templeman providing additional reasoning.
The decision of Lord Keit257 was based on two separate grounds. The first was that there was not sufficient proximity between the plaintiff, or rather her daughter, and the defendant to impose a duty of care. In addition, there were compelling public policy considerations which in Lord Keith’s opinion constituted an independent reason not to hold the police liable in negligence.
As regards proximity he thought that liability for the failure to prevent wilful injury by a third party could only arise if some special relationship existed between the defendant and either the victim or the wrongdoer, which was not the case. The identity of the murderer was not known to the police. The plaintiff’s daughter was merely a member of a large undifferentiated class of potential victims. That she was young and female did not put her at a particular risk258
In relation to public policy Lord Keith had 4 groups of arguments against the imposition of liability on the police in the present circumstances259
First, potential liability would not bring about a higher standard of care or motivation on the part of the police in carrying out their functions of investigating and suppressing crime. They already tried to perform their duties as best as they could. Liability would on the contrary be likely to cause a ‘detrimentally defensive frame of mind’ of the police interfering with their work.
Secondly, a recognised duty of care to apprehend a criminal would result in numerous lawsuits against the police. Some of them could make it necessary to review extensively the nature of a police investigation including decisions of policy and discretion. Yet, the courts would often regard such decisions as not being justiciable.
Thirdly, liability would lead to a serious diversion of manpower, time and scarce financial resources of the police from their main function of suppressing crime to the avoidance and preparation of litigation.
Finally, files already closed would have to be re-examined for the sake of the standard of competence and not for criminal justice260 On the basis of these policy considerations Lord Keith went as far as to approve an immunity of the police from actions in negligence in respect of their activities in the investigation and suppression of crime261
Lord Templema262 regarded a public inquiry and not a civil action as the appropriate means to investigate the efficiency of the police. He agreed with Lord Keith that the imposition of liability, in principle enabling everybody to challenge the work of the police in court, would be distractive and adversely affect their efficiency263
The plaintiff was the victim of a burglary which was committed by a band of robbers. Some members of the band were known to the police prior to the robbery of the plaintiff as having been involved in another burglary. Still, the two police officers who had found this out deliberately took no further action against the criminals to shield them.
The plaintiff successfully sued the respective Land which employed the two police men before the lower courts for breach of official duty according to § 839 BGB, Art. 34 GG. The Supreme Court dismissed the defendant’s appeal.
The Supreme Court focused in its judgment on the existence of an official duty and on whether this duty was owed to the plaintiff264 It held that the police officers had an official duty to take action against the members of the band of robbers they knew before those committed the burglary of the plaintiff or any other crime. Due to their knowledge of the severe crime already committed by the band and of the identity of some of its members who later took part in the burglary of the plaintiff, they had no discretion left in deciding whether measures against the criminals were necessary. In their capacity as policemen they had the duty to prosecute criminals and to prevent criminal acts. On the facts of the case their inactivity was not justifiable by any police considerations. There was a state of danger which made an intervention absolutely necessary.
This official duty to intervene was owed towards the plaintiff as a third party in the sense of § 839 I 1 BGB. The duty to prevent criminal acts was owed by the police not only in the interest of the community as a whole but also in the interest of any individual at risk of crimes which directly violate his protected interests or rights. As the duty arose out of the general duty of the police to avert dangers, it did not matter that the plaintiff, who was unknown to the police before the burglary, was only a member of an undetermined class of people possibly at risk, which basically comprised any citizen of the region. According to the court, a third party towards whom the police owed such duty was not only somebody who had already somehow emerged from the group of potential victims. This class of people had to be drawn considerably wider.
In the present case the police officers also breached their official duty not to abuse their office by their failure to act due to motives incompatible with the demands of proper police administration. This duty was equally owed to anybody who could be adversely affected by the abuse.
The German decision factually differs from the Hill case because the police knew of the identity of the criminals and abused their powers. The cases nevertheless seem to be comparable. Other English cases have shown that the approach in Hill is also adopted when the identity of the offender is known to the police265 Moreover, the reasoning of the German court in its entirety suggests that, in contrast to English law, there is an official duty of the police to prevent criminal acts owed to possibly affected third parties whenever the police are in an obvious position to prevent serious crimes, and not only when they have abused the powers of their office. Such abusive conduct serves as an additional ground to impose liability. The decision is likely to have been the same if the police officers had simply carelessly forgotten to apprehend the criminals in time. The case is cited in recent decisions of the Supreme and other court266 when they refer in general to the official duty owed by the police to take action in the interest of individuals at risk of criminal acts likely to cause substantial damage.
The German Supreme Court did not raise any of the policy concerns of the Hill case. It also had no difficulties with the proximity issue although the plaintiff was a member of a large and undetermined class of people.
The second pair of judgments is concerned with careless conduct of the prosecution service. The cases are Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropoli267 and BGH NJW 1998, 751268
Under the heading of the Elguzouli case are in fact two cases involving similar facts. In the first case the plaintiff had been charged with rape and buggery and was taken into custody in September 1992. Forensic examination established that he could not have been the offender, but proceedings were not discontinued and it took a total of 22 days until he was released. The plaintiff in the second case, who was arrested in October 1989, had been charged with handling explosives and remanded in custody. A forensic scientist had claimed to have discovered traces of explosive residue on swabs taken from the plaintiff’s hand which the latter explained as innocent contamination. It was only at his committal proceedings 85 days later that the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) offered no evidence against him and he was set free. Both plaintiffs brought an action for damages in negligence against the CPS, being the second defendant in each case. The first plaintiff claimed that the CPS had failed to obtain, process and communicate the results of the forensic evidence with due care. The second plaintiff alleged that it should not have taken the CPS 85 days to come to the conclusion that its prosecution was bound to fail.
The CPS successfully applied to strike out the claims of the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs’ appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal in an unanimous decision which held that the CPS owed generally no duty of care to those it prosecuted. Steyn LJ gave the main judgment with which Rose and Morritt LJJ concurred.
The judges of the Court of Appeal acknowledged that the plaintiffs had been deprived of their personal liberty and suffered damage because of the careless behaviour of the CPS. Applying the principles laid down in Caparo Industries Plc v Dickma269 to establish a duty of care, they admitted that the harm of the plaintiffs was arguably foreseeable. Yet, they denied the element of proximity and that it was just, fair and reasonable to impose a duty of care on the CPS. For Steyn LJ these two elements merged into each other in the present case270 Drawing an analogy to the Hill case271 the judges stressed in particular the weight of the policy considerations, similar in both cases, against the recognition of a duty of care. Steyn LJ regarded them as ‘compelling considerations, rooted in the welfare of the whole community, which outweigh the dictates of individualised justice.272
Steyn L273 thought that some of the policy factors relied on in the Hill case could have an even bigger influence in the present case. The work of the CPS to investigate and prepare criminal cases required a greater use of judgment and discretion than the work of the police, rendering it even more deserving of protection274
His major concerns were that the imposition of a duty of care would lead to a defensive approach by the CPS to its duties and to a diversion of valuable resources away from prosecuting criminals to fighting civil actions275 The CPS was likely to be tied up in a great number civil law suits which would impair the whole criminal justice system. Consequently, and irrespective of any operational and policy distinction, there was no room for a duty of care owed by the CPS, Steyn LJ holding it immune in general from liability in negligence276 The only exception was when the CPS had voluntarily assumed responsibility for a particular accused person.
Morritt L277 in principle agreed with Steyn LJ, reaching the same result by a combination of reasons: One of them was that liability in negligence would more or less incorporate the torts of malicious prosecution and misfeasance in public office, rendering them unnecessary. Furthermore, a duty of care would be of such a wide nature that the policy considerations mentioned in the Hill case and by Steyn LJ had to prevail278
At the request of the prosecution service the County Court (Amtsgericht) issued an arrest warrant for the plaintiff in February 1990 on suspicion of defrauding his former employer. The plaintiff was arrested in Italy in March 1990 and remained in custody – meanwhile having been extradited to Germany – for almost two months. The arrest warrant was later formally annulled and the preliminary proceedings against the plaintiff were discontinued. The warrant of arrest was primarily based on the accusation of a former business partner. This allegation was false in the light of evidence available when the prosecution service requested the arrest warrant.
At the time of his arrest the plaintiff was managing director of the V company. He also had a consultancy contract with the P company earning him DM 50.180,- per year. The P company terminated the contract with the plaintiff as soon as his arrest was publicised at the beginning of May 1990. In mid-May 1990 the plaintiff signed the dissolution of his managing director contract with the V company.
The County Court decided in April 1991 that the plaintiff was entitled to damages for the time in custody according to the Compensation for Prosecution Measures Act (Gesetz über die Entschädigung für Strafverfolgungsmaßnahmen – StrEG). The plaintiff claimed his loss of income and the legal costs he had incurred. The ministry of Justice of the defendant Land which was in charge of determining the amount of compensation under the Act accepted only liability for parts of the legal costs of the plaintiff. The plaintiff then sued the defendant for loss of income and for his remaining legal costs. He also sought a declaration that the defendant had to compensate the further damages caused by the termination of the contract with P.
The District Court allowed the claim up to DM 4.228,45 to cover further legal costs of the plaintiff. The Court of Appeal awarded him in a part-judgment DM 160.990,78 for breach of official duty by the defendant covering loss of income as well as legal costs and granted the declaration. The appeal of the defendant was dismissed by the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Cour279 upheld the finding of the Court of Appeal that the investigating prosecutor had culpably breached an official duty by assuming that there was a ‘compelling suspicion’ (dringender Tatverdacht) of embezzlement against the plaintiff, which was a condition for the arrest warrant, and by requesting the latter.
The court acknowledged that some measures of the prosecution service, including the request for an arrest warrant, could not be reviewed by the courts on the merits but only whether there were reasonable grounds for taking them (Vertretbarkeit or vertretbar). The Court of Appeal had held that the assumption of a compelling suspicion against the plaintiff was untenable; this extended to the request for the arrest warrant. It had found that on the strength of other evidence available to the prosecution it was already obvious at the time of the request for the arrest warrant that the accusation against the plaintiff was implausible and unbelievable.
As the Supreme Court does not engage in fact-finding of its own, it was bound to the facts as found by the Court of Appeal and could only review that decision in respect of errors of law (Rechtsfehler), in particular whether the lower court had misjudged the meaning of the term vertretbar. Such errors of law were not apparent.
In the German case the prosecution service was held responsible for inappropriate conduct at the time of the request for the arrest warrant whereas in the English case allegations were raised against the CPS for the time after the arrest. Still, in both cases evaluations and conclusions of the prosecutors lay at the heart of the claim.
German courts only very rarely acknowledge an area where their power of review is restricted, as in principle all administrative conduct is justiciable in German law280 Discretion is one exception281 The same is true for certain functions and decisions of the prosecution service. The courts only review them according to their reasonableness, not their correctness. A decision is not reasonable (unvertretbar) when – taking the requirements of effective criminal justice into account – it is not comprehensible anymore282 Both the English and the German court are thus concerned to preserve an area of individual judgment and evaluation for a prosecutor. Yet, the German court grants less judicial freedom to the prosecutor, not raising any of the policy arguments put forward by the English court.
The third pair of cases concerns the failure of highway authorities to eliminate road hazards. The House of Lords was faced with this problem in Stovin v Wise283 and the German Supreme Court in BGH NJW 1980, 2194284
The plaintiff was seriously injured in a collision with the defendant’s car which attempted to turn out of a dangerous junction on the plaintiff’s left into a main road. Visibility was very limited at the junction because of a bank of earth topped by a fence on adjoining land owned by British Rail. The defendant could not see the coming traffic until she had actually started to approach the main road. Accidents had occurred at the junction at least three times before. Norfolk CC as the responsible highway authority knew of the dangerous situation. It had a statutory power, stipulated in the Highways Act 1980, to require British Rail, as the owner of the land, to remove the obstruction. Instead, it took the decision to cart off the earth bank at its own cost about a year before the plaintiff’s accident happened. It asked British Rail for permission to do the necessary work but got no final response. The highway authority did not inquire again and the obstruction was not removed.
The defendant joined the highway authority as third party to seek a contribution for the damages payable to the plaintiff for his personal injuries. She alleged that the authority was in breach of a statutory duty under the Highways Act 1980 and liable to the plaintiff in negligence.
The High Court and the Court of Appeal both held that, although there was no action for breach of statutory duty, the highway authority was under a common law duty of care to improve the safety at the junction and liable to the plaintiff in negligence for its failure to exercise its statutory powers. They found that it was 30 % to blame for the plaintiff’s injuries. These decisions were overruled by the House of Lords which allowed the appeal of the highway authority by a bare majority of three to two. The main opinion was given by Lord Hoffmann with which Lord Goff of Chievely and Lord Jauncey of Tullichettle concurred. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead gave the dissenting opinion agreed with by Lord Slynn of Hadley.
Lord Hoffman285 set out the difficulties involved in dealing with the liability for an omission by a public authority to use its statutory powers and conducted a thorough review of previous authorities involving similar issues. He could only concede the possibility of liability for a failure to exercise a statutory power if the two minimum requirements of irrationality and exceptional grounds were fulfilled286
These conditions were not met in the present case. The highway authority had not acted irrationally because it was always in the ambit of its discretion whether anything should be done about the junction. There could also be no general reliance on road hazards being routinely removed. The plaintiff had not been arbitrarily deprived of a benefit provided to others287
As to the lack of exceptional grounds requiring the imposition of liability on the highway authority, Lord Hoffmann pointed out that the failure to comply with a public law duty did not necessarily lead to compensation, especially against the statutory background of the present case. He referred to the range of policy arguments already known from the Hill and Elguzouli cases. As in Hill and Elguzouli, these considerations were so important to him that they alone were sufficient to deny a duty of care, even if the authority’s behaviour was regarded as irrational288
He feared that the imposition of a duty of care would lead to local authorities taking costly measures to avoid liability. More money would be devoted to improve the standards of roads leaving fewer resources for other important social services and resulting in an inappropriate change of their priorities289 A likely consequence of imposing liability was, he thought, that authorities would afterwards insist on better standards than were actually necessary, leading to unnecessary costs for the community.
Furthermore, as the standard of road improvements was a matter within the highway authority’s discretion, the courts were not entitled or able to judge what was appropriate290 It was public knowledge that highways might contain dangerous sections. Drivers would have to take due care themselves and take the highway as they find it. Finally, accident victims would usually be able to rely on compulsory insurance for compensation291 whereas tort liability would only be an additional burden on public funds292
Lord Nicholls pointed out a combination of several factors which in his view made it fair and reasonable to impose a duty of care293 Among those factors were the risk of physical injury to highway users because of the obstruction to visibility, the actual knowledge of the danger by the authority in contrast to many drivers and its powers to remove it. The purpose of the statutory powers to protect road users could only be achieved by an effective remedy for damages, especially when the injured party had no insurance claims294
The wife of the plaintiff who was driving his car wanted to turn left into a road. This road had two lanes which were separated by a central reservation upon which there was a hedge which had reached the height of 1.2m. The plaintiff’s wife approached the central reservation which offered a gap for the turning traffic. As she tried to turn she collided with another car already driving on the left lane. The plaintiff claimed that his wife had not seen the other car in time only because the hedge on the central reservation was too high and had impeded her vision. Besides the owner of the other car, he sued the city in which the accident had occurred for the damage to his car.
The District Court dismissed the plaintiff’s claim against the owner of the other car but granted the claim against the defendant city to the amount of one half of the assessed damages. Upon the defendant’s appeal the Court of Appeal rejected the plaintiff’s claim against the city. The Supreme Court allowed the plaintiff’s appeal and sent the case back for trial.
The Supreme Cour295 held that the defendant city had breached its official duty to maintain road traffic safety. This public law duty, derived from the Roads Act of the respective Land, had the same content as the general legal duty to maintain safety (allgemeine Verkehrssicherungspflicht). Its scope was determined by the importance of the highway in question and by how often and by what kind of traffic it was used. The duty encompassed all measures which were necessary to provide users of the highway with roads in an adequately safe condition. Nevertheless, the road user had to adapt his driving to the discernible road conditions and generally take the highway as he finds it. Therefore, the local authority on which the duty was imposed only had to take reasonable steps to remove those dangers which could not be seen or seen in time by a user who exercised due care.
On the basis of these principles the defendant had to keep the height of the hedge on the central reservation down to a level which did not seriously impede the sight of the turning traffic. However, at the time of the accident it was not possible to gain sufficient visibility of the left lane before turning296
As § 839 I 2 BGB did not apply in the area of road traffic safety297 the defendant could not rely on a possible liability on the part of the driver of the car, the plaintiff’s wife, in order to escape his own liability. The case had to be sent back for trial to determine what weight was to be given to the defendant’s breach of duty in comparison with the contributory negligence of the plaintiff’s wife298
In the English case, the obstruction to visibility was on private property. The hedge in the German case was part of the road which was property of the defendant. This difference does not render the cases incomparable. The main reason for the German defendant being responsible for the removal of the obstruction was not his ownership of property but his statutory duty to maintain road traffic safety, which admittedly is more than the statutory power in Stovin v Wise. If the obstruction had been on adjoining private property, then it is generally the duty of the owner of the property to avert any danger arising therefrom to others. But also in German law the public authority has a right to ask for the elimination of a known danger on private property as part of its general duties to protect the public from danger. If the private person is not willing or unable to act, the relevant public authority will take the necessary action for him299
Interestingly, both courts raised the same argument: The road user has to take the highway as he finds it. Yet, they drew different conclusions, the German judgment not sharing Lord Hoffmann’s concerns on the authority’s misconduct constituting an omission.
The final pair of cases, comprising the Court of Appeal’s judgment in W v Essex C300 and the decision of the German Court of Appeal in Hamm in OLG Hamm VersR 1994 677301 is about the non-disclosure by public authorities of essential information in the sphere of child care and adoption.
The plaintiffs were a couple and their natural children, the defendants Essex CC and one of its social workers. The couple had applied to become foster carers. They made it clear that they did not want to take any adolescent known or suspected to be a sexual abuser into their care. A few months later a 15-year-old boy was placed with them. Upon the parents’ specific inquiry the defendants confirmed that he was not suspected to be sexually abusive, although they knew the boy had received a caution for indecent assault on his sister three years before. In the course of the following month all of the plaintiffs’ children were physically and sexually abused by the foster child. Besides their abuse, the children suffered psychiatric illness, as did the parents when they discovered what had happened.
The plaintiffs claimed damages from the defendants relying on negligence for failure to inform them and for positive misinformation, on misfeasance in public office and breach of contract. The matter came before the court as a striking out application by the defendants.
The Court of Appeal consisting of Stuart-Smith, Judge and Mantell LJJ unanimously confirmed the decision of the court of first instance to strike out the claims for misfeasance in public office, breach of contract and the claim of the foster parents for damages in negligence. The parents’ claim was bound to fail as their psychiatric harm was caused by learning of, and not witnessing, the injury done to their children, thus not fulfilling the requirements laid down in Alcock v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Polic302 for the recovery of damages for nervous shock of secondary victims.
The claims in negligence of the children were allowed to proceed to trial by a two to one majority, Stuart-Smith LJ dissenting. The Court of Appeal thus held that it was arguable that a social worker placing a child with foster parents was under a duty of care to provide the foster parents with such information as a reasonable social worker should provide, leading to his personal and the council’s vicarious liability. The following analysis of the judgment is restricted to the children’s claims in negligence.
As the foreseeability of the injury to the plaintiffs and a relationship of proximity between them and the defendants were conceded, the question of a duty of care owed to the children depended only on whether it was fair, just and reasonable to impose it in the circumstances of the case. In other words, policy considerations were held to be decisive by all three judges of the Court of Appeal. They focused in particular on whether the policy arguments raised by the House of Lords in X v Bedfordshire C303 to deny a duty of care in respect of a child whose placement in care was under consideration were also applicable in the present case. It was on this issue that the judges disagreed. Judg304 and Mantell LJ305 distinguished the present case from X v Bedfordshire CC as the defendant was not exercising any statutory functions under the child welfare system towards the abused plaintiffs. They were prepared to hold that it was fair and reasonable to impose a duty of care. Stuart-Smith LJ, on the other hand, thought that the concerns in the Bedfordshire case were just as relevant in the present case and pointed against recognising a duty of care306
Stuart-Smith LJ307 although acknowledging the danger of deterring potential foster parents308 adopted the following policy concerns from the Bedfordshire case to deny a duty of care: To place the abuser in the family of the plaintiffs could have been the result of a multi-disciplinary process involving various parties. It would be unfair to single out anyone of them for the imposition of liability309 Moreover, dealing with children at risk was an extraordinarily delicate and difficult task for local authorities, the imposition of a duty of care being incompatible with the social worker’s mediating role in conflicts frequently arising between foster children and parents310
Liability would probably also lead to a more defensive approach of the authorities to their duties. They might provide foster parents with unnecessary or unproven information and take too long to reach a decision311 The abused plaintiffs were entitled to compensation under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme, providing them with sufficient protection312
According to Judge LJ313 representing the contrary position, the defendants had assumed responsibility towards the plaintiffs not to place a sexual abuser with them314 The statutory framework already imposed a duty on the authorities to give some information to foster parents before the placement of a child was made to enable them to care properly for the child. Their decision should be based on as much information as possible. The disclosure of facts already known to the local authority could hardly lead to its acting too cautiously or to an unduly increase of its burden in the decision making process315 Seriously needed foster parents would in addition be less likely to come forward if a duty of care was not recognised.
Judge LJ limited the imposition of a duty of care on the disclosure of facts known to the authority. He was concerned that a duty of care in relation to what the public body ought to have known would be capable of interfering with the proper exercise of the authority’s functions316
The plaintiffs, a married couple, applied to the youth welfare department (Jugendamt) of the defendant city for the adoption of a child. In their application they expressly stated that they did not want to adopt a mentally retarded child. They were allowed to take a two-year-old boy into their care on the basis that the female plaintiff stopped working and stayed home with the child. This child had already been suspected of mental retardation during a previous stay in hospital. In addition, the youth welfare department was in possession of a report indicating that the child had only reached the stage of development equivalent to an age of 8 months, yet not necessarily linking these deficiencies to possible brain damage. The plaintiffs were at no time told that something could be wrong with their child. In the following years his developmental deficiencies did not disappear and finally he was diagnosed with early childhood brain damage.
The plaintiffs claimed damages from the defendant for loss of earnings on the side of the female plaintiff and sought a declaration that the defendant was liable to pay compensation in respect of all material damage arising from the adoption of the child in the future.
The District Court granted the plaintiffs’ claim including the declaration. The Court of Appeal dismissed the defendant’s appeal. The Supreme Court refused to accept a second appeal by the defendant. The Supreme Court’s decision has not been published.
The Court of Appea317 held that the defendant’s youth welfare department (Jugendamt) had negligently breached its official duties with regard to the plaintiffs, because it did not inform them during the preparation and the course of the adoption proceedings that the child was suspected to be mentally retarded. The defendant was thus liable according to § 839 BGB, Art. 34 GG.
Although there was no statutory duty in the Adoption Act (Adoptionsvermittlungsgesetz) to inform potential foster-parents about the state of health of the child, the statutory provisions provided for the Jugendamt to make all the necessary inquiries in the course of the preparation of the adoption. This included the gathering of information about the state of health of the child. The Jugendamt also had a duty to advise the prospective adoptive parents in detail. These responsibilities could only mean that prospective adoptive parents were entitled to be informed about all essential facts regarding the child, especially about a suspected illness318 Only then would they be able to make a free and responsible adoption decision, which was a necessary precondition for the development of a healthy parent-child relationship. This official duty was owed to the plaintiffs by the defendant who knew that a suspected illness of the child was of crucial importance to the plaintiffs and did nothing to further investigate the health of the child319
Apart from the kind of loss claimed, the facts of the two cases are very similar. The defendants failed to inform the plaintiffs about a known or suspected special feature of the child, who was to be taken care of, which was of upmost importance to the plaintiffs. In both cases there was no express statutory duty to provide the relevant information to future foster parents.
W v Essex CC was chosen in the present context because the policy arguments that usually prevail in the public interest were discussed by all members of the court, although the majority did not on these facts approve them. No such concerns were raised in the German decision. In addition, and contrary to the German Court of Appeal, Judge LJ distinguished between what the authority knew or ought to have known, acknowledging the possibility of a greater influence of some policy considerations in the latter case.
It is understood that the case is subject to appeal to the House of Lords.
The English judgments raised more or less the same policy arguments in cases involving very different kinds of public bodies or areas of their activities. The courts denying liability based their decisions on a core group of two considerations: First, potential liability would lead to public bodies and their employees taking a defensive approach to their work. Secondly, it would result in the diversion of scarce resources away from the primary functions of public bodies to avoiding litigation and taking defence measures. Both of these consequences would adversely affect the quality of their work.
Closely related to these concerns is the fear of a great number of lawsuits and vexatious claims, the so-called floodgates argument. It is raised in the police and CPS cases and often referred to as an argument against extending liability in the area of negligence in general. An ‘avalanche’ of claims would inevitably further reduce the available means of public bodies.
Another group of arguments focuses on the functions of the authorities. Whether it is the nature of police or CPS investigations320 the standard of road improvement321 or the delicate task of dealing with children at risk322 all these matters are regarded to be inapt for judicial evaluation, mainly due to their discretionary features.
Furthermore, judges argue that adequate protection for the plaintiffs already exists by way of insurance or other remedies, as in the Stovin and the Essex cases323 rendering a negligence action unnecessary. Finally, there is a concern particularly in the area of child care and education about the problems of adjudicating a multi-disciplinary decision-making process, probably involving various responsible parties.
The German courts on the other hand have neither discussed nor addressed in their judgments any of the policy arguments summarised above, with the sole exception of partly limiting the judicial evaluation of certain decisions of the prosecution service. Examining the conditions set up by statute for a public liability claim, they stressed more plaintiff-oriented concerns: the individual at risk of crime, the protection of individual liberty and of users of the highway against hardly identifiable dangers, as well as the importance of being able to make a free and responsible adoption decision. These considerations are also expressive of judicial policy but the German courts outline different concerns.
The overriding function of the law of torts may be arguable. It seems to be uncontested, however, that one of its most important aims is to compensate victims for losses suffered because of wrongs committed by others324 Lord Browne-Wilkinson acknowledged in X (Minors) v Bedfordshire C325 that the policy of the law in principle requires wrongs to be remedied and only makes an exception for very significant reasons. That is why courts should only base their judgments on policy arguments when the latter are so evident that they leave no room for any doubt about their appropriateness326 Whether policy considerations can ever provide such certainty may be questionable due to their nature. In addition, policies are subject to change. This does nevertheless not preclude examining whether the policy arguments relied on in the English cases contain sufficient weight to justify not imposing liability. It makes such examination only the more necessary.
What is striking is that the English judges apply the policy arguments without referring to empirical or other kinds of evidence to support them. Not all of them may be suitable for proof. This cannot be said, however, of the defensive approach, the diversion of resources and the floodgates argument. These do raise factual or empirical issues, even though they may be difficult to assess. It is no answer to this criticism that often the courts deal with these arguments in striking out actions where they have no chance of obtaining evidence. This would rather be a reason not to rely on them in such actions. The courts’ consciousness that their assumptions are unproven is apparent in the more tentative language in which they express them327 The assumptions may not be wrong, but they are not necessarily true either. Policy arguments can often be made both ways; that is why a careful approach to their use is required.
The concern that potential liability would cause employees of public bodies to act in a defensive, too careful manner in carrying out their functions is one such two-sided argument. First of all, there is nothing wrong in principle with somebody acting more carefully, thus improving the standard of care, if this way harm to others can be avoided. One might also wonder why a duty of care should make public officials unnecessarily careful instead of encouraging them to exercise the ordinary standard of due care which would be sufficient to protect them against liability. It could just as well be argued that the refusal to hold public bodies liable for certain kinds of conduct would make them more lax in the exercise of their duties leading to a deterioration in the standard of their work328 As the individual employee will in practice in most cases not be financially responsible himself due to the vicarious liability of the public body329 it is not evident that he will constantly be looking over his shoulder. Besides, deterrence has always been recognised as one the objectives of tort liability330
Moreover, even the House of Lords does not use this argument in a uniform and consistent way. Whereas Lord Keith in the Hill case did not think a defensive mind would improve the standard of care or motivation of the police force331 it was presumed in Stovin v Wise that one of the likely consequences of liability in the Anns v Merton cas332 was that building inspectors insisted on better standards than necessary333 This has to be contrasted with the firm statement of Lord Reid in the Dorset Yacht cas334 who did not believe that British prison officers would be affected at all by such concerns. These examples only confirm the speculative character and the unpredictability of the argument.
The diversion of resources claim encompasses a two-fold fear of losing assets. On the one hand by taking preparatory and defence measures against litigation, on the other hand by having to pay the actual damages or – which is a more common practic335 – the premiums for insurance cover.
No other profession – including NHS hospitals – can successfully invoke this argument, nor can private individuals. Any kind of lawsuit or liability will involve the consumption of time, attention and financial resources which could have been employed in a different way. Nobody has unlimited resources. This has nevertheless not lead to the exemption from liability of public bodies in other areas of tort law, or even for other kinds of their conduct, such as careless driving, where this consideration would be equally applicable with reference to more important functions.
It is not disputed that the financial situation of public bodies is tense. Local authorities, which would have to carry the burden of liability in many cases and whose only income comes from rents, charges, fees and the council tax, are dependent on grants from the central government to carry out their widespread functions336 In addition, the amount of claims against public bodies and of compensation paid out by their insurers has increased. This was shown by Tony Weir in 1989 who estimated that over 50 million Pounds were paid out on third party insurance policies of local authorities in 1987, with a rising tendency337
Yet, in comparison with the total government expenditure of that year, 42.000 million Pounds338 the sum, which covered all kinds of successful claims against local authorities except motor vehicle policies and employer’s liability, appears less impressive. Weir maintained that the issue at stake was not the absolute amount but whether the money could be spent in a better way339 One answer might be to ask what better way there is to spend the money than ‘to do justice’ and compensate victims for damage caused by careless public authorities.
It is further said that local authorities would only be able to meet the increase in claims, pay-outs and insurance premiums by raising council tax or reducing their services340 The argument appears misconceived. If public bodies took more care in the discharge of their functions in the first place, the question of compensation would arise less frequently, thus reducing their financial burden. Their financial situation cannot be attributed to the victims of their tortious conduct. Even in cases of a failure to confer a benefit or protection, there is a valid interest that those services are distributed evenly, many of them being intended for the individual as well as the collective welfare. It seems that the argument of limited and diverted resources has sometimes become an automatic response providing an easy shield for public authorities.
The ‘floodgates’ argument is raised whenever it is feared that potential liability might get out of control. With regard to public bodies it may be supported by the fact that plaintiffs will always be provided with a tempting defendant who, unlike a private person, cannot become insolvent341
This has to be weighed against surveys which suggest that many people are discouraged from taking any legal action because of the risk of costly, long-lasting, and uncertain litigation342 Other areas of negligence in which a duty of care was imposed have revealed that litigation does usually not expand unreasonably343 Besides, despite the rising number of claims against public bodies in absolute terms, a lot of them are of a kind which will in fact only rarely occur. The cases in the previous chapter are suitable examples. The vast majority of the population is not affected by issues like imprisonment, murder or adoption problems. Most road accidents happen solely due to the drivers’ own negligence. Moreover, public bodies usually act in a way which gives no cause for complaint.
Admittedly, there are areas of public administration like the supervision of financial service344 and possibly building inspection345 where the recovery of large sums of economic loss coincides with a large number of people possibly affected. In such situations it appears more justifiable to restrict the liability of public authorities in negligence, as indeed the courts have done.
Another concern of the floodgates argument is that many claims will be of a fraudulent nature346 Yet, there should be enough confidence in the courts that they are able to detect whether a claim is well-founded or of a dubious quality. Litigation is a costly and risky undertaking. Each case is decided on its own merits, subject to the doctrine of precedent. A person is therefore likely to think twice before starting legal proceedings. For those who do not possess the means to sue rules as to cost and the limitation on legal aid will prevent the abuse of the judicial system347
Finally, it should be noticed that in the present cases the floodgates argument is invoked to deny completely the existence of a duty of care. A duty of care alone, however, is not enough to establish liability in negligence. The plaintiff will still have to show that the requirements of breach of duty and causation are met348 This means that there is room for the courts to control liability at other levels. If they apply the Bolam test for professional negligenc349 to create a standard for the breach of duty which takes into account the special role and needs of public bodies, the courts would be able to provide sufficient protection with adequate justification350 Thus limiting the ‘floodgates’, they would also help to reduce the courts’ fear of public employees adopting a defensive approach to their duties.
When the courts single out certain areas of responsibility of public bodies as not being suitable for judicial re-examination, the question is whether they sometimes go too far when deciding what is not for them to evaluate. Looking at Lord Hoffmann’s approach in Stovin v Wise351 for example, doubts arise. In his view the assessment of the necessary standard for road improvements would have to be left to the highway authority’s discretion. Not only does this confer an implicit immunity upon the highway authorities in the area of improving the safety of the highway, but the immunity is conceded too easily. The minimum standard of safety required in order not to endanger traffic can certainly be determined with the help of expert witnesses, as it is primarily a matter of factual issues.
Furthermore, no professional in the private sector can escape liability by referring to the delicate task he is performing. Doctors, for instance, frequently have to make difficult decisions involving discretion, often at least indirectly affecting resources of hospitals, and they are not protected by an immunity from negligence actions352 It may be said that such an argument overlooks the point that public bodies exercise statutory functions which do not exist in the private world. Yet, it could also be argued that the unique position of public bodies imposes special obligations to avoid causing harm to others. Especially as they are financed by public funds. Accountability through the law of torts might then not be an undesirable objective. Sometimes serious shortcomings of service will only be uncovered by way of litigation.
As has already been pointed out, the special nature of the task of public bodies could be acknowledged by the courts on the breach-of-duty level when applying and adapting to the circumstances the reasonable standard of an ordinary skilled professional353
Alternative remedies often seem more attractive than a negligence action because they are less expensive, less time consuming and sometimes more informal. This argument can only be convincing, though, if the alternatives to a claim in negligence offer equivalent protection with regard to compensation and procedural conditions. The law of torts provides compensation for all damages which are in principle recognised as being recoverable. When alternative remedies do not match such full indemnification or are restricted to the investigation of grievances, they cannot be decisive354 One should take a closer look at the options available to plaintiffs.
The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme, referred to by Stuart-Smith LJ in W v Essex, is mainly based on a tariff system. The compensation is usually substantially lower than in negligence awards and the limitation period after the injury occurred is only two instead of three years for personal injuries in ordinary damage actions355
In cases falling short of the application of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme and in some other areas of administrative misconduct the Local Government Ombudsman may recommend compensation. The payments are nevertheless also generally smaller; there is no recovery for future loss and a right to damages is not acknowledged356
Apart from relying on protection by compulsory car insurance Lord Hoffmann drew in Stovin v Wise a parallel to negligent fire brigades and thought that people could protect themselves by taking out insurance against the risk of fire357 He thus deviated from a long established principle in English law that the insurability of the parties to a dispute should be irrelevant for the outcome of the case358
The question is the justification – in moral and legal terms – for the argument that the existence or possibility of insurance on the part of the plaintiff should relieve the tortfeasor from his liability. The complaint that it is not the function of public bodies to reimburse insurance companies which obtained the plaintiff’s claim by way of subrogation is not convincing. First party insurance is a precautionary, and in many cases voluntary, measure taken to cover oneself against risks at the party’s own expense. If insurance excludes a claim for damages, the tort victim is faced with the prospect of rising premiums, whereas the tortfeasor is not affected. Insurance will also not provide damages for pain and suffering. Naturally, insurers receive their premiums to take the risk of loss, but that does not mean that they should bear the loss, irrespective of whether they can get their money back from the tortfeasor. Accepting the risk of not being able to recover what they paid out is already a form of consideration for their premiums359 Moreover, the right of subrogation contributes to reducing or stabilizing the premiums360 thus benefiting a large part of the insured public. Public bodies are not prohibited from taking out third party insurance themselves, which most of them in fact have done.
A further remedy is judicial review under order 53 of the Rules of the Supreme Court. This is a public law remedy primarily intended for annulling or declaring illegal acts of public authorities. A claim for damages can be brought at the same time in such a proceeding but only if there is a private law wrong. Consequently, to establish the private law wrong the same requirements would have to be met as in an ordinary damage action, causing the same problems as in the area of liability of public bodies in negligence.
There are also a number of procedural reasons why the application for judicial review is not favourable to plaintiffs compared with a civil action. Besides the need to apply for leave, the limitation period is only three months after the decision361 Evidence is mainly given by way of affidavit which makes it more difficult to access documents in the possession of the defendant party362 Some decisions have recognised that judicial review or other statutory complaint mechanisms are not equivalent to remedies in tort363
To conclude, it is not apparent that other remedies can equal the comprehensiveness of an action in negligence. In addition, there is no reason why a plaintiff should not have multiple ways of protection, as long as he is not overcompensated364
To single out one person as the liable tortfeasor may be considered unfair in case of the involvement of a multi-disciplinary process. Yet, it does also not seem legitimate to let the loss lie with the victim of the tortious conduct just because various parties might have taken part in the decision-making which eventually led to the damage. It is not an impossible task for the courts to disentangle responsibilities and measure the different shares of respective fault. They solve such problems whenever they have to deal with several tortfeasors or to assess contributory negligence365
As shown, the English cases often concern omissions and contain a third-party-involvement in causing the damage. The responsibility of public bodies may appear smaller, making them ‘peripheral’ parties in a causal sense366 when they ‘only’ failed to prevent harm which was directly caused by somebody or something else. Stapleton has pointed out that the authority’s joint and several liability in such situations for the entire damage would be likely to misallocate which party was primarily responsible367 However, by thoroughly analysing the issue of causation the courts could probably effectively allocate responsibility368 This approach may lead to the same result, i.e. imposition of liability only upon the primary tortfeasor, without having to refer to vague and undefined considerations of policy within the duty of care concept.
Furthermore, in exceptional circumstances liability can arise even in omission and third party cases369 It could be argued that holding manifestly innocent people in custody for several weeks, as in the Elguzouli case, is an exceptional circumstance. In that case not only the distinction between mal- and nonfeasance was unclear, but also there was no third-party involvement in causing the harm.
In addition, their statutory duties and powers provide public bodies with means of control not available to private individuals. Stovin v Wise is one example. In cases such as Hill or W v Essex the public authorities at least greatly facilitated the opportunity for third parties to cause harm to others by their failure to act properly. It can therefore equally be claimed that they are supposed to take a greater share of the responsibility, especially when personal injury is imminent or important civil rights are violated. It should in principle not be regarded as unreasonable to expect them to take at least as much care in the exercise of their functions as is expected from private individuals and enterprises.
The policy arguments relied on by the English courts represent the value choices those courts regarded to be in the best public interest. Many of their considerations may be as, or sometimes even more, relevant than the arguments against them. But it is only a ‘may be’. Their coherence is not evident or definite. There are counter-arguments of weight against the application of each one of them. These have not been adequately discussed by the judges denying liability, let alone been disproved. Most of them are not mentioned at all. It is not enough to simply name an objection to conclude that it is outweighed by other considerations while not taking any reasons supporting it into account370 The gravity of the defendant’s fault and the seriousness of the plaintiff’s har371 are usually disregarded, as well as the concerns of any dissenting opinions.
The courts thus failed in their decisions to comprehensively weigh the conflicting values, although such a balancing exercise is the essence of making use of policy considerations372 This substantially reduces their persuasiveness and aptness as a basis for judicial decisions. It results in a too one-sided reasoning, often dealing with possible future consequences of liability in general, but distancing itself from the individual case, in particular when an immunity of the public body is proclaimed373
On this basis, it is submitted that the policy arguments applied by the English courts possess neither separately nor in combination sufficient weight to serve as a separate and independent ground to deny a duty of care of public bodies.
Although there are serious doubts about the use of policy concerns in the English judgments, these policy concerns are not far-fetched. However, the German decisions did not explicitly consider them but only approved of arguments more favourable to the plaintiffs. It is argued that this can be explained by a different general attitude towards public liability. This does not mean, however, that all of the English concerns have been ignored by German law.
As the claim for breach of official duty has a statutory foundation in § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG there is a certain number of fixed elements the German courts have to examine. The wording of the subsidiarity clause in § 839 I 2 and of § 839 III BGB reflects that the alternative remedies concern, for example, has already been considered on the statutory level. The courts are moreover not prevented from discussing or taking into account other policy considerations. Statutory provisions are generally open to judicial interpretation which, when necessary, even allows the courts, within limits, to develop and supplement the law374 Thus, they are able to introduce value concepts or react to changing policies.
As has been shown in the second chapter, the law of public liability is an area in which the German courts have substantially made use of their interpretative powers and shaped the law. Policy considerations arise with regard to the requirement of the official duty being owed to a third party (§ 839 I 1 BGB) and to the interpretation of the subsidiarity clause (§ 839 I 2 BGB). The wording of these provisions suggests that they were introduced to limit the liability of public bodies, in addition to § 839 III BGB.
The German courts are able to take into account some of the same policy factors which are highlighted by the English courts in deciding whether an official duty was owed to an individual plaintiff. One example is the prosecution service which generally owes its duty to prosecute crimes only to the community at large375 It is likely that this conclusion was reached because of the nature of the prosecutors’ activity and of the fear of an undesirable amount of legal actions against the prosecution service. Yet, the same concerns were apparently not relevant in other areas of conduct of the prosecution service or of the police, as the decisions discussed have demonstrated. If at all, the courts only opted for a reduced scope of judicial review.
Such concerns did also not prevail in other areas. Probably most astonishing was the position of the courts in the domain of state banking supervision where liability could result in vast amounts of damages. The Supreme Court held that, on the basis of the relevant statute, the state supervision of banks imposed an official duty owed to each individual owner or creditor of a deposit, thus rendering the State liable for damages376 Subsequently, the legislator intervened and added a new provision to the statute clarifying that the supervision of banks is only performed by the authorities in the general public interest377 Therefore, no official duty is owed to individuals anymore and the State is not liable. What becomes apparent is that German courts do not significantly restrict public liability by way of holding down the permitted circle of third persons. On the contrary, there has been a trend in recent years to expand the circle of third persons378
A plaintiff oriented interpretation is also manifest in the subsidiarity clause in § 839 I 2 BGB, the other instrument provided by statute capable of shielding public bodies from liability in negligence in many cases. The Supreme Court has more and more reduced the scope of its application379 By disregarding it in the areas of traffic and road traffic safety, and by not accepting insurance claims as an appropriate alternative form of compensation within the meaning of the provision, the courts refuse to give dominant weight to the adequate protection argument. The German road traffic case is a concrete example.
This impression is strengthened by the way § 839 I 2 BGB is applied when it is still considered relevant. One of those situations is the involvement of another tortfeasor which has given the English courts so much concern. In theory, German law is very clear. As the plaintiff can claim his damages from the primary tortfeasor, the public body is not held liable for its negligent conduct according to § 839 I 2 BGB, leaving aside any problems of causation for present purposes. The primary or joint tortfeasor is moreover not entitled to claim any contribution from the public body380 Yet, it is not obvious that the public authority will in fact escape liability. As the other claim is not regarded as another form of compensation when it is not enforceable381 and since a claim is held to be non-enforceable when the other party cannot pay and is not likely to be solvent in the near future382 the effect of the provision is limited.
It is interesting to note that the courts have developed their approach towards the areas of non-applicability of § 839 I 2 BGB and the reduced acceptance of alternative claims only by a gradual process, culminating in the 1970s and early 1980s383 Before then, several kinds of insurance claims were regarded as appropriate compensation in the sense of § 839 I 2 BGB384 Apparently, a period of expanding public liability occurred in Germany and England at the same time. However, in contrast to the English courts, the German courts did not subsequently change direction.
The reference to the priority of public law remedies expressed in § 839 III BGB has also not proved to be a shield for public bodies to avoid liability. It may indicate the principle that the public bodies’ liability in tort is a last resort385 however, in most instances, public law remedies will just come too late to be able to avert the damage. The damage will already have occurred before it was possible to take any public law action, leaving § 839 III BGB without effect.
When the German courts refuse to take a restrictive view on public liability, they are supported and influenced in their general direction by the main academic authorities. For many of them the courts are still not going far enough386 This conformity is expressive of the substantive difference in viewing the role of public liability in Germany compared to English law. The distinction between public and private law, between the ‘mighty State’ and public power on the one side and the individual citizen in need of protection on the other side, is, at least in the background, an apparent feature of the German attitude towards public liability in general.
Art. 34 GG, following Art. 131 of the Weimar Constitution, introduced the prime liability of the State or its bodies instead of the individual official. It thus supplemented § 839 BGB but also changed that provision’s objective. The main purpose of Art. 34 GG is seen as relieving the plaintiff of the risk of the non-enforceability of his claim for damages and to provide him with a solvent defendant387 On this basis § 839 BGB has become an all-encompassing and effective means of protection for the citizen against tortious governmental harm388 This is deemed very important as the citizen is in special need of protection when it comes to the exercise of public power (öffentliche Gewalt) which provides the state with comprehensive and far-reaching opportunities of interfering with the rights of the individual389 The individual is often dependent on the State and his officials and has no choice on whether to approach them or on which official to deal with. Such concerns are usually voiced in relation to the State in general, mainly without distinguishing between different kinds and levels of public bodies. Public liability, through Art. 34 GG rooted in the Constitution, is thus seen as an indispensable element of the rule of law (Rechtsstaatsprinzip)390 especially with regard to the protection of the citizens’ constitutional and civil rights391 This also indicates the substantial importance attributed in Germany to the deterrent effect of liability on the conduct of public authorities392
Nevertheless, concern about a defensive approach by public officials has arisen in the context of Art. 34 GG. This article is also seen as intending to protect the individual official from the risk of personal liability for negligent conduct which could otherwise adversely affect his work and his decisiveness. This protection would also indirectly benefit the State or public authorities since their efficient functioning largely depended on the performance and willingness of their officials and public employees393 Policy considerations of the kind put forward by English courts thus appear in the German legal discussion but they are only raised for the benefit of the individual official and not extended to justify an exemption from liability of the public body itself. The latter’s liability is not believed to lead to a defensive approach by the official. English law uses this argument for officials and public bodies alike.
The same concerns about the likelihood of a defensive approach by public officials determined the original purpose of the subsidiarity clause in § 839 I 2 BGB. Created almost 100 years ago, and almost 50 years before Art. 34 GG, its purpose was also to safeguard public officials against the risk of personal liability to maintain and promote their decisiveness and the efficiency of administration in general394 Since due to Art. 34 GG liability is usually assumed by the State or public authority and the official is adequately protected, the provision of § 839 I 2 BGB is widely felt to be no longer necessary, except for the few remaining cases of personal liability of the official under § 839 BGB395 Despite introducing Art. 34 GG, the Constitutional Assembly and later the legislator left § 839 BGB unchanged. The Federal Supreme Court acknowledged already in the 1950s that the original purpose, to shield the individual official, had lost its relevance but – § 839 I 2 BGB being valid law – recognised a new or extended purpose for the provision in the financial relief of public funds396 Yet, it was not happy with the clause and later called it antiquated397 The Supreme Court then, as has already been explained, started to restrict its application, as it became convinced that the aspect of financial relief of the State alone could not justify the application of § 839 I 2 BGB398 The liability of public authorities for damages was an important instrument for the protection of the individual citizen against unlawful conduct of officials399 and compelling reasons of public welfare in favour of the subsidiarity clause were not apparent400
The legislator himself finally tried to abolish the subsidiarity clause in 1981 within an attempt to reform the law of state liability by incorporating and updating the present law in a comprehensive statute401 The act was later ruled unconstitutional by the Federal Constitutional Court due to lack of legislative competence of the Federation402 The reasons in favour of the law put forward by the Federal Ministry of Justice explicitly stated that a probable increase of public liability would be both negligible in comparison to the overall expenditure on social services and justified by the idea of compensation for wrongs committed by tortious public bodies403
It is remarkable that not even the argument of scarce public resources or their diversion from important public functions has had an effect on the stand of the German courts and academic authorities. Public resources are likely to be as strained in Germany as in England. The functions of local authorities seem as widesprea404 and their income is made up of much the same sources as the one of English local governments, also being dependent on financial allocations from the Federation and the Land within the framework of local authority fiscal equalisation405
These considerations demonstrate that the question whether public bodies themselves might be in need of protection against expanding liability is usually not given much weight in Germany. The present rules or the way they are applied are thought to be satisfactory in that respect. It can probably even be said that the State and its public bodies are regarded as less deserving of protection than the individual citizen or official.
Whether public liability is more bearable for public authorities in Germany because of a lower level of damages in comparison to English awards is difficult to assess. There is
so far no empirical research on the amount of damages awarded in the area of public liability on a comparative basis. A direct comparison may prove difficult because of different methods of calculating compensation406
Some of the English policy considerations, such as the alternative remedies or the defensive approach concern, have also been raised in German law, either by § 839 BGB itself or in the context of determining the purpose of the statutory provisions. Yet, in the development of the interpretation of § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG these considerations were attributed a different and minor weight compared to the concern of individual protection, by the judiciary and the academic authorities, and they were not allowed to prevail. The body of case law of the Supreme Court to this effect, especially limiting the statutory restrictions on public liability in § 839 BGB, is assumed and often referred to by the German courts in their decisions without further discussion. This might explain why basically none of the English policy reasons were found in the selected German cases, as the Supreme Court had already laid down different priorities.
