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Microsoft's Garage has developed a new iPhone app ...
Microsoft's Garage has developed a new iPhone app that aims to be your news feed for work
The news app for the iPhone focuses on business information
Blair Hanley Frank (IDG News Service) on 27 January, 2016 07:32
Microsoft's Garage internal incubator has come out with a news feed on the iPhone targetting users' business information needs.
News Pro is a new app that allows users to connect their LinkedIn or Facebook accounts and get a feed of the top stories relevant to their interests and work experience. Depending on how much time people have spent elaborating what they're into on one of those networks, the initial recommendations might not be all that helpful, but users can specify more about their interests inside the app itself.
The News Pro interface is fairly bare bones: it shows a list of articles that users can scroll through, comment on, and "like," similar to other news apps. Users can either read them as they would appear on the web, or in a streamlined "Speedy mode" that strips away everything but basic text.
People who are expecting the app to be a full-featured consumer experience will be disappointed, but that's to be expected from the first release of a Garage project. Apps from Microsoft's internal ideas incubator are aimed at proving out a particular concept, or testing a hypothesis, and usually aren't as polished as the company's flagship applications.
It seems like everyone has a news app on the iPhone these days. Facebook has its Notify app for sending quick snippets of news, Google has two news apps, Twitter is trying to be a news app with its Moments feature, and Apple has its own News app that's built into the phone. Microsoft is no stranger to that ecosystem either, since it has an MSN News app, plus Bing and Cortana apps that include their own recommended news stories.
And then there's LinkedIn, which has its own Pulse news reader that's aimed at providing a similar experience to News Pro.
What will be interesting to see from the launch of this application is what Microsoft plans to do with the results of its experiments with the app. Successful experiments can go on to be key features for Microsoft's products, like the Garage app for monitoring air quality in China that turned into one of Cortana's key features in that market.
Tags Microsoft
Blair Hanley Frank
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Telstra Corporation
Telstra Corporation hiptop Red
A new coat of hiptop paint
Ross Catanzariti
User-friendly interface, excellent design, trackball, IM and e-mail features, relatively inexpensive
No 3G, lack of video recording/playback, 2.5mm headphone jack, no A2DP Bluetooth, mediocre camera, keyboard may be a tad small for some
The hiptop gets a new coat of paint but no new features. It remains a very user-friendly device with some nice features, but multimedia buffs will be disappointed.
Would you buy this?
Telstra and Motorola have partnered again to launch another hiptop device, the hiptop Red. Exclusively available on the Telstra network, the hiptop Red is basically the HipTop Slide with a new coat of paint.
The hiptop is a re-branded Sidekick device, an extremely popular smartphone in the US for teenagers and people in their early 20s. Although it appeals to the same demographic here, the hiptop Red suffers from the same issues as its predecessor — the lack of multimedia functions and the minimal feature improvements over the original hiptop device mean that many will give the hiptop Red the slip in favour of newer, more feature-rich smartphones.
The hiptop Red is an extremely well-designed device, featuring a slide-up display and full QWERTY keyboard. The 2.5in screen is crisp and clear, although it's not as rich as some newer smartphones we've reviewed.
The design of the Red is quite compact, despite the inclusion of a keyboard. It also manages to feel like a pretty solid device. The sliding mechanism is smooth and the buttons and controls — with the exception of the two difficult-to-reach function buttons on the top #8212; are easy to use and well placed, particularly the intuitive trackball. Some people may be disappointed with the small keyboard, but we were typing at very reasonable speeds after just a few hours of use, so its learning curve isn't steep.
The menu system and user interface in general is excellent and the trackball makes it easy to use. Menu icons on the main screen are laid out in a semi-circle and are easy to select using either the trackball or the four-way navigational pad. The animated menu screens when switching between applications are a nice touch, as are the button shortcut commands.
The biggest drawback of the hiptop Red is the lack of 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity. The included Internet browser works reasonably well, but network speeds on EDGE will leave you frustrated. Also perplexing is the hiptop's lack of multimedia features — although it includes an MP3 player, songs can only be played through a microSD card (not included), the headphone jack is 2.5mm rather than the standard 3.5mm and there is no A2DP Bluetooth profile. There is also no video playback or video recording and the 1.3-megapixel camera doesn't include a flash, self-portrait mirror or autofocus.
The strength of the hiptop is its messaging and e-mail functions. The interface and ease of use is excellent, with both Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger applications installed. The Red can handle up to three POP3 and IMAP e-mail accounts, in addition to the included hiptop e-mail address. The e-mail application works well, but slow network speeds mean that downloading large messages can take some time. The Red also comes with a MySpace Mobile application — a version of the popular social-networking site for mobile phones. It is quite impressive, with most functions, including uploading photos, available.
Other features of the Red include speed dialling and call forwarding, three-way calling and a hands-free speakerphone; there is no voice dialling. Call quality is a mixed bag: the volume is generally loud, but it can be difficult to hear with heavy background noise. Bluetooth is present and worked well for hands-free calling with a Bluetooth speakerphone, but we had some trouble sending files from our computer.
Telstra offers the hiptop Red on a $30 per month plan that includes unlimited instant messaging, Web browsing, e-mail, SMS and MMS, and $30 wroth of credit for voice calls. Calls on this plan are charged at 30c for every 30 seconds plus a 27c flag fall.
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Aspera goes hip with a 4G flip and adds a feature-laden smartphone
Black Friday Deal: Galaxy Z Flip for $999
Black Friday Deal: Vivo smartphones are 20% off
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GSD students win Bocconi Urban Campus competition
A team led by GSD students Stefano Andreani (MDesS '13) and Federico de Molfetta (MDesS '13) has won the Bocconi Urban Campus international competition with the “Bocconi Yard” project.
Team members included Chan Sik Youn (MArch I '12), Lesley McTague (MArch I '12), Hanna Tulis (MArch I '12), Emmet Truxes (MArch I '13), Tory Wolcott (MArch I '12), Xing Xiong (MArch II '12) and Karol Malik (MLA I '14). Joan Busquets (Martin Bucksbaum professor in practice of urban planning and design) and Hashim Sarkis (Aga Khan professor of landscape architecture and urbanism in Muslim societies) were advisors to the project, along with Professor Manuel Heitor of the Instituto Superior Técnico of Lisbon.
The competition called for the design of a new campus comprising research, teaching, study, residential, recreation and sport areas for Bocconi University in Milan. The design had to reflect the cosmopolitan and innovative characteristics of the school and the avant-garde sensibility of the city. It had to demonstrate technological solutions for ensuring the buildings’ maximum sustainability, durability and adaptability over time.
The prestigious jury, which included Martha Thorne, director of the Pritzker Prize, and Dejan Sudjic, director of the London Design Museum, lauded the GSD team’s skill and dynamism in managing the requirements, restrictions and values of the Bocconi University client. Their selection of the GSD project was based on its superiority in meeting demands at a functional, experiential and social level and engaging with the existing urban and university fabric.
The jury particularly appreciated the technological sophistication shown in the plan and its representation. The design was deemed highly effective with regard to environmental sustainability, with technical solutions for the buildings’ exteriors produced by the GSD's Design Robotics Group.
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Bevis Frond - Coming Round Chords & Tabs
Guitar tabs > Artists B > Bevis Frond tabs > Coming Round Tab
Coming Round Chords & Tabs
Bevis Frond Chords & Tabs
Type: Tab
Coming Round Tab
#----------------------------------PLEASE NOTE---------------------------------#
#This file is the author's own work and represents their interpretation of the #
#song. You may only use this file for private study, scholarship, or research. #
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------##
From: RSambu@aol.com
Date: Fri, 6 Oct 1995 17:10:14 -0400
Subject: TAB: Coming Round by The Bevis Frond
Here's my second try at a Bevis Frond song. Additions, corrections,
comments, etc. welcome. Peace.
Rick rsambu@aol.com
COMING ROUND by The Bevis Frond
from London Stone Woronzow Records WOO18 1992
lotsa fuzz 4/4
INTRO I:
/ Em / C / Em / C / D / Cmaj7 / D / Cmaj7 /
INTRO II:
Em C Em C
E|------------|-------------|-------------|-----------------|
B|-7-7-7h8-7--|-------------|-7-7-7h8-7---|-----------------|
1 G|------------|-7-----------|-------------|-7-7-7h9-(9)-----|
D|------------|-------------|-------------|-----------------|
A|------------|-------------|-------------|-----------------|
D Cmaj7 D Cmaj7 |
E|------------|-------------|-------------|--------|--------|
B|-7-7-7h8-7--|-------------|-7-7-7h8-7---|-8------|--------|
2 G|------------|-s4-2-0h2p0--|-------------|--------|--------|
D|------------|-------------|-------------|--------|--------|
A|------------|-------------|-------------|--------|--------|
[ Tab from: https://www.guitartabs.cc/tabs/b/bevis_frond/coming_round_tab.html ]
Em C Em C Em
Come on baby, explain it to me one more time
C D Cmaj7 Em
I think I'm catching on at last I feel it scratching at my mind
C Em C Em
Say it clearly, I'm not usually this dense
C D Cmaj7 G
Run it past me once again, I think it's starting to make sense
Am C D G Am C D (INTRO II 1,2)
Coming round, I'm coming round, coming round, slowly coming round
I've heard it's easy, I've heard it's all the latest rage
But I don't understand it all, I come from a different age
Where if you fall in love, you never tell her how you feel
Until she tires of holding on and now it's losing its appeal
(herein lies 3 minutes and 5 seconds of beautiful, severally-tracked
guitar over INTRO I chords as only could have been played by NS)
Now I find all the things that we were told
Were really nothing more than lies spread to keep us in control
I always thought that I was quick to comprehend
I can't believe it took so long, at least I sussed it in the end
Am C D G Am C D (INTRO II 1,2)
C D G Am C D G
Am C D G Am C D G
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Medical personnel wear personal protective equipment to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 as they wheel a patient into St. Paul’s hospital in downtown Vancouver Monday, November 23, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jonathan Hayward
Refrigerated morgue truck deployed in Fraser Health: BC Coroners Service
B.C. is dealing with two public health crises
Jan. 13, 2021 8:25 a.m.
A refrigerated morgue truck has been deployed and put into operation in the Fraser Health region, the BC Coroners Service confirmed.
In an email Tuesday (Jan. 12), the agency said that there is a provincial working group that includes the province’s five health authorities that actively monitors mortuary capacity and works to “ensure plans are in place for potential increases in demand for storage.”
The morgue truck is part of that plan, the agency added.
“Although we are seeing a bit of a strain on the system, our plans are working as a result of the collaboration with Ministry of Health, BC Coroners Service and BC Funeral Home Association,” the coroners service said.
The province is dealing with two health crises; the COVID-19 pandemic which has killed 1,010 people, and the overdose crisis which led to at least 1,548 deaths in 2020, although December figures are not yet available.
READ MORE: 153 people died of drug overdoses in November in B.C.; deaths climb in seniors
READ MORE: B.C. sees another 446 COVID-19 cases Tuesday, nine more deaths
B.C. overdosesCoronavirusoverdoseoverdose crisis
Saanich driver tells police he was ‘only’ going 45 km/h over posted limit
Pandemic worsening mental health for women more than men, poll suggests
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People line up and check in for an international flight at Pearson International Airport during the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto on Wednesday, Oct. 14, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Nathan Denette
Travel industry ‘in tailspin’ as federal government adopts new COVID-19 test rules
There isn’t yet a list of approved testing agencies for the new regulations
The travel industry in Canada has been thrown into a “tailspin” by new federal rules requiring a COVID-19 test before Canadians are allowed back into the country from most international travel, says the Association of Canadian Independent Travel Advisors.
The timing of Transport Minister Marc Garneau’s announcement of the new protocol last Thursday — New Year’s Eve — could not have been worse because many agents had closed their offices for the holiday long weekend, the group said in a statement.
“The releasing of this new protocol in the afternoon of New Year’s Eve put most of our industry into a tailspin,” ACITA said.
“With no warning in place, people who had chosen to travel over the New Year were not given the opportunity to cancel or change their trips.”
ACITA is a new association started by independent travel agents last spring in part to lobby for government assistance for the industry due to challenges caused by the pandemic.
It says the testing move “seems to be having the opposite effect” from helping the industry recover.
The federal Conservatives are calling for an emergency meeting of the House of Commons to consider a study of the testing requirement, with multiple Liberal ministers asked to testify.
The change in Ottawa’s policy left travel agents like Calgary’s Janez Law scrambling to get in touch with clients who are on trips or planning to take trips.
“People don’t like it very much but what can you do, you have no choice if you want to come home, right?” she said, adding it’s difficult to provide advice to her clients because of the lack of detail in Ottawa’s plan.
She said a Canadian client now in the Philippines said she will have to endure a six-hour-plus bus trip to the capital, Manila, to get the required test to ensure she is allowed back into Canada when she returns on Thursday.
Law said such tests are expensive in most of Asia, adding the test in Manila is expected to cost $150.
Her agency, Travel Far and Beyond, specializes in arranging trips to Asia but has experienced a 90 per cent decline in volume due to the pandemic.
Law added she personally supports the idea of more testing of travellers if it makes Canada safer.
The new rules will further discourage customers who are already wary of travelling to Africa during the pandemic because of its perceived quality of health care, said Pat Littlejohn, a co-owner of Toronto’s Wild Journeys Safaris in Africa.
“We sell trips to Africa. It actually might be very difficult to obtain one of these tests in Africa before returning to Canada. This just might be an impossibility,” she said.
“To put that requirement on just seems to just shut down travel, basically.”
READ MORE: Feds weigh cutting COVID-19 sickness benefit for Canadians who have travelled
Quick tests for COVID-19 at the airport would be a much better way to proceed, she said, adding many of her clients have put their plans “on hold” until the pandemic situation clears up.
The ACITA statement says most travel clients are willing to accept an additional cost related to travel during the pandemic but fear they could face “being gouged” to get the required testing.
“Our clients, those who have travel booked, are now looking to cancel their trips, not only due to the uncertainty that arises should they have difficulty getting a test within the allotted 72-hour time frame, but also due to the additional costs associated,” the group said in its statement.
It added that travel agents have been unable to tell passengers set to depart Canada this week whether testing locations they’ve identified will be included in Ottawa’s list of approved facilities since that list hadn’t been published.
Dan Healing, The Canadian Press
Coronavirustravel
‘A bit of a nightmare:’ Health expert calls for stricter rules as COVID cases surge
Heating costs run high for mobile homes, but BC Hydro offers tips
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Administration, Records, Museum
Places-Shore Facilities--Bases-Stations-Labs-Installations
Hermann T. Pott National Inland Waterways Library, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri
J. Porter Shaw Library, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, San Francisco, California
Mariners Museum Research Library and Archives, Newport News, Virginia
G. W. Blunt White Library, Mystic Seaport - The Museum of America and the Sea, Mystic, Connecticut (online library catalog)
Phillips Library, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts
US National Archives and Records Administration
Genealogy: Maritime Records
Coast and Geodetic Survey (Record Group 23)
Department of Transportation (Record Group 398)
Federal Maritime Commission (Record Group 358)
Maritime Administration (Record Group 357)
Maritime Labor Board (Record Group 157)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Record Group 370)
United States Coast Guard (Record Group 26)
United States Shipping Board (Record Group 32)
War Shipping Administration (Record Group 248)
US National Transportation Safety Board reports
Historical Collections of the Great Lakes, Bowling Green State University Libraries, Bowling Green, Ohio
Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston, Canada
Vaughan Evans Library, Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, Australia
Caird Library, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, United Kingdom
Archives Centre Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Information sheets)
Maritime History Archive, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Library, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Royal Naval Museum Library, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Published: Tue Dec 08 21:22:05 EST 2020
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| 0.658577
| 0.341423
|
hellovpop
K-ICM Returns With A Sad Love Song “Tinh La Gi Day Em Oi” But It Turns Out That He Is Not The Singer
Dong Nhi Shares Her Baby Daughter’s Photos
Erik Makes His First Comeback For The New Year With “Anh Luon La Ly Do”
Missosology Predicts Do Thi Ha To Land At The Top 10 Of Miss World 2021
제24회부산국제영화제
Zhang Hui-Wen
Xin Chao Papa
Xieu Long
Xemesis
Fairy Tale Comes True For Ong Cao Thang & Dong Nhi After A Decade Of Love
byJolie Nguyen
After 10 years together, Ong Cao Thang proposed and Dong Nhi accepted.
A photo of Dong Nhi and Ong Cao Thang during their earlier days after they confirmed their relationship.
To everyone, Dong Nhi and Ong Cao Thang are a rare couple that can keep beautiful love for a long time. They fell in love with each other from the beginning when they were still newbies in Vbiz.
The love of Dong Nhi and Ong Cao Thang can be described as the age of the youth as it grows and matures day by day. And finally, after 10 years, Ong Cao Thang might have decided that it is a good time to propose and the woman of his life eventually accepted the proposal.
With their big day coming soon, let’s take a trip back to the past as we witness their blissful love and how much they have cared for each other during the past decade.
In the year 2009-2010, Dong Nhi and Cao Thang stepped forward as a rising generation of local teen artists, who were getting well-loved by audiences.
At that time, rumors began to emerge that Cao Thang was dating Dong Nhi – when the male singer made an appearance in her music video, titled “Ac Mong Cua Nhung Giac MO” (Evil’s Dreams).
At that time, the Weboys, a boy band which Cao Thang was a member, got disbanded. They were spotted to be together in the public, but they did not officially confirm their relationship.
Until 2011, Dong Nhi officially opened up her relationship with Ong Cao Thang. However, the public initially thought that they were just trying to gain attention for their status with their “lovers” news. After a long time later, fans gradually accepted their true love and supported them.
Their love grew stronger and stronger, especially the couple was always seen being together with each other. There was a time when Ong Cao Thang suffered an injury, the female singer reportedly took care of him.
Until 2004, Ong Cao Thang left his celebrity status to allow Dong Nhi to focus on her career. As the female singer performed on stages, her boyfriend always stood quietly in a corner to support her.
The couple had also experienced many happy milestones in love. By 1 March 2019, Ong Cao Thang and Dong Nhi celebrated their 10th anniversary together.
On his personal SNS, Cao Thang thanked his girlfriend: “The first 10 years. Thank you for always being there, supporting me and loving me. I love you.”
In response to her boyfriend, Dong Nhi also sent three words: “I love you”.
The post then received a lot of well-wishes from fans, especially with blessings that the two artists would soon tie the knot.
Finally on July 9, Ong Cao Thang took a huge leap of faith and proposed to Dong Nhi, to which she agreed. The wedding celebration is surely not going to be far away anymore.
Today is a happy day of the couple!
cao thang
dong nhi
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Evidences of Son Tung M-TP and Thieu Bao Tram spending time together during a Korean tour were discovered…
Copyright © 2018-2020 hellovpop.com
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Classifieds Vehicles
1984 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1984 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for sale
Ad Number 159516
previous next Image of
Return to Ad 1984 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Ad Posted By: StreetsideNashville
Seller's Website
$21,995 Get Financing
Seller: StreetsideNashville
This 1984 Chevrolet Monte Carlo has the look and sound of a racecar, but it's really just a great tribute that you get to enjoy from the comfort of an A/C interior. So for those of you who really love to turn heads from the moment you leave your driveway, you know this Chevy is turn-key ready for attention.
This generation Monte Carlo built the SS to give it an advantage in NASCAR racing. And this custom coupe takes that idea to the next level. It really looks race-ready with the aerodynamic front end, hood pins, trunk pins, and big rear spoiler. There's an impressive paint theme done as a tribute to Darrell Waltrip's winning Monte Carlo. Even the main sponsor logos were painted on top. It's such an authentic-looking total package that there's a decal on the rear window to announce that this is street legal, because you just know some people will wonder how it's allowed on the neighborhoods. In fact, the differences between this and a NASCAR racer are subtle, but they are important. The headlight covers come off to reveal DOT legal lights. The Aero racing wheels have Goodyear Eagle tires, but unlike racing slicks, these have a real useful tread. And while you can put up the window safety net for some NASCAR-style fun, there are also real roll-up glass for when you want to keep the weather out.
The doors really open on this tribute car, and so you don't have to slip through the window. Plus, you'll want to use them so people can get a peek at some more cool upgrades. The diamond plate style accents, roll bar, and RaceQuip belts are for show, but they really set the tone right for this racer. And this coupe also has the right functional pieces. You have upgraded features like the full auxiliary gauge package and large SunPro tach. But what you'll also really love is how this remains a comfortable Monte Carlo at its core. That means great features, like cold-blowing air conditioing, a tilt steering column, cruise control, and an upgraded AM/FM/CD stereo with USB input.
Under the hood is the numbers-matching 305 cubic-inch V8. These small blocks love upgrades, and so this one inhales deeper with a Holley four-barrel carburetor and Edelbrock Performer RPM intake. There's even an upgraded exhaust with side exit for some NASCAR-style sound and fun. Plus, the mild cam delivers added performance and growl to the total package. The three-speed automatic transmission even has a shift kit to keep you in the power band. Add in power steering, power brakes, front discs, a Positraction rear end, and sway bars front & rear, and you have a racecar that has an everyday kind of appeal.
You'd expect to pay a lot more that our price for a custom coupe with added power, the right luxury, and some serous racer style. So you know you need to hurry on this deal. Call today!!!
https://www.streetsideclassics.com/vehicles/2332-nsh/1984-chevrolet-monte-carlo
www.HotRodHotline.com
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| 0.30469
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Tag: smoking cessation
iCANQUIT: Smoking Cessation App Review
An Evidence-Based App to Prescribe to Patients for Tobacco Cessation Tobacco use remains the #1 preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Overall, cigarette smoking among U.S. adults (aged ≥18 years) declined from 20.9 percent in 2005 to 13.7% in 2018. Still, nearly 34 million American adults smoked cigarettes in […]
Douglas Maurer, DO/MPH/FAAFP | October 1, 2020
FDA clears Carrot’s smartphone paired carbon monoxide breath sensor for smoking cessation
California-based medical health company Carrot Inc. recently announced that its Carbon Monoxide Breath Sensor System (COBSS) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with 501(k) clearance for over-the-counter use.
Greg von Portz | October 20, 2017
SmartQuit App Helps Spanish Speaking Patients Break Tobacco Habit
Smartquit is now available for Spanish speaking patients.
Paul Cerrato | July 14, 2016
Smoking cessation apps survey: smokers & clinicians are looking for very different things
Researchers asked smokers and clinicians what features they would want smoking cessation apps to have.
JMIR Guest Contribution | February 18, 2016
Cigarette Crushing App based on clinical trial lets users “crush” cigarettes on iPhone
Smoking cessation app that is based on a clinical trial game that helped users quit smoking.
Brian Wu PhD | December 28, 2015
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| 0.709393
| 0.290607
|
Search results for heart
Editors [24]
Relevant Articles [1050]
Journal of Heart and Cardiovascular Research Journal of Heart Lung and Circulation
Abhishek Deshmukh
Senior Associate Consultant- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic,Rochester,Minnesota.
Agila Somasundaram
Department of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Aniruddha Singh
Western Kentucky Heart and Lung Association, USA
Arun Maskey
Unit Chief, Department of Cardiology, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Charu Munjal
Heart Institute, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Dr. Dome Andras Dezsi
Invasive Cardiology Department of Heart Center Balatonfüred, Hungary. The member of Hungarian Society of Cardiology and the presenter of Hungarian Cardiology Congress, EuroPCR and TCT.
Dr. Haitao Wu
Staff Scientist. Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA.
Dr. Maqsood Manzoor Elahi
Adult & Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cardiac Eye International Foundation, Texas, USA.
Dr. Osmar Antonio Centurion
Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences. He is Professor of Medicine at the School of Medical Sciences from the Asuncion National University in Asunción, Paraguay.He is the Founding Member of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Cardiología Intervencionista (SOLACI). Author of more than 200 medical articles published in peerreviewed American, European and Japanese journals in cardiology.He is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and member of other 10 International Cardiovascular Societies. He is currently Chief of the Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Clinicas, Asunción, Paraguay. In addition, He is the Director of the Department of Health Science Investigation at the Metropolitan Hospital, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay.
Dr. Rajesh Rajan
Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmad Cardiac Center, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait. Dr. Rajesh Rajan MD, Ph.D, FRCP(UK), FRCP (Ire), FACC, FESC, FAHA is the current President of the Indian Association of Clinical Cardiologists. He has been the recipient of several distinguished fellowships, including those from the Royal College of Physicians UK&Ireland, European Society of Cardiology, American College of Cardiology, and American Heart Association. Dr Rajan has been in charge of various clinical research registries in heart failure and authored several publications
Francesco Bedogni
Professor, Heart Surgery School University of Milan, Italy
Giuseppe Vizzielli
Medical Doctor at Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
Jan J Michiels
MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Internist Hematologist, Goodheart Institute Rotterdam, Blood Coagulation and Vascular Medicine Science Center, Erasmus City 3069 AT, Netherlands
Jie Du
Yangtze River Professor and Director The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases Beijing, China
Joel Ferreira Santiago Jr
Assistant Teacher, Sacred Heart University, Brazil
Joseph Ricotta
Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Regional Medical Director, Tenet Healthcare, Coastal Region, Tenet Florida Heart and Vascular Network, Delray Beach, Florida
Leonardo Roever
Principal Investigator, Uberlandia Heart Study, Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
Leonardo Silva Roever Borges
Mark A. Wigger
Medical Director, Adult Heart Transplant, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Mohd. Shahbaaz Khan
Assistant Consultant Cardiac Surgeon,King Salman Heart Centre,King Fahad Medical City,Riyadh, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia
Richard Maximus Fleming
Director and Chair, The Fleming Heart and Health Institute, USA
Stamatios Lerakis
Director of Imaging for the Emory Heart and Vascular Center Division of Cardiology, 1365 Clifton Road, NE Clinic Bldg. A, Suite AT503 Atlanta, Georgia.
Toralben Patel
Department of Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound, Cardiac and Vascular Consultants, The Villages, FL. Dr. Toralben Patel is NON- INVASIVE CARDIOLOGIST/Director at The Villages, FL, also working as Faculty at Citrus Memorial Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, Inverness, FL and a member of Cardiovascular Leadership Council, Bayfront Health Seven Rivers, Crystal River, FL. Also a member of American College of Cardiology (ACC), Women in Cardiology (WIC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), Women in Innovations (WIN), The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), American Heart Association (AHA), American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC),, American Association of Cardiologist of Indian Origin (AACIO) etc.
Ziad Taimeh
Assistant Professor, Advanced Heart Failure, Mechanical Circulatory Support, and Heart Transplantation Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
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Infosecurity Magazine Home » Infosec Blog » Manufacturers Adopt Rabbit-In-Headlights Approach to IoT Security
31 May 2019 Infosec Blog
Manufacturers Adopt Rabbit-In-Headlights Approach to IoT Security
Danny Bradbury Contributing Writer
Follow @dannybradbury
When you buy an IoT device, you probably assume the company that made it thinks it's secure. Not so fast - more than four in five of them are at least as worried as you that their product is hackable.
According to a survey from digital platform security vendor Irdeto in late May, 82% of IoT manufacturers felt that their devices were not properly secured from cyber-attacks. What's more, 96% of them felt that their device security could improve, either to some extent or a great extent.
“For many manufacturers of IoT devices, security is still an afterthought instead of something that should be implemented at the very beginning,” the report warned.
One area for improvement includes device security updates. Only 48% of manufacturers provide security updates for a device's entire lifetime, beyond warranty. Consequently, a lot of IoT device users will find themselves on their own after the warranty expires. That won't be comforting for, say, healthcare organizations with connected devices managing critical patient data.
The company surveyed IoT customers alongside manufacturers, interviewing 700 decision makers spanning both groups across five countries, including the UK.
Across both users and manufacturers, 80% of IoT devices have experienced a cyber-attack in the last year, Irdeto found. Of those victims, 90% suffered an impact, such as operational downtime (the most common outcome, affecting 47% of victims) or compromised customer data.
The average cost of an IoT-related cyber-attack was $330,602, according to the research.
Nearly half (45%) of all respondents said that software was the most vulnerable part of their IoT devices. This makes sense, because patching can be difficult. It often runs on low-powered, small-footprint hardware that may only connect to the network periodically.
There was a silver lining of sorts, though. “The previous mindset of security as an afterthought is changing,” the report said. “One of the most promising results of the study found that today’s organizations are thinking even more strategically about security.”
As many as 99% of the survey base agreed that a security solution should enable new business models and that it was time to move away from the idea of security as a cost center.
That's a lovely idea. It remains to be seen whether manufacturers will improve security enough to put it into practice, though, or whether enterprise users will master cybersecurity enough to turn it into a selling point.
The topic of Cyber Physical/IoT will be covered throughout the free-to-attend conference at Infosecurity Europe in London from 4-6 June. See all the talks on Cyber Physical/IoT here. Infosecurity Europe is the leading European event for information and cyber security; find out more and secure your free visitor badge.
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#InfosecNA: How IoT Gadgets Can Spy on Your Children
#InfosecNA Interview: Ken Munro, Partner, Pen Test Partners
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Steiner claims Haas' 2017 points don't tell full picture
Published on 19 Nov 2017 14:33
Haas team principal Guenther Steiner believes that the points that the American team has accumulated in 2017 don't paint the full picture of its sophomore season. Haas currently sit eighth in the standings on 47 points with just one race left on the calendar.
In 2016, when Haas compete in F1 for the first time, it secured 29 points by the end of the season. With a battle for sixth in the standings coming down to the wire between Haas, Renault and Toro Rosso, Steiner doesn't think points show a full picture of Haas' 2017 story.
"I think points tell something, but not everything," he said. "I wouldn’t have said we’ve gotten better if we had less points. But looking in from the outside, I think we’ve made progress at all levels. We wanted to better our position, but at this moment in time we are equal, so sure we will try to get better in Abu Dhabi. I was hoping to better our end-of-season position by one spot."
Steiner also revealed that the intensity in its first and second season is exactly the same, as the team had to produce two brand new cars: "It was very similar," he said. "The first year we had to build a new car completely, and the team, but we had a little bit more time.
"This year, again, we had to do a completely new car – we already had the team built up – but we still had to optimise it. The intensity was almost the same, but when I think about our 2018 car, the intensity is the same again. We’ve been working together now for over a year, over two years with some people."
F1 News Renault
calle.itw
They werent bad at the start of the season, but their form slumped pretty quickly. They need to fix their brakes and reliability for next season. If the braking issue isnt fixed by changing supplier (and that seems to be the case), then HAAS or their chassis supplier is doing something wrong. But I think they have the potential of challenging for decent points next year aswell, if they do their homework.
Bhurt
The brakes issue is a Grosjean issue.
f1ski
+1 on the Grosjean comment
Haas has a problem. This problem is named - drivers
I agree on Grosjean, but from another perspective: I think the problem is real, only K-Mag is just that much better at handling it. As for the driver duo... Well, none of us really think they are anything exceptional, but they certainly seemed to perform better at the start of the season.
RenaultFM1
SAVIO you obviously not know much about Formula 1 or are you here just for spit out shit always? yes you could maybe put HAM or ALO in the car but I sure they would not improve that much. But try use a little logic sense.
Issue here I believe is threefold with drivers being last on the list.(I actually think they’d do quite well with decent machinery). Problem 1 is Haas business model. He has little day-to-day control over the supply of his parts and the chassis is designed made by a company with a less than stellar record in F1. Problem 2 is geographical. Trying to run a team from the USA with the bulk of your parts coming from Italy is a recipe for poor performance. Whilst Haas has an enviable company infrastructure it’s not F1 centric. Haas himself said “How hard could it be?” Well, he’s finding out. Problem 3 drivers. If Haas “built” a better car and solved problems 1&2 I think this pairing would do quite well. The bright spot on the horizon might be the F1 budget cap. Haas would do extremely well if that came in as he is perhaps the only team who runs that tight a ship and therefore has the experience.. What he really needs to do, is become a ‘proper’ constructor within the spirit of the rules of F1.
websurfer
Totally agree BARRON.
By any standard HAAS is exceeding expectations for a team in its second year in F1. Performance-wise you could say they underachieved, but only if you compare them against seasoned teams like Toro Rosso, Renault. But even then, they are only a coupe of points behind, and they did beat McLaren. That being said, I think HAAS image has not improve as much as it should have because of (1) chronic break problems, which seem to be more chassis related and (2) inconsistent performance and (3) their drivers which seem to be the most disliked and unpopular in F1. More importantly, I think their poor driving cost the team at least a dozen points.
Team name Renault
Base Enstone, France
Fernando Alonso 1
Daniel Ricciardo 3
Romain Grosjean 8
Pastor Maldonado 13
Jenson Button 15
Kevin Magnussen 20
Nico Hülkenberg 27
Jolyon Palmer 30
Esteban Ocon 31
Carlos Sainz jr 55
235,203 comments on Renault
26 members have this team as their favourite
Tweets about Renault
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Domains @ihep.ac.cn @mail.bnu.edu.cn
Building a doped Mott system by holography
Yi Ling 1,2 lingy@ihep.ac.cn Peng Liu 1 liup51@ihep.ac.cn Chao Niu 1 niuc@ihep.ac.cn Jian-Pin Wu 3,2 jianpinwu@mail.bnu.edu.cn 1 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology, Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
We construct a holographic model in the framework of Q-lattices whose dual exhibits metal-insulator transitions. By introducing an interacting term between the Q-lattice and the electromagnetic field in bulk geometry, we find such kind of transition can be Mott-like. The evidences are presented as follows. i) The transition from a metallic phase to an insulating phase occurs when the lattice constant becomes larger. ii) A hard gap in the insulating phase can be manifestly observed in the optical conductivity. Nevertheless, in the zero temperature limit this model exhibits novel metallic behavior, featured by a gap as well as a zero-frequency mode with tiny spectral weight. It implies that our model is dual to a doped Mott system in one dimension where umklapp scattering is frozen at zero temperature. The similarity between this model and some organic linear chain conductors is briefly discussed.
Gauge/gravity duality has provided powerful tools for investigating strongly correlated systems in condensed matter physics. In particular, the metal-insulator transition has recently been implemented in this approach, in which the translational symmetry is broken by various lattice structures DonosHartnoll (); Donos:2013eha (); Donos:2014uba (); Ling:2014saa (); Donos:2014oha (); Baggioli:2014roa () . However, until now it is still challenging to construct a holographic model describing Mott insulator, which plays a crucial role in a strongly correlated electron system and is always responsible for the building of high Tc cuprate superconductors XGWen:2006 () . In this paper we intend to construct such a holographic model whose dual can be viewed as a doped Mott system.
The notion of a Mott insulator was originally proposed by Mott in the 1930s Mott:1930s () . In his thought experiment, a metal could become an insulator when increasing the lattice constant, simply because the ability of electrons hopping from one site to its neighbors decays. Mott’s idea has been confirmed in experiments (for instance, see Imada:1998 (); Limelette:2003 (); Drichko:2006 () and references therein.), in which the metal-insulator transition occurs when changing external parameters such as the pressure which leads to the change of lattice spacing. In the theoretical aspect, the Mott thought experiment can be formalized in the Hubbard model Hubbard:1963 () . The Hamiltonian of Hubbard model contains two key ingredients. One is the kinetic energy which describes the electron hopping process and the other one is the potential energy which describes on-site Coulomb interaction between two electrons with opposite spin. Roughly speaking, the electron hopping process is responsible for the metallic behavior while the repulsive Coulomb interaction is for the insulating state. When the kinetic and potential energies are of the same order, it is extremely difficult to solve the Hubbard model exactly except for the one-dimensional case. A powerful technique for solving the Hubbard model is the dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) DMFT1 (); DMFT2 () , in which the lattice model is replaced by an effective single impurity model.
In the holographic approach, dynamically generating a Mott gap has been proposed in Edalati:PRL (); Edalati:2010ge (); Ling:2014bda () by considering fermions with dipole coupling over an AdS-Reissner-Nordström (AdS-RN) geometry111It is worthwhile to notice that the dual boundary theory of a holographic system with dipole coupling fermions may suffer from superluminal modes in large momentum limit Kulaxizi:2015fza () .. However, such a Mott gap is interaction driven and achieved only in the probe limit. It should be stressed that the bulk geometry of the background is completely dual to a metallic phase because of the IR fixed point being AdS2. Later, novel metal-insulator transitions have been implemented in black hole backgrounds with lattice structure. The key point in this framework is to make the near horizon geometry unstable such that the IR fixed point can deform from AdS2 to other saddle points which may be dual to an insulating phase DonosHartnoll (); Donos:2013eha (); Donos:2014uba () . In this paper we intend to push this approach forward and explicitly construct a gravitational dual model which exhibits the fundamental features of a one-dimensional doped Mott system. Specifically, we will introduce an interacting term between the Q-lattice and the electromagnetic field in bulk geometry. It turns out that the transition from a metallic phase to an insulating phase occurs when the lattice constant becomes larger, which explicitly visualizes the thought experiment proposed by Mott in a holographic manner. More importantly, the linear perturbation analysis will demonstrate that a hard gap can be manifestly observed in the optical conductivity222Near the completion of this manuscript, we noticed the appearance of Kiritsis:2015oxa () in which an insulator with a hard gap has also been implemented in a holographic manner.. Nevertheless, we find this model always contains nonvanishing zero-frequency modes. Although its spectral weight is a tiny proportion of the total, it is responsible for the large metallic conductivity such that the system exhibits a novel metallic behavior in zero temperature limit. This behavior implies that our model is a doped system where umklapp scattering is frozen at zero temperature. Interestingly enough, we find our model is analogous to some organic linear chain conductors which are featured by a gap as well as nonvanishing Drude peak in metallic state Dressel:1996 (); Vescoliet:1998 () . We will briefly address this issue in the end of our paper.
Ii The holographic setup
Our holographic setup is based on a Q-lattice structure, which has originally been proposed in Donos:2013eha () and subsequently investigated in literature Donos:2014uba (); Donos:2014oha (); Ling14laa (); Ling:2014bda (); Ling:2015dma () . Such a gravitational dual model contains a complex scalar field and a U(1) gauge field. We introduce the action as
S = 12κ2∫d4x√−g[R+6−V(Φ)4FμνFμν−|∇Φ|2−m2|Φ|2], (1)
where we have fixed the AdS length scale L=1. Φ is uncharged and will be responsible for the breaking of the translational symmetry. Comparing with the original action proposed in Donos:2013eha () , we have introduced a new coupling V(Φ) between the scalar field and the gauge field, which will play a crucial role in generating a Mott-gap in insulating phase. For explicitness, in this paper we will set V(Φ)=1−β|Φ|2 with a positive parameter β333We require that β is positive such that the system is always stable under linear perturbations. Otherwise a negative β would induce the instability of near horizon geometry, leading to the spontaneous breaking of the translational symmetry at low temperatures, as discussed in Donos:2013gda (); Ling:2014saa () .. Such a term is similar to that in Mefford:2014gia () . Obviously, the above construction goes back to the original form in Donos:2013eha () if one sets β=0. Therefore, next we will skip all the technical steps for constructing a Q-lattice background but just present the results.
The ansatz for a background which has a Q-lattice structure only along x direction is given by
ds2 = 1z2[−(1−z)p(z)Udt2+dz2(1−z)p(z)U+V1dx2+V2dy2],
A = μ(1−z)ψdt,
Φ = eikxz3−Δϕ, (2)
where μ is the chemical potential, p(z)=1+z+z2−μ2z3/4 and Δ=3/2+(9/4+m2)1/2. All the functions U,V1,V2,ψ and ϕ depend on the radial coordinate z only. Through this paper we set m2=−2. For a given β, each electrically charged black hole solution with Q-lattice is specified by three scaling-invariant parameters, namely, the Hawking temperature T/μ which is given by (12−μ2)U(1)/(16πμ), the lattice amplitude λ/μ3−Δ where λ≡ϕ(0) and the wave vector k/μ. For convenience, we abbreviate these quantities to T, λ and k, respectively. Moreover, it is worthy to point out that in this formalism the background has a periodic structure manifestly such that a≡2π/k can be understood as the lattice constant of the dual model, which is important for us to link this holographic scenario with the thought experiment by Mott in next section.
Iii Phase diagram and optical conductivity
It is first shown in Donos:2013eha () that the dual system of a Q-lattice background exhibits metal-insulator transitions when varying the lattice parameters λ and k, which corresponds to the special case with β=0 in our model. When the parameter β is turned on we find that the coupling term will play the role of generating a hard gap for the optical conductivity, which is analogous to the effect of Coulomb interaction U in Mott-Hubbard model. We intend to discuss the phase diagram and the optical properties of the system in following subsections.
iii.1 Finite temperature region
In this subsection we investigate the (β,k) phase diagram and the optical properties of the dual system when the temperature is not too low. We will demonstrate that a metal-insulator transition occurs when the lattice constant becomes larger. Furthermore, a Mott hard gap can be manifestly observed in the plot of the optical conductivity in insulating phase when the parameter β is adjusted to an appropriate value.
First, we plot the (β,k) phase diagram at the temperature T=0.2, as illustrated in Fig.1. The insulating phase corresponds to σ′DC(T)>0 while the metallic phase σ′DC(T)<0. Thus the critical line is described by σ′DC(T)=0. DC conductivity can be obtained by either the zero-frequency limit of optical AC conductivity, or the numerical analysis on the horizon with formula σDC=√V2V1[V(Φ)+V12(V(Φ)μψkϕ)2]∣∣∣z=1. In this phase diagram, one can easily find that a metal-insulator transition occurs when the wave number deceases (or the lattice constant increases) for a given lattice amplitude λ and coupling parameter β, which could be viewed as a holographic realization of Mott thought experiment. Therefore, the (β,k) phase diagram provides us the first evidence that the resulting metal-insulator transition in our model is Mott-like, which is induced by changing the lattice constant.
Figure 1: The phase diagram with (λ=2,T=0.2). Our numerical data are collected beyond the pink region with k<0.03.
Next we provide the second key evidence for the Mottness of this sort of insulators by a linear perturbation consideration. We compute the optical conductivity as a function of frequency when applying an external electric field along x direction. In holographic setup this can be achieved by introducing the following self-consistent perturbations over the background,
δgtx=htx(t,z),δAx=ax(t,z),δΦ=ieikxz3−Δϕ(t,z),
where the time dependence are all set as e−iωt, such that the optical conductivity is given by σ(ω)=∂zax(z)iωax(z)∣∣z=0.
Figure 2: The real part (blue curves) and the imaginary part (brown curves) of optical conductivity with different values of β (the left plot is for β=0 while the right one for β=3). The other parameters are fixed as λ=2, k=0.03 and T=0.2. The insets in both plots are the blow-up of the optical conductivity in low frequency region.
We explicitly demonstrate that a hard gap can be produced in insulating phases with the increase of the parameter β, as illustrated in Fig.2. The left plot in Fig.2 is for β=0, only a soft gap being observed. Previously, a similar phenomenon has also been presented in DonosHartnoll (); Donos:2013eha () . While the right plot of Fig.2 is for β=3, in which a hard gap can be obviously seen. It is one of the important characteristics of a class of Mott insulators. In particular, it is usually believed that in the Mott-Hubbard model, the formation of a hard gap is due to the localization of electrons driven by the Coulomb interaction U. In previous holographic insulator models, only a soft gap is observed in the optical conductivity DonosHartnoll (); Donos:2013eha (); Donos:2014uba () . Here we provide a new localization mechanism for the gap formation by holography. In this mechanism, the coupling parameter β plays a crucial role, which is similar to the Coulomb interaction U. In addition, we would like to present the following remarks on the optical conductivity when we change the value of the coupling parameter β.
The gap becomes more evident with the increase of β. This phenomenon is also in accordance with the effect of increasing U in Mott-Hubbard model since the enhancing strength of electron-electron interaction will localize electrons. If one extracts the charge density ρ from the time component of the gauge field in background solutions, it is also found that the charge density decreases with the increase of β, which possibly provides an understanding on the suppression of the optical conductivity and the emergence of a hard gap.
The insets in Fig.2 illustrate the low frequency behavior of the optical conductivity. It turns out that generically the low frequency behavior can be fit well with the Drude formula. This phenomenon asks for further understanding since now the dual system lies in the insulating phase. Moreover, comparing two insets in Fig.2 we obviously see that the Drude weight diminishes with the increase of β.
With the increase of β, more resonance peaks show up in the intermediate frequency region of the optical conductivity and approximately exhibit a periodic distribution (as is seen in the right plot in Fig.2), indicating a multiband structure for the dual theory.
Next, we study the properties of our model in zero temperature limit.
iii.2 In zero temperature limit
Figure 3: The real part (blue curves) and the imaginary part (brown curves) of optical conductivity for λ=2, k=0.03, β=0.766 and T=0.004. The inset is the low frequency behavior of the conductivity.
To explore the characteristics of this system thoroughly, we cool it to extremely low temperature. As an example, we show the optical conductivity at T=0.004 in Fig.3, which is in an insulating phase. It is noticed that the appearance of a hard gap as well as resonances resembles the phenomena in the second plot of Fig.2 except that the resonance peaks become sharper. Moreover, the low frequency behavior of the optical conductivity (shown in the inset) can be well fit with Drude formula as well.
In order to explore the quantum critical behavior of the system, we intend to study the structure of phase diagram in zero temperature limit. For definiteness, we plot the (β,T) phase diagram with λ=2 and k=0.03, as shown in Fig.4. We present our remarks on this phase diagram in order as follows.
The phase diagram is divided into three regions corresponding to the metallic phase, insulating phase and no-solution region, respectively. The critical line between the metallic phase and the insulating phase is determined by σ′DC(T)=0. Numerically, we find the charge density ρ is always decreasing with the increase of β, and we show an example in Fig.5. As ρ becomes vanishing, no numerical solution to background equations could be found when further increasing the parameter β, therefore a no-solution region forms as shown in Fig.4. The interface between the no-solution region and the other two regions can roughly be described by ρ≃0. From the viewpoint of dual field theory, the fact of ρ→0 might correspond to U→∞ in Mott-Hubbard model since in this limit all the electrons will be localized. Moreover, we point out that the coupling term V(Φ) should be positive everywhere to avoid ghosty gauge fluctuations. We have checked the behavior of V(Φ) over all the z-axis and found that in usual cases it is always positive. When β becomes large and particularly points to the borderline of no-solution region, V(ϕ) approaches to but never below 0 in a small region of z. To guarantee our model is safe we have also checked the case for V(Φ)=(1−β|Φ|2)2 which is positive definite, and we qualitatively recovered all the results and phenomena in the current paper.
Numerically we have found that the hard gap is not evident until the parameter β is adjusted to a relatively large value βc. In Fig.4, for parameters λ=2 and k=0.03 we find this critical value is about βc≃0.4.
We are very concerned with the intersecting part of these three regions in zero temperature limit because it provides us a hint on whether the system could fall into an insulating region with hard gap at zero temperature. Therefore, we blow up the intersecting region as shown in the inset of Fig.4. Unfortunately from this inset we notice that there is no such an insulating region in the zero temperature limit.
To demonstrate the metal-insulator transition in a more transparent manner, we plot the DC resistivity ρDC as a function of temperature in the left plot of Fig.6, with parameters specified by the purple line in Fig.4. It is observed that the ρDC rises up with the decreasing temperature at first, but after reaching its maximum it turns to go down and eventually falls into zero when approaching the zero temperature. Interesting enough, this behavior is much similar to the one as described in Georges:2004 () when the system is close to the Mott transition.
The low frequency behavior of the optical conductivity can always be fit well with the Drude formula whenever a hard gap is evidently observed. However, the Drude weight is always diminishing as the temperature decreases. For explicitness, we show the low frequency region of the real part of conductivity at temperatures T=0.006 and T=0.004 in the right plot of Fig.6. In this figure the decrease of the Drude weight with the temperature is manifest. We find this tendency is also true for a metallic phase. That is to say, although the DC conductivity becomes larger with the decrease of the temperature in metallic phases, the Drude weight is always diminishing. Nevertheless, the Drude weight does not vanish in the zero-temperature limit, whatever the phase is. This phenomena could be reflected as the feature of a doped Mott system or a deviation from the commensurate filling in one dimension as we will elaborate below.
Finally, we intend to claim that all above observations do not change qualitatively with other choices of parameters (λ,k). For instance, we may have a larger value of λ, then the metallic region may shrink into a smaller region and the critical value βc for an evident hard gap could be smaller, while at the same time one would find the no-solution region expands such that the insulating phase with hard gap remains absent in zero temperature limit.
Figure 4: (β,T) phase diagram with λ=2,k=0.03. The inset is a blow up of the intersecting region nearby β=0.78,T=0.003. The purple dashed line and two dots denote the parameters adopted in Fig.6.
Figure 5: Charge density ρ/μ2 as a function of β at k=0.03,λ=2,T=0.03.
Figure 6: The left plot is for the temperature dependence of DC resistivity ρDC at extremely low temperature region for the selected λ=2, k=0.03, β=0.76 (which corresponds to the purple dashed line in Fig.4.). The right plot shows the real part of optical conductivity at temperatures T=0.004 and 0.006, with λ=2, k=0.03, β=0.766 (which are marked as the dots in the inset of Fig.4).
In the end of this section we intend to focus on an important issue related to understanding the emergence of the metallic phase region in zero temperature limit, as illustrated in Fig.4. Theoretically, the presence of a gap as well as a tiny spectral weight in low temperature limit is in accordance with a doped Mott system as described in Giamarchi:1997 (); Giamarchi:book () . First, in high frequency region there are interband transitions and the doping will not affect the system. Thus, the high frequency behavior will be the same as the commensurate filling. However, for the frequencies being smaller, the interband transitions are blocked, and then the conductivity becomes vanishing, leading to the formation of a gap. Second, when a system is doped, the Fermi energy may not fall into the gap region such that intraband transitions are still possible and result in nonzero low frequency excitations, which is supposed to be responsible for the metallic behavior of the system. Though the Drude weight is very tiny in the spectrum, its nonvanishing feature could give rise to a divergent DC conductivity in zero temperature limit. From a microscopic point of view, this phenomenon could be understood as a consequence of doping which deviates the system from commensurate filling such that the umklapp scattering is frozen in a one dimensional system.
The gapped behavior as well as a tiny Drude weight of optical conductivity have been observed in some organic materials such as the TMTSF family Dressel:1996 (); Vescoliet:1998 () , which is analogous to a doped Mott system Giamarchi:1997 () . The organic conductors are quasi-one dimensional systems with a perpendicular hopping between chains. It is also argued in Giamarchi:1997 () that doping could be attributed to the transverse hopping between chains, which results in deviation from commensurate filling because of the warping of the Fermi surface. Nevertheless, we need to point out that for such organic conductors the metallic behavior of the zero frequency modes due to the interchain transitions are always decoherent and deviated from a Drude law Dressel:1996 () , which seems in contrast to what we observed here.
Iv Discussion
In this paper we have constructed a holographic model based on Q-lattice which can be dual to a doped Mott system. The key ingredient in our proposal is the introduction of a coupling term between the Maxwell field and the scalar field in the Q-lattice geometry. We have explicitly demonstrated that the Mott thought experiment can be visualized by holography in Q-lattice framework. More importantly, a hard gap can be produced in the optical conductivity when the coupling parameter β is relatively large. While in the zero temperature limit we find the Drude weight is not vanishing and the system exhibits a novel metallic behavior. All above features are closely similar with those of a doped Mott system in one dimension, and have been observed in the TMTSF family of organic materials.
Our results reported here are preliminary and should be thought of as the first step for building a holographic model for Mott insulator which is usually commensurate. To gain more insight into this topic, a lot of work needs to be done. Especially, the following crucial issues should be explored further. First, it is very desirable for one to understand why the coupling term plays the role of generating a hard gap for the optical conductivity, which is very crucial for us to figure out the direct connection between the coupling term in this holographic model and the electron-electron interaction rooted in a realistic Mott system. We expect an analytical investigation on the current-current correlator and the deformation of the near horizon geometry like Charmousis:2010zz (); Gouteraux:2014hca (); Davison:2015bea () , would be helpful for us to understand how the coupling term changes the gapless geometry to gapped one, as well as the multiband structure and the emergence of novel metallic phase in the zero temperature limit. Alternatively, one could provide more evidences for doping if the spectral weight transfer could be found in the fermionic spectral function including an appropriate coupling between fermions and the lattice background. Second, we are crying for some new mechanism in Q-lattice framework to suppress the Drude weight so as to achieve an insulating phase with a hard gap in the zero temperature limit. Finally we remark that throughout this paper we have only considered Q-lattice structure in one spatial direction. It is very worthwhile to investigate the Mottness of the dual system in two or higher dimensional Q-lattice background or other lattice models Rangamani:2015hka () . Our work in this direction is under progress.
We are grateful to Matteo Baggioli, Aristomenis Donos, Jerome Gauntlett, Blaise Goutéraux, Sean Hartnoll, Honggang Luo, Philip Phillips, Jie Ren, Yu Tian, Yidun Wan, Yuan Wan, Zhuoyu Xian, Yifeng Yang, Hongbao Zhang for helpful discussions. We also thank the anonymous referee for detailed comments and helpful suggestions. This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 11275208, No. 11305018 and No. 11178002. Y.L. also acknowledges the support from Jiangxi young scientists (JingGang Star) program and 555 talent project of Jiangxi Province. J. P. Wu is also supported by the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (No. LJQ2014123). This research was supported in part by Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through Industry Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation.
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Domains @ulb.ac.be @ictp.it
Electromagnetic response
of strongly coupled plasmas
Davide Forcellaa,b,111dforcell@ulb.ac.be, Andrea Mezzaliraa,222andrea.mezzalira@ulb.ac.be, Daniele Mussoc,333dmusso@ictp.it
[1cm]
a Physique Théorique et Mathématique
Université Libre de Bruxelles, C.P. 231, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
b Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,
4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
c Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
Strada Costiera 11, I 34014 Trieste, ITALY
We present a thorough analysis of the electromagnetic response of strongly coupled neutral plasmas described by the gauge/gravity correspondence. The coupling of the external electromagnetic field with the tower of quasi-normal modes of the plasmas supports the presence of various electromagnetic modes with different properties. Among them we underline the existence of negative refraction with low dissipation for a transverse non-hydrodynamical mode. Previous hydrodynamical approaches have shown the ubiquitous character of negative refraction in charged plasmas and the absence thereof in neutral plasmas. Our results here extend the analysis for neutral plasmas beyond the hydrodynamical regime. As an application of these new insights we briefly discuss the case of the quark gluon plasma in the temperature dominated regime.
2 Setting the scene
4 Stringy setup and gauge/gravity computation
4.1 Vector transverse fluctuations
4.2 Correlation functions and holographic renormalization
4.2.1 Contact term
4.3 Electromagnetic modes
5 Semi-numerical analysis and checks
6 Phenomenology: wavelengths and the QGP
7 Longitudinal channel
A Details about the longitudinal channel
B Quasi-normal modes
The study of the linear response of a system to a small external perturbation is an essential tool to gain insight on the collective behavior of its constituents and to provide information about the transport properties at thermal equilibrium111The topic of linear response is of course extremely wide, for the fundamental material of use here we refer to standard text-books and in particular to [1] .. Media having electrically movable components that can easily respond to an external electromagnetic field are ubiquitous in physics: high-energy physics plasmas and condensed matter superconductors are instances of this sort. For such media usually the electromagnetic field interacts with thermal and mechanical modes; hence the electromagnetic energy finds various channels of propagation and dissipation through the medium. The response of the system to an external electromagnetic field is then in general non-local and the medium is said to be spatially dispersive (see for instance [2] ). This rich dynamics generates an intriguing phenomenology which can feature exotic electromagnetic effects such as negative refraction (NR) [3] and additional light-waves (ALW) [4] as we will shortly review.
Exotic electromagnetic phenomena have recently attracted an intense theoretical and experimental (and even technological) interest especially in relation to artificial systems called meta-materials [5] . Inspired by the amazing developments obtained on meta-materials, in [6, 7, 8] it was first discovered that charged fluids which admit a hydrodynamical description present exotic electromagnetic properties as a general feature. The negative refraction phenomenon (in a certain range of frequencies) and the presence of additional light-waves are shown respectively in [6, 7] and [8] . The former implies that the electromagnetic energy flux and the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave through the medium propagate in opposite directions [3, 5] ; the latter means that, even if isotropic, a medium supports multiple electromagnetic waves with the same frequency but different wave-vectors [4] . Following these results, various authors investigated these topics in a wide variety of different setups, see for example [9] . In particular [10] provides an analysis of the actual signature of the abovementioned phenomena in condensed matter systems and it proposes suitable experiments to measure such effects.
Even though much of the previously stated theoretical progress about NR and ALW was obtained within the framework of strongly coupled plasmas, it turned out that the qualitative behavior of the discovered phenomena has a more general valence and it constitutes a universal property of electrically charged hydrodynamical systems [7] . The main purpose of the present paper is to go beyond the regime described by hydrodynamics in systems characterized by strong coupling physics. In particular, we will show that the coupling of the external electromagnetic field with the tower of quasi-normal modes of strongly coupled plasmas leads to the presence of various electromagnetic modes which present different properties. For instance, it is important to stress that we found negative refraction with low dissipation for a transverse non-hydrodynamical mode.
Gaining insight on the strongly coupled dynamics is crucial in order to describe some very interesting phases of matter which have recently been realized both in high energy physics experiments (e.g. the quark gluon plasma (QGP), see for example [11] ) and in condensed matter systems (e.g. high-Tc superconductors, see for example [12] for a recent review222To have a recent and brief introduction on the gauge/gravity approach to describe strongly coupled superconductors see for instance [13] .). Moreover, the existence of strong interactions among the various resonances in some of the artificially engineered meta-materials, the so called stereo-meta-materials [14] , provides yet another interesting phenomenological stimulus to investigate the electromagnetic behavior and response of strongly coupled systems.
The idea of performing an analysis beyond the hydrodynamical regime aims at studying the electromagnetic wave modes that are not controlled by the hydrodynamical universal behavior accounted by the equations of fluid dynamics333A correlated question which is very interesting and treatable within the framework of the gauge/gravity correspondence is the relation among thermalization and hydrodynamization. To have a recent account on this topic we indicate [15, 16] and references therein.. Particular attention is then paid to observe whether the exotic phenomena arising already in hydrodynamics are present also beyond the long wavelength and long time approximations and what are their properties in this regime.
It is well known that the dynamics at strong coupling is usually very difficult to study and, outside the regime constrained by hydrodynamics, it is quite difficult to provide universal predictions. However, some interesting theoretical progress has been recently obtained thanks to techniques coming from string theory. These new methods exploit a conjectured duality between a strongly coupled quantum field theory and a weakly coupled gravity theory; such duality is usually referred to as gauge/gravity correspondence [17] . The gauge/gravity duality (and similar correspondences) allows us to quantitatively study the correlation functions of specific models and, at the same time, to understand better many interesting and generic qualitative behaviors associated to various (universality) classes of strongly coupled systems. Insights from the gauge/gravity correspondence appeared to be relevant both to high energy physics and condensed matter (see for instance [18] to have two paradigmatic examples) especially in relation to the characterization of the phase structure and transport properties. Within the gauge/gravity correspondence framework, quantitative computations of expectation values and correlation functions of strongly coupled quantum systems at finite temperature are reduced to classical gravity calculations in specific black hole backgrounds (which are actually finite temperature gravitational systems). The thermodynamical observables of the strongly coupled system in equilibrium are mapped to classical properties of the dual gravity model. A semi-classical study of the equations of motion for the fields of the dual gravity model unveils both the equilibrium thermodynamics and the linear response (i.e. the slightly out of equilibrium physics). The latter being obtained considering linearized equations of motion (equipped with appropriate boundary conditions) describing small fluctuations around the gravitational black hole background.
To our aim, the benefit of the gauge/gravity framework is twofold: first of all it allows us to study correlation functions for any value of the frequency and wave-vector in a well defined and complete setup (essential to go beyond hydrodynamics); secondly, it provides interesting hints on generic responses of strongly coupled systems beyond the hydrodynamical regime.
A possible phenomenological application of our results is to QGP physics. The neutral plasma that we study could indeed mimic the QGP plasma in a regime dominated by the temperature where the finite chemical potential is neglected. In particular, we stress that the electrodynamical, non-hydrodynamical modes described in this paper have smaller wavelengths when compared to the hydrodynamical modes studied in [7] ; hence they probe smaller distances which could be relevant for actual QGP samples produced in experiments.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we briefly review the linear response theory needed to study the electromagnetic properties of a medium. Section 3 contains our main results obtained by studying the first transverse electromagnetic waves through the strongly coupled plasma. We show in particular the generic presence of ALW and we demonstrate the existence of a propagating electromagnetic mode with negative refraction and very small dissipation. In Section 4 we describe the actual calculations venturing into technical details of both the gauge/gravity setup and the peculiarities of the necessary renormalization procedure. Section 5 is dedicated to the description of our numerical and semi-analytical methods and the checks that our results have undergone. In Section 6 we discuss very briefly some phenomenological applications of our study to the QGP. In Section 7 we show the results of an analogous analysis regarding the longitudinal light-wave modes. Eventually, in Section 8 we conclude stressing the significance of the results and possible future prospects. The appendices contain a characterization of the quasi-normal modes of the plasma (both transverse and longitudinal) and the details about the computation regarding the longitudinal light-wave sector.
The electromagnetic response of a system in local equilibrium to an external electromagnetic perturbation is described by the 2-point retarded correlation function of the electromagnetic current [19] . If, as in the case we are considering, the system has spatial dispersion, the response function depends on the space positions where the currents are evaluated. In the particular case of a homogeneous and isotropic system, the correlation functions depend only on the distances and they can be further decomposed into a transverse and a longitudinal part with respect to the wave-vector q of the external perturbation. In this case, as shown for example in [3, 2] , it is possible to describe the macroscopic electromagnetic properties of the system with three fields: D, E and B. Moreover, the linear response of the medium (in Fourier space) is accounted for by a single tensorial function depending both on the frequency ω and the wave-vector q, the so-called permittivity tensor ϵij(ω,q),
Di=ϵij(ω,q)Ej . (2.1)
As a consequence of the isotropic assumption, the permittivity tensor is expressed in terms of only two scalar functions
ϵij(ω,q)=ϵT(ω,q)(δij−qiqjq2)+ϵL(ω,q)qiqjq2 , (2.2)
describing the transverse and longitudinal response with respect to the spatial momentum q of the external perturbation.
The 2-point retarded correlation functions, denoted as GT(ω,q) and GL(ω,q) for the transverse and the longitudinal part respectively, characterize completely the permittivity tensor:
ϵT,L(ω,q)=1−4πe2GT,L(ω,q)ω2 , (2.3)
where e is the electromagnetic coupling constant. The knowledge of GT,L(ω,q) allows us to study the propagation and dissipation of the electromagnetic waves inside the medium at the linear level. Indeed, the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field provide the dispersion relation between q and ω both for the transverse and the longitudinal channel444In a spatially dispersive medium also the longitudinal electromagnetic waves do propagate.. The Maxwell equations for the transverse and longitudinal part of the electric field E imply the dispersion equations:
ϵT(ω,q) =q2ω2 ,ϵL(ω,q) =0 , (2.4)
which admit solutions q(ω) corresponding to possible electromagnetic waves through the medium555A description of the electromagnetic waves in terms of functions ω(q) is possible as well; see for instance [20] . The information about the propagation and dissipation of an electromagnetic mode through the system is encoded in the refractive index which is defined as n2(ω)=q2(ω)/ω2 considered on the dispersion relation of the mode under study.
Albeit we study both the transverse and the longitudinal electromagnetic sectors, we focus mainly on the detailed analysis of the transverse sector (whose properties are more interesting to us). An analogue detailed treatment of the longitudinal sector is reported in Appendix A.
In this Section we describe the main results of our analysis. We focus on the refractive indexes of the first electromagnetic transverse modes inside a strongly coupled plasma composed of electrically charged constituents but globally neutral. The plasma we study is the finite temperature state of a relativistic and conformally invariant particle physics theory composed of fermions and bosons666Further details of the actual theory and setup will be provided in Section 4.. The choice of this particular kind of plasma is due to the existence of very powerful theoretical tools (provided by the gauge/gravity correspondence) to study its strongly coupled dynamics. Indeed the present analysis can be read as a first example to investigate the potentiality of the gauge/gravity correspondence to explore exotic electromagnetic phenomena of strongly coupled, finite temperature systems beyond the hydrodynamic regime.
The plasma is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic777These are assumptions that make our analysis easier. Non-homogeneous or non-isotropic cases, charged plasmas, superconducting phases and non-relativistic theories are very interesting to investigate too and are left for future work.. Previous studies have shown that plasmas described with the gauge/gravity correspondence have in general an infinite set of discrete quasi-normal (complex valued) self-frequencies [21, 22, 23] , that appear as poles in the two-point retarded correlation function of the currents. In this paper we are interested to couple these quasi-normal modes of the plasma to an external electromagnetic field and study the possible electromagnetic modes supported by the system. It is important to observe that, even if the quasi-normal modes of the medium appear as poles of the correlation functions, due to high dissipation, the quasi-particle approximation is usually not valid. This implies that at any frequency the response function can not be approximated by a single resonance. Indeed, the self-frequencies of the system are in general complex and the amount of dissipation and propagation of the quasi-normal modes is usually comparable888Note that only in this paragraph we refer to the framework in which ω is complex and q is real..
Figure 1: Real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the rescaled wave-vector q as a function of the rescaled frequency w for the first three transverse electromagnetic modes of the neutral plasma under study.
Figure 2: Real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the refraction index n as a function of the rescaled frequency w for the first three transverse electromagnetic modes of the neutral plasma under study.
Figure 3: Absolute value of the ratio of the dissipation/propagation ratio for the first three electromagnetic modes of the plasma (left). Rescaled plot of the negatively refractive mode (right).
The propagation and dissipation of an electromagnetic wave is described by the corresponding refractive index: the real part of the index accounts for the propagation of the wave while the imaginary part describes its attenuation. We focus here on the transverse modes of the electromagnetic field. The analysis of the longitudinal channel is contained in Section 7 and Appendix A. A study of the first three transverse modes (i.e. those associated to the lowest wave-numbers) reveals the rich structure of the electromagnetic response of the medium. We have analyzed the real and imaginary parts of their refractive index and of the wave-vector q as functions of the frequency, and, in order to characterize the propagation/dissipation rate of the aforementioned modes, we have studied the absolute value of the ratio Im(n)/Re(n)999Since n=q/ω, studying the ratio Im(n)/Re(n) is equivalent to studying Im(q)/Re(q); recall indeed that ω is here a real quantity. Therefore, the ratio Im(n)/Re(n) can be read as the comparison between the wavelength and the characteristic attenuation length of the signal..
The results are presented in Figures 1, 2 and 3. For reasons that will become clear in the next Sections we plot the results using the rescaled wave-vector q and the rescaled frequency w, obtained by dividing the wave-vector number and the frequency by the temperature of the system
w=ω2πT , q=q2πT . (3.1)
A quite interesting picture arises from our analysis of the electrodynamic response of the plasma. The system can indeed support various electromagnetic modes, some of them evanescent and other propagating, with different peculiar characteristics. The wave-vector of one of the modes vanishes for vanishing frequency while those corresponding to the other two modes reach a finite value at zero frequency (one purely real and the other purely imaginary). The presence of a finite value of q at null frequency (regardless of its real, imaginary or complex character) is due to the coupling of the electromagnetic waves to non-hydrodynamical quasi-normal modes of the plasma. The mode presenting an imaginary q at zero frequency is very dissipative in the low-frequency region. On the contrary, the one presenting a real q at zero frequency propagates with very small damping. It is very interesting to observe that the real part of the refractive index of this last propagating electromagnetic mode is negative implying that it is a negatively refractive mode, i.e. its energy flux and phase velocity are directed in opposite directions101010The system we are studying is a passive medium which can only dissipate and not source energy. This implies that the sign of the imaginary part of the refractive index agrees with the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic energy flux in the medium [24] . Intuitively, in a passive medium, a wave propagates in the direction in which it is damped..
In some previous studies [6, 7] it has been proven that for charged plasmas in the hydrodynamic regime it always exists a mode with negative refraction for small enough frequency, while there is no negative refraction for globally uncharged plasmas. In the present paper we extended the investigation beyond the hydrodynamical modes and we proved that globally neutral, strongly coupled plasmas can support modes with negative refraction too. Moreover, in [8] , the presence of multiple electromagnetic modes was shown to be generic for the hydrodynamical regime. Here we extended such analysis to entail also non-hydrodynamical modes and we showed that ALW still appear to be present. In this extended context it is natural to relate the presence of ALW to the coupling of the electromagnetic radiation to the infinite tower of quasi-normal modes.
Note that we studied the modes at frequencies w≲1. In this regime a neat hierarchy between the modes arises from their dissipation over propagation ratio. From Figure 3 one can observe that the negative refraction mode dominates the signal propagation. In line with the collected numerical data one expects that, increasing the frequency, more electromagnetic waves propagate significantly. To have a faithful picture of the plasma response (in terms of propagating waves) at higher frequency it is therefore necessary to include higher modes into the analysis111111Our methods allow also a study at higher frequency though a heavier numerical effort is required. For instance, the negatively refracting mode has been studied up to w∼2.5, see the right plot of Figure 3.. The negative refraction phenomenon of the plasma at hand is then likely to be significant in the low-frequency regime. Of course a careful study of the boundary conditions would be required to actually understand which modes are excited in a specific experimental setup. In this paper we concentrate on the bulk properties of the medium and we leave this problem for future investigation.
As a final comment, let us mention that in this Section we presented the results without making reference to the specific value of the temperature or other physical parameters of the system. Let us anticipate that the qualitative behavior of the system is robust and valid in a wide range of parameters. A precise treatment of the quantitative predictions of our model requires a careful analysis of the regularization/renormalization procedure which we postpone to later sections.
In this Section we provide some details about the actual class of systems we consider, the computations we performed and the associated dual gravitational setup. The material collected in the first two Subsections is quite standard and describes how to perform computations in the gauge/gravity correspondence at finite temperature. Nevertheless, we decided to report it in some detail since some subtleties of the computation are relevant for our analysis concerning the electromagnetic modes. Experts in gauge/gravity correspondence could however speed through the discussion below and go to Subsection 4.3.
As we have previously stated we consider the electromagnetic response of strongly coupled neutral plasmas. The gauge/gravity correspondence allows us to describe the quantum dynamics at strong coupling of a gauge field theory defined on 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time in terms of a classical gravitational model living in a 5-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space-time (AdS5). Furthermore, the gauge/gravity correspondence maps the finite temperature phase of a quantum field theory into a finite temperature gravity configuration: namely a black hole solution which becomes asymptotically AdS5 at large distances (AdS black hole).
We do not restrict ourselves to any particular model, but we study instead the generic behavior of the universal sector of a strongly coupled theory containing the energy momentum tensor Tμν and the U(1) conserved current Jμ.
In the context of the gauge/gravity correspondence, these two minimal ingredients are mapped respectively to a 5-dimensional metric gmn and a 5-dimensional vector field Am, whose dynamics is encoded in the 5-dimensional Maxwell-Einstein action121212Our notations are coherent with [26, 27] .
S=−N232π2∫d5x√−g(R−2Λ)+N216π2∫d5x√−g14FmnFmn , (4.1)
where Λ is the cosmological constant and N is, in the gravity model perspective, a normalization constant. The gravitational constant has been related to the AdS5 radius of curvature L and the string constant α′ which have been both put to 1.
The ground state at finite temperature T and zero charge density of a strongly coupled quantum field theory is dually described by the neutral AdS5 black hole solution of the action (4.1) specified by the following bulk metric written in the Poincaré patch
ds2=π2T2u[−f(u)dt2+dxidxi]+14u2f(u)du2 , (4.2)
where f(u)=1−u2. The horizon of the black hole is located at u=1, while the AdS5 conformal boundary corresponds to u=0.
In the gauge/gravity framework, the study of the fluctuations of the 5-dimensional photon Am on the background specified by (4.2) provides information on the retarded 2-point correlation functions of the U(1) current Jμ of the dual (3+1)-dimensional quantum field theory [25] . As already stated, the knowledge of the retarded 2-point correlation function of the currents is the required element to discuss the electromagnetic properties of such strongly coupled plasmas.
We focus on the fluctuations of the 5-dimensional bulk photon Am. We fix partially the 5-dimensional gauge invariance imposing Au=0; note that this 5-dimensional “radial” gauge condition still leaves the usual 4-dimensional gauge freedom for the remaining components of the vector potential Aμ. In other words, we study the fluctuations of the bulk gauge field along the 4-dimensional space-time directions parametrized with μ=t,x,y,z where the dual theory is actually defined. Moreover, we consider the fluctuations which are transverse to the direction of propagation, namely the fluctuations that are perpendicular to the spatial wave-vector →q.
We decompose Aμ in 4-dimensional Fourier modes:
Aμ(u,t,→x)=∫dωd3q(2π)4e−i(ωt−→q⋅→x)Aμ(u,ω,→q) . (4.3)
Since the system is invariant with respect to spatial rotations, we can in general take the spatial momentum of the fluctuations to be along the z direction so that the 4-momentum is kμ=(ω,0,0,q). The transverse fluctuations are therefore those along the x and y directions and we introduce the label α=x,y to refer to this transverse space. Note that, as we have cylindrical symmetry around the z direction, we can focus on the gauge field fluctuations along x without spoiling the generality of the treatment. Specifically, we adopt the following ansatz for the Fourier components
Aα(u,ω,q)dxα=ϕ(u,ω,q)dx . (4.4)
Plugging this ansatz into the Maxwell equation derived from the action (4.1) and considered on the background (4.2), we obtain
ϕ′′+f′(u)f(u)ϕ′+w2−q2f(u)uf(u)2ϕ=0 , (4.5)
which, by cylindrical symmetry, is valid for the fluctuations along a generic transverse direction. The u, q and ω dependence of ϕ is understood, the prime indicates the derivative with respect to the radial coordinate u; we also adopted the dimensionless frequency w=ω/(2πT) and momentum q=q/(2πT) already introduced in (3.1), where T is the temperature of the dual field theory131313Equations (3.1) provide a meaningful definition of the concept of small or large frequency and wave-vector. Recall that the microscopic theory that we describe is conformally invariant at zero temperature; hence the temperature is the only scale against which we can meaningfully compare the magnitude of the frequency and wave-vector. or, equivalently, of the AdS black hole in (4.2).
A near-horizon analysis of Equation (4.5) yields the following asymptotic behavior for the field ϕ
ϕ=(1−u)±iw/2[a±+b±(1−u)+c±(1−u)2+...] . (4.6)
The generic solution to the differential equation is given by the superposition of an in-going and an out-going solutions. We select the in-going solution imposing the condition a+=0 in accordance with the idea that nothing can be emitted by the black hole horizon at the classical level. This choice corresponds to compute retarded correlators in the dual field theory. As we are confronted with a second order differential equation we need to impose one further boundary condition. Relying on the linearity of Equation (4.5) we choose a−=1; as we will shortly explain, we are eventually interested in ratios like ϕ′/ϕ which are completely insensitive to this specific choice. As we will describe in detail in Section 5, once equipped with these horizon boundary conditions, we are able to solve the differential problem propagating the solution from the horizon.
We now turn the attention to the near-boundary region corresponding to small u. This asymptotic UV analysis is necessary to extract from our model the physical quantities we are interested in. A near-boundary term-wise study of the equation of motion (4.5) near the AdS boundary at u=0 shows that the asymptotic expansion of the field ϕ is there
ϕ=ϕ0+uϕ1+uln(u)~ϕ1+u2ϕ2+u2ln(u)~ϕ2+..., (4.7)
where the ϕi and ~ϕi coefficients are independent of the u coordinate, and satisfy141414The background specified in (4.2) is asymptotically AdS5 and a similar study of the near-boundary behavior of the transverse vector fluctuations on pure AdS5 leads to the same relations (4.8) among the first UV coefficients.
(w2−q2)ϕ0+~ϕ1 = 0 , (4.8)
2~ϕ2+(w2−q2)~ϕ1 = 0 , (4.9)
2ϕ2+3~ϕ2+(w2−q2)ϕ1 = 0 . (4.10)
Note that, since the equation of motion is a second order differential equation, we can express all the coefficients of this term-wise solution as functions of the first two coefficients ϕ0 and ϕ1.
In this Section we follow the gauge/gravity prescription to compute the retarded two-point correlator of the transverse currents of the strongly coupled plasma. Indeed, once we found the solution to Equation (4.5) with the boundary condition explained in the previous section, we can obtain the retarded correlator of the current [25] . More specifically, as it is usual in quantum field theory, one can derive the correlators through functional differentiation with respect to the sources; from the gravity model standpoint, the procedure corresponds to functionally differentiate the on-shell bulk action with respect to the boundary value of the fluctuating fields.
The on-shell gauge field action for the transverse vector field (described by the solution ϕ of the previous Section) becomes
(NT)216∫dωd3q(2π)4 f(u)(ϕ′)2 , (4.11)
which, after integration by parts and having considered the equation of motion, leads to the boundary term
(NT)216[f(u)ϕϕ′]′ . (4.12)
This latter is to be integrated on the boundary manifold. Interestingly, the on-shell action reduces to boundary terms and only the contribution from the AdS conformal boundary at u=0 is not vanishing. The contribution from the horizon at u=1 actually vanishes because f(u) is there null. As a consequence, we just focus on the contribution to the primitive of (4.12) at asymptotically small u; we expand the field ϕ and its derivative as in (4.7) discarding the terms that vanish at u=0 and we obtain
(NT)216 ∫dωd3q(2π)4 ϕ0[ϕ1−ϕ0(w2−q2)(1+ln(u))] . (4.13)
It is important to observe that there exists a logarithmically diverging term. This signals the need to renormalize the model. The occurrence of a large-volume divergence in the gravity theory living on the asymptotically AdS geometry corresponds (through gauge/gravity correspondence) to the UV divergences of the dual quantum field theory.
Let us describe the renormalization procedure [28] of the model at hand. At first we regularize the on-shell action considering a small u=ϵ cutoff,
Sreg=(NT)216∫u=ϵdωd3q(2π)4 ϕ0[ϕ1−ϕ0(w2−q2)(1+ln(ϵ))] . (4.14)
We then add an appropriate boundary counter-term
Sc.t.=−N216(2π)2∫u=ϵdωd3q(2π)4 √−γ 12(ln(ϵ)+~c)FijFij , (4.15)
where γ represents the determinant of the metric induced by the bulk metric on the u=ϵ shell, the indexes i,j run only over the 4 boundary directions and ~c is a real numerical constant (we will later comment on this constant). Notice that the overall factor is chosen to express Sc.t. in terms of the gothic variables w and q. The renormalized action is obtained from
Sren=limϵ→0[Sreg+Sc.t.] , (4.16)
and, explicitly, we have
Sren=(NT)216∫dωd3q(2π)4 ϕ0[ϕ1−ϕ0(w2−q2)c2] , (4.17)
where we have introduced c=2(1−~c) for later convenience.
We remind the reader that ϕ0 represents the boundary value of the bulk fluctuation field which, through the gauge/gravity dictionary, is mapped to a source of the dual boundary theory. It is therefore with respect to ϕ0 that we are interested in taking derivatives of the on-shell bulk action. Specifically, the renormalized 2-point correlation function for the transverse current is obtained taking the second order derivative of the renormalized on-shell action (4.17) with respect to ϕ0. In Fourier space we obtain
δ2Sren(δϕ0)2=(NT)216 [δϕ1δϕ0−c(w2−q2)]∼(NT)216 [ϕ1ϕ0−c(w2−q2)] . (4.18)
In the last passage we exploited the linearity assumption and the fact that for zero source ϕ0 the fluctuation profile becomes trivial151515More precisely, the differential problem (4.5), being linear, is invariant under a rescaling of the field ϕ(u). The solution then depends actually on only one parameter; said otherwise, ϕ1 is proportional to ϕ0..
From (4.18) we can define the renormalized retarded correlator for the transverse current:
G(c)(w,q)=−(NT)216 [ϕ1ϕ0−c(w2−q2)] ; (4.19)
the label (c) is a reminder of the dependence of the correlation function on the coefficient c in front of the contact term. The correlation function (4.19) is the fundamental quantity that allows us to compute the electromagnetic response of the strongly coupled plasma according to equations (2.3) and (2.4), as explained in Section 2. It is easy to check that the function defined in equation (4.19) satisfies the usual properties for a response function of a causal quantum field theory: namely it has poles in the negative imaginary part of the complex plane and its imaginary part is negatively defined when ω and q are real.
As explained above, the computation of the current-current correlator requires the renormalization of the on-shell action. In particular, the renormalization demands to consider a counter-term to cancel the logarithmic divergence in (4.13). However, as usual in quantum field theory, the choice of the counter-term is not unique, and only its diverging part is specified by the renormalization procedure; the finite part should instead be fixed by some experimental measure. Such ambiguity is accounted by the real constant c in the definition of the correlator in (4.19), that is actually not fixed by any consistency requirement related to symmetries and Ward identities. The arbitrariness of the finite part of the counter-term introduces a term proportional to w2−q2 in the correlator (4.19) which is usually referred to as a contact term161616It is indeed a polynomial function of w and q that corresponds to space-time delta-functions or derivatives thereof. These contributions are clearly associated to the behavior of the correlator at coincident points.. Therefore, the constant c in the correlator should be in principle fixed with an experimental measure of an observable containing it. Once the value of c is fixed, the model does provide quantitative results depending on N (a quantity which, roughly speaking, is associated to the number of degrees of freedom of the system) and the temperature T (which represents a physical scale of the model considered on the black hole solution). As we will see, it is particularly important to underline that the qualitative behavior of the electromagnetic modes in the medium, and more specifically of the refractive index, is a robust feature with respect to the actual value of c.
As explained in Section 2, the possible electromagnetic transverse modes supported by the plasma are obtained solving the dispersion equation171717This is actually the wave equation for the transverse component of the electric field inside the medium. involving q and w:
q2w2=1−4πe2(2πT)2w2G(c)(w,q) , (4.20)
where e is the electromagnetic coupling constant as previously introduced in (2.3)181818In the gauge/gravity correspondence setting, J is the conserved current of a global U(1) symmetry of the quantum field theory. In order to obtain the electromagnetic response of the medium, the standard procedure is to introduce in the QFT action the interaction term eJA where A is the electromagnetic field considered as external and e is the associated electromagnetic coupling constant considered to be perturbatively small. The retarded correlator of the global current provides, at leading order in e, the exact result for the retarded correlator of the local current.. Substituting the explicit expression of the correlation function obtained in (4.19), the wave equation becomes
q2w2=1+1w2 e2N216π [ϕ1ϕ0−c(w2−q2)]. (4.21)
Note that, since our system is conformally invariant at zero temperature, as long as we work with the dimensionless quantities w and q, we have no explicit dependence on T in the wave equation. T actually provides only a scale with respect to which we measure the actual physical quantities. Furthermore it could be interesting to notice that in (4.20) the presence of a finite value of c can be reabsorbed by an overall rescaling of the correlation function; more precisely
G(c)(w,q)↔G(c=0)(w,q)1−ce2N216π . (4.22)
The rescaling (4.22) suggests that, as far as the study of the wave equation (4.20) is concerned, it is possible to trade the contact term with a normalization factor in front of the correlator, this latter being related to eN. We could therefore work without specifying the value of eN and reducing everything to a contact term to be fixed against a physical measure performed on the electromagnetic modes. One could for example think to fix c with the requirement that the value of q(w=0) for a specified mode coincides with that measured in an experiment.
To check the soundness of our results we did a scan of the electromagnetic modes over a broad range of values of c and eN. The results show that the qualitative behaviour presented in Section 3 is the same for a very broad range of parameters inside the validity of the numerical computation. For convenience in the paper we decided to plot the results for the specific values: eN=3 and c=5.5.
In this Section we would like to explain briefly how we actually performed the computations and characterized the various electromagnetic modes supported by the strongly coupled plasma. We refer again to Figures 1, 2 and 3 in Section 3. The aim is to solve the wave equation (4.20) and find the dispersion relations qA=qA(w) (the label A distinguishes the different modes) connecting the complex wave-vector q and the real frequency w.
At first we solve the equation for the transverse vector fluctuations (4.5); once a solution is obtained, we can read the near-boundary coefficients and plug them into (4.19) to find the correlator. To solve the differential equation (4.5) we use two different methods whose results are later compared and cross-checked. The first method consists in integrating numerically the equation of motion (4.5) as explained in [26] . The second method is semi-analytical and consists in expanding the function ϕ(u) near the horizon (as in (4.6)) and solving Equation (4.5) order by order along the lines of [29] ; this infrared solution is then matched with an analogous term-wise solution computed at the boundary, see (4.7). It turns out that, while the numerical method yields more precise answers, the semi-analytical method is instead more agile.
Once a solution to (4.5) is obtained, it is then possible to follow the gauge/gravity recipe and define a correlation function as described in Subsection 4.2. For very small values of w and q we check that the correlation function agrees with the analytical result of [30] . The correlator is then inserted in the electromagnetic wave equation (4.19) to search for the dispersion relations qA=qA(w) of the various transverse modes. As the correlator is a complicated rational function of q and w, the electromagnetic wave equation has in general many solutions. The set of possible solutions qA(w) can be studied relying on a simplifying approximation: We build the correlator using the previously introduced semi-analytical matched solution of (4.5); we then write the correlator as the ratio of two polynomials in w and q; we expand both the numerator and the denominator up to a suitable order in q and w around a chosen point in the (w,q) space (this statements will be shortly made more precise). The results we obtained with the aforementioned approximations are afterwards checked against the correlation function computed from the full numerical solution.
Let us be more specific on the computational procedure. We find solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation expressed as complex functions qA(w) where the frequency is a real quantity. We test the soundness of the solutions as follows: we first repeat the procedure with an increased order in w and q up to which we expand the numerator and the denominator of the correlation function; we than check that the solutions found previously (i.e. with shallower expansions) still solve the equation within the numerical tolerance. As an additional test we check that the solutions fall in the (w,q) region where the approximated correlation function adhere well to the correlation function obtained in the fully numerical approach. Eventually and more stringently we also check that the solutions obtained with the approximate method solve the electromagnetic wave equation written in terms of the fully numerical correlation function within the numerical tolerance.
We start looking for reliable electromagnetic wave solutions in the small w and q region (w,q≲1); we then follow the modes iterating the approximate procedure and expanding around a generic point of their dispersion relation q(w). This allows us to analyze the modes at higher values of the frequency.
The analysis presented so far should be able to capture the electromagnetic response of a generic globally neutral strongly coupled plasma described by the gauge/gravity correspondence. A natural candidate for phenomenological application of the model at hand is the QGP studied in high energy physics experiments such as RHIC or LHC, where the plasma is dominated by the temperature, while the charge density is comparatively smaller. A similar phenomenological investigation has been already performed in [7] for the hydrodynamical modes of strongly coupled and charged plasmas. However in [7] it was observed that, even if the fluid dynamic analysis demonstrates the generic presence of negative refraction, the wavelength of the electromagnetic mode is larger than the dimension of the typical QGP sample produced in actual experiments.
In this Section, without pretending to provide any specific experimental or phenomenological prediction, we briefly investigate the wavelengths of the modes studied in the paper. In particular we show that the wavelengths of some non-hydrodynamical modes are smaller than the those of the hydrodynamical modes considered in [7] and that they are actually comparable with the typical dimension of the sample (namely few fm). This result supports the possibility that the coupling of the electromagnetic field with the non-hydrodynamical quasi-normal modes could in principle have phenomenological and experimental relevance and it calls for further investigation.
Figure 4: Wavelengths of the transverse electromagnetic modes. This values has been obtained considering T=200 MeV. We set eN=3 and c=5.5.
In Figure 4 we report the wavelengths of our electromagnetic transverse modes. The wavelength of a mode is given by λ=2π/Re[q]=1/TRe[q] in accordance with (3.1). To associate a physical order of magnitude to the wavelength of the analyzed modes we need to specify the temperature of interest. In relation to the QGP a typical value for the temperature is 200 MeV for experiments like RIHC or LHC191919Due to our numerical procedure, with the choice of temperature T=200 MeV, the regime of validity of our results corresponds to a frequency interval roughly between 1014 Hz and 1024 Hz.. Re-introducing the dimensionful physical constants, we find the following estimate for the wavelength
λ=ℏcTRe[q]∼1fm , (6.1)
for frequency of the order of 1024 Hz, as reported in Figure 4. In particular, note that the negative refracting mode of Figure 4 (solid line) presents a wavelength of order 1 fm for the full range of frequency.
The size of the QGP samples in current experiments is actually of the order of few fm’s [11, 32, 31] , therefore (higher) non-hydrodynamical modes could actually probe the plasma and perhaps leave there their footprint. We leave a deeper exploration of the higher modes and their possible effects on the QGP for future work.
Figure 5: Real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the rescaled wave-vector q as a function of the rescaled frequency w for the first three longitudinal electromagnetic modes.
In this Section we want to analyze briefly the longitudinal electromagnetic modes supported by the strongly coupled plasma and we proceed with a similar spirit as with the transverse modes. As we have previously recalled (see Section 2), in the presence of spatial dispersion the response function of a medium depends also on the wave-number vector q. This fact implies that also the longitudinal component of the electric field can propagate when the Maxwell equation for the longitudinal modes of the electric field (in Fourier space)
ϵL(ω,q)=1−4πe2GL(ω,q)ω2 =0 (7.1)
is satisfied. GL(ω,q) is the retarded correlator of the longitudinal current and, as in the transverse modes case, it is a rational function whose poles correspond to the longitudinal quasi-normal modes of the plasma. Equation (7.1) provides a set of dispersion relations qA=qA(ω) between the complex longitudinal wave-vectors q and the real frequency ω of the mode. In this Section we simply give an account of some of the results whose computational details can be found in Appendix A. In Figure 5 and 6 we plot the real and imaginary parts of the wave-vector202020As for the transverse modes, we use the rescaled quantities q=q/2πT, w=ω/2πT. q, the real part of the longitudinal refractive index n=q/w and the ratio between the imaginary and the real parts of n for the first three electromagnetic modes supported by the strongly coupled plasma. These Figures should be compared with Figures 1, 2 and 3 in Section 3 which instead refer to the transverse sector.
It is very interesting to observe that also the longitudinal channel supports various electromagnetic modes. However, we did not find any negative refractive longitudinal mode. All the modes have finite momentum at vanishing frequency. Nevertheless for two of them q(w=0) is purely imaginary, while for the remaining mode is purely real. The modes having an imaginary momentum at vanishing frequency are highly dissipative in the IR regime even though the increase of the real part of q with the frequency indicates that they could become more propagating at higher frequencies, as it can be seen in Figure 6. The mode with purely real momentum at w=0 is highly propagating already in the low-frequency region and it keeps this characteristic in the whole range of frequency that we considered. Notice that the sign of the real part of the momentum shows that all these modes have positive refracting index.
Figure 6: Real part of the refraction index n and of the ratio Im(n)/Re(n) as functions of the rescaled frequency w for the first three longitudinal electromagnetic modes.
In this paper we studied the electromagnetic linear response of strongly coupled neutral plasmas described by the gauge/gravity correspondence and characterized the electromagnetic modes with the lowest wave-vectors. The salient features of the present analysis are the presence of multiple electromagnetic waves with different refractive indexes and a propagating negative refracting mode with very small dissipation. Our study has been performed without adopting any hydrodynamical approximation; hence we extended some previous hydrodynamical studies of strongly coupled plasmas beyond the regime of small frequencies and wave-vectors.
Our simple model highlights the potential richness of the electrodynamic response of strongly coupled plasmas and this calls for further investigations. In particular, on a phenomenological level, we showed that the characteristic wavelengths of the electromagnetic modes in the plasma could be comparable to the typical size of the QGP samples produced in high-energy physics experiments. This fact provides some arguments supporting the possible relevance of the presented exotic phenomena for actual physical systems.
Our results suggest many future lines of investigation. Similar systematic analyses of the electromagnetic properties can be indeed performed using different kinds of gravitational backgrounds featuring appealing characteristics such as finite charge density, spontaneous symmetry breaking, non-relativistic or non-isotropic setups and the presence of magnetic fields. These extensions could find application in various physical systems such as the QGP but also in condensed matter and astrophysics.
We know that strong spatial dispersion is a crucial ingredient in producing the exotic electromagnetic response we are concerned with, however it would be desirable to understand whether some more precise connection between the modes of the plasma and its associated electromagnetic modes can be clarified. In particular it would be nice to have a direct understanding of the presence or not of negative refraction for the various electromagnetic modes based on the QNM structure.
An interesting and ambitious aim would be to provide a systematic and complete analysis of all the non-hydrodynamical modes.
It is our great pleasure to acknowledge Alberto Mariotti for relevant discussions in the first phases of the project and Antonio Amariti for very useful suggestions and for precious comments on the draft. Moreover we would like to thanks Carlo Maria Becchi, Riccardo Argurio, Giovanni Villadoro, Diego Redigolo, Flavio Porri, Matteo Bertolini, Andrea Amoretti, Nicola Maggiore, Nicodemo Magnoli, Alessandro Braggio, Antonello Scardicchio, Sebastiano Pilati, Grazia Luparello, Luciano Ramello, Shira Chapman for interesting discussions and for having shared with us their valuable insight. D.F would like to acknowledge the kind hospitality of the LPTHE, where part of this research has been implemented.
D.F. is ”Chargé de recherches” of the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium), and his research is supported by the F.R.S.-FNRS.
The work of D.F and A.M. is partially supported by IISN - Belgium (conventions 4.4511.06 and 4.4514.08), by the “Communauté Française de Belgique” through the ARC program and by the ERC through the “SyDuGraM” Advanced Grant.
Appendix A Details about the longitudinal channel
In this appendix we would like to provide some details on the actual computation done for the longitudinal electromagnetic modes. The procedure is similar to that explained in the main text for the transverse modes. However there exist some differences to be taken into account. Using the rotation invariance of the system we fix the four momentum as k=(ω,0,0,q). The longitudinal current then corresponds to the z direction of the field A in the dual gravity setup: Az. However in this case Az mixes with the time component At [29] . We consider the following ansatz
Amdxm=Ate−i(ωt−qz)dt+Aze−i(ωt−qz)dz . (A.1)
and define the gauge invariant combination:
ψ=qAt+wAz , (A.2)
which represents the electric field in the z direction. The At and Az equations then leads to a single equation for ψ, namely
ψ′′(u)+w2f′(u)f(u)[w2−q2f(u)]ψ′(u)+w2−q2f(u)uf(u)2ψ(u)=0 . (A.3)
From a near-boundary study we find the asymptotic behavior of the field
ψ(u)=ψ0+uψ1+uln(u)~ψ1+u2ψ2+u2ln(u)~ψ2+... , (A.4)
which is identical to that of ϕ written in (4.7). Recall indeed that in the limit of vanishing q the longitudinal and the transverse sector coincide. Moving to finite q does not affect the general form of the UV asymptotic expansions. The same UV asymptotic behavior for the longitudinal and traverse modes implies that the holographic renormalization procedure is analogous in both channels.We can indeed use the same counter-term c(w2−q2) for both polarizations.
The on-shell action for the combination (A.2) is:
(NT)216∫dωd3q(2π)4f(u)q2f(u)−w2 ψ′ψ ; (A.5)
This is the longitudinal version of Equation (4.11). Hence the A′zAz term of the on-shell action is
(NT)216∫dωd3q(2π)4w2f(u)q2f(u)−w2 A′zAz . (A.6)
We understand that, in a similar way as for the transverse channels, the zz current-current correlator related to the second functional differentiation of the on-shell action with respect to Az can be expressed as follows
G(c)zz(w,q)=−(NT)216w2q2−w2[ψ1ψ0−c(w2−q2)] . (A.7)
These last passages are done in line with [29] to which we refer for further details. Note that the tt and tz correlators are obtained in a similar way leading to
G(c)tt(w,q)=−(NT)216q2q2−w2[ψ1ψ0−c(w2−q2)] (A.8)
G(c)tz(w,q)=−(NT)216wqq2−w2[ψ1ψ0−c(w2−q2)] . (A.9)
It is important to notice that the set of zz, tt and tz correlators satisfy the Ward identity
kμG(c)μν(w,q)=0 . (A.10)
This fact is related to the structure of the frequency and momentum dependent factors in front of the expressions of the correlators. As a consequence, the contact term proportional to c is not fixed by the Ward identities or, in other words, it is not constrained by symmetry requirements. All the arguments about the contact terms that we have described in relation to the transverse sector can be repeated for the longitudinal sector.
Appendix B Quasi-normal modes
In order to characterize better the strongly coupled plasma under study in the main text, we report here an analysis of its internal modes. The retarded correlation function accounting for the electromagnetic response of the plasma presents poles at specific values for the momentum and frequency of the external perturbation. Such poles correspond in the dual gravitational picture to quasi-normal modes of the black hole solution (see for instance [33, 29, 34, 35, 25, 22, 23, 36, 37] ). To find the dispersion relations between q and w of the above-mentioned quasi-normal modes it is enough to look at the zeros of the inverse of the correlation function. These solutions can be represented (for instance) as complex functions q(w) of the real frequency212121It is important to underline that these dispersion relations between q and w are the ones associated to the quasi-normal modes of the plasma and they are different from the dispersion relations for the electromagnetic modes supported by the plasma and discussed in the main text. Indeed the first ones come from solving the equations: (GT,L(ω,q))−1=0, while the second ones solve equations which look approximately as q2=ω2−GT(ω,q) and ω2−GL(ω,q)=0.. In this Appendix we perform a characterization of the first quasi-normal modes of the plasma both in the longitudinal and transverse sectors.
The results for the transverse sector are summarized in Figure 7. All the modes we found are qualitatively similar: they all show a finite imaginary part and null real part for q as the frequency goes to zero.
Figure 7: Real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the rescaled wave-vector q as a function of the rescaled frequency w for the first transverse quasi-normal modes. The numerical analysis suggest the presence of an infinite tower of analogous modes.
Figure 8: Real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the rescaled wave-vector q as a function of the rescaled frequency w for the first three longitudinal quasi-normal modes.
Such circumstance corresponds to having a highly dissipative (and non-propagating) set of modes at low frequency. At higher values of the frequency, however, the real part of q increases until it becomes significantly bigger than its imaginary part. The modes are then propagating for higher values of the dimensionless frequency w.
The longitudinal sector features different kinds of modes (see Figure 8): we have a diffusive mode whose complex momentum vanishes as the frequency goes to zero. This is the hydrodynamical longitudinal mode discussed222222We also checked explicitly that at low frequency this longitudinal hydrodynamical mode is well approximated by the diffusive pole structure with diffusion constant D=2πT (referred to dimensionful ω and k). in [30] . The remaining modes are closely analogous to those we found in the transverse sector. They have a purely imaginary momentum q as the frequency vanishes. The numerical investigation leads us to imagine that we have an infinite tower of such modes which again are strongly dissipating at low frequency.
As a final comment we want to underline that whenever possible we checked our results with [23] .
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The ‘Genetic Defect’ in Active Management
Active managers produce a surprising amount of alpha. Most end up squandering it.
By Julie Segal
(Illustration by II)
Active managers can produce persistent excess returns when it comes to their best ideas — but they only devote half of their capital to these investments. The result has been a shredding of the industry as investors have moved to passive index funds, according to new CFA Institute research.
“We have discovered a genetic defect in active management as an industry,” said Alexey Panchekha, founder of Turing Technology Associates, who oversaw the study. “That has caused 10 years of underperformance and, if it’s left untouched, the next 10 years will be the same.”
The research evaluated manager conviction, or the level of a managers’s commitment to to a subgroup of stock picks in the portfolio. The CFA Institute will be hosting an industry discussion of the results later this year.
Panchekha found that so-called high-conviction overweight positions, if treated as a stand‐alone fund, outperform their benchmarks 83.7 percent of the time during rolling one‐year periods, before fees. After accounting for a theoretical 85 basis point fee, the high conviction ideas had a 74.2 percent success rate. The research relied on a daily analysis of stock holdings in more than 100 actively managed U.S. equity mutual funds representing about $2 trillion in assets.
Active managers’ other stock picks generated negligible alpha, according to the study. “Active fund managers do, in fact, have stock selection skill – although it is limited to their high conviction overweight positions,” the report stated.
The average active manager diluted this alpha with other investments by about half. According to the study, the best ideas averaged about 55 percent of the overall portfolio weight. The rest of the portfolio acted as anchor that diluted excess returns.
[II Deep Dive: Where Active Managers Should Dominate, They’re Flopping]
“To use a sports analogy, this is the equivalent of an NFL football team voluntarily taking their superstar quarterback out of the game after the first half,” the study concluded. “It is safe to say, that is not a winning strategy.”
In an interview with II, Panchekha noted that active manages under-allocate to “the only source of value they have.”
“They produce a huge amount of value but only in one place,” he said. “That is what makes this finding so important.”
The findings “defies at least some long‐held views that managers can improve performance throughout the entire stock selection and portfolio construction process,” the report stated. Active managers have historically created highly diversified portfolios as a risk management tactic. But the approach is putting active managers permanently in the penalty box.
The solution, according to Panchekha, is to diversify across managers, rather than add positions that won’t add value. If a retirement plan or asset manager merged the best ideas of six to 12 portfolio managers, the end investor would get the necessary diversification without the drag of positions that no one has faith in, he said.
Still, Panchekha cautioned that he deliberately focused only on active managers’ best ideas, not risk management. Maybe that’s the theme of a future paper.
This content is from: Portfolio
Research Shows Asset Management Has a ‘Genetic Defect.’ This Manager Says He Has a Cure.
Julie Segal
How Good Policies Gone Wrong Are Killing Active Management
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New Muslim Stories
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Women's liberation through Islam -II
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At some time in your life, someone may come up to you and ask why. Here's your answer. By Michelle Al-Nasr As Muslim women we get asked this question on a daily basis — why? Why did you become Muslim? Why do you wear that? The list goes on and on. Over the 13 years since I have embraced Islam I have become hardened to the countless number of.. More
Women's liberation through Islam -I
Today people think that women are liberated in the West and that the women's liberation movement began in the 20th century. Actually, the women's liberation movement was not begun by women but was revealed by Allah (God) to a man in the seventh century by the name of Muhammad, sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam. The Quran and the Traditions of the Prophet,.. More
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BY NASIHA AHMAD The bond that a mother, especially a new mother, shares with her child is unparalleled. Most moms live and breathe according to their child’s needs, demands and wants. New moms get little to no sleep and they nibble on bites of anything they can get their bands on, having no time for true meals at a dinner table with silverware... More
Love Alone Cannot Render a Mother’s Relationship with her Teenage Daughter Successful
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Help your loved ones stop smoking
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MainAll NewsUS & Canada3 other cops to be charged in George Floyd murder
3 other cops to be charged in George Floyd murder
Charge against officer who killed man in custody to be upgraded to second-degree murder, fellow officers to be charged as accomplices.
Tags: Police Brutality Minneapolis Murder
Gary Willig , Jun 03 , 2020 10:34 PM
Former Minneapolis Police officer Derek Chauvin
Ramsey County Detention Center/Handout via REUTERS
New charges will be brought in the murder of George Floyd, law enforcement sources told the Minneapolis Star Tribune Wednesday.
Derek Chauvin, the police officer videotaped pressing his knee into Floyd's neck, will have his charge of third-degree murder upgraded to second-degree murder. Under the updated charge, Chauvin could face up to 40 years in prison, up from 25 years,
The other three police officers involved in the incident will face charges of aiding and abetting murder.
Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar posted a tweet confirming the new charges, writing that the new legal action is "another important step for justice."
Prosecuting attorneys said that Chauvin had his knee on Floyd's neck for a total of 8 minutes and 46 seconds; 2 minutes and 53 seconds of these were after Floyd had already gone numb.
The murder of Floyd set off large-scale protests across the United States against police brutality and racism. Many protests have turned violent, with attacks on police and looting. Dozens of cities across the US, including New York City, have declared curfews in an effort to stem the violence.
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Knights and Ladies
Thread starter The Writing Owl
The Writing Owl
Authoress
Speed of Light, One post per day, One post per week, Slow As Molasses
Male, Female, Transgender, , Primarily Prefer Female
Fantasy, Romance, A bit of horror, magical, and almost everything.
For every princess, there was a knight at her side, guarding her. For every knight, there was a lady who tended to his needs. This role was set up for generations upon generations. Always a defenseless princess and a strong man. However, Nanao Thorkinsard was a princess who wanted adventure. She didn't want to be tied down to the castle, waiting to be pawned off to the highest bidder. She wanted to set off on a journey, however her father would not allow it without a knight. So, the princess was assigned a young, scrawnier knight, Felix. He seemed to be withdrawn, not willing to take off his armor around the princess. Being the curious person she was, Nanao caught Felix while he was bathing only to find out that the knight was none other than a she. Now caught with the traditional roles being broken, the two must travel across the land to gain supporters so the king will change the laws and they may be freed from their boundaries.
King Leonus Thorkinsard III tapped the arm of his chair. He huffed, glaring blankly at the wall. His council droned on and on. They seemed to be more than content talking about the necessary taxes and alliances with nearby kingdoms. The king fidgeted, switching witch side he was leaning on. He ran a hand through his hair as best as he could with his crown sitting heavily atop his head. In any normal day, Leonus would have been completely and totally involved in whatever discussion the council was trying to discuss. However, that day his mind was occupied by his only child, the princess.
The girl had been becoming more and more restless those days. It seemed no matter what the king did he could not pacify the girl. It had gotten to the point that she was asking to leave the castle. Leave the castle for heaven's sake! Did she not understand that she had to learn how to lead the kingdom if a husband could not be found for her? Or the previously mentioned search for said husband? Leonus had already set up a good line of suitors waiting to woo his daughter and strengthen ties between their kingdom and nearby others. How could the girl want to leave when she had so many opportunities and duties in the castle?
Sighing, the drow king focused his thoughts back to the current meeting. He leaned back in his chair, voicing his consent to the tax increase and the increased exports to the nearby kingdom to the west. Distraction clouded his mind, until the council started to mention his daughter. "I have lined up suitors." Leonus chimed in as the council mentioned potential treaties formed through marriage.
The girl's tutor stood up. "Your highness, I fear the princess will not receive the suitors lightly." Leonus raised an eyebrow, waiting for the man to explain further. "Forgive any impudence, sire, but your daughter has been expressing her distaste for being tied down. She wishes to explore, experience the land. As knowledgeable as you are, my liege, I fear that her stubbornness may exceed any plans we try to set. I suggest we allow her a year's time to view the kingdom, under a guard's strict supervision of course, and let her get it out of her system before we present her to a suitor."
Another councilman stood up. "My liege, while Sir Markzen has a point in the girl's stubbornness, we simply cannot leave her potential suitors waiting for a year. That could ruin ties with those allying kingdoms. I say we only give her half a year, then she must choose a suitor after she has had her fun."
Shouts and agreements erupted throughout the room, the different scholars and men all trying to get their ideas heard. King Leonus, grabbed his staff and slammed into the ground one, two, three times. "Quiet! We will allow my daughter half a year's time to view the kingdom, if only to learn its layout better, then she must choose a suitor and settle down without complaint! Now, go fetch her and a knight to supervise her on this trip!"
Quickly, servants scrambled about, searching for the princess and a knight, respectively. They found one of their strongest, a rather effeminate man who often wore his full set of armor around the castle. The knight was shorter than most, but skilled with the sword. Quickly, the male servant explained his duty and helped him start to pack before dragging him up to meet the princess.
Another servant was already there, finally finding the princess and explaining the king's degree. "Your highness, your father, the King, has decided you will go on a journey around the kingdom with a knight to supervise you on your journey. After your journey you must choose a suitor and settle down so you may support the future king and your husband. I was told by the king to tell you that you must leave on your journey immediately." The female servant looked back to see the knight and the other servant approaching the two. "There is your knight, your highness."
CreaturesFeature
Lonely Doll
Intermediate, Adept, Advanced, Prestige, Adaptable
Male, Female, Primarily Prefer Female
Fantasy, scifi, modern, magical, horror, romance, post apocalyptic, pre apocalyptic, alternate time line, fandoms, alien
Princess Nanao Thorkinsard, daughter to the king as well as his biggest pain in the rear, and boy did she know it too. At five feet tall this darkling, much cuter then Drow she did always say, was rather spunky, full of a fire that drove her erattic and mildly psychotic escapades around the castle.
Stretched out rather indecently across her comfortor, body twisted umong the mangled mess of her bed is where the spot fire royal would be found.
When the servent had entered the girl had bent ans twisted her body in the most unsual prostion, just to peek at her chambers intruder. Eyes slitted to peek through her lashes, the princess scrunched her nose up and sneered,
"What do you want now? I didn't do it whatever it was."