The comparison of English and German cases has shown that similar problems arise in the area of public liability in negligence in the two legal orders. The number of cases portrayed is admittedly too small to be representative. But the juxtaposition of the selected cases, together with the account of the present position of the law in the two countries, indicates a certain trend with regard to the extent of public liability in England and Germany. It is now time to draw some conclusions:
The English ‘Rule of Law’ and the German Constitution both indicate that public liability, either established by ordinary or by specific rules, is an important means of control of public bodies. Against this common background, it is worth noticing that there was a period in the 1970s and early 1980s in which both English and German courts embarked on an extension of public liability. However, at the beginning of the 1990s the English courts departed from the common route and took a u-turn approach which did not occur in Germany. Moreover, the policy position of the German courts to expand liability has generally been supported by a widespread dissatisfaction in Germany with the present statutory rules in § 839 BGB, whereas in England the issue of extending public liability in negligence has always been controversial.
In England, public bodies are in theory treated like any other tortfeasor. In practice, the courts have used the issue of non-justiciability, discretion and the concept of duty of care to limit and deny the liability of public authorities in negligence. They are often motivated by a general reluctance to hold responsible an authority, which acts for the benefit or protection of society, for merely not achieving this aim in individual cases407 Notwithstanding that the general pattern of restricting liability has been more or less uniform, the House of Lords appears to use slightly different tests from case to case as to how to determine a duty of care with regard to public bodies. However, in many cases, which concern different kinds of public bodies and areas of their activities, the judges, be it in the House of Lords or the lower courts, openly agree on a number of similar policy considerations to let the public interest prevail within the fair, just and reasonable test. The whole issue of a duty of care ultimately depends on judicial views of policy408
In contrast to the common law, the German courts are faced with a statutory claim for breach of official duty against public bodies established in the German Civil Code and the Constitution, introducing an indirect but primary liability of the authority. Applying the relevant provisions of § 839 BGB and Art. 34 GG, they usually do not openly discuss policy arguments in their judgments. Nevertheless, there has not been a lack of judicial activity. The plaintiff is able to rely on a wide range of official duties owed to him which have been developed under the general public duty to act lawfully. The courts, led by the Federal Supreme Court, have by way of interpretation restricted the statutory means to limit the liability of public bodies in § 839 BGB. Non-justiciability is with few exceptions not accepted in German law. This does not mean, however, that German public bodies are without any protection against liability in negligence. Assuming the extent of public liability is greater in Germany, it has not lead to financial ruin of the public authorities. Yet, in the end the German approach is, like the English one, based on convictions deemed to be in the best public interest.
Although the two approaches have to be seen in their own context, they reveal how schemes of values and policy can influence and alter legal concepts. They also show how differently policy concerns can be perceived in different legal orders, in different circumstances and at different times; in one word how subjective they are. In weighing policy considerations judges come probably closest to exercising governmental and political functions.
Nevertheless, such considerations should only be applied in a judicial way, which means consistent with legal principles and concepts. When particular importance is attached to policy concerns in the area of public liability, a careful balance has to be struck between the countervailing interests, especially between the demands of an effective administration and the legitimate concerns of individual protection. To let the loss fall on the victim requires a careful analysis of the needs of society, especially in respect of the fact that the costs of public liability constitute only a very small proportion of public expenditure.
On this basis, the policy arguments used by the English courts are suitable neither to deny a duty of care nor to justify partial immunities irrespective of the individual case.
First, these policy arguments cannot be regarded as having been convincingly balanced. Apart from any dissenting opinions, there is little or no discussion of the counter-arguments by the judges. Secondly, they are attributed excessive weight on their face value, without having been assessed or proven. Thirdly, if the English courts want to continue to limit the liability of public bodies, there are other and better ways for the courts to control liability in the areas of breach of duty or causation.
If one may speculate about why English courts are so hesitant to impose liability on public bodies, it seems that they are uncertain as to their role in deciding the extent of public liability. Judges often emphasise that it is not the function of the courts to determine how public funds should best be spent. They think it should be left to the legislator to make such a decision. In contrast to German courts, they cannot rely on a written Constitution to justify, or at least support, their judgments. In addition, unlike Parliament in England, the German legislator has given the courts an indication as to how it views their interpretation of the provisions. The attempt to create a comprehensive statute for state liability in the 1980s, including the abolishment of the subsidiarity clause of § 839 I 2 BGB, could be seen by the courts in Germany as an endorsement of their approach. Moreover, the legislator has also acted when it thought that the courts went too far in holding authorities liable, as in the area of state banking supervision.
In the light of recent European human rights decisions and English case law it is difficult to predict how English law will develop. The current situation is uncertain. There seem to be first signals that the approach of English courts, including their assessment of policy considerations, may change again. The decision of Barrett v Enfield LBC409 in the aftermath of the Osman case of the ECHR410 acknowledged that when the focus was essentially on policy concerns, on whether it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care, this could only be decided by a judge on a full trial of the matter, rather than in interlocutory proceedings. The Court of Appeal has consequently taken the same view in Beverly Palmer v Tees Health Authorit411 and the education malpractice case of Gower v Bromley LBC412 The Barrett decision also conceded that the policy considerations so far relied on may not have equal force in all circumstances413 Whether this will lead to ‘an important shift away from an unthinking accepting of such blanket policy factors’414 remains to be seen. The English courts are not bound by the Osman decision of the ECHR, which does not dictate the outcome of such cases, but only points out the way it considers appropriate to approach them. Yet, as Barrett v Enfield LBC has shown, the decision has not been without influence either. Especially after the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998 cases such as Elguzouli-Daf may be decided in a different manner. To deny liability in striking out actions, the courts may be tempted to emphasise the issue of proximity to deny liability415 rather than the fair, just and reasonable test. The House of Lords in the Barrett case seemed to be arguing that actions against public authorities could more properly be decided at the breach than at the duty level416 This does not mean, however, that it will be easier for plaintiffs to succeed.
No matter what direction the English courts will take, the process of European integration, the growing harmonisation of the laws of the Member States of the European Union and the influence of Community Law on national laws should in general increase the willingness of the national courts in Europe to approach their tasks on a comparative level. Looking – within their means – at the approach of neighbouring legal systems may give a stimulus to reflect critically about the own course of reasoning. They may as a result become either more convinced of the appropriateness of the present stand of ‘their’ law or receive valuable incentives for possible change. The exercise will be profitable in either case.
AC Law Reports, Appeal Cases (Decisions of the House of Lords and the Privy Council from 1891)
AdminLR Administrative Law Reports
A-G Attorney-General
All ER All England Law Reports
ALR Australian Law Reports
Art. Artikel
BGB Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
BGBl. Bundesgesetzblatt (Government Gazette)
BGH Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Supreme Court)
BGHZ Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Zivilsachen (Decisions of the Supreme Court in civil matters)
BK zGG Bonner Kommentar zum Grundgesetz
BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht
CA Court of Appeal
CC County Council
CFLQ Child and Family Law Quarterly
Ch. Law Reports, Chancery Division (from 1891)
Cmd. Command
Comr. Commissioner
CornellLRev Cornell Law Review
CPS Crown Prosecution Service
DC District Council
DÖV Die Öffentliche Verwaltung
DRiZ Deutsche Richterzeitung
DVBl. D Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt
EC European Community
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
EConvHR Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Human Rights Convention)
ECR European Communities, Court of Justice, Reports
ed(s). editor(s)
edn. edition
GG Grundgesetz (Constitution)
HC High Court
HCA High Court of Australia
HL House of Lords
JAssocLTeachers Journal of the Association of Law Teachers
JR Juridical Review
JurBüro Juristisches Büro
KCLJ King’s College Law Journal
Komm zGG Kommentar zum Grundgesetz
KWG Gesetz über das Kreditwesen
Law Com Law Commission
LBC London Borough Council
LG Landgericht
LMCLQ Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly
LQR Law Quarterly Review
LR Law Reports
Ltd. Limited
MLR Modern Law Review
MünchKomm Münchener Kommentar
NHS National Health Service
NJW Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
NS Niedersachsen
NVwZ Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht
NVwZ-RR Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht-Rechtsprechungsreport
NW Nordrhein-Westfalen
OLG Oberlandesgericht (German Court of Appeal)
OJLS Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
PC Privy Council
PL Public Law
plc public limited company
PostG Gesetz über das Postwesen
RG Reichsgericht (Supreme Court of the German Reich)
RGZ Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen
RuS Recht und Schaden
StrEG Gesetz über die Entschädigung für Strafverfolgungsmaßnahmen
StrG Straßengesetz
StrWG Straßen-Wege-Gesetz
TS Treaty Series
Urt. v. Urteil vom
VersR Versicherungsrecht
Vol. Volume
WLR Weekly Law Reports
ZAP-EN Zeitschrift für Anwaltspraxis – Eilnachrichten
ZIP Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht und Insolvenzpraxis
ZR Zivilrecht
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Cited: Palandt-H
— Thomas, BGB (58th edn, 1999) § Rn or Palandt-H Heinrichs, BGB (58th edn, 1999) § Rn
— Pfab, S. Staatshaftung in Deutschland, München 1996
— Rüfner, W. Basic Elements of German Law on State Liability, in J Bell/A.W. Bradley, (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study, London 1991, 249
— Soergel, H./ Siebert, W. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Vol. 5/2 (§§ 823-853), 12th edn, München 1998
Cited: Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § Rn
— Staudinger, J. Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, (§§ 827-853), 12th edn, Berlin 1986
Cited: Staudinger-K Schäfer, BGB (12th edn, 1986) § Rn
— Windthorst, K./ Sproll, H.D. Staatshaftungsrecht, Munich 1994
— Zeuner, A. Das Urteil in Deutschland, in Facoltà di Giurisprudenza – Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, (ed), La Sentenza in Europa, Padova 1988, 172
— Bettermann, K.A. Rechtsgrund und Rechtsnatur der Staatshaftung, DÖV 1954, 299
— Blankenagel, A. Die Amtspflicht gegenüber einem Dritten – Kasuistik ohne Systematik, DVBl 1981, 15
— Engelhardt, H. Neue Rechtsprechung des BGH zum Staatshaftungsrecht, NVwZ 1992, 1052
— Haschke, E. Local Government Administration in Germany, http://iecl.iuscomp.org/gla/literature/localgov.htm, 1
— Krohn, G. Zum Stand des Rechts der staatlichen Ersatzleistungen nach dem Scheitern des Staatshaftungsgesetzes, VersR 1991, 1085
— Lörler, S. Die Subsidiaritätsklausel in der Amtshaftung, JuS 1990, 544
— Schoch, F. Amtshaftung, JURA 1988, 585
1 ibid 345, 351-353.
2 [1989] AC 53.
3 cf B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 148.
4 Rome, 4 November 1950; TS 71 (1953); Cmd 8969.
5 Osman v UK (1999) 11 Admin LR 200 (ECHR) 201, 239-240.
6 cf Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193, 199.
7 ibid 198-200; Beverly Palmer v Tees Health Authority The Times, 6th July 1999 (CA, Pill LJ).
8 Lord Hoffmann, ‘Human Rights and the House of Lords’ (1999) 62 MLR 159, 164; cf B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 372.
9 Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL).
10 Murphy v Brentwood LBC [1991] 1 AC 398 (HL).
11 Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL).
12 X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL); Barrett v Enfield LBC [1998] QB 367; Phelps v Hillingdon LBC [1999] 1 All ER 421 (CA); Beverly Palmer v Tees Health Authority The Times, 6th July 1999 (CA).
13 Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] QB 1004.
14 Elguzouli-Daf v Comr of Police of the Metropolis [1995] QB 335; Leach v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Constabulary [1999] 1 All ER 215 (CA).
15 eg Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 (HL); Elguzouli-Daf v Comr of Police of the Metropolis [1995] QB 335; Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL).
16 cf J Bell and AW Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 15.
17 Law Commission, Administrative Law: Judicial Review and Statutory Appeals (Law Com Consultation Paper No 126, 1993) para 1.5.
18 [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL).
19 B Markesinis, ‘Reading through a Foreign Judgment’ in P Cane and J Stapleton, (eds), The Law of Obligations – Essays in Celebration of John Fleming (1998) 261, 264.
20 cf joined cases C-60/90 and C-9/90 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italian Republic [1991] ECR I-6911.
21 J Bell and AW Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 1-2.
22 cf Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330, 339-340, 341.
23 cf Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 935; P Cane, An Introduction to Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1996) 233-234; P Craig, Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1994) 116-117.
24 J Bell and AW Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 4.
25 ibid 4; for the UK: J Clerk and WHB Lindsell, Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (17th edn, 1995) 14.
26 C v Bar, Gemeineuropäisches Deliktsrecht (1st vol, 1996) 302-303.
27 J Bell, Policy Arguments in Judicial Decisions (1983) 23; P Cane, An Introduction to Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1996) 116.
28 J Bell, ibid 24.
29 WVH Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 90; KM Stanton, The Modern Law of Tort (1994) 27.
30 J Bell, ‘The Law of England and Wales’ in J Bell and AW Bradley, (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 17.
31 P Cane, An Introduction to Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1996) 19; G Eörsi, ‘Private and Governmental Liability for the Torts of Employees and Organs’ in A Tunc (ed), Torts (Vol XI, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, 1975) 4-176.
32 cf AV Dicey and ECS Wade , An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th edn, 1959) 193, 202-203.
33 Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Trustees v Gibbs (1866) LR 1 HL 93, 122, 128; B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 354.
34 cf S Arrowsmith, Civil Liability and Public Authorities (1992) 137.
35 WVH Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 143; P Craig, Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1994) 629-630; cf Lonrho plc v Tebbit [1991] 4 All ER 973 (CA) 978, 980.
36 W Wade and CF Forsyth, Administrative Law (7th edn, 1994) 763; H Street, ‘Liability of the State for Illegal Conduct of its Organs – Great Britain’ in H Mosler (ed), Haftung des Staates für rechtswidriges Verhalten seiner Organe (1967) 229, 232.
37 X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 739-740; P Cane, ‘Suing Public Authorities in Tort’ (1996) 112 LQR 13, 20.
38 WVH Rogers, ‘Keeping the Floodgates shut: ‘Mitigation’ and ‘Limitation’ of Tort Liability in the English Common Law’, in J Spier, (ed), The Limits of Liability – Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 75, 82.
39 [1970] AC 1004 (HL).
40 ibid 1005, 1057, 1071.
41 [1932] AC 562 (HL) 580.
42 [1970] AC 1004 (HL) 1011.
43 [1972] 1 QB 373.
44 [1978] AC 728 (HL).
45 ibid 759 (Lord Wilberforce, classifying it as property damage).
46 ibid 751.
47 ibid 751-752
48 cf Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC 520 (HL).
49 JF Clerk and WHB Lindsell, Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (17th edn, 1995) 226.
50 eg Yuen Kun Yeu v A-G of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC); Rowling v Takaro Properties [1988] AC 473 (PC); D & F Estates v Church Comrs for England [1989] AC 177 (HL).
51 [1990] 1 AC 398.
52 Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1 (HCA) 43-44 (Brennan J); accepted in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL).
53 cf above 16-17; S Arrowsmith, Civil Liability and Public Authorities (1992) 183.
54 eg Governors of the Peabody Foundation Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson and Co Ltd [1985] AC 210 (HL) 239-241; Yuen Ken Yeu v Attorney General of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC) 190-194; Rowling v Takaro Properties [1988] AC 473, (PC) 501.
55 [1990] 2 AC 605, 617-618 (Lord Bridge).
57 cf Murphy v Brentwood DC [1990] 1 AC 398 (HL) 487 (Lord Oliver).
58 Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1 (HCA) 55-56 (Deane J).
59 Hedley Byrne v Heller & Partners [1964] AC 465 (HL) 530 (Lord Devlin).
60 cf ibid 465.
61 Mobil Oil Hong Kong Ltd v Hong Kong Untitled Dockyards Ltd [1991] 1 Lloyd´s Rep 309 (PC) 368; Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL) 632.
62 B Markesinis and S Deakin, ‘The Random Element of their Lordships’ Infallible Judgment: An Economic and Comparative Analysis of the Tort of Negligence from Anns to Murphy’ (1992) 55 MLR 619, 642.
63 cf Mulcahy v Ministry of Defense [1996] QB 732, 749 (Neill LJ); JF Clerk and WHB Lindsell, Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (17th edn, 1995) 229.
64 RFV Heuston and RA Buckley, Salmond & Heuston on the Law of Torts (21st edn, 1996) 203-204; eg Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER 87 (CA) 95 (Beldam LJ).
65 cf Davis v Radcliffe [1990] 1 WLR 821 (HL) 826.
66 Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL) 633 (Lord Oliver: ‘facets of the same thing’).
68 West Wiltshire DC v Garland [1995] Ch. 297 (CA) 311; WVH Rogers, Winfield &Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 111.
69 cf B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 358.
70 X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 731.
71 Doe dem. Murray, Lord Bishop of Rochester v Bridges (1854) 1 B & Ad 847, 859; P Craig, Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1994) 633.
72 cf Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1 (HCA) 26 (Mason J); S Arrowsmith, Civil Liability and Public Authorities (1992), 186.
73 (1866) LR 1 HL 93.
74 cf X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 735; P Craig, Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1994) 619.
75 X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 734-735; Dorset Yacht Co Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 (HL) 1030.
76 cf M Andenas and D Fairgrieve, ‘Sufficiently Serious? Judicial Restraint In Tortious Liability Of Public Authorities And The European Influence’ in M Andenas (ed), English Public Law And The Common Law of Europe (1998) 285, 309.
77 Rowling v Takaro Properties Ltd [1988] AC 473 (PC) 501.
79 [1996] AC 923 (HL) 951 (Lord Hoffmann).
80 [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 220-222 (Lord Hutton).
81 [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 740.
82 X (Minors) v Bedfordshiire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 740.
83 [1996] AC (HL) 923.
86 [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL).
87 ibid 211, 225.
88 cf ibid 211, 222.
89 WVH Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 117.
90 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation [1987] AC 241 (HL) 271.
91 RFV Heuston and RA Buckley, Salmond & Heuston on the Law of Torts (21st edn, 1996) 219.
92 cf Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 943-944, 953-954 (Lord Hoffmann).
93 B Markesinis, ‘Negligence, Nuisance and Affirmative Duties of Action’ (1989) 105 LQR 104.
94 Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1 (HCA) 28-29 (Mason J); cf R Bagshaw, ‘The Duties of Care of Emergency Service Providers’ [1999] LMCLQ 71, 85; eg a school’s responsibility to safeguard its pupils.
95 Capital and Counties plc v Hamphire CC [1997] QB 1004 for fire brigades.
96 cf East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent [1941] AC 74 (HL) 102; R Bagshaw, ‘The duties of care of emergency service providers’ [1999] LMCLQ 71, 72 .
97 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 (HL) 270; RFV Heuston and RA Buckley, Salmond & Heuston on the Law of Torts (21st edn, 1996) 239.
98 cf [1970] AC 1004 (HL).
99 cf Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 (HL) 271, 279.
100 P Craig, Administrative Law, (3rd edn, 1994) 619.
101 cf Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 953.
102 cf P Cane, Introduction to Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1996) 245.
103 X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 731.
104 cf ibid 731-732.
105 C Lewis, Judicial Remedies in Public Law (1992) 378.
106 Governors of the Peabody Foundation Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson and Co Ltd [1985] AC 210 (HL) 242, 245; Murphy v Brentwood DC [1990] 1 AC 398 (HL) 408, 414.
107 cf Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 937; WVH Rogers, ‘Keeping the Floodgates Shut: ‘Mitigation’ and ‘Limitation’ of Tort Liability in the English Common Law’ in J Spier, (ed), The Limits of Liability – Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 75, 83.
108 cf Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 (HL); Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145 (HL); White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207 (HL).
109 JF Clerk and WHB Lindsell, Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (17th edn, 1995) 329.
110 Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 (HL) 59; Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 212.
111 Elgozouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1995] QB 335, 349-350 (Steyn LJ) – CPS; Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 (HL) – police; X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) – social services.
112 cf above 16.
113 cf Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 (HC) 586 (McNair J).
114 P Cane, Tort Law and Economic Interets (2nd edn, 1996) 244; B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 163
115 Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 229.
116 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, The Wagon Mound[1961] AC 388 (PC).
118 Translation of § 823 taken from B Markesinis,The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 12.
119 cf Palandt-H Thomas, BGB (58th edn, 1999) § 823 Rn 35.
120 ibid § 823 Rn 58.
121 B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 75; MünchKomm-H Mertens, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 823 Rn 204.
122 C v Bar, ‘Limitation and Mitigation in German Tort Law’ in J Spier (ed), The Limits of Liability – Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 17, 22.
123 B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 75.
124 BGH ZIP 1991, 1597, 1598; MünchKomm-H Mertens, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 823 Rn 185.
125 one exception in BGH NJW 1996, 3208, 3209.
126 W Rüfner, ‘Basic Elements of German Law on State Liability’ in J Bell and AW Bradley (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 249, 251-252.
127 J Bell and AW Bradley, ‘Governmental Liability: A Preliminary Assessment’ in Bell and Bradley, (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 1, 3.
128 eg compensation for expropriation (Enteignung ), sacrifice or denial damage (Aufopferung) or claims to remedial action (Folgenbeseitigungsanprüche).
129 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 144; S Pfab, Staatshaftung in Deutschland (1996) 32.
130 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, ibid 53.
131 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 3-4.
132 cf C v Bar, Gemeineuropäisches Deliktsrecht (Vol 1, 1997) 303.
133 for the translation cf B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Compative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 14-15.
134 W Rüfner, ‘Basic Elements of German Law on State Liability’ in J Bell and A W Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 249, 250.
135 for the translation cf B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 903.
136 BGHZ 4, 10, 45-46; B Bender, Staatshaftungsrecht (3nd edn, 1981) Rn 70.
137 cf BGHZ 34, 99, 109-110; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 12.
138 BGHZ 4, 10, 46.
139 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 10; G Krohn, ‘Zum Stand des Rechts der staatlichen Ersatzleistungen nach dem Scheitern des Staatshaftungsgesetzes’ VersR 1991, 1085, 1085.
140 BGH DRiZ 1964, 197; Palandt-H Thomas, BGB (58th edn, 1999) § 839 Rn 26, 85; but cf BGH NJW 1996, 3208, 3209.
141 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 62.
142 cf BGHZ 85, 393, 395-396; OLG Köln VersR 1990, 898, 899.
143 eg §§ 11ff PostG.
145 cf F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 14-25.
146 cf BGHZ 60, 54, 56; BGH NJW 1981, 2120, 2121; eg § 9a I StrWG NW or § 10 II NS StrG.
147 BGH NVwZ 1992, 92, 93; H Müller, Das internationale Amtshaftungsrecht (1991) 12; P Dagtoglou in BKzGG (1970) Art.34 Rn 86.
148 cf BGH NJW 1992, 972; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Amtshaftungsrecht (1994) 76.
149 cf BGHZ 60, 54, 56; eg the Leistungsverwaltung.
150 MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 146.
151 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 27.
152 OLG Karlsruhe NJW 1994, 2033, 2034; cf Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 56, 71.
153 BGHZ 69, 128, 132-133; OLG Köln NJW 1976, 295.
154 BGHZ 108, 230, 232; 42, 176, 179; H Papier in Maunz-Dürig, Komm zGG (1998) Art.34 Rn 131.
155 cf BGHZ 11, 181, 187; OLG Köln NJW 1970, 1322, 1324.
156 MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 146; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 80.
157 MünchKomm-H Papier, ibid § 839 Rn 189.
159 cf H Papier in Maunz-Dürig, Komm zGG (1998) Art.34 Rn 21.
162 W Rüfner, ‘Basic Elements of German Law on State Liability’ in J Bell and AW Bradley, (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 249, 254.
163 P Dagtoglou in BK zGG (1970) Art.34 Rn 116 ff; Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 136-146.
164 BGHZ 16, 111, 113; cf BGHZ 60, 112, 117.
165 cf H Engelhardt, ‘Neue Rechtsprechung des BGH zum Staatshaftungsrecht’, NVwZ 1992, 1052ff; MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 191ff.
166 BGHZ 74, 144, 156; 75, 120, 124; 118, 263, 271.
167 H Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht (11th edn, 1997) 121-122.
168 cf X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 736; Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 953.
169 BGHZ 4, 302, 313; RGZ 162, 273.
170 BGHZ 74, 144, 156; 75, 120, 124; Palandt-H Heinrichs, BGB (58th edn, 1999) § 839 Rn 36.
172 BGHZ 118, 263, 271; BGH NVwZ 1994, 405, 405-406.
173 BGHZ 18, 366, 368; 55, 261, 266; BGH NJW 1973, 894.
174 BGHZ 30, 19, 26; BGH VersR 1992, 1354; BGH NVwZ 1994, 405.
175 BGH NVwZ 1986, 245, 246; BGH NJW 1963, 644, 645.
176 BGH NJW 1992, 1230, 1231; NJW 1994, 2087, 2090.
177 BGH NJW 1992, 1310.
178 cf BGH NJW 1993, 2612, 2613; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 87, 97.
180 BGHZ 65, 196, 198; 74, 144, 146.
182 BGHZ 90, 310, 312; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 58.
183 F Schoch, ‘Amtshaftung’ JURA 1988, 585, 590.
184 BGH NJW 1992, 1230, 1231; MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 232.
185 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 58, 60; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staats-haftungsrecht (1994) 93.
186 cf also BGH NJW 1989, 99; J Martens, Die Praxis des Verwaltungsverfahrens (1985), 44ff.
187 BGHZ 69, 128, 138; BGHZ 78, 274, 279.
188 cf above 27 and WVH Rogers, ‘Keeping the Floodgates Shut: ‘Mitigation’ and ‘Limitation’ of Tort Liability in the English Common Law’ in J Spier (ed), The Limits of Liability – Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 75, 83.
189 cf above 29, 33-34.
191 cf P Dagtoglou in BK zGG (1970) Art.34 Rn 158ff.
193 MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) §839 Rn 279, 284; B Bender, Staatshaftungsrecht (3rd edn, 1981) Rn 333, 334.
194 W Rüfner, ‘Basic Elements of German Law on State Liability’ in J Bell and A W Bradley, (eds), Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 249, 257.
195 H Müller, Das internationale Amtshaftungsrecht (1991) 18.
196 RGZ 100, 102, 102-103; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 62.
197 cf BGHZ 7, 199, 204.
198 Palandt-H Heinrichs, BGB (57th edn, 1998) vor § 249Rn 58-59.
199 BGHZ 96, 157, 171.
200 cf BGHZ 36, 144, 154; but note OLG Oldenburg VersR 1991, 306, 307.
201 cf BGH VersR 1983, 1031, 1033; VersR 1984, 333, 335.
202 B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 903.
203 cf above 49; OLG Oldenburg NVwZ-RR 1993, 593; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 112.
204 cf BGHZ 34, 99, 104-105; BGH NJW 1993, 1799, 1800; Palandt-H Heinrichs, BGB (58th edn, 1999)
§ 839 Rn 79.
205 BGHZ ibid; W Rüfner, ‘Basic elements of German Law on State Liability’ in J Bell and AW Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 258.
206 BGHZ 34, 99, 105; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 11, 110.
207 cf BGHZ 78, 274, 279-280.
208 MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 332, 334-335.
209 B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligation – Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 904.
212 cf LG Bielefeld ZAP-EN 1996 Nr. 700; Staudinger-K Schäfer, BGB (12th edn, 1986) § 839 Rn 385.
213 cf below Chapter D, 108-109.
214 cf BGHZ 13, 88, 104; H Müller, Das internationale Amtshaftungsrecht (1991) 20.
216 BGHZ 68, 217; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 80.
217 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 122.
219 cf BGHZ 68, 217, 220-222; BGHZ 123, 102, 104.
220 then § 839 I 2 applies, cf BGHZ 85, 225, 228f. G Krohn, ‘Zum Stand des Rechts der staatlichen Ersatzleistungen nach dem Scheitern des Staatshaftungsgesetzes’ VersR 1991, 1085, 1089.
221 BGHZ 75, 134, 138; BGH NJW 1992, 2476; NJW 1993, 2612.
222 BGH NJW 1993, 2612; S Lörler, ‘Die Subsidiaritätsklausel in der Amtshaftung’ JuS 1990, 544, 547.
223 cf BGHZ 91, 48, 54.
224 cf BGH NJW 1974, 1767; NJW 1974, 1769, 1770; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 125-126.
225 BGHZ 70, 7ff; BGHZ 79, 26; NJW 1981, 626; NJW 1983, 1668.
227 G Krohn, ‘Zum Stand des Rechts der staatlichen Ersatzleistungen nach dem Scheitern des Staatshaftungsgesetzes’ VersR 1991, 1085, 1088.
228 ibid; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 83.
229 In case of private insurance according to § 67 of the Insurance Contracts Act , in case of public insurance according to § 116 of the Code of Social Law, Part X.
230 cf BGHZ 70, 7, 11; 79, 26, 35; G Krohn, ‘Zum Stand des Rechts der staatlichen Ersatzleistungen nach dem Scheitern des Staatshaftungsgesetzes’ VersR 1991, 1085, 1088.
231 Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 213.
233 cf S Lörler, ‘Die Subsidiaritätsklausel in der Amtshaftung’ JuS 1990, 544, 546.
234 Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd [1957] AC 555 (HL) 576-577; Davie v New Merton Board Mills Ltd [1959] AC 604 (HL) 627 (Viscount Simmonds).
235 cf J Stapleton, ‘Tort Insurance and Ideology’ (1995) 58 MLR 820, 824.
236 cf Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 955 (Lord Hoffmann).
237 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 85; Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 218.
238 BGHZ 2, 209, 218; BGH NVwZ 1993, 1228, 1229; P Dagtoglou in BK zGG (1970) Art. 34 Rn 285, 287.
239 BGH NJW 1993, 1647; BGHZ 78, 274, 279.
240 cf KA Bettermann, ‘Rechtsgrund und Rechtsnatur der Staatshaftung’ DÖV 1954, 299, 304; Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 229.
241 vgl. BGHZ 98, 85, 91f; H Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht (11th edn, 1997) 633.
242 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 131; U Mayo, Die Haftung des Staates im englischen Recht (1999) 191.
243 cf BGH NJW 1991, 1168; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 92-93.
244 cf BGH NJW 1978, 1522, 1523; BGH VersR 1984, 947; G Eörsi, ‘Private and Governmental Liability for the Torts of Employees and Organs’ in A Tunc, (ed), Torts (Vol XI, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, 1975) 4-219; opposed by BGH NJW 1986, 1924
245 U Mayo, Die Haftung des Staates im englischen Recht (1999) 191.
246 BGHZ 68, 142, 151; BGH NJW 1987, 2664, 2666; H Engelhardt, ‘Neue Rechtsprechung des BGH zum Staatshaftungsrecht’ NVwZ 1989, 927, 932.
247 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998), 89.
248 BGH NJW 1970, 750; BGH NVwZ 1992, 298; K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 140.
249 cf P Cane, An Introduction to Administrative Law (3rd edn, 1996) 19.
250 amended by the Civil Procedure Rules 1999.
251 A Zeuner, ‘Das Urteil in Deutschland’, in Facoltà di Giurisprudenza – Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, (ed), La Sentenza in Europa (1988), 172, 175.
252 B Markesinis, Foreign Law and Comparative Methodology: A Subject and a Thesis (1997) 211.
253 A Zeuner, ‘Das Urteil in Deutschland’, in Facoltà di Giurisprudenza – Universita degli Studi di Ferrara (ed), La Sentenza in Europa (1988) 172, 176.
254 cf B Markesinis, The German Law of Obligations Volume II The Law of Torts: A Comparative Introduction (3rd edn, 1997) 10.
255 [1989] 1 AC 53 (HL).
256 Urt. v. 30.4.1953 – III ZR 204/52.
257 Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [1989] AC 53 (HL) 57-64.
258 ibid 62.
262 ibid 64-65.
264 BGH LM § 839 [fg] LM Nr. 5, 644-645.
265 cf Osman v Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 (CA); Beverly Palmer v Tees Health Authority The Times, 6th July 1999 (CA).
266 cf BGH NJW 1996 2373, 2373; LG Landshut RuS 1994, 454, 455.
267 [1995] QB 335.
268 BGH, Urt. v. 16.10.1997 – III ZR 23/96.
269 cf [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL) 617-618.
270 [1995] QB 335, 349.
271 [1989] 1 AC 53f (HL).
273 ibid 342-350.
274 ibid 348.
279 BGH NJW 1998, 751, 752-753.
280 cf BGH NJW 1979, 2097, 2098.
281 cf above 47-48.
282 cf BGH NJW 1989, 96, 97.
283 [1996] AC 923.
284 Urt. v. 10.07.1980-III ZR 58/79.
290 ibid.
295 BGH NJW 1980, 2194-2196.
296 ibid 2195.
297 ibid 2195; cf above 55.
299 cf BGH NJW 1953, 1865.
300 [1998] 3 WLR 534 (CA).
301 Urt. v. 15.07.1992-11 U 52/92.
302 [1992] 1 AC 310 (HL).
303 [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 749-751 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson).
304 W v Essex CC [1998] 3 WLR 534 (CA) 554-555.
314 ibid 555, 560.
317 OLG Hamm VersR 1994, 677, 678-679.
320 cf Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, above 65.
321 cf Stovin v Wise, above 77.
322 cf W v Essex, above 84; X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 750 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson).
323 cf above 72 and 84.
324 cf B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 38, 41.
325 [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 749.
326 cf Spring v Guardian Assurance plc [1995] 2 AC 296 (HL) 326.
327 eg ‘may lead’, ‘might be expected to’ in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [1989] AC 53, 63 (Lord Keith).
328 cf B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 97.
329 D Brodie, ‘Public Authorities and the Duty of Care’ [1996] JR 127, 140.
331 [1989] 1 AC 53, 63.
332 [1978] AC 728 (HL).
333 [1996] AC 923, 958.
334 [1970] AC 1004, 1033.
335 cf T Weir, ‘Governmental Liability’ [1989] PL 40, 60.
336 W Wade and CF Forsyth, Administrative Law (7th edn, 1994) 128-129.
337 T Weir, ‘Governmental Liability’ [1989] PL 40, 61.
340 B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 308.
341 cf J Stapleton, ‘Duty of Care: Peripheral parties and alternative opportunities for deterrence’ (1995) 111 LQR 301, 313.
342 cf findings of the Oxford Socio-Legal Studies Group in B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 65.
343 B Markesinis and S Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 22.
344 Yuen Kun Yeu v A-G of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC).
345 Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] AC 398 (HL).
347 J Wright, ‘Local Authorities, the Duty of Care and the European Convention of Human Rights’ (1998) 18 OJLS 5, 11.
348 R Bagshaw, ‘The Duties of Care of Emergency Service Providers’ [1999] LMCLQ 71, 87.
349 cf above 36; Bolam v Friern Hospital [1957] 1 WLR 582 (HC) 583.
350 cf Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 230; Capital Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] QB 1004, 1043; P Craig and D Fairgrieve, ‘Barrett, Negligence and Discretionary Powers’ [1999] PL (forthcoming), ( page 10-11 of transcript provided by authors).
351 [1996] AC 923 (HL) 958.
352 M Tregilgas-Davey, ‘Osman v Metropolitan Police Comr: The Cost of Police Protectionism, (1993) 56 MLR 732, 734.
353 J Wright, ‘Local Authorities, the Duty of Care and the European Convention of Human Rights’ (1998) 18 OJLS 5, 10; P Craig and D Fairgrieve, ‘Barrett, Negligence and Discretionary Powers’ [1999] PL (forthcoming), (page 10 of the transcript).
354 J Stapleton, ‘Duty of Care: Peripheral Parties and Alternative Opportunities for Deterrence’ (1995) 111 LQR 301, 320.
355 B Markesinis and S Deakin , Tort Law (4th edn, 1999) 49-50; cf P Cane, Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the Law (6th edn, 1999) 266-269.
356 P Craig and D Fairgrieve, ‘Barrett, Negligence and Discretionary Powers’ [1999] PL (forthcoming), (page 12 of the transcript).
358 cf above 56; J Stapleton, ‘Tort, Insurance and Ideology’, [1995] 58 MLR 820, 833.
359 cf J Stapleton, ibid 833 FN 64.
361 WVH Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 153; M Brazier, Street on Torts (10th edn, 1997) 184-186.
362 J Bell and A Bradley, Governmental Liability: A Comparative Study (1991) 38.
363 cf West Wiltshire DC v Garland [1995] 2 WLR 439 (CA) 447; J Stapleton, ‘Duty of Care: Peripheral Parties and Alternative Opportunities for Deterrence’ (1995) 111 LQR 301, 320.
364 cf Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 228 ; J Stapleton, ‘Duty of Care: Peripheral Parties and Alternative Opportunities for Deterrence’ (1995) 111 LQR 301, 321.
365 K Oliphant, ‘Local Authority Liability for Acts of Children in foster care’ [1998] CFLQ 303, 306.
370 cf eg W v Essex CC [1998] 3 WLR 534 (CA) 549 (Stuart-Smith LJ).
371 cf Osman v UK (1999) 11 Admin LR 200 (ECHR).
372 J Bell, Policy Arguments in Judicial Decisions (1983) 23; cf R Summers, ‘Two Types of Substantive Reasons: The Core of a Theory of Common Law Justification’ (1978) 63 CornellLRev 707, 716-725.
373 cf Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 (HL); Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1995] QB 335.
374 cf BVerfG NJW 1979, 305, 306.
375 RGZ 154, 266, 268; BGH NJW 1996, 2373; OLG Düsseldorf NJW 1996, 530.
376 BGHZ 74, 144, 147 ff; 75, 120, 122; cf in contrast Yuen Kun Yeu v A-G of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC).
377 § 6 III KWG (1984 BGBl. I 1693) .
378 cf A Blankenagel, ‘Die Amtspflicht gegenüber einem Dritten’ DVBl 1981, 15, 17; cf Soergel-H Vinke, BGB (12th edn, 1998) § 839 Rn 20-21.
380 BGHZ 28, 297, 300-301; 37, 375, 380; 61, 351, 356f.
381 BGHZ 2, 209, 218; NVwZ 1993, 1228, 1229.
382 BGH NJW 1979, 1600, 1601; NJW 1971, 2220, 2222; MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 314.
383 cf above 55-56; caselaw in F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 55.
384 BGHZ 62, 394, 397; RGZ 138, 209; 145, 56; 161, 199.
386 KA Bettermann, ‘Rechtsgrund und Rechtsnatur der Staatshaftung’ DÖV 1954 299, 304; MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 296-299.
387 H Papier in Maunz-Dürig, Komm zGG (1998) Art.34 Rn 12; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn, 1998) 10.
388 P Dagtoglou in BK zGG (1970) Art.34 Rn 4.
389 MünchKomm-H Papier, BGB (3rd edn, 1997) § 839 Rn 298-299.
390 F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht (5th edn 1998) 6; H Papier in Maunz-Dürig, Komm zGG (1998) Art.34 Rn 12.
391 H Papier, ibid Art.34 Rn 84.
392 ibid Art.34 Rn 82; cf MünchKomm-H Mertens, BGB (3rd edn, 1997), Vor §§ 823-853 Rn 44.
393 K Windthorst and HD Sproll, Staatshaftungsrecht (1994) 59-60; P Dagtoglou in BK zGG (1970) Art.34 Rn 2.
394 cf B Mugdan, (ed), Die gesamten Materialien zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1899) 1385-1403; RGZ 74, 250, 252; BGH NJW 1992, 2476; F Ossenbühl, Staatshaftungsrecht; (5th edn, 1998) 79.
395 F Ossenbühl, ibid 79.
396 BGHZ 13, 88, 104.
398 BGHZ 70, 7, 9; 79, 26, 29; cf Staudinger-K Schäfer, BGB (12th edn, 1986) § 839 Rn 369.
399 BGHZ 69, 128, 134; 79, 26, 29-30; 22, 383, 388.
400 H Papier in Maunz-Dürig, Komm zGG (1998) Art.34 Rn 252.
401 cf ibid Rn 89-96.
402 Meanwhile the Constitution was changed, but the Federation has not yet made any further attempt to reform the law.
403 Bundesministerium der Justiz (ed), Zur Reform des Staatshaftungsrechts – Berichte, Modelle, Materialien (1987) 377.
404 cf E Haschke, Local Government Administration in Germany http://iecl.iuscomp.org/gla/literature/localgov.htm 6-7
406 cf WVH Rogers, ‘Keeping the Floodgates Shut: ‘Mitigation’ and ‘Limitation’ of Tort Liability in the English Common Law’ in J Spier (ed) The Limits of Liability – Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 75, 81.
408 cf WVH Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (15th edn, 1998) 111.
409 [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 199-200, 213.
410 Osman v UK (1999) 11 AdminLR 200.
411 The Times, 6th July 1999.
412 CA, 29 July 1999.
413 Barrett v Enfield LBC [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 207-208, 227-229.
414 D Fairgrieve and M Andenas, ‘Tort Liability For Educational Malpractice: the Phelps case’ (1999) 10 KCLJ 210 (forthcoming), (page 10 of transcript provided by authors).
415 cf Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] QB 1004; Beverly Palmer v Tees Health Authority The Times, 6th July 1999.
416 [1999] 3 All ER 193 (HL) 230; cf P Craig and D Fairgrieve, ‘Barrett, Negligence and Discretionary Powers’ [1999] PL (forthcoming), (page 14-16 of the transcript).
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The ambivalences of Mad Men
By Rjurik Davidson
A great deal of modern storytelling relies on deep ambivalence. Modern stories move between two opposed claims at once: the cruel character acts kindly; the racist saves the drowning black man; the campaigner for equality rights turns out to be corrupt after all (this is not always true of past storytelling: see for example medieval morality plays). Well-known scriptwriting teacher Robert McKee dedicates a section of his book, Story, to the phenomenon. At a broader level, this takes the form of an ambivalence towards the social world that the storyteller depicts.
In the case of the television show Mad Men, which depicts an advertising firm in the early 1960s, the questions arise: is the show a critique of early 1960s America or is it a celebration of it? And what then does it say about our own world?
Much has been written about Mad Men’s discussion of history through the personal lives of its characters. The characters are chosen for their ability to stand on the social fault lines of the day: the first woman to become a copywriter; the closeted homosexual; the desperately unhappy trophy-wife; the femme-fatale office organiser; the lecherous up-and coming young men; the pigeon-holed female secretaries; the bohemian whose girlfriend is African-American. As a whole, Mad Men seems to provide us with a picture of the 1960s set to a background of beautiful – and celebrated – visual style and design.
Mad Men’s creator, Matt Weiner, has described the show as science fiction, set in the past. By this, he means that Mad Men shows us an estranged world whose primary function is to make us reflect on our own. In particular, it aims to show a world of sexism, racism and bigotry in the hope that we will reflect on the prevalence of these today. According to reviewer Bernie Heidkamp: ‘To say this strategy is brilliant is an understatement.’ He notes:
As the viewer, you sense that the people you are observing are larger than life – their world is a microcosm of America. But you also understand instinctually that it’s not America of some hazy past but the America you live in.
Interestingly, Mark Greif in the London Review of Books takes off from the same position, but reached a diametrically opposed conclusion. For him, Mad Men’s bigoted society is used to celebrate rather than critique contemporary society:
Mad Men is an unpleasant little entry in the genre of Now We Know Better. We watch and know better about male chauvinism, homophobia, anti-semitism, workplace harassment, housewives’ depression, nutrition and smoking. We wait for the show’s advertising men or their secretaries and wives to make another gaffe for us to snigger over. ‘Have we ever hired any Jews?’ – ‘Not on my watch.’ ‘Try not to be overwhelmed by all this technology; it looks complicated, but the men who designed it made it simple enough for a woman to use.’
But Greif correctly notes that Mad Men is in fact ambivalent towards these relationships. At once, Mad Men is at once a critique and a celebration of social relations during the 1960s. At times, it asks us to revile at its abhorrent social relations. At other times, it seems to ask us to vicariously participate in them. Greif is right, then, when he adds:
Beneath the Now We Know Better is a whiff of Doesn’t That Look Good. The drinking, the cigarettes, the opportunity to slap your children! The actresses are beautiful, the Brilliantine in the men’s hair catches the light, and everyone and everything is photographed as if in stills for a fashion spread.
Hence, the underlying sense of Mad Men is one of romance. Beneath its melodramatic (and soap operatic) storylines, it asks us to yearn for this lost world. It tells us that women want charismatic ad man Don Draper and men want to be like him. Things work out in the end, for our ‘favourite’ (i.e. central) characters.
So: both critique of the 1960s and celebration of it.
But if a narrative moves between various oppositions, there is still, always, an overall framework that emerges when we ask the question: what world-view is the narrative asking us to participate in? When all is said and done, when the narrative conflicts are resolved, the episodes and seasons finished, what underlying premise has the story been shaped by? In the end, what is the ‘controlling idea’ as McKee would have it?
Mad Men overwhelmingly comes down on the side of celebration of the 1960s. Part of the reason is in Mad Men’s attitude – at least until the end of season four (the extent of my own watching) – towards that most repulsive of trades – advertising. In the end, our point of view is from within this system (the rare times we step out of it are when we’re with the family of the advertising workers, such as Don’s long-suffering wife Betty). This choice to show the 1960s from within an advertising company limits our perspective. The radical movements of the time – civil rights, the emerging New Left – are shown to us as purely external events. Moreover, despite the brief forays into questioning the morality of various corporations (tobacco companies, for example), we are constantly invited to participate in the ‘creativity’ and ‘excitement’ of this soon-to-be ubiquitous industry. We are treated to Don Draper as a latter day Leonardo Da Vinci.
For much the same reasons Mad Men is ambivalent towards the world of the 1960s, it is ambivalent towards our own. Isn’t it good that we no longer live in such a bigoted world? it asks us. And then: wouldn’t it be fun though? For all its antinomies, it resolves itself to a celebration of the 1960s, into a romanticised view of that past, a kind of desire for a simpler life when men wore suits with style. Our world has lost too much of that charm, it says.
Still, Mad Men’s vitality does lie in the sense of history occurring around the characters. For even if we are provided with not so much a microcosm of America in those days as a limited selection of it, author of Mad Men Unbuttoned: A Romp Through 1960s America, Natasha Vargas Cooper, is probably right to say that:
It isn’t just that it looks beautiful and that Jon Hamm is a miracle. It’s that the mood in the show is concurrent with the mood right now. The big villain on Mad Men is history. No matter what happens to these people’s lives, you know what’s coming next, and there’s absolutely nothing that can be done to help these people feel like they’re any less subject to the throes of history. I feel like part of the reason why we relate to Mad Men so much is that we’re in the same kind of moment right now. Our generation is transitional.
The sense of vital change is probably more applicable to the 1960s than today. Nowadays we have less a sense of uncertain forward-movement (again, somewhat contradictorily captured in Mad Men) as that of shifting and crumbling foundations. For the characters of Mad Men, the ‘high sixties’ is almost upon them. Who knows what our uncertain future holds?
Rjurik Davidson is a writer, editor and speaker. Rjurik’s novel, The Stars Askew was released in 2016. Rjurik is a former associate editor of Overland magazine. He can be found at rjurik.com and tweets as @rjurikdavidson.
More by Rjurik Davidson
From Stephanie on 10 July 2012 at 11.01 am
I take your point, but I’m not entirely convinced about that glorification.
The thing that always strikes me about Mad Men is how flooded with melancholy it is. The characters are rarely ever happy, and when they are, it’s almost always because they’ve allowed themselves to be taken in by something against their better judgement. They spend so much of their lives posturing and pretending and playing at intrigue that when they finally do things for themselves, the results are disastrous and destructive. To me, that’s a social critique that seems to be directly connected to the aestheticisation of the era. “Look how pretty all this is” is a crucial aspect of that critique.
The only person who ever seems to push past this is Peggy. And in my opinion, that’s because she has something she finds fulfilling in and of itself – namely, independence and self-determination – that she regularly has to fight for. She still engages with the glamour, and occasionally gets something out of it, but religious upbringing aside, unlike so many of those characters, she understands how much weight her choices carry, and that glamour is transient. That sets her apart, I think.
From Tom on 10 July 2012 at 12.25 pm
I think Mad Men should be looked at in its context among all the other popular serials of US cable television – of the “binge TV viewing” era since, say, The Sopranos.
So many of these shows, for example Deadwood, The Sopranos, Sons of Anarchy, and Boardwalk Empire are set in a dysfunctional milieu characterised by ‘bad shit’.
The most common type of ‘bad shit’ is general violence. After that it’s specific misogyny, and violence against women. Why?
I say it’s because HBO and AMC producers want an excuse to depict violence and misogyny.
The “sexposition” complaints levelled at Game of Thrones are of a lineage with the regular strip club meetings held by Tony Soprano, and later by Stringer Bell and Avon Barksdale in the early days of The Wire, before its creators found their resistant streak.
In Sons of Anarchy, SAMCRO runs a porn production company. In Boardwalk Empire, the “hard facts” of liaisons with prostitutes in Atlantic City are pruriently laid bare in more or less every episode. The same goes for Deadwood.
These shows were created to thrive on titillation, and to the extent that they contain an embedded critique of misogyny (in some cases, a searing critique) they also aim to bring male viewers to identify with their protagonists. They are, we hear, ‘historically accurate’ histories of the most woman-hating societies ever,and ‘complex, multi-layered works’.
But the critique is partly there to compensate for the ongoing, fascinated depiction of brutality against women, and to deflect criticism. So in these cases, compensation or misdirection may sometimes be a better interpretation than ambivalence.
I think Mad Men, for all the stated reasons, despite its melancholy, its strong female characters and its good writing, and despite Don Draper’s downward spiral, is just a less egregious example of the same phenomenon. It’s built, first and foremost, on the Don Draper wish fulfilment fantasy of the male viewer, with a plot driven mainly by his romantic liaisons with a series of ‘hot chicks’.
From randy $ on 15 July 2012 at 11.07 pm
Oh how tedious for all you non-whores to have to sit through entertainment that illustrates how sex workers are used as political pawns and narrative “props,” and that tells stories of injustice, ignorance, dispassion, money, money, money, sex, community, boredom, work, corruption, illegality and love in and around sex work (remembering that much of the sex work depicted in the shows mentioned is occurring in illegal settings – porn industry in the USA aside).
In “real” life I wonder who you think sex workers are, who visits sex workers, who has meetings in strip clubs and who owns porn companies. A hell of a lot of people work in, visit and are associated with sex work.
There are so many parts of these shows that are whorephobic, and their depiction of sex work are sometimes incredibly problematic and factually incorrect.
But I must say audience reactions, such as the comments on this page (not just yours Tom, I’m not picking on you!) about being uncomfortable about depictions of sex work AT ALL interestingly rely on the word “prostitution” to sum up some kind of assumed collective consciousness of distaste among the left with the representation of sex work in such TV shows.
I really felt I had to comment to say “hey, sex workers are real people, we watch tv too, we read Overland too, and our experience of seeing our work depicted in fictional narratives is different to the experience non-whores have when you watch the same material.”
IMO Mad Men and Sons of Anarchy treat sex work with a fair bit of day to day banality, which is refreshing to see.
BTW it is also interesting to me that Rjurik didn’t mention the sex work aspects of Mad Men (or any other show) but Overland readers decided to talk about “prostitution” anyway. Maybe this is a reflection of where Overland/the left is in regards to a normalised distaste and unease with sex work generally. How po-mo of me to notice.
xx randy
From Rjurik on 10 July 2012 at 12.36 pm
Perhaps one thing I might have emphasised a bit more is that the narrative structure of a lot of Mad Men seems to me to be more soap operatic than, say, realist. As you point out Steph, it’s filled with secrets, affairs – facade and truth. But it’s not clear that these are more than personal issues, rather than things with much social weight. Despite their appearance of ‘typicality’ (in Lukacs’ terms), I’m not sure any of the characters really represent as much as the writers would have us believe. This is something that HBO’s Rome does as well – though I can’t comment too much on some of the other shows Tom mentioned – where there’s an appearance of history happening, but somehow it all feels a bit … absent.
From Tom on 10 July 2012 at 1.43 pm
I’m unsure whether to come down hard on these dramas for their soap operatic narratives, as they are commercially driven works which make obvious artistic concessions to attract an audience.
I don’t think we have any real idea what a social realist long running TV serial not subject to the usual commercial imperatives might look like, just hints.
It might be worthwhile to compare Mad Men to another show which is well known for its deliberate attention not to historicity, but to a form of social realism not dissimilar to that discussed by Lukacs in his account of typicality – The Wire.
When one of these show does very deliberately appeal to the audience to recognise the typicality of the scenarios it depicts, it opens itself up to other avenues of criticism.
A recent, fascinating Steven Boone article which claims that Mad Men is ‘Roots for white people’ (you’re likely to have read it) relates a scene from The Wire which is replete with typicality but far from immune to criticism.
http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2012/06/6007279/very-white-poetry-mad-men?page=all
I think that Mad men succeeds in some similar areas where other shows have failed. I felt its account of Peggy’s sex encounter with Pete, subsequent pregnancy and giving up of her child, was told in a way that did explicitly recognise historical context and the framework of oppressive social forces at work.
Its use of a milieu that is large enough to encompass a range of social experiences and act as a microcosm of wider society is also critical to this success. This is lacking in, say, The Sopranos.
From Dr_Tad on 10 July 2012 at 1.33 pm
Like Stephanie, I’m also not sure I buy the “glorification” thing. I have found the show almost relentlessly psychologically dark and harrowing from day one, much more than some of the very gritty, hyperviolent fare that has been celebrated on cable lately.
In that sense I think Mad Men functions a little like David Lynch’s work in the late 80s / early 90s, but with even less room for any of the characters to experience real happiness: That is, it works for me as a show where everything is so perfect on the outside it constantly reminds your of the hollowness within.
It makes perfect sense, then, that real social change mainly impacts from without on these characters; it’s their relative disconnection from socially liberating developments that we’re reminded of again and again. The advance on Lynch is that the show’s social critique is much less simplistic than his.
The other advantage of using the advertising industry milieu is that it says something about the limits of consumer hedonism. These are the people first inventing the empty promise we are being sold today.
It is obvious, however, that there is a segment of the viewer base *genuinely* in love with the aesthetics as something they aspire to, who don’t seem to notice the other stuff. It would be interesting to know the demographics, but my suspicion (based on who I know who sees it this way) is that there is a section of the (genuine) middle class that has bought the fake dream Mad Men displays as the outer shell and are unable to penetrate it. But I’m not sure you can blame Weiner and co for that kind of reaction.
From Sophie on 10 July 2012 at 2.06 pm
I don’t find Mad Men glorifying – though of course there are moments of that. I think the show is one of the few around that seems to have a genuine interest in analysing gender relations and to have looked at the rise of feminism. I know that people often come to diametrically opposed views on what this show is, or is not doing (as you point out in your article, Rjurik) but I think the show is a feminist one. As those who saw the recent ‘Joan episode’ might know, it absolutely pushes the line that the men in advertising are, basically, pimps or are themselves prostituting themselves. I can’t think of a man, or woman, who could have sat through that episode and think of it as glorifying of either gender, or the period as a whole.
Have just belatedly read the entirety of the Greif article – had previously only skimmed the first few paragraphs.
I found it quite accurate, and only slightly too wrapped up in the flair of its assault. The references to the real history of advertising are interesting.
From C on 10 July 2012 at 8.31 pm
Thanks for your input Tom, I found it completely spot on!
From Rjurik on 10 July 2012 at 2.22 pm
I’m assuming the Joan episode is in Season 5? In which case, I’m behind. But I’m not sure I’d go so far as to claim Mad Men is feminist. As I said, I think it is contradictory. It certainly highlights the sexism of the men, but I still find that there’s a sense of ‘isn’t this such a “cool” place’ to it: Wasn’t this all so much prettier, somehow more simple and attractive than what we have now? But I’ve said this…
I think The Wire, however, is less a Lukacsian realism as an Althusserian structuralism – it is able to wonderfully show how all its characters are caught in the social structures and even when it seems that they’re making a choice, they almost never really are. A very hard thing to pull off.
Just for the record, I don’t think I used the term glorification.
I’m also not convinced it is as psychologically harrowing as Steph and Tad suggest. In one sense, it’s true that most of the characters are unhappy. But that’s standard fare for fiction, isn’t it? I mean, nobody wants to read about or watch happy people who have their life together. It may be that there is a sense of hollowness to it all, but I’m not sure if that was the key think Mad Men offered whether it would still be on air. I think that’s part of what is great about it – but only part of it. Hence, the ambivalences…
From Alison Croggon on 10 July 2012 at 2.55 pm
Fwiw, I found the first couple of seasons harrowing. (Less so afterwards, when the soap took over more – although the storyline with Betty’s daughter is pretty painful, I wonder if the the glamour was more for its own sake after that. I’d have to watch it again to know.) I do think mine was a rather personal response: for me, the simulacrum of the 60s – when I was a small child – was so accurate that it resonated deeply. My mother bought the same ideologies as Betty – perfect housewife, perfect mother, perfect wife – and although her circumstances differed enormously, she was disastrously unhappy in many of the same ways. The sexisms – covert and overt – struck home too, both because it wasn’t that ago that those things happened – I can remember them – and because so many are still happening now. I totally agree that the series is ambivalent – but the critique on gender wouldn’t have felt so pointed nor so painful if it were merely glorifying the rich young things of the 1960s, with a bit of grit thrown in. I agree with Dr Tad about its use of the advertising industry, too.
From monkeytypist on 10 July 2012 at 2.57 pm
“This choice to show the 1960s from within an advertising company limits our perspective”
I have to wholeheartedly disagree. In particular, the ubiquitous myth-making about the 1960s by those who were participants or wished they were is an unrecognised limitation of our own perspective, one that it is instructive to step outside of to see how, despite the turbulence of the era, many structures and restrictions of that time survived more or less intact. Madison Avenue is still here now, and it is more powerful as an idea and as a social force than it was then.
I’m not for a moment suggesting that the massive social change and social movements of the 1960s aren’t worthy of study, documentation, discussion and/or portrayal. There has been some amazing work done in that regard.
But the decade has become so stereotyped in pop culture that we are in need of a reality check – despite the ferment, the challenging, the formation of new political ideas – the corporate world and everyday bourgeois life was in many respects slow to change, or at least slow to change in any very meaningful way. And there is a tendency to forget or to obliterate that radical social movements and social justice campaigning – to say nothing of the reaction it was set up against – both predated and outlived that decade.
Following WWII, a mythologised version of that conflict became home to a great many creative works, movies in particular. That process in the 50’s and 60’s was a remaking of an era as well as a remembering of it – the war as we would like to have imagined it (not least because a great many of the fictionalisers didn’t personally experience it). It seems to me that another generation is doing a similar thing to the 1960’s.
The fact that Mad Men is set on the far shore from these waves of social ferment is an invitation to us to challenge our own myths and perceptions, and to reflect on social changes and the need to fight injustice in our own time.
From Dennis Garvey on 10 July 2012 at 3.54 pm
As stylish as it all looks, what I see in Mad Men is an instant, Ikea 60s – everything on the exterior is just too lush and interlockingly perfect – and everything underneath too brooding and melancholy and about to fall apart due to its unskilled labour DIY construction. The 60s weren’t the 60s in the 60s, it was made up of bits of the 30s, 40s and 50s in both attitude, behaviour, dress, cultural objects, values, beliefs, economics and politics etc, like all artificially bounded decades, like today’s. So sure, Mad Men is a celebration of the 60s, but one that never really existed, except as mythology.
From Jess on 10 July 2012 at 4.24 pm
Hi Rju – I agree with a lot of what you’ve said, but fundamentally Mad Men is just a period drama. People LOVE period dramas, because they’re escapist and we can look at how pretty and simple and “better” everything once was, in comparison to our daily, difficult lives. You can say all the same sorts of things about other popular series, like Pride & Prejudice, or Downton Abbey: people knew their place, women had no equality at all, servants had little chance of bettering themselves, brown faces are almost non-existent! It’s the TV equivalent of older people harking back to the “good old days” – but the ambivalence should always be there while watching well-made period drama, in order to have the right balance between nostalgia and a reminder of why we wouldn’t actually want to go back to those days. I might love the world of Jane Austen, but I wouldn’t want to live in it.
From Sonia on 10 July 2012 at 5.15 pm
Interesting reflections, Rjurik, but I think I would agree with Stephanie and co on this one.
I think that the show is immensely complex and layered, and in that regard (as Dr Tad suggests) it’s not Weiner’s responsibility if some people respond to it on a purely aesthetic level. I also completely disagree (I think it was Tom?) with the idea that it is some kind of prurient excuse to indulge these sexual images of women with only a gloss of critique. In fact I think that’s a line that the show walks with superbly fine judgement and, as I think Sophie suggested, it is at its heart a deeply feminist narrative. I don’t think that we are at all invited to celebrate Don Draper’s alpha-masculinity or to see this as a representation of a ‘prettier’ time. I think we are in fact invited to see him as someone who has been both moulded and destroyed by the image that his era has encouraged him to live up to. He is quite literally always ‘passing’, and it’s important not to forget that. Just as an aside, I would highly recommend watching the fifth season, as several of the themes discussed in the article and the comments take on a much more fraught valence in that season–there were many moments where I found myself flinching or covering my eyes, or even moved to tears. Not to *spoiler* but Don’s dream sequence when he is ill is for me an example of just how terrifying, dismaying and ambivalent this character is …
From Mary mcgreevey on 25 January 2015 at 5.56 am
All this office life portrayed in Mad Men is far from gone. In the year 2000 I took a four month temp position as an admin assistant to a vp at Blumcapital in San Francisco. Richard Blum had then three billion in assets with his partners and his wife is Senator Diane Feinstein. His latest coup is sell
I want to add that because I knew Gregg Shorthand and could type fast I was hired. The women were all in assistant positions and the men were the executives except one Sherpa from Tibet who really schlepped like a Sherpa!
It was very close to the mAd men atmosphere and felt like a time warp. The women were edgy with each other and the senior one was older and to be feared. The dress code for women was still skirts and. Dresses. I as a temp wore nice dark slacks and nice blouses.
The atmosphere for us female serfs ground me down within a week. I stuck it out and then raised back into tourism where I belonged and have happily stayed far from the mad men crowd.
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Olivia Arigho Stiles: The Chartist Movement A Lesson in Resistance?
“Peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must!”
George Orwell observed of Charles Dickens that ‘the very people he attacked [in his works] have swallowed him so completely that he has become a national institution himself.’ In much the same way, the depiction of the quaintly attired Chartists in Danny Boyle’s visually resplendent, £27 million, 2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony in London was perhaps the clearest indicator of the Chartists’ acceptance into the British Establishment. Boyle offered us a saccharine portrayal of Britain’s radical past, in a ceremony presided over by the very same institutions which they turbulently challenged. In two hundred years, it is hard to imagine the IRA occupying the same position, yet the parallels are not too dissimilar. To reclaim Chartism as part of the political mainstream in this way is to diminish the potency of Chartism as a revolutionary force, which aimed to turn its world upside down. Chartism was a radical, dynamic and fiercely subversive movement. To relegate it to a benign sphere of historical tweedom is erroneous and misguided, and all the more so when the Chartists can offer vital lessons in resistance against a contemporary political assault on the working classes.
Based on the Six Points of Charter drawn up in 1838 by the London Working Men’s Association, the Chartists aimed to secure universal suffrage for men (but not women) over twenty one; a secret ballot; payment for MPs and the removal of their property qualifications; constituencies of equal size and annual elections for parliament. Chartism peaked between 1838 and 1848, but it had its roots in an earlier failure to provide parliamentary representation for the working classes with the 1832 Great Reform Act. Millions of people signed the three Chartist petitions of 1839 to 1848, although none of the documents actually survive. While building upon the intellectual roots of pre-existing radical political ideas, embodied by such individuals as Thomas Paine, Henry ‘Orator’ Hunt and Major Cartwright et al., Chartist leaders still broke poignantly with this intellectual framework in appealing to ‘workers’ as opposed to ‘citizens’. Chartism was thus the first class-conscious, independent working class movement to emerge from the early years of the Industrial Revolution.
This emergence occurred within a context of increased social and political polarisation. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act had led to the implementation of workhouses and a harsher system of poor relief. Widely perceived as a brutal assault on the basic freedoms of the poor, the Act underlined the irreconcilable rift, the ultimate conflict of interest between Parliament and the working people. Chartism spoke on behalf of a diverse and sprawling working class population, united by a broad ideology seeking remedy to their social and economic problems by trying to participate in parliamentary politics. While Chartism had explicitly political aims, then, these aims were largely based on economic concerns specific to the working classes; and parliamentary inclusion was perceived as the best means of remedying to the misery and degradation of industrial working conditions. The Chartists did achieve a modicum of success here. Feargus O’Connor, who co-published the Chartist Northern Star newspaper, was elected as a Chartist MP in Nottingham in 1847.
The Northern Star was perhaps the most important means by which the Chartist movement acquired a national focus, fostering the integration of disparate pockets of local radical agitation into a national Chartist movement. The Star embodied this national perspective, and it gave local and regional radicalism a national coverage. The success generated by the Chartists in their assault on the parliamentary ruling classes was almost unprecedented, as manifested in 1842, ‘the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the nineteenth century. More people were arrested and sentenced for offences concerned with speaking, agitating, rioting and demonstrating than in any other year, and more people were out in the streets during August 1842 than at any other time… It was the nearest thing to a general strike that the century saw.’1
The Chartists were intensely proud of their working class status. At its core, Chartism can be said to have represented the political expression of working class culture. This culture was syncretic: it suffused all aspects of Chartist ideology. Dorothy Thompson observes, ‘in the towns and villages of Britain thousands of anonymous men and women organised the Chartist movement, using traditional forms of processions, carnivals, theatrical performances, camp meetings, sermons and services to put the message across of the six points. Flags, banners, caps of liberty, scarves, sashes and rosettes appeared on public occasions. Slogans from the Bible, from literature and from earlier radical movements decorated the banners and placards they carried. Hymns and songs were written and sung, poems were declaimed. Every aspect of the religious and cultural life of the communities was brought into service to press home the Chartist message.’2 It might be added that the Chartist message did not simply reflect the outward religious and cultural practices of these communities; rather, it intertwined most fundamentally with the working class life that it sought to safeguard.
This idea extended from meeting houses to family firesides. In his speech to Glasgow Chartists in 1839, Mr. Macfarlane declared that ‘Toryism just means ignorant children in rags, a drunken husband, and an unhappy wife. Chartism is to have a happy home, and smiling, intelligent, and happy families.’3 The concept of domesticity was hence central to the rhetoric of early Chartists, and expressed itself through vivid, evocative imagery, rousing songs, music, and processions. Anna Clark argues that Chartist domesticity ‘aimed both to heal the sexual antagonism within working-class culture and to defend working-class morality in the larger political context.’ With working class family life threatened by the brutality and iniquity of factory working conditions, domesticity became a tool by which Chartists could dignify working class family culture, in addition to constructing a role for women within the movement. If Chartists affirmed sexual distinctions, it owed to political expedience in the face of middle class opposition. The Chartists may have eventually sacrificed a militantly political role for women, but women’s identity and status within working class culture was far from meaningless.
“The war of classes, sir, is now no longer a mere war of politics, but a war between capital and labour.”4
As Chartist leader George Julian Harney declared, the change in Chartist ideology and tactics from 1848 to 1850 was symbolised by the change in the Chartist flag colour. When Ernest Jones was imprisoned for openly advocating a physical force approach, the flag became green after it had been red. At this point, Chartism had undoubtedly diminished, both in terms of membership and ideological motivation. Harney and Jones were instrumental in forging a new identity for Chartism, and in steering it towards a more cogently socialist path. In November 1850 Harney published the first English translation of the Communist Manifesto in the new socialist-leaning weekly, The Red Republican. In admittedly not the most fitting of translations (but one of the most entertaining), it opens: “A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe….”5 This formed part of a drive to assimilate Chartism into an Internationalist movement, aiming to reinforce the Chartists’ common cause with European socialists. Jones was indeed the first person, at least in England, to accept Marx’s theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat as a working basis for organisation.6
If Chartism was occasionally fraught with internal ideological contradictions and inconsistencies, it is only to be expected from a movement which spoke on behalf of a national working class culture, and expressed the concerns and outlook of a less than homogenous proletariat. It would be a mistake, however, to conclude that Chartism ended in total failure. All except one of the six points of the Charter is now law—the one exception being the call for annual parliaments. Chartism also helped create a long-term political culture in which later left-wing ideas flourished. It formed a vital component in the transition between old traditions of political radicalism and the development of recognisably socialist theory. And indeed, in its dying years, Chartism actively subscribed to a premature socialist doctrine. As a lesson in resistance, Chartism has much to offer. The dynamism and fierce vitality it embodied at a time when the working classes endured brutal industrial privations and political exclusion defines the Chartists as a revolutionary workers’ force in British history. Set in the post-imperial hangover of the Olympic Opening Ceremony, the Chartists have never seemed more out of place. •
Olivia Arigho Stiles studies History at Somerville College and is part of the Organising Committee for the Oxford Radical Forum.
1 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists, pp102.
2 Ibid, pp. 118–19.
3 Scottish Patriot (December 14, 1839) in Anna Clark, ‘The Rhetoric of Chartist Domesticity: Gender, Language, and Class in the 1830s and 1840s,’ Journal of British Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp.62.
4 Peter Cadogan, Harney and Engels, International Review of Social History, Volume 10, Issue 01, April 1965, pp 72.
5 Ibid., pp73.
6 Ibid., p79.
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Having Trouble with This Aspect of Darren Wilson’s Testmony
According to Officer Darren Wilson, after his first brief exchange on 9 August with Michael Brown and Dorian Johnson about walking in a Ferguson, Missouri, street, he backed up his police vehicle and confronted them again because one of them was wearing a black T-shirt.
In an interview on 10 August, the day after the shooting, Wilson stated: “I heard on the radio that there was a stealing in progress from the Ferguson Market on West Florissant. I heard a brief description of a black male with a black T-shirt.”
In his grand jury testimony several weeks later, Wilson repeated that: “I was on my portable radio, which isn’t exactly the best. I did hear that a suspect was wearing a black shirt and that a box of Cigarillos was stolen.” That description confirmed for him that he’d come across the two suspects from the store robbery: “I did a doublecheck that Johnson was wearing a black shirt, these are the two from the stealing.”
However, earlier this month the police radio dispatches from that day were released.
The dispatcher said, “it's going to be a black male in a white T-shirt.”
An officer confirmed, “Black male, white T-shirt.”
Four minutes later, another voice added: “He’s with another male, he’s got a red Cardinals hat, white T-shirt, yellow socks and khaki shorts.” That was an accurate description of what Michael Brown was wearing.
Officer Wilson couldn’t have heard anything about a “black shirt” on the radio. The radio calls, as recorded and released, mention only Brown’s “white T-shirt.” Three times.
How much did Wilson, consciously or unconsciously, massage his memory to conform to what he saw after shooting Michael Brown dead?
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Labels: crime wave, digging past the headlines, legal matters baby
The Benghazi Strain of OIP Derangement Syndrome
One easy diagnostic test for OIP Derangement Syndrome is an abiding belief in conspiracies and secrets surrounding the fatal attack on the US consulate and CIA outpost in Benghazi, Libya, in 2012.
In my personal experience, the people who say they’re most concerned with digging out more facts about that event also have a lot of trouble keeping the existing facts straight, such as how the US had no embassy in Benghazi.
There have been multiple investigations of the attack. In fact, the “Asked and Answered” website not only answers common right-wing questions and claims about Benghazi but also a list of how many times those questions have already been authoritatively answered.
Today, two weeks after the national elections, the House Intelligence Committee finally released its report on the event. And that bipartisan but GOP-controlled body came to the same conclusions as the previous inquiries.
As the Associated Press reported:
A two-year investigation by the Republican-controlled House Intelligence Committee has found that the CIA and the military acted properly in responding to the 2012 attack on a U.S. diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya, and asserted no wrongdoing by Obama administration appointees.
Debunking a series of persistent allegations hinting at dark conspiracies, the investigation of the politically charged incident determined that there was no intelligence failure, no delay in sending a CIA rescue team, no missed opportunity for a military rescue, and no evidence the CIA was covertly shipping arms from Libya to Syria.
In the immediate aftermath of the attack, intelligence about who carried it out and why was contradictory, the report found. That led Susan Rice, then U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, to inaccurately assert that the attack had evolved from a protest, when in fact there had been no protest. But it was intelligence analysts, not political appointees, who made the wrong call, the committee found. The report did not conclude that Rice or any other government official acted in bad faith or intentionally misled the American people. . . .
In the aftermath of the attacks, Republicans criticized the Obama administration and its then-secretary of state, Hillary Rodham Clinton, who is expected to run for president in 2016. People in and out of government have alleged that a CIA response team was ordered to “stand down” after the State Department compound came under attack, that a military rescue was nixed, that officials intentionally downplayed the role of al-Qaida figures in the attack, and that Stevens and the CIA were involved in a secret operation to spirit weapons out of Libya and into the hands of Syrian rebels. None of that is true, according to the House Intelligence Committee report. . . .
Rice's comments were based on faulty intelligence from multiple agencies, according to the report. Analysts received 21 reports that a protest occurred in Benghazi, the report said—14 from the Open Source Center, which reviews news reports; one from the CIA; two from the Defense Department; and four from the National Security Agency.
The AP also noted that this report “was released with little fanfare on the Friday before Thanksgiving week,” despite how much importance some Americans have attached to the subject in recent years.
Sadly, Republican leaders in the House of Representatives have already taken steps to feed those people’s delusions further. Earlier this year it commissioned a special House committee to conduct an eighth government investigation. Based on this one’s schedule, we can expect its report days after the 2016 election.
(Shown above is the cover of a book that supposedly exposed some of those lies and conspiracies about the bengahi attacks. It was featured on Sixty Minutes, then pulled by the publisher when the author was found to be lying. Note how the cover twice uses the word “embassy”—that should really have been a clue about its accuracy.)
Labels: crime wave, OIP Derangement Syndrome
Publishers as Venture Capitalists?
Another of Paul Levitz’s observations about the publishing industry last week was that book publishers have usually operated like bankers. They extend interest-free loans to authors in the form of advances, to be paid back (they hope) in royalties over succeeding years.
And like bankers, those companies are quicker to loan money to people who don’t need it: authors who are already earning a fine living off past books or in other fields. New or unknown authors, especially in fiction, have to do most of their work before they see any money, and then they don’t see much.
(That of course reflects that publishing advances aren’t exactly like loans. They’re also bids on properties, and in any business what looks more like a sure thing commands a higher price than an unproven quantity.)
Levitz suggested that publishers will have to become more like venture-capital firms, investing earlier in authors’ careers and projects. And, presumably, offering more guidance and control over their creations, as venture capitalists watch over the start-ups they invest in. Hollywood studios work closer to that model, paying earlier in the process to develop projects with a larger payoff.
I see a couple of problems for authors with that model. First, Hollywood studios are notorious for the number of projects they abandon: scripts in turnaround, TV pilots shot and never aired, and so on. Likewise, venture capitalists know that many of their investments won’t pay off, and they pull the plug a lot. Right now authors who get as far as a publishing contract are usually sure that their books will eventually see print, even if they’re marketed even more weakly than usual.
Hollywood studios are also notorious for getting involved in the creative process with script notes, personnel ultimatums, recutting, and so on. All to make the final stories more entertaining, of course. But does that work?
The screenwriter and novelist William Goldman famously wrote in Adventures in the Screen Trade:
Nobody knows anything. . . . Not one person in the entire motion picture field knows for a certainty what’s going to work. Every time out it’s a guess and, if you’re lucky, an educated one.
What’s more, writing a book is a far less collaborative process than making a movie, or creating a tech company. How much solid advice can publishers offer to authors early in the creative processs? How many experts can they bring on board, or how many systems can they put in place, when the whole enterprise consists of one person and one keyboard?
Labels: AUTHOR Paul Levitz, AUTHOR William Goldman, movies, the peculiar publishing industry, TV or not TV
A Paradox of Geek Fandom
Last week I sat in on a discussion with Paul Levitz, former President at DC Comics, at MIT’s Media Lab. (The door to the building said I had to have an MIT identification to enter, but I rode up the elevator with Levitz and helped him find the auditorium, so I figured I deserved to stay.)
Levitz started at DC Comics as a sixteen-year-old freelance writer and editor, and is still scripting comics. From 1976 to 2009 he took on increasing internal responsibilities, spending the last seven years as President. Having long functioned as a big part of the corporate memory, he recently wrote a gigantic history of the company.
Among other observations at MIT, Levitz said that “geek culture” has overtaken “pop culture.” That reflects the popularity of videogames and of superhero and science-fiction movies and TV shows, of course, but it also speaks to a certain style of consuming entertainment.
I asked Levitz for his thoughts about one paradoxical aspect of “geek culture.” On the one hand, that form of fandom is very interested in seeing the process of storytelling:
comics collections often include early sketches, scripts, and creators’ discussions of roads not taken. We rarely see that in novels.
DVDs feature deleted scenes, commentary tracks, outtakes, and other peeks into the creation of the movies or TV shows they document.
TV “show runners” are becoming celebrities with their own following.
the moviegoing/viewing/reading/gaming public follows the creation of a new piece of entertainment earlier than ever; news that used to be restricted to the industry is now spread everywhere.
In sum, it’s more obvious than ever that those stories we like are artificial creations designed to entertain us and earn our dollars. And we enjoy the reminders of that.
And yet “geek culture” is also marked by a fervid, sometimes rabid, protectiveness about those stories and the characters in them, as if they were real or deserved to be. Fans want to guard their favorites from the very companies and people who have the assignment of keeping them alive.
Levitz could only reply that part of his job as a DC executive was to warn people adapting the company’s properties to other media when they were straying too far from the characters’ “core.” He found that he couldn’t define in advance what would raise most fans’ protective responses, but he knew it when he saw it. And that emotional attachment remains, still hard to map but perilous to cross.
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Labels: AUTHOR Paul Levitz, comics history, dangers of reading, movies, TV or not TV
“The Wizard of Oz teapot tempest”
In 1957 Ralph Ulveling, director of the Detroit Public Library, received nationwide criticism for remarks he was reported as having made about the Oz books.
I’ve been looking into that story, and this is part of one of the documents from it: Ulveling’s counterattack in the October 1957 American Library Association Bulletin.
Ulveling insisted that his library system hadn’t gotten rid of The Wizard of Oz—it simply wasn’t in the children’s rooms. To be fair to him, that decision had been made “More than thirty years ago,” or shortly after L. Frank Baum’s death. On the other hand, his endorsement of that policy acknowledged rather than refuted the anti-Oz-book sentiments attributed to him.
Ulveling went on to accuse the Michigan State University Press, of all people, of ginning up the controversy to sell books.
And you know, he might have been right.
Labels: AUTHOR L. Frank Baum, BOOK Wonderful Wizard of Oz, censorship, digging past the headlines, libraries and why they matter, marketing marketing marketing, SERIES Oz books
DC to Feed Nostalgia for Six to Twelve Years Ago
DC Comics executive Dan DiDio told USA Today that the company’s “Convergence” crossover event for next spring will return to older versions of its primary characters. “We’re picking up at points of their lives where we left them and finding out what’s gone on with them since then,” he said.
Closer examination at Comic Book Resources confirms that these stories hearken back to the company’s continuity before the “New 52.” But each tale seems designed to return its hero to a happy high point popular with his or her following. Back in June, the gossipy site Bleeding Cool heard from a creator that the upcoming project would be “a love letter to DC Comics fans.”
Thus, Wally West is not only the Flash once more, but he’s married to Linda and both their kids appear to have superpowers. (After 2010, only their daughter had powers.) In another nod to the domesticity of about eight years ago, Superman and Lois Lane are expecting a child.
Stephanie Brown will be back at Batgirl, with Tim Drake in his first Red Robin costume and Cass Cain as the Black Bat. That also reflects their situation in about 2010 (though we didn’t see much of Cass back then). Damian Wayne, who appears to be coming back in some form in the regular continuity, might well show up in one of these miniseries without ever having died.
“Convergence” thus gives DC a chance to “correct,” at least temporarily, recent developments that many fans vocally disliked, such as the murder of the Atom Ryan Choi and Roy Harper’s loss of both his arm and his little daughter.
Indeed, in some way, these series “correct” the entire “New 52” as they show the heroes fending off attacks from “Flashpoint versions” of other heroes; Flashpoint was a 2011 crossover presenting dystopic versions of the world which led to the “New 52.” The characters or versions of characters that disappeared in that transition have, the summaries suggest, been living under a protective “dome.”
I have particular questions about the Nightwing/Oracle title, to be scripted by Gail Simone. The teaser for the first issue says:
Dick Grayson and Barbara Gordon reevaluate their relationship under the dome (wedding!), but Flashpoint Hawkman and Hawkwoman attack, and everything changes.
For many fans, Dick and Barbara are meant to be together. But the last time they were talking marriage in DC’s regular continuity was back in 2006. So are they reevaluating from that perspective, or after all the events that happened between then and Flashpoint? If the latter, that means Dick has become Batman, and no one has successfully penned his decision to go back to being Nightwing. At least not yet.
Labels: AUTHOR Gail Simone, COMIC Batgirl, COMIC Flash, COMIC Superman, COMIC Teen Titans, comics history, nostalgia ain't what it used to be, the genius of the conglomerate, weekly Robin
It Should —— Scan
The New York Times coverage of the new picture book for frazzled parents, You Have to —— Eat, reminds me of why I didn’t see the first one as worth noticing.
There’s this thing in verse called metre. If you’re going to write parody picture books, you should get to know that.
This quoted passage from the new book starts out anapestically enough but stumbles in the second line.
The sunrise is golden and lovely,
The birds chirp and twitter and tweet,
You woke me up and asked for some breakfast,
So why the —— won’t you eat?
And the third. And the fourth.
These books come from a small press that hasn’t specialized in the form, so perhaps its editors don’t notice the problem.
The birds in their nests chirp and tweet,
You woke up and asked me for breakfast,
So why in the hell won’t you eat?
But it’s really not that hard.
Labels: picture book form, rhyme is easy rhythm is hard
Family Fairness, Then and Now
Back in early October, The Hill reported:
Congressional Republicans are outraged that President Obama may take executive action on immigration reform after the mid-term elections—perhaps by deferring deportations and providing work authorization to millions of unauthorized immigrants with strong family ties to the United States. However, past Republican presidents have not been shy to use the White House’s power to retool immigration policy. In fact, Obama could learn a lot from presidents Ronald Reagan’s and George H. W. Bush’s executive actions to preserve the unity of immigrant families, and move past Congressional refusal to enact immigration reform.
After President Reagan signed the 1986 immigration reform law, people noted that it could apply to some members of certain families but not all, thus putting the US government in the position of splitting up families. Advocates like the US Catholic bishops argued that the government should take care to prevent that, but bills went nowhere in Congress. In 1987, therefore, Reagan’s Immigration and Naturalization Service commissioner announced the agency was “exercising the Attorney General’s discretion” to defer deportation for many illegal immigrants.
Immigrant advocates worried that still left many families at risk. Legislation once more stalled in Congress. In February 1990 President Bush used executive action to implement the provisions of a bill that the Senate had passed overwhelmingly and the House hadn’t acted on. Bush’s INS commissioner explained the “family fairness” policy by saying, “we can enforce the law humanely. To split families encourages further violations of the law as they reunite.” The administration estimated that action would affect 40% of the illegal immigrants in the US at the time.
Today the Obama administration faces very similar challenges: keeping families intact, not coming down hard on children, bringing productive members of American society out of the shadows, a Congress too divided to act. The US people granted President Obama executive power in the 2008 and 2012 elections, which clearly includes the Reagan and Bush administration precedents. So far Obama has issued fewer executive actions than his recent predecessors.
And yet top Republicans in Congress are now saying that if President Obama uses the same executive power as Presidents Reagan and Bush to address the same problem, that would justify either shutting down the federal (again) or impeachment (again).
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Labels: legal matters baby, OIP Derangement Syndrome
Writing Advice from Leonard and Busiek
In 2001, Elmore Leonard published an essay in the New York Times’s “Writers on Writing” series headlined “Easy on the Adverbs, Exclamation Points and Especially Hooptedoodle”.
Leonard offered advice like:
3. Never use a verb other than ”said” to carry dialogue.
The line of dialogue belongs to the character; the verb is the writer sticking his nose in.
Eventually that article was the seed of Elmore Leonard’s 10 Rules of Writing.
Last August, when Leonard died, the comics scripter Brian Michael Bendis featured that on his Tumblr site. In the way that Tumblr works, the scripter Kurt Busiek quoted it on his but added these comments:
I disagree with almost all of Elmore Leonard’s rules for writing, largely because any time someone says “never do X,” I immediately try to think of times it works.
But all of his rules are worth thinking about, and can be extremely useful in thinking about whether to use them. If you decide not to use a rule because you’re aware of the hurdle Leonard’s warning of but have overcome that hurdle another way, then the rule was still useful, because it got you to think about how to avoid the problem.
Labels: AUTHOR Elmore Leonard, AUTHOR Kurt Busiek, distinctive dialogue, words of wisdom
“Perhaps the women are made of cast-iron”
In The Marvelous Land of Oz, L. Frank Baum introduces the character of General Jinjur, leader of an army of girls. She aims to depose the Scarecrow as ruler of the central part of Oz. Why? “Because the Emerald City has been ruled by men long enough, for one reason,” she says.
Jinjur is thus a comedic version of turn-of-the-century suffragists. And soon she succeeds in conquering the Emerald City. When the Scarecrow returns with his friend the Tin Woodman and others, they find domestic society turned upside-down:
As they passed the rows of houses they saw through the open doors that men were sweeping and dusting and washing dishes, while the women sat around in groups, gossiping and laughing.
“What has happened?” the Scarecrow asked a sad-looking man with a bushy beard, who wore an apron and was wheeling a baby-carriage along the sidewalk.
“Why, we’ve had a revolution, your Majesty as you ought to know very well,” replied the man; “and since you went away the women have been running things to suit themselves. I’m glad you have decided to come back and restore order, for doing housework and minding the children is wearing out the strength of every man in the Emerald City.”
“Hm!” said the Scarecrow, thoughtfully. “If it is such hard work as you say, how did the women manage it so easily?”
“I really do not know” replied the man, with a deep sigh. “Perhaps the women are made of cast-iron.”
At the end of the book, Glinda conquers Jinjur and crowns the young princess Ozma. As for the conflict between the genders, Baum writes:
At once the men of the Emerald City cast off their aprons. And it is said that the women were so tired eating of their husbands’ cooking that they all hailed the conquest of Jinjur with Joy. Certain it is that, rushing one and all to the kitchens of their houses, the good wives prepared so delicious a feast for the weary men that harmony was immediately restored in every family.
Baum was on record as a supporter of woman suffrage, and had even written about a female US President by the 1990s. His mother-in-law, Matilda Gage, was one of America’s most radical feminist authors. Without that history, however, I don’t know if people would be so quick to read this part of the book as a gentle parody of feminism rather than a dismissal of it.
Labels: AUTHOR L. Frank Baum, book extract, BOOK Marvelous Land of Oz, gendered fiction
Hellcat Press Wants Horror Comics from Female Creators
Lindsay Moore, a Boston comics writer who has had several stories published in Hellbound, In a Single Bound, and other local anthologies, and who has shepherded her own pop-music superhero comic The Quartette into print, has announced the formation of Hellcat Press to publish horror comics.
Hellcat’s first anthology, scheduled for publication next fall, will be titled Dark Lady. From the press’s Facebook page, here are extracts from that call for submissions:
Dark Lady is an all-female horror anthology. If you’re a woman with a horror story to tell, then Hellcat Press wants to read it!
All stories must fall under the horror genre. That being said, the horror genre is vast and all-encompassing.
Can I adapt a pre-existing short story (such as “The Black Cat” by Edgar Allan Poe) into comic-book format?
No. We are looking for original work.
If my story is accepted and published, can I still print minis and sell them at conventions?
If my story is accepted and published, can I still submit it to other anthologies?
What will I get out of this?
In addition to having your work published, you will receive one (1) free copy of the book and ten (10) dollars. As of right now, ten dollars is all that Hellcat Press can provide. You may receive more depending on sales.
What are the specs?
The book will be printed in black and white. The pages are 8.5 x 11 inches (standard magazine size). Keep all type 1/4" away from the edge to ensure that no text is cut off. Please keep your stories ten pages or under.
Is there a submission process?
Yes, there is! Please email me with your pitch before February 1, 2015. Please send in either a detailed outline/synopsis of your story or a full script (if you have one). Anything submitted after February 1, 2015 will not be considered. If your proposal is accepted, you will be notified as quickly as possible.
What is the deadline for finished artwork?
Where will you be selling this book?
Hopefully, at all the conventions that the Boston Comics Roundtable attends (Boston Comic Con, MECAF, MICE, Hartford Comic Con, New York Comic Con, etc). I also hope to get it into a few local stores (Comicazi, The Million Year Picnic, The Outer Limits, Comicopia, etc). Once Hellcat Press’s website launches, we will also sell copies online.
Can you pair me with an artist/writer?
I cannot guarantee anything, but I will try.
Future collections may feature male artists and writers, or other themes.
Here are the technical specs for people preparing files to submit, an announced on the email list of the Boston Comics Roundtable:
The book will be printed in black and white. The pages are 8.5 x 11 inches (standard magazine size). Please keep your stories ten pages or under.
Safe image area: 8" (width) by 10.5" (height)
Full bleed: 8.75" (width) by 11.25" (height)
Trim size: 8.5" (width) by 11" (height)
NOTE: Keep all type 1/4" away from the edge to ensure that no text is cut off.
Please deliver files as .pdf files at 300 dpi, grayscale, at the final size. Please flatten your files before sending them.
These long wintry nights are a fine time to start working on stories for next year.
Labels: comics, gendered fiction, the horror the horror
“No other comic-book character has lasted as long”
In articles derived from her new book, The Secret History of Wonder Woman, Jill Lepore has been talking up that comic-book heroine’s place in superhero history.
In Smithsonian:
Wonder Woman is the most popular female comic-book superhero of all time. Aside from Superman and Batman, no other comic-book character has lasted as long.
In The New Yorker:
Superman débuted in 1938, Batman in 1939, Wonder Woman in 1941.
Who’s missing from this discussion? “The Sensational Character Find of 1940,” of course.
Dick Grayson has appeared in stories for nearly three-quarters of a century, about a year and a half longer than Wonder Woman. He’s been a major character in two movie serials, a television series, and two feature films. Plus, half a dozen television cartoons have featured some version of Robin.
I suspect Robin is a pop-culture reference as recognizable as Wonder Woman. In fact, the name “Dick Grayson” might be better known than Wonder Woman’s occasional alias, “Diana Prince.”
Of course, Robin has always been a sidekick to Batman, and thus a supporting character or one in an ensemble instead of a lead. Though he appeared on more comic-book covers in the 1940s than Batman, not until the 1990s was there a comic book with the Robin name in its official title. In contrast, there’s been a Wonder Woman magazine since 1942 (with a yearlong break in 1986-87), and she’s usually worked on her own as well as with the Justice Society and Justice League.
So I’m not arguing that Wonder Woman is less prominent than Robin, just that he qualifies as a famous, long-lasting comic-book crime-fighter on the same level.
(And I won’t even mention that Archie Andrews made his debut in comic books in the same month as Wonder Woman, so those two comic-book characters have lasted the same time.)
Labels: AUTHOR Jill Lepore, COMIC Archie, COMIC Batman, COMIC Superman, COMIC Wonder Woman, comics history, TV or not TV, weekly Robin
Where Serials End Up
Someone else considering the workings of serial fiction this week was Linda Holmes, writing for NPR on the public-radio-related podcast Serial, reinvestigating a murder.
Holmes notes how many listeners are trying to view the podcast through the lens of the recent limited television series True Detective, Fargo, and Lost. In other words, they’re asking for a clear conclusion even if (as in two of those examples) it ends up disappointing a lot of the audience.
Holmes writes:
What’s good about this wrinkle, and what seems healthy about it, is that it raises the question of what stories are for. Must there be a lesson or a moral? Must we sense a particular idea about life at the end, and can it be futility? If you raise a question, do you have to answer it? In real life, of course, Chekhov’s gun need not come to anything in the third act just because it was shown in the first. If this makes a good true story but would not make a good piece of dramatic fiction, why is that?
Assuming people do find the [Serial] ending satisfying despite what almost must be its messiness, is it possible that a piece of serial crime reporting with no conclusion will point to the idea that we've perhaps become overly obsessed in judging an entire piece of storytelling on whether we get the perfectly symmetrical, flawless, balanced, wry, doubt-drowning ending we deserve?
I find it telling that Holmes’s essay doesn’t mention what until recently was the necessary name-drop in any article on quality television: The Sopranos. That show famously ended without resolution, just a sudden black screen. And people were pissed. So it fits right into Holmes’s thesis.
Labels: serial monogamy, TV or not TV, valuable lessons about life
This is a snapshot from Talking Points Memo, my favorite site for political news. It shows the aggregation of several polls over recent weeks about Americans’ attitudes toward our two main political parties.
As you can see, Americans thought much worse of the Republican Party, and yet favored its congressional candidates by a slight edge. Which is what we saw in the mid-term election this week. And enough slight edges across the country’s competitive districts turn into a strong run of victories for those unfavored Republicans.
But as to how voters can reconcile those attitudes in their minds, that’s a mystery. Part of the answer is turnout. Part is that we the electorate are almost evenly divided, making slight edges more crucial—this is the fourth of the last five election cycles that swung sharply against the previous vote for Congress.
And part might be underlying OIP Derangement Syndrome, in which some voters, sensing a problem in the national government, blame President Barack Obama despite agreeing in the abstract with his policies and methods.
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Labels: doing the math, OIP Derangement Syndrome
A New Chapter in Chapters
At The New Yorker’s Page Turner blog, Nicholas Dames has probed the history of the chapter, starting with ancient naturalists and early Christian theologians and moving to the development of the novel:
Henry Fielding,…in “Joseph Andrews” (1742), explained “those little Spaces between our Chapters” as “an Inn or Resting-Place, where he may stop and take a Glass, or any other Refreshment, as it pleases him.” Chapter titles, Fielding proceeded to explain, were like the inscriptions over the doors of those inns, advertising the accommodations within.
Novels have always been good at absorbing and recycling, taking plots and devices from other genres and finding new uses for them. With the chapter, novelists began, in the eighteenth century, to naturalize an informational technology from antiquity by giving it a new cultural role. What the chapter did for the novel was to aerate it: by encouraging us to pause, stop, and put the book down—a chapter before bed, say—the chapter-break helps to root novels in the routines of everyday life. The chapter openly permitted a reading oriented around pauses—for reflection or rumination, perhaps, but also for refreshment or diversion.
Laurence Sterne’s “Tristram Shandy” insisted that “chapters relieve the mind,” encouraging our immersion by letting us know that we will soon be allowed to exit and return to other tasks or demands. Coming and going—an attention paid out rhythmically—would become part of how novelists imagined their books would be read. . . .
Thus the novelistic chapter: that modest, provisional kind of closure, a pause that promises more of the same later, like the fall of night. As the modern novel developed, explanations like those of the Fieldings became less necessary. Chapter titles themselves lost their overt connection to the “in which” or “concerning” syntax, virtually a plot summary, which derived from Biblical capitula.
Charles Dickens’s “The Pickwick Papers” could still pull off the old sort, as in “Chapter 38: Mr. Samuel Weller, Being Entrusted With a Mission of Love, Proceeds to Execute it; With What Success Will Hereinafter Appear”; by the eighteen-seventies, Anthony Trollope could title a chapter simply “Vulgarity.” As the chapter ceased seeming peculiar, it also grew in length; the average Victorian chapter was around thirty-five hundred words, roughly twice the eighteenth-century norm.
This article reminded me that chapters predated serialization in magazines, meaning that the breakup of novels wasn’t driven by the format and technology in which they first appeared. Rather, the established use of chapters made it easier to create divisions for each magazine issue.
Labels: AUTHOR Anthony Trollope, AUTHOR Charles Dickens, AUTHOR Henry Fielding, AUTHOR Laurence Sterne, serial monogamy, what's novel about novels
Before Frank Quitely Was Quite Quitely
Frank Quitely is one of the most respected artists working in superhero comics today, known for his distinctive drawing style, dynamic compositions, and willingness to experiment with form.
Which makes his statements in this interview at Comics Beat more interesting:
When I started out, I didn’t know a lot about storytelling because I never got a formal training in comics. It ended up being kind of intuitive and my main thing was about trying to make it clear and interesting. You know, I wasn’t really thinking in terms of narrative flow, it was more just about clarity and trying to make it as good as possible. Gradually, over the years, I just became more interested in storytelling.
There was a DC editor I worked with named Dan Raspler – the Lobo editor amongst other things. He was my editor on JLA: Earth 2 and before I did JLA, I did a short Lobo story for them and it was the first mainstream DC thing I’d done; I’d been working for [the imprints] Vertigo and Paradox for a couple years.
I sent him the pencils and it was the best thing I’d done up to that point and I thought “he’s going to phone me back and tell me how good this is” and he didn’t phone for a week. I was really panicking by the time he phoned; he started the conversation with “dude, I don’t know how to tell you this…”
Basically what he said was my drawings were really lovely, but my storytelling was really boring. He went through and told me what I should be thinking about and that was kind of a real milestone. As it was, that book never came out for different reasons. For JLA: Earth 2, he made me fax a rough for every page because he wanted to see that I could do art that makes sense in rough with a sharpie, then I could do it properly. . . . That was a big leap for me.
DC Comics published JLA: Earth 2 back in 2000. That was one of many collaborations between Quitely and scripter and fellow Glaswegian Grant Morrison.
As for the “short Lobo story” that Quitely mentioned, that was Lobo: The Hand-to-Hand Job, also subtitled It’s a Man’s World, scripted by another Scotsman, Alan Grant. It was never printed. This webpage on unpublished comics says, “Although the publisher has never commented publicly on the comic, the disappearance of the project could be chalked up to the reported nakedness of Lobo for at least half the issue, as well as a scene involving sexual self-gratification by a league of asteroid miners.” Yes, that would do it.
Labels: ARTIST Frank Quitely, AUTHOR Alan Grant, AUTHOR Grant Morrison, comics form, comics history, cultural sensitivities
The Return of the Cowardly Lion
On 24 November, the Bonham’s auction house will offer a collection of Hollywood memorabilia that includes Bert Lahr’s Cowardly Lion costume from the 1939 MGM Wizard of Oz.
The auction house says:
For famed MGM costume designer Gilbert Adrian, the only option for creating a realistic lion costume in 1938 was to fashion it out of actual lion hides. He was challenged with locating several that visually matched each other so a few costumes could be made and used interchangeably throughout filming. Adrian soon discovered, however, that every available lion hide had very distinctive colors, hair patterns and scars, so he had no choice but to dress Lahr in a single costume for much of the filming.
An auction house expert told the Los Angeles Daily News states:
“According to various histories of the film, Lahr’s costume was drenched with sweat at the end of every day, and so (it) was removed and placed in drying bins overnight so it could be used again the next (day),” Williamson says.
She added that another lion costume survives which Lahr probably wore for publicity stills, and there was at least one for Lahr’s double or stand-in as well. But only this one matches the details in scenes throughout the movie.
Back in 2006, the Profiles in History company sold that other Cowardly Lion costume for over $800,000. In 2011 the owner of this costume also offered it through Profiles in History with an estimated price of $2 to $3 million. Evidently bids didn’t meet the reserve because it’s available once again, in the movie’s 75th-anniversary year.
Labels: Cowardly Lion, MOVIE Wizard of Oz, nature red in tooth and claw
In an article for Slate, Andrew Heisel probed the growth of an unorthodox use of single-quote marks:
For several years now in teaching writing classes to college freshmen, I’ve noticed some students adopt another rule: double quotes for long quotations, single quotes for single words or short phrases. They’ll quote a long passage from Measure for Measure accurately, but when they want to quote one of Shakespeare’s words, a cliché, or some dubious concept like “virtue,” they’ll go with single quotes.
It took me a while to understand what was going on, but after thoroughly studying it I developed a rigorous explanation for this staggering decline in standards: kids today.