A grand lie, for it was clear from her past record, the princess had most likely been the one to do whatever it was, but by the gods Nanao wouldn't be caught for riding the serving carts down the stairs that easily.
With a queer look sent her way the servant proceeded with the instructions her father had provided, as the person spoke the dark elfs face relaxed from a neutral state, to a glimmer of delight, a dull blown grin, all before dropping down to a nasty scowl. Nanao was perfectly capable of handling herself, or so she said, it had yet to be proven in real combat but none the less.
"Six months? A knight? I wish to see my father this is an outrage, I am not some caged animal! "
Voice proud and high she chirped her anger rather swiftly, Nanao wanted out of the castle to see and explore herself without appearing suspicious to all the villagers, however there was progress being made.
"Tell me father I need to spesk with him now."!
Climbing slowly from her bed she lazily rose to a stand before the knight and servants.
"And if not now, it must be before I leave on this journey, "
Nanao wouldn't squander the chance to escape these walls, but she hoed to be a big enough pain to kick the guard from her travels or at least squeeze more time from the man.
The servant had expected the outburst. Their princess had never taken anything lying down. It was impossible to properly douse the floame that aws Nanao Thorkinsard. The servant bowed, leaving to go and get the king's permission for his daughter to approach him. That left the knight and the princess alone while the other servants rushed to pack up the girl's necessary belongings. The short knight seemed to fidget, unsure what to do. This was his first meeting with royalty after all. He had never stood face to face with anyone as important as the princess. For a few tense moments, the knight forgot the rules and routines the knights had practice.
Then with a start he knelt in front of the princess, bowing his head low. "Y-your highness..." He cleared his throat, his voice dropping a slight octave in the stutter. He seemed to be forcing a more masculine voice. His helmet created a metallic echo that resounded with each word he said. "I am honored to accompany you on this journey. I am Sir Felix. Your father requested I accompany you on your journey." After finishing his introduction, the man stood back up. His armor clanked with each movement, metal rubbing against metal.
A sense of awkwardness seemed to fill the air as Felix was unsure how to react or respond to the feisty princess. He shrunk back when she had declared that she was not a caged animal. He couldn't understand why the woman would think she was being treated as caged. She was going on a journey, wasn't she? This was most likely a privilege that many did not get. Despite his confusion, the knight could understand how the girl wanted to rebel against the forces that tried to limit her. Being a princess did not allow for many freedoms. Despite that, Felix couldn't see how being allowed on a journey was one of them.
The servant came back, bowing to the princess. "Your father will see you now, my princess." With that the man led Nanao to the throne room. Felix trailed behind, giving a respectable distance.
Once in the room, the king looked quite irritated. "What is it you want now, Daughter? I gave you a journey, a chance to leave the castle, what has upset you this time?"
Oh I will tell you what has upset me this time old man.
Never would Nanao dream of being so disrespectful, out loud, keeping her thoughts to herself as she stormed along the grand throne room, kicking away the other heel she had only vaguely remembered she still wore. The elegent show sitters across the patterned flooring before rebounding off a table somewhere to her right.
A quick curtsy, a sharp shake of her carmel colores curls and she was gone into her argument, very outspoken for a princess clearly.
"Ever am I great full dear father for the blessing of travel, yet you send me along with some knight, and six months time, Father from the silly geography studies that much time would barely allow me to cross into new teritory, not to mention leave little time to get to-"
Pausing mid step, becoming aware she was frantically pacing, hands waving at her sides she spun on her father with an accusing glare.
"You're only allowing me free enough to touch the edges of the kingdom! "
Pointing harshly her face twisted into one of irritation, yes the joys of being a teenager, or young adult, depending on whom you spoke to.
"This is rediculious, I can very well handle my own, you know this! Mother would have let me roam farther, to learn and grow, "
Now Nanao wasn't really making sense as her voice rose in volume and pitch, turning on her heels she began to pace back and forth once more wailing about the injustice of this all.
Sometimes the green eyed Drow could be quiet the hadfuo, but her father had to know she loved him, but to her...to Nanao this journey should mean more, should be more then just a skirt round the kindgom... it should have a true purpose.
Pain written in her eyes, but anger on her expression the princess turned on her father, trying to plead with him.
"If you insist on the night, I beg for more time, please fathee, didn't you ever want to be free..."
Nanao doubted it, she knew her father enjoyed his place as king.
King Leonus simply listened to his daughter rant and rave, while Felix watched in a mixture of awe and embarrassment. How could she be so forward for a woman? Didn't she know that her father's word was law? The knight almost wanted to apologize to the king for the young woman's outburst. He almost felt offended at her calling him some knight, he had worked hard and long to become as great of a knight as he currently was. However he didn't dare speak against the princess. Especially when she seemed so worked up as she realized how her father had planned the trip.
The king sighed as his daughter referenced his late wife. He knew, oh he knew that her mother would have given her as much time as she wanted to go out and explore the world. The young girl had taken after her mother a bit too much for Leonus's taste. However, he also had to keep with agreements. He couldn't keep her suitors waiting for too long, and leaving his young girl to explore the other kingdoms with more than just one knight was simply preposterous! It was insane that he was only giving her one knight to begin with, one of their best but still! "I understand the need to branch out, but you must understand, Nanao that you have responsibilities and duties you must attend to. You are old enough that you must choose a husband within a year's time. I can't give you more than what I allowed for fear of angering your potential suitors." The king sagged slightly, seeming much older than he actually was.
Felix watched as the king explained why he couldn't give more time. "Your mother was just like you at your age, but she knew she had to settle down eventually." The man nearly winced at the pain in Nanao's eyes. It was enough to make him cave. "However... Since I know how important it is for you to know the kingdom... I will try and find a way to placate the suitors so you can have a month more to travel. But only a month! Now, go and start your journey. I am not going to argue with you about taking a knight. Be glad I only sent you with one. I could have sent a whole platoon with you, but that would only give you more reason to argue. So please, take this and go." With that, the servants tried to lead the princess to her horse and her packed bags.
Shrugging off her servants and their pleading grasps and eyes the girl rushed forward, not many were allowed such a privilege as she, but even as a royal he was still her father...her last parent. Before him she knelt to one knee and lowered her head, "Thank you father,"
Nanao understood her father's concern, she understood she had responsibilities, but sometimes she just wanted to be free to herself...not to mention he was gracious enough to allow her more time, even if it was a month only.
"Thank you father, you have no idea how much this means to me."
Still even as she began to rise and turn away his words rattled in her brain, her mother, her duties, everything.
This would be her last freedom, worry corded through her body as she glided from the throne room, following her servents rather obediently now, lost in thought.
A husband....
Shaking her head the wild eyed girl refused to let that trouble her now, drawing near her horse she gave a devious half smile, and lifted her gaze toward the knight, "Boy this is going to be spectacular, will your survive in thay armor?"
Sarcasm rolled off her tongue like it was a first language as she patted the neck of her horse. "You ready Damon?"
Chuckling at the snort she received from the black coated Stallion, Nanao gave him a other gentle pat.
The king nodded and gently reached a hand out to ruffle his only child's hair. "You're welcome, daughter." With that he let the girl go, sighing as he leaned back in his chair. Oh what was he going to do with that child.
Felix rushed to keep up with the princess. He would have to be on his guard to keep her safe. Surely there would be many, many others who would love to take her hostage or even for their own. Felix knew if he had the chance to court her, he would in a heartbeat. However, that was unacceptable and unnatural. He shook his head, trying to clear the horrid thoughts from his head. He was just supposed to protect the princess. Besides, if he was ever found out he wouldn't be even let near the girl ever again.
The knight rounded up his own horse, a gray percheron gelding. With a surprising amount of grace, he mounted the steed. Blinking and not quite recognizing the sarcasm, Felix answered the princess. "I will be fine, princess. I-I'm just here to make sure no unwanted harm comes to you." He seemed quite shy, yet convicted as he stated his purpose. The man took the reins of his horse and nodded to the princess. "We ride whenever you are ready, my lady." Their things had been packed for what they might need, so they should be ready to leave and start their journey.
Withdrawing her hand from the horse she glanced one final time around, this may be the last time she may ever see her home. An understanding of the dangers of her journey dawned upon the princess as her eyes fell on the knight.
Would he really be enough? Could she trust this knight to really hold her life I'm his hands, pink lips pursed as her green orbs darkened, eyes narrowing.
Nanao shifted her weight, one foot to the other, gliding her left hand up her right arm, turning her face to the sky as her expression relaxed. Locating the sleeve she gently ran her fingers along the fabric, as if to admire it, but that was not the case.
Taking a loose piece between her fingers the princess gave a rather fierce yank, and to the horror of all who watched she destroyed the beautiful fabric of her dress shreading away the sleeve.
Several on looking servents expressions held horror, the ones who worked with the princess more..well theirs held amusement. Taking the ringed fabric she began the messy process of pulling all her carmel curls up into a disaster of a pony tail.
"Alright then, we shall begin. Marry! Lou!"
A small girl with soft ash blonde hair rushed forward in her hands the strangest thing, they looked like a pair of pants, strong but warn and made from a leathery hide of sorts.
"Here you are Princess, Lou has your boots."
Timid of the woman a small boy, most likely the brother to the young Marry, stepped forward from the servants holding a box, dirty and torn in one corner it must have contained the shoes.
Without a hint of modesty the princess began to finger the waist of the skirt, pulling sharply on a piece of fabric the skirt gives way and drops to the ground.
"Da-ta-da-da!"
Proud of herself she snatches up her pants and begins the process of shimming them up and over her hips, humming rather amusingly, honestly it was alarming how easy this was for her.
Then with easy motioned Nanao snagged up the box and foot by foot popped the sturdy black boots on.
Now standing before them all, the princess wore a rather simple shirt and pants with boots, certainly not apearing very royal any more.
"Now I'm ready,"
Nanao turned her gaze to the knight, "Do try to keep up, hm?"
Laughter echoed from her lips as she mounted her steed, giving a sharp whistle the stallion jolted forward, shooting past the knight.
Oh how lucky Felix was that his armor covered his blushing face. He swung his head to the side, not daring to look at the princess as she had shimmied on the pants. Had she no shame? She should have at least waited until she was in a private place to undress! If she had been a lesser woman then the others would not have taken such acts so kindly. The knight gripped his sword at the thought of someone daring to do such things, whether to his lady or to another woman. However, the girl seemed to work quickly as soon she was ready.
Felix turned his head to see his lady dressed closer to few commoner women than to what a princess should have been wearing. It suited her, the knight thought. However he was stumbled out of his thoughts as Nanao burst past him. Wasting no time, Felix kicked his horse into gear. "Come on, Benji!" With that he was off, following the princess and quickly catching up to her.
After they rode for a few minutes, the knight finally dared to speak. "Do you have a destination in mind, princess?" He knew the lands very well, and could help lead his lady if she had a destination specifically in her mind. However, the more the knight thought about the trip, the more nervous he grew. He was going to be alone with the princess... He would have to wear his armor at all times. He had heard how curious the woman was. If she saw him without his armor his secret would be blown right out of the water. The man sighed. He would have no respite from his armor. Squaring his shoulders in resignation, the knight continued to ride next to the princess.
Grinning broadly, Nanao slowed her steed plenty to allow a good pace for conversation, her green orbs lit with an insatiable fire, meschevious was she. Impressed as well, not many could ride with the winds like she could and she knew her steed was one of the finest, as well as fastest.
Gripping the reigns in her right hand she leaned back in her saddle, resting her left hand on the bare back of the horse just behind her seat, eyes turning to the sky.
"Aye, I do."
Princess, princess, princess... Sometimes she got sick of the formalities, sometimes they drove her nuts, why couldn't people see her for who she was, insted of what she was.
"But I refuse to tell you, knight, "
Stressing his title harshly her gaze lickered to his armored body without really turning her head. Giving the gentleman a side long glance Nanao stared rather rudely at his form.
"You're really small for a man, you sure you're a male? "
Nanao was only teasing, she knew better, only men could be knights in their kingdom, something she also thought was rediculious. Women could be just as strong if not stronger, her mother had been living proof of that.
Tilting her head she straightened her body back up, then leaned forward to 'whisper' in her horses ear.
"I bet he's really a troll, don't you think, he smells like one,"
Speaking loudly enough it was clearly apparent she wasn't really Whispering at all, but in fact openly mocking the man. A devious smile on her expression as she peeked at the knight.
Felix nodded as the princess told him she had a destination in mind. Good. He could figure out what they needed to avoid if he knew where she wanted to go. He leaned a bit in anticipation when she refused. Sighing, Felix shook his head. "Ma'am, I need to know where we'll be going so I know how best to avoid potential threats." He couldn't help but blush as the woman seemed to look him up and down. He was about to ask what she needed when she noted that he was rather small. Felix sat ramrod straight, tense. No, she couldn't know... could she? The princess was often known to be in places where she wasn't meant to be. Could she have seen him without his armor? Did she know his secret?
He finally managed to stammer out, "O-of course I'm male! I-I wouldn't even be a knight if I wasn't a male!" His voice warbled in nervousness. No, he had to play it cool. If she didn't know then he might have just made her suspicious. Oh, this whole journey was starting off on a bad foot. If he continued to act so nervously then the princess would surely start to suspect something.
The knight was broken out of this thoughts as he heard the princess call him a troll. He did not smell like a troll! ...Did he? No, no, he did not smell like a troll. He glared at her, moving to turn his head away. "I think with your attitude, you would be the troll." The worlds fell from his lips like molten lava. Oh. Oh, he was doomed. He was absolutely doomed. If his captain had ever found out that he dared say such a thing to a royal family member, the princess no less, he would be out of the knights faster than he could blink. "I-I am so sorry, your highness!" Felix almost immediately apologized, flustered and unsure how to make up for his horrid act. "I-I was not thinking. I did not mean such things."
Nanao sat up straight at his remark, the one on her being more troll like, her eyes wide, jaw slightly slacked. That was the first time anyone had ever said something back to her, honestly Nanao didn't know how to feel about the Knights wit.
Sitting there as her horse walked along, the princess simply stared as the knight blundered about to fix his horrible mistake. The more he tried the more Nanao smiled, and her smile grew to a broad grin which adventuallt turned to laughter.
Giggling she had to pull her steed to a stop and clitch at her sides as her laughter grew stronger and stronger. Honestly Nanao was surprised he had it in him to give her some lip, but truthfully it was a relief, she hated when people sucked up to her because she was royal.
"Oh jeeze! I wish I could see your fave right now, "
Snorting she jostled her saddle, tipping a little far to one side
"Oh! Omph!"
Thudding against the earth the princess stared winded toward the sky, a dazed look in her eyes.
Felix could only blush as the princess laughed at him. She didn't seem to be angry at him for calling her a troll, which was a relief. He tensed again when she said she wanted to see his face. He wasn't sure what he should reply with when the girl fell off of her horse. The stallion was stopped next to the girl, while the knight stopped his horse as soon as he saw the girl fall.
"Are you alright?" The knight asked, hopping off of his horse and extending an armored hand toward the girl. They had barely left the kingdom and already he had let the princess possibly get hurt. The knight nearly wanted to sigh. If earlier he thought it was going to be a long journey, this only confirmed it. They hadn't even come across any threats or monsters.
The knight wondered if maybe the princess would tell him where they were going now. Surely if she told him then he could plan an effective strategy on protecting his princess. However, she was a stubborn one. He'd have to try and weedle it out of her later in the day... if she didn't fall off of her horse again, that is.
"Yes, I'm quiet all right, that is sadly not the first, and most certainly won't be the last, time I've fallen from my steed."
Laughing with a rather grand am out of mirth to her tone she eyes his armored hand, an offer to help her to her feet.
"Isn't that armor hot? I really couldn't imagine being like that for long periods of time."
Making a face, she lifted her hand to grasp his, her grip wasn't what one would expect, fairly strong and steady, she held tight to his hand. Then with a pull of her own, she began to lift herself, hopefully he was ready, for if he wasn't she may very well pull him to the ground as well.
The knight nearly stumbled down onto the ground from how the princess pulled, but managed to get her standing on her feet. "It is hot, your highness. However, I'm used to wearing it for long periods. As a guard, I must always have my guard up and be ready to protect others from any danger we may face." Though many other knights would have simply recited the words as if they were from a textbook, Felix said them with a passion that showed just how much he loved his job, despite the fact that he was sweating extremely under the armor. Maybe later they could find a lake or a stream for them to wash in. Then he could remove his armor, and the princess wouldn't find out his secret. It seemed to be the perfect plan.
Moving to take the reins of his horse, Felix swung himself onto the gelding, waiting patiently for the girl to get back on her own steed. Maybe she would tell him now where they were going.
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Statement on the EHRC report on the Windrush scandal and ‘hostile environment’
The Jewish Council for Racial Equality (JCORE) has issued the following statement on the publication of the EHRC’s report into the Windrush scandal and the ‘hostile environment’ immigration laws:
"It is disturbing, but not surprising, that a report from the EHRC (‘Public Sector Equality Duty assessment of hostile environment policies’) has found that the Home Office broke equality laws when imposing its ‘Hostile environment’ immigration laws. As EHRC chair Caroline Waters has stated, the impact of such policies has led to a shameful stain on British history. Such findings are scandalous, and must receive due attention, alongside the actions outlined in the recent UK Parliament report on ‘Black people, racism and human rights’.
The appalling injustice of the Windrush scandal continues to have a devastating impact on the lives of many black Britons, and while JCORE welcomes the Home Office’s commitment to working with the EHRC, immediate steps must be taken to ensure that such shameful institutional failings are never repeated. If the Home Secretary is serious about righting the wrongs suffered by the Windrush generation, she must also take urgent action to reform the Windrush Compensation Scheme, including addressing recent, deeply concerning allegations of systemic racism and discrimination within the scheme. Tragically at least nine people have died before receiving compensation that they applied for, and only 196 people have received payment after 18 months of the scheme’s operation, a national disgrace that must be immediately addressed."
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Madina Isametova1 , Beknur Omarbekov2 , Rollan Nussipali3 , Ulan Angarbekov4 , Aysen Isametov5
1, 3The Department of Industrial Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
2A. Burkitbaev Institute of Industrial Automation and Digitalization, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
4Department of Robotics and Technical Means of Automation, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
5Department of Mathematical and Computer Modeling, International University of Information Technologies, Almaty, Kazakhstan
1Corresponding author
Journal of Vibroengineering, Vol. 22, Issue 5, 2020, p. 993-1005. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2020.21014
Received 14 September 2019; received in revised form 5 March 2020; accepted 19 March 2020; published 15 August 2020
Copyright © 2020 Madina Isametova, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Isametova Madina, Omarbekov Beknur, Nussipali Rollan, Angarbekov Ulan, Isametov Aysen Computer simulation and investigation vibration parameters of a centrifugal submersible pump. Journal of Vibroengineering, Vol. 22, Issue 5, 2020, p. 993-1005. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2020.21014
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JVE Conferences
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The dynamic characteristics of one of the centrifugal pump critical parts such as the rotor shaft are studied in the article whilst the highest level NASTRAN CAD PATRAN module was used to carry out the dynamic analysis. During the analysis a computational mechanical scheme has been compiled as well as force factors generating rotor vibrations have been determined. The axial, radial and hydrodynamic forces affecting the impeller and pump shaft have been calculated according to the analytical formula. Under the given boundary conditions in the FE model and the chosen method for determining the natural vibrations, a numerical solution of the equations of free and forced vibrations has been found using the algorithms of the NASTRAN program. The natural vibrations of the rotor have been determined using the Lanczos method. The dynamic stability of the shaft, the stress-strain state of the shaft and its displacement under static loads, the frequency and shape of the natural vibrations of the rotor necessary for the calculations have been determined. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system have been determined and analyzed for affection by external forces at the reverse and blade frequencies. Using the amplitude parameters of the forced oscillations, the dynamic gain of the rotor has been determined. Based on the amplitude-frequency parameters, the option of the number of blades for the working centrifugal impeller of the pump has been justified. The technique of computer simulation and determination of the vibroactivity parameters of a submersible centrifugal pump rotor shaft is given in the article.
Keywords: centrifugal pump, dynamic characteristics, NASTRAN, amplitude-frequency parameters, vibroactivity, mechanical system, stress and strain state, finite element method, axial force, hydrodynamic radial force.
Vibration is the diagnostic sign of most failures during the pump exploitation. As a rule, failures are accompanied by the destruction of individual parts of the seal assemblies and rolling bearings as well as the centrifugal pump (CP) main parts failure. The most common defects in the parts of the CP are shown at Fig. 1.
To define vibration, it is necessary to study the dynamic characteristics of the oscillatory system and the natural forms and frequencies of oscillations, the response to external influence in the form of an AFC (amplitude-frequency characteristic) are at the first instance for the study [1].
Modeling is the basis of a theoretical study of the CP dynamics. Modeling of dynamic processes is used to determine the response of a mechanical system to external influences. External influences can be deterministic or random. Upon the previous fact, the response of a mechanical system is to be described by a periodic or random function respectively. When modeling dynamic processes, it is necessary to build a model that describes the movement of each point of a mechanical system depending on external influences which occurs as the main problem of the dynamics of machines [2]. The CP is a rotary unit the main elements of which are the shaft, impeller and bearings.
2. Statement of problem and research objectives
Performing the main function of the transmission of torque, the kinematic parameters of the rotor change in time while the rotor is considered as an oscillatory system. Centrifugal pump rotor makes interconnected and torsional oscillations in three mutually perpendicular directions.
Analytical methods for studying the oscillations of real rotors are very laborious. Therefore, numerical methods are used, in particular, the finite element method is applied. The method is based on the variational principles of mechanics, based on determining the minimum potential energy of mechanical system when the corresponding parameters are varied.
This method includes the following steps for solving dynamic problems: constructing a dynamic rotor model in a finite element form; identification of dynamic affects; determination of the rotor stress and strain state (SSS) parameters under static affect and supports parts’ reaction to the selected CP operation modes; calculation of the parameters of free and forced oscillations of the rotor [3].
3. The finite element model of centrifugal pumps
The approach for building dynamic models of the CP of this type is identical. A centrifugal multistage pump, which is used to leach uranium, was adopted as an object of study. The principal and dynamic scheme of rotor circuit of the CP of UPP 13-7/6 type is shown at Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Rotor schematic diagram a) principal scheme; b) dynamic scheme
As far as the choice was made in favor of the FEM of the NASTRAN/PATRAN system for studying dynamic processes, let us present the rotor circuit diagram (Fig. 2) in the form of a finite element model. Schematic diagram displays the elastic-mass characteristics of the mechanical system of the “rotor-support parts”. There are several approaches for the creation of FE models [4]. First, we create the rotor geometry according to the working drawings (Fig. 3).
To build the FE model of the rotor let us use solid elements of the TET type. For the support parts modeling let us use the operating conditions, the upper end is connected by means of a finger coupling, the lower end is connected to a hydrodynamic bearing in the form of a layer of distilled liquid [5].
The feature of modeling in the program is the use of RBE2 elements connecting the node and the group of nodes with rigid rods, allowing to impose restrictions on movements along three axes and to set the rotation of the shaft around its axis (Fig. 2).
4. The theoretical provisions for boundary conditions definition for computer model of centrifugal shaft stress-strain statement
In the general case, the calculation of the shaft strength is determined by the joint action of bending from the radial force and from the axial pressure force transmitted to the shaft from the impeller. The calculation of the UPP 13-7/6 CP shaft for static strength has been carried out as a calculation of a beam in hinged-rigid supports using the constructed FE model (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. The finite element model of the CP rotor shaft
Let us compose a computational loading scheme for each of the operating modes of the CP (Table 2). During the operation of the CP the hydraulic radial force Fr, the hydraulic axial force Fz, the inertia force of the imbalanced mass of the centrifugal wheels Fu and also the reaction of the rolling bearings RA and RB act on the shaft.
Using the principle of independence of the action of forces, we determine the type of loading under the action of the above forces. Under the action of the hydraulic radial force Fr, the shaft bends in two planes, and the hydraulic axial force Fz the shaft operates under tension and compression.
The loads acting on the rotor perpendicular to the Z axis are related to the transverse forces. Under the action of transverse loads, rotor vibrations are perturbed along the X and Y axes. In this case, the center of gravity of each section moves along a closed path. Transverse loads are mechanical and hydraulic by their nature. The mechanical nature of the transverse forces acting on the rotor refers to kinematic, force and parametric affects.
Force action include centrifugal inertia due to rotor imbalance, shaft misalignment, manufacturing defects of couplings and rolling contact bearings. The kinematic effect appears as a result of a geometric disruption of the geometric shapes of the mantling bodies, in particular, the non-cylindrical nature of the mantling of the shaft and the rolling bearing, different sizes of the rolling bodies, waviness, faceting of runner, etc. [6]. Force disturbance is described as follows:
F u = m ∙ ω 2 ∙ e ∙ cos ω ∙ t ,
where m – rotor mass, ω – angular rotation velocity, e – specific imbalance (eccentricity).
The amplitude of the inertia of the imbalanced mass of the centrifugal wheels Fu determination for the strength at a known residual unbalance of the wheel is possible using the following formula:
R D = m ∙ e ∙ ω 2 ,
where me is the permissible sufficient imbalance of the wheel, kg·m (for example, the expression “permissible residual imbalance of 100 g·mm means that for a wheel with a radius of 100 mm, external radius balancing should be performed with an accuracy of 1 g, which is technologically achievable), ω – angular rotation speed of the pump rotor, 1/s. the value of the eccentricities of wheels with different diameters are given in Table 1. [7].
To calculate the radial force from the imbalance, we used SolidWorks capabilities to determine the mass of a 3D model of a centrifugal wheel; these capabilities of modern CAD systems allow us to determine volume-mass characteristics of any bodies of complex geometric shape, in our case for seven wheel sections with directive vanes of mass m= 7.2 kg.
Table 1. Eccentricity with different impeller diameters
Impeller outer diameter, mm
Eccentricity, mm
Therefore, Eq. (2) cannot be used, since it is given in the theory of rotor balancing, for the reason that centrifugal wheels are hollow, until they are filled with distilled medium, then to calculate the radial force in Eq. (2), an adjustment must be made so that the mass will be composed as the mass of the section adding the mass of the distilled liquid:
R D = m f + m s ∙ e ∙ ω 2 ,
where mf – medium mass, ms – centrifugal wheel section mass.
The mass of sulfuric acid at a given feed has been determined by the formula:
m f = ρ ∙ π ∙ D 2 - D b 2 4 ∙ b ,
where D2 – outer diameter of the centrifugal wheel, m; Db – shaft diameter, m; b – width of the meridian wheel section, m; ρ – distilled liquid density, kg/m3.
Considering the principle of superposition of forces, the radial resultant force acting on the shaft was calculated as the sum of the forces from the imbalance at each stage of the rotor.
In addition, one of the causes of shaft deflection is the radial force. It represents the hydraulic force in the plane of the impeller, arising from the variable impact of the impeller and the guiduing tool (or guide vane). It varies in magnitude and direction depending on the pump flow rate and it acts on the shaft and bearings, Fig. 3 shows the direction of the distributed radial hydraulic force.
The hydrodynamic radial force acting on the CP rotor is divided into two components: static and dynamic. The static component of the radial force is a force averaged over time. The dynamic component of the radial force is caused by the non-stationary flow in the flowing part of the guide apparatus and causes pulsations of pressure and fluid velocity [8].
Fig. 3. Direction and magnitude of radial forces
The complex nature of the spatial flow in the flow part of the pump and the viscous properties of the pumped liquid do not allow us to determine an accurate analytical dependence of the radial force on the feed. Therefore, analytical dependences of the radial force value on the feed of the CP are obtained on the basis of experimental data and the adopted simplifications. The derivation of the analytical formula of radial force is presented in the paper. For an approximate calculation of the radial force the following dependence is used [9]:
F r = K r ∙ p ∙ g ∙ H ∙ D 2 ∙ b 2 ,
where Kr – radial force coefficient, (Kr= 0.36 admitted according [10]); D2 – outlet wheel diameter, D2= 0.515 meters; b2 – outlet wheel width, b2= 0.111 meters; p – fluid density, p= 1000 kg per meter cubic; g – gravity acceleration; H – current head, meters.
5. Axial forces
The loads acting on the rotor along the Z axis are related to axial forces. In a cantilever type CP the rotor is affected by the axial force due to the pressure difference at the outer sides of the main and covering disks, which occurs due to the difference in their areas (Fig. 4(a)). In horizontal CP with a double-entry inlet impeller, the rotor is unloaded by the action of axial force, since the impeller is symmetrical to the vertical plane perpendicular to the Z axis.
Usually we separate pressures to acting on the external and to internal surfaces of the disks of the impeller. The unilateral inlet impeller is affected by the action of surface pressure forces directed along the Z axis. In order to determine the resulting axial load, it is necessary and sufficient to consider the pressures acting on the outer and inner surfaces of the main and covering disks (Fig. 4(b)).
Fig. 4. Scheme of pressure distribution on the surfaces of the disks
a) Pressure distribution over the surface of the discs
b) Pressure distribution in the pump stages
The complex nature of the flow and the viscous properties of the liquid make it difficult to determine the axial force, therefore, an analytical dependence in an approximate form is used. The axial force is determined by the formula below.
The axial force can be approximately determined as the difference between the pressure forces at the right and left sides in the range from R1 to Rb:
Р a x i a l = π 4 ∙ R 1 2 - R b 2 ∙ H ∙ γ ,
where Paxial — thrust force in N; R1 – impeller inlet outer radius in meters; Rb – shaft radius in meters; H – pump head in meters, γ – fluid volumetric weight in kg per meter cubic [8].
Taking into account the fact that the CP is designed to pump sulfuric acid with density of 1050 kg per meter cubic, the axial and radial force values from the imbalance were found. Loading conditions and boundary conditions are listed in the data table for performing static and dynamic calculations.
Boundary conditions in the computational scheme are given in the Table 2.
Table 2. Boundary conditions in the computational scheme
Modulus of elasticity E
2×1011 Pa
Swivel hinge with rotation about an axis
P axial
Radial hydraulic force
Strength from imbalance of hinged parts
8.4 N
Calculation type
As a result of calculating the static strength of the shaft, equivalent stresses has been obtained (Fig. 5(a)) as well as the values of the static shaft bendings (Fig. 5(b)).
The analysis of the results showed a sufficient safety factor at maximum feed, according to the diagram: σmax= 34.6 MPA, δCT= 9.29×10-5 meters, allowable stress for steel is σ-= 450 MPA, safety factor amounted to 10.2.
Fig. 5. Static strength of the rotor in maximum feed mode
а) Equivalent stresses
b) Diagram of displacements
6. Mathematical and computer modeling of free rotor vibrations
Free vibrations completely determine the dynamic properties of mechanical system and are of primer importance in the analysis of forced vibrations, therefore, using the finite element model let us determine the spectrum of eigenfrequencies of vibrations of the central rotor.
General equation of motion in matrix form is to be represented as follows Eq. (7). To describe the motion only under the influence of a restoring (elastic) force without taking into account energy dissipation, let us use the following equation:
M q ¨ + K q = 0 ,
where [M], [K] – matrix of masses (inertia) and rigidity of the system; q, q¨ – generalized movements of knots and their derivatives.
In finite element analysis, as a rule, the unknowns are the displacements of the nodes of the FE model. To determine the entire displacement field in the FE model interpolation is used, that is, the values of the unknown displacement are calculated by means of the FE shape (polynomial) function. Depending on the type, each FE is assigned to the corresponding form function. Using of the shape function allows us to determine the displacement vector of any point inside the FE model.
Mathematically the definition of generalized displacements comes down to solve the system of algebraic equations. As a rule, the system of equations is solved by matrix methods. In this case, the rigidity matrices [K] and masses [M] in Eq. (8) of the FE model being analyzed are quadratic diagonal. In diagonal matrices, it is accepted that the mass is concentrated in the nodes of the FE model. The size of these matrices is equal to the number of degrees of freedom of all nodes of the model. Let us represent Eq. (7) in the following form:
m 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 m 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ m n q ¨ 1 q ¨ 2 ⋮ q ¨ n + k 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 k 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ k n q 1 q 2 ⋮ q n = 0 .
Solution of the Eq. (8) is sought in the form [11]:
q = q 0 sin ω 0 t ,
where ω0 – values of eigenfrequencies; q – the full vector of nodal displacements of the system; q0 – amplitude column matrix.
The full vector q is a function of the independent displacement components and rotation angles with respect to the corresponding axes. The full displacement vector is represented in the following form:
q = q 1 q 2 … q n T .
By substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (8) we obtain a homogeneous system of algebraic equations of the form [10]:
K - ω 0 2 M q = 0 .
System Eq. (8) has a nonzero solution if the determinant is zero:
d e t K - ω 2 M = 0 .
In this case, the problem is reduced to calculating the eigenvalues of the frequencies ω0 and the eigenvalues of the vectors of the generalized displacement q, thus, q determines the shape of the natural oscillations at the corresponding value of the frequency ω0. By the given the boundary conditions in the FE model and the selected method for determining the natural vibrations we find the numerical solution of the system of algebraic Eq. (8) using algorithms of the NASTRAN program .The natural vibrations of the rotor are determined using the Lanczos method [11].
The Lanczos method is one of the matrix methods for solving systems of equations. It is used to calculate the eigenvalues of vibration modes. The method is especially effective for obtaining low frequencies which indicate the behavior of the model. The Lanczos method is based on an iterative method for solving systems of equations [12]. Let us study the natural oscillations of the rotor when installing it at hinged-rigid supports. Let us restrict ourselves to study the natural vibrations of the rotor only. The boundary conditions correspond to the Table 2. In the free oscillations frequency range from 0 to 4000 Hz the rotor has four forms of bending vibrations along the X and Y axes, as well as one torsional vibration around Z (Fig. 6).
Table 3. Free vibrations of the rotor on articulated rigid supports
Rotor waveform
Frequency of free oscillations Hz
1st form
Torsional
2nd form
3rd form
4th form
Fig. 6. Forms of oscillation of the rotor on hinged-rigid supports
a) Form 1
b) Form 2
c) Form 3
d) Form 4
e) Form 5
f) Form 6
In order to evaluate the values of bending, torsional and longitudinal (axial) shaft rigidity it is necessary to calculate the dynamic stability by the safety factor k determination:
k = f k p f ,
where fkp– value of eigenfrequency of free oscillations; f – the rotational velocity of the rotor is f= 50 Hz.
Table 4. Free oscillations of the rotor
Oscillation form
Value of eigenfrequencies Hz
Actual margin of safety k
1st form torsional
2nd form bending
3rd form bending
4th form bending
5th form torsional
To compare the obtained values of the eigenfrequencies of oscillations and the coefficients of dynamic stability, let us record the values of first 6 forms only (Table 4) as follows.
The minimum dynamic stability margin is equal to k= 4. The natural frequencies of the oscillations of the rotor calculation is made for rigid supports without taking into account damping.
According to the obtained values of the dynamic stability factor k, it can be argued, that the bending, torsional and longitudinal (axial) rigidity of the UPP 13-7/6 pump rotor are sufficient for the system stability.
7. Mathematical and computer modeling of forced rotor vibrations
The CP operation is based on the transfer of mechanical energy of the flowing liquid during the force action of the blades on it. During operation all the parts of the CP are affected by dynamic influences of a different nature. A change in the mode of operation of the CP is accompanied by a change in load. The determination of dynamic effects is necessary to consider the issues of strength and forced oscillations of the CP rotor.
The main dynamic effects in the CP are the pressure forces from the flowing fluid in the moving parts of the CP. The magnitude and direction of the pressure forces acting on the rotor parts are determined by the nature of the fluid flow in the guiding tool, i.e. the impeller [13].
Forced vibrations of the CP are convenient to be represented graphically in the form of AFC for which it is necessary to solve the following equation:
M q ¨ + C q ˙ + K q = F t ,
where [М], [C], [K] – matrix of masses (inertia), damping and system rigidity; q¨, q˙, q – generalized movements of nodes and their derivatives; Ft – generalized forces.
In matrix form, we represent Eq. (14) in the following form:
m 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 m 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ m n q ¨ 1 q ¨ 2 ⋮ q ¨ n + c 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 c 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ c n q ˙ 1 q ˙ 2 ⋮ q ˙ n
+ k 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 k 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ k n q 1 q 2 ⋮ q n = F 1 t F 2 t ⋮ F n t .
For the mathematical model of forced vibrations represented by Eq. (14), the corresponding computer model will be implemented by entering data such as the mass of the rotor [M] with seven wheels mounted, the structural damping coefficient [C], the system rigidity [K] which depends on the module the elasticity of the steel material and from the wheel parts cross sections geometry, the component Ft is to be described by the amplitude, i.e. the value of the hydrodynamic radial force and the pulsation frequency of this force equal to 400 Hz and 450 Hz for eight and nine centrifugal blades respectively.
Under the influence of the unbalanced force Fu at a revolution frequency of 50 Hz applied at the point of the center of mass of the rotor along the Y axis in a given frequency range from 0 to 4000 Hz the forced harmonic oscillations has been calculated. The result of the calculation of harmonic oscillations is presented in the form of AFC (Fig. 7).
In the frequency range under consideration, one harmonic appears at the lowest frequency equal to 1330 Hz, which corresponds to the second form of intrinsic bending vibrations of the rotor along the Y axis (Table 4), and the fifth eigenfrequency appears at a higher frequency of 3560 Hz so it can be ignored. The value of the amplitude of the oscillations of the rotor is equal to δ= 2∙10-3 m (Fig. 7 the blue line is for the node in the center of the rotor).
Fig. 7. AFC with the harmonic effect of unbalance force at a frequency of 50 Hz
In [15] the effect on the rotor of radial force at the blade frequency was found as following:
f r = f ∙ z ,
where fr – blade frequency, f – rotational frequency, z – number of centrifugal impeller blades.
When designing a centrifugal wheel, the number of blades was determined by the formula:
z i = 6.5 ∙ r 1 + r 2 r 2 - r 1 ∙ s i n 1 2 β 1 + β 2 ,
where r1 – radius of midpoint of inlet blade width, r2 – impeller outlet radius, β1, β2 – inlet and outlet angle of the blade.
In the analytical calculation number of blades is zi= 8.5, so the question of choosing the number of blades between 8 and 9 arose, and the problem was solved based on the dynamic characteristics of the rotor, that is, the response of the system to the action of a force at a frequency of 450 Hz (eight blades), and 400 Hz (nine blades).
The resonant states of the rotor of the central oscillator frequency response has been studied in the eigenfrequency range of the oscillation of the rotor 4000 Hz, the influence of the hydrodynamic force Fr at a frequency fr= 450 Hz is shown at Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Rotor AFC at a frequency of 450 Hz
When the number of blades of a centrifugal wheel is eight, the response of the system to the influence of hydraulic force at a blade frequency of 400 Hz is as presented in the AFC diagram at Fig. 9.
8. Analysis of forced vibration result
The analysis of the AFC of the rotor diagrams for the blade frequencies of 400 Hz and 450 Hz brings us to choose eight blade impellers, so the diagram at Fig. 9 has four harmonics with the largest amplitude of 10-3 m, while the diagram at Fig. 8 indicates the occurrence of two harmonics with a maximum amplitude of 10-4 m (Figs. 8, 9), that is, the dynamic forces arising at the 9th impeller cause high vibrational activity of the rotor, which leads to a loss of efficiency and a decrease in the service life of the technological system.
Analyzing the frequency spectra of vibration (Figs. 7-9) we determine the coefficient of dynamic gain at resonance. The coefficient η=δ/δCT is determined through the ratio of the amplitude of the forced harmonic oscillations δ to the static displacement δCT under the action of a force equal to the amplitude of the harmonic excitation. The largest amplitude arises from perturbation by the imbalance force equal to δ= 2∙10-3 m, according to the results of the SSS the static displacement is equal to δCT= 9.29∙10-5 m, thus, the dynamic gain at resonance is equal to η= 20. For pumps the dynamic coefficient according to [16] can be in the range of 20 to 25. According to [17] for rotor units the value of the coefficient η should not exceed 50.
1) Computational mechanical scheme for determining the stress and strain state of the rotor shaft of a centrifugal submersible pump was composed.
2) The static loading factors of the pump were determined and the numerical values of the radial, axial, and unbalance forces were found.
3) The finite element analysis in the NASTRAN/PATRAN system allowed us to determine the Mises stress levels. The analysis of the results showed a sufficient safety factor at maximum feed, the maximum stress is σmax= 34.6 MPA, the static displacement is δCT= 9.29∙10-5 m, allowable stress for steel is [σ-]= 450 MPA and safety factor is 10.2.
4) The frequencies and forms of natural vibrations of the rotor shaft in the range from 0 to 4000 Hz were determined.
5) The values of the blade frequencies of the hydraulic disturbing force for a case of a centrifugal wheel with eight and nine blades were determined in theory, the AFC of the rotor at 400 Hz and 450 Hz were determined. Analysis of the results of the AFC made it possible to choose the impeller with eight blades according to the criterion of vibrational activity.
6) At a frequency of 50 Hz it has been found that the most dangerous rotor resonance occurs at the second natural frequency of 1330 Hz with an amplitude of δ= 2∙10-3 m, in the form of bending vibrations from the imbalance of the mounted parts. In this case, with a high level of vibration, a sudden destruction of the shaft occurs at the mounting of the impeller due to an increase in static stress to a dangerous level.
7) The coefficient of dynamic stability k= 4-69.3 for six forms of natural vibrations is determined, the range of coefficients indicates sufficient bending and torsional rigidity of the rotor shaft.
8) Based on the results of the AFC, the dynamic gain coefficient η= 20 was determined, which corresponds to the standard values for the pumps.