But then Heisel began to see that same pattern in colleagues’ writing. In news stories. Online. In 2008 I reported the single-quote style’s appearance in novels by Madeleine L’Engle and Scott Turow going back to 1973.
And yet it remained unsanctioned by any modern authorities. For a while Wikipedia said, “some style guides specify single quotation marks for this usage, and double quotation marks for verbatim speech.” Heisel looked at “38 different style and usage manuals” and didn’t find one that stated that as a rule. A handful acknowledged it as an occasional practice, especially in abstruse disciplines that deal with language. Most experts still looked askance at the style.
But Heisel also found—online, not in a library—The King’s English, published in multiple editions a century ago by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. After establishing the use of double-quote marks for quotations, that book states: “Some of those who follow this system also use the single marks for isolated words, short phrases, and anything that can hardly be called a formal quotation; this avoids giving much emphasis to such expressions, which is an advantage.”
Heisel quotes Harvard English professor Marjorie Garber as noting that quote marks can signal opposing meanings: “both absolute authenticity and veracity…and suspected inauthenticity, irony or doubt.” In the second group I also see writers including things characters generally feel or say or have said, but not necessarily in those exact words at a specified time, and thus not as a verifiable direct quotation.
The pattern raises some questions:
Is the usage different in modern Britain, where since the postwar punctuation shortage most books use single-quotes for direct quotations?
Is there enough value in distinguishing between those two types of quotations—direct and sort-of—for this usage to become useful and eventually standard?
Since the practice seems fairly widespread despite the apparent lack of any authority requiring or even suggesting it since the Fowlers a century ago, do writers gravitate toward this use of single-quotes because it seems logical or natural?
Labels: divided by a common language, punctuation is a moral issue
“That history will always be in the background”?
In an interview with Comic Book Resources, Grayson co-scripter Tom King spoke of his particular fondness for the character of Dick Grayson:
You’ve said a few places that Dick was always your favorite DC character thanks to his accessibility. With that in mind, what were the big stories that first brought you into his world? Are any of them the kind of thing you’ll look to fold into the background of this book?
I came into DC comics with Tim being Robin and Dick being the ex-Robin, the man who had gone through that uniquely frightening experience and emerged as someone uniquely brave. I remember buying my first trade, A Lonely Place of Dying, and obsessing over the Tim/Dick/Batman interaction. There was this essential question there about how do you leave childhood without losing who you were as a child. I read that thing to pulp. The first time I got to write my own complete script for the series, I titled it “Only a Place for Dying,” as a tribute to that experience.
Some of my other favorite Grayson stories are:
Birds of Prey #8 (the Barbara/Dick date issue), which is where Agent 8 from Grayson #3 gets her name; Batman #156 (“Robin Dies at Dawn”), which will play a role in an upcoming issue; and, probably my favorite Dick Grayson story of all time, Secret Origins Annual #3, which I haven’t yet figured out how to squeeze story out of — but I will! Dick Grayson has a 74-year history, and though Grayson is a book solidly set in the New 52 featuring a very modern take on the hero, that history will always be in the background and will always haunt and elevate our hero.
That’s almost sad. Secret Origins Annual, #3, was a story scripted by George Pérez in 1989 which synthesized the whole history of the Titans up to that point, both pre- and post-Crisis on Infinite Earths. It sought to build coherence and depth from the illogical late-1960s storylines of Bob Haney, revealing a series of villains to be one foe in different guises trying to undermine Dick Grayson.
That story also restored a version of Betty Kane, the first Bat-Girl, who had been abandoned with the “New Look” back in 1964. It reestablished the basics of Titans history as written in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s within DC’s new continuity. And in doing all that, it reflected the importance of Nightwing and his team to the company at that time.
In contrast, the “New 52” reboot of the DC Universe that King and his co-writer Tim Seeley are working within wrote off Dick Grayson’s version of the Titans, and most of the characters and relationships that Pérez’s story stitched together. Grayson has left the character even more alone within the DC Universe. The scripts might contain slight allusions to beloved older stories for long-time fans, but I don’t see how this Dick Grayson can be haunted by a history that he never had.
Labels: ARTIST George Pérez, AUTHOR Bob Haney, AUTHOR Tom King, childhood books revisited, COMIC Teen Titans, comics history, comics scripting, the genius of the conglomerate, weekly Robin
The Cloture Wars
Earlier this week Farah Stockman wrote in the Boston Globe about presidential nominations in recent years:
To see how contentious nominations have become, count motions for “cloture,” which forces a vote when two sides can’t agree to move forward. From 1949 to 1968, there wasn’t a single nominee that needed a cloture motion. From 1967 to 1992, there were eleven. During Bill Clinton’s presidency, 22 nominees needed one. Under George W. Bush, 38 did. But under President Obama, that number has exploded, to a stunning 178, and counting.
That’s illustrated above in the graphic by Olivia Hall that accompanied Stockman’s essay.
What’s more, the pattern through the last three decades of the 20th century was that the number of cloture votes rose when the opposition party was about to take control of the Congress, as in 1986 and 1994. In those years the minority party, sensing better opportunities ahead, stalled on nominations while the majority party tried to preserve them.
The current century shows two new patterns. First, cloture motions became more common from 2002 to 2006 during the Bush-Cheney presidency, though they slumped in the last two years when Democrats controlled the Senate. Second, the need for cloture votes returned immediately in 2009 after the election of President Obama, and then started to rise exponentially in 2012.
Two Warrior Women
Tonight I went to two author events, one after another, both about female fighters.
One was Jill Lepore’s talk at the Radcliffe Institute in Cambridge about The Secret History of Wonder Woman. Comics fans already know about the unorthodox sexual habits of Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston, but Lepore has also linked Marston to Margaret Sanger and her circle of women‘s-rights activists.
The second was Alex Myers’s talk at the Old South Meeting House in Boston about his novel Revolutionary, based on the life of Deborah Sampson, soldier in the Continental Army at the end of the Revolutionary War. I was pleased to learn that Myers is another example of the generous mentorship of Alfred F. Young, author of the Sampson biography Masquerade.
Labels: AUTHOR Alex Myers, AUTHOR Jill Lepore, COMIC Wonder Woman, historical fiction
“Wonderlands” Conference and Call for Papers
The University of Chichester’s Sussex Centre for Folklore, Fairy Tales and Fantasy is hosting a symposium on “Wonderlands: Reading/ Writing/ Telling Fairy Tales and Fantasy” on 23 May 2015.
The event is “Timed to coincide with the 150th anniversary of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, this event is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers, although other scholars and the general public will be welcome.”
The call for papers says:
We are seeking papers which explore all aspects of reading, writing, and telling fairy tales and fantasy. In particular, we invite discussion of wonder lands in fantastical literature, classic and modern fairy tales, and contemporary oral storytelling.
Possible topics of focus include, but are not limited to:
Other worlds, otherworldliness, Wonderland, and wonder lands
Relationships between reading, writing, and/or telling fantasy
Contemporary scholarship in children’s and adult’s fantasy literature
Storytelling as a vehicle for the fantastic
Practice and performance of fairy tales
Fantastical non-fiction
Relationships between real and imagined wonder lands
Meta-textual conversations with classic fantasy literature
Imagining the fantastical world through illustrations and picture books
We also welcome paper submissions or panel presentations which include a creative or performative element.
Please submit abstracts of no more than 300 words (or panel proposals of 1,000 words) and a short personal bio to the organisers, Joanna Coleman, Joanne Blake Cave, and Rose Williamson at wonderlands.symposium@gmail.com. The deadline for submission will be 31st January 2015.
The keynote lecturer will be Oxford professor Diane Purkiss, who has also co-written as Tobias Druitt. As a promise or threat, the announcement ends, “The day will close with a series of performances from professional storytellers which engage with the theme of wonder lands.”
(h/t to Karen Graham at Telling Tales)
Labels: fantasy literature of the past, SERIES Alice in Wonderland, the academic world
Monkeying Around with Influences
This is Harry Bliss’s daily newspaper cartoon from 16 Oct 2014.
I like the way he’s combined the costuming from the MGM movie with the composition of one of W. W. Denslow’s color plates.
Labels: ARTIST Harry Bliss, ARTIST W. W. Denslow, BOOK Wonderful Wizard of Oz, MOVIE Wizard of Oz
When Harry Hardin Met Anna
Anna Todd’s After is taking the English-language publishing industry’s exploration of fanfiction to the edge of legality.
Originally published on Wattpad as a series of erotic adventures with Harry Styles of the pop group One Direction, the 2,500-page saga is being republished by Simon & Schuster as a series of erotic adventures with…a college boy named Hardin.
According to the Washington Post, Todd first wanted to keep using the names of the One Direction singers:
“I felt like, ‘Are you sure we have to do this? Can’t we just give Harry Styles all the money?’” Todd said in an interview.
But the S&S legal team rightly said no. The singers have whatever rights to control their public images that they haven’t already signed away to Simon Cowell.
What’s more, Todd’s original text might be considered libelous. Though Harry Styles is “the cute one” in One Direction, in her story the male lead is a boozing, lecherous bad boy—something a lot of Styles’s fans have resented.
The New York Times reported some additional changes for the print edition: “leaner punctuation and some extra content — mostly added and extended sex scenes.” So, given One Direction’s popularity with teen-aged girls, there’s a third minefield: potential complaints about selling pornography to minors.
Meanwhile, Todd’s original files remain intact on Wattpad for free instead of $64. This is quite an publishing experiment to watch.
Labels: AUTHOR Anna Todd, fanfiction and its discontents, legal matters baby, music, the peculiar publishing industry
What Is Dick Grayson’s Core?
Kyle Higgins appears to be wrapping up his current work on the Dick Grayson character. The latest stories in Batman Beyond 2.0, including an upcoming chapter titled “The Final Fate of Dick Grayson,” have Alec Siegel’s name as co-writer, and Siegel’s the one signing the footnoted cross-references. (Wasn’t that once the editor’s prerogative?)
Therefore, even though Higgins is back on the Batman beat as one of the writers scripting the final stretch of Batman Eternal, and though he says he’ll likely return to Dick Grayson someday, his recent interview with Crave Online reads like a farewell retrospective:
Your work on Nightwing really expanded the character. Was everything in place from day one, or did it come as you wrote the story?
I had an idea from the start, but I learned so much along the way. I remember having a conversation with one of my best friends, who is an incredibly talented writer who works in TV and did some Gates Of Gotham with me [Ryan Parrot]. We said, when you boil Dick Grayson down, how do you describe him in a few sentences. What is his core? We did it as an exercise with Superman, Spider-Man, Batman, and boiled all them down to their central drive.
With Dick Grayson I couldn’t do it, I had a really hard time with it. I realized that was a problem. I know who the character is, but I can’t fully articulate why I love the character. It wasn’t until I settled on this idea that he grew up in a circus, so he’s all about catching people when they fall. That’s actually the final line of my final issue. I sat on that for over a year.
Dick seems more involved with the people he’s helping.
It’s about the empathy for who he saves. Every superhero, in one way or another, does it for the good of so-and-so, and they want to help people, but Dick Grayson more than all is about the people. He’ll save you from a mugger, tie your shoe and buy you a beer.
Dick and Bruce are very similar, but very different. Why?
Well, in a weird way one is more focused on his parents’ deaths, and the other is more focused on his parents’ lives. To me Dick and his Nightwing persona is more about spectacle than Batman. He’s sailing between buildings, it’s a performance and people can see him. He’ll operate in the daylight. It’s much more about the circus life and how he was brought up and the show. Nobody wants a brooding mopey Dick Grayson.
Another reason why the grim, one-eyed Dick Grayson in Batman Beyond 2.0 is a signal of a dystopic future.
Higgins continues to work on C.O.W.L., his story of a superhero labor politics in post-WW2 Chicago, for Image. We have yet to see the equivalent of Dick Grayson in those comics, but one did appear in Higggins’s student film, apparently set in the same world. And, to be frank, that character’s kind of mopey.
Labels: AUTHOR Alec Siegel, AUTHOR Kyle Higgins, AUTHOR Ryan Parrot, COMIC Batman, COMIC Spider-Man, COMIC Superman, comics scripting, weekly Robin
No Justifiable Homicides for Superheroes
Recapping network television episodes seems to be big business for entertainment websites these days. I did it myself for Den of Geek and the first season of Turn.
For the new Flash series, Playboy evidently has the money to go straight to the top because the magazine’s recapper is Mark Waid, who wrote scores of highly regarded issues of that comic book and its spin-offs in the 1990s.
In his discussion of episode 3, Waid starts by analyzing a superhero trope that goes all the way back to when the genre was codified in the 1940s. He recaps his argument with an iconoclastic comic-book publisher about the rule against superheroes solving problems by killing bad guys:
Yes, there is absolutely such a thing as justifiable homicide, but it’s a last resort, not a method of operation. The concept that life in all forms is sacred isn’t just a throwback to fairy tales or simpler times, I argued; it’s a philosophy as old as realized religion.
Okay, yeah. Cops have to shoot robbers sometimes. Soldiers have to kill. Homicide detectives and private investigators, real or fictional, sometimes kill. They’re people just like you and me, with limited abilities and limited tools.
But super-heroes were created specifically, from the imaginations of the young and the young at heart, to do the impossible — to defy gravity or bounce missiles off their chest or outrun speeding bullets. It’s baked into their DNA. To find a perpetual audience, super-heroes must seem relevant and relatable and admirable, but they are still creations of fantasy.
We read their comics and watch their TV shows and movies to see them do the things we can’t, to triumph heroically against odds that would flatten you and me...not to suffer with them as they’re forced into the trauma of making the same real-world choices that you and I, mere humans, would have to make if we [were] caught helpless with our only available weapon one that was designed explicitly to kill.
To be sure, some costumed heroes, like Marvel’s Punisher and DC’s Vigilante, are specifically designed to go against the no-killing rule. But it’s notable that neither of those characters has fantastic powers. And the companies’ biggest brands avoid killing even if (as in the case of Wolverine) they talk about being willing to do it.
Waid’s faith in that dictum is what got him in trouble in viewing Man of Steel a couple of years back, as he so memorably described:
Superman wins by killing Zod. By snapping his neck. And as this moment was building, as Zod was out of control and Superman was (for the first time since the fishing boat 90 minutes ago) struggling to actually save innocent victims instead of casually catching them in mid-plummet, some crazy guy in front of us was muttering “Don’t do it…don’t do it…DON’T DO IT…” and then Superman snapped Zod’s neck and that guy stood up and said in a very loud voice, “THAT’S IT, YOU LOST ME, I’M OUT,” and his girlfriend had to literally pull him back into his seat and keep him from walking out and that crazy guy was me.
That crazy guy was me, and I barely even remember doing that, I had to be told afterward that I’d done that, that’s how caught up in betrayal I felt. And after the neck-snapping, even though I stuck it out, I didn’t give a damn about the rest of the movie.
And in that Waid was exactly right. Flash is not exhibiting the same problem.
Labels: AUTHOR Mark Waid, COMIC Flash, COMIC Superman, death as entertainment, movies, sense of hope, TV or not TV, valuable lessons about life
Supporting the Finer Arts
Not being or ever having been a coffee fan, I much enjoyed novelist Ethan Hauser’s New York Times essay, “I Am Not a Coffee Drinker” last Sunday.
Is espresso the miniature one, or is that cappuccino? I don’t know what Nespresso is. Did Nestlé buy espresso? Hello, Federal Trade Commission? Isn’t this against the law?
I know what a barista is. They pull levers and shout and have better taste in music than I do. Some of them have mustaches and, so I have heard, draw pictures in the foam atop the coffee. Good for them — I am an ardent supporter of the arts.
I know what free Wi-Fi is. That means you can check your email and tweet a picture of your muffin and do Facebook things. . . . I don’t know what “Fair Trade” is. I grew up with an older brother.
Yorkshire Gold for me, thank you.
Labels: AUTHOR Ethan Hauser, snack foods
Got My Copies Today
Colonial Comics editorial team drawn by Noel Tuazon.
Labels: AUTHOR Jason Rodriguez, comics, editing other people's books, my own writing
Loeb’s Untraveled Road
This month John Siuntres’s Word Balloon podcast reran excerpts from some past years’ interviews with Batman story creators. Starting about 54 minutes into the recording, scripter Jeph Loeb described a story of the Dynamic Duo that never got off the ground:
My pitch on the original All-Star Batman and Robin, which is a book that I was writing when I left for Marvel and then got replaced by Frank Miller—and if you've got to get replaced by somebody, that's not a bad choice—…was going to be Jim [Lee’s] and my return to the character. . . .
At the beginning we really didn’t understand what All-Star was. The first time it was pitched, it was, “Take these characters as though it’s 1968, that’s the continuity you’re using.” And I was like, “So, basically, what you’re saying is that Barbara Gordon hasn’t been shot. I mean, is there anything different?” Because I really thought it all should have been Year One, and you should take it from there, and that way you could do whatever you wanted. And then I didn’t know how much you could change stuff around. I never had any idea they were going to change things as much as they were, like, you know, the Black Canary playing such an important role in Batman’s world. . . .
The story that I wanted to tell was that Jason was the first Robin, and that he’d been killed, and that Batman…hid the fact that Jason had died, and then met Dick in the same way that he always met Dick. And decided that there was a way that all the mistakes that he had made with Jason he could rectify with Dick. Which is a little bit more like what he did with Tim Drake, having failed with Jason.
But what I liked about this story was that the only two people who knew what he had done were Gordon and Superman, both of whom came to Bruce and said, “What the hell are you doing? Like you’ve already gotten one child killed, why would you do this again?” And then you really saw Batman’s arrogance about it, that he thought that he could make up for the death of this child by making it right with another child.
But that was not a story that ever got told.
That apparently would have been Loeb’s second take on how Dick Grayson came to be Robin, following Dark Victory. Then again, considering that All-Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder fans are still waiting for Lee to finish the issues Miller mapped out years ago, it might be more accurate to say it would have Loeb’s take one-and-a-half.
Labels: ARTIST Jim Lee, AUTHOR Frank Miller, AUTHOR Jeph Loeb, childhood books revisited, COMIC Batman, COMIC Superman, comics history, death as entertainment, weekly Robin
The Gardner Centennial
I left my testimonial about what Martin Gardner’s writing meant for my intellectual development.
Labels: AUTHOR Lewis Carroll, AUTHOR Martin Gardner, childhood books revisited, dangers of reading, SERIES Alice in Wonderland
Journey into the Footnotes
I’ve been musing about comics and history here and on Boston 1775, but didn’t realize until now that I’ve already been cited in the literature.
Bridget M. Marshall quoted a sentence I wrote about George O’Connor’s excellent first graphic volume in her essay “Comics as Primary Sources: The Case of Journey Into Mohawk Country.”
That was published in Comic Books and American Cultural History: An Anthology, edited by Matthew Pustz in 2012. Looking at the contents, I realize I must get my hands on a copy.
Labels: AUTHOR George O'Connor, BOOK Journey into Mohawk Country, comics form, my own writing, the academic world
A Call for Papers on Maps in Children’s Books
I recently saw this call for papers on “Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature”:
Literature for children and young adults is a rich source of material for the study of literary maps, one that has been largely overlooked, despite the growth in academic interest in this area of study. We are therefore seeking contributions for a proposed collection on maps in children’s literature that will bring together the best current thinking on the topic, which will become a resource for scholars, and provide a springboard for further study in this area, particularly in terms of interdisciplinary and international discourses.
Possible areas for consideration include, but are not limited to:
The interplay of literary maps and texts
The historical and aesthetic development of maps and mapping in children’s literature
The impact of genre and form on maps (for example in works of fantasy and picturebooks)
The cultural, ideological, pedagogical, metaphorical, cognitive, narrative and imaginative function of maps in children’s literature
Differences in form and function between literary maps in children’s literature and those found in adult literature
The shifting iconography of literary maps
Issues of representation in maps and mapping
The use of maps in works of non-fiction for children
The role of maps and mapping in constructions of children’s spatial, personal (including gendered), regional, international and global identities.
The poetics and politics of maps and mapping in writing for children
Contributions might cover a range of maps from different sources or times, or focus on maps in a single series. We are particularly keen to enlarge the discussion beyond English language texts and maps, and so we welcome contributions that discuss literary maps and mapping in children’s books from non-Anglophone countries.
Please send a 250-300 word abstract as a Word attachment outlining your proposed content, brief biographical information, and a preliminary bibliography to both editors: Dr. Hazel Sheeky Bird and Dr. Anthony Pavlik. E-mails should have the subject line “literary maps”. Questions regarding proposals can also be directed to the editors prior to submission and abstracts should be sent no later than November 21st, 2014.
Full articles of no more than 6,000 words will be required no later than September 25th 2015.
Acceptance of abstracts will not guarantee inclusion in the final collection. All contributions will be peer reviewed, and responsibility for obtaining copyright permissions lies with the contributor.
Labels: SERIES Oz books, the academic world, travel notes
Two Sides of The Little Tin Man
The Little Tin Man is a new film now opening on the art house circuit. It stars Aaron Beelner as Herman, a young little person who’s got limited talent and ambition as an actor but is galvanized by his mother’s death to try harder.
The New York Times liked it:
It’s not that Herman has been playing it safe so much as he’s resigned to being typecast, settling for roles that require a high-pitched voice and “candy cane spandex.” His mother’s dying wish for him to take his career more seriously sends Herman and a ragtag crew, including the delightful Kay Cannon, a writer (“30 Rock” and “Pitch Perfect”) in her first lead film role, on a wacky adventure around Manhattan in hopes of auditioning for Martin Scorsese, who’s remaking “The Wizard of Oz.” . . .
At its best, the movie has a sort of sitcom feel, with swift pacing and delivery, and the strong ensemble cast has a natural rapport.
The Village Voice was not so taken:
Instead of “settling to be a punchline to some bad joke,” Herman fights to audition for a much bigger role: the Tin Man. But neither he nor the film gives anyone else the respect that he demands. Herman rolls his eyes when flamboyantly gay brother Gregg (Jeff Hiller) comes out of the closet. And to his love interest Miller (Kay Cannon) he mocks heavily accented Latino friend Juan (Emmanuel Maldonado), warning her not to make fun of Juan’s pronunciation of “JewTube.”
Herman and Miller’s relationship isn't much more sensitive. . . . Herman eventually stops being so childishly possessive. But the fact that he spends much of the film demanding better treatment from others while preemptively condemning them says a lot about The Little Tin Man’s everyone-but-me progressivism.
Here’s the trailer so you can sample it yourself.
Labels: cultural sensitivities, MOVIE Wizard of Oz, movies
Sam Hamm’s Plans for Robin, part 2
Back at the end of August, I started quoting from a late draft of Sam Hamm’s screenplay for the 1989 Batman film. Originally the movie was to include Robin, but that plot thread was cut.
As the previous extract showed, the screenplay introduces the Flying Graysons, then quickly has the Joker killl off the parents in spectacular fashion. Dick Grayson goes after the villain in acrobatic fashion, but Batman saves him from being killed as well. The story picks up the next morning:
INT. WAYNE MANOR - GUEST BEDROOM - DAY
DICK GRAYSON is sprawled on a huge four-poster bed, unconscious, softly moaning. He COMES TO with a jolt.
Breaking into a sweat almost instantly, he looks at his unfamiliar surroundings. A shadowy figure stands nearby.
... Where am I?
My name is Bruce Wayne. You're welcome to stay here as long as you want.
BRUCE steps out just as ALFRED enters with a breakfast tray. DICK makes a puzzled face. What the hell is going on here?
INT. HALL OF JUSTICE - DAY
Beneath the statue of blind Justice, BRUCE and HARVEY DENT march through the portico, engaged in a heated argument.
We'll send a team into Ace the moment the warrant comes through.
He'll be ready when you do. Remember what happened at the apartment.
All right, Bruce, what do you suggest?
I suggest a nice big bomb.
Good. A bomb. On a blind tip from Bruce Wayne. -- We do have laws.
Then for God's sake, Harvey, cancel the anniversary celebration.
We've told him we'll deal. What could he possibly have to gain by --
Do you still think the Joker cares about money??
I don't know. I'm just a D.A. I don't have access to all your expert sources.
Mexican standoff. BRUCE stalks off fuming. DENT hangs back a moment, then turns down the hall.
EXT. WAYNE MANOR - ESTABLISHING - DAY
The ornate, wrought-iron GATE which opens on the long driveway snaking up toward Wayne Manor. It's bolted shut.
INT. WAYNE MANOR - DAY
A glass-enclosed room which houses an enormous HEATED INDOOR SWIMMING POOL. DICK GRAYSON does a couple of laps, then climbs out and towels himself off.
He looks out at the estate: tennis courts, a riding stable in the distance. He's not happy. All this opulence could drive a guy stark staring nuts in short order.
INT. GUEST BEDROOM - DAY
An OPEN SUITCASE on the bed. DICK fingers a gold ashtray bearing the figure of Winged Victory -- then shrugs and tosses it into the suitcase on top of his gymnast's costume. When he looks up he sees BRUCE in the doorway behind him.
... Your butler wouldn't gimme a ride so I figured I'd hoof it.
Sorry. I can't let you leave.
You can't keep me here, man. That's kidnapping.
If I let you leave, you'll do the same thing again. You'll go after the Joker... and you'll wind up dead.
(turning to go)
Hey, man. Look at you. You're rich. You got everything you want. How do you know what's in my mind?
BRUCE turns to face him. The little hellion's eyes are filled with raw, burning hatred. BRUCE knows the feeling.
I don't care what's in your mind. You're staying.
BRUCE reaches for a key in his pocket. Without warning, the kid RUSHES him, throwing a rock-solid punch. With blinding speed, BRUCE sidesteps him, parries the blow, and winds up spinning DICK around -- INTO A WALL.
DICK is stunned, but he has to laugh. This rich boy has a move or two. BRUCE stands there, silently challenging him.
A second later, the kid is airborne -- upping the ante with a scissor-kick aimed squarely at BRUCE's gut. In a blur of motion BRUCE checks the kick, swings an arm into DICK's chest, and sends the boy sprawling flat on his back.
INT. WAYNE MANOR - KITCHEN - THAT MOMENT
ALFRED, in his apron, fixing a tray of snacks. He looks up curiously at the ceiling. From the sound of it, a battle royal is shaping up in the guest bedroom.
INT. GUEST BEDROOM - THAT MOMENT
DICK'S BODY -- head down, feet up -- flies through the air. He SMASHES INTO a closet door and slumps to the carpet. Shaken now, and sweating profusely, he looks up at BRUCE... who stands calmly over him, adjusting his necktie.
A long, tense moment passes between them. Then:
... You're him.
No reply from BRUCE. Their gazes lock. And suddenly...
ALFRED (V.O.)
DICK and BRUCE look around. The puny, mustachioed butler stands in the doorway, feet spread in a Dirty Harry stance, a .44 MAGNUM trained on DICK.
It's all right, Alfred. Everything's under control.
... Very good, sir.
ALFRED relaxes, musters his dignity, and turns to go.
Yes, there’s more.
Labels: AUTHOR Sam Hamm, COMIC Batman, movies, weekly Robin
Colonial Comics Arrives at MICE This Weekend
This morning at 11:30, I’m moderating a panel on “History in Comics” at the Massachusetts Independent Comics Expo in Porter Square, Cambridge.
This year’s special guests are Raina Telgemeier, James Kolchaka, Dave Roman, Box Brown, Emily Carroll, and Paul Hornscheimer. And there will be scores of other comics creators showing their latest creations.
Among the debuts of the show is Colonial Comics: New England, 1620-1750, a collection of history comics edited by Jason Rodriguez, A. Dave Lewis, and me. I’m also in that book as a contributor, having created a story about the start of slavery in Massachusetts with Joel Christian Gill.
MICE is free, though it’s hard to walk through the exhibit space without seeing something you might want to buy. The show runs 10:00 to 6:00 on Saturday and 11:00 to 4:00 on Sunday, which also has special workshops for kids. Concurrent with MICE on Sunday is a “Comics in the Classroom” symposium starting at 10:00.
Labels: ARTIST Joel Christian Gill, AUTHOR Dave Roman, AUTHOR Raina Telgemeier, comics, comics scripting, events that get me out of the house, my own writing
“Three Times as Many Threats as His Predecessors”
Earlier this week the Washington Post published an exposé of how an intruder got further into the White House than the Secret Service had previously disclosed.
Buried inside that article was a national index of OIP Derangement Syndrome:
President Obama has faced three times as many threats as his predecessors, according to people briefed on the Secret Service’s threat assessment.
That shouldn’t be a surprise. Back in 2010, I noted reports of a big spike in threats against this President, and an attempt by the Secret Service at that time to tamp down that concern, at least publicly.
This week also brought a report from a former Mitt Romney campaign communications director that in 2012 a married but flirtatious Secret Service agent leaked President Obama’s schedule while trying to impress another Romney aide. The campaign actually ignored the confidential information, not trusting it, but then found it was accurate.
Understandably, that sort of behavior has left African-American citizens wondering how committed all Secret Service personnel are to protecting this President. Meanwhile, Obama’s political enemies are doing their best to blame the victim of these failures.
Ironically, some of the recent incidents making headlines now, such as a security guard in Atlanta and a fake Congressman at a speech, appear to involve overeager fans of President Obama. There have been assassination conspiracies, but most seem to involve incompetent people.
Protecting officials who want to remain in contact with the people who elected them is not an easy job, especially in a country with more guns than people and a sizable majority suffering from an irrational resentment toward the President.
Labels: crime wave, digging past the headlines, OIP Derangement Syndrome
No Need to Complicate Things
Sarah Lyall of the New York Times noted some oddities in her advance reading copy of Moriarty, a latter-day Sherlock Holmes novel by Anthony Horowitz:
In the reader’s edition, some copies of which were sent to The New York Times, “Moriarty’s” narrator, an American detective named Frederick Chase, is laying out the background to the story – how Holmes and Moriarty came to be at Reichenbach Falls and what is believed to have happened next. All of a sudden he switches to capitals. “NO NEED TO COMPLICATE THINGS HERE, I THINK,” the text announces. “WHAT I’VE WRITTEN IS BROADLY TRUE.”
Can the narrator be offering some meta-commentary on his own text? At first it seems so. But then it happens again. In a spot where Chase and a Scotland Yard inspector have found an important clue that seems to be an excerpt from a previous Holmes story written by Dr. Watson, things suddenly veer off-piste again. “IT MAKES NO SENSE FOR FREDERICK CHASE TO HAVE READ THE SIGN OF FOUR,” the text declares.
There are at least six of these capitalized interjections, and sadly, they turn out to have nothing to do with anything so exciting as postmodern cleverness. They are instead Mr. Horowitz’s notes to a copy editor or, as Mr. Horowitz’s agent in London, Jonathan Lloyd, said, some “mild author reaction to some copy-editing points.”
It seem that the book’s British publisher sent the wrong file to its American counterpart, and folks in the US didn’t catch those interjections while putting that file into proof form.
None of Horowitz’s comments, Lyall reports, is rude, profane, or otherwise embarrassing—and authors responding to copyediting can become heated. These are simply the sort of “stet” instructions that every published author has sent back at some point. Such copyedits and responses to them used to be confined to colored pencil on paper, but now they’re in the form of electrons like the rest of a manuscript, and it’s harder to keep them sorted out.
Those capitalized comments also indicate that Horowitz doesn’t use or trust “Track Changes” and “Comments” in a Word document, and I’m fully in sympathy with him on that.
Labels: AUTHOR Anthony Horowitz, editing other people's books, going digital, sequelitis, SERIES Sherlock Holmes, the peculiar publishing industry
A Myth about Oz’s “Women in Strong Leadership Roles”
A new myth about banning The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has cropped up and spread on the web.
Back in March 2013, R. Wolf Baldassarro posted a blog essay about objections to the book. Baldassarro isn’t a librarian, educator, or scholar. He’s a “seasoned paranormal investigator” who happens to feel strongly about book banning.
I found several faults with that essay, including falling for a 2004 Deadbrain hoax about Jerry Falwell and misquoting sources.
Baldassarro’s essay also said about the book:
Nevertheless, it has come under attack several times. Ministers and educators challenged it for its “ungodly” influence and for depicting women in strong leadership roles. They opposed not only children reading it, but adults as well, lest it undermine longstanding gender roles.
In 1928, the city of Chicago banned it from all public libraries.
Note that the words “depicting women in strong leadership roles” were Baldassarro’s own. While ascribing that thought to “Ministers and educators,” he didn’t cite any source, person, place, or date for that complaint.
Despite (or because of) how it overstated the evidence, Baldassarro’s essay got quoted on Buzzfeed and other sites.
Then this February Kristina Rosenthal at the University of Tulsa’s McFarlane Library posted her own essay on the book’s troubles with librarians and censors, which said:
In 1928 all public libraries banned the book arguing that the story was ungodly for “depicting women in strong leadership roles”. This argument remained the common defense against the novels from ministers and educators through the 1950s and 60s.
Baldassarro’s statement about a supposed policy in Chicago thus became a statement about “all public libraries,” and his phrase “depicting women in strong leadership roles” appeared as if it were a direct quotation from those 1928 book banners. That’s shoddy scholarship.
Furthermore, that statement doesn’t stand up to the briefest historical scrutiny. In 1928, Reilly & Lee was publishing one book every year in the Oz series, and would continue to do so for over a decade. How would that have remained economic if “all public libraries banned the book”? Hollywood adapted The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a feature film in 1925, a cartoon in 1933, and a major feature in 1939. If the book had so many opponents, why was it so broadly popular?
Was there really widespread opposition to “women in strong leadership roles,” even in a fairy tale, in 1928 America? Women had just finished serving as governors of Wyoming and Texas. In 1929 nine women took seats in Congress, including one elected from Illinois.
Finally, people who actually read The Wonderful Wizard of Oz know that its “women in strong leadership roles” consist of Glinda and possibly the Good Witch of the North; two others, the Wicked Witches, are actually eliminated. Meanwhile, the story shows the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion all becoming males in strong leadership roles.
I don’t think there’s any evidence of widespread, powerful objections to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz or its sequels based on their depiction of Glinda, Ozma, or Dorothy as strong females. There’s certainly no evidence that was cited in 1928 as a reason for “all public libraries” or any to ban the book. That’s a myth based on our wish to see ourselves as greatly superior to the people of past decades.
Labels: BOOK Wonderful Wizard of Oz, censorship, folklore and other myths, gendered fiction, libraries and why they matter, SERIES Oz books
Having Trouble with This Aspect of Darren Wilson’s...
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A Myth about Oz’s “Women in Strong Leadership Role...
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Cited by SciELO
Similars in SciELO
Revista chilena de historia natural
Rev. chil. hist. nat. vol.84 no.3 Santiago Sept. 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2011000300012
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 84: 461-463, 2011
© Sociedad de Biología de Chile
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
Jack Goodall (1892-1980), ornithologist and artist of "Las aves de Chile": Some biographical notes
Jack Goodall (1892-1980), ornitólogo y artista de "Las aves de Chile": Algunas notas biográficas
C. STUART HOUSTON1, FABIAN M. JAKSIC2 * & E. CHARLES NELSON3
1 863 University Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0J8, Canada.
2 Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
3 Tippitiwitchet Cottage, Hall Road, Outwell, Wisbech, PE14 8PE, United Kingdom.
*Corresponding author: fjaksic@bio.puc.cl
William Jack Davies Goodall, "one of the three pioneers of modern Chilean ornithology" (Vuilleumier 2006), a Corresponding Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) (Wolfson 1953) and co-recipient of the AOU's Brewster Memorial Award in 1973 (Banks 1974), was born on 13 September 1892 at his parents' home, St. Jean d'Acre Cottage, Kings Road, Bembridge on the Isle of Wight, England (certified copy of an entry in register, Isle of Wight [FD 968782, 15 September 2010]). By April 1911, when he signed the Census Schedule for 52 Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, London (see below), he had dropped his first name and thereafter was known generally as Jack (Davies) Goodall. Although Goodall lived most of his life in Chile, a country with a strong Spanish influence where an individual uses a two-name "surname" - the first being the father's and the second the mother's - there is no known basis for Vuilleumier's (2006) indication that he ever used the name "Jack Goodall Callaway".
Jack's father was William Henry Goodall (born c. 1855) (the surname was sometimes spelled Goodhall in the mid-1800s), who gave his occupation as "scientific chemist" when his son's birth was registered. Jack's mother was Alma Louise Callaway (born c. 1859). William Henry Goodall and Alma Callaway were married in 1883 in St. Helens, Isle of Wight. The 1911 English census returns indicates that the couple had been married for 27 years and had had four children. The eldest, our subject William Jack Davies Goodall, born nine years after his parents married, was followed by three sisters: Luisa Mary, Frances Josefina and Almita Bessie. It is noteworthy that in 1901, at least on Census Day, Mrs. Alma Goodall and her three daughters were at 134 St. Helens Green, home of her elderly parents, William and Henrietta Callaway. At the same time, William Jack D. Goodall (then aged eight) was also not staying with either of his parents but was listed at his aunt's house at 12 St. Helens Green. She was Fanny H. Seymour, a widow aged 43 "living on (her) own means" with her daughters Marie and Cecily.
A decade later, on Census Day, Sunday 2 April 1911, Jack was again away from the family home studying to be a naval architect (the profession of one of his uncles, Frank Clement Goodall), and "passed the night" at 52 Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, west London. He filled in the return for the house and signed it. Jack listed himself as "nephew", because the owner of 52 Oxford Gardens was another uncle, Jeremiah Matthews Goodall FZS (18621939) also of The Nest, Bembridge. Jeremiah was probably a most influential person in Jack Goodall's life, more so than his own father or his uncle Frank, although the evidence is entirely circumstantial. J. M. Goodall was a founding member of the Isle of Wight Natural History Society in 1919 and one of its original vice-presidents (L. Snow, pers. comm.). He was especially interested in birds' eggs (Cole & Trobe 2000) and made several collecting trips in Argentina; it is possible that the main purpose of his visits to Argentina was business, not natural history, and that he merely took the opportunity to collect specimens while there.
Jack Goodall did not become a naval architect: no record can be traced of Goodall's enrollment in a relevant course in London, and he did not become a member of The Royal Institution of Naval Architects (Mrs. S. Charity, pers. comm.). Instead, he emigrated to Iquique in Chile having obtained, through an uncle, a job with Compañía Agua Santa, a nitrate production company. He arrived in Chile, via Argentina, late in 1912. Possibly he was the "J. Goodall, adult of 12 years and upwards, not accompanied by husband or wife" who, according to "Names and descriptions of British passengers embarked at the Port of Southampton" (The National Archives, London: BT27/782) for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's ship Vauban, took passage for Buenos Aires on 26 July 1912 from Southampton. It is known that Goodall arrived in Iquique about the same time Alfred William Johnson (1894-1979) (Schlatter et al. 1980), later to be his principal co-worker on Chilean birds. Neither Goodall nor Johnson enlisted in the British Army during the First World War I, and there are no traces of Goodall in Britain between 1911 and 1919. According to Bryan Johnson (pers. comm.), Alfred Johnson's son, "Goodall lived permanently in Chile ... He traveled to England on vacation approximately every 5 to 10 years for short periods of not more than a month at a time."
On 11 October 1919, after what was probably his first visit back to England, Jack Davies Goodall left Liverpool on the Pacific Steam Navigation Company's ship Ebro, returning to Chile by way of the Panama Canal. In "Names and descriptions of British passengers embarked at the Port of Liverpool" (The National Archives, London: BT27/899), Goodall's age was recorded as 27 years old, his occupation was given as "Manufacturer", and he was apparently travelling by himself. Under "Country of last Permanent Residence" was written, "Foreign Countries".
While Goodall was an accountant or book keeper for Compañía Agua Santa, Johnson worked as a time-keeper and by 1925 became general manager. After the company's mine closed following the Great Depression, both Johnson and Goodall moved south to Santiago. In 1931, Johnson, with Goodall as a minority partner, became involved in the Katz-Johnson refrigeration company (later named Frio-Lux Refrigeración S.A.I.). They also took over a bankrupt ice-cream company, Hayskrim S.A. ("ice cream"). Johnson remained Managing Director of Frio-Lux until 1967.
Jack Goodall spent his final two years in an old peoples' home. He died in Santiago on 30 December 1980, aged 88, and was buried in Zapallar (Houston 1999, Vuilleumier 2006) beside his former business partner and coauthor, Alfred Johnson; their graves are in the same plot close to the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1) (Nelson 2011: 20). It is noteworthy that the third of the authors of "Las aves de Chile", and the first of the trio to die, Dr. Rodulfo Amando Philippi Bañados (1905-1969) (Johnson 1970), was also buried in the same cemetery.
Bryan Johnson (pers. comm.) recalled Jack Goodall: "Uncle Jack, as I called him, was a bachelor all his life, although he had many friends and led an active social life. He had good eyesight and hearing and infinite patience in finding birds' nests. He was quiet, extremely conservative, a very private man."
The first volume of "Las aves de Chile" illustrated with paintings by Goodall was published in 1946 (Goodall et al. 1946, Zimmer 1947, Vuilleumier 2006). The text was written largely by Johnson while Philippi was responsible for the information about the skins collections and measurements. The second volume was issued in 1951 and two supplements followed. A second, updated edition was prepared in the early 1960s by Johnson, with Goodall's cooperation, and published in English (Johnson & Goodall 1965-1967; see Eisenmann 1968). Before "Las aves de Chile" by Goodall and his co-authors, there were only three relevant works available on Chilean ornithology: Wetmore (1926) and Hellmayr (1932) had concentrated on taxonomy, phylogeny, and geographical distribution, whereas Housse (1945) had emphasized natural history. Goodall, Johnson and Philippi bridged the gaps brilliantly, providing the first unified treatise on the birds of Chile. In addition, they reported a substantial amount of new information, especially about nests and eggs, which has stood the test of time. All three authors were elected Corresponding Fellows at the 70th stated meeting of the AOU, held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 1952 (Wolfson 1953).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: For assistance in unravelling the early life of Jack Goodall we are most grateful to Lorna Snow (Secretary, Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society), David Evans, and especially Bryan and Marlore Johnson. For recent photographs of the graves of Goodall, Johnson and Philippi in Zapallar cemetery we are indebted to Dr. Pablo Donoso, Alberto Nightingale and Agustín Iriarte.
BANKS RC (1974) Proceedings of the 91st stated meeting of the AOU, Provincetown Cape Cod MA, 8-12 Oct 1973. Auk 91: 387-410. [ Links ]
COLE AC & WM TROBE (2000) The egg collectors of Great Britain and Ireland. Peregrine Press, Leeds, UK. [ Links ]
EISENMANN E (1968) (Review) Birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, vol. 2. By AW Johnson (in English). Auk 85: 524-525. [ Links ]
GOODALL JD, AW JOHNSON & RA PHILIPPI BAÑADOS (1946-1951) Las aves de Chile, su conocimiento y sus costumbres. Two volumes. Platt Establecimientos Gráficos, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ Links ]
HELLMAYR CE (1932) The birds of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 19: 1-472. [ Links ]
HOUSSE R (1945) Las aves de Chile en su clasificación moderna: su vida y sus costumbres. Ediciones Universidad de Chile, Santiago. [ Links ]
HOUSTON CS (1999) Notes and queries, 31: J. D. Goodall. Society for the History of Natural History newsletter, series 2, no. 66: 11 (reprinted in Nelson [2011] p. 20).
JOHNSON AW & JD GOODALL (1965-1967) The birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Two volumes. Platt Establecimientos Gráficos, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ Links ]
JOHNSON AW (1970) Rodulfo Amando Philippi B. (M.D.). Obituary. Auk 87: 862-863. [ Links ]
NELSON EC (ed) (2011) History and mystery. Notes and queries from the newsletters of the Society for the History of Natural History. Society for the History of Natural History, London, UK. [ Links ]
SCHLATTER RP, B ARAYA & P MILLIE (1980) Alfred W. Johnson, O.B.E. Ibis 122: 373-374. [ Links ]
VUILLEUMEIR F (2006) In memoriam: Jack DaviesGoodall Callaway (Galloway?), 1892 (1893?)-1980. Auk 123: 594-595. [ Links ]
WETMORE A (1926) Observations on the birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin 133: 1-448. [ Links ]
WOLFSON A (1953) The 70th stated meeting of the AOU, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 20-24 Oct. 1952. Auk 70: 183-195. [ Links ]
ZIMMER JT (1947) (Review) Birds of Chile, volume 1, in Spanish. Auk 64: 149. [ Links ]
Canadá #253, Piso 3, Depto. F, Providencia
Casilla 16164
editorial@revchilhistnat.com
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U.S. Increases Risk Of War On Iran Without A Path To De-escalation
It is difficult to judge if the rhetoric and moves against Iran, amplified by gullible media, are just propaganda aimed at pushing Iran towards negotiations, or if they are a build up of a realistic military threat against that country.
Cross-posted from Moon of Alabama
Is the U.S. military, which lost its powerful positions in the White House, trying to get National Security Advisor John ‘Stache’ Bolton fired?
A ‘leak’ to the New York Times accuses Bolton of preparing for war on Iran:
At a meeting of President Trump’s top national security aides last Thursday, Acting Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan presented an updated military plan that envisions sending as many as 120,000 troops to the Middle East should Iran attack American forces or accelerate work on nuclear weapons, administration officials said.
The revisions were ordered by hard-liners led by John R. Bolton, Mr. Trump’s national security adviser. It does not call for a land invasion of Iran, which would require vastly more troops, officials said.
The development reflects the influence of Mr. Bolton, one of the administration’s most virulent Iran hawks, whose push for confrontation with Tehran was ignored more than a decade ago by President George W. Bush.
If asked for ‘options’ the military typically lays out three scenarios. The first is very minor action unlikely to have any effect. The second is what the military sees as reasonable or wants. The third option is fantastically exaggerated. The 120,000 troop deployment is the third option. The number is too high for an attack by air and on sea and too low for an attack on land, i.e. an invasion of Iran. Releasing the third option number is likely designed to rally against such a move.
More than a half-dozen American national security officials who have been briefed on details of the updated plans agreed to discuss them with The New York Times on the condition of anonymity.
Among those attending Thursday’s meeting were Mr. Shanahan; Mr. Bolton; General Dunford; Gina Haspel, the C.I.A. director; and Dan Coats, the director of national intelligence.
In a possible quid pro quo the delivery of ‘options’ by the Defense Department happened on the same day that acting Secretary of Defense Shanahan was finally nominated for the permanent position. The previous Secretary of Defense James Mattis had ignored similar options requests from the White House. Trump fired Mattis at the end of last year.
An alternative view is that Bolton himself leaked the briefing to shore up the Trump administration’s propagandistic threat against Iran.
Still, it is obvious that some of those present at the meeting disagree with whatever Bolton’s plans are.
In another sign of disagreement within the Trump administration the State Department just fired a Bolton ally:
A top U.S. arms control official and prominent Iran hawk has resigned from the State Department after serving just over a year in the position, said U.S. officials and congressional aides familiar with the decision.The State Department on Monday did not offer a statement explaining the planned departure of Yleem Poblete, the assistant secretary of state for arms control, verification and compliance.
In April, Reuters reported that some U.S. officials were concerned that the compliance report politicized and slanted assessments about Iran, which the Trump administration has singled out as the country’s principal foe.
Poblete was a favorite among hard-line anti-Iran groups such as the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, which hosted her for a speech in July 2018 in which Poblete praised the U.S. withdrawal from the Iran deal.
The news comes after mysterious reports of damage on allegedly four ships, including two Saudi oil tankers and a Norwegian vessel, anchored near the United Arab Emirates oil port Fujairah. The incident is said to have happened on Sunday morning but the official report came only some 36 hours later. Only one of the ships was pictured with damage that seems to have resulted from a collision and not from explosives…
May 15, 2019 Don QuijonesDeep State 101, Dystopia Inc., Oil and Energy, Silent Empire, United States
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Posted on March 16, 2018 by Al Kooper
New Music for Old People: Divine Fits, Jerry Lee Lewis, David Byrne and St. Vincent
Al Kooper
This column is like the title says — its intention is to fill the gap for those of us who were satiated musically in the ’60s and then searched desperately as we aged for music we could relate to and get the same buzz from nowadaze. iTunes was the answer for me in 2003 and I have been following the new releases every Tuesday ever since I realized there was an endless stream of music I could enjoy there.
I also include older items that I felt were obscure originally and might not have been heard back then. The reason I am writing this column is to make sure others don’t miss this wonderful music. These are not top ten items; but they SHOULD’VE been!
Below is a jukebox containing all the songs I picked this week. After you read about them below, go back and listen to whatever you like by just clicking on that title in the jukebox, or stream the whole playlist by clicking on the “play” icon at the top. It’s free and it’s the entire song. We’re not selling anything. We’re just in the business of hopefully making your days better by listening to great music.
1. “Ain’t That the Way” — Divine Fits (3:31)
This is sort of a cross between the Cars and the Stones, especially on the Keith Richards end. I have always fallen for this groove if the guitars were right and so they are — here. This band consists of one guy from Spoon, another from Wolf Parade, and one from New Bomb Turks: Britt Daniel, Dan Boeckner, and Sam Brown. There must be at least one more tour guy if they wanna do this live and be as good as the record. I think this could turn into something if they can turn their backs on their other bands. Spoon’s new album got good reviews but I don’t know how sales were. This is a good track. I would hang in there.
2. “The Mississippi Kid” — Jerry Lee Lewis (2:58)
If you told me in 1959 when I was a Royal Teen and gawking from the wings of stages watching my heroes (Jerry Lee, Buddy Holly, Jackie Wilson, Larry Williams, etc) that one of them would record a song my name was on, I would’ve laughed my ass off. And now, 56 years later, it’s actually happened. There are a few miracles involved here: Jerry Lee is still alive and kickin’ the piano stool and I co-wrote this with Lynyrd Skynyrd when I produced their first album. Jerry’s daughter is a HUGE Skynyrd fan and I suspect that is how this came to be. The Killer has outlived them all and will be 80 at the end of this September. His energy level and his voice are a little lower but God bless him if The Killer still allows that sorta thang.
3. “Who” — David Byrne and St. Vincent (3:37)
This was from a duet album that came out about a year or two ago, Love This Giant. I have used other tracks from it in past columns. There was a very strong horn presence on this album and the arrangements were GREAT. This is a perfect example and the two of their vocal sounds really complement each other. My son was the first Byrne fan in the family. I didn’t get David until “Once In a Lifetime.” My son Brian was all over “Psycho Killer” but I didn’t get it. Just shows to go ya. Now THIS I totally get and enjoy repeated listens after two years. You roool, David!
This column originally appeared on The Morton Report. Click for more great selections from Al Kooper! As always, show some love to the Morton Report!
Photo Credit: Joe Mabel [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
By: Al Kooper
Al Kooper is an American songwriter, record producer and musician, known for organizing Blood, Sweat & Tears, providing studio support for Bob Dylan when he went electric in 1965, and also bringing together guitarists Mike Bloomfield and Stephen Stills to record the Super Session album among myriad other things.
New Music For Old People: Barenaked Ladies, Kat Edmonson, NEEDTOBREATHE
New Music For Old People: Cris Cab, Fruit Bats, ALO
New Music For Old People: Damien Rice, Josh Kelley, Ziggy Marley
New Music For Old People: John Fogerty, Al Kooper, Howard Tate
New Music For Old People: Sarah MacIntosh, Keb’ Mo’, Free
Alternative Rock, Classic Rock, New Music for Old People
2 comments to “New Music for Old People: Divine Fits, Jerry Lee Lewis, David Byrne and St. Vincent”
AtlantaRush
Thanks for that Byrne and St. Vincent exposure. It’s a chillin’ groove. Like your son, I really like Psycho Killer and Talking Heads greatest hits, “Sand in the Vaseline” never goes too long without a hear. Great compliment even though sometimes Byrne comes across to me as having too much “intellectual arrogance” for his own good.
Liz Fox
I’ve gotten a lot of folks into the David Byrne/St. Vincent collab. It’s a good entryway into Byrne’s solo stuff without delving too deeply into the theatrical scores.
For those of you who are just getting introduced to this, I highly recommend his projects with Eno as well.
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Top Motivational MLM Network Marketing Success Stories
Are you a new entrant to the MLM sector?
Well, then here are some of the top network marketing success stories, to give you some motivation!
These stories will not only benefit the beginners but also the professional MLM business people out there!
In the MLM success stories mentioned here, most of them had the help of an MLM Software for organizing their business.
Some of them have retired at a young age. The others are still around to motivate the upcoming generation with their coaching services.
And a minor few are still doing what they do best, selling products and recruiting others.
Top Five MLM Success Stories
#1 Sarah Robbins
Sarah Robbins was basically a teacher before she entered the MLM sector. She was afraid of losing her job in a shaky economy during that time. And as a source of additional income, she joined the network marketing business by selling Rodan and Fields products.
And soon she began to earn more than her teaching salary and left her career of teaching behind.
Before turning 30 years old, she was making six figures each month from the MLM sector.
Rodan + Fields inducted her into the Hall Of Fame as an independent business owner.
She was also the first one to reach the Million Dollar Circle. She is still a part of the company as being a top MLM consultant.
Reference: https://sarahrobbins.com/about-sarah-robbins/
#2 Eric Worre
Eric Worre has been active in the network marketing field for more than 30 years. it is estimated he has earned nearly $15 million during this tenure. During his 30 years long career, he worked as a distributor, President and finally President of his own business, The People’s Network.
He is retired now from the MLM business and now focuses his efforts on coaching others and helping them to achieve network marketing success.
So he started Network Marketing Pro and delivers live presentations to thousands of people regularly.
Eric also wrote a book named “Go Pro – 7 Steps to Becoming a Network Marketing Professional” in the year 2013. It has been sold more than 1.5 million copies and was one among the Amazon’s list of 6 best sellers!
Reference: https://networkmarketingpro.com/
#3 Ray Higdon
Ray Higdon lost a lot of his finances in the real estate crash in the year 2008. According to his biography, he entered into the real estate business in the year 2004, in Florida. He made a lot of money during his career in the real estate sector but lost it all in the crash in 2008.
His turning point in life began when he joined Numis. By February 2011, he had broken earning records with the company and made almost $ 46000 in a single month.
He is officially retired and now spends much of his time offering advice and tips to help others succeed in network marketing. Another exciting thing is that he is now married to Jessica Higdon, another MLM leader that we have now.
Reference: https://rayhigdon.com/
#4 Jessica Higdon
Jessica Higdon too has a success story of hers in the MLM sector, although she is married to Ray Higdon. She started out initially with Ray Higdon on the Numis network. But the sold their upline in 2016 and moved onto other projects. Jessica is working on her own project right now. She is now about to launch a program that will help people get a massive number of leads and recruits on Facebook. She has already created some videos and other materials on the topic on her website.
Reference: https://jessicahigdon.com/
#5 Donna Johnson
Donna Johnson is a person who started from absolute zero.
She doesn’t have a college degree.
And she was a single mom who was working as a swimming coach.
Yet, she managed to attain the top position among the prominent network marketing leaders we have presently. The only reason behind her success is pure dedication and hard work.
She earns now more than $1 million per year!
She is also a leader of one of the top network marketing companies, Arbonne.
Apart from earning a lot from the MLM field, she is also committed to giving back to society.
For instance, she donates regularly to Streams of Mercy, a charity organization, which helps the orphans around the world.
Also, she runs a bed and breakfast in Jamaica.
Reference: https://success.arbonne.com/en/all/view/436/donna-johnson
These are the MLM success stories of the selected few people. But there are many more.
Achieving success in the MLM business is not rocket science.
The only thing you need to do is to work really hard and opt for the best MLM company for your career.
Also, try to get maximum information from really experienced people in the MLM industry, through various means like in person, through videos, blogs, tutorials, etc.
Are you also dreaming to make it big in the MLM or network marketing business, as the above mentioned successful MLM business persons did?
Try out the Free Demo of the MLM software now
Also, Read about the Richest person in MLM and Top MLM Earners In The World.
No Thoughts on Top Motivational MLM Network Marketing Success Stories
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Home > Libraries > Main > San Francisco History Center > Archives & Manuscript Collections
Archives and Manuscript Collections
San Francisco History Center
Archives & Manuscript Collections
How to Research a Building
Information for Donors
P.P.I.E. Centennial
Paper Collections
The San Francisco History Center holds archival collections pertaining to the history of the City and, to a lesser extent, to the San Francisco Bay Area and California. As the official Archives for the City and County of San Francisco, it offers access to archival records from San Francisco Police, Public Health, Public Works, and other City departments and agencies, along with Mayoral papers.
Archival collections also include records of local organizations and businesses, as well as personal papers and manuscripts of both well-known and unknown individuals and families. The San Francisco History Center also holds archival collections for the James C. Hormel Gay & Lesbian Center.
Most of the San Francisco History Center and Gay & Lesbian Center's archival collections can be accessed via their collection guides--or finding aids--published on the Online Archive of California (OAC), and/or via the San Francisco Public Library online catalog.
Partially processed or unprocessed collections are often open for research, depending on physical condition and search-ability; please ask Reading Room staff at the desk for assistance with these collections.
Search detailed guides to these collections
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Tag Archives: pegasus publications
Smart Biz, SMART Work
Big, bold and beautiful
January 17, 2014 SmartBiz Leave a comment
Dorothy Dobbie
Bold Ideas
Recently, the Winnipeg Chamber of Commerce proposed a two-block beautification plan to screen backyards along Route 90. Instead of embracing the long-needed idea, the local media and residents went out of their way to pan it.
That’s what’s wrong with our town these days. We’ve lost our ability to see the big picture and to make things work instead of finding objections to every plan.
Let’s take hold of this bold initiative by the Chamber and overcome some of those objections.
First, a couple of residents have worried that the proposed fence would isolate their back alley, making it a haven for criminals. That issue is readily solved by making the back alley an asset for residents, with attractive lighting and plantations of flowering shrubs and vines facing the backyards, as well as on the freeway side of the fence. This could even improve property values, not to mention screening some of the noise from the busy freeway.
City Council is worried about the estimated $7-million cost, which is really not that much in the context of the payback in pride and forward thinking by citizens and investors.
They need to look at the forest and not limit their thinking to the trees. The fact is, the airport route is an eyesore from start to finish and the only thing wrong with the Chamber’s plan is its limited scope.
We need a comprehensive approach that would include:
Development of a complete route beautification plan.
Creation of a designated airport route.
Education of taxi drivers to follow the designated route.
Priority expenditure to clean up and repair the route by city streets and parks departments.
Buy in (or by-laws) to encourage local businesses to clean up and follow the plan.
This is not only doable, it’s vitally necessary for our city’s pride and our future prosperity.
Dorothy Dobbie is the publisher at Pegasus Publications Inc.
Chamberdorothy dobbiepegasus publicationsWinnipeg Chamber of Commerce
Conservation Officer: safeguarding the planet and its creatures
February 19, 2013 SmartBiz Leave a comment
By Scott best
Do you want to make your province a safer place to live? Do you also love nature? Are you trying to determine the kind of careers that would suit these natural inclinations and interests?
Law enforcement may seem to be at the opposite end of the career spectrum from work in the natural world. A career as a conservation officer, opens the opportunity of combining these interests. Conservation and fishery officers enforce federal and provincial regulations established to protect fish, wildlife and other natural resources. They also collect and relay information on resource management.
Summer employment is a great way to get your feet wet in this type of work. The more experience you have, the better your chance of progressing to more senior positions. Conservation and fishery officers are employed by the two senior governments.
A large number of positions are in rural and northern areas.
To work in that field, you will need to complete a one- to three-year college program in renewable resources management. The governments provides on-the-job training as well as law enforcement and resource management courses. Depending on where you want to work, you may need a Class-5 driver’s licence, pesticide applicator’s licence and explosives licence.
canadaconservation officepegasus publicationsscott bestsmart careers
Keeping the peace in the community
February 15, 2013 SmartBiz 1 Comment
Serving your community, making your province a safer place to live, dealing with challenging situations, preventing crimes from being committed—these objectives and more can be pursued with a career in law enforcement. Jobs in this field are as varied as they are interesting. You could have a career as a police officer, correctional officer, security guard or private investigator and there are many additional jobs to choose from. Law enforcement can be demanding, but few careers provide as much satisfaction and the ability to make a difference in the community.
Police officers perform diverse duties, ranging from enforcing the law and apprehending criminals to promoting traffic safety and resolving domestic disputes. They also provide testimony in court, prepare reports, assist victims of crime and work with community groups. Because officers maintain law and order and work with a wide variety of people, honesty and integrity, ethics and good judgment, patience and intelligence, good listening and observation skills are all essential for police work, or any type of law enforcement for that matter.
In Canada, police officers work for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as well as provincial, municipal or First Nation police services. (They are also attached to the defence department and a few private companies, such as CN and CP railroads.)
To be considered for a job with a police force, you must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, know English or French and have a high school diploma. You may not be required to have a post-secondary degree or diploma, but education in law and security or the social sciences can increase your chance of being accepted. You must also be physically fit, meet minimum vision and hearing requirements and be in good health. You’ll likely be asked to provide character references and complete some type of psychological testing. Prospective police officers cannot have any criminal convictions or charges pending before the courts. You will also need a valid driver’s licence and a good driving record. The minimum age for applying can be anywhere from 18 to 21.
Following induction, officer recruits complete a basic training program made up of classroom lectures and field training, lasting from three to nine months. If you’re training to be an RCMP officer, you must be willing to relocate to any urban or rural detachment in Canada. With few exceptions, new RCMP officers aren’t posted to Quebec or Ontario.
A municipal police officer starts out as a patroller or constable in a mid-sized municipality, and may move to a similar position in a larger police force, and then to detective or investigative work. Extensive experience gives some police officers access to inspector, chief inspector or commissioned officer positions leading a military unit.
The outlook for this occupation over the next few years varies depending on the province. The number of jobs being created is below average in British Columbia, Alberta and the Atlantic provinces, well above average in Saskatchewan, good for Manitoba and the Yukon Territory (which means the forces are actively recruiting officers) and average for Ontario and Quebec. On a national level, turnover is expected to increase over the next few years, especially for the RCMP, as members of the baby boom generation retire.
Correctional officers guard prisoners or detainees and keep order in correctional institutions. If you have the type of character that’s well suited for police work, you may also do well in this type of position.
Correctional officers in Canada are employed by the provincial and federal governments. To work in corrections for the federal government, you must have a valid driver’s license, pass a medical exam — the correctional officer physical abilities test — as well as security clearance requirements, such as fingerprinting. You’ll also need a high school diploma, along with CPR, automated external defibrillator, and first aid certification. Post-secondary education in correctional services, criminal justice, police studies or the social sciences is recommended, and work experience with people in crisis is considered an asset.
When you apply, your skills and abilities are assessed in an interview. If it’s felt that a correctional officer position is right for you, you’re invited to attend Correctional Services Canada’s correctional training program. You will usually be required as well to complete a basic training course to work for provincial or territorial institutions.
Correctional officers are in particularly high demand in British Columbia because new jobs are being created as new facilities are being built and there’s a shortage of officers in the northern part of the province.
Security guards and private investigators
Security guards protect property against theft or vandalism, control access to businesses, maintain order and enforce regulations at public events and businesses. They are hired by private security agencies, retail stores, museums, industrial facilities and other organizations. Private investigators conduct investigations to find missing persons, obtain information, for use in civil or criminal courts or for other purposes. They may also conduct polygraph — lie detector — tests for clients.
To work as a security guard in any province, or the Yukon Territory, you must be licensed by the department of justice and, in most provinces, complete a training course. You will also need a licence to carry firearms if that is part of your job. Employers usually require a high school diploma and may want a college diploma in law and security or police technology.The licensing process for private investigators is often the same or similar to that which prospective security guards must go through. Private investigators are employed by investigation companies and security agencies, which must be licensed by the provincial justice department. Some investigators start their own agencies and must apply for both business and individual licences.
In recent years, electronic surveillance equipment has replaced traditional security jobs, but there is more demand for security personnel in areas such as public transportation, shopping centres, parking lots and foot patrol, in larger urban centres. Security guards and private investigators are both high-turnover occupations. Job opportunities become available as current employees leave for other jobs, self-employment or retirement.
canadapegasus publicationspolice officersRCMPscott bestsecurity guardssmart careers
Keeping watch on Hackers
With roughly 3.5 million Canadians using mobile banking apps, mobile security company McAfee says the amount of malicious software threatening mobile platforms is growing, too. But smartphone users in Canada aren’t that vulnerable to attack . . . yet.
“In the first quarter of 2012, we had already detected eight million new PC malware samples, showing that malware authors are continuing their unrelenting development of new malware,” says Vincent Weafer, senior vice president of McAfee Labs. “The same skills and techniques that were sharpened on the PC platform are increasingly being extended to other platforms, such as mobile and Mac; as more homes and businesses use these platforms the attacks will spread, which is why all users, no matter what their platforms, should take security and online safety precautions.”
According to the Toronto-based Solutions Research Group, less than 10 per cent of the population was using a smartphone in 2007. Thanks to the iPhone’s rise in popularity, there are now over 10 million smartphone users in Canada.
Doug Cooke, director of sales engineering for McAfee Canada, says because smartphones and other mobile devices are still so new, users aren’t thinking about security.
“With new toys, you’re mainly concerned with playing with that new toy, not thinking about security,” says Cooke. “Security is something you think about down the road.”
McAfee researchers collected 8,000 new mobile malware samples in the first quarter of 2012, compared to a year ago when there was almost no malware targeting mobile devices. In that period, they colleted nearly 7,000 samples of malware meant for the android platform, a 1,200 per cent increase from the number collected by December of last year.
“The primary reason is that Apple is doing a much better job in terms of monitoring the applications that get into their world,” says Cooke. “The marketplace in the android environment, it’s a little bit more of the wild west. There’s numerous places where you can get apps for the android.”
Mechanisms used by mobile hackers are nowhere near as sophisticated as those targeting PCs, but as the number of users increase, so will the amount of malware. Mobile banking is also on the rise, and Cooke says hackers particularly seek out opportunities to access financial information.
“So much of what the malware writers are trying to do is to be on your system but stealth, so they can gather information about your mobile device and send it out to the Internet so someone can use it.”
Cooke says the main thing hackers are able to accomplish with mobile devices is keystroke logging. If a financial transaction is being completed on a mobile device, the user often enters a personal information number to validate it. A hacker can log the user’s keystrokes, send the pin number to a command and control server, and gain access to the user’s mobile banking account. Cooke says, however, he’s not aware of any Canadian mobile banking apps being attacked in that way.
“There’s a lot of this activity in Asia, a little bit in the United States, but not much in Canada because we don’t have the same level of transaction activity happening through mobile devices…yet.”
canadahackersmalwaremobile bankingpegasus publicationsscott bestsecure bankingsmart careerssolutions research grouptoronto
Smart Careers, SmartHealth
Looming start of post-secondary studies puts young people under STRESS
February 7, 2013 SmartBiz Leave a comment
No matter what your age or the kind of school and work experiences you’ve had, stress has probably been a part of your life at some point. For students, stress can come from many sources — planning for post-secondary education, parents’ expectations, school projects, grades or exams, just to name a few. However, stress is not impossible to conquer.
Last spring, education and career-planning website, myblueprint.ca, surveyed over 500 middle and high school students to find their key sources of stress. They published the results in the MyBluePrint Canadian Student Stress Index.
“What we found is 81 per cent of students said they had a moderate to high amount of stress resulting from planning for post-secondary,” says Gil Silberstein, president and co-founder of myBlueprint. “We did believe that ‘teens thinking about their future’ would be a number one stressor, and it was interesting to have that verified.”
Carmela Giardini, head of guidance and counseling for the Toronto Catholic District School Board, says students feel this kind of anxiety because they feel they’re facing an uncertain future. “They’re thinking in terms of, What’s out there, what’s the post-secondary experience going to be like? Will I get in? Will my marks be good enough to get in? Will I like it when I’m there? To some degree it’s the unknown that’s potentially stressful to them.”
Giardini adds the expectations students place on themselves and the need to have the approval of parents, teachers and peers can also be a stressor in their lives.
When asked about their top source of pressure, 75 per cent of the students surveyed on myblueprint.ca cited their own expectations. Parents’/guardians’ expectations came in at 71 per cent, teachers at 66 per cent, friends at 39 per cent and siblings at 22 per cent.
The survey was open to all users of myblueprint.ca across Canada, and the sample was split equally between male and female students.
Myblueprint.ca is an education and career planning website that can be customized to help individual students plan for their future. Students can set goals, plan their courses interactively, track their progress towards graduation, and browse post-secondary options across Canada that match their interests and high school courses.
The survey also asked students about digital devices and social networking. It found only 43 per cent of teen participants saw the rapid growth of communication channels as a source of pressure, ranking lower than family, post-secondary education and exams.
“Those that think [communication tools] make their lives less stressful are learning to use them judiciously and be in control of them, rather than have the tools control them,” says Giardini. “The more control we have over something, the better able we are in handling the stress.”
Giardini says identifying where stress is coming from, breaking problems and goals down into bite-sized pieces and creating a calendar to help manage deadlines are all effective ways of coping with stress.
educationpegasus publicationspost secondary educationresearchscott bestsmart careersstressstudentstoronto
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Iran to Equip Its Speed Boats With Missiles and Stealth Technology - Report
© REUTERS/ Hamad I Mohammed
Earlier in the year, the Islamic Republic also presented its newest destroyer and fifth-generation jet, both fitted with stealth technologies. Their introduction came amid ongoing tensions with the US, which withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal and imposed sanctions against Tehran.
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy Commander, Alireza Tangsiri, announced on 31 December that the military plans to equip its speed boats with stealth technology, as well as new weaponry, the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) reported.
"The high speed and high movement in operations has always been of great importance to the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) navy", he said.
© Photo: Iranian Ministry of Defence
Iranian F-35: Tehran 'Rightly Proud of Its Prospective 5th-Gen Stealth Fighter' (VIDEO)
The IRGC is also currently working on increasing the maximum speed of such boats to over 80 knots per hour (around 148 kilometres per hour) and equipping them with "agile missiles".
Speaking about foreign military presence in the region, Tangsiri said that although it is not present in waters, monitored by Iran, Tehran is still keeping a close eye on the situation. He also expressed concern about potential damage to the environment that could be done to the region if the recently arrived nuclear-powered carrier USS John C. Stennis gets "in trouble".
READ MORE: Top Iranian Commander Denounces US Presence in the Gulf as Fueling Insecurity
Previously, the chairman of the Chiefs of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces, Major General Mohammad Baqeri said that the presence of US forces in the Persian Gulf only fuels insecurity, referring to the recent arrival of the USS John C. Stennis carrier strike group. The commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari in turn denounced the carrier's presence as "deceiving" the regional states and creating a false sense of security.
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Iran to Unveil New Fighter Jet, Missile Development Stays Top Priority - Report
Pompeo: US Will 'Not Allow Iran to Develop a Nuclear Weapon'
Iran to Continue Domestic Development Despite Possible Sanctions - Rouhani
military, stealth technologies, speed boat, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Alireza Tangsiri, Iran
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European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)
Expert: Media Has Done a Good Job Focusing on Assange's Personality, Not on the Work He Did
WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange has been sentenced to 50 weeks in prison for skipping bail. Assange was arrested by UK authorities on 11 April at the request of the US government.
Russia Sent to European Rights Court Answers About Ukrainian Sailors - Justice Ministry
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - Russia's Justice Ministry sent answers to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) about the circumstances of the Ukrainian sailors' detention in the Kerch Strait, the ministry told Sputnik.
European Rights Court Backs Collective Action Against Russia Over MH17 Downing
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - The European Court of Human Rights confirmed to Sputnik that a collective action had been filed against Russia on behalf of people whose relatives died when Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crashed in eastern Ukraine in 2014.
Scapegoat or Bully? Why EU Right, Erdogan and Facebook Gang Up on Soros
George Soros is facing mounting pressure from European right-wing politicians who have been recently joined by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Apart from his battles in Europe, this year the American investor and founder of Open Society Foundations has tangled with Facebook branding it a 'menace to society.'
UK Charity Asks Intel Agencies to Explain Reasons for Unlawful Spying on Staff
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - UK-based NGO Privacy International said Tuesday it had sent a letter to UK Home Secretary Sajid Javid asking him to instruct UK intelligence agencies to explain reasons for unlawful spying on the organization.
British Spies Hacked Belgian Telecom Firm on UK Government Orders - Reports
Belgian prosecutors' report supported previous claims made by Edward Snowden that British GCHQ had been intercepting communications at NATO HQ and key European institutions for at least two years.
Belgian Prosecutors Confirm UK Involvement in Surveillance of Belgacom - Reports
BRUSSELS (Sputnik) - The Belgian Federal Prosecutor's Office has confirmed in its conclusions that the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in 2013 intercepted communications of Belgium's largest telecommunications company Proximus Group, formerly known as Belgacom Group, Belgium's L'Echo newspaper reported Thursday.
Lithuania Appeals European Court Ruling Over CIA's Secret Prison Case
VILNIUS (Sputnik) – The complaint to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) with the case of terror suspect Abu Zubaydah comes two weeks after Lithuania's representative at the ECHR said that the Baltic country would not appeal the court's ruling since it was unlikely to be changed.
Norway Remains Silent on State-Backed 'Kidnapping,' Human Rights Abuse – Lawyer
Norway's child protection service, Barnevernet, has been destroying Norwegian families for years by taking children away on controversial pretexts, Norwegian attorney Marius Reikeras told Sputnik. The lawyer cast doubt on the agency's competence, stressing that one of the agency's psychiatrists turned out to be pedophile.
European Court of Human Rights Obliges Russia to Repay Soviet Bond Debt
Moscow mulled ending its cooperation with the Court earlier this year due to the fact that many of its decisions were said to run counter to Russia's interests.
European Court Rejects Breivik’s Complaint About Prison Conditions
STOCKHOLM (Sputnik) – In 2017, Breivik filed an appeal with the ECHR, claiming that he had been suffering from being kept in solitary confinement in a high-security Norwegian jail.
EU Threatens to Kill Security Pact if UK Ditches European Court of Human Rights
Brussels’ threat comes just days after a UK cabinet minister reiterated the British government’s desire for the “closest possible” security arrangement after Brexit.
ECHR Receives Lawsuit Against Italy’s Mistreatment of Migrants - Press Office
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has received a lawsuit filed by the Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) against Italy for directing the Libyan coastguard in a November 2017 operation that led to migrants' mistreatment and deaths, ECHR press office told Sputnik on Friday.
Lawsuit Threatens Italy’s Deal With Libya to Block Illegal Migrants From Africa
Nigerians who attempt to enter Europe unlawfully across the Mediterranean are suing Italy in the European court of human rights. Backed by a humanitarian organization, they claim Rome is responsible for the torture, slavery and abuses they face after being brought back to Africa due to more “effective control” over Libyan guards.
Italy's Berlusconi Reportedly Seeks to Appeal Public Office Ban in Court
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - Silvio Berlusconi, a former Italian prime minister and the Forza Italia party leader, earlier in March lodged an appeal against his ban on running for public office, with a decision expected to come not earlier than this summer, the Corriere della Sera newspaper said on Friday citing sources.
2018 General Election in Italy
Analyst: German Prediction of EU Disintegration Not So Far-Fetched
The German government has compiled a document of six potential scenarios that Berlin may face in the year 2040, including the disintegration of the European Union, of which Germany is typically seen as the de facto leader.
Amnesty International Urges Strasbourg Court to 'End UK Gov't Mass Surveillance'
A number of international rights watchdogs, including American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Privacy International, have appealed the 2014 decision on UK surveillance laws, allowing the latter to access personal information.
Christian's Battle Over Abortion Highlights EU's Contradictory Religion Policies
The European Union is officially wedded to the doctrines of religious freedom, and protection of religious belief - but recent cases, including an ongoing battle by a Christian midwife not to be compelled to perform abortions, raise serious questions over the bloc's dedication to the principles.
Russia Informs ECHR Measures Against Opposition Figure Navalny Lawful
The Russian side has sent documents to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) about the lawfulness of measures taken in regards to the opposition figure Alexey Navalny in light of his detention at an unauthorized rally in Moscow, the press service of the Justice Ministry told Sputnik on Friday.
German Welt Publishing House Appeals to ECHR Over Journalist Arrest in Turkey
German publishing house WeltN24 GmbH, which includes Die Welt newspaper and N24 channel, filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) over the arrest of its reporter Deniz Yucel in Turkey.
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Two arrested after man dies following 'incident' in house
Andy McLaren 26 June 2019
Police were called to the village of Cuminestown in Aberdeenshire at 4.45am on Wednesday.
Police: Two men have been arrested.
Two people have been arrested after a man died following an incident in a house.
Police were called to Cuminestown, Aberdeenshire, at 4.45am on Wednesday.
A man was taken to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, where he later died.
Two men have been arrested in connection with the incident.
Officers have said a significant police presence has been deployed in the area as part of investigations.
Inspector Gary Winter said: "Enquiries are at an early stage and there will be a significant police presence and activity in the Turriff and Cuminestown areas whilst we carry out our investigation into this incident.
"This would appear to have be an isolated incident and there was no wider threat to the local community.
"Anyone who heard or saw anything in the area is asked to contact Police Scotland on 101."
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“La guerra del fùtbol”, kicking diplomacy away
By Gabriele Santoro on October 6, 2017 • ( Leave a comment )
Newspaper headline dedicated to the “guerra del fùtbol”, the football war between Honduras and El Salvador
Sports can be a powerful instrument of diplomacy. It’s well known that in ancient Greece the Olympic Games stopped wars, but even Richard Nixon understood that mechanism very well. During the détente between USA and China, the American team of ping pong visited the communist country with the excuse of a match. Other times sports can do nothing against human stupidity and make the situation worse.
Soccer can promote aggregation or pull out backward instincts, but, being so popular around the world, is just a mirror of society. The history of this sport is filled with matches that went way beyond the playful aspect. In 1998, at the World Cup in France, the destiny put USA and Iran against each other at the first turnament. Even though the assault at the American embassy in Teheran was almost 20 years before, the relationships between the two countries were still tense.
In 1986 Diego Maradona had a little personal revenge against England, which four years earlier won the war for the Malvinas/Falkland islands. The Argentinian talent scored the most famous goals of any World Cup, the amazing dribblings among the English players and the one with the hand.
Other examples are less popular and of course less funny. Albania-Serbia, in 2014, was suspended for a fight caused by a drone that carried a flag of the “great Albania”, which inclueded territories now property of Serbia. Everytime Romania and Hungary cross their paths, the risks are at a high level. Reasons: the Transilvania issue, back in World War I, the gipsies, expelled by the Magyar government and maybe the dispute on the “autorship” of pàlinka, the famous spirit.
The Serbian player Stefan Mitrovic shredding the “Great Albania” flag during the match Serbia-Albania. Another example of high tension in sport, caused by a political situation
These are just appetizers. The main dish was really dramatic and in this case it was a football match that triggered the conflict. 1969, World Cup qualifying of the Central America zone, the match is El Salvador vs Honduras. Obviously the relationships are already worn out by a delicate political situation. The Salvadorian government sent hundreds of thousands of peasants, by agreement with the neighbours. But the Honduran dictator, Oswaldo Lopez Arellano, with the excuse of an economic crisis, expelled them people, expropriating their fields. In this scenary takes place the match that will decide who will go to the Mexican World Cup in 1970.
The first round is in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The away team tries to limitate the stay at the minimun, but the night before the game is like hell for them: car horns and any kind of noise from the locals, to disturb the psychophysical rest of the rivals. And is not the worst. The Hondurian supporters slashes the tyres of the Salvadorian bus and throw stones at it. The match is played in an unreal atmosphere and the home team wins 1-0. The daughter of a Salvadorian general, Amelia Bolanos, kills herself for the disappointment, the suicide shocks the Nation and foments even more tension.
The return game is in El Salvador, and it’s easy to imagine a payback. A member of the staff of Honuras is stoned to death by his own compatriots while trying to calm them down. The army escorts the players to the stadium, where the Hondurian flag gets burned and two supporters are killed in a fight. Not enough for a suspension, the match goes on and El Salvador take advantage of the scorching climate, winning 3-0. Nowadays it would be qualified, for the goal difference, but back then it just was a winning each. So, to overstate the situation, a playoff is necessary to decide who will go to Mexico.
Celebrations for the Salvadorian army
For security reasons, the rematch is in Mexico, but still the supporters of the two Nationals find a way to have a conflict, sublimation of a bigger, political discontent. El Salvador wins 3-2, the next day, June 27th, diplomatic relationships between the countries are off. On July 14th, only a couple weeks later, El Salvador invades Honduras and it’s war. In just four days the outcome is 6 thousand dead people, 15 thousand injured, 50 thousand refugees, until the Organization of American States requires ceasefire.
The Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski, in Honduras right in that period, calls the conflict “guerra del fùtbol”, the war of football, also known as the 100 Hour War. For the record, El Salvador will lose all the three matches of 1970 World Cup, incapable to score a single goal.
Categories: Stereotype-in-English, Uncategorized
Tagged as: el salvador, honduras, soccer, war
Non c’è arte senza noia
Iconoclastia (Columbus day off)
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Editors' ChoiceBiochemistry
Receptor-dsRNA-Receptor
Valda J. Vinson
Science, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA
Science Signaling 22 Apr 2008:
DOI: 10.1126/stke.116ec140
Toll-like receptors recognize molecules associated with pathogens and initiate inflammatory responses. For example, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate viral replication. The TLR3 ectodomain binds as a dimer to dsRNA, but the molecular basis for signaling remains unclear. Liu et al. now report the structure of a complex between two mouse TLR3 ectodomains and dsRNA. Two horseshoe-shaped TLR3-ectodomain monomers bind to opposite faces of the dsRNA through their N and C termini and dimerize through their C termini so that the N termini are at opposite ends of the linear dsRNA molecule. This dimerization mode could mediate signal transduction by facilitating dimerization of the receptor cytoplasmic domains.
L. Liu, I. Botos, Y. Wang, J. N. Leonard, J. Shiloach, D. M. Segal, D. R. Davies, Structural basis of Toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA. Science 320, 379-381 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]
You are going to email the following Receptor-dsRNA-Receptor
By Valda J. Vinson
Science Signaling 22 Apr 2008 : ec140
Two horseshoe-shaped monomers of an innate immunity receptor bind to double-stranded RNA through carboxyl-terminal dimerization, ultimately triggering inflammation.
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Alastair Fitter
Professor Alastair Fitter CBE FRS
Alastair Fitter is a plant ecologist with wide-ranging research interests, including soil ecology and how plants behave in a changing world. He has contributed to our understanding of the structure and function of plant root systems and their symbiotic fungi.
He demonstrated that the architecture or three-dimensional structure of a root system is central to its ability to acquire nutrients in natural soil. He also showed that sunshine — rather than soil temperature — controls root development in grassland, and that soils may therefore be less good at retaining carbon dioxide in a warming world. His work on mycorrhizas, the symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi, revealed their central role in ecosystems.
Alastair is the son of naturalist Richard Fitter, with whom he collaborated on several popular natural history books and a paper in the journal Nature about the effects of a warming climate on the timing of flowering in plants. He was awarded a CBE in 2010 for his services to environmental science.
Professional positions
Emeritus Professor, Department of Biology, University of York
Ecology (incl behavioural ecology), Plant sciences / botany, Soil science
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Henry Hall
Professor Henry Hall FRS
Professor Henry Hall was distinguished for his contributions to low temperature physics, and particularly to the study of quantum fluids. His pioneering work on superfluid 4He included both the first observation of mutual friction in the uniformly rotating liquid, which provided the first experimental evidence for the quantified vortex line, and the discovery and explanation of effects due to the excitation of vortex waves. He built the first successful 3He-4He dilution refrigerator, using a cycle that he himself invented and which has been used in most subsequent designs; this refrigerator has been of the greatest importance in the recent development of low temperature physics. He carried out valuable work on the Mossbauer effect, including some pioneering applications in the study of lattice dynamics and diffusion. He was responsible for valuable and influential work on superfluid 3-He, both experimental and theoretical, with particular emphasis on orbital dynamics in 3He-A. His work was highly original, and in it he combined a deep understanding of the basis physics with an ability to devise and execute experiments of crucial importance.
Professor Henry Hall FRS died on 4 December 2015.
Public understanding of science
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Advanced Utility Metering_(2002)
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Basic components are described for collecting, storing, analyzing, and presenting metered data
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Lec-3.ppt
Gonzales Cons.
10072015_Annexure-40
September 2003 NREL/SR-710-33539
Advanced Utility Metering
Period of Performance:
April 23, 2002September 22, 2002
Architectural Energy Corporation
1617 Cole Boulevard
NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory
Operated by Midwest Research Institute Battelle Bechtel
Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337
NREL Technical Monitor: A. Walker
Prepared under Subcontract No. KADC-0-30423-06
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents
that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial
product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily
constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect
those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge
Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy
and its contractors, in paper, from:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
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email: reports@adonis.osti.gov
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Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... iv
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ v
Background.....................................................................................................................1
General Metering Purposes.............................................................................................1
Revenue Billing........................................................................................................................... 1
Time-of-Use Metering ................................................................................................................ 2
Real-Time Pricing ....................................................................................................................... 2
Load Aggregation ....................................................................................................................... 2
Submetering ................................................................................................................................ 2
Energy-Use Diagnostics.............................................................................................................. 2
Power Quality ............................................................................................................................. 2
Emergency Response .................................................................................................................. 3
Planning and Reporting............................................................................................................... 3
Metering System Components ........................................................................................3
Meters ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Data-Collection System .............................................................................................................. 6
Data Storage.............................................................................................................................. 10
Data Presentation and Analysis................................................................................................. 11
System Architecture and Implementation ......................................................................13
Metering Cost Drivers............................................................................................................... 15
Security .........................................................................................................................16
Codes and Standards....................................................................................................17
Metering Guidelines ......................................................................................................19
Establish Overall Goals and Data Requirements ...................................................................... 19
Identify Technical Criteria ........................................................................................................ 23
Develop and Evaluate Costs and Benefits................................................................................. 25
Develop Performance Specifications ........................................................................................ 26
Implement Metering System ..................................................................................................... 26
Plan for Continuous Use and Evaluation .................................................................................. 27
Case Study #1...............................................................................................................28
DOE Site Expands Metering System ........................................................................................ 28
GEMnet System Shines ............................................................................................................ 32
Appendix A: Legislation Information ..............................................................................36
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms.....................................................................................39
Appendix C: Bibliography ..............................................................................................43
Appendix D: Representative Metering Manufacturers....................................................46
We appreciate the assistance of Stuart Waterbury of Architectural Energy Corporation and Ab
Ream, Project Manager for the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management
Program. Andy Walker from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory made significant
contributions to this report in the review process. This report also received invaluable input from
participants of the Federal Metering Panel discussions on August 27, 2002.
In support of federal agencies considering the approach to utility metering appropriate for their
facilities, the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program offers this
publication as an overview of options in metering technology, system architecture,
implementation, and relative costs. It provides advanced metering systems information to help
potential users specify, acquire, use, and expand systems. It addresses basic security issues and
provides case studies and information resources.
The following are some effective uses for metering:
Revenue billing (the way utilities are paid), also useful for managing costs and energy-use
Time-of-use metering and real-time pricing, which allow for smart management of peak
load use and demand cost savings
Load aggregation for streamlined service acquisition and lower rates
Submetering for analyzing the distribution of loads and equitably billing tenants
Energy use diagnostics to spot problems and improve operations
Detection and documentation of power quality
Real-time feedback allowing response to curtailment and power-related emergencies
Collecting, reducing, and presenting information for planning and reporting requirements.
Each agency is likely to have several guiding priorities that will serve in the decision to invest in
a metering system. To address the wide range of metering needs and uses across the federal
government, this publication emphasizes an approach based on setting clear objectives and
continuously extracting maximum value from the meter information. The approach has four key
Identify the metering needs
Identify the uses for metering
Clarify the metering maintenance plans
Consider possible system expansion.
Basic components are described for collecting, storing, analyzing, and presenting data. Systems
can be developed for use on a single piece of equipment that manually collects the data for a
single building, between several buildings at a facility using an Intranet, or across a network of
remote facilities communicating using the Internet. The advanced metering industry was once a
boutique industry. Now collaboration with the telecommunications industry, with higher volume
and lower cost, makes the sharing of such information a low-cost commodity.
To effectively manage energy systems, some level of monitoring is necessary. Success lies in
making use of the metering information. To ensure that the metering system is used perpetually
and the maximum benefit is being derived, we include recommendations and information on
continual assessment of use and savings. Case studies from the U.S. Department of Defense and
General Services Administration facilities exemplify federal applications.
With volatile energy rates and a need to control costs, federal agencies are interested in
technologies to meter utility use and manage utility information. Agency leadership is interested
in goal setting and performance metrics. Facility managers need to allocate utility costs and
obtain feedback on energy management practices and diagnosis of problems. All agencies
respond to existing legislative requirements, and recent legislative initiatives would require each
agency to meter or submeter the energy use in all its federal buildings, industrial processes, and
energy-using structures.1
The purpose of this publication is to provide information to potential users of advanced metering
systems. Simply stating that more detailed metering information is required at federal facilities is
not the approach here. Rather, this report will help managers determine why the metered
information is needed and how it will be used to design and implement the most effective
metering system. Planning for system maintenance and expansion is critical.
A wide range of facility types and metering goals is possible within federal facilities. Similarly,
there is a wide range of possible uses for metered data. Some of those uses will be presented here
to provide context for developing a concise performance specification.
A large campus that has a single utility meter and that houses multiple agencies might require
submetering to equitably allocate utility costs. Other uses for the data could include energy-use
diagnostics, demand control, and response to real-time pricing. A very different example is an
agency that operates buildings in separate locations. In this case, providing an on-line data
display may fill the need. Providing day-old data may be acceptable to reduce data collection
costs. The costs of these two systems would be substantially different, but each meets the
specific requirements of the sites. Choosing the best solution for a specific site may reduce up-
front costs, while still meeting needs.
This publication describes various metering purposes that may be needed at federal facilities and
provides an overview of metering technology. The technology is categorized into meters, data
collection, archiving, analysis, and presentation. This report discusses system architecture,
implementation, and relative costs and provides basic information about security issues. Finally,
the document presents general guidelines, provides case study examples, and lists providers of
equipment, software, and services. Appendices include additional information and resources.
General Metering Purposes
Revenue Billing
Probably the most common use of metering is for billing purposes: utility companies install
meters to charge customers for the amount of electricity they use. The data provided by a basic
revenue meter are usually not very detailed, often consisting of nothing more than a monthly total
of energy use and, perhaps, information on peak demand. More complicated rate structures can
also require power factor or time-of-use information. Only utilities collect and use this
information, but the same metering system could be used to provide customers the energy-use
information they need to plan their activities and manage costs.
Time-of-Use Metering
Many utilities and regulators are moving toward time-of-use rates, which charge more for energy
use that contributes to the system peak demands. They also provide an incentive for utility
customers to shift demand off peak. Time-of-use rates require special meters.
Real-Time Pricing
This is somewhat similar to time-of-use metering in data requirements. A customer who receives
power under a real-time pricing (RTP) contract has energy prices that change dramatically from
season to season, and even hourly during periods of high system demand. Being able to adjust
purchased energy use in response to these fluctuations in energy prices can save substantial
amounts of money.
Load Aggregation
Agencies may want to combine geographically separate facilities to acquire and bill utility
services. Such aggregation can often result in lower utility rates than a separate utility account
for each site.
Submetering
The utility generally installs a single revenue meter for an entire campus of buildings. This
serves the purposes of the utility company, but does not provide any information about the
distribution of the load among buildings within the campus. Information about the loads at
individual buildings can be used to equitably allocate energy costs.
Without submetering, a utility bill is often allocated according to the square feet of building space
that is occupied by tenant agencies or by some other technique that uncouples payments from the
amount of energy used. For federal facilities, a fundamental principle should be that payments
for utilities be based on measured use, so there is an incentive to conserve utility resources and a
consequence for wasting them.
An issue of equity comes up when allocating utility costs. For example, an end or top unit in an
apartment building will have more heat loss than a central one. It is important to take into
account factors that are beyond occupants control, so as not to impose an undue financial burden
on those unfortunate to be in space that uses more energy as a consequence of its condition.
Energy-Use Diagnostics
Understanding the way energy is used in a building can lead to changes in operation that reduce
energy consumption. For example, a large nighttime load may indicate that equipment is running
unnecessarily. Similarly, shifting equipment schedules can sometimes reduce demand charges
from the utility companies by eliminating coincident and unnecessary equipment demands during
peak periods. Other simple energy-use diagnostics are related to a comparison of energy-use
indices (EUIs), such as the amount of kilowatt-hours used per square foot (kWh/ft2). EUIs can be
compared between similar buildings to determine whether a building is using more energy than it
should or can be compared to historical data for the same building to determine whether the
building energy use has increased. Observations in energy-se trends over time can indicate when
equipment is in need of service.
Advanced meters can capture electrical anomalies such as transients, voltage disturbances, power
factors, and harmonics to troubleshoot power quality problems. This can be especially useful
when monitoring sensitive loads. Transients can cause printed circuit boards in computers and
other electronic equipment to fail prematurely. Improper power factors can result in surcharges
from utility companies. High harmonics can shorten the life of transformers. Using advanced
meters allows power quality problems to be detected and documented so solutions can be
developed and implemented.
During an electrical power emergency (such as the one experienced in California in 2000 and
2001) or during other utility shortages (such as a drought in 2002), the manager of a federal
facility may need real-time information to make decisions regarding plant closure or interruption
of noncritical loads. He or she may also need to determine whether the directions to staff to
reduce power use are being followed and are achieving the required results.
Managers of facilities that are distributed geographically may benefit from an advanced metering
system that allows them to view and record energy use via the Internet. An advanced metering
system could be designed to collect, reduce, and present information that would describe agency
energy use and progress toward goals set by legislation and Executive Order or other goals set by
utilities. For example, one advanced metering offering plots facility energy use against the
20/20 goal set by California utilities (reduce energy use by 20% from the previous year and be
rewarded by an additional 20% reduction in costs). Carefully designed reports from advanced
metering systems can help an agency plan how to meet these goals.
Metering System Components
Metering systems consisted of the following basic components:
data-collection system
data analysis and presentation.
These components are found in even the simplest monthly manual-reading system, where the
meter has a visual display and is read and manually recorded by a human meter reader. This
information is then manually entered into the billing system and presented in a monthly bill. For
this discussion, the manual activities need to be replaced by automated processes, and the data
analysis and presentation need to provide much more detailed information about the nature of
energy consumption. Depending on the needs, real-time or near-real-time data presentation may
be necessary.
Each basic component is discussed in the following sections.
Nearly all the electric meters suitable for remote data communications are solid state as opposed
to electromechanical. At the most basic level, they provide energy and demand information. At
the most sophisticated level, they provide information on power quality, log a substantial number
of data, and provide a wide variety of communication options, such as hosting Web pages for
presenting meter data. Table 1 lists three classes of meters and their associated characteristics:
commercial/industrial (C/I) meters, advanced meters, and sub-meters. Most meters can be
modified with options, so distinctions between these classifications are not always clear. For
example, C/I meters can have several options that make their capabilities similar to those of
advanced meters.
Some meters can be installed in utility socket-mount/switchboard cases; others are designed to be
installed in panels. Meters can vary in type, size, shape, and accuracy. Meters used for revenue
applications need to comply with specific requirements.
Metering functionality is also available integrated with other devices, such as circuit-breaker trip
units and protective relays. Technology improvements allow many manufacturers to offer
devices with metering capabilities that include communications plus optional power quality
information. This can be very cost effective for submetering and cost-allocation applications in
new equipment installations.
Table 1. Meter Characteristics
Characteristic Basic C/I Meter Advanced Meter Submeter
Configuration Utility Socket Utility Socket Panel
Panel Stand-alone
Energy and Demand Yes Yes Yes
Power Quality Analysis No Yes No
Data Logging Option Option Option
Output Type Pulse; Digital Digital Pulse
Communication Capabilities Pulse RS-232/485 Pulse
RS-232 Ethernet RS-232
Modem Modem Modem
Alarm and Control No Available No
Revenue Metering Capable Yes Yes, in utility socket Not intended
configuration use
Industry Examples ION 8300 Siemens ION 8500 Siemens Square D
3 Maxsys POWERLOGIC
Power Meter /
POWERLOGIC / Square D Energy Meter /
Schlumberger POWERLOGIC Enercept
Sema Q1000 CM4000T / CM3000 4
EMON
ION 6200
The meter classifications shown in Table 1 do not indicate the meter application. For example, an
advanced meter can be used in a submetering application, if advanced capabilities such as power
quality monitoring are required. Similarly, a relatively basic meter can be used for utility revenue
billing if only basic energy information is required. The following are key to proper meter
determine the required information
select a meter that can support the data required to provide this information.
Advanced meters include substantial computing power that can be used for a variety of
communications and processing tasks. These features provide options well beyond metering
electricity use. Their applicability to the overall goals of metering should be considered when
developing the requirements for an overall metering system.
Meters that have Ethernet communications capabilities can act as gateways for other devices. For
example, meters can accept Modbus communications from other devices that can then be
accessed over the Ethernet. In addition, dedicated gateways can be used to tie the Modbus meter
communications to an Ethernet system. However, when public Ethernet (Internet) is used and the
data must be passed out of a building to another location, security becomes an issue. Security is
discussed in more detail later in this report.
Push Data Transfer or E-mail
Sending data from a meter or a gateway through a LAN (Local Area Network) takes advantage of
established infrastructure for data transfer. This can be accomplished in the form of a push
transfer of data or by electronic mail (e-mail). Transferring data through a push method involves
the use of an embedded system gateway that can act as both a gateway and server, enabling it to
also host a variety of historical data from multiple meters. Data can also be transferred via e-
mail, thereby taking advantage of the mail server,6 which provides a secure method of
communicating through firewalls (a system or group of systems that enforces an access control
policy between two networks). Power Measurement Company has developed an integrated e-
mail feature into several of its meters called MeterM@il.7 This provides the security features of
e-mail within a single meter.
Meters that can act as Web servers can serve meter data that can be accessed over a LAN
(Figure). This allows access to the meter information by using standard browser software and can
easily viewed by anyone on the enterprise-wide LAN. To allow access to this meter from the
Internet requires a firewall. The firewall must be configured to allow access through a port
specific for that meter. As with any connection to the Internet, the proper security must be
maintained.
Some manufacturers provide Ethernet to serial gateways that fully support the published
standards for Modbus and Modbus over TCP/IP. These gateway products provide Web-based
utilities for device configuration, as well as the ability to serve real-time and historical data across
a LAN using HyperText Transfer Protocol. This capability provides access to real-time
information about a facility from any PC within the facility, using an industry standard Web
Ethernet LAN Internet
Meter with
Embedded Web Intranet
Server Web Browser
Figure 1. Meter with Web server feature
Some meters have digital outputs that can be used to control other devices or loads. This feature
could have applications in load control and be used to reduce demand during peak periods. For
example, software designed to track peak demand could notify an energy manager of an
impending peak that would exceed a threshold and trigger an increased demand charge. Upon
notification, the energy manager could either shed load or dispatch generation capacity to avoid
exceeding the threshold. Also, the software could be configured to automatically shed load or
dispatch generation.
The data collection system is used to access the electric meters. Traditionally, the data collection
system was a manual process, where meter readers would visually read the meter register and
record the data in a notebook. Automated Meter Reading (AMR) has been developed to reduce
the labor associated with manual meter reading. AMR systems range from an extension of
manual meter reading, such as radio-based walk-by and drive-by meter reading systems, to more
sophisticated systems consisting of wireless networks that can remotely read meters. Figure 2 is a
general depiction of a data collection system for a single meter. The data recorder would be
required for a relatively basic meter that has no storage capabilities. It would store pulses from
the meter for retrieval by the data collection system.