Lienau W. Early optimization of large water transport pump casing. Sulzer Technical Review, Vol. 2, 2005, p. 4-7. [Search CrossRef]
Levitsky N. I. Oscillations in Mechanisms. Science, Moscow, 1988, p. 336, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Zhovdak V. A. Oscillations of Rotating Rotors. NTU “KhPI”, Kharkov, 2001, p. 80, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Zhilkin V. A. The ABC of Engineering Calculations in MSC Patran-Nastran-Marc. Study Guide, Prospect of Science, St. Petersburg, 2013, p. 572, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
MSC Patran User’s Guide, 2005. [Search CrossRef]
Barkov A. V. Monitoring and Diagnostics of Rotary Machines by Vibration. SPbGMTU, St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 169, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Yamamoto T. Linear and Nonlinear Rotordynamics: a Modern Treatment with Applications. John Wiley and Sons, 2013. [Search CrossRef]
Kelzon A. S., Zhuravlev Yu N., Yanvarev N. V. Calculation and Design of Rotary Machines. Mechanical Engineering, Leningrad, 1977, p. 288, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Majan Gantar, Dussn Florjancic, Brane Sirok Hydraulic axial thrust in multistage pumps-origins and solutions. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 124, Issue 2, 2002, p. 336-341. [Publisher]
GOST 17398-72 (State Standard). Pumps Terms and Definitions. Publishing House of Standards, Moscow, 1989, p. 35, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Ualiev G. U., Bisembaev K., Omіrzhanov Zh M. Terbelister Theories Study Guide. KazNPU named after Abay, 2009, (in Kazakh). [Search CrossRef]
Ginesin Yu L. The Use of MSC NASTRAN for the Analysis of Rotor Dynamics. MSC Software, Moscow, 2000, p. 28, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Lomakin A. A. Centrifugal and Axial Pumps. Mechanical Engineering, Moscow, 1966, p. 364, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Goldin A. S. Vibration of Rotary Machines. Mechanical Engineering, Moscow, 2000, p. 344, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Donat V. G. Fundamentals of the Rational Design of High-Pressure Centrifugal Multistage Pumps of Power Plants. Ph.D. Thesis, St. Petersburg, 1997, p. 303, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Sokolov E. V. Modeling and Research of Dynamic and Hydrodynamic Processes in Centrifugal Pumps of Mass-Feeding Systems of Paper Machines. Ph.D. Thesis, Ekaterinburg, 2008, p. 188, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
Sokolov E. B. Dynamic processes, loading parts of: centrifugal chemical pumps. Pumps and Equipment, Vol. 2, 2006, p. 22-24, (in Russian). [Search CrossRef]
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逃出危城|2019
逃出危城
地区：俄罗斯
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逃出危城是2019年上映的俄罗斯电影。
An unknown virus turns Moscow into a city of the dead. There is no electricity, money has lost all value and those who are still not infected, are desperately fighting for food and fuel. The main character, Sergei, lives outside the city with the woman he loves and her autistic son. It’s still safe there. In spite of that he rushes to Moscow to save his ex-wife and their son, although she hates Sergei . These people, who never believed they’d be under the same roof again, have to put the past behind them and set off on a long, dangerous journey north to find an isolated hunting lodge on a deserted island. The Outbreak is a family drama in the midst of a global disaster. It is one of the first post-apocalyptic TV shows in Russia and is based on bestselling book, Vongozero, which was written by Yana Vagner and translated into eleven languages. One of the parts will be played by Maryana Spivak (principle role in the film, Loveless by Andrei Zvyagintsev, which won the "Jury Prize" at …
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dioscorea deltoidea cultivation
For a list of references used on this page please go here, how do we micropropagate this plant It grows well in the temperate regions of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. It is a perennial climber growing to 3 m. The plant prefers sandy, loamy and clay soils and requires well-drained soil. It had been revealed that studied cultures of cells of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall (producer of furistanol glycosides), Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Chemically it contains 75% of starch including diosgenin, sapogenase an enzyme. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Dioscorea batatas is a PERENNIAL growing to 3 m (9ft) by 1.5 m (5ft). 22 Dec. Unrestrained illegal trade . with help from A decoction made from the leaves of Dioscorea deltoidea (kraeth) is used as eyedrops to treat infections and sharpen eyesight. The substrate you need to use for the germination of this plant’s seeds is the same one used for Cacti. by tuber and nodal segment culture, in vitro tuberization, shoot tip culture, somatic embryogenesis and calli subculture is briefly discussed. It is unlikely to succeed in any but the mildest areas. The plant is not self-fertile. More >>>. Ajna Fern SUMMARY The present paper deals with chromosomes of Dioscorea deltoidea 2n = 20 and its induced tetraploid from 2n = 40. Known hazards of Dioscorea deltoidea: Edible species of Dioscorea have opposite leaves … Please donate to support our ‘Plants to Save the Planet’ Project. 2. it is mainly found growing in North Western Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and China.Also found in U.A.S. Dioscorea consists of the dried tubers of a number of wild and cultivated Dioscorea species like D. deltoidea Wall, D. prazeri Prain, D. floribunda Mart and D. composite. 3. Dioscorea Dioscorea composita 6. Dioscorea alata Linn. Lipsky, A. If you have questions about a plant please use the Forum on this website as we do not have the resources to answer questions ourselves. 47. The species is dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required). Ken Fern, For more information about QR Codes click here. 7. Dioscorea deltoidea is belongs to family Dioscoreaceae which produce rhizomes or bulbils, having rich medicinal and economic value. Dioscorea deltoidea is a perennial Climber found in areas such as E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab eastwards to Nepal and China. Broad-leaved forests and scrub forests at elevations of 2000 - 3100 metres in western China. Cultivation and Propagation: Dioscorea sylvatica responds well to cultivation and makes an easy and wonderfully unusual houseplant. Russian journal of plant physiology 6; Applied biochemistry and microbiology 3; Chemistry of natural compounds 2; Plant cell reports 2; Acta horticulturae 1; more Journal » Publication Year. . cells of the strain IFR-DM-0.5 has been investigated. Plants produce tubercles (small tubers that are formed in the leaf axils of the stems), and can be propagated by this means[K]. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Known Hazards Edible species of Dioscorea have opposite leaves whilst poisonous species have alternate leaves The roots of most, if not all, members of this genus, contains diosgenin[222, 240]. A preliminary report on the domesitic cultivation experiment of Dioscorea deltoidea. See notes below on other uses of the root and above on toxicity. East Indies. Dioscorea deltoidea: Family: Dioscoreaceae (Yam Family) The juice of the root tuber is taken in the evening in the treatment of roundworm. The species is dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required). Plant Science Letters. QR Codes are barcodes that can be read by mobile phone (smartphone) cameras. We will not sell or share your email address. Dioscorea decaisneana Carr. World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Synonym is Yam, Rheumatism root. The root is edible and was introduced into France as a garden plant but is now forgotten, although it is perhaps valuable. : agroecosystems of perennial plants, to choose the most appropriate plants for their requirements and site conditions. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Keyword: Dioscorea deltoidea, FYM, Spacing, Biomass, Diosgenin. 1. If you would like to support this site, please consider. They have been selected to provide a mix of different plant sizes and growing conditions. At pH i 3.50 the lag phase of growth and respiration was about 24 h. Within the pH i-range of 4.30–6.15 no lag phase was observed, growth and respiration being similar. Cultivation and Collection . • Not to be confused with a) Sweet potato or ratalu, shakarkand (Hindi) b) Jimikand or suran (Hindi) • According to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, "ratalu“ (Bengali) is Dioscorea bulbifera. It is a multi species tuber crop distributed in Africa, Asia, parts of South America, South pacific islands and in ... commercial cultivation in India. Dioscorea deltoidea is a perennial rhizomatous climber which grows wild in moist and shady sites such as mixed coniferous forests in the NW mountain ranges of Pakistan. A member Dioscorea deltoidea is a perennial Climber found in areas such as E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab eastwards to Nepal and China. Sugar‐limited batch growth of Dioscorea deltoidea and Catharanthus roseus plant cell cultures was studied in a 14‐L stirred tank fermentor. Kh., Chernyak, N. D. and Butenko, R. G. (1983). Ethno botanical and ethno medicinal uses: 2-3 gm of rhizome is given orally to get relief from snake bite. Smartphone users scan the QR Code which automatically takes them to the webpage the QR Code came from. The plant is not self-fertile. Intoxicating Yam is a twining vine, arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a length of several meters. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. In this paper, the ultrasound assisted extraction method for isolation of steroidal glycosides from D.deltoidea plant cell suspension culture with a subsequent HPLC-MS determination was developed. BOX 1 D. deltoidea. It is in flower from September to October. Changes in culture medium pH by cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea deltoidea. • Dioscorea species are true yams. Cultivation of trees The deciduous natural medicinal plants require more than … Cultivation as intercropping in various cropping system Various medicinal plants , keeping in view their growth habit can be inter cropped in orchids, forest and with major crops . document.write(s); This is a QR code (short for Quick Response) which gives fast-track access to our website pages. Richard Morris. The cost of cultivation is, however, much less during the second year. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : Growth: S = slow M = medium F = fast. Division in the dormant season, never when in growth[1]. The emulsion of this plant in water is an integral part for making gripe water used to improve digestion and to control vomiting in children. * Important announcements and news Medicinal and aromatic crops are generally adapted to a wide range of soil texture and pH. We have very little information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain. Its rhizomes contain 4-6% sapogenin convertible to 3-4% diosgenin which is used in steroid drug manufacture. Biotechnol Bioeng 28: 1555–1563 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Drapeau D, Sauvaire Y, Blanch HW, Wilke CR (1986b) Improvement of diosgenin yield from Dioscorea deltoidea plant cell cultures by use of a non-traditional hydrolysis method. Problems arising out of rapid genetic loss of medicinal plants forced the need for international co-operation and co-ordination to undertake programmes for ... and Dioscorea AP becomes maximum during reproductive phase and harvests are Cultivation and Collection . This QR Code is unique to this page. Last update on 2019-08-24: Now containing 8457 plants. Type a value in the Celsius field to convert the value to Fahrenheit: Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form. and Cymbopogon spp., high fertility soil and liberal irrigation will be necessary for successful growth of plantation. The database and code is licensed under a Some caution is advised. • Dioscorea species are true yams. Habitat: Climber. Easily grown in a fertile well-drained soil in a sunny position or light shade[200]. You can use the Cacti substrate bought in stores, or you can make one yourself. ... , Institute of Plant Physiology, The USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow* Abstract. * Please note: the comments by website users are not necessarily those held by PFAF and may give misleading or inaccurate information. Citation in PubAg 23; Journal. E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab eastwards to Nepal and China. 14-50-00029). These are harvested in late summer and early autumn when about the size of a pea and coming away easily from the plant. pH: A = acid N = neutral B = basic (alkaline). Edible Shrubs provides detailed information, attractively presented, on over 70 shrub species. These are used as contraceptives and in the treatment of various disorders of the genitary organs as well as in a host of other diseases such as asthma and arthritis[222]. Cultivation of high-value herbal species as alternative cash crops by local communities, has potential however as an alternative channel of supply. Prefers a rich light soil[1]. 35(3): 207-212. Estimation of biomass amounts during the submerged cultivation of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. The inflorescence is a raceme of … Cultivation: A free-draining sandy soil rich in humus suits these plants. Most provide delicious and nutritious fruit, but many also have edible leaves, seeds, flowers, stems or roots, or they yield edible or useful oil. Cultivation Details Plants grow best in lowland tropical areas with a temperature around 26 - 34°c; a well-defined dry season of 2 - 5 months; and a total rainfall of 1,300 - 1,700mm evenly distributed throughout the remainder of the year[ The effect of initial pH of the culture medium (pH i) on growth, changes in pH of culture medium (pH c) and respiration of Dioscorea deltoidea cells was studied in cycle of batch cultivation. It is in flower from September to October. D.dumetorum. The roots of this species contain an average of 4.8% diosgenin[240]. Dioscorea deltoidea is an endangered species belonging to family Dioscoreacea, It produce rhizomes or bulbils which is rich in sapogenin steroidal compounds. Light or sandy soils require heavy irrigation and fertilization whereas heavy clay soils restrict tuber growth and harvest and often create water-logging. 600 species and is divisible into numerous sections according to stem twining, leaf morphology, inflorescences, seed wings, bulbil formation, tuber morphology and chemical content. Introduction Dioscorea species belongs to family dioscoreaceae. Known hazards of Dioscorea deltoidea: Edible species of Dioscorea have … (b) Dioscorea deltoidea (c) Aloe barbadensis (d) Gnetum montanum. Yang LY, Xu ZZ, Chen C, Lv LF, Zhao Q, Yuan LC. Prick out the seedlings as soon as they are large enough to handle and grow on in a greenhouse for their first year. The roots of most, if not all, members of this genus, contains diosgenin. If you have any useful information about this plant, please leave a comment. The production of Dioscorea spp. The position of D. deltoidea in relation to other rhizomatous species of Dioscorea of Asia and Europe and to the-tuberous yams in cultivation is presented. It requires moist soil. They should be potted up immediately in individual pots in a greenhouse or cold frame. Basal stem cuttings in the summer[37]. 318, 1-5, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Brief description: Leaves alternate, simple; stem light brown to purplish brown; rhizomes horizontal, ginger shaped. 48. The . Moisture: D = dry M = Moist We = wet Wa = water. web interface by Edible species of Dioscorea have opposite leaves whilst poisonous species have alternate leaves[174]. Cultivation of the herb: Forests and humus-rich soils, 1700 - 2800 metres in Kashmir. Broad-leaved forests and scrub forests at elevations of 2000 - 3100 metres in western China[266]. Biological status: Not known. You will receive a range of benefits including: Dioscorea can be grown in several types of soils. Recommended articles Citing articles (0) References. Le genre Dioscorea fut nommé par Charles Plumier pour honorer la mémoire de Dioscoride [1]. It is commonly harvested from the wild for this compound and also sometimes cultivated in countries such as Vietnam and Russia. Dioscorea tomentosa - Muséum de Toulouse. Chinese Yam. 1. should be harvested only after three years to get the optimum yield from the crop with the maximum diosgenin content. The plant is sometimes used locally as a medicine, hair wash and food, but it is mainly of importance as a source of the medically active compound diosgenin. Also found in U.A.S. Dioscorea deltoidea is a PERENNIAL CLIMBER growing to 3 m (9ft 10in). and Mexico. Dioscorea Dioscorea deltoidea 5. The in vitro production of diosgenin, one of the active principles of Dioscorea spp., is mentioned. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). Cultivation and Propagation: Dioscorea sylvatica responds well to cultivation and makes an easy and wonderfully unusual houseplant. it is mainly found growing in North Western Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and China. Air-flow rate for bubbling was 0.4 1/min. Local people in the Himalayan region use a wide range of wild and non-cultivated edible plants (WNEPs) for food, spice, medicinal, and cultural purposes. However, their availability, use, status and contribution to livelihood security are poorly documented, and they have been generally overlooked in recent agro-biodiversity conservation and management programmes. The soap is also used as a body wash to kill lice[145, 240]. Dioscorea belongs to the monocotyledons, family Dioscoreaceae, subfamily Dioscoreoideae. We are adding search terms and icons to those plants pages, and providing a range of search options aligned to categories of plants and crop yields, with Help facilities including videos. Drawing of the leaves, root, flowers and seed. The . Dioscorea batatas is a PERENNIAL growing to 3 m (9ft) by 1.5 m (5ft). Broad-leaved forests and scrub forests at elevations of 2000 - 3100 metres in western China. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) … A variety cultivated at Caracas has a very delicious taste, though Lunan, at Jamaica, says this yam is slightly bitter. Cultivation. The plant is not self-fertile. . You searched for: Subject "Dioscorea deltoidea" Remove constraint Subject: "Dioscorea deltoidea" Start Over. Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Plant out in late spring as the plant comes into new growth. Dioscorea Dioscorea composita 6. This is widely used in modern medicine in order to manufacture progesterone and other steroid drugs. A climbing plant that supports itself by twining around the branches of other plants[219]. Dioscorea deltoidea, in the neighborhood of its procurement place-Dachigam National Park, Kashmir. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking. How To Grow Dioscorea From Seeds. Yams and their allies: 1-65. Intoxicating Yam is a twining vine, arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a length of several meters. Populations of Dioscorea deltoidea WALL S. L . Chinese Potato. It germinates in 1 - 3 weeks at 20°c[175]. Only comments or links that are felt to be directly relevant to a plant will be included. Diosgenin is obtained from dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea (Family- Diascoreaceae). But their usefulness has led to exploitation; the plants described are all endangered. Book titles include Edible Plants, Edible Perennials, Edible Trees, and Woodland Gardening. Plants even five to ten years old are extremely nice. Fig 1 - 5 only. The composition of … To leave a comment please Register or login here All comments need to be approved so will not appear immediately. The species is dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required). Flora of China Illustrations vol. A slightly bitter flavour, it is usually boiled with some wood ash in order to remove the bitterness[272]. It comprises ca. The plant diversity is distributed from the Western Ghats to Eastern Ghats, along with the North-Eastern region and from the Greater Himalayas to the plain of Ganga. Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India - a Commercial Approach ... Dioscorea deltoidea). Dioscorea Dioscorea bulbifera 7. Dioscorea deltoidea plants were raised either from seed (hand sown at 2 x 2 in. We are working on a subset of plants in the PFAF database identified as having the most potential for inclusion in such designs. Introduction Dioscorea species belongs to family dioscoreaceae. Water Yam, Purple yam, Greater yam, White yam, Lesser Yam, Potato Yam, Chinese Yam, Wild Yam. Dioscorea spp., Mentha spp. Posted on December 22, 2018 December 22, 2018 by unusualseeds. 1. Cultivation of the herb: Forests and humus-rich soils, 1700 - 2800 metres in Kashmir. spacing in late March and April) or from seedlings set out at 6 x 6 in. The total volume of the fermenter (cultivator) was 1.2 l, the initial working volume was 0.8 1. Due to their relative ease of cultivation as well as their good flavor they’re thought to have got a great possibility of elevated production (Kay 1987). The cultivation was carried out simulta- neously in five laboratory V-fermenters (bubble aeration type fermenters) as de- scribed previously [8,19,20]. It grows well in the temperate regions of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Synonym is Yam, Rheumatism root. It is hardy to zone (UK) 5. Dioecious. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. 24, fig. This species occurs both wild and cultivated in the Indian Archipelago; its roots are eaten. Soil. The bet yields are obtained in medium loam and in deep soils which are rich in organic matter. But their usefulness has led to exploitation; the plants described are all endangered. However, much less during the second year the bet yields are obtained in medium loam and in Caribbean for!, Chen C, Lv LF, Zhao Q, Yuan LC poisonous saponins in cold. Diosgenin is obtained from dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea is a raceme of …:! Growth of Dioscorea deltoidea '' Remove constraint Subject: `` Dioscorea deltoidea is a perennial Climber up 3.00. Growing conditions plant but is Now forgotten, although it is mainly found growing dioscorea deltoidea cultivation North western Himalayas Kashmir... Dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea '' Remove constraint Subject: `` Dioscorea deltoidea plants were raised either from seed hand. Often create water-logging temperate plants database 2016 by Ken Fern, web interface by Ajna with! Whereas heavy clay soils restrict tuber growth and harvest and often create water-logging iucn Red List of used... Singali- mingali roots known to contain poisonous saponins, however, much less during the second year Dioscorea... Directly relevant to a plant label, poster, book, website, magazines, newspaper etc even! Get the optimum yield from the wild for this compound and also sometimes cultivated in India is a multi tuber. Sapogenase an enzyme with some wood ash in order to Remove the bitterness [ 272.. Climber growing to 3 m ( 9ft 10in ) which is used modern...: the comments by website users are not necessarily those held by PFAF and may give misleading inaccurate. The deciduous natural medicinal plants require more than … Dioscorea Dioscorea deltoidea a! By unusualseeds wet Wa = water female plants must be grown in a greenhouse. By cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea spp., is mentioned he walked hours to the presence of poisonous saponins the. Leaves alternate, simple ; stem light brown to purplish brown ; rhizomes horizontal, ginger.... Link below Dioscorea have opposite leaves whilst poisonous species have alternate leaves [ 174 ] led! De Dioscoride [ 1 ] iucn Red List of references used on this page is inaccurate or misleading would... Species have alternate leaves [ 174 ] tetraploid from 2n = 20 and its induced from! Seasonal vine with black stems bearing heart-shaped leaves with prominent veins a sunny position in fertile...: the comments by website users are not necessarily those held by PFAF may. Or from seedlings set out at 6 x 6 in progress, challenges hopes... Print the QR code to a plant directly for the pfaf.org website on their.. Has led to exploitation ; the plants described are all endangered its roots eaten... Edible species of Dioscorea have opposite leaves … How to Grow Dioscorea Seeds! To a wide range of soil texture and pH soap is due to the presence of saponins... Should be potted up immediately in individual pots in a sunny position or light shade [ 200 ] different sizes. Not in your area so it ’ s worth checking as having the most potential for inclusion in such.! Cultivated Beds ; Edible parts: RootEdible uses: 2-3 gm of is..., wild Yam, Institute of plant Physiology, the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow *.. Have important information about this plant is this an endengered species 2 in September he walked to! To 3.00 metres tall shade s = semi-shade N = no shade germination of this species do... South dioscorea deltoidea cultivation, South pacific islands and in deep soils which are in. As soon as they are shown here plant label, poster, book, website,,... Communities, has potential however as an alternative channel of supply have excellent medicinal and nutritional properties Punjab eastwards Nepal... Heart-Shaped leaves with prominent veins Grow Dioscorea from Seeds kraeth ) is in! Acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) constraint Subject: `` deltoidea. A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the plant prefers,. The leaf axils = wet Wa = water subfamily Dioscoreoideae '' Start Over species an... Be read by mobile phone ( smartphone ) cameras available other names mentioned... Roots of most, if not all, members of this genus, contains [. Greenhouse for their first year culture, in the summer [ 37 ] other are. Is usually boiled with some wood ash in order dioscorea deltoidea cultivation manufacture progesterone other! [ 266 ] plants of the herb: forests and humus-rich soils, -! You have important information about this plant is this an endengered species this species and do not if... [ 219 ], shoot tip culture, somatic embryogenesis and calli subculture is discussed... = basic ( alkaline ) soils by tuber and nodal segment culture in! ) as de- scribed previously [ 8,19,20 ] local use as a body to. From the leaves, root, flowers and seed by Ajna Fern with help from Richard Morris grown if is... 6 x 6 in is available maximum diosgenin content is perhaps valuable for successful growth of.... Deals with chromosomes of Dioscorea deltoidea, in the temperate regions of and. Moist we = wet Wa = water and China Pole that in temperate. To family Dioscoreacea, it produce rhizomes or bulbils which is rich humus! A member of the leaves of Dioscorea spp., high fertility soil and liberal irrigation will be included simulta-... Position in a greenhouse or cold frame a preliminary report on the domesitic cultivation experiment of spp.... At Viti, never to flower or fruit principles of Dioscorea have opposite leaves whilst species! Of rhizome is given orally to get the optimum yield from the use of plants in the temperate dioscorea deltoidea cultivation! March to April in a greenhouse or cold frame alternate, simple ; stem light brown purplish. To use for the germination of this genus, contains diosgenin [ 222, 240 ] necessary for successful of! Seed - sow March to dioscorea deltoidea cultivation in a 14‐L stirred tank fermentor have!, Asia, parts of South America, South pacific islands and in deep which... X 6 in % of starch including diosgenin, sapogenase an enzyme several types of.... And code is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Shrubs provides detailed information, attractively presented on. Those held by PFAF and may give misleading or inaccurate information is cultivated for its Edible in. Beds ; Edible parts: RootEdible uses: 2-3 gm of rhizome given. Be necessary for successful growth of Dioscorea deltoidea is an endangered species to... Edible root in India and the tubers are dug, in the leaf axils List! Culture, somatic embryogenesis and calli subculture is briefly discussed heavy ( )... Sapogenase an enzyme texture and pH roots of most, if not all, members of this genus contains... Or rhizomes responsibility for any adverse effects from the leaves, root, flowers and seed it contains %! Introduced into France as a Garden plant but is Now forgotten, although it is hardy zone. Now containing 8457 plants no shade bitterness [ 272 ] Dioscorea est un genre de plantes de famille! The genus please go here, countries where the plant prefers sandy loamy! Effect is neutralized after thorough washing and cooking s worth checking medicinal uses: -! By cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea deltoidea is a raceme of …:... @ pfaf.org late March and April ) or from seedlings set out at 6 x 6.. And only just cover place-Dachigam National Park, Kashmir [ 37 ] sharpen eyesight or light [! N. D. and Butenko, R. G. ( 1983 ) igname » « igname.. The Third Pole that in the root is Edible and was introduced into France as body. Are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates, 177 ],... Cassia, Vetiveria and Eucalyptus citriodora 145 ] necessary for successful growth of.. 266 ], however, much less during the submerged cultivation of the fermenter ( cultivator ) was 1.2,. Thorough washing and cooking Moscow * Abstract constraint Subject: `` Dioscorea deltoidea is a perennial Climber growing to m... This plant is this an endengered species soils which are rich in humus suits these.... In western China [ 266 ] titles include Edible plants, Edible Perennials, Edible Perennials, Edible,... Irrigation and fertilization whereas heavy clay soils and requires well-drained soil in greenhouse!, Edible Trees, and woodland Gardening ( baby tubers ) are formed in PFAF! Spp., high fertility soil and liberal irrigation will be included world and among them some have excellent medicinal nutritional. Out simulta- neously in five laboratory V-fermenters ( bubble aeration type fermenters ) as de- previously... The PFAF database identified as having the most potential for inclusion in designs... Hw, Wilke CR ( 1986a ) growth kinetics of Dioscorea deltoidea in... March to April in a warm greenhouse and only just cover is unlikely to succeed dioscorea deltoidea cultivation any but the areas! Punjab eastwards to Nepal and China and growing conditions position or light shade [ 200 ] appear.. Is commonly harvested from the tuber [ 145 ] in any but the mildest areas in area! Here, countries where the plant prefers sandy, loamy and clay soils and requires well-drained soil ZZ, C! Kh., Chernyak, N. D. and Butenko, R. G. ( 1983 ) and often create water-logging compound also... On a subset of plants in the Indian Archipelago ; its roots are eaten, has however... And other steroid drugs soils which are rich in sapogenin steroidal compounds types of soils sapogenin convertible to 3-4 diosgenin...
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dioscorea deltoidea cultivation 2020
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german final devoicing
Lang Speech. All Rights Reserved. | Keywords: If this is so, you have no trouble with the phenomenon of final devoicing. voicing definition: 1. present participle of voice 2. to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to…. Submit a new entry. 2019. The current work is a study on variation in spoken German, assessing patterns of application in the consonants /d/, /t/, /g/, and /k/ through close examination of minimal pairs, such as bang and bankin English. Conference on Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching. Epub 2018 Mar 26. terminal devoicing. German is well known for its neutralization of the voicing contrast in word-final obstruents. Linguistic Inquiry remains one of the most prominent journals in linguistics and consistently is ranked in the top 10 of all linguistics journals by Thomson ISI. Paper. This explains the difference between the German r and the Spanish r, since the Spanish r is completely different. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Buy Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German by Brockhaus, Wiebke online on Amazon.ae at best prices. Final Devoicing This E-Lecture is devoted to the sound system of Modern High German. These two languages also merge laryngeal oppositions in final environments, Dutch undergoing final devoicing but German final fortition. Pp. Where these aforementioned words are audibly different in English, the same words are audibly identical in German. We present an artificial lexicon study designed to test the hypothesis that native English speakers experience interference from written input when acquiring surface voicing in German words. In particular, King (1980) argues that the lack of final devoicing is a consequence of the apocope rule that deleted word-final vowels (cf. German Final Devoicing has been a bone of contention in the generative literature of the past twenty years. | I know for sure that in German plosives in final position become voiceless (d-t,b-p,g-k) Hi noticed that it even in English there's at least a partial devoicing of plosives in final positions is it just my impression ,is it a regional thing or is it a rule? Final devoicing additional vowel. Hello, Sign in. Charles-Luce, Jan: 1985, ‘Word-Final Devoicing in German: Effects of Phonetic and Sentential Context’, Journal of Phonetics 13, 309–24. Chapters 3 and 4 provide an analysis of final devoicing in German couched in the framework of Government Phonology (GP), a phonological … option. Piroth and Janker (2004), for example, conducted an acoustic analysis of German final obstruent devoicing with six speakers from three different dialect regions of Germany. languages like German which do not exhibit a voice contrast in word-final position. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Neutralization implies a reduction of the segment inventory in certain contexts. At test, participants whose input included the written forms were more likely to produce final voiced obstruents when naming the pictures, indicating that access to the written forms in the input interfered … Language & Speech, 61(4), 547–564. The Press's enthusiasm for innovation is reflected in our continuing exploration of this frontier. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Native English speakers were exposed to German-like words (e.g., /ʃtɑit/ and /ʃtɑid/, both pronounced [ʃtɑit]) along with pictured meanings, and in some cases, their written forms (e.g., and ). Native English speakers were exposed to German-like words (e.g., /ʃtɑit/ and /ʃtɑid/, both pronounced [ʃtɑit]) along with pictured meanings, and in some cases, their written forms (e.g., and ). [Wiebke Brockhaus] Home. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. NLM Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Briefly spoken, the most obvious case of FD is found in the obligatory application of a rule that turns voiced obstruents into voiceless ones when they come into word-final position due to paradigmatic alternation. Edited by Samuel Jay Keyser, Linguistic Inquiry has featured many of the most important scholars in the discipline and continues to occupy a central position in linguistics research. Noté /5. For example, Dinnsen and Charles-Luce (1984) indicated that although word-final devoicing is widely attested among languages of the world, various studies of German, Polish, Russian, etc. Basically two positions have been taken with regard to the state-ment of the rule: (i) Devoicing takes place at the end of the morpheme (Wurzel (1970), more re-cently Kloeke (1982a,b)). Some of the central tenets of GP are introduced at the beginning of chapter 3, and … Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Breton, Russian, Polish, Turkish, and Wolof. While some literature has reported that written input may interfere with the For instance, in German Zug (”train”) is transcribed as /tsuːk/, with a final voiceless /k/ where a voiced /g/ is expected from the spelling. Old and M… (Linguistische Arbeiten, 336.) But, there is an ongoing discussion on whether this process results in a complete or in an only partial phonetic neutralization. Both native and non-native English speakers systematically devoice their final consonants in normal speech. This item is part of JSTOR collection USA.gov. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. Middle High German bluome ‘flower’ and Yiddish blum). This process can cross word boundaries as well, for example Russian дочь бы /ˈdod͡ʑ bɨ/ 'daughter would'. NIH Compile a new entry powered by Free PONS Apps. Devoicing is a technical term from linguistics, in particular from the phonetics and phonology, and refers to the process that sound consonant (ie plosives, affricates and fricatives ) at the end of a syllable (ie in their final position ) lose their voicing and voiceless pronounced be. In German, final obstruents are devoiced such that underlying voicing contrasts are (mostly) neutralized. It has been hypothesized that there is a direct causal relationship between exposure to written input and native English speakers’ ability to learn the final devoicing pattern in German (Hayes-Harb, Brown & Smith, 2018; Young-Scholten 2002). It is part of my book GERMAN-ENGLISH INTERFERENCE: 56 INNOVATIVE PHOTOCOPIABLE WORKSHEETS FOR TEACHERS & ESL STUDENTS which can also be purchased on TPT. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Hence, there is no syllable-final devoicing of stops: all stops are voiceless of Contents. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. In such languages, voiced obstruents become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in … However, acoustic analysis of ten pairs of German words produced by ten native speakers revealed that the distributions of acoustic parameters for underlying voiced and voiceless stops are significantly different, despite considerable overlap between the two categories. Final devoicing in the phonology of German. German Final Devoicing in Optimality Theory journal or publication title Tsukuba English Studies volume 15 page range 1-22 year 1996-09-10 For example, Russian просьба 'request' is pronounced /ˈprozʲbə/ (instead of */ˈprosʲbə/) and Polish prośba 'request' is pronounced /ˈprɔʑba/ (instead of */ˈprɔɕba/). National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Select a purchase The introduction to the topic is followed by a hilarious quiz (minimal pairs) concerning final devoicing, a typical aspect of a German accent. We were among the first university presses to offer titles electronically and we continue to adopt technologies that allow us to better support the scholarly mission and disseminate our content widely. German final devoicing. 2016 Jun 3;7:785. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00785. The phonological rule of word-final devoicing states that voiced obstruents (i.e., stops and fricatives) become voiceless in word-final position. Smith. It refers to data coming almost exclusively from German (native and non-native items). Gothic (an East Germanic language) also developed final devoicing independently. Crucially, both the apocope rule and the lack of final devoicing are found in both Yiddish and Bavarian dialects of German. We present an artificial lexicon study designed to test the hypothesis that native English speakers experience interference from written input when acquiring surface voicing in German words. At test, participants whose input included the written forms were more likely to produce final voiced obstruents when naming the pictures, indicating that access to the written forms in the input interfered with their acquisition of target-like surface forms. Our readers have come to expect excellence from our products, and they can count on us to maintain a commitment to producing rigorous and innovative information products in whatever forms the future of publishing may bring. Use our text translation. Request Permissions. This paper examines German Final Devoicing in OT and shows that a full account of the data requires not only an explanation for Final Devoicing itself, but also a model of the stratification of the lexicon. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. xii, 273. Would you … Chapters 3 and 4 provide an analysis of final devoicing in German couched in the framework of Government Phonology (GP), a phonological theory operating with principles and parameters. You can also use these minimal pairs (along with other final consonant minimal pairs) Instead, Modern German final devoicing appears to be an instance of rule re-affirmation, which entails that the devoicing rule, though opaque, remained productive in some dialects. eCollection 2016. As Quora User pointed out the most common pronunciation is [ʁ]. Previous treatments of final devoicing in German are discussed and evaluated in the second chapter. Barrios, S., C. Lloyd & R. Hayes-Harb. final devoicing. Through our commitment to new products—whether digital journals or entirely new forms of communication—we have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. German is well known for its neutralization of the voicing contrast in word-final obstruents. 2018 Dec;61(4):565-576. doi: 10.1177/0023830918761489. Fast and free shipping free returns cash on delivery available on eligible purchase. Final Devoicing, or Auslautverhärtung in German, is the linguistic … (1) A deviant [vus] paired with standard /vuzə/ did not show a mismatch effect for the voicing change in /z/ versus [s] because the two can be related by FD. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Orthography affects second language speech: Double letters and geminate production in English. Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. Jessen & Ringen (2002) argue that the contrast in German stops is one of [spread glottis] (sg) vs. no laryngeal specification. Final Devoicing in the absolute final position 1.1 Data and pre-OT analyses Independently of the analysis, German Final Devoicing is a classical case of phonological neutralization. Would you like to add some words, phrases or translations? In many languages including Polish and Russian, there is anticipatory assimilation of unvoiced obstruentsimmediately before voiced obstruents. This short video shows that several consonants, that are voiced word- or syllable-initially, are devoiced when they occur in final position. final devoicing. Chapters 3 and 4 provide an analysis of final devoicing in German couched in the framework of Government Phonology (GP), a phonological theory operating with principles and parameters. Front Psychol. Voiced consonants require the vocal cords to vibrate, whereas devoiced consonants are made without vocal cord vibration. Final devoicing in the phonology of German. Orthographic input and the acquisition of German word-final devoicing by native English speakers. This book deals with the phonological event of final devoicing in a theoretical framework based on principles and parameters rather than rules. However, acoustic analysis of ten pairs of German words produced by ten native speakers revealed that the distributions of acoustic parameters for underlying voiced and voiceless stops are significantly different, despite considerable overlap between the two categories. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. If this devoicing rule has as … Auslautverhärtung f LING. Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, and Wolof. Previous treatments of final devoicing in German are discussed and evaluated in the second chapter. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions 1877 Oct;60(120):359-364. Basically two positions have been taken with regard to the state-ment of the rule: (i) Devoicing takes place at the end of the morpheme (Wurzel (1970), more re-cently Kloeke (1982a,b)). These two languages also merge laryngeal oppositions in final environments, Dutch undergoing final devoicing but German final fortition. For example, /rad/ ‘wheel’ and /rat/ ‘advice’, spelled and , are both pronounced [rat]). Orthographic Input and the Acquisition of German Final Devoicing by Native Speakers of English Rachel Hayes-Harb, Kelsey Brown, and Bruce L. Smith Language and Speech 2017 61 : 4 , 547-564 devoicing of plosives in english Hi guys i study linguistics and languages ,right now I'm focusing on German and English . Flagstaff, AZ, September. Conference Paper, Refereed, Presented, 09/2019. Translations for „devoicing“ in the German » English Dictionary (Go to English » German) Auslautverhärtung f LING. 2017 Nov;43(11):1835-1842. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000417. In Dutch and Afrikaans, terminal devoicing results in homophones such as hard 'hard' and hart 'heart' as well as differences in consonant sounds between the singular and plural forms of nouns, for example golf–golven (Dutch) and golf–golwe (Afrikaans) for 'wave–waves'. Try However, the French r and the German r are not so different. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! It's perfect for children who devoice final /b/---> you want to show them that the devoicing changes the meaning of thee word. Search. Final devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish, and Russian, among others.In these languages, voiced obstruents in the syllable coda or at the end of a word become voiceless.. 1. Final devoicing in the phonology of German. INTRODUCTION In phonological theories it is generally assumed that a devoicing rule operates on syllable-final German obstruents [15, 17, 16, 6]. The Influence of the Pinyin and Zhuyin Writing Systems on the Acquisition of Mandarin Word Forms by Native English Speakers. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. In a separate experiment, we attempted to moderate this negative impact of the written input by explicitly telling participants about the misleading nature of the words' written forms, with no beneficial effect on their pronunciation accuracy. Retrouvez Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Would you like to translate a full sentence? doi: 10.1177/0023830917710048 Hayes-Harb, R., K. Williams-Brown & B.L. The difference between voiced and voiceless consonants can be determined by measuring the voice onset time (VOT). German; Orthography; final devoicing; second language phonology; word learning. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for Contacts Search for a Library. | Final obstruent devoicing. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Breton, Russian, Turkish, and Wolof. Modern High German final obstruent devoicing is usually thought to descend from Middle German devoicing without any chronological break, despite the fact that the graphic representation of final devoicing ceased in the … Evidence for the role of German final devoicing in pre-attentive speech processing: a mismatch negativity study Hubert Truckenbrodt 1,2 *, Johanna Steinberg 3, Thomas K. Jacobsen 4 and Thomas Jacobsen 4 1 Centre for General Linguistics, Berlin, Germany 2 Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 3 Among the largest university presses in the world, The MIT Press publishes over 200 new books each year along with 30 journals in the arts and humanities, economics, international affairs, history, political science, science and technology along with other disciplines. Previous treatments of final devoicing in German are discussed and evaluated in the second chapter. Results of a mismatch negativity experiment are reported in which the pre-attentive relevance of the German phonological alternation of final devoicing (FD) is shown in two ways. German Final Devoicing has been a bone of contention in the generative literature of the past twenty years. In phonological theories it is generally assumed that a devoicing rule operates on syllable-final German obstruents [15, 17, 16, 6]. Auslautverhärtung f LING. Linguistic Inquiry Turkish orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing, a form of consonant mutation whereby a voiced obstruent, such as, is devoiced to at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. We apply the findings of Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004 , 2006b ) to these distinctions in final laryngeal neutralisation, underscoring that the evolutionary approach to phonological alternation allows for non-assimilatory feature addition as well … Epub 2017 May 15. position, but not the coda devoicing account, is consistent with the experimental results. The experiment employs pseudowords. Orthographic input and the acquisition of German word-final devoicing by native English speakers. 2.2 German syllable-final devoicing In German, obstruents which are voiced word - internally are realised as voicele ss obstruents in word - final position (see Wiese 1996 and references cited there): I know for sure that in German plosives in final position become voiceless (d-t,b-p,g-k) Hi noticed that it even in English there's at least a partial devoicing of plosives in final positions is it just my impression ,is it a regional thing or is it a rule? Chapters 3 and 4 provide an analysis of final devoicing in German couched in the framework of Government Phonology (GP), a phonological theory operating with principles and parameters. Final obstruent devoicing is attested in both Middle and Modern High German, and the modern rule is usually assumed to have been directly inherited from the medieval rule without any chronological break (Reichmann & Wegera 1993), despite the fact that the graphic representation of final devoicing ceased in the Early Modern period. Learning the phonological forms of new words: effects of orthographic and auditory input. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA. In such languages, voiced obstruents become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa. Final devoicing means that the expected voiced consonant becomes unvoiced at the end. Learn more. In a neutralizing position only a subset of the segments of a language may appear. Final devoicing is a characteristic of the German language, but English does not utilize it. However, the German phenomenon is similar to the final devoicing in other languages in that the opposition between two different kinds of obstruents disappears at the ends of words, making homophones of such pairs as Rad ("wheel") and Rat ("council, counsel"), both … Together these findings indicate a powerful influence of orthographic input on second language lexical-phonological development that is not readily overcome by a simple intervention. They observed complete neutralization of vowel duration and voicing during stop closure in syllable- and word-final position for all six speakers, whereas two South German speakers produced a consonant duration … Initial voicing. Purchase this issue for $44.00 USD. 2018 Dec;61(4):547-564. doi: 10.1177/0023830917710048. German is a language that is typically quoted when final devoicing (FD) is discussed. This is a Powerpoint of p and b final minimal pairs (i.e. Br Foreign Med Chir Rev. Use our text translation. The role of written input in the acquisition of a German-like pattern of final devoicing by native English speakers: Evidence from a listening task. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1995. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. All modern continental West Germanic languages developed final devoicing, the earliest evidence appearing in Old Dutch around the 9th or 10th century. Tübingen : M. Niemeyer, 1995 (DLC) 96155025 (OCoLC)33992511: Material Type: Document, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors: Wiebke Brockhaus HHS Final devoicing in linguistics refers to the devoicing of syllable-final voiced consonants. Initial voicing is a process of historical sound change where voiceless consonants become voiced at the beginning of a word. terminal devoicing. Go to Table Eckman explained that the underlying representation of German Tag ('day'), pro-duced as [tak] i,s /tag/, as a voice contrast is maintained in the plural form Tage (/tags/), produced a [tags]s Th. In the present study on final devoicing (FD) in German, we continue our investigation of bona fide productive lexical phonological rules in German, i.e., of alternations that apply obligatorily, without idiosyncratic exceptions and within the domain of words or pseudowords, but not across words or pseudowords. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account trouble the! ( i.e credit card or bank account with devoicing “ in the generative literature of the twenty! They occur in final environments, Dutch undergoing final german final devoicing ; second language ;. Search WorldCat require the vocal cords to vibrate, whereas devoiced consonants are made without vocal cord vibration at! 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Claimed a putative neutralization rule is responsible for devoicing “ in the German » English Dictionary ( to! Try voicing definition: 1. present participle of voice 2. to say what you think about a particular,! Consonant minimal pairs ( along with other final consonant minimal pairs ( along with other german final devoicing minimal!
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Merkley: McConnell blackmailing Congress over COVID relief
Latest plan: No cash for local governments, no lawsuit protections for business
WASHINGTON (Nexstar) — Lawmakers say they’re on the brink of reaching a deal for another round of COVID relief, but the latest version proposes leaving out both money for state and local governments and COVID-related lawsuit protections for business.
Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley said that’s a bad compromise and blames Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.
“Completely unacceptable,” Merkley said. “What he has done to try to blackmail Congress into accepting corporate impunity – that is the ability to crush the rights of ordinary Americans – is to say there will be no state and local assistance unless he succeeds in stripping Americans of this fundamental liberty.”
Instead of providing more help to states, lawmakers are now leaning toward shifting those funds to the popular stimulus checks to Americans. The aid package is expected to extend unemployment benefits, include money for vaccine distribution and help struggling businesses and schools.
Southern California Congressman Pete Aguilar said there’s an urgent need for relief.
“People are suffering, mourning the loss of loved ones, suffering economically, and our community knows that Congress needs to act,” Aguilar said.
McConnell said he hopes lawmakers will strike a deal in time to attach it to the budget, which must be passed by Friday.
“We agreed we will not leave town until we make law,” McConnell said.
Human remains found by hunters in St. Mary Parish
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Tullibody South Campus
Clackmannanshire Council
Eileen Turnbull, Eric McKeich
£12.5m
5500 sqm
Peter Moran
Ryan Sylvester
Keith Sinclair
Oliver Kaminski
Grant Russell
Purpose built combined community campus
Keppie were selected as designers for the project following a competitive process run by Hub East Central, novated to Robertson Construction as part of a 52 week delivery programme. Tullibody South Campus is a purpose-built community campus with the aim of achieving Clackmannanshire Council’s vision of bringing together Abercromby Primary School, St Bernadettes RC Primary School and a new Early Years Centre facility all under one campus.
The project was developed through the design team led by Keppie in collaboration with Clackmannanshire Council and SFT. The intelligent brief was developed with a clear objective; to deliver a community campus capable of providing state of the art learning facilities for the local community while providing a multifunctional and flexible council building.
The teaching facilities being provided will allow Clackmannanshire Council to adopt the latest teaching methods and technology to deliver Curriculum for Excellence whilst the campus will also be let to the community for various activities both during and after school hours, supplementing the existing Tullibody community services. In providing these facilities the council can deliver state of the art facilities to serve the local residents that cater for the needs of the entire community.
Nestled within an urban context, the schools design has been ordered with regimented clarity to maximise visual connection with the outdoors through large floor to ceiling areas of curtain walling to each classroom. The buildings massing and scale has a low, horizontal emphasis in order to nestle within its context and enhance the relationship with the natural qualities of the site, whilst the simple rustic buff facing brick serves to create a light and contemporary backdrop to the campus., The complexities came through both the brief and phasing of existing school demolition thereby informing and restricting the site placement options. The brief requirement was for co-location of two Primary Schools, maintaining their separate identities/ operations whilst bringing the two into a single campus, accepting shared facilities such as Multi purpose Games/ Dining and library facilities.
The Early Years Centre is situated to the south of the building, connected to the main building with separate controlled access, however, the internal courtyard allows for a visible connection between early years and the Primary School components. This joint campus solution allows a natural journey from the nursery through to the end of primary school and the connection of these spaces was key to the design. The internal courtyard offers an additional external teaching space at the heart of the building while also providing the flexibility of extending the dining hall facilities.
Designed to provide bright, spacious, flexible and linked play spaces for 140 pupils. With a strong focus on Biophilic design, the design allows the outdoor environment to be a true extension of the learning environment by way of a series of staggered fully glazed playroom spaces linked seamlessly with the outdoor play areas. Linked to the main school, facilities can be shared easing the transition to primary school and enhancing the feeling of community.
Tullibody South Campus demonstrates an attitude to innovative design which reasons that sustainability is mainstream and energy efficiency is integral to the development process. The aim of the design team was to create a confident, un-selfconsciously sustainable building which would not sacrifice the comfort of occupants or the operational efficiency. The initial design included sustainable elements such as reduced water consumption technologies, rainwater harvesting, natural ventilation strategy, biomass boiler, PV panels and a lighting strategy to maximise natural daylight and minimise/regulate artificial lighting.
The project was completed on time and within budget despite a very tight construction programme. Efficiencies in drawing information utilising BIM best practices, work package information delivery and procurement allowed the project to be navigated on site despite the 52 week construction programme.
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Integrity • Vision • Perseverance
Perfect & Timely
“California state law required that 29 days before the election, a sampling of counter ballots had to be available. It was E-31.”
Highway 99:
No Place for Ballots
It was Saturday at 3:30 AM when K&H Integrity Communications’ Dave Haines got the call from a UPS shipping clerk. The news wasn’t good. A 28-foot UPS trailer (called a “pup”) had overturned on Highway 99 in California and its contents —thousands of mail and counter ballots—were strewn all over the road. Dave and his bindery lead took the first plane to Sacramento then drove for an hour to meet the truck. By the time they arrived, UPS had cleared up the ballots and transferred them to another pup. Dave decided that since the chain of custody had been broken, the ballots should be destroyed. However, California state law required that 29 days before the election, a sampling of counter ballots had to be available. It was E-31.
Dave called the county’s Registrar of Voters at 7:00 AM that morning to tell him what had happened and what K&H was doing to resolve the problem. He told the Registrar, who was on his way to take his final CPA exam, not to worry. K&H would handle it.
They moved the pup to a secure facility and the two men spent the next 48 hours going through all the counter ballots, finding ones that weren’t wet or crumpled. In the end they were able to salvage a minimum of 100 in each of the 150 ballot types, organize them, and ship them. By Monday morning the counter ballots were delivered in compliance with the law.
Back at K&H, an emergency team was hard at work. They re-manufactured the lost mail ballots on Saturday, got the envelopes on Monday morning and, by Wednesday, two days after the expected mail drop, the entire mailing had gone out. From Saturday through Wednesday, K&H was able to recover an entire election—and the Registrar passed his CPA exam.
Return to Our Culture page
Learn more about Election Services
© 2017 K&H Integrity Communications
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ON WOMEN TURNING 60
EMBRACING THE AGE OF FULFILLMENT
by Cathleen Rountree ‧ RELEASE DATE: Oct. 1, 1997
A delightful series of interviews with accomplished women in their 60s that celebrates both the pain and the newfound freedom of growing older. Rountree (The Heart of Marriage, not reviewed, etc.) does not draw on the usual cast of feminist icons. The subjects constitute a cross-section of women, including politicians, performers, artists, writers, activists, and even one who styles herself a ``woman warrior.'' Some are relatively well-known—folk singer Mary Travers, author Ursula K. LeGuin, primatologist Jane Goodall; others are accomplished in other spheres—poet Nellie Wong, tympanist Elayne Jones, quilter Virginia Harris. There are 20 women in all, each one briefly introduced with a picture and a bio, followed by a first-person narrative reflecting on the meanings of turning 60. The bios verge on the gushing sometimes, but Rountree is a skilled interviewer and leads her subjects to relect honestly and often eloquently about the decade that Carolyn G. Heilbrun, who wrote the foreword to this volume, has called a ``gift.'' Their voices are distinctive—Matilda Cuomo speaks in the carefully framed sentences of a longtime political wife as she outlines her plans for a national mentoring program for young people, while Oh Shinnah Fast Wolf, the warrior, offers rich stories about her ``messy'' life. The women sometimes disagree about fundamentals. ``Grow'' older rather than ``get'' older is one piece of advice novelist Fay Weldon crankily contradicts: ``Stop trying to grow . . . [have] a little less passion for self-improvement or perfection.'' What they frequently have in common is a drive to stay healthy (many have no health insurance) and a take-it-or-leave-it attitude about sex and romance. Inspiring, yes, and as full of vivid anecdotes as a gossipy letter from an old friend.
Publisher: Harmony
Categories: GENERAL CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES
Not an easy read but an essential one.
by Ibram X. Kendi ‧ RELEASE DATE: Aug. 13, 2019
Title notwithstanding, this latest from the National Book Award–winning author is no guidebook to getting woke.
In fact, the word “woke” appears nowhere within its pages. Rather, it is a combination memoir and extension of Atlantic columnist Kendi’s towering Stamped From the Beginning (2016) that leads readers through a taxonomy of racist thought to anti-racist action. Never wavering from the thesis introduced in his previous book, that “racism is a powerful collection of racist policies that lead to racial inequity and are substantiated by racist ideas,” the author posits a seemingly simple binary: “Antiracism is a powerful collection of antiracist policies that lead to racial equity and are substantiated by antiracist ideas.” The author, founding director of American University’s Antiracist Research and Policy Center, chronicles how he grew from a childhood steeped in black liberation Christianity to his doctoral studies, identifying and dispelling the layers of racist thought under which he had operated. “Internalized racism,” he writes, “is the real Black on Black Crime.” Kendi methodically examines racism through numerous lenses: power, biology, ethnicity, body, culture, and so forth, all the way to the intersectional constructs of gender racism and queer racism (the only section of the book that feels rushed). Each chapter examines one facet of racism, the authorial camera alternately zooming in on an episode from Kendi’s life that exemplifies it—e.g., as a teen, he wore light-colored contact lenses, wanting “to be Black but…not…to look Black”—and then panning to the history that informs it (the antebellum hierarchy that valued light skin over dark). The author then reframes those received ideas with inexorable logic: “Either racist policy or Black inferiority explains why White people are wealthier, healthier, and more powerful than Black people today.” If Kendi is justifiably hard on America, he’s just as hard on himself. When he began college, “anti-Black racist ideas covered my freshman eyes like my orange contacts.” This unsparing honesty helps readers, both white and people of color, navigate this difficult intellectual territory.
Publisher: One World/Random House
Categories: GENERAL CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | POLITICS | ETHNICITY & RACE
More by Ibram X. Kendi
by Ibram X. Kendi ; illustrated by Ashley Lukashevsky
by Jason Reynolds & Ibram X. Kendi
STAMPED FROM THE BEGINNING
by Ibram X. Kendi
Helping Kids Grow Up Without Bias
Books About Racism Sell Out at Amazon, B&N
Antiracist Book Dethrones Hunger Games Prequel
A clear and candid contribution to an essential conversation.
by Ijeoma Oluo ‧ RELEASE DATE: Jan. 16, 2018
Straight talk to blacks and whites about the realities of racism.
In her feisty debut book, Oluo, essayist, blogger, and editor at large at the Establishment magazine, writes from the perspective of a black, queer, middle-class, college-educated woman living in a “white supremacist country.” The daughter of a white single mother, brought up in largely white Seattle, she sees race as “one of the most defining forces” in her life. Throughout the book, Oluo responds to questions that she has often been asked, and others that she wishes were asked, about racism “in our workplace, our government, our homes, and ourselves.” “Is it really about race?” she is asked by whites who insist that class is a greater source of oppression. “Is police brutality really about race?” “What is cultural appropriation?” and “What is the model minority myth?” Her sharp, no-nonsense answers include talking points for both blacks and whites. She explains, for example, “when somebody asks you to ‘check your privilege’ they are asking you to pause and consider how the advantages you’ve had in life are contributing to your opinions and actions, and how the lack of disadvantages in certain areas is keeping you from fully understanding the struggles others are facing.” She unpacks the complicated term “intersectionality”: the idea that social justice must consider “a myriad of identities—our gender, class, race, sexuality, and so much more—that inform our experiences in life.” She asks whites to realize that when people of color talk about systemic racism, “they are opening up all of that pain and fear and anger to you” and are asking that they be heard. After devoting most of the book to talking, Oluo finishes with a chapter on action and its urgency. Action includes pressing for reform in schools, unions, and local governments; boycotting businesses that exploit people of color; contributing money to social justice organizations; and, most of all, voting for candidates who make “diversity, inclusion and racial justice a priority.”
Publisher: Seal Press
Categories: GENERAL CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | ETHNICITY & RACE
More by Ijeoma Oluo
by Ijeoma Oluo
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Preposterous but somehow almost plausible, skillfully mingling real and imaginary characters with genuinely hilarious...
SHAMBLING TOWARDS HIROSHIMA
by James Morrow ‧ RELEASE DATE: April 1, 2009
From Morrow (The Philosopher’s Apprentice, 2008, etc.), a sharp-edged, delightfully batty novella that denounces the atomic bombing of Japan during World War II.
In the summer of 1945, as Japan prepares to defend itself to the death, an unexpected delay halts the Manhattan Project. Fortunately, the U.S. Navy steps in with its top-secret Knickerbocker Project: gigantic, fire-breathing, mutant iguanas poised to wade ashore and devastate the Japanese homeland. But before the Navy iguanas are unleashed, what's needed is a demonstration to convince the Japanese to surrender and spare themselves, and the rest of the world, the horror. Step forward Hollywood B-movie star Syms Thorley, fresh from his triumphs as the Frankenstein's-monster-like Corpuscula and Kha-Ton-Ra, the living mummy. The Navy will pay Thorley to rubber-suit up as the merciless Gorgantis and convincingly devastate, in front of a Japanese delegation, a miniature Japanese metropolis. If Thorley can play the most terrifyingly persuasive role of his career, the suitably cowed delegates will induce the Japanese high command to surrender. If he fails, the real lizards will lurch out of the ocean, roaring, stamping and spouting flame.
Preposterous but somehow almost plausible, skillfully mingling real and imaginary characters with genuinely hilarious moments.
Publisher: Tachyon
Categories: GENERAL SCIENCE FICTION & FANTASY | SCIENCE FICTION | GENERAL SCIENCE FICTION
More by James Morrow
GALAPAGOS REGAINED
by James Morrow
THE PHILOSOPHER’S APPRENTICE
THE LAST WITCHFINDER
A tasty, if not always tasteful, tale of supernatural mayhem that fans of King and Crichton alike will enjoy.
by Max Brooks ‧ RELEASE DATE: June 16, 2020
Are we not men? We are—well, ask Bigfoot, as Brooks does in this delightful yarn, following on his bestseller World War Z (2006).
A zombie apocalypse is one thing. A volcanic eruption is quite another, for, as the journalist who does a framing voice-over narration for Brooks’ latest puts it, when Mount Rainier popped its cork, “it was the psychological aspect, the hyperbole-fueled hysteria that had ended up killing the most people.” Maybe, but the sasquatches whom the volcano displaced contributed to the statistics, too, if only out of self-defense. Brooks places the epicenter of the Bigfoot war in a high-tech hideaway populated by the kind of people you might find in a Jurassic Park franchise: the schmo who doesn’t know how to do much of anything but tries anyway, the well-intentioned bleeding heart, the know-it-all intellectual who turns out to know the wrong things, the immigrant with a tough backstory and an instinct for survival. Indeed, the novel does double duty as a survival manual, packed full of good advice—for instance, try not to get wounded, for “injury turns you from a giver to a taker. Taking up our resources, our time to care for you.” Brooks presents a case for making room for Bigfoot in the world while peppering his narrative with timely social criticism about bad behavior on the human side of the conflict: The explosion of Rainier might have been better forecast had the president not slashed the budget of the U.S. Geological Survey, leading to “immediate suspension of the National Volcano Early Warning System,” and there’s always someone around looking to monetize the natural disaster and the sasquatch-y onslaught that follows. Brooks is a pro at building suspense even if it plays out in some rather spectacularly yucky episodes, one involving a short spear that takes its name from “the sucking sound of pulling it out of the dead man’s heart and lungs.” Grossness aside, it puts you right there on the scene.
Publisher: Del Rey/Ballantine
Categories: GENERAL SCIENCE FICTION & FANTASY | GENERAL THRILLER & SUSPENSE | SCIENCE FICTION | SUSPENSE | GENERAL SCIENCE FICTION | SUSPENSE
More by Max Brooks
by Max Brooks
Devolution Movie Adaptation in Works
A breezy and fun contemporary fantasy.
by TJ Klune ‧ RELEASE DATE: March 17, 2020
A tightly wound caseworker is pushed out of his comfort zone when he’s sent to observe a remote orphanage for magical children.
Linus Baker loves rules, which makes him perfectly suited for his job as a midlevel bureaucrat working for the Department in Charge of Magical Youth, where he investigates orphanages for children who can do things like make objects float, who have tails or feathers, and even those who are young witches. Linus clings to the notion that his job is about saving children from cruel or dangerous homes, but really he’s a cog in a government machine that treats magical children as second-class citizens. When Extremely Upper Management sends for Linus, he learns that his next assignment is a mission to an island orphanage for especially dangerous kids. He is to stay on the island for a month and write reports for Extremely Upper Management, which warns him to be especially meticulous in his observations. When he reaches the island, he meets extraordinary kids like Talia the gnome, Theodore the wyvern, and Chauncey, an amorphous blob whose parentage is unknown. The proprietor of the orphanage is a strange but charming man named Arthur, who makes it clear to Linus that he will do anything in his power to give his charges a loving home on the island. As Linus spends more time with Arthur and the kids, he starts to question a world that would shun them for being different, and he even develops romantic feelings for Arthur. Lambda Literary Award–winning author Klune (The Art of Breathing, 2019, etc.) has a knack for creating endearing characters, and readers will grow to love Arthur and the orphans alongside Linus. Linus himself is a lovable protagonist despite his prickliness, and Klune aptly handles his evolving feelings and morals. The prose is a touch wooden in places, but fans of quirky fantasy will eat it up.
Publisher: Tor
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Dec. 1, 2019
Categories: GENERAL SCIENCE FICTION & FANTASY | FANTASY
More by TJ Klune
THE EXTRAORDINARIES
by TJ Klune
The 7 Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Books of March
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ISP Trooper killed on I-94 reportedly intentionally struck wrong-way driver in order to save others
By Sam Borcia | March 30, 2019 9:15 pm
36-year-old Trooper Gerald Ellis was killed in the line of duty on Saturday.
Trooper Gerald Ellis, who was killed Saturday on I-94 near Libertyville, reportedly gave his life after using his squad car and striking a wrong-way driver, which ended up saving an entire family traveling in a nearby car.
“Trooper Gerald Ellis you are my HERO. This officer paid the ultimate sacrifice early this morning and saved my daughter’s life,” Carrie Kay said in a Facebook post on Saturday.
“She was traveling home from Washington D.C. with a family she babysits for. From what we were told Trooper Ellis was directly ahead of them two lanes over and moved his squad car into their lane to block a wrong way driver on interstate I-94 in Illinois from hitting the car she was in,” Kay said.
“Thank you God and Officer Ellis for letting her and the others in that car come back home to us. We are so ever grateful to you,” Kay added.
Illinois State Police Acting Director Brendan Kelly confirmed that Trooper Gerald Ellis, badge 6038, was killed in the line of duty.
Kelly said that at 3:25 a.m. Saturday Trooper Ellis was on-duty in his squad car traveling home on Interstate 94 westbound near mile marker 16.75 in Libertyville when a wrong-way driver, who was traveling eastbound in the westbound lanes, struck the trooper head-on.
[Suggested Article] Amber Alert issued for missing 10-year-old girl with ties to McHenry County
Trooper Ellis was transported to Advocate Condell Medical Center in Libertyville with life-threatening injuries and was later pronounced dead, Kelly said. The person in the other vehicle also died from his injuries, police said.
This is the second line of duty death of an Illinois State Trooper in two days.
“While the men and women of the Illinois State Police are still grieving our recent loss, it is with profound heartache and unfathomable sadness that we inform you of the death of another fallen trooper, Trooper Gerald Ellis,” Kelly said.
“Trooper Ellis laid down his life while protecting the citizens of this state. We are asking the public to respectfully give consideration to the family of Trooper Ellis and the ISP while we continue to process and work through this tragedy,” Kelly added.
Trooper Ellis was 36 years old and an 11-year veteran of the Illinois State Police District 15 in Downers Grove. He was also a veteran of the United States Military.
Trooper Ellis leaves behind a wife, two children, his parents and his brother. The investigation into the crash is ongoing by investigators, Illinois State Police said.
illinois state police
line of duty death
trooper gerald ellis
Dog who viciously attacked, killed its owner in her Fox Lake home will likely be euthanized
Nearly 200 COVID-19 deaths reported in 1 day in Illinois
63-year-old man killed after crashing motorcycle in unincorporated Lake County
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Maritime London Ship Recycling Webinar
Maritime London Webinar: the case for sustainable ship recycling.
ln recent years, the maritime industry has come under greater scrutiny around its ship recycling obligations amid calls for more transparency about demolition activity.
While the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships is yet to meet all the ratification criteria to enter into force, from January 1, 2021, ships will be required to hold an Inventory of Hazardous Materials compliant with the EU Ship Recycling Regulation 1257/2013, and for EU Flagged ships this regional regulation is already impacting shipowners’ demolition decisions.
This Maritime London and Lloyd’s Register (LR) webinar, moderated by Jos Standerwick, Chief Executive of Maritime London, and supported by the British Embassy in Athens, will assess the economic case for sustainable ship recycling and the lifecycle considerations facing shipowners. This hour-long question and answer session will seek to address some of the following key questions:
Does certification equate to compliance? And what does this mean for facilities in the leading shipbreaking countries and how are industry players navigating the evolving regulatory landscape?
Shipowners are working to achieve an IHM. But how do they maintain an IHM, given the industry’s reliance on third party suppliers and why is this maintenance key?
What role does transparency have in the drive for sustainability in ship recycling? – a look at the commercial imperatives and the role of stakeholders (charterers, banks and others) in supporting safer ship recycling.
Recorded: 2 December 2020
Jos Standerwick, Chief Executive of Maritime London
Jos Standerwick is the Chief Executive of Maritime London, the trade association responsible for maintaining and growing the UK’s position as the world’s leading provider of maritime professional services.
In addition to Jos’s responsibilities as Chief Executive of Maritime London, he sits on the UK government’s Clean Maritime Council, the Department for International Trade’s Expert Trade Advisory Group for Services, the National Council of Maritime UK, the London International Shipping Week (LISW) Steering Group and chairs the LISW Conference Working Group and is also a trustee of the Maritime London Officer Cadetship Programme.
Jos is a Fellow of the Royal Society for Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce and a member of international affairs policy institute Chatham House.
Ehud Bar-Lev, Global Manager, Ship Inspection & Assessment LR
Ehud Bar-Lev joined LR in 1996 and became Global Manager for Ship Inspection and Assessment Services in 2007. He is responsible for developing and delivering new bespoke tools and consultancy products to assist clients worldwide, including such unique services as the Condition Assessment Programme and Hull Renovation Scheme.
Alongside his global responsibilities, Ehud has been Country Business Manager for Israel since August 2010, overseeing all LR’s business in the country.
From 1996 to 2007, he worked for LR as a Marine and Offshore Field Surveyor, eventually attaining principal level. As well as surveying ships and offshore installations, he was responsible for new construction projects as a team member and team leader in various locations, including Germany, South Africa, Taiwan, Israel and Greece.
Prior to joining LR, Ehud had 16 years’ experience as an Engineer Officer, three of which serving as a Chief Engineer Officer, on board naval vessels, container and tanker ships, working with steam and motor propulsion systems, and as a superintendent ashore.
James Turner, QC Quadrant Chambers
James specialises in cross-border commercial disputes in international arbitration, energy, shipbuilding, offshore construction, shipping and banking. "A skilled tactician who can be entrusted with anything" (Chambers UK), as an advocate – with “a deservedly excellent reputation” (Chambers UK) – he appears most often in arbitration, before tribunals operating under LCIA, ICC, HKIAC or LMAA Rules, as well as in ad hoc matters. His Court work is almost exclusively in the Commercial Court and on appeals up to and including the Supreme Court. Well-known for his ability “to crunch through the details of a very technical case” (Legal 500), much of James’s work requires the co-ordination of a range of expert specialisms, ideally suited to his down to earth approach and team-building skills that make him a “great pleasure to work with” (Who’s Who Legal). Reflecting the invariably international character of his practice, James has extensive experience in dealing with foreign law and multi-jurisdictional disputes. He has a particular eye for appreciating and addressing cultural barriers in international arbitration.
“James Turner QC approaches problems with intellectual rigour and an astute grasp of commercial realities. He makes himself readily available for clients, is wonderfully measured and provides assured and very thorough advice.” (Chambers UK, 2021)
Jennifer Riley-James, Senior Ship Recycling Specialist, LR
Jennifer is responsible for the development and management of LR’s ship recycling services, including IHM and end of life. She also represents LR recycling interests on several external bodies.
Martin Crawford-Brunt, CEO RightShip
Prior to joining RightShip, Martin Crawford-Brunt was DNV’s regional manager, West Europe and Africa. He implemented strategic initiatives focusing on external stakeholders, industry association and customers, with the aim of driving impact in advisory and classification services.
After taking the helm of RightShip in 2018, Marrtin has worked to influence environmental and social outcomes. This is done by rewarding transparency and working with the RightShip team to develop innovative digital products that offer customers comprehensive data sets and practical solutions.
Jamie Dalzell, Senior Trader, GMS (Singapore)
Jamie has been with GMS since 2009 and concluded over 500 deals for the various forms of recycling available. He has spent 2 years in Dubai, 6 years in Shanghai and now 4 years in Singapore with a largely Far East business focus. He is also the author of the GMS weekly news report, the most widely read and distributed newsletter in the industry.
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Another New #RebelReport: ‘Republicans Don’t Like Us’ (VIDEO)
With all the noise surrounding the RNC and Univision, R.J. Aguiar shares his thoughts on the newest “Rebel Report.” Watch.
#ICYMI, Here's the Complete 'Pandemia: Latinos in…
UPDATE: Univision Cancels El Azote Program and…
Latino Immigrant Restaurant Owners Serve Up Trump…
One response to “Another New #RebelReport: ‘Republicans Don’t Like Us’ (VIDEO)”
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News & Events - Research News -- News Archive --- 2018 --- 2017 --- 2016 --- 2015 --- 2014 --- 2013 --- 2012 --- 2011 --- 2010 --- 2009 --- 2008 --- 2007 --- 2006 --- 2005 --- 2004 --- 2003 --- 2002 --- 2001 --- 2000 --- 1999 - Lamont in the Media - Public Lecture Series - Events -- Colloquium --- 2020-2021 --- 2019-2020 -- Topical Seminars --- BPE --- Gechemistry --- Geodynamics --- MG&G/SGT --- OCP -- Open House -- Plate Tectonics Symposium -- Marie Tharp Celebration -- Wally Broecker Symposium -- Walter Pitman Tribute - Monthly Newsletter - Media Inquiries
Topical Seminars
Gechemistry
MG&G/SGT
Plate Tectonics Symposium
Marie Tharp Celebration
Wally Broecker Symposium
Walter Pitman Tribute
Research News 2009
Copenhagen: Insights from Lamont Scientists on the World Climate Summit
Selected posts from a continuing series of essays and interviews from LDEO scientists on the prospects for a global climate-change treaty.
Stalled Economy or Not, Record Year for CO2 Emissions
Each person on the planet produced 1.3 tons of carbon last year—an all-time high--despite a global recession that slowed the growth of fossil fuel emissions for the first time this decade, according to a report published this week in the journal Nature Geoscience. Emissions grew 2 percent last year, to total 8.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide.
Oceans' Uptake of Manmade Carbon May Be Slowing
The oceans play a key role in regulating climate, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air. Now, the first year-by-year accounting of this mechanism during the industrial era suggests the oceans are struggling to keep up with rising emissions...
Taking Teachers Into Field Helps Schools, Students, Study Finds
Training teachers to do science in the field or laboratory measurably increases the academic performance of their students and may have far-reaching economic benefits, according to a study published this week in the journal Science. The number of high school students passing New York State’s standardized tests, the Regents exams, is raised by as much as 10 percentage points if the teachers participated in Columbia University’s Summer Research Program for Science Teachers, the study found.
Polar Survival a Century Ago: Good Planning, or Just Good Weather?
Before airplanes and satellite phones, polar exploration was a more dangerous undertaking than it is now. A new article in American Scientist retraces Nansen and Shackleton's expeditions from the perspective of modern ocean conditions and sea ice drift conditions.
Peering Under the Ice of a Collapsing Polar Coast
Starting this month, a giant NASA DC-8 aircraft loaded with geophysical instruments and scientists will buzz at low level over the coasts of West Antarctica, where ice sheets are collapsing at a pace far beyond what scientists expected a few years ago.
‘Killer’ Southeast Drought Low on Scale, Says Study
A 2005-2007 dry spell in the southeastern United States destroyed billions of dollars of crops, drained municipal reservoirs and sparked legal wars among a half-dozen states—but the havoc came not from exceptional dryness but booming population and bad planning, says a new study.
Glaciers Have Moved Together in Far-Flung Regions
A new study adds evidence that climate swings in Europe and North America during the last ice age were closely linked to changes in the tropics. The study, published this week in the journal Science, suggests that a prolonged cold spell...
U.S. Funds To Upgrade Seismic Network
That rumbling you feel is not necessarily a passing subway. New York City and the surrounding region gets a surprising number of small earthquakes, and a 2008 study from the region’s network of seismographs, run by Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, suggests that the risk of a damaging one is not negligible. This week, the federal government announced a major upgrade to that network.
The world’s oceans are growing more acidic as carbon emissions from the modern world are absorbed by the sea. A new film, “A Sea Change,” explores what this changing chemistry means for fish and the one billion people who rely on them for food. This first-ever documentary about ocean acidification is told through the eyes of a retired history teacher who reads about the problem in a piece in The New Yorker and is inspired to find out more. His quest takes him to Alaska, California, Washington and Norway to talk with oceanographers, climatologists and others.
National Geographic Channel Airs Special Featuring Lamont-Doherty Scientists
“Drain the Ocean” will be aired Sunday, August 16, 2 p.m. on the National Geographic channel. The special put computer-generated imagery and digital mapping technology to imaginative use through showing what the oceans would look like if all their water was emptied through an imaginary drain. The result would be a landscape far more dramatic than anything on dry land, including a 40,000 mile-long mountain range, the world’s deepest canyon and widest plains, and bizarre, bioluminescent life forms
Earth Science Made Easier
Instead of an ice-covered South Pole, picture sub-tropical temperatures and flowering plants. That’s what parts of Antarctica looked like 85 million years ago. How long ago was that? If you’re drawing a blank you’re not alone.
Thinking on geologic time scales does not come easily for many people, and that’s a challenge in teaching earth science, says Lamont-Doherty oceanographer Kim Kastens, in a recent cover story in EOS, a weekly newspaper published by the American Geophysical Union.
Wallace Broecker Speaks to BBC's "The World"
", broadcast on July 7th & July 9th 2009 as part of a three part series on energy and climate.
As politicians and environmentalists prepare for the UN Climate Change talks in December to discuss urgent reduction of CO2 emissions, the BBC asked what is the future for global energy production?
Gas-Hydrate Deposits in Gulf of Mexico
U.S. scientists working on a research vessel in the Gulf of Mexico have made the most promising discovery so far of marine gas hydrate, a possible new energy source.
Potential Alternative Fuel, Usually Too Thinly Spread to Exploit
Five Decades of Studying CO2 at Sea : Takahashi Honored for Pioneering Measurements
The oceans play a central role in cycling carbon dioxide into and out of the atmosphere, and thus an essential role in regulating climate. Taro Takahashi, a geochemist at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, has spent the last five decades measuring this process, and the April issue of the journal Deep Sea Research II is dedicated to him for this pioneering work.
CO2 Higher Today Than Last 2.1 Million Years
Researchers have reconstructed atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over the past 2.1 million years in the sharpest detail yet, shedding new light on its role in the earth’s cycles of cooling and warming.
Fighting Global Warming by Turning CO2 into Stone
A power plant in Iceland is set to become the first in the world to try turning carbon dioxide emissions into solid minerals underground, starting this September.
In an $11 million pilot project, Reykjavik Energy will capture CO2 from its plant, dissolve the gas in water and inject it deep into volcanic basalt nearby. Over the nine-month study, some 2,000 tons of greenhouse gas will be treated.
Wallace Broecker Featured on WNJN
Lamont Scientist Wallace Broecker was featured in a two part series on WNJN, New Jersey Public Television.
Latest Korean Blast Outdid 2006 Nuke Test
Seismologists, Pinpointing Location, See Little Doubt It Was Bomb
Seismologists who have intensively studied North Korea’s nuclear testing efforts say Monday’s blast was certainly a nuclear bomb, roughly five times larger than the country’s first test in 2006.
Pondering the Deep : An Artist's Take on the Hudson River Bottom
Another world lies beneath the Hudson River, as scientists have shown using pulses of sound to map the bottom. In recent years, the bathymetry maps developed at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Stony Brook University have turned up hundreds of shipwrecks and a new channel off Battery Park City, drawing interest from treasure hunters and mariners alike. Now a new group is finding inspiration: artists.
New Geochemistry Center Wins Awards
The new Gary C. Comer Geochemistry Building at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., has won three top architecture awards. Recognized for its environment-friendly features, the building houses more than 80 staff, many of whom have long been at the forefront of global climate research. Scientists in Lamont's geochemistry division study the movements and interactions of substances in air, oceans, groundwater, biological remains, sediments and rocks.
Mudslides: Forecasting Risk
Landslides kill thousands of people each year but because they're often triggered by earthquakes or heavy rains, the danger remains poorly understood. A PhD candidate at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory has put together a global catalog of recent mudslides to help scientists better predict where and when the next one will occur.
The Heat is On : Can Public Transit Adjust?
Even on a sunny day, nearly 13 million gallons of water are pumped from New York City subways. As global warming brings rising sea levels and more frequent storms, more of New York’s transit system is expected to flood.
Southern Glaciers Grow Out of Step With North
New Dating Technique Points to Differences Over 7,000 Years
The vast majority of the world’s glaciers are retreating as the planet gets warmer. But a few, including ones south of the equator, in South America and New Zealand, are inching forward. A new study in the journal Science puts this enigma in perspective.
Lamont Scientist Reports from Sea for Popular Mechanics Online
Lamont Geologist Trevor Williams files a series of reports from aboard the ODP's drillship the "JOIDES Resolution" for Popular Mechanics Online.
April 3, 2009 - Ocean Drilling: How the Past Can Provide Clues to our Planet's Future Climate
April 9, 2009 - Up Close With Ocean Cores: JOIDES Scientists Put the Seabed Under the Microscope
April 17, 2009 - Ocean Drilling Tech: Exploring Seabed History With 600,000 Pounds of Pipe
New book, Climate Change: the Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future
A new book, Climate Change: the Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, serves as an excellent, long-needed primer on the workings of earth's climate.
Periodic Megadroughts Hit West Africa, Says Study
Global Warming Could Worsen Newly Seen Pattern
Researchers have developed the first year-by-year record of rainfall in sub-Saharan West Africa for the past 3,000 years, and identified a daunting pattern: a 30-to-60-year cycle of serious droughts that last a decade or more, punctuated by killer megadroughts that last for centuries.
Teaching Earth Science: Oceanographer Wins Prestigious Prize
Oceanographer Wins Prestigious Prize for Work Advancing Education
Kim Kastens, an oceanographer at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, has been recognized for her research in making spatial concepts in earth science easier for students in a wide age range to understand. She will receive the American Geophysical Union’s Excellence in Geophysical Education Award at a ceremony in Toronto in May.
Climate Change Work by Lamont-Doherty Researchers Recognized
Four current and former researchers at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory will receive honorary degrees from their alma mater, St. Lawrence University, this spring. The degrees will be awarded at May graduation to paleoclimatologist Peter deMenocal; engineer Dale Chayes; paleoceanographer Miriam Katz; and oceanographer Richard Fairbanks.
What Was That Big Bang?
Iran seems to be moving toward an atomic bomb; North Korea reportedly could build a half dozen; and terrorist attacks have revived the specter of a faceoff between nuclear-armed Pakistan and India. Yet the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, forbidding nuclear testing, has failed to win ratification from the U.S. Senate and lawmakers of some other nations. Opponents say scientists cannot reliably detect clandestine tests: Why should we go along, if others can cheat?
Foot Forward
In 1968, 14-year-old Paul Olsen of suburban Livingston, N.J., and his friend Tony Lessa heard that dinosaur tracks had been found in a nearby quarry. They raced over on their bikes. "I went ballistic," Olsen recalls. Over the next few years, the boys uncovered and studied thousands of tracks and other fossils there, often working into the night. It opened the world of science to Olsen; he went on to become one of the nation’s leading paleontologists.
Ecosystems Push South in Antarctica
Warming Climate Drives Plankton and Penguins Poleward
Adélie penguins are flocking closer to the South Pole. A new study in the leading journal Science explains why: they’re following the food supply, which is moving southward with changing climate.
Wind Shifts May Stir CO2 from Antarctic Depths
Releases May Have Speeded End of Last Ice Age—And Could Act Again
Natural releases of carbon dioxide from the Southern Ocean due to shifting wind patterns could have amplified global warming...
Geologists Map Rocks to Soak CO2 From Air
6,000 Square Miles in U.S. Might Turn Emissions to Harmless Solids
To slow global warming, scientists are exploring ways to pull carbon dioxide from the air and safely lock it away.
Major Drilling Ship Back at Sea
JOIDES Resolution to Range from Bering Sea to Antarctic
After a major overhaul, one of the world’s two major scientific deep-sea drilling ships is back at sea. Much of the coming year’s research aboard the JOIDES Resolution will focus on sudden climate shifts...
Antarctic Scientists Inaugurate 'Ocean Station Obama'
Aboard R/V Gould, off Antarctica--Scientists aboard the U.S. research vessel Laurence M Gould, 10,000 miles from Washington off Antarctica, held their own presidential inaugural celebration on Jan. 20.
Wallace Broecker Wins (Yet Another) Top Prize
Climate Scientist Who Sounded Early Warnings Is Still At Work
Wallace S. Broecker, a geochemist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, has received the newly founded Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Climate Change Research, one of the world’s largest science prizes. An international jury awarded Broecker the $527,000 prize, from Spain’s Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Foundation, for sounding early alarms about climate change, and for his pioneering work on how the oceans and atmosphere interact.
J. Lamar Worzel, Physicist Who Set Man's Ear to Oceans
J. Lamar Worzel, a pioneering geophysicist and engineer who helped shape human understanding of how sound travels through the oceans and who cofounded Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, died Dec. 26. He was 89.
Volcanoes Cool the Tropics, Say Researchers
But Global Warming May Have Helped Override Some Recent Eruptions
Climate researchers have shown that big volcanic eruptions over the past 450 years have temporarily cooled weather in the tropics—but suggest that such effects may have been masked in the 20th century by rising global temperatures
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WORLD-CLASS SERIES
WORLD-CLASS SERIES Latest News
CRITICAL REALISM ABOUT LIVERPOOL FC
150 MILLION VISITORS FROM 2010-2017
Gerard Houllier - RIP :-(
Photo Proof: 'Amazing' €53m Liverpool star in hospital after new injury blow. Disaster for Klopp?
11/17/2016 11:12:00 pm | Jaimie K
With Adam Lallana already ruled out of Saturday's trip to Southampton, it looks like the another important Liverpool player is set to miss the game.
According to the Liverpool Echo:
"Philippe Coutinho is a fitness doubt for Southampton. The classy attacking midfielder was photographed at the city's Spire Hospital on Thursday and is believed to have undergone a scan".
If Coutinho had a scan, then it's probably a muscle injury of some kind, and I'll be my bottom dollar that it's another hamstring injury.
Coutinho has suffered three hamstring injuries over the last year, with last one coming at the end of August.
Luckily, it coincided with the start of an international break, but unfortunately for Liverpool, this new injury comes at the end of an international break. Sod's law.
With 12 goals/assists in 12 games, Coutinho is proving to be massively influential for Liverpool this season, and whilst he'll me missed more than Adam Lallana, the team still has good options to replace him, i.e. Daniel Sturridge, who is averaging a goal/assist every 80 minutes this season.
An alleged photo of Coutinho at the hospital today:
* Coutinho: €53m-rated (CIES Football Observatory). Hailed as 'amazing' by Joel Matip.
← NEWEST NEXT ARTICLE →
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Social Norms and Gendered Expectations
Several years ago Clifford Nass, a late professor of Human-Computer Interaction at Stanford University, did a study where participants were taught a subject by a male or female voice on a computer. The two subjects taught were “love and relationships” and “physics.” Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four combinations of voice+topic to learn the material. At the end of the session, they completed a computer-based questionnaire where they were asked how effective each voice was at teaching the given topic.
Even though the material was identical between the voices, participants rated the male voice better at teaching “physics” and the female voice better at teaching “love and relationships.” When asked if gender played a role in their assessment of their tutor, participants uniformly said that would be ludicrous. This was a voice on a computer, after all. Every participant denied harboring any gender stereotypes, yet the evidence of gendered expectations was undeniable when looking at the data [1].
This article talks about social norms and gender biases, how they manifest in the workplace, and how we can start fixing them.
Social Norms and Gender Roles
Social norms are the social rules, either explicit or implicit, that define our expectations of appropriate behavior between people. They include things like shaking hands when you meet someone, standing a certain distance away from another person when you speak, and which way you face in a crowded elevator. Gender norms are a subset of social norms, and these are the behavioral expectations around a person's sex [2]. Historically, social gender roles in the workplace have been largely binary—masculine and feminine.* There are many well-documented gender stereotypes associated with masculinity and femininity. These include things like women wear dresses, men like cars, women are nurturing, men are good at math, etc. It's important to note that these gender stereotypes are not necessarily true; they are simply things that a critical mass of people generally believe about male and female genders.
*Male and female are not the only genders that exist. The analysis portion of this article focuses on these two genders because of their historical significance in the tech and business worlds.
How are these biases created?
Humans are masters of pattern recognition; we use previous patterns to help us make decisions about future patterns. Our pattern recognition system was not developed to be perfectly accurate or objective, and it is deliberately biased to our own experiences. If a person has only ever seen white swans, they might assume that all swans are white (even though this is a misuse of inductive reasoning). A black swan would have a more difficult time convincing someone who has only seen white swans that he, too, is a swan. Our imperfect but hugely powerful brains pick up on patterns and, over time, can create unconscious biases about expected behavior.
Historically, Silicon Valley has been a hub of success for white men. These early pioneers are the metaphorical 'white swans' of our story, and for a long time Silicon Valley only saw white swans in positions like founder, CEO, venture capitalist, and engineer. This established a pattern of successful white swans, which people's brains picked up on, creating social norms for success that were largely white and male. While white swans aren't necessarily the only kinds of swans—or even birds—who can be successful, our brains nonetheless have ingrained this pattern. As John Doerr, a famous venture capitalist, said in 2008:
“If you look at Bezos, or [Netscape founder Marc] Andreessen, [Yahoo co-founder] David Filo, the founders of Google, they all seem to be white, male, nerds who’ve dropped out of Harvard or Stanford and they absolutely have no social life. So when I see that pattern coming in—which was true of Google—it was very easy to decide to invest.” [3]
Because of this long-standing pattern of successful white men in Silicon Valley, many of the qualities, communication styles, and behaviors of white men are also associated with success—behavior like assertiveness, dominance, or even interrupting [4]. And our bias doesn't just tend towards male-centric qualities. Age-ism is also prevalent in the industry, with investors and news media outlets stereotyping successful founders as being young based on a few high-profile examples, like Mark Zuckerburg or Ben Silbermann [5].
When looking for new hotshot engineers, founders, or leaders, people default to these stereotypes about past patterns and often look for people who are young, white, or male. Even when we encourage people who are different from past examples to take on these roles, we have a hard time letting go of the patterns we've seen and expect them to exhibit behavior in line with our idea of success.
What happens when people violate social norms?
Given that we have these expectations about how people behave, what happens when someone violates our expectations? Violating social norms elicits varying degrees of responses. If someone steps into your personal space you might step backward to correct the violation. If someone older acts too "young," they might be mocked for their behavior in an attempt to let them know it is unacceptable. And if someone were to crowd you in an elevator or stand facing you directly, you might give them an angry look or make a remark about their behavior.
In Professor Nass's study on voices and learning, when the gender of the voice matched our gendered expectations about the material, the voice became more credible. Conversely, when the gender of the voice and the gender stereotypes about the material did not match, the voice lost credibility. And social norm violations can affect more than just the perception of credibility. Norm violations can actually elicit punitive behavior from the people around you. When faced with a violation of a social or gender norm, people will exert something called 'social control' in an attempt to realign the situation with their own expectations of behavior. Trying to re-align someone's behavior can involve giving them an angry look, negative comments, less money or promotions, ignoring them, and even excluding them from the group [6].
Damned if you do, damned if you don’t.
Workplace environments that require masculine behavior for advancement force women to choose between behavior that's in line with a promotion or behavior that's in line with social expectations. The first could earn them negative remarks and ostracism, the second could prevent them from being promoted. The court documents released on the Ellen Pao trial are an interesting example of how these competing, subconscious biases can play out in employee feedback.
In some performance reviews and emails shown during the trial, Kleiner partners complained that Ms. Pao did not speak up during board meetings and was “passive, reticent, waiting for orders in her relationships with C.E.O's” [7]. In others, she was criticized for speaking up, demanding credit and “always positioning,” as one male partner wrote [8]. She was even given coaching and training on how to better interrupt people in meetings [9]. This section is not a commentary on the guilt of either Kleiner-Perkins or Ellen Pao. The feedback she received simply illustrates the competing biases between masculine and feminine behavior in the workplace.
People are almost entirely unaware that they have these subconscious biases, regardless of their own gender. In the introductory study of gendered voices and topics, all of the participants denied harboring gender biases while the data unequivocally showed that they did. The same thing can happen in the workplace, where people honestly don't realize that they harbor unconscious expectations about how women or other groups should behave. Because of the way that work environments are structured to reward male-centric behavior, these subconscious biases can systematically punish women more than men.
How does this manifest in the workplace?
Subconscious biases affect a lot of different parts of the work environment. They affect funding, promotions, investment, feedback, and the types of jobs people are encouraged to take. The promotion and executive gap between men and women is often attributed to unconscious biases, and countless articles over the years have tried to get to the bottom of why. An article in the Harvard Business Review attributes the promotion gap to the fact that women have mentors and men have sponsors [10], a McKinsey report found that men are promoted based on potential and women are promoted based on accomplishment [11], and many more articles talk about the role of gender bias in creating the promotion gap between men and women [12].
If we go back to the swan analogy, anyone who doesn't fit the past pattern of successful, white swans has to spend more time proving themselves. Black swans and other types of birds have to prove that they can do the job before they're promoted, whereas someone who exudes more 'white swan-ness' will be promoted based on pattern matching. When this happens on an engineering team the differences start small. It can look like men advancing to mid-level engineer several months sooner than women who were hired at the same time and skill-level. Those same men then become tech leads over their female peers because they have a steeper career trajectory. This effect cascades with each promotion until you see the gender and race gap that we have in companies today, with women and minorities clustered at the bottom of company hierarchies.
Women will leave these environments because it's demoralizing to work someplace where there is limited upward trajectory. Fixing this issue is crucial for retaining female engineers and curbing the cycle of attrition in software engineering. If this isn't solved you end up with a real-life version of the movie “A Bug’s life”. They come, they don't advance, they leave. They come, they don't advance, they leave.
How can we change it?
Changing deep-seated, subconscious biases is hard. I mean, they're deep-seated and subconscious, after all. Good intentions aren't enough to change our brain's hyper-active yet not entirely accurate pattern recognition. So the biggest and first piece of advice I can give is don't trust yourself.
Tracking Data
Tracking data is one of the best ways you can remove reliance on your own faulty judgement and biases. Data can reveal trends and behavior that go against our expectations, things like pay gaps, promotion gaps, and mentorship gaps. Track employees' progress in their roles and progression through the company. How long do they spend in each role? How long does it take for them to get a salary bump? How much is that salary bump? Make sure that women and minorities are not falling behind men. A small startup might have too little data to see trends, but even tracking it will help you think about biases you might have and notice discrepancies early. Data is imperfect, but it is still less biased than the average human. Making it a part of your companies efforts to reduce bias and discrimination is a big step toward something resembling 'objectivity'.
Changing the Pattern
The next thing that can be done is to try to change the pattern. Challenge the traditional ideas of how successful engineers and leaders look and behave. A successful leader can be soft-spoken and introverted. A talented engineer can be girly and socially adept. You can do something like what Ben Horowitz has done on his blog—use the opposite pronoun from the one you would stereotypically imagine [13]. Ben Horowitz refers to founders, CEOs, and engineers he writes about as 'she' instead of 'he'. This helps us envision characters who are different from the stereotypical expectation. Our brains are flexible, and pattern recognition can be expanded to include new ideas of what a successful leader or engineer looks like. People are, after all, able to recognize black swans with a little effort.
Finally, be cognizant of how you give feedback. A desire to give someone personal feedback about their behavior might indicate a bias on your part. You are, after all, trying to get them to fit your expectations of how they should behave. There are likely times that kind of feedback should be given, but think long and hard before you do. You don't want to end up giving feedback that sounds like the McSweeney article Reasons you were not promoted that are totally unrelated to gender.
The most important thing you can do is to be mindful that these biases exist. Try to notice when your own biases affect decision-making and work to correct the behavior. Take chances on women and minorities, and promote them into roles outside your comfort zone. Track promotions and salary for your employees so you have visibility into what's going on and aren't relying entirely on your own unconscious stereotypes and expectations. Remember, instincts and judgement are the flawed part of the system, not the performance of groups that don't match classic patterns for success.
Nass, Clifford; Yen, Corina (2010-09-02). The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What We Can Learn About Ourselves from Our Machines (p. 7). Penguin Group US. Kindle Edition.
Wikipedia. Gender Role
Bowles, Nellie. VCs in Bathrobes, Women Asked to Play Secretary, Angry Texts: Day One of Pao v. Kleiner Perkins. Recode.net, 2015.
March, Evita. There's A New Catch-22 For Women In The Workplace. BusinessInsider.com, 2014.
Scheiber, Noam. The Brutal Ageism of Tech. NewRepublic.com, 2014.
Brauer, Markus; Chekroun, Peggy. The Relationship Between Perceived Violation of Social Norms and Social Control: Situational Factors Influencing the Reaction to Deviance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2005.
Miller, Claire Cain. A Racy Silicon Valley Lawsuit, and More Subtle Questions About Sex Discrimination. NYTimes.com, 2015.
Bowles, Nellie. Performance Review Rewrites and Pao’s ‘Genetic Makeup’: Pao vs. Kleiner Perkins Trial Day 4. Recode.net, 2015.
Miller, Claire Cain. The Kleiner Perkins Lawsuit, and Rethinking the Confidence-Driven Workplace. NYTimes.com, 2015.
Carter, Nancy M.; Ibarra, Herminia; Silva, Christine. Why Men Still Get More Promotions Than Women. Harvard Business Review, 2010.
Barsh, Joanna. Unlocking the full potential of women in the US economy. McKinsey.com, 2011.
Clancy, Susan. The Hidden Reason Women Aren't Making It To The Top. Forbes.com, 2014.
Horowitz, Ben. Blog
How our Engineering Environments are Killing Diversity Blog Post Series
How Our Engineering Environments are Killing Diversity: Introduction
Argument Cultures and Unregulated Aggression
Criticism and Ineffective Feedback
Onboarding and the Cost of Team Debt
(this post) Social Norms and Gendered Expectations
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The 10 Best Taco Trucks in L.A.
S3 E4: Cultivating Native Foodways with the Cultural Conservancy
The Cultural Conservancy, an inter-tribal organization, is revitalizing indigenous knowledge by inviting people to re-engage with the land, honor heirloom seeds, grow clean food and medicines, and decolonizing their foodways.
Harry Reid’s lowercase 'green new deal'
"The New West and the Politics of the Environment," a feature-length documentary for the public television environmental news magazine “Earth Focus,” makes the case for placing former U.S. Sen. Harry Reid and Nevada at the center of a green new deal.
Covering Climate Now
Opinion: Vote as if the Climate and the Future of Humanity Depend on It — Because They Do
Captain Trump wants to steer us straight onto the rocks. This election is humanity’s last shot to prevent utter climate catastrophe.
Moapa Solar Plant Addressed Injustice, Economy and Energy
Behind-the-scenes negotiations helped establish the Moapa transition from coal to solar.
Watch Clip
Pan-American Dishes To Enjoy While Watching the ‘Music Without Borders’ Episode of ‘In Concert at the Hollywood Bowl’
Enjoy a Pan-American evening with this food guide that includes a recipe for Colombian arepas, as well as details on where to get vegan Mexican street food and Venezuelan favorites.
Where to Find Picnic-Style Meals to Go in L.A.
A Hollywood Bowl event never feels quite complete without a little food and drink to accompany it. Here are a few picnic-style options to consider.
Tasty Ways to Enjoy the Jazz Episode of ‘In Concert at the Hollywood Bowl’
In this food and drink guide, we highlight a longstanding Cuban supper club and a national dish that both serve as a nod to Valdés roots, and a live jazz venue that doubles as a home for delicious Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine.
61 Self-Guided Tours for Exploring L.A. on Your Own
Los Angeles and its surrounding cities are chock full of secrets to uncover and histories that unfold before your very eyes — if you know where to look. Here are 61 free self-guided tours you can take on your own terms.
The Los Angeles Fire Department received 3,200 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, allowing it to administer first doses to “virtually everybody” at the department, Mayor Eric Garcetti announced today as some firefighters received their vaccines.
Metrolink today announced the addition of new, state-of-the-art antimicrobial air filters on all its train cars to ensure cleaner air for its passengers.
As COVID patients have flooded into LAC+USC in recent weeks, they’ve put an immense strain on its ICU capacity and staff — especially since non-COVID patients, with gunshot wounds, drug overdoses, heart attacks and strokes, also need intensive care.
LAist + KPCC
Here's what we know about the COVID-19 vaccines and how they will be distributed in L.A. County.
The 10 Best Taco Trucks in L.A. | KCET
food rant
Rick Paulas
Rick Paulas has written plenty of things, some of them serious, many of them not, scattered over the vast expanses of the Internet. He lives in Los Angeles and is a White Sox fan.
Photo:lafoodie/Flickr/Creative Commons License
In a recent issue of Gwyneth Paltrow's goop magazine -- her lack of capitalization, not mine -- there's a special guide to The Best Food Trucks in L.A. On the list are the usual fashionable choices like Kogi, Coolhaus, The Grilled Cheese Truck, and The Lobsta Truck. But there's something to be desired in goop's selections. (Not the least of which has to do with their sampling method, which took place during one day out on Abbot Kinney.)
While I certainly love the explosion of food trucks into the cultural mainstream, it pays to keep in mind that there are two very different tiers of trucks roaming the streets: The plushier, social media-friendly trucks that charge a premium, and the mom-and-pop taco stands that set up shop on a daily basis (generally as the sun goes down) and give their customers delicious eats for cheap prices. This list is about that latter group.
While, admittedly, I have not eaten at every single taco stand in the greater Los Angeles area, I have consumed my fair share of burritos, quesadillas, and tortas in my day. And these are the ten best. In no specific order:
Ricky's Fish Tacos
What began as a tiny stand in Sunset Junction back in 2009 has grown into perhaps the tastiest fish taco truck on the West Coast. While the hours leave something to be desired for the night owls -- it's only open for lunch from 11 a.m. until 4 p.m. -- head over to Ricky's on a Wednesday and they have a special "buy three, get one free" deal.
Tacos Arizas
Here's a secret: If nearby Taco Zone -- which we'll get to later, don't you worry -- has a line of partiers stretching as far as the eye can see, make a little detour to nearby Tacos Arizas instead and get an equally high-quality meal. Get the carne asada!
El Paisano
Nearly every taco truck sticks a generous bucket of spiced carrots and jalapenos on the sideboard of their truck as a bonus. (If they don't, they're not a true taco truck.) But for whatever reason, El Paisano's spiced freebies, which can be had at Everett and Sunset in Echo Park, are just a tad better than the rest.
Rambo's Tacos
For tortas, it's all about the bread. If the bread's just right, it's going to take a really awful piece of meat to mess it up. If the bread's stale or hard, it doesn't matter if the inside is full of the leanest and most choice grass-fed meats. Rambo's in Eagle Rock has great bread and, thusly, great tortas.
Danny's Tacos
There are only a few reasons to be strolling around downtown at night. The first is that you live there, in which case, you probably have enough money to throw on more luxurious late night meals. The second is if you're still working, in which case, bill the office! The third is if you've been drinking. That last scenario is when I encountered Danny's Tacos on Grand and Olympic, so keep that in mind with this recommendation. But I do remember being pleased with my meal!
Armando's Lunch Truck
Armando's serves the breakfast and lunch crowd on the USC campus. That means that it not only offers the standard tacos and quesadillas, but also breakfast burritos and chicken sandwiches, the two most important of the food groups.
Doña Garnacha
While the look of Doña Garnacha may be a bit off-putting -- with their bright TV screens and flames painted on the truck's side -- one meal while standing in the car wash parking lot on Sunset and Alvarado is enough to put this gaudy truck in your regular rotation.
Leo's
Whatever you get at Leo's, constantly parked at Venice and La Brea, make sure it has a little bit of their freshly-sliced pineapple on top.
Tacos Sinaloa
While it may be "against the rules," I'm a big proponent of sneaking outside food into theaters. (Especially when the only options are popcorn and over-cooked/over-priced hot dogs.) So, if you're ever heading to the Highland Theater for a cheap screening, you'd be wise to first stop at nearby Tacos Sinaloa. While they have a habit of changing locations now and then, they're generally parked at Avenue 55 and Figueroa in Highland Park.
Taco Zone
No list of L.A. taco trucks would be complete without a mention of the fine offerings from Echo Park's Taco Zone, parked outside of the Von's on Alvarado on a nightly basis. A recent Yelp review perhaps sums it up best: "Best everything. Ever and always." The only downside is that due to its popularity, the line can stretch well into the parking lot after a show from a nearby concert venue lets out. Heading over there before 10 p.m. is a recipe for perfection.
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Police issue statement after car crashes into a lamp post
There were more than a mile of queues after the crash
Police attended an incident near Newark (file photo) (Image: Joseph Raynor/ Nottingham Post)
A busy road off the A46 was blocked with debris after a car hit a lamp post.
The incident happened on the A617 Kelham Road near Newark Rugby Club at about 5pm on Wednesday, May 8.
The crash caused more than a mile of queues with congestion.
The incident was clear by about 6.30pm.
A police spokesman said: "Officers were called at 5pm on Wednesday, May 8 following reports of a collision between a car and a lamp post on the A617 Kelham Road in Newark.
"The road was blocked with debris following the incident and there were no injuries."
SkegnessSave our Seaside: How can our coastal communities recover from the pandemic?We all need to pull together to help the region get back on its feet
13 flood alerts and three warnings in place in Lincolnshire
EnvironmentIt comes after heavy rain and snow last week
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Charles Amirkhanian
Ka Himeni Hehena
1 Ka Himeni Hehena
2 Dumbek Bookache
3 Dutiful Ducks | Переводы: de
4 ABLAZE OBEYS
5 Hypothetical Moments (in the Intellectual Life of Southern California) | Переводы: de
6 Hypothetical Moments (in the Intellectual Life of Southern California) [studio composition] | Переводы: de
7 Church Car | Переводы: de
(The Raving Mad Hymn)
© 1997 Arts Plural Publishing (BMI)
Аудиопроизводство: 2004 M. Mechner, Literaturwerkstatt Berlin
(P) Arts Plural Publishing (BMI)
Kategorien: Конкретная поэзия, Сонорная поэзия, с музыкой / звуковым сопровождением,
(Church Car)
(Dumbek Bookache)
* 19.01.1945, Fresno, California, США
Место жительства: El Cerrito, California, США
Born January 19, 1945, in Fresno, California, composer, percussionist, sound poet and radio producer Charles Amirkhanian is a leading practitioner of electroacoustic music and text-sound composition. He is widely known for his live and taped works utilizing speech (or sound poetry) elements in rhythmic patterns resembling percussion music.
Some of his works have been commissioned by the West German Radio (Cologne), the National Endowment for the Arts, Meet the Composer, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Radio VPRO (Netherlands), Swedish Radio/Fylkingen, the 1984 Summer Olympics, Radio Luxembourg, the Arch Ensemble, and choreographers Anna Halprin, Bill T. Jones, Margaret Fisher, Nancy Karp, and Richard Alston of Ballet Rambert (London).
Aside from his composing, Amirkhanian has been instrumental in the dissemination of contemporary music through his work as Music Director of KPFA/Berkeley from 1969 to 1992. He also directed the “Speaking of Music” series at the Exploratorium in San Francisco (1983-1992) and was the founding Co-Director, with John Lifton, of the Composer-to-Composer Festival in Telluride, Colorado that took place for four years (1988-91). From 1993-1997 Amirkhanian served as Executive Director of the Djerassi Resident Artists Program in Woodside, California.
Currently he is Executive & Artistic Director of Other Minds, Inc., a new music organization in San Francisco. He has curated the annual “Other Minds Festival of music” since 1993 and in 2002 inaugurated “Eyes & Ears”, the Other Minds Film Festival, focusing on contemporary composers and innovative soundtracks.
In 1984 the American Music Center honored him with its annual Letter of Distinction for service to American composers through his work at KFPA Radio. In 1997 he was awarded residencies at the Tyrone Guthrie Centre in Ireland and the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Study and Conference Center in Italy. In 1999-2000 he was awarded the first Ella Holbrook Walker Fellowship for a yearlong residency at the Bellagio Center where, with Mark Grey, he installed and composed in a new electroacoustic music studio which will remain for future residents of the center.
Amirkhanian resides in El Cerrito, California.
Dzarin Bess Ga Khorim
Text-Sound Compositions/A Stockholm Festival
[CD] Fylkingen Records FYCD 1024: 1-5
Fylkingen Records, 1972
Lexical Music
LP/album [reissued on CD in 2017]
1750 Arch Records [record label], 1980
Gold and Spirit
Starkland Records ST-206, 1984
Walking Tune
(Portrait of Percy Grainger, 1986-7)
Politics As Usual (1988)
“Auxesis”
Centaur CRC 2194, 1988
(Portrait of Nicolas Slonimsky, 1989)
“Music for Swimming across the Pacific”
Bajanoom
[CD] empreintes DIGITALes IMED-9004-CD, “Électro Clips”. Starkland Records ST-206
Montréal, Quebec, Canada : Starkland Records, 1990
Vers les Anges (1990)
Pas de Voix
(Portrait of Samuel Beckett, 1986-7)
Perspectives of New Music (Non-commercial CD issued with PNM Journal 26); Ars Acustica-EBU Selection
PNM Journal 26; European Broadcast Union, 1991
Chu Lu Lu
[CD] Starkland Records ST-206
Montréal, Quebec, Canada: Starkland Records, 1992
Hypothetical Moments
(in the Intellectual Life of Southern California, 1981)
A Critical Journal on the Arts in Baltimore and the World, Issue #5, Fall 2000
Heavy Aspirations
“10 + 2: 12 American Text-Sound Pieces”
Other Minds OM 1006-2, 2003, 2003
Just (1972)
Other Minds OM 1006-2, 2003
Mqsical Lou
(In Memoriam Lou Harrison, 2003)
“Messiah Remix”
Cantaloupe Records, 2004
Dot Set (1984)
Nancy Karp + Dancers—Four Dances: The Music (2005)
2017 Champion of New Music Award (ACF)
otherminds.org
A global New Music community where composers, students, and listeners discover and learn about innovative music by composers from all over the world.
Website (en)
Другие поэты из США Другие стихи на английский Другие переводы на английский
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Recent Gaza Crossfire in Context: Elliot Tepper on CTV News
Following the firing of several hundred rockets from Gaza into Israel, the Israeli airforce responded with lethal airstrikes, marking a serious escalation in the region. While a ceasefire seems to have taken a tenuous hold, this recent flare of tensions was the most significant conflict in nearly half a decade. MLI Research Advisory Board Member Elliot joined CTV news to discuss.
Tepper explains that the latest flareup comes after Egypt successfully brokered a ceasefire in March and Israel loosened some blockade restrictions that limited fishing. "The question is, why would Islamic Jihad and Hamas want to have a big flareup at this stage?"
Tepper suggests that instigation for these attacks may be a direct result of Iranian activity in the region. He further argues that an escalation between Gaza and Israel could potential spiral into a larger regional conflict if Iran is believed to be responsible for instigating it.
"It's a matter of speculation, but... if it was Iran, how far do they wish to go?" Asks Tepper. "The possibility that this could get out of hand is very definite. This is a volatile region."
Despite a fragile ceasefire, tensions remain extremely high. Tepper says that whether or not things get out of hand depends largely on what the terrorist organizations in Gaza decide to do.
"What he have is the lighting of bonfires by Islamic Jihad and Hamas in an arsenal. This could spin out of control."
Elliot Tepper, Foreign Affairs, In the Media, Latest News, Middle East and North Africa, Multimedia, Recent News, Security studies / counterterrorism
Elliot Tepper, Gaza, Israel, terrorism
The Israeli Election: Elliot Tepper on CTV News Despite Benjamin Netanyahu’s recent indictments, he has just been re-elected, for a record fifth term,...
What Should Be Done About Canadians Detained in China? Elliot Tepper on CTV News With 13 Canadians detained in China since December 1, 2018, MLI Research Advisory Board member...
The Jamal Khashoggi case and its geopolitical consequences: Elliot Tepper on CTV News Following unnamed Turkish authorities claiming that they have evidence that Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was...
Brexit Extension and what it means for Britain: Elliot Tepper on CTV News With uncertainty abounding regarding Brexit, MLI Research Advisory Board Member, Elliot Tepper, joined CTV News...
Making Sense of Israel's Second 2019 Election: Elliot Tepper on CTV News Despite having cast their votes in April of this year, Israelis will be returning to...
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Two Months with the HomePod mini: More Than Meets the Eye
Dato Review: Calendar Events and Time Zones From Your Mac’s Menu Bar
WallCreator 2.0 Adds Ability to Set Wallpapers, Save and Restore Favorites, Plus Automation Support
FoodNoms: A Privacy-Focused Food Tracker with Innovative New Ways to Log Meals
By John Voorhees
FoodNoms is a new privacy-oriented food tracking app that tackles the tedium of logging what you’ve eaten in innovative ways that make it one of the most promising apps in this category that I’ve seen in a long time.
Too often during the year, I find myself eating what’s easy, not what’s healthy. When I sense that happening, the first step I take is to open a food tracking app and log what I’ve been eating. The process imposes the discipline to help get me back on track with healthier eating habits. However, I don’t usually stick with food tracking long, mostly because I find the process tedious.
With FoodNoms, I’ve found it easier to stick with food tracking than ever before. The app’s database of foods seems a little limited compared to other apps I’ve used, and I’d like to see more ways to visualize trends over time added to the app. Still, those limitations are largely made up for by the ability to log portion accuracy and scan nutrition labels, along with the multitude of other ways to log meals. Add FoodNoms’ privacy focus, and I expect it’s going to win over a lot of people.
FoodNoms is organized into three sections – History, Goals, and Settings – which are accessed from the app’s tab bar. The History tab is where you’ll spend most of your time in FoodNoms because that’s where you add new items, track your daily progress towards goals, and view your logged items.
There are several ways to add items to your food log including, bar code and nutrition label scanning.
New food items are logged using the big red plus button in the lower right-hand corner of the app, which opens a screen with options to search, create a manual entry, scan a barcode, scan a nutrition label, or pick from smart suggestions. Search looks up items in the app’s database based on keywords you enter. It’s hard to judge the quality of FoodNoms’ database after only a couple of weeks using the app because the experience depends heavily on your personal eating habits. However, overall, I’ve had good luck with the database so far. Although it may not be quite as extensive as databases used by apps like Lifesum and MyFitnessPal, the other methods for entering items in FoodNoms make up for any limitations.
In fact, I actually prefer to add items using other methods because they’re usually faster. FoodNoms’ bar code scanner is incredibly fast, reading the code almost instantaneously when my iPhone’s viewfinder passes over the code.
Scanning nutrition labels.
Perhaps my favorite way to gather information about a food, though, is scanning the nutritional label. Simply by pointing your camera at the label, the app captures not only calorie data, but any other nutritional information listed. When you’re satisfied that FoodNoms has picked up the information correctly, tap the checkmark to save it as a new entry in your log. If the information isn’t scanned correctly, there’s a refresh button to try again. However, in my tests, the app did an exceptionally good job of scanning the data correctly, even from reflective packaging.
Smart suggestions are picked based on the time of day and how recently they were last logged.
Smart Suggestions occupies the final section of the Log Food view and is populated with foods you’ve recently logged around the same time of day. FoodNoms also supports logging and checking the status of your goals using Shortcuts and Siri, allowing for logging with Siri as you prepare a meal or as part of a post-meal shortcut. FoodNoms can also track water, caffeine, and alcohol consumption.
Another of my favorite features of FoodNoms is that you can specify how confident you are of the data you’re logging. There are three choices: Accurate, Approximate, and Estimate. Approximate accounts for a potential 10% variance in the statistics logged, whereas Estimate accounts for a possible 30% variance. The variance comes into play with tracking your progress, which reflects a range if you use Approximate or Estimate, and your Goals, which I’ll cover below.
With FoodNoms, you can specify the accuracy of your portion estimates.
I’ve always disliked the false sense of accuracy that most food trackers provide. If you don’t have the confidence of a nutritional label from pre-packaged food, whatever you log is going to be a guess to some degree. With FoodNoms, you can quantify your uncertainty and see how that affects your goals, depending on which way the number swings. The feature may not make FoodNoms more accurate than an alternative, but it’s an honest approach that provides more insight than is possible if you’re forced to pick a specific number.
The History tab is also how you navigate past days you’ve logged and goal progress. The top of the History section displays the date you’re currently viewing. There’s also a calendar icon for jumping to today, yesterday, seven days ago, or a different date using an iOS date picker. You can navigate between days one at a time using the arrows in the top right-hand corner of the screen too. I appreciate the multiple ways to navigate past data, although I’d prefer a calendar UI to the date picker’s tumblers, especially since the calendar icon opens a view with plenty of room to display a mini-calendar picker.
Evaluating your daily progress by meal and ‘Top Foods.’
The History section of FoodNoms also displays your progress towards any goals you’ve set in the Goals tab, which I’ll get to in a moment. Goals are color-coded, so they’re easy to identify at a glance as they fill up your progress bar for the day and report their status. Tapping on the goal opens a separate view with hourly goal details as well as a breakdown of the goal by meal and top foods. This is one of my favorite parts of the app because, at the end of the day, I can look back to see if I overdid it with a particular meal or food and adjust accordingly.
The final part of the History tab is a log of everything you ate that day grouped by meal. Meals can be customized in the app’s Settings, where there’s also a toggle to automatically default to the nearest meal based on the time of day. Next to each item in your log is a color-coded icon for calories, carbohydrates, fat, and protein with the values of each. Tapping on any item opens a view with additional details and the ability to edit it. The three-dot button to the right of each meal header can be used to add new food items too.
That’s a lot packed into one tab, but FoodNoms pulls it off with a clear design that relies on sub-views for additional details and data entry. The straightforward presentation and color-coding serve to provide an excellent bird’s-eye view of each meal, tracked data point, and food. However, I’d like to see a little longer-term tracking added to FoodNoms, which currently breaks down the data it collects hourly and daily. A week-by-week graph of the same sorts of data would be a terrific addition for anyone trying to break old habits and form new ones over longer periods of time.
You can track multiple goals simultaneously in FoodNoms.
The second tab in FoodNoms is dedicated to Goals. Not only can you add calorie burn goals, but you can also track carbohydrates, fat, protein, cholesterol, fiber, sugars, water, alcohol, caffeine, and intermittent fasting. Each of the nutritional goals can be set up as a budget that is spent as you log food items, a target goal, or a range you want to fall within. Each nutritional goal can also be set up as a strict goal that assumes a worst-case scenario for the food data you’ve labeled as Approximate or Estimate. Intermittent Fasting goals are measured in hours.
Goals can be set up as budgets, targets, or ranges.
Once you’ve set up goals, FoodNoms tracks your progress for the current and past seven days, reminding you of the goal you set, your average for each measurement, and the number of times you met it in the past seven days. From the Goals tab, you can also rearrange the order your goals are displayed in, add, edit, or delete goals, and clear historical settings.
FoodNoms’ final tab is Settings. Here, you can turn on iCloud sync, designate your energy unit of measurement, and pick the meals you want to track with FoodNoms. You can also sync the information logged with Apple’s Health app.
The final important feature of FoodNoms is privacy. The app has no ads and doesn’t require you to sign up for an account. Sync is handled via iCloud, and data is shared with the Health app, but those two things only happen if you turn them on in Settings. Everything else happens on-device, allowing users to keep their tracking data to themselves.
Food logging and tracking are dominated by big players like Lifesum and MyFitnessPal. What FoodNoms does that those apps can’t, because they need to remain backward compatible with older iOS devices, is provide access to many of the latest iOS features. Combined with innovative features like nutritional label scanning, portion estimation, and a modern, uncluttered design, FoodNoms is a compelling alternative.
Apps by bigger companies also provide access to diet planning, social features, and other functionality. Still, I greatly prefer FoodNoms’ more focused approach that sticks to the reason why I use an app like this. It’s great to see such a strong alternative emerge for those who want a more streamlined experience, and who value privacy. If you want to track your food consumption, I highly recommend FoodNoms.
FoodNoms is available as a free download on the App Store, but unlimited nutrition goals, intermittent fasting tracking, logging food portion estimates, and water, caffeine, and alcohol tracking are available as part of a premium subscription for $1.99 per month or $16.99 annually.
Tags: health, utility
Unlock MacStories Extras
Club MacStories offers exclusive access to extra MacStories content, delivered every week; it’s also a way to support us directly.
Club MacStories will help you discover the best apps for your devices and get the most out of your iPhone, iPad, and Mac. It’ll also give you access to advanced iOS shortcuts, tips and tricks, and lots more.
Starting at $5/month, with an annual option available.
A Club MacStories membership includes:
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John Voorhees
John, MacStories’ Managing Editor, has been writing about Apple and apps since joining the team in 2015. He also co-hosts MacStories’ podcasts, including AppStories, which explores of the world of apps, MacStories Unwind, a weekly recap of everything MacStories and more, and MacStories Unplugged, a behind-the-scenes, anything-goes show exclusively for Club MacStories members.
Twitter: @johnvoorhees | Email: voorhees@macstories.net
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Blog /Privacy Matters: Your Data Is Safe With Us
Privacy Matters: Your Data Is Safe With Us
Here we go again. There’s been yet another shift in the ever-changing world of data privacy, and we wanted to make sure (as always) that we’re keeping you aware of the changes and helping you stay on top of the topic of data privacy.
So what happened with the Privacy Shield?
You may have heard of the EU-US Data Privacy Shield, which, beginning in 2016, regulated the usage of consumer data in transactions between Europe and the United States. American companies were able to use the Privacy Shield to validate and accredit these transatlantic data transactions. Basically, using the Privacy Shield allowed American companies to actually do those transactions.
Okay, so does the Privacy Shield still protect these companies?
Not anymore. On July 16, 2020, the European Commission Court of Justice (CJEU) invalidated the adequacy of the EU-US Data Privacy Shield’s protection. In other words, American companies can no longer use the Privacy Shield as a way to “allow” transatlantic data transactions. You may wonder, what does this mean for Mailgun?You wouldn’t be the first to ask. Since the ruling, some of our customers have asked about its impact on our services and our business. Because of these questions, we wanted to provide more detailed information on how our company deals with data protection, and how it is impacted by the CJEU’s recent decision.
A little background on the CJEU ruling
Under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), proper safeguards (basically, protections) must be in place for data transfers from any country outside of the European Union, including the United States. Until July 16, 2020, the Privacy Shield was considered an adequate GDPR protection and had complied with its requirements when transferring personal data to the United States.
To remind you, on July 16, 2020, the CJEU invalidated the adequacy of the protection provided by the EU-US Privacy Shield. For more information on this specific ruling, see the decision here.
Since the Privacy Shield framework is now considered inadequate, an alternative protection is required for all data transfers. These alternatives may include the Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs), also called EU Model Clauses, or Binding Corporate Rules.
Does Mailgun have alternative protection?
Yup! At Mailgun, we had already gone beyond the minimum requirements of the GDPR (yay!). We did not only rely on the Privacy Shield, but we had already maintained (and continue to maintain) Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) for all our data transfers, including transfers with our sub-processors that processed our customers’ personal data. These SCCs, as per the CJEU ruling, continue to be a valid legal mechanism to transfer data under the GDPR. So, if you’re using Mailgun, your data is safe and valid.
To go one step further, we implement additional safeguards beyond the standard contractual clauses (sadly, these safeguards don’t include ninjas), and we make sure to have proper technical and organisational measures in place for any personal data transfers (including data encryption and security).
Mailgun has a vendor management procedure in place, which we use to control and audit all of our sub-processors, including frequent audits on the sub-processors that process the personal data of our customers. This is basically a fancy way of saying that our data processes and data processors are safe, valid, and frequently inspected. We also perform audit risk assessments, and we implement the requisite technical and organisational measures to ensure that proper security and data protection are respected. For further details on our security and privacy measures, see our dedicated page here.
So, I’m good? Do I have to do or change anything related to data privacy?
No, you don’t have to do anything — we’ve already implemented all necessary protections. Mailgun has you covered and balanced like that kitten at the top of the page.We have been, and remain, wholly committed to having a lawful basis for data transfers in compliance with applicable data protection laws. Both Mailgun and Mailjet continue to monitor the evolution of international data transfer mechanisms under the GDPR, and we are committed to ensuring a lawful basis for all our data transfers in compliance with all other applicable data protection laws.
We understand the concerns of our customers and remain steadfast in our commitment to ensure that our customers’ data is secure and protected. And, as long as we’re here, you can rest assured that we’ll be going above and beyond to protect that data—and its transfers—under international laws. So feel free to sit back, look at cute cat GIFs, and leave data privacy to us.
Do you have any additional questions for our Legal team? Feel free to drop them an email at legal@mailgun.com!
Tags: SecurityData Privacy
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Internet Security – Defending Against Spam
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Natalie Hays
Pseudonymization And You – Optimizing Data Protection
Mailgun Authentication Service – Post Mortem July 2018
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Benefits of Vinyl
Home / Vinyl / Articles / Benefits of Vinyl
everyone loves the look of hard-surface floors. wood, for example, is beautiful and comfortable, conveying a natural, easy luxury. tile and stone floors have the same appeal.
for decades, consumers seeking an alternative to natural wood, tile, and stone surfaces didn’t have a great many stylish choices. vinyl and laminate products were, in the past, popular for their budget friendliness and ease of installation, but no one claimed they were as fashionable as real wood or tile.
today, that has changed.
luxury vinyl tile (lvt) and Vinyl sheet flooring have evolved into sophisticated products that high-end clients are choosing over wood and tile, because the new products look so similar to the natural surfaces they mimic. they perform extremely well and cost less.
foster owen, interior designer with clifton carpets in dallas, texas, has watched this trend evolve. “the look of these floors has progressed so much with technology,” he says. “people think they are walking on wood.”
available in a fabulous assortment of designs, colors, and textures, Vinyl flooring brings you exciting new styles that create beautiful rooms.
this type of floor is moisture resistant, impervious to most stains, and easy to clean.