Data To
Data Recorder / Collection
Interface Module Database
Serial Comm Comm options:
Dial Up Modem
Meter Serial Comm
Figure 2. Single meter data-collection system
Once the data are read from the meter, they are stored in a database for further processing and
analysis. The utility industry de facto standard for data collection and storage systems is the MV-
90. This system was developed so meters from different vendors could be read and the data
stored consistently. Meter manufacturers have developed their own communication protocols,
data formats, and proprietary software to communicate primarily with their own meters. So that
utilities with many different meter brands and types in their service territory could avoid having
to use many versions of proprietary software, the MV-90 was developed so a single software
package could be used. Once the data were converted into a standard format, they could be
transmitted to a database for storage in MV-90 format.
The original MV-90 data collection concept consisted of a module located near the meter that
communicated with the meter using its native communications protocol and with the main MV-
90 system through a dial-up modem. The collected data were then stored in MV-90 format.
Variations on this concept include wireless data collection through drive-by or walk-by radios,
use of fixed wireless networks, dedicated wide-area networks, and other communications
methods, such as the Internet, to communicate between the meter communications module and
the main MV-90 system. Because utilities have traditionally been the target market for MV-90, it
has a variety of software applications to meet their requirements.8
There are other multivendor approaches besides MV-90. Another system is marketed by Stark
North America,9 which is marketed toward smaller enterprises that need a multivendor solution.
Proprietary data collection software designed to work with specific manufacturers meters is also
an option if all the meters are compatible with the software. Nearly all proprietary software can
communicate with meters that support the Modbus protocol, which can provide basic energy and
demand information. However, more advanced meter features may require proprietary data
collection software to take full advantage of a meters specific features.
Communications Methods and Protocols
There are many ways to communicate the meter information to the storage servers. Each has
advantages and disadvantages; some are described here.
Phone/modem. A modem is a "modulator/demodulator" that converts digital data to analog
frequencies and back to digital, so that digital data can be transmitted by analog radio frequencies
over wires (Dial-up, Digital Subscriber Line [DSL], Cable) or the air (Wireless). A modem and a
dial-up phone line offer a simple and effective communication method if the data refresh rate is
relatively slow. For example, the system can dial into the modem located at the electric meter
each day and request 24 hours of data. The consumption data may be stored on the meter or the
local components of the data collection system on a 15-minute or faster interval, but would only
be updated to the database once per day. Depending on the location of the central database,
phone modems may incur long-distance charges.
Internet. Internet communication is an innovation in meter communication that provides nearly
real-time access to meter information over public networks. Some meters can act as Web servers,
providing data in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) or XML (Extensible Markup Language).
The data from these meters can be viewed directly by a standard Web browser or imported
directly into another system using XML data labels. The Internet can provide communication
between the meter and the data-collection system, although security can be an issue.
Intranet. Intranet communication is similar to Internet communication. However, some security
issues are eliminated because everything happens behind a firewall and the network is not public.
Private wireless networks. Wireless fixed networks can be used to continuously collect data
from distributed electric meters and have been implemented for residential data collection.
SchlumbergerSema CellNet is one example of such a network.
Power line carrier. A power line carrier can be used to transmit data between devices over
power lines. It is often used within buildings on the user side of the utility meter. Its advantages
are that no additional communication cable is required, and it is relatively inexpensive. A major
disadvantage is that data transmission is not reliable across unmodified transformers. Because of
this issue, and for highest reliability, all communications must be on the same side of a
transformer.
Modbus. Modbus is an open communication protocol that can be used for communications
between electric meters and data-collection devices. It allows flexible communications that can
avoid the use of proprietary software and protocols. However, there may be meter capabilities
that cannot be accessed when using Modbus, depending on how elaborately the manufacturer has
implemented the Modbus protocol. However, all meters that talk Modbus will be able to
communicate energy-consumption data. Modbus was originally designed for communications
over serial buses such as RS-232 or RS-485. As the Ethernet has become more prevalent,
Modbus TCP/IP was developed to take advantage of the available Ethernet network.
A description from Modbus.org:
Modbus Protocol is a messaging structure developed by Modicon in 1979, used to
establish master-slave/client-server communication between intelligent devices. It is
a de facto standard, truly open and the most widely used network protocol in the
industrial manufacturing environment.
In order to move Modbus protocols into the 21st century, an open Modbus TCP/IP
specification was developed in 1999. Combining a versatile, scaleable, and
ubiquitous physical network (Ethernet) with a universal networking standard
(TCP/IP) and a vendor-neutral data representation (Modbus) gives a truly open,
accessible network for exchange of process data.
Wireless communication methods. Several wireless communication methods suitable for meter
data collection are described here. Table 2 compares costs and capabilities of several of these
wireless communication methods.
Cell modem. This method would be used like a telephone line, but with a wireless cell modem.
Cell service is typically more expensive than a land line, but may be more convenient if cell
service is available, because installation is quicker.
CDPD modem. CDPD ("Cellular Digital Packet Data") modems allow continuous Internet
connection. They provide connectivity similar to that of a LAN, although at a slower baud rate.
CDPD modem service is more expensive than cell modems and is available in a smaller
geographic area. It employs an additional server connected to the normal Cellular Network,
which keeps track of the modem. Because the technology does not have a second server to keep
track of a dynamic IP address, it requires a static IP address. Today, that poses a problem in that
networks are assigned a limited number of IP addresses in blocks for use by customers. CDPD
sends digital packets of data to the Cellular systems, which are placed in between transmissions
of analog (voice) data so that the network can serve both types of transmissions simultaneously.
Pager. Pager technology can be used to transmit relatively few data using a network such as
Skytel. A data transceiver, such as those produced by SmartSynch, is required to communicate
between the meter and the pager network. A typical data-gathering approach using this system is
to communicate with the meter once per day to download the previous 24 hours of 15-minute
consumption data, although it is also possible to communicate with the meter more frequently.
SmartSynch has developed an overall data collection system for using the pager network,
partnering with Siemens and SkyTel.
SchlumbergerSema CellNet is one example of a private wireless network.
Wireless Radio Frequency (RF) communications may be subject to regulations on military sites.
The frequency coordinator for a specific site should be consulted to determine requirements or
whether RF communication is possible. Similarly, sites with equipment or processes sensitive to
RF radiation may prohibit RF.
Table 2. Wireless Communications Summary10
Paging,
Parameter Cellular Control Channel CDPD 1-2 Way Radio Satellite
Example Aeris.net AT&T, Skytel DataRadio Qualcomm
Providers MicroBurst Verizon Microwave Orbcomm
Cellemetry Data
Wireless $100 to $125 $250 to $350 to $1,200 plus $700 to
Radio Cost $350 $400 private $1,500
Monthly $5 to $10 $50 plus $10 to $40 $0 $20 plus
Service use plus $0.02 $0.10 per
to 0.12 message
Data 8 to 25 digits 2,400 to 2,400 to 2,400 to 2,400 to
Capacity 9,600 9,600 9,600 baud 9,600
baud baud baud
Coverage Wide availability in Limited Availability Line of site Near
North and South Metro around within radio 100%
America Areas only Metro network
Latency <10 seconds <10 15 to 270 <10 <10
seconds seconds seconds seconds
Primary Telemetry, Telemetry, Telemetry, Telemetry, Telemetry,
Application Monitoring & Monitoring e-mail, communi- communi-
Control & Control PDAs cations cations
Modem Modem
Roaming charges can be expensive, annual contract required
Aeris.net has announced Vburst, with a capacity of 1024 digits
Radio maintenance and infrastructure costs not included
Data accessed by the data-collection system must be stored in a database for analysis and
archiving. There are many different database vendors and types, and their advantages and
disadvantages will not be discussed here. The focus of this discussion is on data storage location.
Choosing the best location for data storage is important for the overall system architecture. Data
can be stored on a computer dedicated to the data-collection and storage task when all the data are
used on-site and the infrastructure is in place. For an enterprise-wide system where meter data
are collected at multiple locations, data will likely be centrally stored. Another option is the
embedded system gateway. It is a self-contained server and can collect energy data and
automatically send it over the Web. Such a device can be a stand-alone system providing local
monitoring or part of a corporate enterprise
For enterprise-wide systems, the data can be stored and hosted either by an information
technology (IT) department that can host, archive, and serve data, or a third party can use an
application service provider (ASP) business model. An ASP would collect and archive the data
and provide reports and analysis tools to the user, most likely through a standard Web-browser.
An ASP is also responsible for software maintenance. A subscription fee is typically associated
with the service, but using an ASP can eliminate the need to maintain a database and multiple
versions of software locally. The ASP often can provide other services such as analysis and
reporting.
Data Presentation and Analysis
Presentation and analysis are necessary to effectively process and present the data gathered by the
collection systems. Manual methods are expensive, time consuming, and error prone. Custom
software developed for each site for analyzing data, again, can be very expensive to develop,
maintain, anddepending on their underlying architecturedifficult to expand. Thus, choosing
a system that meets current requirements and can be easily expanded is important.
Software packages are available from meter manufacturers and from third-party software
vendors. Packages developed by meter manufacturers are designed to work seamlessly with their
own meters, often communicating in their native protocols. The software can exploit features of
the meters that may be available only in the native communications protocol. If all meters in a
system are compatible with this software, this can be a suitable solution for data presentation and
analysis, assuming that the analysis capabilities of the software meet the analysis needs of the
facility. However, to ensure compatibility with other vendors meters, manufacturers software
usually can talk in Modbus or another standard protocol. Power Measurement ION Enterprise,11
Square D POWERLOGIC System Manager,12and Siemens WWW100 Internet Information
System13are examples of meter manufacturers software.
Third-party software vendors also provide solutions for data presentation. They are usually
integrated with the data-collection system and provide a vendor-neutral method of collecting and
presenting data. Although architecture can vary, these packages are usually intended to be owned
and operated by the end user.
Another approach to data presentation is through the ASP model. An ASP collects all the data
into their servers, then provides access to reports and analysis tools through a standard Web
browser. In this model, the ASP archives the data, maintains all software, and provides additional
services. An example of an ASP is Automated Energy, a Oklahoma-based company that provides
tools for trending data, aggregating multiple sites, analyzing utility rates, and managing energy
Collected data must be processed and presented in an easily interpreted form. This has often been
a manually intensive process, where data are requested from the database using database queries,
then processed in spreadsheets or other tools. Specialized tools have also been created that can
interrogate the database directly. Different types of analysis software are available for users.
However, it is important to identify analysis needs for each facility.
Some potential analysis needs were listed at the beginning of this document and are repeated here
with discussion of their data presentation and analysis requirements.
Revenue billing. Usually, revenue billing is the responsibility of the utility company. Most
federal facilities purchase power from the utility company, which provides the bill. Therefore,
federal agencies generally do not perform revenue billing, because they are not in the generating
business. However, they can verify bills by processing the energy consumption data through a
rate engine that shadows the rate calculation performed by the utility company. The energy use
data can also be processed through alternate rate structures to determine whether another rate will
result in lower costs. Similarly, by performing these calculations, the effect of load shifting or
peak reduction on the monthly energy cost can be determined.
To perform these activities, candidate software should contain rate engine tools, the ability to
import current rates and perform what-if rate analyses, and to perform bill verification
calculations.
Load aggregation. Agencies may want to aggregate energy consumption from geographically
separate facilities to acquire and bill utility services. Clearly, these facilities will have separate
utility meters. Billing can be aggregated when all the facilities are within the service territory of a
single provider, but generally not when facilities are in different service territories. Nevertheless,
the issues of collecting and aggregating data from geographically separate meters would be
similar regardless of territory.
The capabilities of candidate software should provide tools to aggregate any number of meters to
provide an overall energy-consumption profile.
Submetering at building or department level. Often a single utility meter is used for an entire
plant, which can contain many buildings or departments. If these buildings or departments are
submetered, information is available about the energy consumption of each. This information can
be used to allocate the cost of consumed energy to departments, which is more equitable than
basing energy costs per square foot or by some other arbitrary method.
Submetering can also be used to identify buildings with higher-than-normal energy consumption
to allow corrective action to reduce their energy consumption. The actions can be as simple as
turning off equipment or lights.
The capabilities of candidate software should provide tools for analyzing submetered data for
allocation. Similarly, some methods for identifying buildings with high energy consumption
should be available.
Energy-use diagnostics. Energy-use diagnostics can be performed at multiple levels. When
submetering at the building level, EUIs such as kWh/ft2 can be used to determine whether a
building is performing at a reasonable level. If a building appears to be using too much energy,
manual methods are often used to examine its load shape. The load shape can be compared to
historical use patterns to determine whether a change has occurred. Similarly, the load shape can
be compared to the occupancy or use schedule of the building to determine whether there is
excessive use when the building is unoccupied. If equipment is submetered, its energy
consumption can be tracked to help determine when energy is being used and whether equipment
performance may be deteriorating.
The capabilities of candidate software should provide tools for the following functions:
calculating EUIs for buildings
comparing EUIs with historical use
analyzing load shapes.
Power quality. Power quality issues can be presented in various forms. One of the more useful
methods is to provide alarms when power quality has deteriorated and may damage equipment or
processes. Providing periodic power quality summaries may also be valuable. The capabilities
of candidate software should provide tools for analyzing waveforms and power disturbances.
Also, some type of alarming to warn of problematic issues is useful.
To display the results of an analysis, the software will provide reports that may consist of trend
plots, tables, or a combination that most effectively presents the results. During browsing
activities, where a user may simply be interested in plotting variables, the user interface that
instantly displays the results graphically may be sufficient, especially for interim results.
Ultimately, however, a concise report displaying the analysis results will be necessary. This
section discusses methods of report delivery and creationrather than specific report types,
which depend on the type of analysis.
An end user or an ASP can automatically generate and push reports to users through e-mail.
This approach can be useful when a user would like to have a daily report showing performance
on the previous day or if a monthly report is desired. By receiving an automatically prepared
report, the users job is easy: no effort is required to set up or generate the report.
When all users are on the same LAN, static HTML reports can be generated and posted on a
server. Users can access these reports by entering the Web address for the report in a standard
Web browser. In an enterprise system, an embedded system gateway can be used to push data to
a password-protected website. This allows users at multiple locations who are not on the same
LAN to access these reports.
For real-time or near-real-time data reports, the user must have immediate access to the data for
diagnostics, response to real-time pricing, or some other need that requires current data. For these
users, tools for automatically generating plots or reports are necessary. To streamline these tasks,
report templates can eliminate the need to recreate report formats.
System Architecture and Implementation
Integrating the components of metering, data collection, data storage, and data presentation and
analysis into a system that meets the needs of the users is a substantial task. Security is a
consideration when using public networks such as the Internet. Communication across firewalls
requires solutions that do not compromise security, yet allow functionality.
Nearly all meter and software vendors can provide services to implement their systems.
However, special consideration is required for integrating a new system with existing
infrastructure and requirements. Meters from many vendors may need to be accessed. If
metering systems have been previously implemented at different sites, the databases will likely be
different and distributed.
Sharing data between different systems or applications can be difficult. Extensible Markup
Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible, text format that can simplify the task. It is like HTML
(uses tags to identify types of data), but HTML is only focused at presentation (how the report
should look) rather than the data structure and content. XML separates the actual data content
from the presentation. The benefits include easy access to data, easy alteration of the presentation,
data presented in multiple formats, easy searching/querying of data, etc. Unlike HTML, XML
does not have any fixed set of tags (hence is extensible!) This provides a consistent interface for
data transfer. It avoids the necessity of directly understanding different database structures and
the need to develop different database queries for different databases. These issues are important
when data from different meter data-collection systems must be processed and viewed and should
be considered when developing an overall plan for metering systems.
There are several levels of architecture, depending on the facility and the data needs. A relatively
simple system that has few security issues is shown in Figure 3. Meters communicate with a
gateway that serves as a simple Web server for the meters. Web browsers connected to the
Intranet (LAN) can access this Web server and view data. No access is available from outside the
When meters from a variety of vendors are within one facility, a common method of
communicating with these meters is required. A common communications method is to use
Modbus, as shown in Figure 4. The Modbus protocol can be implemented on RS-485 serial
communications bus or be implemented on TCP/IP, where Ethernet would be used rather than a
serial communications bus.
As the requirements for communications and analysis capabilities extend beyond simple
configurations, the need increases for secure communications and a server that has greater
computing power to provide better processing throughput.
Meter Meter Meter
Figure 3. Intranet-based architecture
Figure 4. Modbus-networked meters
Metering Cost Drivers
The costs of an entire metering system vary dramatically. Here are some of the drivers that affect
Meter type and quantity
A basic submeter can cost as little as a few hundred dollars; an advanced meter with Internet
communications capability can cost as much as several thousand dollars. A relatively basic C/I
meter will cost less than $1,000. Users should choose the most appropriate meter, while
considering future needs to minimize initial costs.
Data-collection software
Data collection costs include the software required to collect the data, as well as the costs of the
hardware required to connect the meter to the data collection computer. Software that is designed
for large data-collection systems works very well, but is more expensive than software scaled for
smaller systems.
Data-collection hardware
Using an established infrastructure for data collection can reduce costs. The infrastructure can
include a facility LAN or phone lines. Adding wireless networks or relying on other wireless
systems can increase costs when the infrastructure can access the meters, although wireless
systems can be good solutions when properly applied.
Frequency of data collection
Depending on the data-collection hardware and software, fast data collection that provides near-
real-time data can be more expensive if the data-collection system operating costs are based on
the frequency or number of data transferred, such as in the case of long-distance phone calls, cell
modems, and other public wireless networks. However, for hard-wired meters on a LAN, the
frequency of data collection will only affect costs in the quantity of data stored.
Data-presentation software capabilities
Very expensive and capable software platforms provide detailed information about energy use.
Similarly, modest systems are also available. Choosing the right level of capability for the data
presentation software is an important decision, as it provides the ability to efficiently turn vast
amounts of time-series data into useful information.
Number of allowable users
Software is available for a single user (residing on a single computer) or multi-user (client-server)
configurations. Also, software is available where the users are thin clients, requiring only a
standard Web browser. The larger the number of power users or users who interact with the
software, the higher the cost. However, providing links to these reports gives casual users access
to the resulting reports.
Level of user support
When buying a system, support will be required during initial installation and throughout its life
for updates, problem solving, user training, etc. These costs are often higher than the cost of the
Monitoring all loads is not practical. Metering and communication costs can be greater than the
savings attributable to the metering information. A rule of thumb for installing an advanced
meter is to avoid metering loads of less than 200 kW demand.14 Another is to consider the
value of the energy consumed by the load. The value rule of thumb is to consider metering
loads that consume at least $1,000/yr in electricity.15 There can be other considerations besides
energy consumption and cost when determining when to add meters, such as a need for specific
information such as power quality, or a need to submeter loads for cost allocation.
Using an ASP may reduce the up-front costs of implementing a metering system and eliminates
the need to maintain data archives and software updates. The ASP supports all these activities
and typically charges a monthly fee for providing the services. The monthly fee will vary
depending on the number of meters monitored, the freshness of the data, (i.e., day old versus
near-real-time) and other services provided. Initial meter installation or access costs will need to
be considered.
Security must be considered whenever public networks are used. Security is a process that must
continuously evolve and includes access control; private secure communications (standard
IPSec), network intrusion tools to diagnose the vulnerability and risk and to detect intruders,
firewall, authentication to assure that users are who they say they are; and encryption. Access is
controlled by user names and passwords, although without encryption they can be intercepted and
used to access the meter.
There are two components to a meter data-collection and presentation system: communication
between the meter and the database (data collection) and communication between the database
and the end user (data presentation). Some of these systems work over private networks, others
use the Internet. Private networks, such as phone systems, greatly reduce the possibility of
unauthorized access. When the Internet is used, security elements such as authentication of
systems or users, firewalls, and access control are critical to protect the data and meters.16 Data
presentation involves many of the same security issues.
A smart gateway can communicate securely with the end point through a virtual private network,
where the gateway computer encrypts all traffic from the meters and tunnels the data to the point
of destination.
The U.S. Department of Defense has standards and procedures for information security. These
should be consulted for specific requirements.17
When creating a performance specification, the key is to provide information on WHAT needs to
be accomplished, not HOW it is to be accomplished. For construction specifications, all
applicable standards should be listed. However, when creating performance specifications, listing
too many standards may actually limit the possible solutions to HOW goals are accomplished. In
general, if codes and standards are included, they should be used to inform, not limit, solutions.
Because codes and standards must be met for a specific site, language such as the following is
appropriate:
Design of the metering system will incorporate all applicable codes and
standards. Regulations that are in effect for the specific site at the time the
specifications are prepared shall be incorporated.
Codes address safety and good building practices. Because metering systems involve electricity,
in all practical cases they will have to meet the National Electric Code (NEC), NFPA 70. The
NEC focuses on the proper installation of electrical systems and equipment to protect people and
property from the potential dangers of electricity. In most cases, local building codes will require
compliance with the NEC.
Electricity meters have a variety of standards. Revenue-class meters comply with applicable
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) C12 metering standards, such as the following:
ANSI C12.1 - American National Standard Code For Electricity Metering
ANSI C12.4 - American National Standard For Mechanical Demand Registers
ANSI C12.5 - American National Standard For Thermal Demand Meters
ANSI C12.6 - American National Standard For Marking And Arrangement Of Terminals For
Phase-Shifting Devices Used In Metering
ANSI C12.7 - American National Standard For Watt-hour Meter Sockets
ANSI C12.8 - American National Standard For Test Blocks And Cabinets For installation Of
Self-Contained A-Base Watt-hour Meters
ANSI C12.9 - American National Standard For Test Switches For Transformer-Rated Meters
ANSI C12.10 - American National Standard For Electromechanical Watt-hour Meters
ANSI C12.11 - American National Standard For Instrument Transformers For Revenue
Metering, 10 kV BIL Through 350 kV BIL
ANSI C12.13 - American National Standard For Electronic Time-OfUse Registers For
Electricity Meters
ANSI C12.14 - American National Standard For Magnetic Tape Pulse Recorders For
ANSI C12.15 - American National Standard For Solid-State Demand Registers For
Electromechanical Watt-hour Meters
ANSI C12.16 - American National Standard For Solid-State Electricity Meters
ANSI C12.17 - American National Standard For Cartridge-Type Solid-State Pulse Recorders
For Electricity Metering
ANSI C12.18 - American National Standard For Protocol Specification For ANSI Type 2
Optical Port
ANSI C12.19 - Utility Industry End Device Tables
ANSI C12.20 - For Electricity Meters 0.2 and 0.5 Accuracy Classes
ANSI C12.21 - Protocol Specification for Telephone Modem Communication
ANSI C62.41: Surge Immunity.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has standards related to
electromagnetic immunity including:
IEEE C.37-90.1-1989: IEEE Standard Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for
Protective Relays and Relay Systems (ANSI). All inputs tested, except for the network
communications port.
ANSI is a member of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), which has adopted
the following standards related to metering:
IEC1000-4-2 (EN61000-4-2/IEC801-2): Electrostatic Discharge (B)
IEC1000-4-3 (EN61000-4-3/IEC801-3): Radiated EM Field Immunity (A)
IEC1000-4-4 (EN61000-4-4/IEC801-4): Electric Fast Transient (B)
IEC1000-4-5 (EN61000-4-5/IEC801-5): Surge Immunity (B). Certified by American
Electric Power (AEP)
IEC1000-4-6 (EN61000-4-6/IEC801-6): Conducted Immunity
IEC 60687 0.2S, section 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.3.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also regulates electromagnetic emission:
FCC Part 15 Subpart B, Class A: Class A Digital Device, Radiated Emissions. d. IEC
Compliance.
Other organizations might impose local requirements. For example, the California Independent
System Operator (ISO) has standards and protocols for installing, reading, and maintaining
meters on the system including:
ISO MTR1-96: Engineering Specifications for Polyphase Solid-State Electricity Meters for
Use on the ISO Grid.
Clearly, most of these standards address specific features that may not apply to all meters. Before
such standards are listed, their ramifications should be considered. Specialized consultants could
ensure that standards are appropriately applied without unnecessarily limiting options. At the
performance specification level, it is most appropriate to specify the metering goals (revenue-
class submetering, power quality monitoring, etc.), rather than to specify the meter standards.
Metering Guidelines
The following guidelines are presented based on information from federal agencies that have
completed monitoring projects, metering and energy information software manufacturers, and
industry experts. Although the types of metering systems will vary from site to site depending on
the needs, budgets, and character at each facility, the process and issues encompassing each
project are basically the same.
The general procedure recommended for federal agencies is summarized here. The following
guidelines provide criteria that should be considered when developing a site-specific project:
1. Identify the goals and objectives of the metering program and determine data
requirements to meet these goals and objectives
2. Identify technical criteria and analyze established systems for compatibility issues
3. Develop criteria for evaluating system costs, benefits, and impacts on site personnel
4. Develop performance specifications and procurement requirements
5. Develop an implementation priority and schedule to maximize the early benefits from the
6. Provide a plan for using, maintaining, and evaluating the program. The maximum cost-
savings are realized by using the long-term results of the metering program.
A flowchart (Figure 5) describes the general procedure recommended for developing a metering
system. The process is iterative, where the costs, benefits, goals, and project budget are evaluated
and adjusted during each step to ensure project success.
Metering programs will vary greatly among federal agencies. Some may have substantial
submetering requirements to equitably allocate utility costs. Others may need to ensure superior
power quality, requiring high-end meters and data-collection systems. Therefore, the same type
of metering program to meet the needs of both facilities would result in a system that would
either be too expensive for one facility or provide an ineffective solution for the other.
Following the metering guidelines described in this section will help ensure a successful metering
program. An organization cannot control what is not measured, so some level of monitoring is
Establish Overall Goals and Data Requirements
Before a metering system can be specified, its purpose and use must be established. Specifying
hardware without understanding the overall needs may result in an inadequate system. Different
departments within an organization may have different goals for the metering program. For
example, the financial controller may need to allocate utility costs among tenants, while the
planning department may need load information to plan improvements to the distribution system.
A team representing each interest should identify a single metering program that satisfies all
identified goals.
Establish m etering
system goals
D eterm ine data
requirem ents D evelop perform ance
specifications and
receive bids
Identify technical
Evaluate costs,
com pare to project
budget, perform
Evaluate current
Evaluate s ystem costs
and benefits, com pare
to project budget, Pass final
perform cost/benefit cost/benefit
analysis test? No
Pass initial Im plem ent m etering
cost/benefit system
No test?
O perate and m aintain
Yes m etering system
Evaluate goals and
update system as
Figure 5. Recommended development process for a metering system
Overall Goals
Examples of goal categories and specific goals within those categories may include the following:
Financial goals such as cost allocation, billing, and energy purchasing:
Allocate utility costs among users. Perhaps the most common goal of federal organizations is
to connect utility cost to utility consumption, thus giving tenant agencies an incentive to use
resources more efficiently.
Aggregate loads. Combining loads in different locations by assembling the metering data
may help agencies negotiate better utility rates.
Analyze alternative utility procurements. Meter data can be used to determine whether costs
would be lower on another utility rate schedule or in a deregulated environment from another
utility provider.
Evaluate utility outages and power quality to enforce the requirements of a utility contract.
Energy system diagnostics
Identify savings opportunities. Meter data can be used to determine the cause of high utility
costs and pinpoint priorities for retrofit projects or changes in occupant behavior, such as
rescheduling large demands to reduce costs.
Measure leakage to determine whether someone is using too much water or power between
measured points in a system. This often occurs in federal facilities, where taps were added
before cost-allocation systems were established.
ESPC Monitoring and Verification
Establish baseline energy use and post-retrofit savings to determine payments under energy
savings performance contracts.
Establish historical load information for the design of new electrical or mechanical systems or
to design renewable energy or distributed generation systems.
Provide reports according to federal mandates and guidelines on progress toward energy
efficiency goals.
Provide quick feedback to department heads or upper-level command on whether instructions
to reduce energy use are heeded during an energy emergency.
Determine Data Requirements
Once goals have been identified, the data requirements must be established by determining the
format and content of the data products and reports. Metering and data-collection requirements
can thus be more easily developed.
To review, the process develops in three parts:
establish goals
determine necessary reports or other products
identify the metering and data requirements needed to generate the data products.
Examples of data requirements that support the goal categories mentioned above are included in
Table 3. Example Data Requirements
Minimum Update
Goal Metering Points Data Interval Rate
Cost Allocation Demand and energy for As frequent as required Monthly
each tenant or agency to to support utility rate
be billed
Load Aggregation Demand and energy for As frequent as required Monthly
each facility to be to support utility rate
included in the
Utility Rate Demand and energy As frequent as required Monthly, or as
Analysis to support utility rate required to
support analysis
Power Quality Suggested: As frequent as required Daily
for waveform capture
Amps, volts, VAR, More frequently
harmonic data for real-time
analysis and
Energy System Depends on types of Suggestions: Daily
Diagnostics diagnostics, use demand
and energy for 15 minutes More frequently
for real-time
consumption-related Shorter intervals for analysis and
diagnostics end use diagnostics reporting
involving cycling
ESPC Monitoring Demand and energy As frequent as required Monthly
and Verification to support M&V
requirements. Hourly
may be sufficient
Design Demand and energy Hourly or daily As required for
Information design projects
Management Depends on reporting Depends on reporting As required for
Reporting requirements; demand requirements reporting
Requirements and energy for frequency
consumption-related
Many data requirements cannot be clearly stated because they depend on defining specific goals.
For example, cost allocation may require only monthly energy and demand data, if the utility bill
has no time-of-use component. However, time-of-use rates require that energy-consumption data
be captured into the different time periods. These types of variations dictate that specific goals be
clearly stated so that the correct data are collected from the proposed metering system.
The practicality of accomplishing certain goals must be evaluated against the implementation
cost. For example, one objective may be to monitor the energy consumption of every energy-
consuming device at a facility or military base. This would be very expensive and may have an
insignificant impact on reducing overall energy consumption. For that reason, guidelines for
evaluating the costs and benefits of the project need to be established. Regardless of the goals
and data requirements, starting with a relatively small metering program that allows for flexibility
and scalability is prudent. Standardizing, where possible, may save time and money.
Identify Technical Criteria
Once the goals and data products have been established, the technical criteria associated with
collecting, processing, and presenting the data must be identified. The technical criteria should
be developed in a top-down fashion (i.e., examine the needs from the final product, the reports or
other data products, down to the meters). In this way, the system is designed to support the goals.
When identifying technical criteria, future requirements and scalability of the system should also
be considered. For example, current requirements may require a daily data interval with monthly
database updates, but future needs may dictate 15-minute or even 1-minute data intervals with
near-real-time database updates. Also, options and upgrades to the initial system that would be
costly additions later may be worth considering. A good example is meter memory, which is
relatively inexpensive when added at the factory. However, adding memory to equipment
already in the field involves pulling meters and adding the upgrade, creating service disruptions
and increasing labor costs.
Budget constraints will typically limit the type of system that is procured. Acquiring all the
desired features and hardware quantities may not be possible during the initial project
implementation. A scalable system is recommended and provides the opportunity to start by
metering some loads and grow as its usefulness is proven. If funds are limited, one strategy is to
focus initial metering on the buildings or equipment systems with the highest energy use. Using a
phased approach provides the opportunity to modify metering goals and data requirements
accordingly.
Technical Criteria Categories
These include technical criteria associated with the main metering system components.
Data presentation/analysis/reporting. Users interact with the data presentation, analysis, and
reporting functions of the metering system more than any other component. These functions are
essential for users to achieve the metering system goals. The features that provide the proper
analysis and reports (user access and software capabilities) are important to consider.
Aspects of user access include the following:
The overall system structure should support the number of potential users.
The number of allowable simultaneous users accessing the data should support system goals.
Increasing that number unnecessarily may increase costs.
Security and authorization requirements for site access will vary, depending on facility data
security requirements. Permission criteria for different levels of site access and control need
to support these requirements.
Client/server software should support all access and security requirements and be easily
The analysis and reporting software must support all reporting and analysis tasks required for
meeting goals and objectives. For instance, if near-real-time pricing information is needed and
the software does not support that functionality, the user will be unable to manage expectations.
All technical criteria should be specified when the data products are defined.
Data-collection system/data archive. The data-collection and storage system is used to retrieve
data from the meters and store information in an easily accessed database. Here are some criteria
for this system.
Frequency of data updates. Several methods are available for communicating and collecting data
from meters. Some are designed primarily for monthly meter reading; others collect data at 15-
minute intervals, while others provide near-real-time data. Table 3 shows examples of the
minimum update rate for various goals, which should always be established to help define
frequency requirements.
Number of meters. A data-collection and archive system capable of reading thousands of meters
may be excessive when the goals of the metering program require fewer than 100. However,
flexibility for expansion should be considered when specifying system requirements.
Database structure and accessibility. The performance and robustness of the database are critical
to overall system performance. Slow response times and unstable systems will frustrate users.
Database maintenance issues. Project managers should interact with in-house IT personnel
regarding possible locations for the metering system database and server (if it has a dedicated
server), activities surrounding data backup and archiving, and ongoing maintenance. Security
requirements should also be discussed.
Communications. Several methods are available for communicating between the meters and the
host computer. The communication method should be selected based on its cost, future
scalability, and ability to meet the overall goals of the metering system. Important questions
How many meters are planned?
Will the proposed meters be located in relatively dense or remote locations?
Do the data need to updated continuously or monthly?
What are the barriers to installation?
Meters. The technical requirements of the meters used to measure electricity consumption and
other parameters need to be identified. The load should be defined. Although site conditions will
affect metering appropriateness, some considerations may include defining the metering
application (tenant building, remote facility, temporary load); identifying the number, type, and
size of the loads; and classifying the level of metering accuracy required. Also, maintenance
personnel may need to reset meters from time to time and verify accuracy. A few general
guidelines are as follows:
meter buildings with demands larger than 200 kW
meter buildings with energy costs more than $1,000/month
to realize the full benefit of the metering system, the monitored loads should be manageable
or controllable either manually or with an automated system unless they are monitored for
reporting purposes only
metering tenant spaces may be difficult because of constant changes in space configurations
display local information on the meters for manual verification and troubleshooting.
Evaluate Current Infrastructure
After identifying the technical criteria, metering equipment should be inventoried for a general
idea of the IT infrastructure. The number of utility meters and submeters should be audited and
wiring diagrams obtained to understand which areas the meters are monitoring. From the wiring
diagrams, determining sensible ways to select areas to monitor and meter locations may be easy.
Valuable time can be saved talking to IT staff about communication options and networks.
Ethernet or DSL systems may already be in place. Dedicated phone lines may be required.
Computer servers may have excess capacity or database systems with scheduled backup and
archive activities may be available. For most agencies, security regarding LANs, authorization
levels, and Internet access have been addressed and simply need to be discussed and
implemented.
Staffing levels should also be evaluated. The hardware and software of a metering system do not
provide a turnkey solution for resolving power quality issues and implementing energy efficiency
changes. Dedicated personnel must manage the data and provide results.
Develop and Evaluate Costs and Benefits
The traditional way to evaluate the cost effectiveness of any capital investment is to perform a
life-cycle analysis of the costs versus the benefits. Evaluating the benefits of implementing a
metering system may be more difficult than a project such as replacing standard lighting with
energy-efficient lighting. Through metering, a better understanding of the way energy is used can
help identify substantial opportunities for reducing energy costs. The value of this understanding
is difficult to quantify, but significant. The benefits of a metering system must be carefully
examined, because many are synergistic. For example, metering can also provide metrics for
activities such as operations and maintenance.
Case studies have shown that utility costs can be reduced by 25% or more by identifying energy
savings opportunities through metering. A less aggressive estimate is approximately 5%. An
initial estimate may be formulated through an energy audit. Also, preliminary screening criterion
can be applied to eliminate some buildings from consideration. An example screening criteria
might evaluate the life-cycle costs of metering a building versus the potential energy saving,
which is a function of the building load. Building load may not be known, because of a lack of
load data; therefore, estimates can be based using typical EUIs for buildings of similar type and
location. Typical EUIs are available from the Energy Information Administration Commercial
Building Energy Consumption Survey (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/). Estimates of the
potential energy reductions will vary, depending on the condition of the building and the ability to
perform any load control or reduction. The metering data can be used to reduce facility
downtimes, size electrical equipment, and save on labor costs.
After the potential benefits are evaluated, the costs of metering a building need to be estimated.
Metering costs will vary, depending on the feature set selected. For instance, meters with
capabilities can cost $5,000; a relatively simple meter costs less than $1,000. Similarly, the cost
of the metering system infrastructure (servers, software, communication equipment, etc.) will
vary depending on the overall size of the installation. When the monitoring of a specific building
is evaluated, the additional cost of the metering system infrastructure should be considered.
A substantial cost is the labor to evaluate and respond to the reports. To realize any cost savings
from metering, staff involvement at many levels, including maintenance, energy purchasers, and
facility managers should be accounted for in the cost estimate. Additional time will have to be
allocated to various activities to achieve maximum benefit, especially during the initial stages of
After estimating the costs and benefits of the metering program, the cost/benefit analysis can be
performed. If the analysis shows that the costs are greater than the benefits over the life cycle
period, the metering program, as currently specified, may not be appropriate or should be
respecified to reduce costs or increase benefits. For example, reducing the number of buildings to
those with the greatest consumption or specifying meters that collect only energy consumption
data and not power quality information may improve the financial analysis.
Develop Performance Specifications
After the metering program is fully defined, the system requirements can be specified in
documents used for requesting technical and price proposals where best value is selected.
Performance-based, rather than product-based, specifications are recommended to provide
flexibility for vendor response. A performance specification outlines the performance attributes
of the system, but does not list the specific hardware and software that must be used for
compliance. For example, meters can be specified to meet minimum accuracy requirements and
data-storage capabilities, but a specific manufacturers model is not generally included.
However, these can be included as necessary to meet a facilitys specific requirement. A
metering system can be very complex, and developing a comprehensive performance
specification may require input from experts in various disciplines. However, clearly developing
a detailed performance specification will avoid confusion. An example of a performance
specification that the University of New Mexico used when developing its comprehensive
metering system is available for review.18 Such a sample can be useful, but should not be used to
supplant the process of first understanding the goals, then developing the requirements that form
the basis for specifications.
Implement Metering System
Implementing the metering system may create many challenges. Suggestions from other federal
agencies include the following:
outsource the entire installation to contractors or leverage in-house staff when possible
develop protocols for all aspects of handling the meters (set, repair, and calibrate meters and
ensure meters are wired properly)
define IT support, warranty issues, and training needs for the metering software
update and add users and meters to the metering system
understand RF issues for remote metering locations that require wireless modems. Military
bases require approval for RF and can take as long as 1 year. Government frequencies may
be required. The key is to interface with the frequency coordinator for each service and each
coordinate and schedule excavation work and connections to electrical distribution panels.
Be aware that wiring and meter setting work may require disruption in electrical service to
the facility.
Implementation issues are best identified during the development of the metering program when
various departments and facility personnel are solicited for their input.
Plan for Continuous Use and Evaluation
After all the planning and implementation are complete and energy information is seamlessly
arriving at users computers, a plan should be established to ensure that the system is used
perpetually and the maximum benefit is derived. Constant assessment is recommended. The
following questions should be asked:
Are people using the system?
Are the right types of data being gathered and presented?
Are the savings from using the system data to reduce energy costs, improve operations, and
increase reporting productivity being documented?
Are warranty, training, and maintenance issues being addressed?
Would system expansion be beneficial?
For many agencies facilitating the development and implementation of a metering system, the
process is rigorous and time-consuming, but the opportunities for rewards are great.
Case Study #1
DOE Site Expands Metering System
In the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Energys (DOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
embarked on a power metering program at its multifaceted facility in the desert near Carlsbad,
New Mexico. The WIPP personnel wanted a metering system to document energy use,
investigate power quality issues, audit utility bills, and identify energy efficiency opportunities.
As a result, facility engineers effectively identify power quality issues by adding meters and
acquiring energy data that have been used to achieve an estimated 30% reduction in energy costs
and countless savings.
Owned by DOE and operated by Washington TRU Solutions (WTS), a division of Washington
Group International, the site is the nations first underground repository for transuranic waste or
clothing, tools, and other items contaminated by radioactive material during the research and
development of nuclear weapons. Permitting for the site began in 1988, and the WIPP received
the first shipment of waste in 1999.
The facility encompasses roughly 270,000 ft2 of conditioned space, more than 60 buildings, and
an enormous underground storage area situated in a salt formation at 2,150 ft below the Earths
surface. Annual utility costs for the site in 2001 were approximately $755,000; consumption
averaged 18 million kWh/yr.
Metering Presents Opportunities
The driving force behind the installation of power metering at the WIPP has been the federal
mandates to reduce energy consumption in buildings, laboratories, and processes and the need to
provide ongoing documentation. Before the metering program began, facility staff had difficulty
monitoring and documenting baseline energy use and efficiency gains from utility meters located
at the main delivery pointa high-voltage substation. By installing power metering at strategic
locations, engineering personnel were able to monitor and document energy use from selected
loads.
Beyond the main utility metering point, the WIPP owns and maintains 11 electrical substations
aboveground and three medium-voltage distribution switchgear, two substations, and six portable
power centers belowground to provide power for operating the numerous buildings and various
industrial processes. The site is organized around the different industrial processes required for
handling the waste aboveground and storing and maintaining the material in the underground
cavities.
The electrical engineers wanted a metering system that could do the following:
monitor all electrical parameters
monitor power quality
capture abnormal event information
remotely monitor status of switching devices and relays
remotely control switching devices.
The engineers hoped to use the metering data to audit the energy bills from the local electric
utility. Finally, trend data and load profiles would be developed from the metering system to help
identify on-site load shedding and energy efficiency opportunities.
Beginning in 1993, the WIPP received seed money from the DOE headquarters to fund various
energy efficiency activities and establish the framework for the metering system. Engineering
personnel evaluated different metering options ranging from installing canned watt-hour meters
with minimum capabilities to using sophisticated electronic metering with communication
protocol. The costs for the options were $800 to $5,000 per meter.
Regardless of the meter type selected, the project would be labor intensive and require
cooperation among numerous departments. No overhead electrical lines are permitted at the
WIPP site and ground excavations cost approximately $150/ft. Also, work such as adding wiring
and setting meters on the electrical distribution system cannot be performed when the system is
hot or energized. De-energizing a substation or process to install metering would require
extensive scheduling and coordination among numerous personnel.
In addition, the facility operates under stringent technical requirements and has specific
equipment needs because it handles transuranic waste. For instance, locations where waste is
present require negative differential pressure. This includes underground storage, which has
specific ventilation requirements. All requirements had to be identified and considered for the
metering system to be effective.
The senior engineer from the start of the project, James Hedin, determined that the management,
design, coordination, and labor required to install a metering system would constitute
approximately 80% of the total cost. The other 20% of the project cost would depend on the
products and vendors selected. Hedin decided to look for a server-based software system that
could access meters remotely from a personal computer, provide a multiseat operation over a
network, and meet all identified facility goals.
Hedin and senior engineers Jorge Alva and Al Boyd decided to standardize its metering program
using one vendors products: Power Measurements ION class meters and associated software.
The meters communicate using native protocol over the WIPP Ethernet and provide energy data
for authorized personnel through the ION Enterprise software. The hardware and software
system provides trend data and load profiles for analyzing energy use and establishing baselines;
complex power data, including waveforms, voltage, and electrical distribution data for power
quality investigations; and shadow billing reports for verification of utility charges.
Most of the installation work for the metering project has been piggybacked or included with
major renovation or maintenance projects that already included excavation work and scheduled
downtimes for the electrical systems. The piggyback approach has allowed the engineers to
minimize construction costs, where possible, and concentrate funds on purchasing more
hardware. Facility personnel have expanded the system from 0 to 16 meters monitoring mostly
industrial processes to 40 meters currently monitoring all the substations, numerous processes,
and several individual buildings. The present system also includes four wireless RF modems that
send data from meters installed at remote sites.
Security has not been an issue. The metering system software has its own dedicated server that is
only accessible over the WIPP Intranet system. Firewalls protect against unauthorized access.
The system is password protected with different functionality available depending on a users
authorization level. Having the metering system operate on a dedicated server also provides
reduced traffic and robust performance. The system may become Internet accessible in the
Benefits for the WIPP
Hedin says the metering program has already paid off by providing energy information for the
following areas:
Load shedding and energy efficiency opportunities have been identified. Recently, facility
engineers began a commissioning program. One of the first projects included using metering data
to commission new direct digital controls (DDCs) and occupancy sensors. The metering data
quickly identified that the controls and sensors were not operating properly and adjustments have
been made. Also, facility engineers now establish baseline energy use in areas where energy
efficiency or load-shedding projects are planned.
Investigation and documentation of power quality issues have improved. The facility experienced
a failure in one substation, resulting in downtime until the fault could be identified. Using
waveforms captured from the metering system and fault analysis, the WIPP staff proficiently
determined the cause, saving significant time and effort. In addition, salt and sand are constant
foes of the electrical distribution system. Staff uses the power data from the metering system to
identify weaknesses in the power distribution and substation design and recommend
modifications.
Energy-use documentation has been enhanced. For energy reporting purposes, lighting and
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning needs to be differentiated from the industrial processes
dealing with the waste. With the current system, 40 meters are used to distinguish building from
process loads, making reporting more efficient.
Auditing of utility bills has been enhanced. The software has provided shadowing of utility billing
activities that enables the WIPP personnel to more effectively audit utility costs and detect
discrepancies.
Over the past several years, the WIPP personnel have seen the economic and operating
advantages from the metering program. Significant issues have been identified and changes
implemented after metering points are brought on-line at the facility.
Hedins near-term goal is to reach 60 meters, continuing to separate process from building loads
where possible. However, he envisions the process of adding meters and gathering and using
data to continue indefinitely.
Project Information:
James Hedin, Senior Engineer, Westinghouse TRU Solutions, LLC DOE WIPP Site, 505-234-
8411, james.hedin@wipp.ws
http://www.wipp.carlsbad.nm.us/index.htm
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Finds Savings in Lighting Retrofit, FEMP Focus Newsletter,
January/February 2001.
http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/newsevents/femp_focus/feb01_waste.html
Energy Awareness Month Activities Drive Agencies Toward Success, FEMP Focus
Newsletter, November 1999.
http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/newsevents/femp_focus/nov99_ener_aware_month.html
DOEs Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Environmentally Preferable Purchasing, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Web site.
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/ppg/case/wipp2.htm
GEMnet System Shines
Approximately 3 years ago, the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) Pacific Rim Region
launched GEMnet (GSA Energy and Maintenance Network) to assist in energy efficiency and
maintenance activities for its massive building stock. GEMnet is a collection of information
technology applications using a common database and operating system that integrates various
facility management functions and communicates over the Internet.
The GSA is the federal governments landlord, owning and operating more than 250 million ft2 of
federal building space in North America. GSAs mission is to help federal agencies better serve
the public by offering superior workplaces, expert solutions, acquisition services, and
management policies at the best value. The Pacific Rim Region is the largest geographic area of
the GSA and is responsible for managing roughly 20 million ft2, consisting mostly of office space
in California, Nevada, Arizona, Hawaii, and the Pacific territories.
GSA priorities are to do the following:
manage assets responsibly
operate efficiently and effectively
ensure financial accountability .
GSA personnel thus envisioned developing a common data platform with support personnel and
applications. The system would provide information to users that would help preserve the
building portfolio, support the energy efficiency policy goals outlined in Executive Order 13123,
and identify cost-effective opportunities for improvements.
Development of GEMnet
With a history of using innovative building technologies, the Pacific Rim Region developed the
GEMnet system for centralized tracking of building maintenance and monitoring of building
energy systems throughout their building portfolio. The system also provides the capability to
participate in Californias demand-response programs during times of market and supply
volatility.
The system is based on an IT infrastructure with an open protocol design and integrates the
following functions:
centralizes maintenance and management activities into one system
provides a platform for fault detection and diagnostics
supports remote programming and optimization of building automation systems (BAS)
presents a common front-end to users for various BAS
maintains and updates a central database for maintenance services and equipment inventories
provides a platform for remote control and demand-reduction activities
uses the Internet to provide easy access for users.
The GEMnet system can interface real-time applications with a common database management
system. For example, work orders for equipment malfunctions can be generated based on system
alarms detected from BAS or other fault detection systems.
By linking real-time data to static equipment inventories and work records, the GSA personnel
are able to strengthen maintenance programs, mitigate tenant service calls, and identify potential
energy-savings opportunities.
The GSA designed the GEMnet system using two concurrent paths:
At the regional level, personnel develop and support the various applications that reside on a
centralized server, maintain the database engine, and supply the application service provider
At the building level, personnel provide troubleshooting and quality assurance for BAS.
A retro-commissioning program is being implemented using GEMnet data. Other applications
are also being integrated into the regional computerized maintenance management system
(CMMS).
For a typical building in the Pacific Rim Region, the GEMnet system starts with BAS
communicating over the Internet to the regional infrastructure using DSL. The standardized open
protocol for the system is BACnet. If the BAS is BACnet capable, a gateway/router provides the
communication link; if not, a bridge device is used to translate the GEMnet protocol to the legacy
In most cases, whole-building power is measured from the main power feed using the BAS. A
separate power monitoring system has been installed in one building, with tentative plans for
expansion to other buildings. Limited submetering is currently provided through the BAS and is
fielded through the power monitoring system. Overtime systems, such as rooftop chillers, are
commonly metered through the BAS. More systematic submetering may be implemented in the
One of the GEMnet applications is a Web-based BAS front-end, used primarily as a data
collection platform. The data are polled according to set intervals, date and time stamped, and
transmitted to the regional server via the Internet on request or when memory limitations require
transfer. The data collected from the individual buildings and stored by the centralized server can
be viewed and downloaded by any Web site user.