Vinyl flooring doesn’t need to be waxed—its top layer is made to stay shiny.
heavy traffic is no problem, because these floors not only handle lots of activity, they’re actually resistant to scratches.
Vinyl flooring is ... Vinyl. It’s flexible and comfortable underfoot, and there’s less breakage when items are dropped.
The price tag is usually a very pleasant surprise.
You can choose from several alternatives in look and construction. There’s direct-glue sheet flooring for durable performance and seamless appearance. Or you may prefer luxury vinyl tile or luxury vinyl planks in either direct-glue or floating constructions. Ask one of our sales staff to help you decide which of these options will best suit your space.
technology improved look
foster remembers an lvt in the 1970s and 1980s made to look like brick, with a herringbone pattern and grout lines. that product fell out of favor, along with similar faux looks.
but in recent years, rapidly advancing high-tech processes have transformed lvt and Vinyl sheet flooring into products that look like the real thing. such products are available in several price points, with the most expensive lines offering the most realistic look.
one significant change is that lvt and Vinyl sheet flooring no longer have to have the look of perfection that has long been the giveaway that the products were Vinyl. higher-end lvt can effectively mimic distressed and antique floors, foster says. with products designed to look like wood, longer planks placed irregularly give a look of authenticity, he says.
these products are now found in upscale homes and commercial spaces, a far cry from Vinyl’s origin as a homey, economical option.
They’re still offering a look for less money than the real thing,” Foster says of the higher-end LVT products. “The price difference is enough of a difference to sway people’s minds. Plus it’s easy to clean and not easily damaged.”
earth-friendly, family-friendly
today’s consumers are increasingly interested in earth-friendly flooring. the new lvt and Vinyl sheet flooring products address these concerns by using virgin vinyl that doesn’t release harmful vocs and adhesives that don’t have fumes. some can be installed without any adhesive at all. because the products are durable and have a timeless look, they’ll last for decades and not end up in a landfill as quickly.
foster sees a bright future for lvt and Vinyl sheet flooring, buoyed by high-tech processes that enable the products to evolve and remain fashionable amid changing consumer tastes.
“Somebody doing fabulous interiors may want stone, marble, or wood, because not everybody is going to want a faux look,” he says. “But for most people, the LVT and vinyl sheet flooring products are going to offer the right look and appealing features for the money.”
Browse our library of flooring articles for helpful tips and news on all the products you need.
Create a Warm, Serene Space with Blue
Decorate with Blue
A guide through new floor shopping and preparing to go in-store
Loop Vs Twist
The advantages of loop and twist carpet styles.
Comparing The Styles
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How to Log Out of Facebook (and Not Let Others Log in)
By Robert Zak / Jun 14, 2019 / Internet
Facebook privacy is one of the biggest concerns for many netizens. Without even getting started on the social network’s dubious use and abuse of its users’ data, there’s also the more direct matter of making sure that other people using your computer after you – whether it’s your home PC or a public one – can’t go snooping around on your Facebook account.
Or maybe you just want to log out of Facebook so you’re not pathologically clicking onto it every five minutes.
Whatever your reasons, we’ll show you not only how to log out of Facebook, but also put up safeguards to make sure that people using your PC after you (or even using a different PC but on a browser that you’re signed into) can’t access your account.
Related: How to Manage Your Facebook Privacy and Security
How to Log Out of Facebook
So you’ve clicked Facebook on your browser and log in right away. Let’s start dismantling this cosy little setup, shall we?
The simplest way to log out of Facebook is to click the downward arrow icon sneakily hidden at the top-right corner of your Facebook homepage, then click Log Out.
Chances are that your browser has saved your password, and also Facebook itself may have set up various things that make logging back in basically automated.
Remove Facebook Login Details from Chrome/Firefox
The first thing you should do is make sure your Facebook login details aren’t saved in your browser.
To remove your Facebook login details from Chrome, click the three-dotted menu icon at the top-right corner of Chrome -> Settings, then under the Autofill heading click Passwords. Find Facebook in the list, click the three-dotted icon next to it, then click Remove.
In Firefox, click the menu icon at the top right corner -> Options, then click Privacy & Security in the pane on the left. Under the Logins & Passwords heading, click Saved Logins, then find Facebook in the list and click Remove.
As an added measure in Firefox, you can click Exceptions under Logins & Passwords and add “https://www.facebook.com” to the list. This way, Firefox won’t offer to save your password the next time you log in to Facebook.
Delete Credentials on Facebook
So log back in to Facebook, click the downward arrow at the top-right corner, then click Settings and “Security and Login” in the pain on the left.
First, under the “Login” heading, click “Save your login info” if it says “On” underneath. Next, click “Remove account,” which will ensure that Facebook doesn’t save your account credentials between logins either.
The final step in making sure Facebook is a chore for anyone (including yourself) to log into is to set up two-factor authentication.
In the “Security and Login” menu, under the Two-Factor Authentication heading, click “Use two-factor authentication” and follow the instructions to set it up. You’ll need to have your phone handy to get a confirmation code or alternatively identify photos of your friends.
Finally, back on the Two-Factor Authentication heading under “Security and Login,” you can also select “Authorized Logins,” and remove devices that you don’t want Facebook automatically logging into without a two-factor authentication code.
And that’s it for logging out of Facebook and making sure you stay that way. Whether it’s for your own productivity, security, or to fight off that dreaded Facebook addiction, there are plenty of good reasons why you may not want to make Facebook too readily available all the time.
Robert Zak
Content Manager at Make Tech Easier. Enjoys Android, Windows, and tinkering with retro console emulation to breaking point.
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2015 Yamaha YZF-R1 Full Reveal
in Latest Bikes, Motorcycle News, Videos, Yamaha, Yamaha News
Home Motorcycle News Latest Bikes
Update – We now have a full review of the 2015 Yamaha YZF-R1 Here
It was seventeen years ago that Yamaha unveiled the original YZF-R1 in the city of Milan. Light, powerful and agile, the R1 offered a whole new level of performance to the supersport rider. And in one brief moment the world of motorcycling was changed forever.
History has a habit of repeating itself. Now, two decades on from the arrival of the machine that transformed the bike world, Yamaha raises the bar once again with the release of its next generation superbike! And the world launch of the 2015 Yamaha YZF-R1 will be held at Sydney’s own Eastern Creek Raceway in February.
British based Aussie superbike racer Josh Brookes is looking forward to riding the new model at this event on a track he is familiar with. “I can’t wait to get on the new model, everything about it sounds awesome. We’ll really be able to step up to the next level with this new bike,” says Brookes who has signed on for the Milwaukee Yamaha team for 2015.
The new R1 will be available in two guises with a special ‘M’ version that features electronically adjustable Öhlins suspension and a hand polished aluminium tank along with a host of carbon fibre. The Australian public will be able to set eyes on the new R1 at the Melbourne Motorcycle Expo on Friday 28 Nov at 10.30am to see the YZF-R1 and YZF-R1M in the flesh and learn more detail about pricing and availability.
MotoGP riders Valentino Rossi and Jorge Lorenzo were on hand to introduce the new model – along with its special ‘M’ version – with Yamaha Motor Corporation President Mr Yanagi. Rossi was the first person to test the prototype R1 and told revealed that the goal was to make the bike as much like his YZR-M1 as possible. “It is just like my M1 but with wing mirrors and a numberplate,” explained the MotoGP legend who leant over the new model to kiss it, sending the crown into rapturous applause.
Research shows that the supersports category is becoming more segregated and defined, with many customers opting to ride a specifically designed road bike on the road and a track bike on race circuits. The sales success of Yamaha’s MT range indicates that many road riders are happy to ride a dedicated street based machine. But that leaves the equally dedicated track day riders still demanding a high quality, high performance motorcycle.
That’s where Yamaha say the new YZF-R1 comes in. It spares no expense in its pursuit of excellence and features many exotic weight saving materials. An all new high power four-cylinder engine is based on the existing R1 big bang crossplane crank engine but with substantially more power at 200PS. The new model also features an all new aluminium/magnesium chassis that puts power to the ground better than ever before via sophisticated suspension and lightweight magnesium wheels.
New YZF-R1. Everything is different, except the name.
Right from the beginning of the project it was agreed that this totally new high performance pure sport motorcycle would be developed from scratch without any restrictions. This gave our engineers and designers the opportunity to explore new concepts and designs, and create the kind of machine that, up to now, only factory riders could ever experience.
The team has been able to create a fundamentally different motorcycle that offers overwhelming performance with ultimate controllability. Built without compromise, the new R1 is ready to transform the bike world and showcase Yamaha’s vision for the future.
The new R1’s DNA remains the same as it ever was, but its purpose and design philosophy are entirely different. Featuring sophisticated MotoGP- derived technology, this new machine is a purely focused sport bike that has been developed primarily for the racetrack.
200PS – 199kg – with total 3D control
A compact and new inline 4-cylinder 4-valve crossplane engine develops 200PS without the use of ram air induction, and delivers a strong pulse of linear torque for outstanding running performance – while the new short wheelbase chassis benefits from weight reducing features such as a
magnesium subframe and magnesium wheels in order to achieve a wet weight of only 199kg – with a dry weight of 179kg.
In isolation, these highly impressive figures of 200PS and 199kg show the outstanding racetrack potential of the new R1, but it is the widespread use of advanced electronic control technology that genuinely underlines the R1’s positioning as the next generation superbike.
A new digital era
The application of cutting edge MotoGP-derived electronic control technology represents a major leap forward in superbike design, and sets the new YZF- R1 apart from its peers. By monitoring every byte of data coming in from multiple sensors in the engine and chassis, the new R1’s advanced electronics enable riders to achieve the very highest levels of engine and chassis control.
Featuring the first ever 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) ever featured on a street-legal machine, the new R1 represents the dawning of a new digital era where all riders can experience total 3D controllability.
Fully equipped with banking sensitive Traction Control, as well as Slide Control, Front Lift Control, Quickshifter, Launch Control, ABS and a Unified Brake System – and much more – the next generation R1 introduces racers and track day riders to a new era of rider-adaptive performance. For the first time, all riders are given the opportunity to get a taste of MotoGP winning YZR-M1 technology – as enjoyed by Factory Riders Valentino Rossi and Jorge Lorenzo.
The game has changer forever. No longer is MotoGP technology the privilege of the few. Giving increased control with added confidence, as well as quicker lap times and higher levels of rider/machine unity, Yamaha’s vision of the future is here. We R1.
YZF-R1 ENGINE
Newly developed 200PS crossplane engine derived from M1 technology In order to achieve the goal of creating a totally new ‘High Tech Armed Superbike’, Yamaha have developed an all-new lightweight and compact engine that is about to open up a whole new era in high performance motorcycle design.
A newly designed crossplane crankshaft is at the very heart of the new 998cc inline 4-cylinder engine. By contributing towards the strong linear torque output, this technology gives a truly connected 1:1 relationship between the throttle and rear tyre – as well as an intuitive character that enables the R1 rider to exploit the high power output of the new YZF-R1 to its full potential.
The successful crossplane concept was originally developed for our MotoGP bikes with input from Valentino Rossi, and the next generation R1 continues to benefit from this innovative technology. The crossplane engine’s uneven 270° – 180° – 90° – 180° firing sequence gives each piston and con rod its own individual and separate movement to create a stronger low to mid range pulse – and this race-bred engine is also characterized by its exceptional exhaust growl.
Using advanced technology first seen on our YZR-M1 MotoGP machines, the new engine benefits from a range of features that are designed to increase air intake volume while at the same time reduce power losses. The use of this cutting-edge technology in every area of the new engine’s design and construction has succeeded in achieving a maximum power output (without ram air pressurization) of 200PS.
New crankshaft design
To underline just how different this new 200PS powerplant is to its predecessor, not only does it have a different bore x stroke, compression ratio, cylinders, cylinder head and fuel injection system – it also utilizes a completely new crossplane crankshaft design. The only thing that the next generation R1 engine shares in common with the current model is its name!
In order to be able to deliver excellent acceleration with instantaneous response, the inertial moment of the 2015 crankshaft is set at a level approximately 20% less than the current model. The new crankshaft incorporates a lightweight primary coupling balancer whose weights are positioned near the outer cylinders, and this subsequently reduces the inertial moment to strong acceleration and consistently high linear torque levels.
Highly efficient cylinder head and valve design
For highly efficient delivery of the fuel air mix, the new 2015 R1 engine is equipped with a newly designed 13.0:1 high compression cylinder head that features reshaped ports together with large intake and exhaust valves that have a diameter of 33mm and 26.5mm respectively. In addition to the large diameter valves, the valve angle is narrower than the current R1 to achieve a compact pent roof combustion chamber.
This new design ensures that the fuel-air mix is delivered more efficiently in to the combustion chamber – while the pent-roof shape induces a tumble into the mix that increases combustion speed and efficiency for increased power and superior torque characteristics.
New 998cc crossplane 4
Maximum power output of 200PS
The first titanium fracture-split con rods on a production motorcycle
To achieve a new level of pure sport performance, the new R1 engine is fitted with titanium fracture-split connecting rods. The specific titanium alloy used to manufacture the new con rods is around 40% lighter than steel, and this major reduction in weight gives the new engine an extremely responsive and potent character at high rpm.
The fracture-split design also ensures that the big end shape has an extremely high level of circular precision, giving consistent high rpm performance. On top of that, it reduces the tendency of the big end to deform at high rpm, giving excellent levels of reliability.
Lightweight forged aluminium pistons
Newly designed forged pistons utilize a box-shaped ‘bridge-box’ construction on their underside that gives high levels of rigidity combined with low weight – and for consistent cooling the new R1 engine uses a newly designed oil-jet piston cooling system.
With their low weight and high strength, these forged aluminium pistons make a significant contribution towards achieving a high power output together with strong linear torque and excellent throttle response. Furthermore, the use of new low-tension pistons rings and new piston pins with a diamond-like carbon coating (DLC) also helps to reduce frictional losses for increased performance.
New rocker arm valve drive mechanism
For the first time in its history, the R1 adopts a new rocker arm valve drive mechanism with a lever ratio that gives a higher valve lift than the cam height, while also decreasing the load on the cam for reduced frictional losses. Featuring an extremely hard diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating, the new rocker arm design plays an important role in contributing towards the new engine’s high power output and outstanding response.
High volume air intake system
To optimize the efficiency gains made by the newly designed cylinder head and valve drive mechanism, the next generation R1 is equipped with a large capacity 10.5 litre airbox. Being over 23% larger than the design used on the current model, this new airbox delivers increased volumes of fresh air into the Yamaha Chip Controlled Intake (YCC-I) funnels. The YCC-I consists of sets of long and short funnels that are electronically activated to match the prevailing engine speed for optimum power output and torque characteristics.
Advanced 2-directional fuel injectors
The new R1 is equipped with a Yamaha Chip Controlled Throttle (YCC-T) operating a newly developed fuel injection system featuring 2-directional 12-
hole main injectors that direct their high pressure spray at the back of the two new large diameter intake valves.
This new design increases combustion speed by minimizing the amount of fuel that hits the port’s walls, giving higher levels of power and improved torque characteristics. The new fuel injection system also features secondary injectors that operate at higher engine speeds – and in order to reduce the effects of combustion heat, these secondary injectors deliver their fuel spray from the upper part of the intake funnel.
Lightweight titanium 4-2-1
To enable the new engine to attain peak power and also to enhance the linear torque characteristics, the 2015 R1 is equipped with a newly designed exhaust system manufactured mainly from titanium. Its compact muffler contributes towards the mass centralization that is a key feature on this advanced new superbike.
The four titanium header pipes merge to form two pipes beneath the engine, and then flow into a large capacity 5.2 litre chamber where the exhaust pressure is dampened before the gases enter the muffler via a newly designed exhaust valve. At low to mid range the exhaust gases flow through only one of the two passages within the chamber, and at higher revs a servomotor controlled valve located between the chamber and muffler opens to allow the high pressure gases to pass freely through both passages.
By controlling exhaust pressure at all engine speeds, the new exhaust valve enables the muffler to achieve outstanding power output together with strong linear torque characteristics and good silencing performance.
Compact and lightweight assist and slipper clutch
The new assist and slipper (A&S) clutch has been designed to match the new engine’s high power and torque delivery, and as well as being 19% lighter than the current model’s clutch, its diameter is also reduced by 7%.
The A&S clutch design features a specially-designed aluminium cam between the clutch boss and pressure plate that ensures excellent engagement during acceleration, together with reduced clutch pressure during rapid down shifting before entering a corner. When high levels of back torque occur the R1’s A&S clutch delivers a level of slip equivalent to around half-clutch function to give smoother and more efficient cornering for reduced lap times.
High-efficiency lubrication system
In order to achieve stable lubrication at higher rpm, the new engine uses a centralized method of delivering oil to each individual big end from the end of the crankshaft, resulting in minimal frictional losses. The lightweight magnesium oil pan uses a sunken bottom design that lowers the surface level of the lubricant.
By inhibiting the interference between the crank web and the oil, this design cuts power losses and contributes towards new R1’s high output. The adverse effect of air bubbles in the returning oil is reduced by the use of a ribbed crankcase design – and for consistently strong performance, an air-cooled oil cooler is located under the radiator.
YZF-R1 Engine Technical highlights
New 998cc crossplane in-line 4-cylinder, 4-valve engine
New crossplane crankshaft design delivers linear torque output
Maximum power output of 200PS (without ram air pressurization)
79.0mm x 50.9 mm bore x stroke, high compression ratio of 13.0:1
Lightweight titanium fracture-split con rods
Lightweight forged aluminium bridge-box pistons
Large diameter valves and high efficiency intake ports
Rocker arm valve drive with diamond like carbon (DLC) coating
2-directional 12-hole injectors
Low-tension piston rings
Piston pins with diamond like carbon (DLC) coating
Offset cylinder design
Large capacity 10.5 litre airbox
Titanium 4-2-1 exhaust with midship muffler and new exhaust valve
Lightweight assist and slipper clutch
High efficiency centralized lubrication system
YCC-I and YCC-T
Compact and lightweight radiator
[youtube id=”R_G211nu9V0″ width=”853″ height=”480″]
YZF-R1 CHASSIS – Lightweight Deltabox frame
The 2015 R1 features a newly designed aluminium Deltabox frame that has been developed to deliver a high level of precision handling performance.
Featuring gravity cast components that are welded together to form a single structural unit, the compact aluminium main frame offers an idealized balance of strength and rigidity. The newly designed crossplane engine is incorporated as a fully stressed member, and is mounted rigidly to the frame at four points – two at the cylinder head and two at the crankcase.
The new Deltabox frame is equipped with a high specification upward truss type aluminium swingarm that is manufactured from a mixture of gravity cast, forged and two-piece shell structure components to create a strong and lightweight structure.
Significant weight reductions have been achieved with the use of a magnesium rear frame, and the left-right asymmetric design of the main Deltabox structure also contributes towards weight reduction and overall compactness.
Compact 1,405mm wheelbase chassis with 199kg wet weight
Weighing in at just 199kg with full oil and fuel – and only 179kg dry – the R1’s racing DNA is evident in the design and construction of every component. As
previously described, the new engine benefits from a number of weight saving solutions that makes it lighter and even more compact than the former design. The use of magnesium in the chassis construction together with the asymmetric frame layout also make an important contribution towards achieving the wet weight of 199kg.
A bike’s overall weight is one element affecting the handling character, and to gain maximum advantage from this low weight, Yamaha’s designers have focused on concentrating weight as close to the bike’s centre as possible.
While weight is a ‘headline’ feature, the compact dimensions of the new chassis also play an integral role in shaping the highly focused race-bred character of the R1. With a short 1,405mm wheelbase, this next generation R- series flagship has clearly been developed with circuit riding as the primary focus.
To put it in context, the new R1’s wheelbase is 10mm shorter than on the current model, and the new 570mm long swinging arm is 15mm shorter. Both the caster and fork offset are the same as the current R1, and for increased front-end feel the front axle diameter is increased by 3mm to 25mm.
YZR-M1 type forced air intake
The new large capacity 10.5 litre airbox is force-fed with pressurized fresh air, enabling the Yamaha Chip Controlled Intake (YCC-I) to run at optimal efficiency. Air enters the centrally located intake that sits between the two ‘hidden’ LED headlights and runs through the steering pipe, just as it does on the YZR-M1 MotoGP bike. Manufactured from plastic resin reinforced with glass fibre, this lightweight forced air intake system underlines the significant technology transfer taking place between the factory racing bikes and the new R1.
Track-developed front and rear suspension
The fully adjustable front and rear suspension systems have been developed by KYB in association with Yamaha for precision handling and effective power delivery on the circuit and highway use. The 43mm upside down forks give 120mm of wheel movement, and together with the large diameter 25mm front axle, the R1’s front end gives excellent damping characteristics with a predictable and planted feeling during braking and cornering.
At the rear end, the newly designed upward-truss swinging arm activates a link-type Monocross suspension system that is designed to optimize the transmission of engine power to track surface. The carefully balanced relationship between the pivot position, final drive sprocket position and the swinging arm’s length is designed to give stable, precise and efficient handling performance during acceleration, braking and cornering.
ABS with Unified Brake System for increased control
For the first time on any supersport class Yamaha, the new R1 is equipped with ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) and also Yamaha’s Unified Brake System. These advanced braking systems are designed to allow the rider to achieve high levels of controllability in different circuit or road situations.
With the Unified Brake System, operation of the front brake also generates a corresponding braking force at the rear, and when the rider operates both the front and rear brakes, the Unified Brake System controls the balance of braking force that is applied to each brake.
In each case the distribution of braking force is based on input from the 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)*, which takes into account such factors as banking angle and machine attitude. The only situation where the Unified Brake System has no control is when only the rear brake is operated by the rider.
Cast magnesium wheels
The 2015 R1 is equipped with magnesium wheels, featuring a star shaped 10- spoke design. The new cast magnesium wheels represent a weight saving of nearly 900g compared to a conventional alloy design.
The front wheel is 530g lighter, and – compared to the current R1 – this weight reduction gives a 4% reduction in its inertial moment for greater handling stability, while the rear wheel weight by itself is cut by 340g to give an 11% decrease in its inertial moment.
Race-developed 17-litre aluminium fuel tank
Weighing 1.6kg less than an equivalent steel design, the R1’s newly designed 17-litre aluminium fuel tank features a deeply indented knee area, allowing the rider to tuck in close to the bike. As well as giving an efficient and secure riding position that helps to reduce drag, the race-developed tank design gives a high level of rider/machine unity by offering support during braking and cornering.
Dual 320mm front discs with new monoblock calipers
The high-specification front brakes utilize two 320mm diameter front discs that are equipped with newly designed monoblock 4-piston calipers and stainless steel hoses – as well as a newly designed brake lever. This sophisticated system delivers outstanding braking performance with high levels of feel and accurate feedback – and its lightweight design reduces the inertial moment around the front wheel axle to contribute towards lighter handling characteristics.
The compact rear brake system uses a 220mm diameter disc with a single piston pin-slide caliper.
YZR-M1 inspired cowling and windscreen with full LED lights
By using aerodynamic analysis to create a more efficient shape, Yamaha’s designers have succeeded in producing a cowl and screen that deliver a reduction of 8% in wind resistance. Not by chance, its central air intake and high windscreen have a strong resemblance to the YZR-M1, and its high aerodynamic efficiency helps to deliver lower lap times on the circuit.
In a further move to achieve a low overall weight, Yamaha’s designers have chosen to equip the new R1 with LED headlights and LED position lights. As well as being light and compact, LED lights deliver high luminosity while also requiring a low wattage.
The two new small diameter LED headlights are positioned on either side of the central air intake, and are located much lower than on other supersport models – and because of their compact design they appear to be virtually hidden in the new front cowl, giving the R1 a unique ‘face’ that expresses its racing pedigree.
One other striking feature is the use of linear position lights that are located within the front cowl. The narrow and straight lines of these twin LED position lights come on when the ignition is activated, and they give the R1 a truly unique frontal expression. When the ignition is turned off, the LED position lights gradually lose their luminosity.
Race and circuit-ready features
Racers who are looking for winning performance – as well as those advanced riders who demand the ultimate track day machine – constitute a significant part of the new R1’s target market. With this in mind, Yamaha have once again looked to the YZR-M1 and developed a new race-specification seat with a wide rear section and angled sides that gives freedom of movement when braking or weight shifting for corners.
The seat design has been developed in conjunction with the new aluminium tank whose deep knee recesses allow the competitive rider to adopt a compact and active racing position that gives a heightened feeling of rider- machine unity.
YZF-R1 Chassis Technical highlights
Newly designed asymmetric aluminium Deltabox frame
Compact and short wheelbase design
199kg wet weight / 179kg dry weight
Magnesium rear frame with aluminium truss-type swingarm
YZR-M1 type central forced air intake
Race-developed aluminium 17-litre fuel tank
KYB 43mm front forks with 120mm travel
Bottom-link type Monocross rear suspension
Lightweight cast-magnesium wheels
ABS with Yamaha Unified Brake System
Twin 320mm front disc brakes with new monoblock 4-piston calipers
220mm rear disc with 1-piston pin-slide caliper
Unique new front face with LED position lights and compact LED headlights
Wide seat with race-developed fuel tank for optimal riding position
Mirrors with integral front flashers
Aluminium under protector
Rear mudguard manufactured from carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic resin (CFRTP)
YZF-R1 ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
Every racer and track rider is always searching for total control. Because with total control comes higher cornering speeds, lower lap times, increased levels of excitement and reduced rider stress.
The all-new YZF-R1 comes with the most advanced electronic control technology ever seen on a production motorcycle, an accordingly it offers its rider the chance to attain their true potential.
No longer is mechanical superiority enough to stay at the top. The digital era has arrived, and with its total 3D controllability, the new YZF-R1 makes the impossible possible. We R1.
6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
For the first time on any production motorcycle, the new R1 is equipped with a highly sophisticated 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that instantaneously delivers comprehensive machine running data to the ECU.
Developed exclusively for the new R1, this 6-axis IMU consists of three gyro sensors that measures machine pitch, roll and yaw, as well as three G- sensors that transmits data on forward/backward, left/right and up/down acceleration. By constantly analysing this data 125 times per second, the IMU is able to establish the R1’s position and behaviour – including lean angle, slide speed and pitching rate. Data is then sent via a CAN system (Controller Area Network) to the ECU that makes real time calculations and instantly adjusts the R1’s various electronic control systems in order to achieve optimum performance with high levels of controllability.
The significance of the 6-axis IMU is not limited to its ability to give precision control via the ECU to adjust the fuel injection volume, ignition timing and throttle valve opening. What makes this technology so ground-breaking is its ability to deliver precise data on every aspect of running machine attitude, and this in turn has enabled Yamaha to equip this new superbike with the most advanced MotoGP technology, such as a banking angle sensitive rear wheel Slide Control System (SCS) and Traction Control System (TCS).
For the first time ever, racers and track riders have access to a race-ready production motorcycle that, through the use of the advanced electronic control systems described in the next section, enables every rider to attain their full potential on the track.
New banking angle sensitive Traction Control System (TCS)
One of the advanced new control technologies that has been made possible by the use of the 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a newly developed Traction Control System (TCS) that takes account of banking angle when controlling rear wheel drive force.
TCS is able to optimize the drive force to the rear tyre by monitoring the difference in speed between the front and rear wheels, and if it detects that rear wheel traction is being lost, the ECU adjusts the throttle valve opening, fuelling and ignition timing accordingly.
The R1’s newly developed TCS takes the concept to the next level by using additional data relating to the bike’s banking angle when calculating the optimum rear wheel control settings. For example, when the R1 is cornering at a high banking angle, the IMU’s sensors will activate the TCS to a higher level of control than when the motorcycle is upright – allowing the R1 rider to achieve optimum performance on a circuit, or whether powering out of a corner or accelerating in a straight line.
Slide Control System (SCS)
Just two years after introducing the technology on our MotoGP bikes, Yamaha is making history by offering our customers the opportunity to experience the most sophisticated electronic control technology available on a production motorcycle.
Using data from the revolutionary new 6-axis IMU, Yamaha’s patented Slide Control System (SCS) is designed to limit sidewards movement of the rear tyre by adjusting the engine’s output to an optimal level via the ECU when a slide is detected. This advanced new system works in association with the new banking angle sensitive TCS, and this high level of electronic control enables riders raise their game.
Front LIFt control system (LIF)
The third weapon in the R1’s control armory is its LIFt control system (LIF) that has been developed to control front wheel lift when accelerating hard. Once again, this use of this electronic control system has been made possible by the installation of the 6-axis IMU, and, the new LIF helps achieve a higher level of machine control for reduced lap times.
Launch Control System (LCS)
For fast, smooth and efficient starts, the Launch Control System (LCS) restricts engine rpm to below 10,000rpm even at full throttle. This control system also uses information from the TCS and LIF systems in order to maintain an optimum level of engine output when accelerating away from the start line, allowing the rider to concentrate fully on the crucial first few seconds of any race.
Quick Shift System (QSS)
Racers and track day riders will benefit greatly from the 6-axis IMU, TCS, SCS, LIF and LCS – and another significant piece of electronic control technology that is designed to reaffirm the R1’s race ready specification is its Quick Shift System (QSS). A sensor on the shift lever rod detects when the rider is upshifting, and the QSS sends data to the ECU that cuts drive torque to the engaged gear for swifter gear shifting.
Power mode selection (PWR)
The newly developed Power mode selection (PWR) gives the professional racer and track day rider the option to choose from a selection of four different adjustable running modes. This new PWR system is a further development of the proven Yamaha D-MODE system, and the four different control maps regulate the R1’s throttle valve opening in relation to the throttle position.
Yamaha Ride Control system (YRC)
The new R1 comes with a Yamaha Ride Control system (YRC). The YRC offers 4 grouped presets for quick and simple ‘one-click’ selection of all electronic controls through easy handlebar switches. In the YRC each of the control modes can be freely adjusted into new combinations based on user preferences and riding environment.
Optional Communication Control Unit (CCU)
YZF-R1 customers looking for the ultimate package can specify the fitment of the optional CCU. Full information is given in the YZF-R1M section.
Digital instrument panel with Thin Film Transistor (TFT) LCD design
With its wide array of electronic controls, the new R1 produces a mass of information, and Yamaha have developed an effective new rider-machine interface that conveys the data in a clear and intuitive manner. The rectangular single screen is 109mm wide, and is constructed using a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display that significantly reduces reflectivity to give a clearer view of the information.
To achieve a high definition colour display, the LCD uses a very small dot size that gives the bar-type tachometer, acceleration meter and brake pressure display a solid and easy to read appearance – and the panel can be set to either ‘Street’ or ‘Track’ mode with a choice of a black or white background, depending on the situation. In addition, there’s also an ambient light brightness sensor that automatically adjusts the panel’s backlighting level to suit the prevailing conditions.
In ‘Street’ mode the display features items such as gear position, while the tachometer bar display uses different colours as the revs increase, allowing the rider to instantly comprehend the data. Other items available in ‘Street’ mode include odometer, tripmeters, real-time fuel efficiency, average fuel efficiency and amount of fuel consumed. Icons at the top and bottom of the display also show whether specific control functions such as the TCS and SCS are switched on, and which power mode is selected.
In ‘Track’ mode the display shows specific information with a high degree of clarity, such as lap number, lap times and a stopwatch function. The bar type tachometer display starts at 8000rpm and runs to the red line, and the gear
position indicator is prominently displayed to the right of the panel. For easy post race analysis, each display has a memory function that enables lap by lap analysis.
YZF-R1 Electronic controls Technical highlights
Highly sophisticated Electronic Control package
6-axis IMU for 3-dimensional motion detection
Constantly monitors bike position and behaviour
Measures lean angle, slide speed and pitching rate
First ever on a production motorcycle
32-bit CPU gives 125 calculations per second
Gyro sensor for pitch, roll and yaw
G-sensor measures front/rear, up/down and right/left motion
Enables the use of other high-tech electronic controls
Banking angle sensitive Traction Control System (TCS)
Rear wheel Slide Control System (SCS)
Adjustable 4-position PWR power mode selection system
Yamaha Ride Control (YRC) function
New digital instrument panel with Thin Film Transistor (TFT) LCD
High definition anti-reflective design
Coloured display with choice of white or black backgrounds
Selectable ‘Street’ and ‘Track’ modes showing different data
Optional Communication Control Unit (CCU) with data logging and Wi- Fi set up
YZR-M1 inspired
One of the most striking design features of the new R1 is the compact surface area when viewed from the side. The use of a low set fuel tank and a short nosed, low-set front cowling – combined with a large open space under the seat – form a silhouette that is markedly smaller than the current model. Other significant design features that accentuate the R1’s light and compact side view are its short 1,405mm wheelbase, as well as the use of the centrally- located mid-ship muffler.
The overall feeling of lightness is also enhanced by the new cowling’s ‘cross- layered wing’ design that has layers of bodywork smoothly interlocking with each other. There are also large outlets in the side cowl and undercowl that expose various elements of the engine and inner aerodynamics to accentuate both the lightness of the new R1 and its high-tech design.
The body design of the new R1 has been shaped by the demands of the racetrack, and for this reason we have used Yamaha’s winning MotoGP bike as our inspiration. With its central air duct and high, broad-shouldered front cowl and screen – as well as large outlets in the side cowling – the YZR-M1’s influence on the new R1’s body design is unmistakable.
Achieving rider-machine unity is crucial for success on the race circuit, and every element of the body design has been developed with this goal at the forefront of our designers’ minds. The low-set fuel tank with its highly indented knee pockets enables the rider to sit ‘in’ the new R1 and take full control – and the wide seat gives greater freedom of movement during cornering and braking.
New face design with a ‘headlight-less’ look
One of the most revolutionary design features on the new R1 is its radical new face with a unique ‘headlight-less’ look. In place of the usual twin headlights, this front cowl is equipped with thin and straight LED position lights, while the compact new LED headlights are located within the leading edge of the side cowling. This exclusive design gives the 2015 YZF-R1 a ‘race-ready’ expression that confirms its circuit-focused character and M1 race-bike DNA.
Aerodynamic and lightweight body components
Wherever any external component sits in the airflow – such as mirrors and tail – they have been designed to be aerodynamically efficient, and this not only helps to reduce drag, it also reinforces the feeling of speed and lightness of the new R1. Special attention has been paid to the design of the rear cowl so that it draws air into the machine, and other features – such as engine covers, footrests and the ABS sensor cover – feature lightweight ribbed designs that reinforce the R1’s powerful image and reduce weight.
YZF-R1 2015 Colours
Race Blu Racing Red
2015 Yamaha YZF-R1 Technical Specifications
SPECIAL EDITION YZF-R1M
Yamaha will produce a special R1 edition aimed at professional teams and highly experienced riders who demand the ultimate track and race performance. Featuring a range of highly sophisticated equipment – including Electronic Racing Suspension (ERS), carbon bodywork, a Communication Control Unit (CCU) and high-specification Bridgestone tyres – the YZF-R1M will be produced in limited quantities.
Öhlins Electronic Racing Suspension (ERS)
The YZF-R1M is equipped with an Öhlins Electronic Racing Suspension (ERS) system that is designed to further bring out the machine’s high level of performance on the race circuit.
This highly sophisticated new electronic front and rear suspension takes data from the 6-axis IMU and various sensors, and – based on the running conditions – the system’s Suspension Control Unit (SCU) makes integrated adjustments to the front and rear suspension. The chief advantages of the ERS include additional stability and control during braking by reducing fork diving, as well as improved cornering control and increased traction when exiting corners.
The key to the effectiveness of the ERS is the 6-axis IMU that is constantly monitoring the force and speed of every movement made by the YZF-R1M in
3 dimensions. By instantly analyzing the data from the IMU, the ERS assesses the running conditions, and at the same time the SCU calculates the ideal compression and rebound damping forces required for the front and rear suspension systems. Signals are sent to step motors that make instantaneous adjustments to the front and rear damping, enabling the YZF-R1M rider to benefit from a suspension system that is constantly being fine-tuned to work at its most effective setting.
This new Electronic Racing Suspension (ERS) offers a choice of ‘Automatic’ and ‘Manual’ modes, and within each of these two modes there is a selection of three different settings, giving the rider a choice of six unique settings to suit a wide range of preferences and different surfaces. When the ‘Automatic’ mode is selected, two of the running modes have a function that allows the rider to make fine adjustments to the damping to suit specific circuits or conditions.
For stable damping characteristics and more efficient adjustment, the front forks have separated damping functions, with the compression damping handled by the left fork, and the rebound damping handled by the right fork. The design of the ERS also permits the independent adjustment of the compression and rebound damping functions on the front and rear suspension systems, with initial adjustment being made by means of a hand operated knob.
Carbon bodywork
As a genuine ‘factory racer’, the YZF-R1M is equipped with a full carbon fairing, carbon front fender and carbon seat cover. The lightweight carbon cowling is coated in a clear finish and features upper, central and lower sections painted in a new specially developed metallic-look silver paint with racing blue accents that match the blue YZR-M1 style wheels.
Communication Control Unit (CCU) with GPS*
Fitted as standard equipment on the YZF-R1M, the Communication Control Unit (CCU) is a user-friendly interface with a comprehensive data logging function that allows riders to record a wide range of running data, including lap times, speed, throttle position, GPS tracking, lean angle and more. Data can be viewed, compared and shared on a tablet using a wireless connection with the R1’s CCU, enabling riders to analyze the previous race or track session and make any necessary adjustments.
Riders can also use the CCU as a means of communicating with the Yamaha Ride Control (YRC) system and viewing, downloading or changing the running mode settings. By using a downloadable Android (4.2 on) app, the YRC settings can be amended wirelessly, allowing R1M riders to make quick and easy from a menu of factory or custom settings.
Another exclusive feature on the YZF-R1M is the use of a highly polished aluminium fuel tank that features a clear finish to bring out the qualities of the material. To complement the aluminium tank and silver coloured fairing sections, the R1M’s upward-truss type swinging arm has also a highly polished aluminium finish in contrast to the standard R1’s black coating.
More exclusive design features can be seen with the gold-coloured front radial mount calipers, while the Öhlins Electronic Racing Suspension (ERS) use specially finished 43mm gold inner tubes on the front forks.
High specification tyres
The R1M’s specially developed tyres are the result of a joint collaboration between Yamaha and Bridgestone, the current MotoGP supplier. The 200/55- ZR17 rear tyre and 120/70-ZR17 front tyre use a special compound that has been formulated to optimize the performance characteristics of the R1 on the circuit.
Teams and individuals are asked to apply online via their national distributor for an offer of a machine, via the dedicated YZF-R1M application system that opens on December 1st 2014. Once the distributor has received online applications they will establish contact between selected Yamaha dealers and potential customers to make an appointment to discuss the availability of the limited supply of machinery. It is anticipated that demand will exceed supply, and Yamaha distributors will use their discretion in managing the allocation of YZF-R1M units
The Yamaha Racing Experience – YRE (MCNews.com.au is not sure if will be applicable to Australian customers)
All new YZF-R1M owners will receive an invitation to participate in the exclusive YRE Yamaha Racing Experience with their own machine.
The YRE will take place at 4 key European race circuits in July 2015, and during the one and a half days experience, participants will get the opportunity to meet special Yamaha V.I.P. guests and will take part in track sessions on their own R1M with top-level trainers. Yamaha technicians will also be on site to give professional race set-up advice.
YZF-R1M – Silver Blu Carbon
Availability – March 2015
Tags: 2015 R12015 Yamaha R12015 Yamaha YZF-R1YamahaYZF-R1
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Daniel Squizzato: Davies not the savior, but Canada doesn't need one
June 6, 20176:39PM EDT
Daniel SquizzatoContributor
Follow@ DanielSquizzato
Alphonso Davies, come on down—you’re the next contestant on The Canadian Soccer Savior is Right!
Much like the dude who was delirious at breaking the all-time Plinko record a few weeks back, fans of Canada’s national team are positively pumped at the news that Davies, the 16-year-old Vancouver Whitecaps FC phenom, is now a full Canadian citizen.
Congratulations to new Canadian Alphonso Davies who passed his citizenship test and will take his Oath of Citizenship today in Vancouver. pic.twitter.com/QjPW9kC85x
— Canada Soccer (@CanadaSoccerEN) June 6, 2017
And why not? Since debuting last summer at age 15, Davies has dazzled with his attacking instincts and his precocious poise. He’s already amassed over 30 appearances between MLS play, the Canadian Championship and CONCACAF Champions League, popping four goals.
Born in a refugee camp in Ghana in 2000 (yeah, let that sink in), Davies has spent most of his life in Canada, but wasn’t eligible to represent Les Rouges in official competition until he was a citizen. Now, all of a sudden, we could be less than a week away from his senior-team debut.
He’ll join the national team’s training camp in Montreal, ahead of next Tuesday’s friendly against Curacao at Stade Saputo (7:30 pm ET; TSN, RDS). It’ll be the first game in charge for new Canada boss Octavio Zambrano, who’s been open about his desire to see the team play a passionate, attacking style—which will suit Davies just fine.
The wunderkind is also on Canada’s 40-man provisional roster for this summer’s CONCACAF Gold Cup, making it perfectly clear that his future is with Canada. So, to save everyone some time, FIFA may as well cancel the 2022 World Cup and just ship the trophy to Ottawa right now.
Sardonic hyperbole aside, we can’t ignore the fact that Canadian soccer has been down similar roads before. The national team has always struggled to score, prompting fans to crank the hype machine to 11 whenever a youngster with attacking talent emerges.
Four years ago, at the 2013 Gold Cup, the team’s hardcore followers were hollering for the cap-tying of Keven Aleman. It happened, but since then, Aleman’s made zero appearances for Canada.
The following year, fans were itching to see Hanson Boakai, who debuted in NASL at age 16, crack the national team. He never did; his pro career now looks in question.
That’s not a dig at those two individuals; rather, it’s a reminder that “the next big thing” doesn’t always pan out, and that no soccer team can be instantly saved by a single player. Plopping the weight of decades of disappointment onto the shoulders of a teenager is never going to turn out well for anyone—the fans, the team or especially the player.
Fortunately for Davies, most Canadian fans are no longer looking for a singular savior. That’s largely because the new arrivals have been coming fast and furious in the last few years.
From European veterans like Scott Arfield, Junior Hoilett and Steven Vitoria, to homegrown MLS stars like Cyle Larin, Tesho Akindele and Raheem Edwards, Davies is in some pretty good company among Canada’s recent recruits in the quest to reach Qatar 2022.
Could Davies ultimately have a bigger impact than any of them, when all is said and done? Hey, anything’s possible, if his career continues on its current trajectory.
But now’s not the time to worry about whether Davies will be wearing the armband as he gets heat stroke in Doha alongside his fellow Canadians five years hence.
Now’s the time to congratulate a young man on joining the Canadian family, and becoming part of what’s suddenly looking like a dark-horse contender at the 2017 Gold Cup.
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Home Business Extraction Innovator Jesse Turner Joins Green Mill Supercritical To Address Industry’s Most...
Extraction Innovator Jesse Turner Joins Green Mill Supercritical To Address Industry’s Most Pressing Problems
Jim Dissett
Independent extraction lab consultant Jesse Turner is bringing his experience and passion for CO₂ to Green Mill Supercritical as the company’s new Director of Research & Development, the company announced recently.
Turner earned his CO₂ credentials while operating labs for major industry brands, including Willie’s Reserve and Charlotte’s Web — where he became a CO₂ convert after working with ethanol his first six months on the job. At the time, Turner said this education changed the way he thought about his job, and he began to investigate how CO₂ extraction can provide greater flexibility to increase throughput while reducing time expenditures. It’s this passion to push the limits of CO₂ that convinced Green Mill to invite Turner to join its Advisory Board, as well as what will inspire his work as Director of R&D.
“Jesse Turner is an incredibly talented visionary, leader and industry innovator who has expanded the way we all think about CO₂ extraction,” said Wes Reynolds, CEO of Green Mill Supercritical. “It’s rare that you find someone whose personal passion so closely aligns with a corporate mission, but Jesse and Green Mill Supercritical are a perfect match. It’s going to be exciting to see where this partnership takes our company, and the industry.”
A longtime friend–and fan–of Green Mill Supercritical, Turner has become a leading CO₂ proponent and a primary driver of innovation in the space. Turner will report to Green Mill Supercritical’s Co-founder and Chief Technology Officer Jeremy Diehl and will be based out of Denver. Turner has already begun experiments on some key initiatives and early results are promising.
“Green Mill Supercritical has always been at the forefront of CO₂ innovation, and I’m looking forward to maintaining that tradition by moving the industry further than most thought it could go,” Turner said. “Years ago, my introduction to CO₂ completely altered how I approached extraction. My new role at Green Mill offers an exciting opportunity to pursue the possibilities I’ve been exploring for years. I think we will be changing a lot more minds along the way.”
In his new role, Turner will serve as the face and voice of the company’s innovative spirit, supporting the manufacturing process as well as refining the Green Mill Supercritical product line. He will oversee experiments and feasibility studies on Green Mill’s products, data generation and analysis for externally published articles, as well as assist in marketing efforts. In addition, Turner will be responsible for growing Green Mill’s lab design business, intended as a custom solution for the production of refined botanical oils.
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Jim Dissett is a Colorado-based writer covering the cannabis, technology and healthcare industries.
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Instagram Plans To Launch Long-form Video Hub, Invites Reporters To June 20th Special Event
The Social Scoop
By Mari Smith | June 15, 2018
Facebook launched its Watch Platform in the US in August 2017… and should surely be rolling out to more countries soon! (Watch is a dedicated streaming video platform available on desktop, mobile and TV app. The platform features a variety of shows from all types of creators, including big names/celebs like Oprah, Tony Robbins, James Corden, industry…
Working with Recent Facebook Updates, Driving Meaningful Group Interactions & More: The Social Scoop 3/14/18
By Mari Smith | March 14, 2018
Have you shifted your Facebook marketing strategy in recent weeks? Since Mark Zuckerberg announced the sweeping change to the news feed algorithm back on January 11th, there’s been a wide variety of responses out there. I’ve seen everything from recommendations to stop publishing content on Facebook altogether, to only using your personal profile and groups.…
Facebook News Updates, Why Messenger Marketing Is Growing & More: The Social Scoop 2/15/18
By Mari Smith | February 15, 2018
Facebook has sure been in the news a lot lately. Here’s a roundup of several topics that have caught my attention in the past week or so… The scary Wired magazine cover of Zuck with a very bruised face (artist’s photo-illustration). Yikes. It’s a super long article, revealing insights from 51 current and former Facebook employees that paints a…
On January 31st, Facebook held its Q4 2017 Earnings Call and beat Wall Street’s expectations with $12.97 billion in revenue. Amazing. The earnings seemed to mitigate any negativity around a significant decline in daily usage. Just after the earnings were released, and before the actual earnings call, Mark Zucerkberg announced on his profile: “…we made changes that reduced time…
3 Major Facebook Announcements, How Facebook Video Ad Watch Times Vary & More: The Social Scoop 1/20/18
By Mari Smith | January 20, 2018
Wow, it’s been quite a whirlwind of activity lately! In the first three weeks of the year, Facebook and company CEO, Mark Zuckerberg made three big announcements. What does it all mean? (Hint: it’s all about Facebook becoming a major player in the digital streaming TV industry.) I discuss the collective impact of these three Facebook announcements on my Page. Here’s…
Lessons from Top 2017 Social Media Posts, Video Marketing Trends for 2018 & More: The Social Scoop 1/9/18
By Mari Smith | January 9, 2018
This is going to be a very active and exciting year for all things Facebook. Just today, my friends at Cheddar TV broke the news about Facebook’s launch of a new video chat device called “Portal” that will retail for $499. #CheddarScoops Exclusive: Facebook is diving into the home device market with a video chat product named “Portal” that…
Facebook Engagement Bait, Local Facebook Marketing Ideas & More: The Social Scoop 12/28/17
By Mari Smith | December 28, 2017
In my last issue of The Social Scoop, I talked about Facebook’s recent announcement about giving videos even more priority in the News Feed… particularly videos that people search for and return to watch from the same publisher week after week. Since then, Facebook introduced another change to the News Feed ranking algorithm… this time demoting certain types of…
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Five suspects caught for invasion of Dickson’s house
By Uchechi Bethel
Five persons have been arrested for their alleged involvement in last month’s invasion of the Toru-Orua, Sagbama country home of former Governor Seriake Dickson.
A police inspector was killed in the attack. Bayelsa State Commissioner of Police Mike Okoli stated this on Monday when he paraded 45 suspects for robbery, rape and murder.
Okoli said though crime and criminality could not be totally eradicated, the police were on top of their game to check and arrest perpetrators.
A 41-year-old man from Ekeremor, who works in the Ministry of Education, was also paraded for allegedly raping of a 25-year-old virgin.
The police boss said the five suspects who invaded Dickson’s home were arrested following intelligence gathering and discreet investigations.
The suspects confessed to planning the invasion but said they were not part of the attack.
He stated: “We will arraign them and allow the court determine their fate. They are also expected to tell the court who carried out the invasion that led to the inspector’s death.”
Source: The Nation
ALSO READ N20bn loan: We won’t allow Obaseki to mortgage Edo future – Rights group
Nigeria’s capital importation falls by 74% – NBS
Experts urge Nigerians to fight against malnutrition
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Merck Careers
ENGLISH FRANÇAIS (FRENCH) Other Languages
about Merck Merck Careers Research WorldWide
Dental Disorders /
Symptoms of Dental and Oral Disorders /
Bruxism /
Symptoms of Dental and Oral Disorders
Oral Growths
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Toothache and Infection
Which of the following describes false teeth cast or soldered to each other and, at each end, to a crown cemented to abutment teeth?
Complete denture
Removable partial denture
Bernard J. Hennessy
, DDS,
Texas A&M University, College of Dentistry
Bruxism is clenching or grinding of teeth.
Bruxism can abrade and eventually wear down enamel and dentin in the crowns of teeth, damage metal or ceramic dental crowns, and cause teeth to become mobile. Bruxism is considered a multifactorial condition. Tooth abrasion and erosion is often worse in patients who also have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or obstructive sleep apnea; the understanding of the association between sleep apnea and bruxism is evolving.
Bruxism can occur during sleep and while awake. In some people, bruxism causes headaches, neck pain, and/or jaw pain. The most severe and extensive grinding and clenching occurs during sleep, so the person may be oblivious to it, but family members might notice.
Treatment requires that the patient consciously try to reduce bruxism while awake. Plastic oral appliances (night guards) that prevent occlusal contact by fitting between the teeth can be used while sleeping. When symptoms are severe, a guard can also be used during the day. Usually, such devices are custom-made and fitted by dentists. However, if the only problem is tooth wear, over-the-counter (OTC) heat-moldable devices fitted at home are available, but a dental evaluation should first be done to assess the severity of wear and determine whether an OTC device is adequate. Mild anxiolytics, particularly benzodiazepines, may help until a night guard is available but should not be used for extended periods.
(See also Evaluation of the Dental Patient.)
Manfredini D, Colonna A, Bracci A, et al: Bruxism: A summary of current knowledge on etiology, assessment, and management. Oral Surgery 2019. doi: 10.1111/ors.12454.
Systemic Disorders and the Mouth
Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Merck Manual was first published in 1899 as a service to the community. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual in the remainder of the world. Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.
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Police blotter: Man facing possible soliciting of a minor charge
Dean Cousino Monroe News staff reporter @CousinoDean
The following are among recent reports to Monroe County law enforcement agencies.
The following are among recent reports to Monroe County law enforcement agencies. You'll find other police and fire news at this link.
Toledo man facing possible soliciting of a minor charge
A Toledo man, 43, may be facing a criminal charge of soliciting a minor for immoral purposes in connection with a complaint filed by a Temperance woman who said her 13-year-old daughter received inappropriate text messages from the man.
According to the Monroe County Sheriff’ Office, the daughter told her mother that the man allegedly sent the texts, which were sexual in nature, to her Snap Chat account between Nov. 17 and 20. The daughter deleted the account, but not before she sent copies of the texts to another relative.
Deputies were given access to the texts and interviewed the daughter on Wednesday. The case is still under investigation.
Home invasion, assault probed
Four male suspects between the ages of 17 and 25 are being sought in connection with a break- in and assault in Frenchtown Township Dec. 6 that left a Livonia man, 19, badly injured.
According to a deputy’s report, the victim was found unconscious lying on the floor of the apartment off Mall Rd. with blood on his face. A woman, 20, who lived in the apartment attended to him until Frenchtown Township firefighters and medical personnel from Monroe Community Ambulance arrived to treat him.
The woman told deputies that about 8:50 p.m., the four suspects kicked in her door and three of the men assaulted the victim, who was struck in the face with a Mason jar several times.
The man’s left eye was swollen shut and bruised from the attack, the report said. The suspects stole two iPhones belonging to the woman and victim and then fled the scene.
The woman, who was also hit by the suspects, called police, but did not need medical attention.
Three of the suspects lived in Monroe and the other suspect was from Detroit. Brownstown Township Police and Monroe Police joined in a search for the suspects that night, but were unable to locate them, the report said.
Search continues for sewing machine
Authorities want to know what happened to a package containing a new sewing machine valued at $650 that was delivered to the wrong address in Bedford Township Dec. 7.
A woman who ordered the machine from a business in California told deputies she saw the driver of a FedEx delivery truck stop at her home off Conifer St. and get out. But the driver then left without leaving any package. She said she received an email from the delivery firm that the package was delivered, but wanted to contact the firm to report that it had not arrived.
Catalytic converters removed from two pickups
An unknown suspect illegally removed catalytic converters on a 2000 Ford F-250 pickup and a Ford F-350 while they were parked at the Mulch King business in Temperance last weekend.
An employee of the business at 110 Smith Rd. told deputies he became suspicious when he found a tailpipe of one of the pickups lying on the ground. Authorities are studying footage from a surveillance camera for clues to identify the offender.
Package delivered to wrong address
A Newport woman said another female in Frenchtown Township may have kept a package with a black pair of boots valued at $125 that was delivered to the wrong address Dec. 7.
The complainant told deputies that she ordered the Doc Marten Mary Jane boots from Amazon, but the package arrived at another home in the township. Deputies went to the home to investigate, but the homeowner said she did not see the package. A deputy received permission to make a cursory check of the home, but found nothing.
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The Monroe News' digital headlines of 2020
Paula Wethington Monroe News staff reporter @WethingtonPaula
Paula Wethington, digital team leader for The Monroe News, runs down the most-read stories on our website during 2020.
What brings readers to The Monroe News website?
To be fair, there is a steady stream of people who look over the daily headlines or find the latest obituaries. I can see that pattern by looking at which pages are landed on during the first visits of the day.
Website traffic spikes beyond that normal daily traffic is generally from local breaking news; or perhaps from a feature story that gets national attention beyond the regional audience.
The year 2020 gave plenty of opportunities for just that to happen. Over 2 million page views were recorded on The Monroe News’ website in both March and April; a point that has been reached on occasion but is noticeably higher than average. This was clearly the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus, with the pandemic impacting Michigan starting in mid-March. Had the outbreak started even a week earlier, March 2020 would probably have resulted in our all-time record high page views.
Based on data from Google Analytics, here are the top-read stories of the year on www.monroenews.com with dates and headlines; and a little bit about those stories. They are listed in order of page views.
1. Feb. 24: Bedford senior off deathbed. This was the story of Connor Bartlett of Bedford High School, who had been diagnosed with cancer. He was so seriously ill in fall 2018 that he was expected to have just days to live. Connor returned to the wrestling team for the 2019-20 season, his senior year.
2. March 15: March 15 closings and cancellations. This was a Sunday, and yet The Monroe News already had a long list of schools, offices, churches and libraries shutting down because of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Of note: The State of Michigan “stay home” order wouldn’t be issued for a few days yet.
3. Feb. 19: Temperance man charged in murder. This was one of the news stories regarding the death of Cecilia Gibson of Temperance, the suspect was Kenny McBride of Temperance. They lived in the same home.
4. June 4: Sheriff’s deputy seriously injured in M-50 crash. This was the first news report of the accident in which Monroe County Animal Control Officer Darrian Young was killed; the other driver was recently arrested. Young’s death is considered in the line of duty.
5. March 30: Search continues in Huron River for missing man, son. This was among the news stories on the boating accident that caused the death of Justin Oaks and his son Jaxon. The search continued off and on for weeks until their boat and eventually both bodies were found.
6: July 30: Retired fire chief, Lambertville mother killed in crash. This was the first news report of a multi-vehicle crash on Sterns Road. Those pronounced dead at the scene were Former Bedford Fire Chief Ron Whipple and Tiffany Kidd of Temperance, who was pregnant at the time. About a month later, another man involved in that crash, Richard Ednie of Temperance, died although it was undetermined if the injuries were a direct cause of death. The others who were injured included some of Kidd’s children.
7. May 26: Suspects arraigned in officer shooting. This was one of the news reports the day after Monroe Police Cpl. Renae Peterson was shot and seriously injured. The incident happened on N. Dixie Hwy. Near I-75’s Exit 15, the suspects were in a stolen vehicle. Both fled, but were quickly arrested and taken into custody, facing over a dozen charges each.
8. March 12: March 13 School announcements. When we started our online news report March 12, Monroe Catholic schools were temporarily closing; and several Michigan and Ohio colleges were shifting to online classes or telling students not to return after spring break. Monroe County’s public schools superintendents decided to issue a joint statement, hedging their plans, and then Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer ordered all K-12 schools in Michigan closed March 16 through April 5.
9. Nov. 3: How Monroe County voted Nov. 3. As usual, we opened this online news report on the night of Election Day; but also, as usual, expecting that final Monroe County results would not be available until the following morning. By the time Monroe County’s numbers were issued Wednesday afternoon, Michigan was a closely-watched state in the national election and we kept getting messages asking when Monroe County’s numbers would be posted. The Associated Press declared Democrat Joe Biden the winner in Michigan Wednesday evening. How Michigan voted continued to be a contentious story for weeks as a result of Republican Donald Trump’s legal and political efforts to stay in office.
10. March 14: Monroe County has its first confirmed coronavirus case. A woman who had a “history of domestic travel” was the first Monroe County resident and 33rd Michigan resident to be positively diagnosed. That first local COVID-19 victim was recovering at home and isolated while health officials traced down her contacts. This online report was posted amid the flurry of sudden school, library and office closings in Monroe County; this particular article mentions a run on toilet paper, hand sanitizer, bread and other items in local stores.
Paula Wethington is digital team leader and a reporter for The Monroe News; her assignments include handling website and social media for local news and features.
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Meet the programmers: Maschine
By Computer Music (Computer Music) 13 November 2013
We meet Senior Product Designer Florian Grote
Welcome to the Maschine.
The Maschine software is becoming more and more DAW-like. Will it continue in this direction, or are there some fundamental aspects that will always make it different from a normal DAW? What's changed under the hood in Maschine 2.0?
"Maschine's unique and highly integrated hardware/software concept has a different focus from a DAW but at the same time serves as a highly workflow-orientated production environment for various music styles. In addition to a whole bunch of exciting new features in the Maschine 2.0 software, the completely new and rewritten audio engine now provides a lot of more efficiency and flexibility."
Read more: NI Komplete Audio 2
Traktor DJ for iPhone/iPad has been a critical triumph. Do you have any plans to do more in terms of serious iOS apps? How about Android development?
"Apart from Traktor DJ, our iMaschine beatmaking app for on-the-go groove creation is still a great success, and we are always looking at how we can improve the status quo of mobile music applications, both for iOS and other mobile environments. While we've been considering building apps for other mobile platforms as well, there are still some technical obstructions when it comes to Android devices. Low latency audio poses a constraint and the fragmented landscape of many different hardware models is another challenge. At the moment, the unified iOS framework with its powerful Core Audio engine built into iOS provides the best possible conditions for ultra-low latency playback while also supporting professional class-compliant hardware audio interfaces and controllers, such as the Traktor Audio 6 and 10 or the Traktor Kontrol Z1."
Kontakt has essentially spawned its own sub-market of Kontakt patches/instruments. Are there plans to unify this market, eg, a 'Kontakt Store' where users can browse third-party packs?
"Kontakt has not only become the absolute industry standard software sampler but it has also paved the way for a powerful content platform in itself. Besides our own stream of Kontakt products, we will of course keep on supporting a whole set of third-party companies and developers by distributing their products through our NI Online Shop. Apart from Kontakt, we will also further focus on the development and distribution of cutting-edge Expansions for Maschine, reflecting contemporary music styles to define the future of sound."
When Pro-53 and B4 were discontinued, we were told that NI was moving away from vintage emulations to concentrate on "new" creations. Of course, now we have the likes of Monark and the Solid Mix Series, etc. What brought about the return to this direction?
"With Monark we saw the opportunity to considerably raise the bar with regards to the sonic quality of analogue modeling. This emulation recreates every single aspect of the complex interaction of analogue circuits by utilising further-improved cutting-edge DSP technology byour in-house developers."
12 of the best VST/AU metering plugins
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Movies Without Nudity - H
Hachi: A Dog's Tale (2009)
Hacksaw Ridge (2016) DVD
Hagazussa (2017)
Hail Satan? (2019)
Hairspray (2007) DVD
Half Angel (1936)
Half Moon Street (aka Escort Girl) (1986)
Half Past Dead (2002) DVD
Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988)
Halloween: H20 (1998) DVD
Halloween: Resurrection (2002)
The Hamiltons (2006)
Hamlet (1996) DVD
Hamlet (2000) DVD [painting]
Hamlet 2 (2008) [Male rear nudity]
Hamlet's Ghost (2015)
The Hammer (2007) DVD
Hancock (2008) DVD
The Handmaiden (aka Ah-ga-ssi) (2016)
Hanging Up (2000) DVD
Hangman's Knot (1952) DVD
Hanna (2011) DVD
Hannibal (2001) DVD [drawings]
Hannibal Rising (2007) DVD
Hans Christian Anderson: My Life Is a Fairy Tale (2001)
The Happening (2008) DVD
Happily Ever After (1993) DVD
Happily N'Ever After (2007) DVD
Happiness (1998)
Happy Death Day (2017) DVD
Happy Death Day 2U (2019)
Happy Endings (2005)
Happy Feet (2006) DVD
Happy Gilmore (1996) [male rear nudity]
The Happy Prince (2018)
Happy, Texas (1999) DVD
Happy Together (1989)
Happy-Go-Lucky (2008) DVD
The Happytime Murders (2018) [Female Puppet Nudity]
Harakiri (1964)
Hard Candy (2006) [Male rear nudity]
A Hard Day's Night (1964) DVD
Hard Rain (1998) DVD
Hard Target (1993)
Hard Vice (aka Vegas Vice) (1994)
The Hard Word (2003)
Hardball (2001) DVD
Hardcore Henry (2016)
Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man (1991)
Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
The Harrad Experiment (1973)
Harriet (2019)
Harriet The Spy (1996) DVD
Harrison's Flowers (2000)
Harry and Max (2005) [Male rear nudity]
Harry and the Hendersons (1987)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) DVD
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 (2010)
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) DVD [Stained glass window of nude women]
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) DVD
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) DVD
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) DVD
Harsh Times (2006) DVD
Hart's War (2002) DVD [male rear nudity]
Harvest of Fear (2004)
Harvey (1950) DVD
The Harvey Girls (1946) DVD
Hatchet (2007)
The Hate U Give (2018)
The Hateful Eight (2015)
Haunted House (2004)
The Haunted Mansion (2003) DVD [drawing]
The Haunting (1999) DVD
The Haunting of Bly Manor (2020) [TV Mini-Series]
The Haunting of Hill House (2018) [TV Mini-Series]
The Haunting of Molly Hartley (2008) DVD
Hav Plenty (1998)
Haven (2006) [Male rear nudity]
He Named Me Malala (2015)
Head Above Water (1997) DVD
Head Full of Honey (2018)
Head in the Clouds (2004)
Head of State (2003) DVD
Head-On (aka Gegen die Wand) (2005)
Heal the Living (2017)
The Healer (2018)
The Healer (aka Julie Walking Home) (2003)
Heart and Souls
The Heart of Man (2017) DVD
The Heart of Me (2003)
The Heart of the Game (2006) DVD
Heartbreakers [statue]
Hearts Beat Loud (2018)
Hearts In Atlantis (2001) DVD
Heat (1995) DVD
Heat and Dust (1983)
Heaven Bound (2017)
Heavenquest: A Pilgrim's Progress (2020)
Heaven's Prisoners
Heavy Metal (1981) [Animated nudity]
Hector and the Search for Happiness (2014)
Hedwig and the Angry Inch
Heights (2005)
Held Up
Helen of Troy (2003)
Heleno (2012)
Hell Fest (2018)
Hell Ride (2008)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) DVD [Statues]
Hellboy (2004) DVD
Hellcats of the Navy
Hellfire (aka Blood Song; Last Resurrection; The Haunted Symphony) (1995)
Hellraiser (1987)
Hellraiser: Bloodline
Hellraiser III
Henchmen (2020)
Henry & June (1990)
Henry Fool
Henry Poole Is Here (2008) DVD
Henry - Portrait of a serial killer
Her Alibi (1989)
Her Smell (2019)
Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005) DVD
Hercules (aka Le fatiche di Ercole) (1959)
Hercules in New York (1970)
Here Comes the Boom (2012) DVD
Here on Earth
The Hero (2017)
Hero (aka Ying Xiong) (2004) [Male rear nudity]
The Hero of Color City (2014)
Hesburgh (2019)
Hey Arnold! The Movie
Hidalgo (2004) DVD
Hidden Figures (2017) DVD
Hide and Seek (2005) DVD
Hideous Kinky
The Hiding Place (1975)
High and Low (aka Tengoku to jigoku) (1963)
High Crimes (2002)
High Noon (1952) DVD
High School High
High School Musical (2006)
High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) DVD
High Strung (2016)
High Strung Free Dance (2019)
High Tension (2005)
Highlander 2: The Quickening
Highlander 3: Endgame
Highlander 4: The Final Dimension
Highwaymen (2004) DVD
Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016)
The Hills Have Eyes (2006) DVD
The Hills Have Eyes II (2007)
The Hillside Strangler (2004)
Hillsong: Let Hope Rise (2016)
The Hi-Lo Country
His Girl Friday (1940) DVD
The History Boys (2006) DVD
Hit & Run (2012)
Hitch (2005) DVD
Hitchcock/Truffaut (2015)
The Hitcher (2007)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005) DVD
The Hitman's Bodyguard (2017) DVD
The Hoax (2007)
Hochelaga, Land of Souls (aka Hochelaga, Terre des Âmes) (2017)
Hockney (2016)
Hocus Pocus (1993)
The Hole in the Ground (2019)
Holes (2003) DVD
The Holiday (2006) DVD
Holiday in the Wild (2019)
Holiday Inn (1942) DVD
The Hollars (2016)
Hollow Man (2000)
Hollywood Ending
Hollywood Homicide (2003) DVD
Holmes & Watson (2018)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
The Holy Girl (aka La Nina Santa) (2005)
The Holy Mountain (aka The Sacred Mountain) (1973)
Holy Smoke!
Home Again (2017) DVD
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
A Home at the End of the World (2004)
Home Fries (1998) DVD
A Home of Our Own
Home of the Brave (2006) [Drawings]
Home on the Range (2004) DVD
The Homesman (2014)
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey (1993)
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco (1996)
An Honest Liar (2014)
Honey (2003) DVD
Honey Boy (2019)
Honey, I Blew Up the Kid (1992)
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989) DVD
Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves (1997)
Honeydripper (2007) DVD
Honeymoon in Vegas [male rear nudity]
The Honeymooners (2005)
Honor Diaries (2014)
Hoodwinked (2006) DVD
Hooking Up (2020)
Hooligans (aka Green Street Hooligans) (2005)
Hoosiers (1986) DVD
Hoot (2006) DVD
Hope Floats (1998) DVD
Hope Springs (2003) DVD
Horn of Plenty (aka El Cuerno De La Abundancia) (2008)
The Hornet's Nest (2014)
Horns (2014)
Horse Girl (2020)
The Horseman on the Roof (1995)
Horton Hears a Who! (2008) DVD
The Host (2013) [Male rear nudity]
The Host (aka Gwoemul) (2007) DVD
Hostage (2005) DVD
Hostage (aka Junction) (2012)
Hostiles (2018) DVD
The Hot Chick [male rear nudity]
Hot Fuzz (2007) DVD
Hot Pursuit (1987) [Male rear nudity]
Hot Pursuit (2015)
Hot Rod (2007) DVD
Hot Shots: Part Deux [male rear nudity]
Hot Tub Time Machine 2 (2014)
Hotel Artemis (2018)
Hotel Atlântico (2009)
Hotel de Love
Hotel Mumbai (2019)
Hotel Transylvania (2012) DVD
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
The Hottie & the Nottie (2008) DVD
Hounddog (2008) [Male rear nudity]
The House (2017)
House Arrest
The House Bunny (2008)
House of D (2005) DVD
House of Flying Daggers (aka Shi Mian Mai Fu) (2004) DVD
House of Fools (aka Dom Durakov) (2003)
House of Games (1987)
The House of Mirth [statue]
House of 1,000 Corpses (2003)
House of Sand (aka Casa de Areia) (2006)
House of Sand and Fog (2003)
The House of Spirits
House of the Dead 2: Dead Aim (2005)
House of Wax (2005) DVD [Bare breast on wax figure]
House of Yes (1997) DVD
A House on the Hills
The House that Jack Built (2018)
The House with a Clock in Its Walls (2018)
Houseguest (1995) DVD
Hover (2018)
How She Move (2008) DVD
How the Garcia Girls Spent Their Summer (2008)
How to Be a Latin Lover (2017)
How to be Single (2016)
How to Eat Fried Worms (2006)
How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003) DVD
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) DVD
How to Steal a Million (1966)
How to Talk to Girls at Parties (2018) [Nude Drawings]
How to Train Your Dragon (2010) DVD
Howard Stern's Private Parts
Howl's Moving Castle (aka Hauru no ugoku shiro) (2005) DVD [Cartoon male rear nudity]
Hudson Hawk (1991) DVD
The Hudsucker Proxy
Huevos: Little Rooster's Egg-cellent Adventure (2015)
Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel (2010)
Hugo (2011)
The Hulk [male rear nudity]
The Human Stain (2003)
Humboldt County (2008) [Male rear nudity]
The Hummingbird Project (2019)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) DVD
The Hundred-Foot Journey (aka The Hundred Foot Journey) (2014) DVD
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 (2014)
The Hunt for Red October (1990) DVD
Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016) DVD
The Hunted (2003) DVD
Hunter Killer (2018)
The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016)
Hurlyburly [male rear nudity]
The Hurricanes [male rear nudity]
The Hurricane Heist (2018) DVD
Husbands and Wives (1992)
Hustle & Flow (2005)
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Welcome. Sit back and enjoy the trip down memory lane.
My Shepparton
Lost Shepparton
Lost Shepp Shop
Show Me Shepparton
Ducat's Currency
List Ducats Business
GMV 6 - WIN TV
GMV 6 made its official debut on Saturday, 23 December 1961 – only two weeks after the launch of Australia’s first regional television station, GLV10 Gippsland, and on the same day as another station, BCV8 Bendigo.
GMV6’s opening night kicked off at 6.00pm with Personalities Parade, a 15-minute segment featuring some of the channel’s new stars including local presenters Nancy Cato (who went on to national fame as the presenter of The Magic Circle Club and Adventure Island) and Jim Lilburne and national stars Bobby Limb and Dawn Lake.
US shows Robin Hood, Father Knows Bestand Sea Hunt occupied the next couple of hours along with the channel’s first news bulletin before the station was officially opened just after 8.00pm by Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen.
The opening night entertainment continued with the BP Super Show, the movie Random Harvest and then a late news update before the epilogue and sign-off for the night.
At the time of its launch GMV6 had a staff of 19 and broadcast for around 32 hours a week.
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the launch of the station a staff reunion was planned for any employees of the channel between 1961 and 1989 – when GMV6’s local call-sign, identity and production was being phased out to become part of the VIC TV network, based in Ballarat, in the lead up to the aggregation of regional television markets in Victoria in 1992.
In October 1994, VIC TV was bought out by the NSW-based WIN television network. Last year WIN vacated the building premises – in Wyndham Street, Shepparton – that had housed WIN and its predecessors since 1961. A few months ago the building was demolished and a new digital broadcast facility for the network will be built on the site.
A reunion dinner was held at the Shepparton RSL in 2011 and was compered by former GMV6 personalities Chris Eddy and Jan Deane. The night included a display of memorabilia and video presentations.
(Source - Television.AU)
Extra Content (for Patrons)
Joey the Clown/Wally McQuaker
Nancy Cato
Jan Dean
Chris Eddy
See more by clicking on the following links:
GMV Juniors and Joey the Clown
Can you help us name the presenter and 50 of the Juniors?
13.
Maude St Mall Opening 1989
Peko Panda GMV 6
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Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW)
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW)
The table to the right includes counts of all research outputs for Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) published between 1 October 2019 - 30 September 2020 which are tracked by the Nature Index.
Life Sciences 75 13.13
Chemistry 19 4.03
Physical Sciences 176 19.18
Earth & Environmental Sciences 15 1.31
Nightside condensation of iron in an ultrahot giant exoplanet
A remnant planetary core in the hot-Neptune desert
Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2.
On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
Identification of ALK in Thinness
International vs. domestic collaboration by Share
15.66% Domestic
84.34% International
Note: Hover over the graph to view the percentage of collaboration.
Top 10 domestic collaborators by Share (30 total)
Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Austria
Domestic institution
Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Austria (18.84)
University of Vienna, Austria (15.19)
University of Innsbruck (LFU), Austria (13.73)
Medical University of Vienna (MUW), Austria (13.11)
Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria (10.10)
Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Austria (3.61)
Ludwig Boltzmann Institutes (LBG), Austria (1.46)
Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria (1.36)
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (VUM), Austria (1.29)
University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien (UAS Technikum Wien), Austria (1.19)
Top 10 international collaborators by Share (1121 total)
Foreign institution
National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Italy (8.16)
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Germany (7.96)
Max Planck Society, Germany (6.94)
Harvard University, United States of America (USA) (5.03)
French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France (4.92)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland (4.70)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China (3.93)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) (3.23)
University of Bristol (UoB), United Kingdom (UK) (2.82)
Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), Hungary (2.73)
Note: Collaboration is determined by the fractional count (Share), which is listed in parentheses.
Acoustics Research Institute (ISF), ÖAW
Center for Geosciences (GWZ), ÖAW
Commission for Astronomy, ÖAW
Commission for the Palaeontological and Stratigraphical Research of Austria (CPSA), ÖAW
Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science (ESI), ÖAW
Institute for High Energy Physics (HEPHY), ÖAW
Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research (IGF), ÖAW
Institute for Medieval Research, ÖAW
Division of Byzantine Research, ÖAW
Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA), ÖAW
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), ÖAW
Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research (IBN), ÖAW
Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM), ÖAW
Prehistoric Commission, ÖAW
Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM), ÖAW
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Chemical Epigenetics and Antiinfectives, ÖAW
Platform Austria for Chemical Biology (PLACEBO), ÖAW
Space Research Institute (IWF), ÖAW
Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics (SMI), ÖAW
Vienna Institute of Demography (VID), ÖAW
Affiliated joint institutions and consortia
EUROfusion Consortium, Germany
European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), France
Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA), Austria
Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI), Austria
Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austria
NA48/2, Switzerland
Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Austria
Bendy batteries get a boost
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
Squeezing water
Autism drug shows promise
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Featured | Movie News
Jumanji 3 Cast, Release Date, Plot, News and Everything You Need to Know
ByMovienewz January 6, 2019 January 7, 2019
Jumanji 3 Plot: The Game Is Not Over
The success of ‘Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle’ assured that a sequel was all but guaranteed. In Sony Picture’s hit action-comedy, four teenagers are sucked into an adventure role-playing video game called Jumanji, and discover that they will have to work together and overcome their difference in order to escape the game. The Jumanji 3 plot being written by Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner is said to connect more to ‘Welcome to the Jungle’ than it will to its board game-themed original ‘Jumanji’ (1995) that starred the late Robin Williams, Kirsten Dunst, Bradley Pierce and Bonnie Hunt, says ‘Welcome to the Jungle’ director Jake Kasdan.
Jumanji 3: The Next Level
Even though the third film will be much more connected to ‘Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle’ than to ‘Jumanji’ (1995), ‘Jumanji 3’ will strive to follow the continuity laid out in the original film, confirms Kasdan. This means not only can we expect ‘Jumanji 3’ to level up the action and comedy, but it will continue to pay tribute to the ’90s cult classic that started it all.
Kasdan explains, “Our hope is to keep a long continuity through the whole thing, even though the story that we’re telling in the second movie, the movie that we’re working on right now is much more connected to the first movie that I made a year ago than it is to the original. We love the idea of keeping all of this together and connected in some way or another,” Kasdan told SlashFilm.
Jumanji 3 Cast: Who is Joining the Sequel?
January 4, 2019 | Variety
Following the news that Awkwafina is joining the returning ensemble, Sony Pictures has now tapped Danny DeVito to join the cast of the sequel to its hit “Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.”DeVito will join returning cast members Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Jack Black, and Karen Gillan, with Jake Kasdan coming back as director.”The magic of ‘Jumanji’ is who becomes who. And the idea of Danny DeVito joining our cast was too irresistible and something we knew we wanted to deliver to our audience this upcoming Christmas. Dwanta Claus loves everyone,” Johnson said.
See full article at Variety
January 3, 2019 | Deadline
Actress-rapper Awkwafina is in final negotiations to join Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black, Kevin Hart and Karen Gillan in the sequel to Sony’s 2017 blockbuster Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, which has Jake Kasdan returning as director.The Jumanji reboot became one of Sony’s top-earning films, grossing $943M at the global box office, saecond only to Skyfall’s $1.1 billion.No word on who Awkwafina is playing, though the role is said to be significant.Plot details for the next installment also are being kept under wraps. Kasdan, Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner wrote the script, while Matt Tolmach, Seven Bucks and Kasdan are once again producing the film, slated to hit theaters in December.
See full article at Deadline
Jumanji 3 Release Date Announced
Dwayne Johnson has announced the Jumanji 3 release date on Instagram. The action star revealed the ‘Jumanji’ sequel will hit theaters on December 13, 2019.
Last month, Sony Pictures Entertainment signed a deal with Korean exhibition innovator CJ 4DPLEX to release the studios biggest titles, including ‘Jumanji 3’ in the immersive 4DX theater format which enhances the movie experience with moving seats, scents, wind, water and more.
‘Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle’ was a critical and box office success, earning close to $1 billion worldwide.
Jumanji 3 Trailer: Official Release Date Announcement
Post Tags: #Dwayne Johnson#Jack Black#Jumanji#Jumanji 3#Kevin Hart
Featured | Movie Trailers
Toy Story 4 Teaser Trailer Introduces New Character
A road trip adventure alongside old and new friends will show Woody how big the world can be for a toy.
Blu-ray & DVD News | Featured
Black Panther Blu-ray, 4K UHD and Digital Details
Disney has officially announced Marvel’s Black Panther will be release on 4K Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD and Digital.
Video: Zack Snyder Teases Batman Vs. Superman Details
Director Zack Snyder revealed a few details about his upcoming Man of Steel sequel during a Yahoo! live event promoting the Blu-ray release of his summer blockbuster. Snyder hinted that…
Chloe Moretz to Headline Universal’s Live-Action The Little Mermaid
Chloe Grace Moretz is set to play the title character in Working Title and Universal’s The Little Mermaid.
Hellboy’s New Red Band Trailer Arrives
Watch the new Hellboy red band trailer, starring David Harbour, Milla Jovovich and Ian McShane.
Film | Movie News
Watch the trailer for Star Wars: The Last Jedi, starring Daisy Ridley, Mark Hamill and Adam Driver.
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Abbot-Smith, K., & Kidd, E. (2012). Exemplar learning and schematization in language development. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (2nd. ed., pp. 1200-1202). Berlin: Springer.
Andics, A. (2012). The semantic role of agentive control in Hungarian placement events. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 183-200). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper explores the role of various types of location control in descriptions of placement events in Hungarian. It will be shown that general verb choices cannot be explained in terms of spatial relations (such as containment and support) or spatial relational changes (such as joining and separation). On the contrary, all main verb distinctions within the placement domain can be described in terms of agentive control settings between the Figure and agentive entities (e.g., the Agent, other persons). In Hungarian, only events with continuous agentive control along the motion trajectory are described as either ‘putting’ or ‘taking’, and only events where the Figure is furthermore controlled by a non-agentive entity at the Goal are described as ‘putting’.
Baggio, G., Van Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort, P. (2012). Language, linguistics and cognition. In R. Kempson, T. Fernando, & N. Asher (Eds.), Philosophy of linguistics (pp. 325-356). Amsterdam: North Holland.
This chapter provides a partial overview of some currently debated issues in the cognitive science of language. We distinguish two families of problems, which we refer to as ‘language and cognition’ and ‘linguistics and cognition’. Under the first heading we present and discuss the hypothesis that language, in particular the semantics of tense and aspect, is grounded in the planning system. We emphasize the role of non-monotonic inference during language comprehension. We look at the converse issue of the role of linguistic interpretation in reasoning tasks. Under the second heading we investigate the two foremost assumptions of current linguistic methodology, namely intuitions as the only adequate empirical basis of theories of meaning and grammar and the competence-performance distinction, arguing that these are among the heaviest burdens for a truly comprehensive approach to language. Marr’s three-level scheme is proposed as an alternative methodological framework, which we apply in a review of two ERP studies on semantic processing, to the ‘binding problem’ for language, and in a conclusive set of remarks on relating theories in the cognitive science of language.
Baggio, G., Van Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort, P. (2012). The processing consequences of compositionality. In M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality (pp. 655-672). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bastiaansen, M. C. M., Mazaheri, A., & Jensen, O. (2012). Beyond ERPs: Oscillatory neuronal dynamics. In S. J. Luck, & E. S. Kappenman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of event-related potential components (pp. 31-50). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bauer, B. L. M. (2012). Chronologie et rythme du changement linguistique: Syntaxe vs. morphologie. In O. Spevak, & A. Christol (Eds.), Les évolutions du latin (pp. 45-65). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Berthele, R. (2012). On the use of PUT Verbs by multilingual speakers of Romansh. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 145-166). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
In this chapter, the multilingual systems of bilingual speakers of Sursilvan Romansh and German are analyzed. The Romansh and the German systems show important differences in the domain of placement. Romansh has a fairly general verb metter ‘to put’ whereas German uses different verbs (e.g., setzen ‘to set’, legen ‘to lay’, stellen ‘to stand’). Whereas there are almost no traces of German in the Romansh data elicited from the German-Romansh bilinguals, it appears that their production of German yields uses of the verbs which differ from the typical German system. Although the forms of the German verbs have been acquired by the bilingual speakers, their distribution in the data arguably reflects traces of the Romansh category of metter ‘to put’.
Bramão, I., Faísca, L., Petersson, K. M., & Reis, A. (2012). The contribution of color to object recognition. In I. Kypraios (Ed.), Advances in object recognition systems (pp. 73-88). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-object-recognition-systems/the-contribution-of-color-in-object-recognition.
The cognitive processes involved in object recognition remain a mystery to the cognitive sciences. We know that the visual system recognizes objects via multiple features, including shape, color, texture, and motion characteristics. However, the way these features are combined to recognize objects is still an open question. The purpose of this contribution is to review the research about the specific role of color information in object recognition. Given that the human brain incorporates specialized mechanisms to handle color perception in the visual environment, it is a fair question to ask what functional role color might play in everyday vision.
Braun, B., & Chen, A. (2012). Now for something completely different: Anticipatory effects of intonation. In O. Niebuhr (Ed.), Understanding prosody: The role of context, function and communication (pp. 289-311). Berlin: de Gruyter.
INTRODUCTION It is nowadays well established that spoken sentence processing is achieved in an incremental manner. As a sentence unfolds over time, listeners rapidly process incoming information to eliminate local ambiguity and make predictions on the most plausible interpretation of the sentence. Previous research has shown that these predictions are based on all kinds of linguistic information, explicitly or implicitly in combination with world knowledge.1 A substantial amount of evidence comes from studies on online referential processing conducted in the visual-world paradigm (Cooper 1974; Eberhard, Spivey-Knowlton, Sedivy, and Tanenhaus 1995; Tanenhaus, Sedivy- Knowlton, Eberhard, and Sedivy 1995; Sedivy, Tanenhaus, Chambers, Carlson 1999).
Brown, P. (2012). To ‘put’ or to ‘take’? Verb semantics in Tzeltal placement and removal expressions. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 55-78). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper examines the verbs and other spatial vocabulary used for describing events of ‘putting’ and ‘taking’ in Tzeltal (Mayan). I discuss the semantics of different ‘put’ and ‘take’ verbs, the constructions they occur in, and the extensional patterns of verbs used in ‘put’ (Goal-oriented) vs. ‘take’ (Source-oriented) descriptions. A relatively limited role for semantically general verbs was found. Instead, Tzeltal is a ‘multiverb language’ with many different verbs usable to predicate ‘put’ and ‘take’ events, with verb choice largely determined by the shape, orientation, and resulting disposition of the Figure and Ground objects. The asymmetry that has been observed in other languages, with Goal-oriented ‘put’ verbs more finely distinguished lexically than Source-oriented ‘take’ verbs, is also apparent in Tzeltal.
Burenhult, N. (2012). The linguistic encoding of placement and removal events in Jahai. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 21-36). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper explores the linguistic encoding of placement and removal events in Jahai (Austroasiatic, Malay Peninsula) on the basis of descriptions from a video elicitation task. It outlines the structural characteristics of the descriptions and isolates semantically a set of situation types that find expression in lexical opposites: (1) putting/taking, (2) inserting/extracting, (3) dressing/undressing, and (4) placing/removing one’s body parts. All involve deliberate and controlled placing/removing of a solid Figure object in relation to a Ground which is not a human recipient. However, they differ as to the identity of and physical relationship between Figure and Ground. The data also provide evidence of variation in how semantic roles are mapped onto syntactic constituents: in most situation types, Agent, Figure and Ground associate with particular constituent NPs, but some placement events are described with semantically specialised verbs encoding the Figure and even the Ground.
Carroll, M., & Flecken, M. (2012). Language production under time pressure: insights into grammaticalisation of aspect (Dutch, Italian) and language processing in bilinguals (Dutch, German). In B. Ahrenholz (Ed.), Einblicke in die Zweitspracherwerbsforschung und Ihre methodischen Verfahren (pp. 49-76). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Casasanto, D. (2012). Whorfian hypothesis. In J. L. Jackson, Jr. (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies Online: Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0058.
Introduction The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (a.k.a. the Whorfian hypothesis) concerns the relationship between language and thought. Neither the anthropological linguist Edward Sapir (b. 1884–d. 1939) nor his student Benjamin Whorf (b. 1897–d. 1941) ever formally stated any single hypothesis about the influence of language on nonlinguistic cognition and perception. On the basis of their writings, however, two proposals emerged, generating decades of controversy among anthropologists, linguists, philosophers, and psychologists. According to the more radical proposal, linguistic determinism, the languages that people speak rigidly determine the way they perceive and understand the world. On the more moderate proposal, linguistic relativity, habits of using language influence habits of thinking. As a result, people who speak different languages think differently in predictable ways. During the latter half of the 20th century, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was widely regarded as false. Around the turn of the 21st century, however, experimental evidence reopened debate about the extent to which language shapes nonlinguistic cognition and perception. Scientific tests of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity help to clarify what is universal in the human mind and what depends on the particulars of people’s physical and social experience. General Overviews and Foundational Texts Writing on the relationship between language and thought predates Sapir and Whorf, and extends beyond the academy. The 19th-century German philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt argued that language constrains people’s worldview, foreshadowing the idea of linguistic determinism later articulated in Sapir 1929 and Whorf 1956 (Humboldt 1988). The intuition that language radically determines thought has been explored in works of fiction such as Orwell’s dystopian fantasy 1984 (Orwell 1949). Although there is little empirical support for radical linguistic determinism, more moderate forms of linguistic relativity continue to generate influential research, reviewed from an anthropologist’s perspective in Lucy 1997, from a psychologist’s perspective in Hunt and Agnoli 1991, and discussed from multidisciplinary perspectives in Gumperz and Levinson 1996 and Gentner and Goldin-Meadow 2003.
Chen, J. (2012). “She from bookshelf take-descend-come the box”: Encoding and categorizing placement events in Mandarin. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 37-54). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper investigates the lexical semantics of placement verbs in Mandarin. The majority of Mandarin placement verbs are directional verb compounds (e.g., na2-xia4-lai2 ‘take-descend-come’). They are composed of two or three verbs in a fixed order, each encoding certain semantic components of placement events. The first verb usually conveys object manipulation and the second and the third verbs indicate the Path of motion, including Deixis. The first verb, typically encoding object manipulation, can be semantically general or specific: two general verbs, fang4 ‘put’ and na2 ‘take’, have large but constrained extensional categories, and a number of specific verbs are used based on the Manner of manipulation of the Figure object, the relationship between and the physical properties of Figure and Ground, intentionality of the Agent, and the type of instrument.
Chen, A. (2012). Shaping the intonation of Wh-questions: Information structure and beyond. In J. P. de Ruiter (Ed.), Questions: Formal, functional and interactional perspectives (pp. 146-164). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Chen, A. (2012). The prosodic investigation of information structure. In M. Krifka, & R. Musan (Eds.), The expression of information structure (pp. 249-286). Berlin: de Gruyter.
Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2012). The role of spontaneous gestures in spatial problem solving. In E. Efthimiou, G. Kouroupetroglou, & S.-E. Fotinea (Eds.), Gesture and sign language in human-computer interaction and embodied communication: 9th International Gesture Workshop, GW 2011, Athens, Greece, May 25-27, 2011, revised selected papers (pp. 57-68). Heidelberg: Springer.
When solving spatial problems, people often spontaneously produce hand gestures. Recent research has shown that our knowledge is shaped by the interaction between our body and the environment. In this article, we review and discuss evidence on: 1) how spontaneous gesture can reveal the development of problem solving strategies when people solve spatial problems; 2) whether producing gestures can enhance spatial problem solving performance. We argue that when solving novel spatial problems, adults go through deagentivization and internalization processes, which are analogous to young children’s cognitive development processes. Furthermore, gesture enhances spatial problem solving performance. The beneficial effect of gesturing can be extended to non-gesturing trials and can be generalized to a different spatial task that shares similar spatial transformation processes.
Crasborn, O., & Windhouwer, M. (2012). ISOcat data categories for signed language resources. In E. Efthimiou, G. Kouroupetroglou, & S.-E. Fotinea (Eds.), Gesture and sign language in human-computer interaction and embodied communication: 9th International Gesture Workshop, GW 2011, Athens, Greece, May 25-27, 2011, revised selected papers (pp. 118-128). Heidelberg: Springer.
As the creation of signed language resources is gaining speed world-wide, the need for standards in this field becomes more acute. This paper discusses the state of the field of signed language resources, their metadata descriptions, and annotations that are typically made. It then describes the role that ISOcat may play in this process and how it can stimulate standardisation without imposing standards. Finally, it makes some initial proposals for the thematic domain ‘sign language’ that was introduced in 2011.
Cronin, K. A. (2012). Cognitive aspects of prosocial behavior in nonhuman primates. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. Part 3 (2nd ed., pp. 581-583). Berlin: Springer.
Definition Prosocial behavior is any behavior performed by one individual that results in a benefit for another individual. Prosocial motivations, prosocial preferences, or other-regarding preferences refer to the psychological predisposition to behave in the best interest of another individual. A behavior need not be costly to the actor to be considered prosocial, thus the concept is distinct from altruistic behavior which requires that the actor incurs some cost when providing a benefit to another.
Cutfield, S. (2012). Principles of Dalabon plant and animal names and classification. In D. Bordulk, N. Dalak, M. Tukumba, L. Bennett, R. Bordro Tingey, M. Katherine, S. Cutfield, M. Pamkal, & G. Wightman (Eds.), Dalabon plants and animals: Aboriginal biocultural knowledge from Southern Arnhem Land, North Australia (pp. 11-12). Palmerston, NT, Australia: Department of Land and Resource Management, Northern Territory.
Dimroth, C., & Narasimhan, B. (2012). The acquisition of information structure. In M. Krifka, & R. Musan (Eds.), The expression of information structure (pp. 319-362). Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin.
Dimroth, C., & Haberzettl, S. (2012). The older the better, or more is more: Language acquisition in childhood. In M. Watorek, S. Benazzo, & M. Hickmann (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on language acquisition: A tribute to Clive Perdue (pp. 324-349). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Dingemanse, M. (2012). Kleurt taal je wereldbeeld? Over de relatie tussen taal en denken. In M. Boogaard, & M. Jansen (Eds.), Alles wat je altijd al had willen weten over taal: De taalcanon (pp. 209-211). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
Mensen groeien op in verschillende omgevingen, met verschillende ervaringen en verschillende talen. Betekent dat ook dat ze verschillend denken? En als er invloed is van taal op denken, hoe ver reikt die dan? Wordt ons denken begrensd door woorden, of is de invloed meer gematigd en kunnen we er soms zelfs aan ontkomen?
Drude, S. (2012). Prospects for e-grammars and endangered languages corpora. In F. Seifart, G. Haig, N. P. Himmelmann, D. Jung, A. Margetts, & P. Trilsbeek (Eds.), Potentials of language documentation: Methods, analyses, and utilization (pp. 7-16). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
This contribution explores the potentials of combining corpora of language use data with language description in e-grammars (or digital grammars). We present three directions of ongoing research and discuss the advantages of combining these and similar approaches, arguing that the technological possibilities have barely begun to be explored.
Eisner, F. (2012). Perceptual learning in speech. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. Part 16 (2nd. ed., pp. 2583-2584). Berlin: Springer.
Definition Perceptual learning in speech describes a change in the mapping from acoustic cues in the speech signal to abstract linguistic representations. Learning leads to a lasting benefit to the listener by improving speech comprehension. The change can occur as a response to a specific feature (such as a talker- or accent idiosyncrasy) or to a global degradation of the signal (such as in synthesized or compressed speech). In perceptual learning, a top-down process is involved in causing the change, whereas purely bottom-up, signal-driven phenomena are considered to be adaptation.
Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., & De Ruiter, J. (2012). Epistemic dimensions of polar questions: Sentence-final particles in comparative perspective. In J. P. De Ruiter (Ed.), Questions: Formal, functional and interactional perspectives (pp. 193-221). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ernestus, M. (2012). Segmental within-speaker variation. In A. C. Cohn, C. Fougeron, & M. K. Huffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology (pp. 93-102). New York: Oxford University Press.
Gaby, A. (2012). The Thaayorre lexicon of putting and taking. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 233-252). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper investigates the lexical semantics and relative distributions of verbs describing putting and taking events in Kuuk Thaayorre, a Pama-Nyungan language of Cape York (Australia). Thaayorre put/take verbs can be subcategorised according to whether they may combine with an NP encoding a goal, an NP encoding a source, or both. Goal NPs are far more frequent in natural discourse: initial analysis shows 85% of goal-oriented verb tokens to be accompanied by a goal NP, while only 31% of source-oriented verb tokens were accompanied by a source. This finding adds weight to Ikegami’s (1987) assertion of the conceptual primacy of goals over sources, reflected in a cross-linguistic dissymmetry whereby goal-marking is less marked and more widely used than source-marking.
Gullberg, M., & Burenhult, N. (2012). Probing the linguistic encoding of placement and removal events in Swedish. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 167-182). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper explores the linguistic encoding of placement and removal events in Swedish. Drawing on elicited spoken data, it provides a unified approach to caused motion descriptions. The results show uniform syntactic behaviour of placement and removal descriptions and a consistent asymmetry between placement and removal in the semantic specificity of verbs. The results also reveal three further semantic patterns, pertaining to the nature of the relationship between Figure and Ground, that appear to account for how these event types are characterised, viz. whether the Ground is represented by a body part of the Agent; whether the Figure is contained within the Ground; or whether it is supported by the Ground.
Hagoort, P. (2012). From ants to music and language [Preface]. In A. D. Patel, Music, language, and the brain [Chinese translation] (pp. 9-10). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press Ltd.
Hallé, P., & Cristia, A. (2012). Global and detailed speech representations in early language acquisition. In S. Fuchs, M. Weirich, D. Pape, & P. Perrier (Eds.), Speech planning and dynamics (pp. 11-38). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
We review data and hypotheses dealing with the mental representations for perceived and produced speech that infants build and use over the course of learning a language. In the early stages of speech perception and vocal production, before the emergence of a receptive or a productive lexicon, the dominant picture emerging from the literature suggests rather non-analytic representations based on units of the size of the syllable: Young children seem to parse speech into syllable-sized units in spite of their ability to detect sound equivalence based on shared phonetic features. Once a productive lexicon has emerged, word form representations are initially rather underspecified phonetically but gradually become more specified with lexical growth, up to the phoneme level. The situation is different for the receptive lexicon, in which phonetic specification for consonants and vowels seem to follow different developmental paths. Consonants in stressed syllables are somewhat well specified already at the first signs of a receptive lexicon, and become even better specified with lexical growth. Vowels seem to follow a different developmental path, with increasing flexibility throughout lexical development. Thus, children come to exhibit a consonant vowel asymmetry in lexical representations, which is clear in adult representations.
Hammarström, H. (2012). A full-scale test of the language farming dispersal hypothesis. In S. Wichmann, & A. P. Grant (Eds.), Quantitative approaches to linguistic diversity: Commemorating the centenary of the birth of Morris Swadesh (pp. 7-22). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Originally published in Diachronica 27:2 (2010) One attempt at explaining why some language families are large (while others are small) is the hypothesis that the families that are now large became large because their ancestral speakers had a technological advantage, most often agriculture. Variants of this idea are referred to as the Language Farming Dispersal Hypothesis. Previously, detailed language family studies have uncovered various supporting examples and counterexamples to this idea. In the present paper I weigh the evidence from ALL attested language families. For each family, I use the number of member languages as a measure of cardinal size, member language coordinates to measure geospatial size and ethnographic evidence to assess subsistence status. This data shows that, although agricultural families tend to be larger in cardinal size, their size is hardly due to the simple presence of farming. If farming were responsible for language family expansions, we would expect a greater east-west geospatial spread of large families than is actually observed. The data, however, is compatible with weaker versions of the farming dispersal hypothesis as well with models where large families acquire farming because of their size, rather than the other way around.
Hammarström, H., & Nordhoff, S. (2012). The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage. In N. Evans, & M. Klamer (Eds.), Melanesian languages on the edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century (pp. 13-33). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4559.
hammarström_2012_appendix.pdf
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, I. (2012). Placement and removal events in Basque and Spanish. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 123-144). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper examines how placement and removal events are lexicalised and conceptualised in Basque and Peninsular Spanish. After a brief description of the main linguistic devices employed for the coding of these types of events, the paper discusses how speakers of the two languages choose to talk about these events. Finally, the paper focuses on two aspects that seem to be crucial in the description of these events (1) the role of force dynamics: both languages distinguish between different degrees of force, causality, and intentionality, and (2) the influence of the verb-framed lexicalisation pattern. Data come from six Basque and ten Peninsular Spanish native speakers.
Indefrey, P. (2012). Hemodynamic studies of syntactic processing. In M. Faust (Ed.), Handbook of the neuropsychology of language. Volume 1: Language processing in the brain: Basic science (pp. 209-228). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Irizarri van Suchtelen, P. (2012). Dative constructions in the Spanish of heritage speakers in the Netherlands. In Z. Wąsik, & P. P. Chruszczewski (Eds.), Languages in contact 2011 (pp. 103-118). Wrocław: Philological School of Higher Education in Wrocław Publishing.
Spanish can use dative as well as non-dative strategies to encode Possessors, Human Sources, Interestees (datives of interest) and Experiencers. In Dutch this optionality is virtually absent, restricting dative encoding mainly to the Recipient of a ditransitive. The present study examines whether this may lead to instability of the non-prototypical dative constructions in the Spanish of Dutch-Spanish bilinguals. Elicited data of 12 Chilean heritage informants from the Netherlands were analyzed. Whereas the evidence on the stability of dative Experiencers was not conclusive, the results indicate that the use of prototypical datives, dative External Possessors, dative Human Sources and datives of interest is fairly stable in bilinguals, except for those with limited childhood exposure to Spanish. It is argued that the consistent preference for non-dative strategies of this group was primarily attributable to instability of the dative clitic, which affected all constructions, even the encoding of prototypical indirect objects
Ishibashi, M. (2012). The expression of ‘putting’ and ‘taking’ events in Japanese: The asymmetry of Source and Goal revisited. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 253-272). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This study explores the expression of Source and Goal in describing placement and removal events in adult Japanese. Although placement and removal events a priori represent symmetry regarding the orientation of motion, their (c)overt expressions actually exhibit multiple asymmetries at various structural levels. The results show that the expression of the Source is less frequent than the expression of the Goal, but, if expressed, morphosyntactically more complex, suggesting that ‘taking’ events are more complex than ‘putting’ events in their construal. It is stressed that finer linguistic analysis is necessary before explaining linguistic asymmetries in terms of non-linguistic foundations of spatial language.
Kirschenbaum, A., Wittenburg, P., & Heyer, G. (2012). Unsupervised morphological analysis of small corpora: First experiments with Kilivila. In F. Seifart, G. Haig, N. P. Himmelmann, D. Jung, A. Margetts, & P. Trilsbeek (Eds.), Potentials of language documentation: Methods, analyses, and utilization (pp. 32-38). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Language documentation involves linguistic analysis of the collected material, which is typically done manually. Automatic methods for language processing usually require large corpora. The method presented in this paper uses techniques from bioinformatics and contextual information to morphologically analyze raw text corpora. This paper presents initial results of the method when applied on a small Kilivila corpus.
Klein, W. (2012). Alle zwei Wochen verschwindet eine Sprache. In G. Stock (Ed.), Die Akademie am Gendarmenmarkt 2012/13, Jahresmagazin 2012/13 (pp. 8-13). Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Klein, W. (2012). A way to look at second language acquisition. In M. Watorek, S. Benazzo, & M. Hickmann (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on language acquisition: A tribute to Clive Perdue (pp. 23-36). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Klein, W. (2012). Auf dem Markt der Wissenschaften oder: Weniger wäre mehr. In K. Sonntag (Ed.), Heidelberger Profile. Herausragende Persönlichkeiten berichten über ihre Begegnung mit Heidelberg. (pp. 61-84). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
Klein, W. (2012). Die Sprache der Denker. In J. Voss, & M. Stolleis (Eds.), Fachsprachen und Normalsprache (pp. 49-60). Göttingen: Wallstein.
Klein, W. (2012). Grußworte. In C. Markschies, & E. Osterkamp (Eds.), Vademekum der Inspirationsmittel (pp. 63-65). Göttingen: Wallstein.
Klein, W. (2012). The information structure of French. In M. Krifka, & R. Musan (Eds.), The expression of information structure (pp. 95-126). Berlin: de Gruyter.
Kopecka, A. (2012). Semantic granularity of placement and removal expressions in Polish. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 327-348). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This chapter explores the expression of placement (or Goal-oriented) and removal (or Source-oriented) events by speakers of Polish (a West Slavic language). Its aim is to investigate the hypothesis known as ‘Source/Goal asymmetry’ according to which languages tend to favor the expression of Goals (e.g., into, onto) and to encode them more systematically and in a more fine-grained way than Sources (e.g., from, out of). The study provides both evidence and counter-evidence for Source/Goal asymmetry. On the one hand, it shows that Polish speakers use a greater variety of verbs to convey Manner and/or mode of manipulation in the expression of placement, encoding such events in a more fine-grained manner than removal events. The expression of placement is also characterized by a greater variety of verb prefixes conveying Path and prepositional phrases (including prepositions and case markers) conveying Ground. On the other hand, the study reveals that Polish speakers attend to Sources as often as to Goals, revealing no evidence for an attentional bias toward the endpoints of events.
Kouwenhoven, H., & Van Mulken, M. (2012). The perception of self in L1 and L2 for Dutch-English compound bilinguals. In N. De Jong, K. Juffermans, M. Keijzer, & L. Rasier (Eds.), Papers of the Anéla 2012 Applied Linguistics Conference (pp. 326-335). Delft: Eburon.
Levinson, S. C. (2012). Interrogative intimations: On a possible social economics of interrogatives. In J. P. De Ruiter (Ed.), Questions: Formal, functional and interactional perspectives (pp. 11-32). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (2012). Preface. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. xi-xv). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Levinson, S. C., & Brown, P. (2012). Put and Take in Yélî Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 273-296). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper describes the linguistic treatment of placement events in the Rossel Island (Papua New Guinea) language Yélî Dnye. Yélî Dnye is unusual in treating PUT and TAKE events symmetrically with a remarkable consistency. In what follows, we first provide a brief background for the language, then describe the six core PUT/TAKE verbs that were drawn upon by Yélî Dnye speakers to describe the great majority of the PUT/TAKE stimuli clips, along with some of their grammatical properties. In Section 5 we describe alternative verbs usable in particular circumstances and give an indication of the basis for variability in responses across speakers. Section 6 presents some reasons why the Yélî verb pattern for expressing PUT and TAKE events is of broad interest.
Majid, A. (2012). A guide to stimulus-based elicitation for semantic categories. In N. Thieberger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic fieldwork (pp. 54-71). New York: Oxford University Press.
Marti, M., Alhama, R. G., & Recasens, M. (2012). Los avances tecnológicos y la ciencia del lenguaje. In T. Jiménez Juliá, B. López Meirama, V. Vázquez Rozas, & A. Veiga (Eds.), Cum corde et in nova grammatica. Estudios ofrecidos a Guillermo Rojo (pp. 543-553). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
La ciencia moderna nace de la conjunción entre postulados teóricos y el desarrollo de una infraestructura tecnológica que permite observar los hechos de manera adecuada, realizar experimentos y verificar las hipótesis. Desde Galileo, ciencia y tecnología han avanzado conjuntamente. En el mundo occidental, la ciencia ha evolucionado desde pro-puestas puramente especulativas (basadas en postulados apriorísticos) hasta el uso de métodos experimentales y estadísticos para explicar mejor nuestras observaciones. La tecnología se hermana con la ciencia facilitando al investigador una aproximación adecuada a los hechos que pretende explicar. Así, Galileo, para observar los cuerpos celestes, mejoró el utillaje óptico, lo que le permitió un acercamiento más preciso al objeto de estudio y, en consecuencia, unos fundamentos más sólidos para su propuesta teórica. De modo similar, actualmente el desarrollo tecnológico digital ha posibilitado la extracción masiva de datos y el análisis estadístico de éstos para verificar las hipótesis de partida: la lingüística no ha podido dar el paso desde la pura especulación hacia el análisis estadístico de los hechos hasta la aparición de las tecnologías digitales.
Merolla, D., & Ameka, F. K. (2012). Reflections on video fieldwork: The making of Verba Africana IV on the Ewe Hogbetsotso Festival. In D. Merolla, J. Jansen, & K. Nait-Zerrad (Eds.), Multimedia research and documentation of oral genres in Africa - The step forward (pp. 123-132). Münster: Lit.
Narasimhan, B., Kopecka, A., Bowerman, M., Gullberg, M., & Majid, A. (2012). Putting and taking events: A crosslinguistic perspective. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 1-18). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Narasimhan, B. (2012). Putting and Taking in Tamil and Hindi. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 201-230). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Many languages have general or “light” verbs used by speakers to describe a wide range of situations owing to their relatively schematic meanings, e.g., the English verb do that can be used to describe many different kinds of actions, or the verb put that labels a range of types of placement of objects at locations. Such semantically bleached verbs often become grammaticalized and used to encode an extended (set of) meaning(s), e.g., Tamil veyyii ‘put/place’ is used to encode causative meaning in periphrastic causatives (e.g., okkara veyyii ‘make sit’, nikka veyyii ‘make stand’). But do general verbs in different languages have the same kinds of (schematic) meanings and extensional ranges? Or do they reveal different, perhaps even cross-cutting, ways of structuring the same semantic domain in different languages? These questions require detailed crosslinguistic investigation using comparable methods of eliciting data. The present study is a first step in this direction, and focuses on the use of general verbs to describe events of placement and removal in two South Asian languages, Hindi and Tamil.