Applications are based on an ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) database management
system. With the infrastructure based on open protocol, communication links between various
networks (Figure 6) should be possible with minimal difficulty. Security is managed primarily
through password protection (deep links protected), and Internet server firewall protections.
The open protocol design enables the GSA to support continued competition from vendors
regarding future applications, hardware, and services for the GEMnet system. The common
interface enables GSA staff and contractors to train and operate consistently on one scheme.
At this time, the GEMnet BAS front-end application has been fielded to 11 buildings (three are
temporarily off-line pending resolution of a network issue), with three more following in the
immediate future. The degree of data acquisition, monitoring, and control activities varies at each
Figure 6. The data transfer configuration for GEMnet system enables
communication links between various networks
site, partly because of differences in BAS, facility maintenance and operations staffing, and
building management teams. The GEMnet program is designed to be cooperative, adaptive, and
responsive to requests from building management teams.
The buildings range in size from less than 10,000 ft2 to more than 1 million ft2. Encompassing a
wide variety of climates, the energy-use intensity for the sites varies from 22 to 83 kBtu/ft2 /yr
(thousand British thermal units), and the associated energy costs vary from a low of $0.54 to a
high of $2.06 per ft2/yr.
In the summer of 2001, the Pacific Rim Region used GEMnet to participate in a Demand Relief
Program administered by the California ISO for reducing peak energy demand during times when
electricity supplies were minimal. GSA personnel used the system to raise space temperatures in
two buildings, offsetting about 1 MW of demand and receiving financial compensation based on
achieved reductions.
Improvements to the building BAS are frequently necessary for improved operation and
efficiency and to ensure accurate instrumentation to provide data to the system. One large federal
building has been almost entirely reprogrammed. A systematic retro-commissioning program is
now underway.
Another application the GSA personnel are developing at the region level is the CMMS program,
which tracks preventive maintenance and inspection schedules and issues work orders. One
function that is being added to the CMMS program is the ability to allow GSA building tenants to
directly enter and track work order requests. If the request is related to an occupant comfort issue
(temperature too hot or cold), the CMMS program will automatically display the temperature in
the space based on the BAS at the time of the request.
Benefits of System Expanding
The GEMnet system is helping the Pacific Rim Region to reduce operating costs, improve the
efficiency of building energy systems, reduce peak energy demand, and enhance maintenance
services at 13 GSA sites.
Within the infrastructure of GEMnet, the CMMS for asset and maintenance tracking has been
created, energy and maintenance data are continually being warehoused to provide performance
benchmarking and data analyses, and field operations are becoming automated with centralized
support available.
Pacific Rim Region employees continue to expand the number of buildings, the variety of
applications, and the number of uses of the system. Additionally, GSA is developing guidelines
regarding networks, communications, and applications for new BAS projects. Overall, the Web-
based information system represents the integration of various technologies to advance asset
management and energy efficiency activities for the federal governments largest landlord.
Bob Martinez, Pacific Rim Region Energy Manager, General Services Administration, 415-522-
3371, robert.martinez@gsa.gov
Mark Levi, Building Management Specialist, Pacific Rim Region, General Services
Administration, 415-522-3374, mark.levi@gsa.gov
http://www.region9.gsa.gov/
http://www.gsa.gov/
Levi, Mark, GSA Participation in California Demand Reduction Program, Power Point
presentation, 2001.
Levi, Mark; McBride, Dave; May, Stephen; Piette, Mary Ann; Kinney, Satkartar, GEMnet
Status and Accomplishments: GSAs Energy and Maintenance Network, ACEEE conference
paper, 2002.
Executive Order 13123:
Greening the Government Through Efficient Energy Management,
http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/resources/pdfs/eoguidancedoc.pdf.
Appendix A: Legislation Information
The following legislative information is based on a presentation to the August 27, 2002, Federal
Utility Metering Panel, held in Golden, Colorado, by Deb Beattie of the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory.
Federal Energy Mandates, Directives & Standards
Law: Energy Policy Act, 1992
Executive Order: EO 13123 Greening the Government through Energy Efficient
Management, 1999
Regulation: 10 CFR Subpart D - 434.401 Electrical Power and Lighting Systems (Replaced
435 October 8, 2001)
Subpart D - Building Design Requirements Electric Systems and Equipment
434.401 Electric Power and Lighting Systems
Single tenant building with service >250 kVA
Tenant spaces with connected load >100 kVA
Shall have provisions for check metering of electrical consumption subdivided for
Lighting and receptacles
HVAC systems and equipment.
Systems >20 kW
Service Water Heating (SWH)
Special occupant equipment and systems
Tenant-shared HVAC and SWH.
Subdivided feeders shall contain provisions for portable or permanent check metering including
Sufficient space for clamp-on meters or split core transformers
Schematics.
107th Congress: Terminated ~ Comprehensive Energy Legislation
House drafted Interval Data legislation
Senate accepted metering legislation as an amendment to H.R. 4 on April 25, 2002
Legislation is now in Joint House Senate Conference Committee
House Language
Sec. 126 Use of Interval Data in Federal Buildings
NLT Jan. 1, 2003, agencies shall use, for the purposes of efficient use of energy and
reduction in cost of electricity, interval consumption data that measure in real time or daily
basis the consumption of electricity; agencies to develop plans to meet the requirement
including responsible personnel.
Terminated ~ Comprehensive Energy Legislation
SEC. 912. ENERGY USE MEASUREMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY.
Section 543 of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 8253) is further amended
Metering of Energy Use
(1) DEADLINE- By October 1, 2004, all federal buildings shall, for the purposes of efficient use
of energy and reduction in the cost of electricity used in such buildings, be metered or submetered
in accordance with guidelines established by the Secretary under paragraph (2).
Metering of Energy Use ~ Deadline
Each agency shall use, to the maximum extent practicable, advanced meters or advanced
metering devices that provide data at least daily and that measure at least hourly consumption of
electricity in the federal buildings of the agency. Such data shall be incorporated into existing
federal energy tracking systems and made available to federal facility energy managers.
Metering of Energy Use ~ Guidelines
(2) Guidelines-
(A) IN GENERAL- Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this subsection,
the Secretary, in consultation with the Department of Defense, the General Services
Administration and representatives from the metering industry, utility industry, energy
services industry, energy efficiency industry, national laboratories, universities and federal
facility energy managers, shall establish guidelines for agencies to carry out paragraph (1).
(B) REQUIREMENTS FOR GUIDELINES- The guidelines shall--
(i) take into consideration--
(I) the cost of metering and submetering and the reduced cost of operation
and maintenance expected to result from metering and submetering;
(II) the extent to which metering and submetering are expected to result in
increased potential for energy management, increased potential for energy
savings and energy efficiency improvement, and cost and energy savings
resulting from utility contract aggregation; and
(III) the measurement and verification protocols of the Department of
Energy;
(ii) include recommendations concerning the funding and trained personnel
necessary to gather and use the metering information to track and reduce energy
use;
(iii) establish date(s), not later than 1 year after the issuance of the guidelines, on
which the requirements specified in paragraph (1) shall take effect; and
(iv) establish exclusions from the requirements specified in paragraph (1) based
on the minimum quantity of energy use of a federal building, industrial process,
or structure.
Metering of Energy Use ~ Plan
(3) PLAN- No later than 6 months after the date guidelines are established under paragraph (2), in
a report submitted by the agency under section 548(a), each agency shall submit to the Secretary
a plan describing how the agency will implement the requirements of paragraph (1), including
(A) how the agency will designate personnel primarily responsible for achieving the requirements
and (B) demonstration by the agency, complete with documentation, of any finding that advanced
meters or advanced metering devices, as defined in paragraph (1), are not practicable.
Federal Restructuring Legislation
Bill Number: H.R. 4
Short Title: Securing America's Future Energy Act
Introduced: July 27, 2001
Sponsor: Congressman W. J. (Billy) Tauzin (R-LA)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/restruct_bills/hr4.html
Purpose: To enhance energy conservation, research, and development and to provide for security
and diversity in the energy supply for the American people, and for other purposes.
Summary: Expresses the sense of Congress that the U.S. should take all actions necessary in the
areas of conservation, efficiency, alternative source, technology development, and domestic
production to reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign energy sources from 56 percent to 45
percent by January 1, 2012, and to reduce U.S. dependence on Iraqi energy sources from 700,000
barrels per day to 250,000 barrels per day by January 1, 2012.
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms
AccessAllowed availability to information on a network
Actual Peak Load ReductionsThe actual reduction in annual peak load (measured in
kilowatts) achieved by consumers. It reflects the real changes in the demand for electricity at a
consumers site resulting from load shedding or load-reduction programs that are in effect at the
same time the utility experiences its peak load, as opposed to the installed peak-load reduction
capability. It should account for the regular cycling of energy efficient units during the period of
peak load.
AddressReference number assigned to an interfaced device
Application Service Provider (ASP) Third-party entities that manage and distribute software-
based services and solutions to customers across a wide-area network from a central data center
Automated Meter Reading (AMR)AMR is a form of advanced (or enhanced) metering that
uses communications devices to communicate data from the meter to the meter data-management
provider. AMR may be used to transmit simple energy-use data from the meter, or to transmit
more complex measures of energy recorded in the meter, or to implement advanced functionality,
such as outage detection or remote programming.
Baud RateThe rate of speed at which information is transmitted over communications lines;
expressed in bits per second
BitsA contraction of binary digits, the smallest unit of information in binary notation. A bit
has the value of a zero (0) or a one (1). For example, the binary number 0110 consists of four
bits.
Btu (British thermal unit)A standard unit for measuring the quantity of heat energy equal to
the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.
CDPDThe Cellular Digital Packet Data sends digital packets of data to the Cellular phone
system; these packets are placed in between transmissions of analog (voice) data.
Coaxial CableA cable consisting of an outer conductor concentric to an inner conductor,
separated from each other by insulating material
CircuitA conductor or a system of conductors through which electric current flows
Daisy ChainThe physical method of cabling devices in series
Demand (electric)The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a
system or piece of equipment, at a given instant or averaged over any designated period of time
DSLDigital Subscriber Line
Electric UtilityA corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality
that owns and/or operates facilities within the United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the
generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy primarily for use by the public
and files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that
qualify as cogenerators or independent power producers under the Public Utility Regulatory
Policies Act (PURPA) are not considered electric utilities
EnergyThe capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential
energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms,
some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most
of the worlds convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is
then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks.
Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatt-hours, whereas heat energy is usually measured
in British thermal units.
Energy EfficiencyRefers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific
end-use devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs
reduce overall electricity consumption (reported in megawatt-hours), often without explicit
consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. Such savings are generally achieved by
substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the same level of end-use services
(e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include high-efficiency
appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor
drives, and heat recovery systems.
EthernetA specification for local communication networks that employs cable as a passive
communication medium to interconnect different kinds of computers, information processing
products, and office equipment at a local site
Extensible Markup Language (XML) Specification that allows designers to create their own
customized tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation of data
between applications and between organizations
Fiber OpticsA medium that uses light conducted through glass or plastic fibers for data
FirewallA system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
FirmwareOperating system and/or program within a device
GatewayIn LANs, a computer system and its associated software that permit two networks
using different protocols to communicate with each other. A gateway translates all protocol
levels from physical layer up through applications layer and can be used to interconnect networks
that differ in every detail
Hourly MeteringHourly metering is a type of interval metering where the measurement or
recording of customer use is collected in 6-minute intervals. The competitive metering model is
based upon the implementation of hourly metering of customers or the application of load
profiles, which average customer use over hourly periods.
HyperText Transfer ProtocolThe underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP
defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what action Web servers and browsers
should take in response to various commands.
InterfaceA device that allows communication between systems or ports of systems
Interval MeteringInterval metering is the measurement of customer energy use by fixed time
periods or intervals. Typically, the interval time period is 15 minutes, but can vary according to
the customer or T&D system needs. Today, interval metering is provided to commercial and
industrial customers and some residential customers. In the future, in an unbundled environment,
the residential market may require more frequent interval measurements.
IP AddressInternet protocol address. See also Ethernet and address
KiloWatt (kW)One thousand watts
KiloWatt-hour (kWh)One thousand watt-hours
Load AggregationAggregation of energy consumption from facilities that are geographically
separate from each other for purposes of acquiring and billing utility services
Local Area Network (LAN)Computer network that spans a relatively small area
MegaWatt (MW)One million watts
Mixed-modeSupporting both POWERLOGIC and Modbus devices on the same
communication daisy chain
ModemModulator-demodulator. A device or program that enables a computer to transmit data
over telephone lines
Modbus ProtocolA messaging structure developed by Modicon in 1979, used to establish
master-slave/client-server communication between intelligent devices. It is a de facto standard,
truly open, and the most widely used network protocol currently available
Multipoint CommunicationsA method of communication in which a single device can
communicate to multiple devices
MV-90The utility industry de facto standard for data collection and storage systems. This
system was developed so that meters from different vendors could be read and the data stored in a
consistent manner
NEMA StandardsProperty characteristics adopted as standard by the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association
NetworkA group of computing devices that are connected to each other by communications
lines to share information and resources
Non-volatile MemoryMemory that retains its contents when power is lost
Peak DemandThe maximum load during a specified period of time
Point(s) of DeliveryPoint(s) of interconnection on the Transmission Providers Transmission
System where capacity and/or energy transmitted by the Transmission Provider will be made
available to the Receiving Party. The Point(s) of Delivery shall be specified in the Service
Power Line Carrier (PLC)Communication system that transmits data between devices over
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)A solid-state control system that has a user
programmable memory for storage instruction to implement specific functions such as I/O control
logic, timing, counting, arithmetic, and data manipulation
ProtocolA standardized procedure for establishing a communications link between devices and
that is based on such elements as word structure or word length
Radio Frequency (RF)Refers to alternating current (AC) having characteristics such that, if
the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless
broadcasting and/or communications
Real-Time MeteringMetering that records consumer use in the same time frame as pricing
changes in the market, typically hourly or more frequently
Real Time Pricing (RTP)The instantaneous pricing of electricity based on the cost of
electricity available for use at the time the electricity is demanded by the customer
RS-485 Serial Communications Bus An Electronics Industry Association (EIA) standard for
multipoint communications. RS-485 is similar to RS-422 but can support more nodes per line
because it uses lower-impedance drivers and receivers.
TCP/IPAbbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of
communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols,
the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used
by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks.
Time of UseThe pricing of electricity based on the estimated cost of electricity during a
particular time block
Thin ClientIn client/server applications, a client designed to be especially small so that the
bulk of the data processing occurs on the server
ServerA computer or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a
file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files
WattThe electrical unit of power. The rate of energy transfer equivalent to 1 ampere flowing
under a pressure of 1 volt at unity power factor
Watt-hour (Wh)An electrical energy unit of measure equal to 1 watt of power supplied to, or
taken from, an electric circuit steadily for 1 hour
XMLExtensible Markup Language is a simple, very flexible text format
Appendix C: Bibliography
Benassi, Frank E. September/October. The growing value of meter data: The rivers of AMR
data now flowing from the field give electric, water, and gas utilities the opportunity to
increase operational efficiency, improve customer service, and cut data collection costs
Energies IT, 2, Pg 22, Vol. 6, No. 5.
Business Wire, Feb 3, 1999. BCN Data Systems and RAM Mobile Data Announce Nationwide
Wireless Data Network Services Agreement; Companies to Provide Advanced Metering
Telemetry to UK Utilities.
Business Wire, Feb 16, 1999. ABB To Provide Carolina Power & Light Advanced Meter Data
Management System.
Business Wire, April 3, 2001. Southern Company Chooses Itron for Development of Advanced
Meter Data Collection System.
Business Wire, April 9, 2001. ABB Introduces New ION 8300 Revenue-Class Energy and
Power Quality Meter; New Meter Offers Affordable Price with Advanced Time-of-Use and
Sag/Swell Features.
Business Wire, April 23, 2001. ABB Wins $2 Million Contract to Supply ION Meters to Four
Largest Texas Utilities.
Business Wire, July 23, 2001. National Energy Marketers Association Adopts National
Advanced Metering Guidelines.
Business Wire, August 13, 2001. ABB Announces New Release of EnergyAxis AMR Server;
Customized Web-Enabled Reporting Available Over Intranets.
Business Wire, Oct 5, 2001. World Wireless Communications CEO Featured in Interview With
the MAC REPORT; CEO Highlights Automatic Meter Reading System as Key Operational
Efficiency Tool for Utilities.
Business Wire, Nov 30, 2001. World Wireless Communications Announces Installation of Its
Advanced Automatic-Meter Reading Demo Program; Fourteen Electric Utilities Have
Received and Begun Installation.
Business Wire, Feb 26, 2002. MTC Revolutionizes Metering by Introducing the Newest
Generation of the MTC Residential Electric Meter, the mStar-AR, to the Energy Industry.
Christianson, Robbin. Sept 15, 2001. Home gateways: Play or pass? (energy companies evaluate
prospects for home networking devices) Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 139, 17, S24.
Crisciolo, Mark. Nov 1999. Using Software and Submeters to Manage Energy. Heating,
Piping, Air Conditioning, 71, 11, 67.
Douglas, John. 1998 Future of metering EPRI Journal, v 23, n 2, Mar-Apr, p 18-23.
D'Zurko, Daphne C.; Gershman, Albert W. Oct 2000. Pilot test of electric pay-for-use meters
may alter U.S. practices. (Brief Article) Pipe Line & Gas Industry, 83, 10, 33.
Electric Light & Power, 78, 4, 34. April 2000. Meter-based systems penetration low, potentially
dominant.
Electric Utility Week. June 4, 2001. Following Bushs Lead, Mass. Utilities to Offer Advanced
Metering This Summer Pg 12, Vol. 247, No. 1.
Electrical World. December 12, 1998. AMR: More than just a good read. Pg 34, Vol. 212, No.
Energy Services & Telecom Report (formerly DSR). February 10, 2000. Cambridge Touts Value
of Advanced Metering Systems in Competitive Markets p. 1, Number 3672.
Hardgrove, Amy. Jan 2001. A new outlet for energy management. Grocery Headquarters, 67,
1, 75.
Hirst, Eric; Kirby, Brendan. August 2001. Metering, communications and computing for price-
responsive demand programs. Electric Light & Power, 79, 8, 17.
Industrial Energy Bulletin. February 18, 2000. New Technology Meters to Foster Big Changes
in Pricing, Billing, Marketing Pg 4, Vol. 78, No. 25.
Johnson, Regina R. Sept 15, 2001. Residential meters: Adoption at last? (time-of-use energy
pricing) Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 139, 17, S58.
Kwit, L.M.; Kincaid, S.E. 2001. Energy conservation a new force has entered the scene: The
residential end-user, and "sophisticated convenience" Strategic Planning for Energy and the
Environment, v 20, n 3, Winter 2000/2001, p. 31-49.
Levesque, Carl J. Sept 1, 2001. Real-time metering: Still as sweet with prices controlled? (large-
volume power customers) Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 139, 16, 13.
Modern Power Systems, 21, 2, 28. Feb 2001. Internet AMR on trial. (automated meter reading
concept being tested in US).
Northeast Power Report. June 4, 2001. Massachusetts Regulators Adopt New Rules for
Advanced Meter Reading p. 3, Vol. 72, No. 23.
Pipeline & Gas Journal, 227, 4, 70. April 2000. New Metering-based Information Systems Can
Shift Balance Of Power In Utility Industry.
PR Newswire, Feb 3, 2000. New Metering-based Information Systems Can Shift Balance of
Power in Utility Industry, CERA Report Predicts; Advanced Systems' Market Penetration
Low, but Potentially Dominant by 2015.
PR Newswire, NA. April 25, 2001. TransData Provides Utilities in California With the Only
California ISO Certified Electric Meter With Wireless 'Under-Glass' Communications.
PR Newswire, July 21, 1999. Schlumberger to Provide Pittsburgh Water Authority With
Advanced Meter Reading Solution.
PR Newswire, Sept 16, 1999. Advanced Metering, Energy Information Services Continue to
Grow Among Utilities.
PR Newswire, Sept 29, 2000. Applications Developers Say Utilities Well Positioned to Take
Advantage of Residential Gateway Technology.
Purchasing, 126, 7, 47(1). May 6, 1999. Advanced metering waits in wings. (automated meter
reading systems).
Radford, Bruce W. Feb 15, 1999. Setting EDI standards: business beats technology (electronic
data interchange in the electric power industry) Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 137, 4,
54(1).
Radford, Bruce W. Oct 1, 2000. Rising Power Prices: The Metering Industrys Big Break?
(measuring electrical consumption) Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 138, 18, 26.
Real Estate Weekly, 48, 3, 16. August 22, 2001. Electric metering can help monitor electricity
Retail Services Report. August 18, 2000. Utility.com urges competition for advanced metering,
billing in Mass, p. 6, Vol. 22, No. 17.
Retail Services Report. February 23, 2001. Mass. DTE looks to develop generic terms on
advanced metering service, p. 8, Vol. 22, No. 8.
Retail Services Report. March 16, 2001. Ampy pushing U.S. meter revolution: pay-as-you-go
electricity smart card, p. 1, Vol. 22, No. 11.
Retail Services Report. June 1, 2001. Mass. advanced metering initiative calls for increased
usage recording, p. 2, Vol. 42, No. 22.
Retail Services Report. February 22, 2002. Time-of-use pricing gaining ground in the Northwest,
meter costs debated, p. 1, Vol. 80, No. 36.
Richter, Roxane. Jan 2001. Searching for the value proposition in AMR. Electric Light &
Power, 79, 1, 22.
Smith, L. Dennis. 1999. Restructuring drives meter advances: The fast-changing competitive
environment for energy sales and services has pushed advanced metering applications to new
heights, as valued commercial and industrial customers demand more from their providers.
The new environment, coupled with advances in technology and various Internet
applications, is spurring ever-increasing innovations on the metering front Electrical World.
July/August 1999; Pg 30, Vol. 213, No. 4.
Staunton, Robert H.; Kueck, John D.; Kirby, Brendan J.; Eto, Joe. Nov 1, 2001. Demand
response: an overview of enabling technologies: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Engineers
say residential and commercial customers must bear the true price of power, through new
technologies, for electric competition to work. Public Utilities Fortnightly (1994), 139, 20,
Appendix D: Representative Metering Manufacturers
This section describes the offerings of selected manufacturers. It is not intended to be an
exhaustive list, but instead provides a short description of some of the major suppliers. Because
of the nature of the technology, capabilities of equipment and software change at a rapid rate and,
as a result, Web addresses of each company are listed to enable access to their latest product and
Siemens Metering
Siemens Metering manufactures a range of products suitable for metering loads from substations
to commercial/industrial loads. It also markets software for data presentation and analysis and a
wireless AMR product.
http://www.ptd.siemens.com/meters/00_meters.html
http://www.ptd.siemens.com/meters/autometer.html
http://www.ptd.siemens.com/meters/www100.html
Since 1847, Siemens has been recognized as a global leader in electrical engineering and
electronics. Headquartered near North Carolinas Research Triangle Park, Siemens Power
Transmission & Distribution, Inc., (Siemens PTD) was established in 1997 to serve the needs of
the electric power industry.
Currently, 1,800 employees are creating comprehensive solutions for the complex challenges
facing the United States and international energy infrastructure. In 2000, Siemens Corporation
generated more than 7,000 patents, ranking ninth overall in the United States for patent
Power Measurement provides electricity meters and enterprise energy management systems for
energy suppliers, service providers and large consumers. Its ION Web-ready software and
intelligent metering and control devices comprise a complete, real-time information-and-control
network that helps manage complex energy contracts, improve power quality, reduce energy
costs, and keep operations running enterprise-wide, 24 hours a day.
ION metering products fully address the enterprise energy management needs of energy
suppliers and consumers. All products are based on patented ION technology that provides
powerful out of the box functionality, while allowing devices and software to be customized to
suit any application, and features to evolve, as needs change. Solutions are highly scalable,
allowing customers to start small and grow to very large enterprise-wide systems.
http://www.pwrm.com/default.asp
Square D/PowerLogic
Square D Power Management (Square D) is a global leader in providing enterprise energy
reduction and reliability solutions. For more than a decade, the POWERLOGIC and
POWERLINK Systems have provided a proven return for Square D and continue to help
customers realize significant advantages in productivity and profitability.
Web-enabled POWERLOGIC Systems provide savings through reduced utility costs, effective
power equipment management, and increased power system reliability and downtime avoidance.
Square Ds commercial and industrial power distribution expertise spans from single buildings to
geographically dispersed enterprise systems. It offers a dedicated team of sales, service, and
system engineers, with the application experience to analyze, clearly define, install, and
commission the complete project.
http://www.powerlogic.com/
E-MON
E-MON, L.P., manufactures solid-state electronic kilowatt-hour meters, submeters, automatic
meter reading equipment, and load profilers. E-MONs products are installed worldwide for
tenant billing, cost allocation, demand-side management, and load profiling in skyscrapers,
shopping centers, airports, factories, office buildings, and apartment complexes, as well as
industrial, governmental, and educational facilities.
After several years of research and development, E-MON brought the first fully electronic kWh
submeter to market in 1983. This product, the E-MON D-MON, quickly became the industry
standard, making E-MON the leader in the submetering market. Since that time, E-MON has
continued to expand its product line with state-of-the-art technology in demand profile analysis
and energy consumption aggregation.
http://www.emon.com/
Itron/UTS has a series of products built around its MV-90 multivendor translation software to
provide data collection and analysis capabilities to automatic meter reading.
Itrons solution portfolio includes automatic meter reading systems to meet the requirements of
all customer classes and service environments, Web-enabled workforce management solutions, as
well as transmission and distribution system design solutions and services. Itron also provides
advanced software solutions and consulting services for collection, analysis, and application of
load profile data including enterprise-wide data access, data warehousing, load research, complex
billing and settlement, and Web-based data access and exchange.
http://www.itron.com/
eMeter
eMeters mission is to ensure (1) that every consumer has access to his or her own detailed hourly
electric-use data so, as an informed buyer, he or she can make the right energy choices; and (2)
that electric utilities have access to the data so they can deliver power more efficiently.
eMeter envisions an electric industry with real-time metering of power and Internet access to
every electric socket for all electricity customers. Time-based metering empowers and informs
energy users, enabling them to combat the market power of wholesale generators through peak
demand response. Automatic demand response through remote control of equipment,
thermostats, and appliances makes it simple and easy for customers. The Internet makes possible
low-cost, powerful display of data and implementation of equipment, thermostat, and appliance
eMeter uses public networks and industry standards. It delivers its solution in partnership with
utilities and via a consortium of California-based and global companies.
http://www.emeter.com/
Silicon Energy
Silicon Energy provides enterprise energy management software solutions that enable interaction
between energy providers and energy users to reduce energy use, lower energy costs, and
optimize energy procurement processes. Their EEM Suite uses an Internet-based software
platform to integrate geographically dispersed energy-management systems and equipment into
an enterprise-wide network. It combines powerful analysis tools, external data sources, advanced
data visualization, and Internet-based monitoring and control of energy assets to allow energy
users and providers to transform information into meaningful cost and risk reduction and
improved operational efficiency. Rather than manufacture meters, Silicon Energy provides
software to extract information from meters and present useful results.
http://www.siliconenergy.com
Automated Energy
Automated Energy (AE) provides an integrated system that allows businesses to know and
understand their energy consumption use, enterprise wide. Here are some of the capabilities it
consumption data gathering and load profiling
metered load data collection for all facilities
view load profile information
cost comparisons from rate and price offers
bill estimate calculations from what-ifs
real-time Web-enabled power monitoring
Application Service Provider (ASP) where AE hosts and manages provisioned software
applications; coordinates the ongoing support, maintenance, and upgrades of those
applications; and delivers them to customers via the Internet
data-management systems integration, allowing access to multiple metering and
communications technologies
outage detection and reporting
enterprise-wide analysis.
http://www.automatedenergy.com
SchlumbergerSema
CellNet: SchlumbergerSema CellNet technology provides a unique approach to wireless
communications that leverages open standards, delivers state-of-the-art management systems, and
offers the multiple levels of security required for wireless communications. Data can be collected
cost effectively from hundreds to thousands of end points because of the scalability of the
network. This provides an economic edge to customers by delivering cycle-based and real-time,
up-to-the-minute information more easily, quickly, and cost effectively than ever before possible.
Using a distributed, object-oriented, three-tiered client/server network architecture, the network
provides a powerful, integrated system for collecting, processing, and delivering valuable
information quickly and reliably. The system is designed with two-way communications
capabilities across all levels of the network that are scalable, reliable, and economical. An open,
standards-based architecture at the wide-area network level ensures system flexibility and
smooth, easy integration with utility, energy service provider, and commercial systems.
UtiliNet: SchlumbergerSema UtiliNet is a two-way wireless data communication system
combining spread-spectrum, connectionless mesh architecture, and packet-switching technologies
to ensure high-speed and accurate data transmission. The UtiliNet technology is based on a
network of programmable intelligent radios that create a dynamic multipoint-to-multipoint
communication grid. The result is an extremely efficient, autonomous network that quickly and
consistently provides accurate information and reliable network answers for remote telemetry and
distributed control applications.
The UtiliNet wireless fixed network not only enables utilities to communicate with end devices in
the field, it provides distributed control throughout the network. Utilities stay in touch, minute-
by-minute, with critical customer information and functionality to help companies achieve both
operational and financial efficiencies.
http://www.slb.com/utilities/technologysolutions/RTEM/fixednetwork.html
For existing legislation see Appendix A; new initiatives include Federal Facility Energy
Management Act of 2001 (Introduced in Senate)[S.1358.IS] 8/3/2001 Referred to Senate
committee. Status: Read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural
Siemens Literature
Siemens S4 Solid-State Electricity Meter, Document No. MDBR-1109A TD 09-00,
Copyright 2000 Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc.
Siemens MAXsys 2510 High-End Direct Access Meter, Document No.
MAX2510Spec-1.7/00, Copyright 2000 Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution,
Siemens MAXsys 2510 Direct Access Meter, Document No. MAX2410Spec-1.7/00,
Square D Metering & Monitoring Devices Selection Guide. Document No. 3000BR0001/R6/01
August 2001, Square D Corporation
E-MON D-Mon Three-Phase kWh Meter Specifications, Document No. KWHSPEC-6/02,
Copyright 2002 E-MON, L.P.
Power Measurement ION Product Line Guide. Document No. 70200-0127, Copyright 2002
Power Measurement, Canada
Square D Literature: POWERLOGIC Ethernet Gateway. Document No. 3050HO0101
Copyright Square D Corporation
Power Measurement, Ltd. Literature:
Technical Note: MeterM@il, Document No. 70870-0115-01, Revision Date Nov. 20,
2001. Copyright 2001 Power Measurement Ltd.
Product Brochure: ION 7300 Series Intelligent metering and control devices.
Document No. 70100-0133, Revision Date April 2002. Copyright 2002 Power
Measurement Ltd.
ITRON literature:
The Sum and substance: An overview of AMR solutions, applications, and benefits,
Randy Neilson, Director, Solutions marketing, Itron, Inc., September 1999
Manufacturers Literature: Itron MV-90 Enterprise Edition. Enterprise Data Access and
Information Exchange, Copyright 2001, Itron, Inc.
Manufacturers Literature: Itron MV-90 Multi-Vendor Data Collection and Analysis
System, Itron, Inc.
Manufacturers Literature: Itron MV-90 Translation Software System Overview
Manufacturers Literature: Itron MV-Web Internet-based Data Access Solution, Itron,
Stark RT Product Brochure, Document No. SNAI00130-A-C 2002, Stark North America,
Charlotte, North Carolina.
Utility Automation, September/October 2001. Copyright 2001 PennWell Corporation
ION Enterprise Energy Management Software Brochure, Document No. 70100-0147,
Copyright 2002 Power Measurement Ltd.
POWERLOGIC Web-Enabled Power Management Solutions, Document No. 3000HO9194,
Copyright 2002 Schneider Electric
Siemens WWW100 Internet Information System. Document No. MDMS-0001, Copyright
2002 Siemens Meter Division
Personal Communication. Bearden, Michael, Siemens Metering, Inc. Lafayette, Indiana
Personal Communication. Graves, Cody, Automated Energy Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Networking Security What You Need to Know. Copyright 2002, Envenergy, Inc.
Information Systems Security Services are available to our customers in order to support their
missions. For further information or assistance with any of these services, please contact the
Navy INFOSEC Technical Assistance Center (ITAC) Toll-Free 1.800.304.4636 or DSN:
588-5426/4286.
University of New Mexico Comprehensive Integrated Metering and Monitoring System
(CIMMS) Specifications. The University of New Mexico CIMMS contract and
specifications are available for download at the address provided below. These should be
used as a case study and sample, as they were developed to meet specific goals and criteria at
the University of New Mexico. http://www.appa.org/energy/unm.html
Further discussion of the project resulting from these specifications is available in the
following case study, provided by Square D, who provided much of the electricity metering
system. http://www.powerlogic.com/pdf/cs34.pdf
Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB NO. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson
Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
Subcontract report
September 2003 April 23, 2002 Sept. 22, 2002
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Advanced Utility Metering; Period of Performance: April 23, 2002 Sept. 22, 2002 FE03.3510
6. AUTHOR(S)
KADC-0-30423-06
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201
Boulder, Colorado 80301
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
National Renewable Energy Laboratory AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
1617 Cole Blvd.
Golden, CO 80401-3393 NREL/SR-710-33539
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
NREL Technical Monitor: Andy Walker
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
In support of federal agencies considering the approach to utility metering appropriate for their facilities, the U.S. Department
of Energy Federal Energy Management Program offers this publication as an overview of options in metering technology,
system architecture, implementation, and relative costs. It provides advanced metering systems information to help potential
users specify, acquire, use, and expand systems. It also addresses basic security issues and provides case studies and
information resources.
15. NUMBER OF PAGES:
14. SUBJECT TERMS
advanced utility metering; FEMP
16. PRICE CODE
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL
NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
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[BOOK] AMY CHUA’S ‘WORLD ON FIRE’ – ‘market dominant ethnic minorities’ and ‘how rapid switches to majoritarian rule and free-market democracy in many Third World countries benefit certain ethnic groups over others and lead to vicious sectarian strife’
October 24, 2013 October 24, 2013 tribal interloper 1 Comment
A Review written by Pat Sewell
Many Americans trust that unleashed markets and universal suffrage elsewhere will yield general material betterment, domestic tranquillity, and amity among democracies old and new. Thomas Friedman proclaims a “Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention”, asserting “no two countries that both have McDonald’s have ever fought a war against each other”.
But do freer markets and oxygenated “democracy” instead defy established expectation by mobilizing the wrath of the many? Do open markets and popular incitement sometimes kindle backlash and serve to excuse suppression by the few? Amy Chua contends that when injudiciously introduced, as most often happens, wide open markets and hot-housed majoritarianism form “a principal, aggravating cause of group hatred and ethnic violence throughout the non-Western world”. On regional and global planes, too, the dynamic of World on Fire augurs ill for stability, not to mention peace.
Chua outlines this dynamic early and with characteristic clarity: “When free market democracy is pursued in the presence of a market-dominant minority, the almost invariable result is backlash. This backlash typically takes one of three forms. The first is a backlash against markets, targeting the market-dominant minority’s wealth. The second is a backlash against democracy by forces favorable to the market-dominant minority. The third is violence, sometimes genocidal, directed against the market-dominant minority itself.” Continue reading →
[VIDEO] BBC: THE STORY OF IRELAND
August 27, 2013 October 30, 2013 tribal interloper Leave a comment
I’ve always been fascinated with Ireland. It has such an intriguing, tragic and unjust history, much of which continues to echo to this day, throughout the world, whether in international politics, culture, immigration patterns and much more.
This documentary series is quite informative to grasp exactly all the many issues throughout the past which lead to this fascinating history.
The Story Of Ireland is a major new landmark series from BBC Northern Ireland examining the history of Ireland and its impact on the wider world, from the earliest times right up to the present day. This compelling five-part series is written and presented by BBC correspondentFergal Keane.
Over the course of the programmes Fergal travels across three continents, tracing the events, the people and the influences that shaped modern Ireland.
The Story Of Ireland, beginning on BBC One Northern Ireland on Sunday 20 February at 8pm, takes an outward-looking approach to key developments in Ireland down through the centuries mirrored against events and changes in Europe and the rest of the world and challenges long held myths.
The first programme examines the origins of the idea of the emergence of a ‘Celtic’ race, the impact of early Christianity and monasticism in Ireland; and the birth of Ireland’s potent literary culture.
The Vikings are treated not simply as barbarous marauders, but resourceful settlers, as the Celts were before them, who established Ireland’s major towns and placed them at the centre of a vast trading network. Brian Boru is revealed as a man of his time, above all else motivated by the will to power. Far from driving the Vikings out of Ireland he relied on their military skills to achieve his ambitions.
The remaining four programmes span history from the Anglo-Norman invasion, to Cromwell, the Boyne, penal laws and resettlements; on to the economic, intellectual, architectural and cultural rise of Dublin in the 18th century; examining the story of Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen.
Further afield the series also looks at Ireland’s role in the British Empire and closer to home examines the Great Famine and its enormous impact, the role of Daniel O’Connell and then the founding of the IRB and rise of Home Rule; the role of Irishmen in the Boer War; the Easter Rising; the War of Independence and the Civil War and the outbreak of the Troubles.
Finally Ireland’s economic boom comes under the spotlight, asking how the country’s history, as perceived by the rest of the world, has become big business and questions whether this excludes contrary views with a theme very much placed on an ‘old’ version of Irish history.
Fergal Keane, writer and presenter, said: “The Story Of Ireland is vivid, exciting and immensely varied. It is far more than the sum of old cliches and myths which set the Irish as a people who were prisoners and victims of history.
“This series sees Ireland as an international island which is both changed by and helps to change the world beyond her shores.
“As a foreign correspondent who has travelled on every continent I have tried to bring my experience of the wider world to this story of Ireland and I have tried to see our past with a clear eye and an open heart.”
Mike Connolly, Series Producer, added: “It’s both a privilege and a challenge to produce the first comprehensive television history of Ireland since Robert Kee’s acclaimed series of 1981.
“Ireland has opened out in dramatic ways in the intervening 30 years and has achieved a profile on the international stage that could hardly have been imagined back then. It is this changed perception of Ireland, both in the minds of the Irish themselves and in the eyes of the rest of the world, that we address in The Story Of Ireland.”
The Story Of Ireland is a BBC Northern Ireland series with co-funding from RTE
THE BATTLE OF THE BOYNE
[VIDEO] FILM: ‘SOMETIMES IN APRIL’ –the better version of the ‘Hotel Rwanda’ story
March 27, 2013 March 27, 2013 tribal interloper Leave a comment
“Sometimes in April is a 2005 historical drama television film about the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, written and directed by the Haitian filmmaker Raoul Peck. The ensemble cast includes Idris Elba, Oris Erhuero, Carole Karemera, and Debra Winger.
The story centers on two brothers: Honoré Butera, working for the tribalist Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, and Augustin Muganza, a captain in the Rwandan army (who was married to a Tutsi woman, Jeanne, and had three children with her: Anne-Marie, Yves-André, and Marcus), who bear witness to the killing of close to 800,000 people in 100 days while becoming divided by politics and losing some of their own family. The film depicts the attitudes and circumstances leading up to the outbreak of brutal violence, the intertwining stories of people struggling to survive the genocide, and the aftermath as the people try to find justice and reconciliation.”
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Many Developments and High Exploration Activity
An impressive 20 development projects are currently under way on the Norwegian Shelf, and 13 exploration wells in the first half of 2018 have yielded 6 discoveries. Production has been somewhat lower in the first six months of the year as compared with the same period last year.
Total petroleum production from the Norwegian Shelf at the end of the first half of 2018 is about 114.9 million standard cubic metres (Sm3) of oil equivalents (o.e.). Of this, around 43.2 million Sm3 o.e. are oil and around 10.2 million Sm3 o.e. are NGL and condensate.
Approximately 61.5 million Sm3 o.e. of gas has been sold, which is slightly higher than in the comparable period last year, and is in line with the NPD’s expectations.
The total volume is 4.4 million Sm3 o.e. lower than in the same period in 2017.
There are a number of reasons why production is lower than last year, and lower than the NPD’s expectations. Some of this is due to technical problems on certain fields. A somewhat colder than normal winter also entailed reduced production.
Maintaining production at a stable high level requires a significant effort from all parts of the industry. A total of 86 new development wells have been drilled so far this year, about the same number as at the same time in 2017.
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate wants to ensure that we have an active industry that explores every opportunity to create the greatest possible value from the oil and gas deposits on the Norwegian Shelf. It is therefore important that the companies maintain a high level of activity to increase recovery from producing fields.
83 fields were operational as of 30 June. No new fields have started production so far this year. Aasta Hansteen in the Norwegian Sea is scheduled to commence production this autumn.
The Brynhild and Oselvar fields in the North Sea have ceased production.
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Bamboo Pink
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By: Hannah Pallotta In college, we often find different ways to celebrate diversity. This extends to our diet and the types of food we eat. On Oct. 16, 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was founded. In addition, on this Oct. 16, we celebrate World Food Day. Here on Malone’s campus,…
An Outbreak of Anxiety
By Alexandra Calvin During the month of October, many changes are happening and many things are being celebrated or acknowledged. Among breast cancer awareness, Halloween, and stepping into the autumn season, October also takes a day to bring awareness to mental health with World Mental Health Day on Oct. 10. There are many mental illnesses…
Comfort Animals
By: Oriana Barrett Malone University possesses a policy in which students in resident life are not to have any pets other than a fish inside a small tank. Yet, there is a new trend of comfort animals like dogs and geckos appearing on campus.A comfort animal is what the Office of Student Development defines as…
Global Connectivity
By Cathy Weyand Malone has changed Wi-Fi networks to Eduroam, an international standard that makes it possible to go to another Eduroam campus and immediately have Wi-Fi connection. Staff can also access all of their network files, whether connected to Wi-Fi or not. “We’re excited that we have [Eduroam] and everybody that I have talked…
Writer Series Returns to Malone
By: Alex Calvin Thursday, Sept. 28, author, Kirstin Valdez Quade kicked off Malone’s Writer Series for the new semester. The Writer Series is an event distributed through the English department, or more specifically, the creative writing department, in which 3-4 poets, fiction, or nonfiction writers are invited to come to Malone and read or share…
What is DACA?
By Jenny Bushnell Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or, DACA is, “an official announcement that the Department of Homeland Security called in 2012, through the leadership of Obama in order to handle the problem of the so-called Dreamers, they made a decision just to basically not deport about 800,000 people who qualify as so-called Dreamers,”…
To Stand or to Kneel
By Amber Murphy Recently, there has been a lot of controversy in the NFL regarding players kneeling during the national anthem. Of course, many people feel very strongly about this topic. Some believe that it is the right of the players to protest on a very important issue. Others see it as a sign of…
Campus Improvements: How They Are Benefiting Student Life
By Grace Rhoads It is no secret that Malone is 125 years old. In fact, we have been celebrating that throughout this entire year. However, with age comes a need to update different parts of campus. For that reason, there have been significant changes across campus that occurred before the beginning of the school year….
Awaken: Made For Engagement
Awaken is a worship group that meets in Emma’s on Sunday nights at 8 p.m. This new group is focused on revival and being disciples here and now. Damascus First Friends and Jackson First Friends worked to put this group together at Dr. King’s request.“I had Malone on my heart. I had been praying for…
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5 Facts About Birthday Boy, Dustin Lynch
Dustin Lynch is celebrating 34 trips around the sun today (May 14).
In celebration of the country star’s birthday here are 5 facts that you may or may not know.
Dustin was as a medical student at Lipscomb University. He shared with Cody Alan that medical school helped prepare him for life as a musician. “Everyone starts preparing you for the hard work that first year on radio tour. And, trust me, this is easy and fun compared to the workload I had in college,” he said. “And on top of that, you learn a lot about yourself in college. So I know how to live out of a bag, and I know how to run on two hours of sleep at night from doing what I did in college.”
Dustin’s dream job has always been music. However, he revealed that his “nightmare job” is one that he has already held. “I was working in a sewage treatment testing facility. With my biology degree, I got this job at an environmental lab: We tested sewage runoff,” Dustin shared with Townsquare Media. “It's a job I'll never do again and I would never wish upon anybody. It was motivation to get my music in gear, though; it was the kick in the butt I needed. In desperation, you make things happen.”
The first celebrity that Dustin ever met was Vince Gill during an inner-city children's golf tournament.
Dustin’s guilty pleasure movies are National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation, Step Brothers, or Wedding Crashers.
Dustin keeps his private life relatively under wraps but openly admits that he once dated former Miss Kentucky Amanda Mertz.
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Home » ITAT Holds Conversion of Company into LLP to be a Transfer
ITAT Holds Conversion of Company into LLP to be a Transfer
By Daksha Baxi, Kunal Savani & Bipluv Jhingan on December 11, 2018
Posted in Direct Tax
The business form of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) became available in India when the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (LLP Act) was enacted. Prior to this, businesses were organised as companies under the Companies Act. Small businesses find LLP to be a preferred form and since the LLP Act has a provision for conversion of a company into an LLP, many companies sought to convert to LLP. However, the question was whether such conversion would attract taxation under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (IT Act).
In this context, the courts have held that conversion of a partnership/LLP firm into a company does not constitute ‘transfer’ and hence is not subject to tax. This was confirmed in 2003 by the Bombay High Court in the case of CIT v. Texspin Engg. and Mfg. Works (2003) 129 Taxman 1 (Bombay HC). While this was indeed in the context of reverse conversion (i.e. conversion of a firm into a company), taxpayers sought to apply this principle even in the case of conversion of a company into an LLP, relying on the fact that only the form of business is changing by the conversion, not the entity itself.
The Finance Act 2010 introduced section 47(xiiib) into the IT Act, under which the conversion of a company into an LLP became tax exempt provided the conditions prescribed thereunder were met. Companies that could not satisfy the conditions prescribed relied on the above mentioned Bombay High Court decision to claim that even if the conditions stipulated in section 47(xiiib) of the IT Act were not satisfied, the conversion should be exempt from tax.
Recently this issue was dealt with by the Mumbai ITAT in the case of Celerity Power LLP v. ACIT, ITAT No. 3637/Mum/2015. The taxpayer relied on the above mentioned Bombay High Court decision and claimed that the conversion of a company into an LLP was not a transfer and hence not taxable even though the conditions prescribed in section 47 were not satisfied.
The ITAT has held that conversion of a company into an LLP would amount to a ‘transfer’. In order to be exempt from tax, it must satisfy the conditions laid down in section 47. However, in the instant case, the ITAT also held that where pursuant to the conversion, assets and liabilities are transferred at book value, there would not be any gains/income that would be subject to tax.
The taxpayer in the case before the ITAT was an LLP, which had been converted from a company, whereby the entire business, assets and liabilities of the erstwhile company had been transferred to the LLP taxpayer. The assessing officer invoked section 47A(4) of the IT Act and held that the benefit of exemption of capital gains tax on the transfer availed by the company was to be deemed as the profits of the successor LLP and accordingly made the relevant additions. On appeal before the CIT (A), it held that the conversion of the company into LLP was a taxable transfer, as the taxpayer failed to comply with the conditions specified in section 47(xiiib) of the IT Act. However, the CIT (A) held that since the assets and the liabilities of the company were vested in the taxpayer at book value, the difference between the transfer value and the cost of acquisition was nil, therefore no tax liability arose from such transfer.
Drawing an analogy from the judgment of Texspin Engg. and Mfg. Works, the taxpayer argued that the conversion of a company into an LLP would not amount to transfer. Alternatively, the taxpayer also stressed the argument that in absence of any consideration, the computation mechanism for computing capital gains would be unworkable and therefore there should not be any tax liability in the hands of the taxpayer.
The ITAT observed that section 47 of the IT Act lists transfers that would not be amenable to capital gains tax, subject to certain conditions. The ITAT held that since conversion of a company into an LLP is a transaction listed in this section as exempt from capital gains tax (subject to certain conditions), it follows that principally the conversion is considered to be a transfer but for this specific exemption. The ITAT also placed reliance on the Memorandum to the Finance Act, 2010, which provided that conversion of a company into an LLP attracted capital gains prior to insertion of the section 47(xiiib) of the IT Act.
The ITAT differentiated the case of Texspin Engg. and Mfg. Works by saying that the issue before the Bombay High Court was in relation to conversion of a partnership firm into company under part IX of the Companies Act, 1956 where it was specified that conversion of a partnership into a company would result in vesting of property of the partnership into a company – i.e. there is statutory vesting of property in the company.
As opposed to that, chapter X of the LLP Act, 2008 provides that under provisions of the LLP Act, the company would ‘convert’ into an LLP. The term convert has in turn been defined to mean transfer of assets and liabilities. Further, the ITAT also relied upon the Authority for Advance Ruling (“AAR”) decision in the case of In re, Umicore Finance Luxembourg (2010) 323 ITR 25 (AAR), (which was upheld by the Bombay High Court), where the AAR observed that the Bombay High Court in the decision of Texspin Engg. and Mfg. Works did not express a final opinion on the point of transfer.
Thus, the ITAT held that the conversion of the company into an LLP is a transfer and the gains arising from such conversion should be taxed as capital gains. By virtue of successor liability imposed under section 170 of the IT Act, the taxpayer, i.e. the LLP, was held to be liable for such capital gains tax on the transferor company.
On the actual tax liability, the ITAT observed that the assets of the company were transferred to the LLP at book value and no consideration was paid for the same. Thus, the ITAT held that the full value of consideration received for the transaction, being defined by the courts as the price bargained for by the parties, would be the book value of the assets. Accordingly, since the difference between consideration received and the cost of acquisition of such assets and liabilities (being the book value) would be nil, there would be no occasion to levy tax.
It may also be pertinent to note that the ITAT also discussed the ability of the LLP to carry forward the erstwhile losses and the deduction under section 80IA of the IT Act. The ITAT decided that the LLP shall not be allowed to carry forward and set off the losses because it had failed to cumulatively satisfy all the conditions laid down in the proviso to section 47(xiiib) of the IT Act. However, on the question of the taxpayer being able to claim a deduction under section 80IA of the IT Act, where it had failed to file the auditor report, the ITAT decided in favour of the taxpayer and held that an audit report is procedural and directive in nature, and the same could also be validly filed by a taxpayer at the appellate stage.
This decision would have negative impact on the ability of taxpayers to justify the tax neutrality of such conversion. They would not be able to rely on decisions such as in the case of Texspin Engg and Mfg. Works. With a judgment directly on the issues, though binding merely within the jurisdiction of the Mumbai ITAT, the taxpayers who have taken such an approach in the past, or whose assessments are pending, may face adverse consequence. It is to be noted that even the ITAT has not actually gone into examining whether the conversion results in transfer under the provisions of the IT Act itself. It has merely relied on the memorandum to the Finance Act 2010 to conclude that the conversion is a transfer
However, this judgment has a silver lining since even though ITAT holds that such conversion amounts to transfer, there would not be any tax liability as long as the conversion is at book value. Thus, the impact of this judgment would be limited to the taxpayers who transfer assets at a value higher than the book value, pursuant to such conversion. Having said the same, it would be very pertinent to structure future transactions, bearing in mind the possibilities of such tax implications.
Further, the issue of taxability in the hands of the shareholder was not before the ITAT, which has left the fate of shareholders hanging. It is possible in the light of such conversion being considered a taxable transfer, the tax authorities may seek to tax capital gains arising in the hands of the shareholders upon alienation shares in return for interest in the LLP. However, if the shareholder is given the same amount of interest in the LLP as it held in the company, the same logic of no capital gains arising to the company on transfer should hold good.
We may expect the higher forums considering this issue, if not in the same case, in some other cases to determine whether in fact such conversion is indeed a transfer
Tags: Finance Act 2010, Income Tax Act 1961, Limited Liability Partnership, Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008, LLP
Head of International Taxation at the Mumbai office of Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas. Daksha has a vast experience of over 30 years in taxation laws and also specialises in succession and estate planning, education sector and employee equity compensation. She can be reached at daksha.baxi@cyrilshroff.com
Director in the Tax & Private Client Practice at the Mumbai office of Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas. Kunal specialises in various aspects of direct tax, such as corporate tax, M & A transactions, international tax and also specialises in succession and estate planning. He can be reached at kunal.savani@cyrilshroff.com
Read more about Kunal Savani
Associate in the Tax Practice at the Mumbai office of Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas. Bipluv specialises in various aspects of direct tax such as corporate tax, restructuring, and funds. He can be reached at bipluv.jhingan@cyrilshroff.com
Read more about Bipluv Jhingan
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Trenton, Ontario
Trenton 150
Post, Texas
Post (Paul Kelly album)
Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County, as well as briefly the former capital of the United States. The city's metropolitan area is grouped with the New York metropolitan area by the United States Census Bureau, but directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission's Philadelphia Designated Market Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, Trenton had a population of 84,913, making it the state's 10th-largest municipality. The Census Bureau estimated that the city's population was 84,034 in 2014.
Trenton dates back at least to June 3, 1719, when mention was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton, while the area was still part of Hunterdon County. Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2, 1720, a courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720 and the Freeholders of Hunterdon County met annually in Trenton. Trenton became New Jersey's capital as of November 25, 1790, and the City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13, 1792. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. On February 22, 1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township. The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the City of Trenton on April 10, 1837. A series of annexations took place over a 50-year period, with the city absorbing South Trenton borough (April 14, 1851), portions of Nottingham Township (April 14, 1856), both the Borough of Chambersburg Township and Millham Township (both on March 30, 1888), as well as Wilbur Borough (February 28, 1898). Portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton as of March 23, 1900.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Trenton,_New_Jersey
Trenton (2001 population 19,374) is a community in Southern Ontario in the municipality of Quinte West, Ontario, Canada. Located on the Bay of Quinte, it is the main population centre in Quinte West, and is one of the largest freestanding unincorporated communities in the province.
Trenton is the starting point for the Trent-Severn Waterway, which continues northwest to Peterborough and eventually Port Severn on Georgian Bay.
The Trent River was known to the Mississauga as Sangichiwigewonk, or 'fast flowing.' It was named after the River Trent in England.
French explorer Samuel de Champlain followed the Trent Severn passing through Trenton in 1615. The area around the mouth of the Trent River was first settled by Europeans in the 1780s. Assorted settlements and town plots in the area went under a number of names, until the Village of Trenton was incorporated in 1853. Trenton grew thanks to its port location and area lumber industry. During the First World War, the town was home to a major munitions plant owned by the British Chemical Company. This facility was built in 1915 to manufacture artillery, rifle, and small arms ammunition. Three weeks before the Armistice, an explosion levelled the plant. Remains of the old plant can still be found today.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Trenton,_Ontario
The Trenton 150 was an American Championship Car race held at Trenton International Speedway from 1946 until 1979. In most years, two races were held: one in April, and one in September. Race lengths varied between 100, 150, 200, or 300 miles. The first four editions were held on a dirt track.
^A Non-championship event
Champ Car Stats: Trenton archive
Ultimate Racing History: Trenton archive
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Trenton_150
Post or POST may refer to:
Mail, the postal system, especially in Commonwealth of Nations countries
Hotel post, a service offered by remote Swiss hotels for the carriage of mail to the nearest official post office
Post, an entry in a blog or internet forum; see posting style
Newspapers and magazines
The Post, a list of newspapers
Australasian Post, a defunct Australian weekly magazine
Post Magazine, a British magazine first published in 1840
Post (Björk album), the 1995 third studio album
Post (Paul Kelly album), the first solo album
Post Records, record label
Post is an alternative name for a hanger (barbershop music)
Organizations and companies
LIU Post, one of the two campuses of Long Island University in the U.S. state of New York
Post Foods, a packaged food company
Post University, a university in the U.S. state of Connecticut
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK
An Post, the Irish national postal service
Post, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Post
Post is a city in and the county seat of Garza County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,376 at the 2010 census.
Post is located on the edge of the caprock escarpment of the Llano Estacado, the southeastern edge of the Great Plains. It is at the crossroads of U.S. Routes 84 and 380.
The land belonged to John Bunyan Slaughter, as it was on his U Lazy S Ranch. In 1906, Slaughter sold it to Charles William (C. W.) Post, the breakfast cereal manufacturer, who founded "Post City" as a utopian colonizing venture in 1907. Post devised the community as a model town. He purchased 200,000 acres (810 km2) of ranchland and established the Double U Company to manage the town's construction. The company built trim houses and numerous structures, which included the Algerita Hotel, a gin, and a textile plant. They planted trees along every street and prohibited alcoholic beverages and brothels. The Double U Company rented and sold farms and houses to settlers. A post office began in a tent during the year of Post City's founding, being established (with the name Post) July 18, 1907, with Frank L. Curtis as first postmaster. Two years later, the town had a school, a bank, and a newspaper, the Post City Post, the same name as the daily in St. Louis, Missouri. The Garza County paper today is called the Post Dispatch. The railroad reached the town in 1910. The town changed its name to "Post" when it incorporated in 1914, the year of C. W. Post's death. By then, Post had a population of 1000, 10 retail businesses, a dentist, a physician, a sanitarium, and Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Post,_Texas
Post is the first solo album by Australian singer-songwriter rock musician, Paul Kelly. Kelly had moved to Sydney by January 1985, after leaving his Melbourne-based Paul Kelly Band and the breakup of his marriage to Hilary Brown.
The album was produced by Clive Shakespeare (Sherbet guitarist) and Kelly, and was released in May 1985 by the independent White Records label, leased to Mushroom Records. The album failed to chart in Australia, with only one single, "From St Kilda to Kings Cross", released in April which also failed to chart. The name of the album, Post relates to both being 'after' significant changes in Kelly's life and to the sense of a 'signpost' to future directions. Kelly dedicated the album to Paul Hewson, keyboardist and songwriter for New Zealand/Australian band Dragon who had died of a heroin overdose in January. Kelly has described Post as a concept album dealing with addictions - not necessarily heroin addiction - but various forms, he has also denied that the songs were autobiographical but that he wrote about the world around him.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Post_(Paul_Kelly_album)
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Latest News for: Trenton post
Thunder Claps Down on Curve for Second Straight Game
Explore Clarion 17 Jul 2019
– The Trenton Thunder received a late, go-ahead RBI from Mandy Alvarez for the second night in row to beat the Altoona Curve, 4-2, at Peoples Natural Gas Field on Tuesday ... In the bottom of the inning, the Curve (49-42, 14-10) loaded the bases with three straight singles off Trenton closer Daniel Alvarez (Save, 12) but failed to score....
Highland Post 439 wraps up regular season with victory against Belleville
Belleville News-Democrat 14 Jul 2019
... Post 439 traveled to Trenton ....
MCALL Wrap: Hamilton rallies in seventh inning to thwart South Brunswick
The Trentonian 14 Jul 2019
SOUTH BRUNSWICK — Hamilton Post 31 scored three times in the top of the seventh inning to spoil South Brunswick Post 401’s upset bid Saturday with a 3-2 victory at Rowland Park in Mercer County American Legion League action. Tyler Nielsen went 2-for-3 with a double and a run scored, and Matt Sangillo knocked in two runs for Post 31....
Duo sparks Fike to win in Wood Bat opener
The Independence Examiner 12 Jul 2019
Easton Harmsen put it on cruise control on the mound and Johnny Miles got the job done twice at the plate with the bases loaded.The result for Blue Springs Post 499 Fike was an easier-than-anticipated 9-0, five-inning mercy rule victory over the Trenton (Mo.) Post 31 Blue Jays ......
Canadian Forces may cancel plan to relocate special forces unit from Ottawa over $1.2 billion price tag
Canada Dot Com 12 Jul 2019
In 2008 the Conservative government of the day announced that Joint Task Force 2, a Canadian Forces special operations unit specializing in counter-terror operations, among other things, would be moved from Ottawa to Canadian Forces Base Trenton, Ont ... Lars Hagberg for the National Post/File....
Updated American Legion Wood Bat Invitational schedule
AMERICAN LEGION WOOD BAT INVITATIONAL(REVISED SCHEDULE)TEAMSPool A• Blue Springs Post 499 Fike• Independence Post 21• Overland (Mo.) Pos 338• Trenton (Mo.) Post 31 Blue Jays• Topeka (Kan.) SenatorsPool B• Blue Springs Rod’s Sports A’s• St. Joseph Post 11• ... ....
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HAMILTON — A first-inning run proved to be the difference as the Broad Street Park Post 313 baseball team swept its season series with Bordentown Post 26 with a 1-0 victory Monday at Hamilton High in Mercer County American Legion League action ... Trenton Posts 93 & 182’s game at Ewing Post 314 will be played at 7 p.m....
American Legion Wood Bat Invitational schedule
AMERICAN LEGION WOOD BAT INVITATIONALTEAMSPool A• Blue Springs Post 499 Fike• Independence Post 21• Overland (Mo.) Pos 338• Trenton (Mo.) Post 31 Blue Jays• Topeka (Kan.) SenatorsPool B• Blue Springs Rod’s Sports A’s• St. Joseph Post 11• St. Peters (Mo.) Post 313• ... ....
Post 53 catches fire for 11-1 win
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Breckenridge Post 53 entered the annual Stars and Strikes Border Battle with a four-game losing streak where they struggled at the plate and it was only a matter of time before their bats came back to life. Post 53 avenged last year’s lopsided loss to their rivals with an 11-1 rout of Post 20 on Thursday, July 4 ... Post 53 Offensive Stats....
Air duster usage a growing problem in the area
Chillicothe News 08 Jul 2019
... residents and users.Livingston County Prosecuting Attorney Adam Warren addressed the issue in a social media post last week, after the sentencing of a man from Trenton who was convicted of killing a woman during a car crash where he was found to have been huffing air duster....
MCALL Wrap: Blair, Cleary lead Hopewell Post 339 over Trenton
TRENTON — Luke Blair and Liam Cleary each went 3-for-4 to propel the Hopewell American Legion Post 339 to a five-inning, 11-0 win over Trenton Posts 93 & 182 at South Trenton Babe Ruth Saturday ... Szafranski tossed a three-hitter with Trenton’s Railin Ortiz accounting for two of those hits....
Great Lakes, Lake St. Clair predicted to break water level records
Gary Morris of River Rouge gets his boat to the boat launch which is partially underwater at Elizabeth Park in Trenton, Monday ... High water from Lake Erie impacting Trenton, Gibraltar ... Post to Facebook. Posted!. A link has been posted to your Facebook feed ... Park in Trenton, Monday....
MCALL Wrap: Hamilton Post 31 blanks North Hamilton
HAMILTON — The Hamilton Post 31 baseball team pulled out a 2-0 victory over North Hamilton at Nottingham High Friday, thanks to a pair of unearned first-inning runs. Beyond those scores, Post 31 pitcher Ryan Conover and Hibernians pitcher Ethan Scannon scattered three hits apiece to keep the game close throughout ... HIGHTSTOWN 13, TRENTON 5....
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NYSE-MKT: TMQ: US $2.64
TSX: TMQ: C $3.5
Formerly NovaCopper Inc.
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
Working With NANA
Policies and Charters
Arctic Deposit
Bornite Deposit
Exploration Potential
Proxy Circular
Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (“ESTMA”)
Trilogy Metals Announces US$25 Million Bought Deal Offering of Common Shares
April 16, 2018 Download PDF
April 16, 2018 - Vancouver, British Columbia - Trilogy Metals Inc. (TSX/NYSE American: TMQ) ("Trilogy Metals" or "the Company") is pleased to announce that it has entered into an underwriting agreement (the "Underwriting Agreement") with a syndicate of underwriters (the "Underwriters") led by Cantor Fitzgerald Canada Corporation, acting as sole lead underwriter and book-running manager, and including Cormark Securities Inc., BMO Capital Markets and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, under which the Underwriters have agreed to buy on a bought deal, underwritten basis 21,551,724 common shares (the "Offered Shares") of the Company at a price of US$1.16 per Offered Share (the "Offering Price") for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$25 million (the "Offering").
Pursuant to the terms of an underwriting agreement among the Company and the Underwriters (the "Underwriting Agreement"), the Company has granted the Underwriters an option, exercisable at the Offering Price at any time prior to 5:00 p.m. (Toronto time) on the day that is the 30th day following the closing date of the Offering, to purchase up to an additional 15% of the base Offered Shares offered in the Offering solely to cover over-allotments, if any, and for market stabilization purposes. The Offering is expected to close on or about April 20, 2018, subject to receipt of customary TSX and NYSE American approvals.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the Offering (i) to advance the Arctic Project to feasibility and permitting, (ii) for exploration in the Ambler mining district and (iii) for general corporate purposes.
The Company intends to file a final prospectus supplement (the "Supplement") in both Canada and the United States to its Canadian short form base shelf prospectus (the "Canadian Base Prospectus") dated November 21, 2017 and its U.S. shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the "Registration Statement") that was declared effective on November 21, 2017.Before investing, you should read the Supplement and the risk factors set out therein, the Canadian Base Prospectus as well as the Registration Statement and other documents the Company has filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the Canadian securities regulators for more complete information about the Company and the Offering.Copies of the Supplement and the Underwriting Agreement will be, and the Canadian Base Prospectus and the Registration Statement are, available for free by visiting the Company’s profiles on SEDAR at www.sedar.com or EDGAR at www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml, as applicable.Alternatively, investors may ask the Underwriters or the Company to send them the Supplement, when available, the Canadian Base Prospectus and/or the base prospectus contained in the Registration Statement by contacting Cantor Fitzgerald Canada Corporation, attention: Equity Capital Markets, 181 University Avenue, Suite 1500, Toronto, ON, M5H 3M7, email: ecmcanada@cantor.com or Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Attention: Equity Capital Markets, 499 Park Avenue, 6th Floor, New York, New York, 10022 or by email at prospectus@cantor.com.
This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy, nor shall there be any sale of Offered Shares in any state, province or other jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful, prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state, province, or other jurisdiction.
About Trilogy Metals
Trilogy Metals Inc. is a metals exploration company focused on exploring and developing the Ambler mining district located in northwestern Alaska. It is one of the richest and most-prospective known copper-dominant districts located in one of the safest geopolitical jurisdictions in the world. It hosts world-class polymetallic VMS deposits that contain copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver, and carbonate replacement deposits which have been found to host high grade copper mineralization. Exploration efforts have been focused on two deposits in the Ambler mining district - the Arctic VMS deposit and the Bornite carbonate replacement deposit. Both deposits are located within the Company's land package that spans approximately 143,000 hectares. The Company has an agreement with NANA Regional Corporation, Inc., a Regional Alaska Native Corporation that provides a framework for the exploration and potential development of the Ambler mining district in cooperation with local communities. Our vision is to develop the Ambler mining district into a premier North American copper producer.
Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse
Elaine Sanders
Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
This press release includes certain "forward-looking information" and "forward-looking statements" (collectively "forward-looking statements") within the meaning of applicable Canadian and United States securities legislation including the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included herein, including, without limitation, statements with respect to the expected closing date of the Offering, statements with respect to approval of the Offering by the TSX and NYSE American and the use of proceeds from the Offering, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are frequently, but not always, identified by words such as "expects", "anticipates", "believes", "intends", "estimates", "potential", "possible", and similar expressions, or statements that events, conditions, or results "will", "may", "could", or "should" occur or be achieved. These forward-looking statements may include statements regarding perceived merit of properties; exploration plans and budgets; mineral reserves and resource estimates; work programs; capital expenditures; timelines; strategic plans; market prices for precious and base metals; or other statements that are not statements of fact. Forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, and actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company's expectations include the uncertainties involving success of exploration, development and mining activities, permitting timelines, requirements for additional capital, government regulation of mining operations, environmental risks, unanticipated reclamation expenses; mineral reserve and resource estimates and the assumptions upon which they are based; assumptions and discount rates being appropriately applied to the PFS; our assumptions with respect to the likelihood and timing of the AMDIAP; capital estimates; prices for energy inputs, labour, materials, supplies and services the interpretation of drill results, the need for additional financing to explore and develop properties and availability of financing in the debt and capital markets; uncertainties involved in the interpretation of drilling results and geological tests and the estimation of reserves and resources; the need for cooperation of government agencies and native groups in the development and operation of properties as well as the construction of the access road; the need to obtain permits and governmental approvals; risks of construction and mining projects such as accidents, equipment breakdowns, bad weather, non-compliance with environmental and permit requirements, unanticipated variation in geological structures, metal grades or recovery rates; unexpected cost increases, which could include significant increases in estimated capital and operating costs; fluctuations in metal prices and currency exchange rates; and other risks and uncertainties disclosed in the Supplement, the Canadian Base Prospectus and the documents incorporated therein by reference, and in other Company reports and documents filed with applicable securities regulatory authorities from time to time. The Company's forward-looking statements reflect the beliefs, opinions and projections on the date the statements are made. The Company assumes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements or beliefs, opinions, projections, or other factors, should they change, except as required by law.
Cautionary Note to United States Investors
This press release has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of U.S. securities laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all resource and reserve estimates included in this press release have been prepared in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects ("NI 43-101") and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM)-CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended ("CIM Definition Standards"). NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators which establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, differ significantly from the requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and resource and reserve information contained herein may not be comparable to similar information disclosed by U.S. companies. In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term "resource" does not equate to the term "reserves". Under U.S. standards, mineralization may not be classified as a "reserve" unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. The SEC's disclosure standards normally do not permit the inclusion of information concerning "measured mineral resources", "indicated mineral resources" or "inferred mineral resources" or other descriptions of the amount of mineralization in mineral deposits that do not constitute "reserves" by U.S. standards in documents filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of "measured" or "indicated resources" will ever be converted into "reserves". Investors should also understand that "inferred mineral resources" have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. Under Canadian rules, estimated "inferred mineral resources" may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies except in rare cases. Disclosure of "contained ounces" in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute "reserves" by SEC standards as in-place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. The requirements of NI 43-101 for identification of "reserves" are also not the same as those of the SEC, and reserves reported by Trilogy Metals in compliance with NI 43-101 may not qualify as "reserves" under SEC standards. Arctic does not have known reserves, as defined under SEC Industry Guide 7. Accordingly, information concerning mineral deposits set forth herein may not be comparable with information made public by companies that report in accordance with U.S. standards.
© 2019 Trilogy Metals Inc. All rights reserved.
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Trilogy Metals Inc.
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Trump Gawker
The DOJ won’t say why Rudy Giuliani hasn’t registered as a foreign agent under FARA law
Amid last week’s furor about Rudy Giuliani pledging to dig up dirt on Joe Biden in Ukraine — and Giuliani’s claim that he wanted to “meddl[e] in an investigation” regarding Biden’s son in Ukraine — was a small, buried detail that may yet unravel Giuliani’s entire plan.
Giuliani, President Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, has worked in Ukraine since Trump’s inauguration, nominally as a security adviser to the city of Kharkiv with his firm Giuliani Partners. However, one of his local clients claimed last week that Giuliani provided far more than technical advice and a handful of photo-ops.
According to Ukrainian developer Pavel Fuks, Giuliani had been hired to work as a “lobbyist” for the government of Ukraine, as well as for the eastern Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. “This is stated in the contract,” Fuks told the Times. The claim backs up local media coverage of the relationship, with one Ukrainian magazine writing that Fuks hired Giuliani in order to create an office in the U.S. for “supporting investment” in Kharkiv. As Mother Jones reported, Giuliani connected with Fuks via TriGlobal Strategic Ventures, a New York-based company that has “advised Russian oligarchs and others with Kremlin ties.”
Giuliani denied Fuks’ claim, saying that Trump remains his “only client.” Giuliani didn’t respond to ThinkProgress’ questions on the matter, and ThinkProgress’ efforts to contact Fuks were unsuccessful.
If anyone needs to be investigated, it’s Rudy Giuliani. Rudy was “a lobbyist for Kharkiv and Ukraine” but failed to register under FARA. His clients, Pavel Fuks and Gennadiy Kernes, have reported ties to organized crime. How is he different than Manafort? https://t.co/O0ZdUkmoex
— Michael Carpenter (@mikercarpenter) May 10, 2019
However, Fuks’ claim adds significant fuel to longstanding concerns about Giuliani’s decision not to register as a foreign agent with the Justice Department — even as the agency goes to unprecedented lengths to enforce the Foreign Agents Registration Act.
FARA regulations, on the books since 1938, had remained an afterthought for decades. But thanks to Trump’s rise, and due especially to the work of special counsel Robert Mueller, FARA has seen new life. The DOJ already created a new task force to strengthen FARA, making sure that those working on behalf of foreign governments and officials disclose and detail their work with the DOJ, and prosecutors have shown a new willingness to finally enforce the regulations.
In just the past year, failing to register with FARA has tripped up former Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort and former White House counsel Gregory Craig — both of whom were found guilty of failing to register their work on behalf of the former Ukrainian government. Manafort’s former business associate Rick Gates pleaded guilty to conspiring to violate FARA.
Giuliani, though, has thus far managed to escape scrutiny. And no one’s quite sure why.
Last September, months before Fuks claimed that Giuliani had been hired directly to lobby on behalf of Ukraine, a number of Democratic senators signed a letter to the DOJ requesting information on Giuliani’s FARA filings (or lack thereof). Giuliani admitted last year that he’d never filed a single FARA registration.
The senators specifically pointed to Giuliani’s work in Ukraine, including a press release linking Giuliani with Kharkiv Mayor Gennady Kernes, himself a former member of the party affiliated with ousted Ukrainian strongman Viktor Yanukovych. Both Manafort and Craig were indicted for failing to disclose FARA-related work on behalf of Yanukovych’s regime.
The senators writing to DOJ — including Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL), and Sen. Tom Udall (D-NM) — specifically singled out Giuliani’s work in Ukraine:
Giuliani’s work on behalf the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine, whose mayor is a member of the Party of Regions is also concerning. The Ukrainian Party of Regions’ connections to the Russian Government and anti-democratic activity are well-documented. Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, who both served in senior roles on the President’s 2016 campaign team, were convicted of or pleaded guilty to criminal acts in part because of their work on behalf of this Russian-backed Ukrainian political party. Mr. Giuliani’s financial connection to the organization, the organization’s close ties with the Russian government, and Mr. Giuliani’s ongoing public advocacy against Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election raises further questions that warrant review.
And it’s not just Giuliani’s work in Ukraine. As the senators noted, Giuliani’s efforts at recruiting foreign clients — all while working closely with the sitting president — have spanned the globe. He’s represented the Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK), an Iranian opposition group, in its efforts to lift their Foreign Terrorist Organization designation from the State Department. He recently signed up with Bahrain’s Ministry of the Interior, as The Daily Beast found. And, perhaps most notably, he wrote a remarkable letter to Romanian authorities, chastising the country’s prosecutor for being too effective at combating corruption — all while working at the behest of another lobbyist representing an official caught up in Romania’s anti-corruption dragnet.
But it was Giuliani’s misadventures in Ukraine that gained the most notoriety. And over the past week, the questions — about Giuliani’s aims, about who’s paying for his travel, about how much Trump knows — have only grown.
The DOJ, though, has been silent. As multiple staffers working for the Democratic senators told ThinkProgress, the DOJ never even bothered to reply to their inquiries about Giuliani’s FARA status.
“DOJ never responded to our letter,” a spokesperson for Udall told ThinkProgress. “However, we did confirm that they received it.”
As Sen. Tammy Duckworth (D-IL), another signatory of the letter requesting information on Giuliani’s FARA status, tweeted last Friday, “Giuliani has reportedly been paid by foreign [governments] + political parties, including in Ukraine, but FAILED to register as a foreign agent as the law requires. This is EXACTLY why I joined @SenatorTomUdall to ask DOJ to investigate. We never got a reply.”
Rudy Giuliani has reportedly been paid by foreign gvts + political parties, including in Ukraine, but FAILED to register as a foreign agent as the law requires. This is EXACTLY why I joined @SenatorTomUdall to ask DOJ to investigate. We never got a reply.https://t.co/1KPm7fHqlD https://t.co/ZA9iQKrhri
— Tammy Duckworth (@SenDuckworth) May 10, 2019
Giuliani, unsurprisingly, has long denied any need to register as a foreign agent. Despite the fact that experts on FARA regulations have pointed to Giuliani’s foreign work time and again — both in terms of his speeches and political activities — as examples of FARA-related work, Giuliani has claimed that he’s not influencing American policy.
However, Giuliani also offered a caveat last week: “I don’t think I’m influencing American government except on behalf of my client to further an investigation.” That is, Giuliani admitted that he’s not working to “influence” U.S. policy — except when it comes to his client, the president of the United States.
It doesn’t appear concerns about FARA regulations will slow Giuliani’s work anytime soon. Despite calling off his trip to Ukraine — and despite Fuks’ claims that he has paperwork clarifying Giuliani’s work as a lobbyist in Ukraine — Giuliani has refused to acknowledge any issues with his work in Ukraine, especially as it pertains to FARA.
As he said on Friday, when it comes to Ukraine, “I’m going to make sure that nothing scuttles the investigation that I want.”
Read more: thinkprogress.org
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Trump Gawker Copyright © 2019.
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NAAZ ALIKHAN
Principal, Williams & Paddon
As Principal of the Interior Environments Group, Naaz has been a member of the Williams + Paddon team for over 22 years. In addition to her role in leading design efforts for specialized interior projects, Naaz oversees Business Development, Staff Recruitment as well as Strategic Planning for the firm.
Naaz has oversight of all interior design projects, and the interior design team. As Project Designer, and Project Manager for a variety of projects in several market areas, she actively participates in programming, space planning, and development of interior architectural concepts, finishes, furnishings, specifications, and construction phase services
Naaz was born in Hyderabad, India; her family moved to England at the age of four, as her father was a surgeon with the Royal Air Force. The family traveled throughout Europe, Middle East, and Asia during her early years. Naaz then married, and moved to the United States, and has two sons who are now grown.
Her career as an Interior Designer began in 1980, in Westport, Connecticut. Since relocating to the Sacramento Metropolitan area, she has worked on numerous projects in the Central Valley region. While at Williams + Paddon, she helped establish the Interior Design Studio, building it into a viable profit center for the firm.
Naaz has always held the belief in engagement with community, and has many service credits to her name. As a recognized community leader, she has served in leadership positions for many community organizations including Soroptimist International, Roseville Chapter, and past member of City of Roseville Design Review Committee. Her term as Past President of the Roseville Chamber of Commerce honored her with an Athena Award, acknowledging leadership for women in the community. Naaz currently serves as a member of the City of Roseville’s Economic Development Advisory Committee, and is Chair of the Roseville Chamber’s Economic Development Committee, and a Board Member of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce.
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Home All News Yves Mersch: Climate change and central banking
Yves Mersch: Climate change and central banking
Speech by Yves Mersch, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, Workshop discussion: Sustainability is becoming mainstream, Frankfurt, 27 November 2018
“Grey, dear friend, is all theory,
And green the golden tree of life.”[1]
This quote from “Faust” by Frankfurt-born Johann W. Goethe is already 210 years old. But it aptly sums up the current public debate on “green finance” – financial instruments that support solutions for climate change.
Indeed, governments, companies, banks and public bodies have been coming under mounting pressure from interested sections of the public to transform their strategies and make them more climate-friendly, a process sometimes disrespectfully referred to as “green washing”.
So it is hardly surprising that loud demands are also being made for central banks to contribute towards solving the identified problems.
By no means do I want to be the “spirit, ever, that denies”.[2] But in this concrete instance, the situation is clear: finding – or financing – the solution to the problems of climate change appears, at first glance, somewhat remote from the primary mandate of a central bank.
But let’s turn to the present to explain this verdict in more detail.
Macroeconomic effects
It is not enough to link to newspaper reports, nor to quote a World Economic Forum report, that has ranked climate risks as both high-impact and high-likelihood events[3] in order to create a new mandate or objective for a central bank..[4]
Is there convincing evidence for us to adjust our monetary policy strategy because increased risks of more frequent and more devastating future climatic events could influence economic dynamics in the medium term, the monetary policy horizon? The non-quantified increased probability and causality in such events may only hold implications for short-term developments, which do not influence the conduct of monetary policy.
One can also establish the general assumption that climate change may have more longer-lasting impacts on potential output and relative prices, but these will also have less bearing on the conduct of policy.
The economic literature on the impacts of climatic shocks is relatively new and less developed than for other types of economic shock. Does it contain useful insights? Conclusions that while the short-term impact on output is generally negative,[5] the overall impact in the medium and longer term is less certain,[6] suggest that climatic events are hardly relevant for monetary policy as the monetary policy impacts are similar to those associated with other major shocks like wars or disruptive technological innovation.
Climate events can affect both supply and demand in the economy. Destruction in the near term can affect production and weigh on aggregate wealth over the longer term. Was the cold weather at the start of this year solely responsible for the temporary fall in investment and consumption across the northern hemisphere? But the rebuild period can also lead to a demand surge that puts upward pressure on activity. Effective institutions and legal frameworks,[7] including solid building codes, the quality of governments and access to credit and insurance,[8] can all influence the ultimate impact, while even slight differences in geographic location can play a significant role.
Overall, the impact of climatic disasters on inflation in advanced economies appears relatively limited. While storms and droughts may increase food prices in the near term, the effect is short-lived and is typically reversed within a year. Moreover, inflation in other parts of the index can fall, offsetting the overall impact.[9]
Monetary policy certainly has sufficient tools to stabilise inflation over the medium term, i.e. a few years. But it may bring a greater degree of short-term volatility in output and inflation.
The relatively localised impact of climatic events or other shocks might have implications for fiscal policy, with revenues typically falling and spending rising.[10] This can worsen debt sustainability.[11] But making strong assumptions based on the empirical evidence so far, particularly given the uncertainty, would be hazardous.
Yet the ability of fiscal policy to mitigate the impact plays an important role in the region’s long-run recovery. It would be prudent policy to advise countries to prepare themselves for a potential future increase in climatic events by reducing public sector debt and creating greater fiscal space. But are other risks like demographic change not better identified? How are they related to climate change? And how should a central bank with a limited geographical remit respond to events affecting the planet as a whole? Where does endogeneity end and exogeneity begin?
If understanding the effects of climate change – which occurs over countless decades or centuries – on economic developments over a horizon of three to five years is complex, anticipating its long-term effects on monetary policy is harder still.
Some observers anticipate reductions in the productive capacity of the real economy.[12] Firms shifting production because higher temperatures or rising sea levels render their current locations uninhabitable could represent a significant industrial change. But simplistic assumptions do not reflect the reality of multiple equilibria. Each change also creates opportunities and unleashes creative thinking. Will productivity growth suffer if firms divert a greater share of their investment towards repair and replacement of existing capital rather than towards research and development? Should this capital allocation be in public or private hands?
One can accumulate a large number of one-sided assumptions and conclude that these would together depress the trend growth rate of the economy. And weak long-term growth expectations could in turn lower the natural rate of interest, pushing down the rate at which monetary policy is accommodative. We should remain open to all information and assumptions but also not underestimate the uncertainty of our knowledge.
Looking at inflation, the debate tends to centre on the effects of energy price inflation on the overall index, although other prices may well be affected by climate change too. The EU reference scenario of 2016[13] suggests that household electricity prices will rise over the coming decades. Others have suggested that the low marginal cost of renewable energy could lead to falling energy prices in the longer term, with lower volatility than at present.
None of these relative price changes have impeded the ECB’s ability to deliver on its price stability mandate. Nor is it reasonable to assume that changes in relative energy prices – in either direction – will do so in the future. Credible monetary policy, conducted by an independent central bank, anchors overall inflation expectations. The bigger threat to price stability over the long run does not lie in relative price changes, but rather in a loss of independence by central banks following a situation in which they have they ventured far into a political agenda with distributional consequences.
Let me now look at the channels through which climate change can impair financial stability. The work done by the Financial Stability Board’s Taskforce on Climate Related Financial Disclosures, the European Systemic Risk Board and various central banks within the Eurosystem and elsewhere endeavours to identify potential risks and vulnerabilities.
The analysis identifies three principal sources of risk: first, the physical risk from exposure to climatic events; second, the sharp adjustments in asset prices arising from discretionary policy interventions; and third, investors being so caught up in the euphoria over "green" financial assets that they fail to adequately price in their risks. The absence of any agreed definition or standard about what is “green” and what is “sustainable” is however the biggest shortcoming so far.
The first risk mainly falls on insurers, who need to continuously monitor and assess risks to ensure capital adequacy. The ECB is, however, explicitly excluded from supervising insurance firms under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The banking sector may also be affected, to the extent that climatic events affect the physical collateral underpinning lending. Where individual banks have loan portfolios concentrated in particular geographic locations, the risk of failure is increased. Moreover, the overall economic impact of that failure could be magnified by any remaining interlinkages between banks and sovereigns.
Transition risk occurs because the path to a low carbon environment is not smooth. City-wide bans on diesel cars and the fallout from Dieselgate have driven down car makers’ equity prices while also reducing the prices for second-hand diesel cars, detracting from their collateral value. In this case we need to assess social responses such as the recent street protests in France. Third-quarter GDP growth in Germany was negative following the sharp slump in production as car makers adapted to new emission tests. While this episode appears to be short-lived, it illustrates the impact that regulation can have on activity and asset values.
Third, undervaluation of risks in new green financial products could lead to price bubbles. I call this channel the Ponzi risk of green finance.[14] We never know exactly where – but the next bitcoin mania is always lurking somewhere around the corner. Experience has taught us that you can only properly identify an asset price bubble once it has burst. And certainly a central bank should not try to prick an inflating speculative bubble with the blunt sword of monetary policy – the collateral damage to the economy and inflation could be too severe. By the same token, central banks must not contribute to inflating such a bubble.
Mitigating risks through green financing
But combating the potential economic disruption from climate change goes beyond reacting to events once they occur. Taking steps to reduce carbon emissions and investing in infrastructure can help limit their future impact.
Economic theory points to a role for public policy to intervene to correct market failure in cases where the private sector does not fully take into account the social cost of its activities. A carbon tax incentivises the private sector to find efficient ways of reducing pollution.[15] However, the issue of how to distribute the burden associated with this incentive is socially divisive.
From a socially optimal perspective, green investments may also be underfinanced if market participants make investment decisions based on excessively short horizons. Moreover, scale, liquidity and reliable benchmarks can considerably improve market functioning. Public sector intervention at the creation of such markets can provide the right framework to help kick start private-sector involvement.
The European Investment Bank issued the world’s first green bonds in 2007, listed at the Luxembourg stock exchange. Further issuance has provided volume to the market. Today, more than 160 green bonds list on the LuxSE. Certification and incentives are also in place, but the issue of international recognition is still unresolved.
As a AAA-rated issuer, the EIB helps provide a benchmark for calculating yield curves and spreads in the green bond market. The European Commission’s work on standardised definitions, classifications and reporting requirements should help increase transparency, discourage “green-washing” and improve market pricing. These initiatives now appear to be bearing fruit, with the private sector issuing more green bonds in recent years.
But while there may be a role for such public sector initiatives at the European level, the ECB’s narrow mandate curtails its ability to contribute – a fact that, I think, is not always well understood by our critics on the subject. There are two ways in which some people say that we could contribute: first, through our asset purchase programme (APP) and second, through our role as banking supervisors.
The Treaty has granted us independence in choosing the best monetary policy instruments to use in fulfilling our mandate for price stability. But that independence is not a carte blanche to act arbitrarily. Our use of monetary policy tools needs to be necessary, suitable and proportionate to achieving our aim, while respecting the principles of an open market economy with free competition.[16] Going beyond these strict conditions would erode our legitimacy, which could in turn threaten our future independence and reduce our ability to achieve our mandate over the long term.
So where do green bonds fit into the APP? Purchases and reinvestments under the APP are temporary and are undertaken to preserve price stability. As such, purchases have to be calibrated to achieve the maximum impact on output and inflation, which means purchasing bonds issued by a wide range of economic sectors without distorting the relative asset prices.
Carbon-intensive sectors accounted for nearly half of the bonds eligible for the corporate sector purchase programme (CSPP) at its inception. Excluding these bonds would have limited the CSPP’s coverage, making it less effective. In other words, the exclusion of these sectors would limit the tool’s suitability for its primary purpose of ensuring price stability.
Moreover, focusing purchases on green bonds would run counter to the requirement to respect the workings of an open market economy and be tantamount to industrial policy. The APP is a tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, not for microeconomic reallocation. Deviating from market neutrality and interfering with economic policy risks exposing the ECB to litigation. It is not up to the central bank but to elected governments to decide which industry is to be closed and when. As central bankers, we have to respect and implement legitimate decisions in this context. And the effectiveness of monetary policy has been bolstered by abstaining from normative judgments on the morality of markets and industries.
Of course, under the principle of market neutrality, we have also purchased green bonds. We currently hold around 24% of eligible publicly-issued green bonds and around 20% of private sector green bonds. In both cases, the proportion is in line with our share of holdings in the total CSPP-eligible universe.
Beyond our primary mandate for price stability, it is worth remembering that we are not regulators, neither for financial markets nor for banks. The ECB carries out banking supervision within the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) under the Capital Requirements Regulation and Directive, adopted by the Council of the EU and the European Parliament, with further regulations set by the European Banking Authority. We are not free to vary the capital requirements of supervised banks to take into account their climate risks, or to encourage climate finance. Indeed, when ECB Banking Supervision, acting within its supervisory mandate, issued guidance on non-performing loans earlier this year, this generated tensions with regulators, who felt the guidance strayed into the territory of legislation. But we are ready to bring in our experience if so requested, in particular if it were suggested to strengthen or broaden disclosure obligations, for example.
Nonetheless, climate risks have been identified in ECB Banking Supervision’s risk assessment for 2019 and will be among the topics covered in the qualitative discussions held with banks on an individual basis.
The ECB will continue to carry out our democratically delegated functions as set out in the Treaty. Should a greater groundswell of support for environmental action cause bank regulators to modify the regulatory framework under which the SSM operates, supervisors must of course adjust their actions and implement the legal requirements accordingly.
Let me conclude.
Climate change poses the risk of considerable social costs and economic disruption. The challenges of climate change are social issues. The analysis and choice of possible solutions, including suitable instruments and their financing, require rigorous political debate. And no matter which path a society takes, the potential changes can have serious effects on sectors, regions, the distribution of income and wealth, and generations over time. Economically, there will be relative winners and losers. It is therefore the responsibility of elected representatives to decide on the best solutions.
Central banks are explicitly excluded from such political debates. In view of the central banks’ almost limitless financial power, politicians would come under too much temptation to use monetary policy to achieve short-term political goals, a situation that could undermine the task of preserving the purchasing power of money. That is why, in most jurisdictions, monetary policy has been transferred to technocrats who are independent of politics and are bound to fulfil a strict and unambiguous mandate to guarantee price stability. In the case of the ECB, this “de-politicisation” has constitutional status.
At the same time, even an independent central bank does not operate in a vacuum. Technological progress, innovations, geopolitical tensions and, of course, regulatory requirements by legislators influence the environment in which monetary policy operates.
However, monitoring and analysing the extent to which climate change or other shocks may affect the transmission of monetary policy, the economic cycle, the soundness of individual banks and financial stability as a whole, and how they interact, is part of our forward-looking approach.
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The Green Gorilla
On The Turntable
NEW – On The Turntable
The ‘On The Turntable’ page has been updated. If you still want to access the old stuff from last month you can via an archive I set up in the sidebar to the right. It is located below the other archive links. You have to check out the page to see it all but here is a little taste of what is new…
It’s a little bit of Curtis/Live!, a great live Curtis Mayfield album from 1971 recorded at The Bitter End, here in The Village of downtown NYC. These 3 songs are a few of my favorites from the album:
We’ve Only Just Begun
https://thegreengorilla.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/06-weve-only-just-begun.mp3
https://thegreengorilla.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/07-people-get-ready.mp3
We The People Who Are Darker Than Blue
https://thegreengorilla.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/14-we-the-people-who-are-darker-than-blue.mp3
I especially like the Carpenters’ cover of “We’ve Only Just Begun”. Written by the songwriting team of Roger Nichols (music) and Paul Williams (lyrics), the song originally debuted in a commercial for Crocker National Bank in California in 1970, with Williams providing the vocals. It has since been played by many different artists with the Carpenters’ version being the most popular. I found this instrumental version by jazz guitarist Grant Green, which I really like too. It’s from his 1971 album Visions from Blue Note and features one of my favorite drummers from this period, Idris Muhammad.
Some might argue this type of “pop song turned instrumental jazz” style is in fact the precursor to the Muzak we mock today but I really like the way the rhythm section drags and pushes on this one, it gives it a great soul jazz feel that is indicative of what was going on in the genre at this time.
*Buy Curtis/Live online
**Buy Grant Green’s Visions online
Tags: Blue Note, Curtis Mayfield, Curtis/Live!, Grant Green, Idris Muhammad, Jazz, Leo Morris, Live, Music, Muzak, NYC, People Get Ready, Soul, The Bitter End, The Carpenters, The Village, Videos, Visions, We The People Who Are Darker Than Blue, We've Only Just Begun, What I'm Diggin'
Categories : 1970's, Blue Note, Covers, Live, R&B, Soul
Beware The Two Headed Freap
I’ve been looking for a Ronnie Foster album from 1972 off Blue Note entitled The Two Headed Freap. I’ve tried to track it down on vinyl for a while now but just can’t seem to find a copy in my local record shops. It’s a great “acid-jazz” album that features this cult(ish) classic “Mystic Brew”. The tune may sound familiar as it has been sampled numerous times by a hand full of hip hop artists. The most notable in my mind is A Tribe Called Quest’s “Electric Relaxation”, from their 1994 album Midnight Marauders. It’s a great example of how a sample can be used to create a piece that stands on it’s own. In this case, it may even be regarded as better… well, certainly more successful. That aside, there’s definitely something slightly more compelling about the Tribe song than the original. But that’s mostly attributed to the fact that this early acid jazz was really watered down at the time plus Tribe tends to make a lot out of a little as seen in most of their work. Also notable is the fact that the beat is a three bar loop which is very uncommon in Hip Hop. Most popular music utilizes even meters and/or time signatures but the cool thing about 3 (odd) is that once you double it, it becomes 6 (even) so you can be playful with the feel, taking it in either an odd or even direction. Wayne Shorter’s “Footprints” is a phenomenal example of this in the jazz world.
Below is Ronnie’s “Mystic Brew” and A Tribe Called Quests’ “Electric Relaxation”. To give it another dimension, I have also included contemporary jazz pianist, Vijay Iyer’s version of “Mystic Brew” from his 2009 album Historicity. I like to place them all side by side to see/hear the transformations and adaptations that have occurred over the years.
Other uses of this sample include:
Madlib’s “Mystic Bounce” off Shades of Blue
Pete Rock’s ’99 Mix Tape version off Diggin’ On Blue
Freeway’s “Alright” off Philadelphia Freeway… instrumental version too
Marco Polo’s “Relax” off Port Authority
Joy Jones’ “Over” off GodChild Directed
Rell’s “Real Love” (Single produced by Kanye West)
More about Ronnie Foster’s career
More on Sampling as an industry practice
Academic brief on Sampling
Ref: Wayne Shorter’s Footprints from Adam’s Apple (Blue Note ca 1966)
Tags: A Tribe Called Quest, Blue Note, Covers, Electric Relaxation, Footprints, Hip Hop/Rap, Historicity, Jazz, Music, Ronnie Foster, Samples, Sampling, The Two Headed Freap, Videos, Vijay Iyer, Wayne Shorter
Categories : 1970's, 1990's, 2000's, Blue Note, Covers, Hip Hop/Rap, Jazz, Samples
Herbie’s “I Have A Dream”
For MLK Day, I have to post the first track from Herbie Hancock’s final Blue Note album, The Prisoner. As you can probably tell by the title, it’s a tribute to the late Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Recorded in 1969, this album evokes the feeling of the times, tension and all. Reflecting on the end of the civil rights movement, it considers how far we had come and at the same time how far we had yet to go. “I Have A Dream” is a particularly savory piece. It’s a compositional masterpiece, plus, the group of sidemen assembled for the session create a really elegant, interesting and accessible aesthetic while embracing the Hancock sound. That, coupled with the individual contributions of the soloists, makes it a real “Easter Egg” in Herbie’s repertoire. In addition to “I Have A Dream”, I included the title track as well. These two songs make up Side 1 of the LP. Sorry they don’t play continuously, I’m working on it…
Track 1: https://thegreengorilla.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/01-i-have-a-dream.mp3
Track 2: https://thegreengorilla.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/02-the-prisoner.mp3
Herbie Hancock - The Prisoner
*For more info on this recording session, click here.
Tags: Blue Note, Herbie Hancock, I Had A Dream, Jazz, Martin Luther King, Music, The Prisoner
Categories : 1960's, Blue Note, Jazz, Soul
Hey! You there!
Most of these posts are not exactly HiFi quality but they are definitely best experienced through some decent speakers or headphones. Don't let that keep you from enjoying it though. Good tunes are just good, no matter what you're listening through.
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1960's 1967 1968 1970's 1980's 2000's 2010 2010's Acoustic Al Green Apple Art BBC Berry Gordy Billy Preston Blue Note Blues CA Covers Cream CTI Digital/Electronic Eric Clapton Film Folk Funk George Harrison Guitar Solo Herbie Hancock Hip Hop/Rap Indie Jack White Jazz John Lennon LA Led Zeppelin Live MGMT Michael Jackson Motown Movies Music Music Video New New Orleans New Release New Releases NYC Obituaries Paul McCartney Pop Post-Beatles Quincy Jones R&B Rare Ringo Starr RIP Rock n' Roll Samples Sharon Jones Single Sneak Peek Solo Soul Standards Stevie Wonder Talking Heads The Beatles The Who Traffic TV UK Videos Vinyl YouTube
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Liberty University board member knocks Falwell's endorsement of Trump
By Jesse Byrnes - 03/01/16 02:02 PM EST
The chairman of Liberty University's executive committee is knocking the endorsement of Donald Trump Donald John TrumpEsper sidesteps question on whether he aligns more with Mattis or Trump Warren embraces Thiel label: 'Good' As tensions escalate, US must intensify pressure on Iran and the IAEA MORE by the Christian school's president.
“Donald Trump is the only candidate who has dealt almost exclusively in the politics of personal insult,” Mark DeMoss, who sits on the Liberty University's board, told The Washington Post in a story published Tuesday.
“The bullying tactics of personal insult have no defense — and certainly not for anyone who claims to be a follower of Christ. That’s what’s disturbing to so many people. It’s not Christ-like behavior that Liberty has spent 40 years promoting with its students," DeMoss said.
“I’ve been concerned for Liberty University for a couple of months now, and I’ve held my tongue,” DeMoss continued. “I think a lot of what we’ve seen from Donald Trump will prove to be difficult to explain by evangelicals who have backed him. Watching last weekend’s escapades about the KKK, I don’t see how an evangelical backer can feel good about that.”
Trump has faced condemnation from his rivals and Republican Party leaders after apparently waffling during a weekend interview over the support of former Ku Klux Klan grand wizard David Duke.
Trump disavowed Duke's support at a news conference last Friday, though he dodged questions about whether he would disavow the KKK on Sunday.
DeMoss made the comments on the eve of Super Tuesday as Republican voters head to the polls in a dozen states, including his home state of Georgia.
Some in the evangelical community were surprised when Jerry Falwell Jr. endorsed the GOP front-runner in January, and Liberty University alumni have privately voiced uneasiness with it.
Trump often brags of the endorsement from Falwell. DeMoss told the Post he discussed his views with Falwell and said "this appears to be something we're just going to disagree on."
A spokesperson for the school characterized Falwell's endorsement as personal, and Falwell didn't immediately respond to the newspaper's request for comment.
Tags Liberty University Donald Trump 2016 GOP primary 2016 endorsements
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