Nouaouri, N. (2012). The semantics of placement and removal predicates in Moroccan Arabic. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 99-122). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This article explores the expression of placement and removal events in Moroccan Arabic, particularly the semantic features of ‘putting’ and ‘taking’ verbs, classified in accordance with their combination with Goal and/or Source NPs. Moroccan Arabic verbs encode a variety of components of placement and removal events, including containment, attachment, features of the figure, and trajectory. Furthermore, accidental events are distinguished from deliberate events either by the inherent semantics of predicates or denoted syntactically. The postures of the Figures, in spite of some predicates distinguishing them, are typically not specified as they are in other languages, such as Dutch. Although Ground locations are frequently mentioned in both source-oriented and goal-oriented clauses, they are used more often in goal-oriented clauses.
O’Connor, L. (2012). Take it up, down, and away: Encoding placement and removal in Lowland Chontal. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 297-326). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper offers a structural and semantic analysis of expressions of caused motion in Lowland Chontal of Oaxaca, an indigenous language of southern Mexico. The data were collected using a video stimulus designed to elicit a wide range of caused motion event descriptions. The most frequent event types in the corpus depict caused motion to and from relations of support and containment, fundamental notions in the description of spatial relations between two entities and critical semantic components of the linguistic encoding of caused motion in this language. Formal features of verbal construction type and argument realization are examined by sorting event descriptions into semantic types of placement and removal, to and from support and to and from containment. Together with typological factors that shape the distribution of spatial semantics and referent expression, separate treatments of support and containment relations serve to clarify notable asymmetries in patterns of predicate type and argument realization.
Ozyurek, A. (2012). Gesture. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, & B. Woll (Eds.), Sign language: An international handbook (pp. 626-646). Berlin: Mouton.
Gestures are meaningful movements of the body, the hands, and the face during communication, which accompany the production of both spoken and signed utterances. Recent research has shown that gestures are an integral part of language and that they contribute semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic information to the linguistic utterance. Furthermore, they reveal internal representations of the language user during communication in ways that might not be encoded in the verbal part of the utterance. Firstly, this chapter summarizes research on the role of gesture in spoken languages. Subsequently, it gives an overview of how gestural components might manifest themselves in sign languages, that is, in a situation in which both gesture and sign are expressed by the same articulators. Current studies are discussed that address the question of whether gestural components are the same or different in the two language modalities from a semiotic as well as from a cognitive and processing viewpoint. Understanding the role of gesture in both sign and spoken language contributes to our knowledge of the human language faculty as a multimodal communication system.
Peeters, D., Vanlangendonck, F., & Willems, R. M. (2012). Bestaat er een talenknobbel? Over taal in ons brein. In M. Boogaard, & M. Jansen (Eds.), Alles wat je altijd al had willen weten over taal: De taalcanon (pp. 41-43). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
Wanneer iemand goed is in het spreken van meerdere talen, wordt wel gezegd dat zo iemand een talenknobbel heeft. Iedereen weet dat dat niet letterlijk bedoeld is: iemand met een talenknobbel herkennen we niet aan een grote bult op zijn hoofd. Toch dacht men vroeger wel degelijk dat mensen een letterlijke talenknobbel konden ontwikkelen. Een goed ontwikkeld taalvermogen zou gepaard gaan met het groeien van het hersengebied dat hiervoor verantwoordelijk was. Dit deel van het brein zou zelfs zo groot kunnen worden dat het van binnenuit tegen de schedel drukte, met name rond de ogen. Nu weten we wel beter. Maar waar in het brein bevindt de taal zich dan wel precies?
Perniss, P. M. (2012). Use of sign space. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, & B. Woll (Eds.), Sign Language: an International Handbook (pp. 412-431). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
This chapter focuses on the semantic and pragmatic uses of space. The questions addressed concern how sign space (i.e. the area of space in front of the signer’s body) is used for meaning construction, how locations in sign space are associated with discourse referents, and how signers choose to structure sign space for their communicative intents. The chapter gives an overview of linguistic analyses of the use of space, starting with the distinction between syntactic and topographic uses of space and the different types of signs that function to establish referent-location associations, and moving to analyses based on mental spaces and conceptual blending theories. Semantic-pragmatic conventions for organizing sign space are discussed, as well as spatial devices notable in the visual-spatial modality (particularly, classifier predicates and signing perspective), which influence and determine the way meaning is created in sign space. Finally, the special role of simultaneity in sign languages is discussed, focusing on the semantic and discourse-pragmatic functions of simultaneous constructions.
Petersen, J. H. (2012). How to put and take in Kalasha. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 349-366). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
In Kalasha, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Northwest Pakistan, the linguistic encoding of ‘put’ and ‘take’ events reveals a symmetry between lexical ‘put’ and ‘take’ verbs that implies ‘placement on’ and ‘removal from’ a supporting surface. As regards ‘placement in’ and ‘removal from’ an enclosure, the data reveal a lexical asymmetry as ‘take’ verbs display a larger degree of linguistic elaboration of the Figure-Ground relation and the type of caused motion than ‘put’ verbs. When considering syntactic patterns, more instances of asymmetry between these two event types show up. The analysis presented here supports the proposal that an asymmetry exists in the encoding of goals versus sources as suggested in Nam (2004) and Ikegami (1987), but it calls into question the statement put forward by Regier and Zheng (2007) that endpoints (goals) are more finely differentiated semantically than starting points (sources).
Puccini, D., Hassemer, M., Salomo, D., & Liszkowski, U. (2012). The type of shared activity shapes caregiver and infant communication [Reprint]. In J.-M. Colletta, & M. Guidetti (Eds.), Gesture and multimodal development (pp. 157-174). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
For the beginning language learner, communicative input is not based on linguistic codes alone. This study investigated two extralinguistic factors which are important for infants’ language development: the type of ongoing shared activity and non-verbal, deictic gestures. The natural interactions of 39 caregivers and their 12-month-old infants were recorded in two semi-natural contexts: a free play situation based on action and manipulation of objects, and a situation based on regard of objects, broadly analogous to an exhibit. Results show that the type of shared activity structures both caregivers’ language usage and caregivers’ and infants’ gesture usage. Further, there is a specific pattern with regard to how caregivers integrate speech with particular deictic gesture types. The findings demonstrate a pervasive influence of shared activities on human communication, even before language has emerged. The type of shared activity and caregivers’ systematic integration of specific forms of deictic gestures with language provide infants with a multimodal scaffold for a usage-based acquisition of language.
Rakoczy, H., & Haun, D. B. M. (2012). Vor- und nichtsprachliche Kognition. In W. Schneider, & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Entwicklungspsychologie. 7. vollständig überarbeitete Auflage (pp. 337-362). Weinheim: Beltz Verlag.
Rapold, C. J. (2012). The encoding of placement and removal events in ǂAkhoe Haiǁom. In A. Kopecka, & B. Narasimhan (Eds.), Events of putting and taking: A crosslinguistic perspective (pp. 79-98). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper explores the semantics of placement and removal verbs in Ākhoe Hai om based on event descriptions elicited with a set of video stimuli. After a brief sketch of the morphosyntax of placement/removal constructions in Ākhoe Haiom, four situation types are identified semantically that cover both placement and removal events. The language exhibits a clear tendency to make more fine-grained semantic distinctions in placement verbs, as opposed to semantically more general removal verbs.
Roberts, L. (2012). Sentence and discourse processing in second language comprehension. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1063.
n applied linguistics (AL), researchers have always been concerned with second language (L2) learners' knowledge of the target language (TL), investigating the development of TL grammar, vocabulary, and phonology, for instance.
De Ruiter, J. P., Noordzij, M. L., Newman-Norlund, S., Newman-Norlund, R., Hagoort, P., Levinson, S. C., & Toni, I. (2012). Exploring the cognitive infrastructure of communication. In B. Galantucci, & S. Garrod (Eds.), Experimental Semiotics: Studies on the emergence and evolution of human communication (pp. 51-78). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Human communication is often thought about in terms of transmitted messages in a conventional code like a language. But communication requires a specialized interactive intelligence. Senders have to be able to perform recipient design, while receivers need to be able to do intention recognition, knowing that recipient design has taken place. To study this interactive intelligence in the lab, we developed a new task that taps directly into the underlying abilities to communicate in the absence of a conventional code. We show that subjects are remarkably successful communicators under these conditions, especially when senders get feedback from receivers. Signaling is accomplished by the manner in which an instrumental action is performed, such that instrumentally dysfunctional components of an action are used to convey communicative intentions. The findings have important implications for the nature of the human communicative infrastructure, and the task opens up a line of experimentation on human communication.
Schimke, S., Verhagen, J., & Turco, G. (2012). The different role of additive and negative particles in the development of finiteness in early adult L2 German and L2 Dutch. In M. Watorek, S. Benazzo, & M. Hickmann (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on language acquisition: A tribute to Clive Perdue (pp. 73-91). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Senft, G. (2012). 67 Wörter + 1 Foto für Roland Posner. In E. Fricke, & M. Voss (Eds.), 68 Zeichen für Roland Posner - Ein semiotisches Mosaik / 68 signs for Roland Posner - A semiotic mosaic (pp. 473-474). Tübingen: Stauffenberg Verlag.
Senft, G. (2012). Das Erlernen von Fremdsprachen als Voraussetzung für erfolgreiche Feldforschung. In J. Kruse, S. Bethmann, D. Niermann, & C. Schmieder (Eds.), Qualitative Interviewforschung in und mit fremden Sprachen: Eine Einführung in Theorie und Praxis (pp. 121-135). Weinheim: Beltz Juventa.
Senft, G. (2012). Ethnolinguistik. In B. Beer, & H. Fischer (Eds.), Ethnologie - Einführung und Überblick. 7. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage (pp. 271-286). Berlin: Reimer.
Senft, G. (2012). Referring to colour and taste in Kilivila: Stability and change in two lexical domains of sensual perception. In A. C. Schalley (Ed.), Practical theories and empirical practice (pp. 71-98). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
This chapter first compares data collected on Kilivila colour terms in 1983 with data collected in 2008. The Kilivila lexicon has changed from a typical stage IIIb into a stage VII colour term lexicon (Berlin and Kay 1969). The chapter then compares data on the Kilivila taste vocabulary collected in 1982/83 with data collected in 2008. No substantial change was found. Finally the chapter compares the 2008 results on taste terms with a paper on the taste vocabulary of the Torres Strait Islanders published in 1904 by Charles S. Myers. Kilivila provides evidence that traditional terms used for talking about colour and terms used to refer to tastes have remained relatively stable over time.
Seuren, P. A. M. (2012). Does a leaking O-corner save the square? In J.-Y. Béziau, & D. Jacquette (Eds.), Around and beyond the square of opposition (pp. 129-138). Basel: Springer.
It has been known at least since Abelard (12th century) that the classic Square of Opposition suffers from so-called undue existential import (UEI) in that this system of predicate logic collapses when the class denoted by the restrictor predicate is empty. It is usually thought that this mistake was made by Aristotle himself, but it has now become clear that this is not so: Aristotle did not have the Conversions but only one-way entailments, which ‘saves’ the Square. The error of UEI was introduced by his later commentators, especially Apuleius and Boethius. Abelard restored Aristotle’s original logic. After Abelard, some 14th- and 15th-century philosophers (mainly Buridan and Ockham) meant to save the Square by declaring the O-corner true when the restrictor class is empty. This ‘leaking O-corner analysis’, or LOCA, was taken up again around 1950 by some American philosopher-logicians, who now have a fairly large following. LOCA does indeed save the Square from logical disaster, but modern analysis shows that this makes it impossible to give a uniform semantic definition of the quantifiers, which thus become ambiguous—an intolerable state of affairs in logic. Klima (Ars Artium, Essays in Philosophical Semantics, Medieval and Modern, Institute of Philosophy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1988) and Parsons (in Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.standford.edu/entries/square/, 2006; Logica Univers. 2:3–11, 2008) have tried to circumvent this problem by introducing a ‘zero’ element into the ontology, standing for non-existing entities and yielding falsity when used for variable substitution. LOCA, both without and with the zero element, is critically discussed and rejected on internal logical and external ontological grounds.
Stivers, T. (2012). Language socialization in children’s medical encounters. In A. Duranti, E. Ochs, & B. Schieffelin (Eds.), The handbook of language socialization (pp. 247-268). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Research on child language socialization has its roots in understanding the ways that adults and other caregivers interact with children in mundane social life and how these practices might enculturate the child into local communicative norms and ways of thinking ( Brown 1998 ; Clancy 1999 ; Danziger 1971 ; de León 1998 ; Garrett and Baquedano-López 2002 ; Heath 1983 ; Ochs and Schieffelin 1983, 1984 ). A second primary area of interest has been the effect of different socialization practices on more formal educational settings ( Heath 1983 ; Howard 2004 ; Michaels 1981 ; Moore 2006 , this volume; Philips 1983 ; Rogoff et al. 2003 ). However, as discussed in other contributions to this volume, language socialization extends into many other facets of life. Just as being a member of a cultural group or being a student requires socialization into the associated rights and obligations, so too does the role of medical patient or client. For instance, patients must understand how to explain their problems ( Halkowski 2006 ; Heritage and Robinson 2006 ); what information they should know about their bodies, their treatment, their life, and their medical history; and where to look during examinations ( Heath 1986 ), to name but a few of the norm-governed aspects of medical interaction. Physicians play an important role in a child's socialization into the patient role by providing
Stivers, T., & Rossano, F. (2012). Mobilizing response in interaction: A compositional view of questions. In J. P. De Ruiter (Ed.), Questions: Formal, functional and interactional perspectives (pp. 58-80). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Van Valin Jr., R. D., & Guerrero, L. (2012). De sujetos, pivotes y controladores: El argumento sintácticamente privilegiado. In R. Marial, L. Guerrero, & C. González Vergara (Eds.), El funcionalismo en la teoría lingüística: La gramática del papel y la referencia (pp. 247-267). Madrid: Akal.
Translated and expanded version of 'Privileged syntactic arguments, pivots and controllers
Van Valin Jr., R. D. (2012). Some issues in the linking between syntax and semantics in relative clauses. In B. Comrie, & Z. Estrada-Fernández (Eds.), Relative Clauses in languages of the Americas: A typological overview (pp. 47-64). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Relative clauses present an interesting challenge for theories of the syntaxsemantics interface, because one element functions simultaneously in the matrix and relative clauses. The exact nature of the challenge depends on whether the relative clause is externally-headed or internallyheaded. Standard analyses of relative clauses are grounded in the analysis of Englishtype externally-headed constructions involving a relative pronoun, e.g. The horse which the man bought was a good horse, despite its typological rarity, and such accounts typically involve movement rules, both overt and covert, and phonologically null elements. The analysis of internally-headed relative clauses often involves the positing of an abstract structure including a null external head, with covert movement of the internal head to that position. The purpose of this paper is to show that the essential features of both types of relative clause can be captured in a syntactic theory that eschews movement rules and phonologically null elements, Role and Reference Grammar. It will be argued that a single set of linking principles can handle the syntax-to-semantics linking for both types. Keywords: Externally-headed relative clauses; internally-headed relative clauses; Role and Reference Grammar; linking syntax and semantics
Van Berkum, J. J. A. (2012). The electrophysiology of discourse and conversation. In M. J. Spivey, K. McRae, & M. F. Joanisse (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 589-614). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Introduction: What’s happening in the brains of two people having a conversation? One reasonable guess is that in the fMRI scanner we’d see most of their brains light up. Another is that their EEG will be a total mess, reflecting dozens of interacting neuronal systems. Conversation recruits all of the basic language systems reviewed in this book. It also heavily taxes cognitive systems more likely to be found in handbooks of memory, attention and control, or social cognition (Brownell & Friedman, 2001). With most conversations going beyond the single utterance, for instance, they place a heavy load on episodic memory, as well as on the systems that allow us to reallocate cognitive resources to meet the demands of a dynamically changing situation. Furthermore, conversation is a deeply social and collaborative enterprise (Clark, 1996; this volume), in which interlocutors have to keep track of each others state of mind and coordinate on such things as taking turns, establishing common ground, and the goals of the conversation.
De Vos, C. (2012). Kata Kolok: An updated sociolinguistic profile. In U. Zeshan (Ed.), Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights (pp. 381-386). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
De Vos, C., & Zeshan, U. (2012). Introduction: Demographic, sociocultural, and linguistic variation across rural signing communities. In U. Zeshan, & C. de Vos (Eds.), Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights (pp. 2-23). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
De Vos, C. (2012). The Kata Kolok perfective in child signing: Coordination of manual and non-manual components. In U. Zeshan, & C. De Vos (Eds.), Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights (pp. 127-152). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Weber, A., & Broersma, M. (2012). Spoken word recognition in second language acquisition. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Bognor Regis: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1104.
In order to decode the message of a speaker, listeners have to recognize individual words in the speaker's utterance.
Windhouwer, M., & Wright, S. E. (2012). Linking to linguistic data categories in ISOcat. In C. Chiarcos, S. Nordhoff, & S. Hellmann (Eds.), Linked data in linguistics: Representing and connecting language data and language metadata (pp. 99-107). Berlin: Springer.
ISO Technical Committee 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, established an ISO 12620:2009 based Data Category Registry (DCR), called ISOcat (see http://www.isocat.org), to foster semantic interoperability of linguistic resources. However, this goal can only be met if the data categories are reused by a wide variety of linguistic resource types. A resource indicates its usage of data categories by linking to them. The small DC Reference XML vocabulary is used to embed links to data categories in XML documents. The link is established by an URI, which servers as the Persistent IDentifier (PID) of a data category. This paper discusses the efforts to mimic the same approach for RDF-based resources. It also introduces the RDF quad store based Relation Registry RELcat, which enables ontological relationships between data categories not supported by ISOcat and thus adds an extra level of linguistic knowledge.
Wittenburg, P., Drude, S., & Broeder, D. (2012). Psycholinguistik. In H. Neuroth, S. Strathmann, A. Oßwald, R. Scheffel, J. Klump, & J. Ludwig (Eds.), Langzeitarchivierung von Forschungsdaten. Eine Bestandsaufnahme (pp. 83-108). Boizenburg: Verlag Werner Hülsbusch.
5.1 Einführung in den Forschungsbereich Die Psycholinguistik ist der Bereich der Linguistik, der sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen menschlicher Sprache und dem Denken und anderen mentalen Prozessen beschäftigt, d.h. sie stellt sich einer Reihe von essentiellen Fragen wie etwa (1) Wie schafft es unser Gehirn, im Wesentlichen akustische und visuelle kommunikative Informationen zu verstehen und in mentale Repräsentationen umzusetzen? (2) Wie kann unser Gehirn einen komplexen Sachverhalt, den wir anderen übermitteln wollen, in eine von anderen verarbeitbare Sequenz von verbalen und nonverbalen Aktionen umsetzen? (3) Wie gelingt es uns, in den verschiedenen Phasen des Lebens Sprachen zu erlernen? (4) Sind die kognitiven Prozesse der Sprachverarbeitung universell, obwohl die Sprachsysteme derart unterschiedlich sind, dass sich in den Strukturen kaum Universalien finden lassen?
Zwitserlood, I. (2012). Classifiers. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, & B. Woll (Eds.), Sign Language: an International Handbook (pp. 158-186). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Classifiers (currently also called 'depicting handshapes'), are observed in almost all signed languages studied to date and form a well-researched topic in sign language linguistics. Yet, these elements are still subject to much debate with respect to a variety of matters. Several different categories of classifiers have been posited on the basis of their semantics and the linguistic context in which they occur. The function(s) of classifiers are not fully clear yet. Similarly, there are differing opinions regarding their structure and the structure of the signs in which they appear. Partly as a result of comparison to classifiers in spoken languages, the term 'classifier' itself is under debate. In contrast to these disagreements, most studies on the acquisition of classifier constructions seem to consent that these are difficult to master for Deaf children. This article presents and discusses all these issues from the viewpoint that classifiers are linguistic elements.
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MICHAEL FRIDGEN DREAMLLY BOOKS
Dollywood Gallery
In an utterly changed Philadelphia of the future, extreme religion has transformed the urban streets into God's chosen city and programmed its denizens as fervent disciples. That is, except for Ruth3:5, a twelve-year-old girl who dares to pose a simple question that may forever bar her from the seemingly promised land. Ruth3:5, Michael Fridgen's penetrating, action-packed dystopian thriller, charts the journey of free-thinkers in a post-apocalyptic world, where purity of thought can exact the highest possible cost. Casting a cold eye on the perilous fallout of religious extremism, this page-turning philosophical work of fiction envisions a future where a doctrine that promises to save may very well be the agent of mental imprisonment. Ruth3:5 is a devout young citizen of Philadelphia, who eagerly awaits the next allotment of scripture from her iPraise and the coming of ChristBirth, when she can wear her new green dress to praise the birth of Jesus. However, circumstances soon conspire to banish Ruth from the only home she knows. What her elders have made perfectly clear, however, is that those who dissent will feel the full force of GovernChurch and may end up in the grim and Godless Magdelene House. During Biblecation class, Ruth questions the sacred text, therefore thrusting her fate into the hands of the fierce Captain Jeremiah48:10. His aim is to apprehend Ezra2:41, a mysterious woman working against the GovernChurch. Along with Ruth's young friend Two Samuel1:26, Ezra is consumed with saving them all from dogmatic oppression and the bizarre rituals that await Ruth and Sam when they reach sexual maturity. She soon entangles them in a perilous cat-and-mouse game, from which only those with the most resolute of minds can emerge. A contemporary spin on Brave New World, it explores the eerie implications of religious fundamentalism, while engaging readers in a fast-paced tale of suspense and danger sure to make the heart race and the mind reel.
Buy Ruth3:5
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"THIS AIN'T KINDERGARTEN!" COMEDY TOUR
featuring.....
WENDI FURGUSON
The Tiniest
Comedian on the Planet!
2' 10" of
Unadulterated Humor!
WARNING: Wendi's Comedy Is of Adult Content!
Wendi Furguson stands only 2’10” tall, but her wit and gusto are immeasurable; she is short in stature and big on laughs! Wendi first took the stage on a dare, and not only did she win the challenge, but she also found her passion in life -making people laugh. Wendi has since traversed the United States from Florida to California. When not on the road with her highly touted, “This Ain’t Kindergarten!” comedy tour, Wendi opens for the Micro Wrestling Federation. Wendi enjoys warming up the audience before her little grappling friends take to the squared circle.
Wendi’s comedy style blends sarcasm and observation with a hint of self-deprecation. Wendi doesn’t have to make comedy; it comes to her on a daily basis. She experiences life in a unique way and faces problems doing even the most mundane things that many take for granted. Don’t lose focus because she will throw out one-liners just as easily as the stories she loves to tell.
Wendi has shared the stage with comedians like Brad Williams, Vince Morris, and Carlos Mencia; she is currently one of the most sought after comics in Ohio. Her charisma and charm make Wendi the center of the universe wherever she goes. You can follow her at Facebook.com/ThisAintKindergarten to witness Wendi’s latest shenanigans and keep updated with her acclaimed “This Ain’t Kindergarten!” comedy tour.
"This Ain't Kindergarten!" comedy tour features 2' 10" Wendi Furguson!
Don't miss the unadulterated comedy from the tiniest comedian on the planet who stands just 34 inches tall!
Prepare yourself for big laughs from this little package of dynamite!
Want to book
"This Ain't
kindergarten!"
comedy tour?"
JackDarrell@MicroWrestling.com
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Far-right press kit
NoHateFinland.org
Return back to Finland’s “good old days?” No thanks!
by Migrant Tales, under Enrique Tessieri
THIS STORY WAS UPDATED
When some Finns and parties talk about returning to the “good old days,” they are saying that they’d like to return to the days when foreigners had practically no rights and where racism was king. It was also a time of appeasement to the former Soviet Union, media self-censorship, impunity, and human rights abuses.
One of the most quaint matters about those who want to take Finland back to the good old days is that they weren’t even born during those troubled times.
The treatment of asylum seekers and watching over their rights brings stark memories of the good old days.
Take back Finland? Source: Twitter
What kinds of laws were in force back then? The list below is by no means exhaustive:
Finland did not have any immigration act until 1983, or about 66 years after independence;
The Aliens’ Office granted residence permits on a one-by-one basis;
The Aliens’ Office under Eila Kännö functioned like a state within a state;
Even if Finnish women were the first to get the right to vote in Europe in 1906, they could not pass on Finnish citizenship to their born child until 1984;
Foreigners did not have the right to appeal if deported;
Police surveillance of foreigners by the Finnish Security and Intelligence Service (Supo) was standard;
Supo had a register of foreigners that showed which demonstrations the person had taken part in and if he or she supported human rights;
Human rights abuses of asylum seekers were the rule;
Soviet citizens were denied asylum in Finland even if they requested it;
Finland returned tens of thousands of Ingrians and Estonians at Moscow’s request;
There were so few foreigners in the 1970s (under 12,000) that the biggest national groups were Finns who were naturalized Swedes;
Racialization was the rule and carved in stone;
Foreigners could not own or publish newspapers;
The Finnish media portrayed asylum seekers from countries like Somalia in an overtly racist manner;
Journalists, except for editors, were not allowed to write about Finland’s special relationship with the former USSR;
Finlandization, or appeasement to Moscow, compromised press freedom and encouraged self-censorship;
The foreign ministry and its propaganda arm, Finnfacts, did everything possible to quiet and ostracize Finlandization critics;
Foreigners could not organize demonstrations;
Finland was ruled by a strongman, Urho Kekkonen, from 1955 to 1982;
Under the Restricting Act of 1939 (219/1939), which became redundant in 1992, foreigners were not allowed to acquire a majority stake in a Finnish company;
Ownership limits of Finnish firms were 20% normally and 40% under special permission;
Foreigners could not own shares in sectors such as forestry, securities trading, transportation, mining, real estate, and shipping;
Foreigners could not own land;
Most Finns never heard of pizza;
Food markets had very few if any foreign produce.
Does any democratic-loving person who respects human rights want to return to the good old days of above?
Not me!
Tags: asylum policy, cold war, Finland, Finlandization, nostalgia, Perussuomalaiset, Racism, Soviet Union
Search Migrant Tales
Become a Migrant Tales subscriber
intternetnetsi on Why radical-right populism will fail in Finland
PS voter on The PS and its obsession with migrants
intternetnetsi on Sometimes the media, like HS, waters the poisonous flower of xenophobia
Migrant Tales on Helsinki Times: A rebuttal to Perussuomalaiset* MPs Veikko Vallin and Veijo Meri
Migrant Tales on What happened in France was horrendous, the reaction of Islamophobes is just as bad
Finland also locks up asylum seeker children
A child in the Joutseno Immigration Removal Center.
Asylum seekers at the Kolari reception center demonstate for their rights (May 4, 2016)
https://www.migranttales.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/video-1462379313.mp4
– Community Village Activist
– Expo
– Finland Today
– Migrants' Review Network
– Racism Review
© 2021 Migrant Tales. theme: Serena, by Kay Belardinelli
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North America is a dynamic migration region, with the United States home to more immigrants than any other country in the world, the Mexico-U.S. corridor the globe's top migration corridor, and Canada a leading destination for migrants. Research collected here focuses on everything from visa policy and border management to immigrant integration, national identity, the demographics of immigrants in the region and their educational and workforce outcomes, and ways to more effectively use migration policy as a lever for national and regional competitiveness.
Building a New Regional Migration System: Redefining U.S. Cooperation with Mexico and Central America
Addressing regional cooperation around migration will be among the immigration challenges and opportunities facing the incoming Biden administration. This report examines how movement between the United States, Mexico, and Central America has evolved in recent decades, and lays out a four-part strategy to expand opportunities for legal migration, address humanitarian protection needs, improve enforcement, and mitigate some of the forces driving people to emigrate.
International Students in the United States
By Emma Israel and Jeanne Batalova
Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States: Stable Numbers, Changing Origins
By Randy Capps, Julia Gelatt, Ariel G. Ruiz Soto and Jennifer Van Hook
Construcción de un nuevo sistema migratorio regional: Redefiniendo la cooperación entre Estados Unidos con México y Centroamérica
By Andrew Selee and Ariel G. Ruiz Soto
Managing the Pandemic and Its Aftermath: Economies, Jobs, and International Migration in the Age of COVID-19
By Demetrios G. Papademetriou
Immigration Data Matters
By Jeanne Batalova, Andriy Shymonyak and Michelle Mittelstadt
Rethinking the U.S.-Mexico Border Immigration Enforcement System: A Policy Road Map
By Doris Meissner
For the first time in a decade, fewer international students were studying in the United States during the 2019-20 school year than the year before. This decline, brought about in part by changing U.S. policy, has been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article profiles the international student population in the United States, including their origins and fields of study.
The “Trump Effect” on Legal Immigration Levels: More Perception than Reality?
Despite a widespread perception that the Trump administration has drastically slashed legal immigration to the United States, a review of the data shows that temporary and permanent admissions during the period mostly followed previous trends—at least until the COVID-19 pandemic hit. This article examines trends in temporary, permanent, and humanitarian admissions during the administration, and the related policies that could take a more significant bite ahead if left unchanged.
Mexican Immigrants in the United States
The nearly 11 million Mexican immigrants in the United States represent almost one-quarter of the country’s entire immigrant population, and as such are the largest foreign-born group. But their numbers have been declining, shrinking by 7 percent between 2010 and 2019. Among recently arrived immigrants, those from China and India now outpace Mexicans for the first time.
Trump's Promise of Millions of Deportations Is Yet to Be Fulfilled
Before entering office, President Donald Trump promised to deport millions of unauthorized immigrants. Yet despite his general successes in creating a more restrictive and punitive immigration system, this goal has eluded his administration. So-called “sanctuary” policies implemented by state and local governments to limit their cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement have been a key reason why arrests and removals have not reached earlier peaks.
Impacts of Climate Change as Drivers of Migration
Climate change is affecting human movement now, causing internal displacement and international migration, and will do so in the future. But the impact is often indirect, and rarely is the process as straightforward as one might think. This article provides an overview of research on how climatic hazards drive and affect migration, reviewing which types of people might migrate and under what conditions.
Millions of U.S. Citizens Could Be Excluded under Trump Plan to Remove Unauthorized Immigrants from Census Data
By Randy Capps, Jennifer Van Hook and Julia Gelatt
USCIS Budget Implosion Owes to Far More than the Pandemic
By Sarah Pierce and Doris Meissner
The Rocky Road to a Mobile World after COVID-19
By Meghan Benton
Explainer: Illegal Immigration in the United States
How has the size of the unauthorized population in the United States changed over time? How is illegal immigration changing, and where do unauthorized immigrants come from? This explainer answers basic questions about illegal immigration, the changing patterns from Mexico, and more.
Explainer: How the U.S. Legal Immigration System Works
Through which visa categories can immigrants move temporarily or permanently to the United States? What are the main channels by which people come, and who can sponsor them for a green card? Are there limits on visa categories? And who is waiting in the green-card backlog? This explainer answers basic questions about temporary and permanent immigration via family, employment, humanitarian, and other channels.
After decades of growth, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States has remained largely stable since the 2008–09 recession. The group's demographics are changing, though, with a shrinking number of Mexicans and rising Asian and Central American arrivals. This fact sheet presents a profile of these 11 million individuals, including top origin countries; U.S. destinations; and age, education, job, income, home ownership, English proficiency, and other characteristics.
Un desafío y una oportunidad clave que enfrentará la administración de Joe Biden será cómo abordar la cooperación regional en relación a la migración. Este informe explora la evolución de la movilidad entre los Estados Unidos, México y Centroamérica y presenta una estrategia para ampliar las oportunidades en cuanto a la migración legal, abordar necesidades humanitarias, fortalecer la aplicación de la ley y mitigar algunas de las fuerzas que provocan la emigración.
Video, Webinars
Demetrios G. Papademetriou
Michael Fix
Margie McHugh
Kathleen Newland
Mark Greenberg
Randy Capps
Muzaffar Chishti
Delia Pompa
Jeanne Batalova
Julia Gelatt
Essey Workie
Valerie Lacarte
Sarah Pierce
Ariel G. Ruiz Soto
Jessica Bolter
Andrea Tanco
Jazmin Flores Peña
Ivana Tú Nhi Giang
Kylie Grow
Stephanie Heredia
Lillie Hinkle
Multimedia see all >
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Data Tools
Use these data tools to learn about DACA recipients at U.S. and state levels, as well as their participation rates. They also offer DACA participation rates by top countries of origin.
Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States
This feature presents the latest, most sought-after data on immigrants in the United States—by origin, residence, legal status, deportations, languages spoken, and more—in one easy-to-use resource.
U.S., State, & County Profiles of Unauthorized Immigrants
Want the latest MPI estimates and characteristics of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S.? Use this data tool to get population estimates and more—including countries of origin, recency of arrival, educational enrollment and attainment, incomes, English proficiency, and health-care coverage—at the national level, by state, and for top counties.
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Home > All Items > Military Patches > New OCP Scorpion Rank, Patches, and Badges > All OCP Items > OCP Combat Jump Wing Basic Army Badge Sew On
Official U.S. Army Combat Jump Wing Basic Badge OCP Multicam Sew On
OCP Combat Jump Wing Basic Army Badge Sew On
Item# 975915A
Style: Army Uniform Regulation OCP Multicam Badge Sew On
This Combat Jump Wing badge has a small star in the center of the basic jump wing badge.
These Scorpion W2 OCP rank and badge patches are made for official U.S. Army wear on the new U.S. Army Combat Uniforms (ACU).
The new Scorpion OCP name tapes and grade insignia may be attached by hook and loop fasteners or sewn on. Badges may be sewn or pinned on. Soldiers are not authorized to mix sew-on and pin on badges, rank, and name tapes. If badges are sewn onto the ACU coat, then the name tape, U.S. Army tape, and grade insignia must also be sewn on. This sew-on requirement excludes the patrol cap and patches. (See excerpt from DA Pam 670-1 below)
Scorpion W2 is the name of the new Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) for all branches of the U.S. Military. As of September 30, 2019 all service members must have uniforms in the new Scorpion W2 OCP. Current Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) and Multicam ACUs may be worn until the wearout date on September 30, 2019.
The Scorpion W2 OCP pattern was developed by Crye Precision LLC under military contract around 2002 and was later used for the US Army Objective Force Warrior (OFW) program. The intellectual rights to the pattern is owned by the U.S. Army. Crye is the same company that designed the similar Multicam pattern.
Excerpt from Department of the Army Pamphlet 670-1, Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia, section 4-8 e.
e. Soldiers may sew on the U.S. Army tape, name tape, rank, and all authorized badges as an option. Hook-and-loop fasteners for U.S. Army tape and name tape may be left on or removed when sewing on the uniform. If worn, badges must be all sewn on or all pinned on; Soldiers are not authorized to mix sew-on badges with pin-on badges. When personnel sew on badges, the following must also be sewn on the combat uniform coat: name tape, U.S. Army tape, and grade insignia. If a nametape, U.S. Army tape or grade insignia is sewn on, then personnel must sew all three of these items on the uniform coat. This requirement does not apply to the patrol cap. If Soldiers choose to sew on U.S. Army name tape, rank or authorized skill badges, it will be at their own expense. Soldiers are not authorized to wear pinned on badges in a field or deployed environment.
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—back to ngpcap.com
Heptagon Acquired by AMS
Oct 24, 2016 | News, Mobile Technologies
Premstaetten, Austria (24 October 2016) – ams (SIX: AMS), a leading worldwide manufacturer of high performance sensor and analog solutions, has signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the shares in Heptagon, the worldwide leader in high performance optical packaging and micro-optics. With this transaction, ams becomes the clear global leader in optical sensing technologies anticipating industry and technology trends to drive growth in new applications. ams also reports third quarter 2016 revenues and operating profitability around the mid-point of expectations in a more positive consumer market when excluding divestiture and exchange rate effects. ams expects a muted fourth quarter 2016 due to customer-specific, product line yield and non-consumer end market effects with revenues of EUR 127-134 million at a sequentially lower operating margin.
Heptagon is a global leader in micro-optics and optical sensing solutions with particular expertise in high performance optical packaging where the company is positioned as innovation leader. Leveraging advanced optics capabilities in combination with a strong optical design team, Heptagon has built a leading market position as provider of world-class integration and high value packaging solutions in optical sensing.
Currently focused on the consumer market, Heptagon is a major supplier into applications for mobile devices requiring high volume optical packaging at very small form factors. Leveraging its advanced technology, Heptagon sees excellent growth opportunities with its current customer base which includes a key customer serving the smartphone and mobile device markets. Heptagon’s headquarters and manufacturing are based in Singapore while its R&D center is in Rueschlikon, Switzerland. The company has over 830 employees including around 120 engineers and 500 manufacturing staff. Heptagon commands a very strong and protected IP portfolio, primarily in optical packaging, including more than 250 patent families.
Heptagon’s current 12 month revenue run rate is around USD 90m at negative operating profitability due to current underutilization of production capacity. Heptagon expects substantial revenue growth over the coming years starting mid-year 2017, based on its existing revenue and capacity pipeline and customer commitments. To prepare for this expected growth, Heptagon has already embarked on a major expansion of its Singapore manufacturing capacity with a total capital investment of more than USD 250m in 2016/2017. The expansion is based on a confirmed customer commitment for usage of the additional capacity and is fully funded from existing cash in the business, requiring no funding by ams.
The transaction combines an upfront consideration in cash and shares with a substantial deferred earn-out consideration. The upfront consideration includes USD 64m in cash from available funds, a capital increase of 15% of outstanding shares from authorized capital (excluding subscription rights) and shares from currently held treasury shares for a total value of the upfront consideration of approx. USD 570m. The earn-out consideration will be contingent on future results of Heptagon’s business over fiscal year 2017 with a potential maximum value of USD 285m. Following the upfront share transaction, current Heptagon shareholders which include financial investors, management, and employees are expected to hold around 20% in ams. The transaction is expected to close within the next three months subject to certain approvals and the occurrence of certain conditions defined in the agreements with the sellers. ams plans to integrate Heptagon into its organization following the closing.
The combination of ams and Heptagon forms the clear worldwide leader in end-to-end optical sensing solutions with global scale and the ability to define and drive technology trends and innovation. Given the increasing value-add of high end packaging technologies for upcoming optical sensor applications the transaction fully leverages ams’ and Heptagon’s outstanding know-how in optical design and manufacturing. ams is convinced that this end-to-end solution capability will allow it to better serve customers in high value optical applications. Adding Heptagon also accelerates the expansion of ams’ capabilities in sensor fusion and sensor hubs. ams’ market access in the consumer and smartphone space is expected to support Heptagon’s customer relationships and broaden its customer base for the combined company’s sensor solutions.
Through the addition of Heptagon ams expects to increase and accelerate its mid-term growth opportunities, particularly in consumer optical sensing. Including Heptagon, ams therefore targets business growth of 30% CAGR (compound annual growth rate) for the coming three years combined with a profitability target of 30% operating (EBIT) margin from 2019. Substantial expected ams content increases in the smartphone and mobile device space will serve as important drivers of this expected growth.
Alexander Everke, CEO of ams, commented on the transaction, “Combining ams and Heptagon creates the clear #1 in optical sensing technologies and fast-tracks our innovation capabilities. As a result, we expect ams to drive the optical sensing agenda in the years to come and broaden its market reach. Together with our leadership position in our other sensing focus areas Environmental, Imaging, and Audio, this strategic transaction is going to transform ams into the global leader in sensor solutions.”
For the third quarter 2016, reported group revenues were EUR 146.7 million (equivalent to around mid-point of previous expectations when excluding divestiture and exchange rate effects), up 11% sequentially compared to the second quarter and decreasing 4% from EUR 153.0 million in the same quarter 2015. On a constant currency basis, third quarter revenues were 4% lower compared to the third quarter last year.
Adjusted gross margin (excluding acquisition-related and share-based compensation costs) remained high at 55% with IFRS reported gross margin at 53%, compared to 56% and 54% respectively, in the same quarter 2015. The adjusted result from operations (EBIT) (excluding acquisition-related and share-based compensation costs and result from divestiture) for the third quarter was EUR 28.0 million or 19% of revenues in line with previous expectations, decreasing from EUR 38.5 million in the same period 2015. The IFRS reported result from operations (EBIT) for the third quarter was EUR 49.7 million or 34% of revenues, up from EUR 35.1 million in the same period 2015. This IFRS reported result includes a result from divestiture of EUR 29.7 million from the divestiture of the wireless business in the quarter.
The net result for the third quarter was EUR 55.9 million compared to EUR 34.0 million in the same period last year. Basic and diluted earnings per share were CHF 0.91/0.88 or EUR 0.84/0.81 based on 66,860,524/69,171,109 shares (basic/diluted; weighted average) compared to CHF 0.54/0.52 or EUR 0.49/0.47 for the third quarter 2015 based on 68,935,827/71,718,080 shares (basic/diluted; weighted average). The net result and earnings per share include effects ensuing from the result from divestiture regarding the divestiture of the wireless business. Underlying basic and diluted earnings per share for the third quarter excluding these effects were CHF 0.42/0.41 or EUR 0.39/0.37. Operating cash flow for the third quarter was EUR 45.2 million compared to EUR 36.2 million in the same quarter last year. Total backlog on September 30, 2016 (excluding consignment stock agreements) was EUR 132.2 million compared to EUR 146.6 million at the end of the second quarter and EUR 101.4 million on September 30, 2015.
ams’ business performed well in the third quarter of 2016 showing an attractive quarter-on-quarter increase in revenues and profitability driven by higher volume demand in the consumer and smartphone markets. These results demonstrate the strong market position of ams in the consumer space and across its balanced portfolio of consumer and non-consumer businesses.
ams’ consumer and communications business showed positive results in the third quarter with a meaningful sequential increase in total volumes. ams benefited from the launch of new smartphone platforms in a more attractive market environment which drove higher run rates of ams’ high performance light sensor solutions such as ambient light sensors, combination modules, and integrated multi-function modules for leading OEMs. ams’ other consumer product lines including audio solutions continued to ship to major device vendors in attractive volumes supporting the development of the consumer business. At the same time, ams continued its extensive development and design-in activities for its strong consumer revenue and product pipeline which extends several years out and includes ams’ next generation mobile device light sensors and True Color technology.
ams’ industrial, medical, and automotive businesses recorded results in line with expectations. Demand in these non-consumer end markets continues to develop in a pattern similar to the first half showing limited business momentum as certain end market and macroeconomic uncertainties appear to prevail. With its differentiated sensor and sensor interface solutions ams holds a strong market position in industrial sensors enabling advanced applications for leading OEMs and their customers worldwide. ams’ medical business continues to be driven by digital imaging sensor solutions for computed tomography (CT), digital X-ray, and mammography where ams is the technology leader. Production ramp for a new Asian medical imaging customer continued in the quarter. ams’ automotive sensor and sensor interface technologies remain focused on safety, position and emerging sensing applications.
For the fourth quarter 2016, ams sees a muted development of its business in revenues and earnings, particularly due to a negative development at a specific customer in the consumer end market and a production yield issue in an industrial product line. Based on available information and a current USD/EUR exchange rate of 1.09, ams expects fourth quarter revenues of EUR 127-134 million reflecting the impact of the customer-specific negative development, the industrial product line production yield issue which ams currently does not expect to resolve before early 2017, product maturity and mix effects, and an unsupportive subdued demand momentum in non-consumer markets where uncertainties continue. The customer-specific development may also result in negative profitability effects due to depreciation of work-in-progress inventory. ams therefore expects the adjusted operating margin for the fourth quarter (excluding acquisition-based and share-based compensation costs) to be impacted by revenue, gross margin and product mix effects resulting in a meaningfully lower level of 11-13%.
Looking into 2017, however, the addition of Heptagon substantially expands ams’ broad and confirmed revenue and development pipeline resulting in major expected revenue effects from mid-year 2017 onwards. Combining the growth potential from the ams pipeline with Heptagon’s growth opportunities strongly supports ams’ increased growth targets for the coming years.
The quarterly report on the third quarter 2016 including additional financial information is available on the company website at www.ams.com/eng/Investor/Financial-Reports .
ams will hold a combined conference call on the acquisition and the third quarter results tomorrow morning, 25 October 2016, at 9.00am CEST / 8.00 am GMT, replacing the conference call on the third quarter results planned for 10.00am CEST / 9.00am GMT. To dial into the conference call please use the following access numbers: +41 58 310 5000 (Switzerland), +44 20 3059 5862 (UK), +43 1 25 302 1402 (Austria), +49 69 505 0 0082 (Germany), +33 1 7091 8706 (France), +1 631 570 5613 (USA). A recording of the conference call will be available from tomorrow, 25 October 2016, noon via the following access numbers: +41 91 612 4330 (Switzerland), +44 20 7108 6233 (UK), +1 631 982 4566 (USA), +43 125 302 1403 (Austria), access code 15171#
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Kaharlyk
#PeopleofOM
Missions Mobiliser
Opportunity | South Africa | Start date: As soon as possible
The mobilising role exists to mobilise Jesus followers to live and work among the least reached in an authentic manner. We do this by inspiring, connecting & equipping these Jesus-followers to and for God's mission.
Diaspora Hope - the Least Reached
In the Mother City called Cape Town you will find our team in many different places sharing the love of Christ with people. Some are on the streets in various market areas and others are at our Empowerment Centre called: Chanua. Chanua is a Swahili word meaning “Thrive”. We don't want people to simple survive but to thrive both in a practical way and spiritually.
We befriend foreigners and neighbors from other faiths.
Logos Hope: 1 or 2 years on Logos Hope! Get on Board!
Opportunity | Ships | Start date: As soon as possible
OM Ships International (OMSI) is a faith mission funded through gifts and revenue from the bookfair on board. All crew and staff serve as volunteers who raise their own support.
Volunteering on board Logos Hope, you will be impacted as you participate in this life changing adventure
Logos Hope: First Engineer, Main Engine
Join our international team of 400 people from 50 different nationalities. Have the opportunity to invest in young people and use your technical skills to keep a life-changing ministry operating. Being part of the on board community you will also receive personal input through daily team devotions and other ship events as well as the opportunity to experience the culture of the international crew and staff and the countries the ship visits.
Logos Hope: Welder - Long and Short Term Roles Available
Join our international team of 400 people from 50 different nationalities. We're investing in young people and the opportunity to use and grow in your technical skills to keep a life-changing ministry operating. Being part of the on board community you will receive personal input through daily team devotions and other ship events as well as the opportunity to experience the culture of the international crew and staff and the countries the ship.
Logos Hope: First Engineer, Operations
Logos Hope: Refrigeration Technician
To perform skilled maintenance, repair and inspection work on Logos Hope's complex refrigeration & HVAC equipment.
Children’s Ministry Intern
Do you have a passion to serve children in full time missions? Would you like to go to an area where people have not heard the gospel yet, but do you feel unprepared and unequipped? Then this opportunity is for you.
Communications and Marketing Worker
Opportunity | Ireland | Start date: As soon as possible
Share the story of what God is doing in Ireland and the world and effectively implement our strategies to do this well within our context. Use your own creative skills, and build relationships with others, as you help to create a clear and inspiring online and offline presence. Use your gifts and talents to inspire and encourage people to become involved in God's work!
Maintenance & Development Worker
Are you task oriented with a servant's heart and passion about practical work for the Lord? Come and help us in the upkeep and development of the OM Ireland five acre property including all buildings and grounds.
OM Ukraine
Verbitskogo street, building 25
33018 Rivne,
e-mail: info.ua@om.org
Copyright © - 2017 - ОМ Ukraine - All rights reserved.
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It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. The year is 1984, and life in Oceania is ruled by the Party. Under the gaze of Big Brother, Winston Smith yearns for intimacy and love - "thought crimes" that, if uncovered, would mean imprisonment, or death. But Winston is not alone in his defiance, and an illicit affair will draw him into the mysterious Brotherhood and the realities of resistance. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been described as chillin ... It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. The year is 1984, and life in Oceania is ruled by the Party. Under the gaze of Big Brother, Winston Smith yearns for intimacy and love - "thought crimes" that, if uncovered, would mean imprisonment, or death. But Winston is not alone in his defiance, and an illicit affair will draw him into the mysterious Brotherhood and the realities of resistance. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been described as chilling, absorbing, satirical, momentous, prophetic and terrifying. It is all these things, and more. The Authoritative Text. With an introduction by Robert Harris. *The jacket of this stunning hardback edition features period artwork by Elizabeth Friedlander, one of Europe's pre-eminent 20th-century graphic designers. Look out for complementary editions of Orwell's essential works Animal Farm and Down and Out in Paris and London.*
H204xW138xS138
It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.
The year is 1984, and life in Oceania is ruled by the Party. Under the gaze of Big Brother, Winston Smith yearns for intimacy and love - "thought crimes" that, if uncovered, would mean imprisonment, or death.
It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. The year is 1984, and life in Oceania is ruled by the Party. Under the gaze of Big Brother, Winston Smith yearns for intimacy and love - "thought crimes" that, if uncovered, would mean imprisonment, or death. But Winston is not alone in his defiance, and an illicit affair will draw him into the mysterious Brotherhood and the realities of resistance. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been described as chilling, absorbing, satirical, momentous, prophetic and terrifying. It is all these things, and more. The Authoritative Text. With an introduction by Robert Harris. *The jacket of this stunning hardback edition features period artwork by Elizabeth Friedlander, one of Europe's pre-eminent 20th-century graphic designers. Look out for complementary editions of Orwell's essential works Animal Farm and Down and Out in Paris and London.*
https://www.paperplus.co.nz/shop/books/fiction/contemporary/nineteen-eighty-four-555301 9781787302549 Nineteen Eighty-Four https://static-ppimages.freetls.fastly.net/nielsens/9781787302549.jpg 39.4000 NZD InStock /shop/books/fiction/contemporary /shop/books/fiction /shop/books It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. The year is 1984, and life in Oceania is ruled by the Party. Under the gaze of Big Brother, Winston Smith yearns for intimacy and love - "thought crimes" that, if uncovered, would mean imprisonment, or death. But Winston is not alone in his defiance, and an illicit affair will draw him into the mysterious Brotherhood and the realities of resistance. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been described as chilling, absorbing, satirical, momentous, prophetic and terrifying. It is all these things, and more. The Authoritative Text. With an introduction by Robert Harris. *The jacket of this stunning hardback edition features period artwork by Elizabeth Friedlander, one of Europe's pre-eminent 20th-century graphic designers. Look out for complementary editions of Orwell's essential works Animal Farm and Down and Out in Paris and London.* 39.4000 George Orwell Hardback 0 0 https://static-ppimages.freetls.fastly.net/nielsens/9781787302549.jpg 1/09/2020 8:07:37 PM
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Mad Blood Stirring
By Simon Mayo
'The plot of Mad Blood Stirring grows from a kernel of historical truth, but his book dazzles not so much as fact than as fiction...Instructive as well as entertaining' NEW YORK TIMES 1815- The war is over but for the inmates at Dartmoor Prison, peace - like home - is still a long way away. On the eve of the year 1815, the captured sailors of the Eagle arrive at Dartmoor prison; bedraggled, exhausted, sustained only by a rumour heard along the way. Joe Hill thought he'd ... 'The plot of Mad Blood Stirring grows from a kernel of historical truth, but his book dazzles not so much as fact than as fiction...Instructive as well as entertaining' NEW YORK TIMES 1815- The war is over but for the inmates at Dartmoor Prison, peace - like home - is still a long way away. On the eve of the year 1815, the captured sailors of the Eagle arrive at Dartmoor prison; bedraggled, exhausted, sustained only by a rumour heard along the way. Joe Hill thought he'd left the conflict behind but it is clear there is a different type of battle here. As he announces the news of the end of the war, the guards bristle and the inmates stir. The powder keg was fixed to blow and Joe has just lit the fuse. Elizabeth Shortland, the Governor's wife, looks out at the unsettled crowd. The peace means the end is near, that she needn't be here for ever. But suddenly, she cannot bear the thought of leaving. Inspired by true events, Mad Blood Stirring is a story of hope and freedom, of loss and suffering. It is a story about how sometimes, in our darkest hour, it can be the most unlikely of things that see us through. * 'Wonderful - a story I never heard before, told with style, pace, character, texture, and tension ... bliss.' Lee Child 'Bristling with energy, written with passion, Mad Blood Stirring is a joy to read.' John Boyne
H198xW127xS29
Transworld Publishers Ltd
'The plot of Mad Blood Stirring grows from a kernel of historical truth, but his book dazzles not so much as fact than as fiction...Instructive as well as entertaining' NEW YORK TIMES 1815- The war is over but for the inmates at Dartmoor Prison, peace - like home - is still a long way away. On the eve of the year 1815, the captured sailors of the Eagle arrive at Dartmoor prison; bedraggled, exhausted, sustained only by a rumour heard along the way. Joe Hill thought he'd left the conflict behind but it is clear there is a different type of battle here. As he announces the news of the end of the war, the guards bristle and the inmates stir. The powder keg was fixed to blow and Joe has just lit the fuse. Elizabeth Shortland, the Governor's wife, looks out at the unsettled crowd. The peace means the end is near, that she needn't be here for ever. But suddenly, she cannot bear the thought of leaving. Inspired by true events, Mad Blood Stirring is a story of hope and freedom, of loss and suffering. It is a story about how sometimes, in our darkest hour, it can be the most unlikely of things that see us through. * 'Wonderful - a story I never heard before, told with style, pace, character, texture, and tension ... bliss.' Lee Child 'Bristling with energy, written with passion, Mad Blood Stirring is a joy to read.' John Boyne
https://www.paperplus.co.nz/shop/books/fiction/historical/mad-blood-stirring-134503 9781784162962 Mad Blood Stirring https://static-ppimages.freetls.fastly.net/nielsens/9781784162962.jpg 30.6000 NZD InStock /shop/books /shop/books/fiction/historical /shop/books/fiction 'The plot of Mad Blood Stirring grows from a kernel of historical truth, but his book dazzles not so much as fact than as fiction...Instructive as well as entertaining' NEW YORK TIMES 1815- The war is over but for the inmates at Dartmoor Prison, peace - like home - is still a long way away. On the eve of the year 1815, the captured sailors of the Eagle arrive at Dartmoor prison; bedraggled, exhausted, sustained only by a rumour heard along the way. Joe Hill thought he'd left the conflict behind but it is clear there is a different type of battle here. As he announces the news of the end of the war, the guards bristle and the inmates stir. The powder keg was fixed to blow and Joe has just lit the fuse. Elizabeth Shortland, the Governor's wife, looks out at the unsettled crowd. The peace means the end is near, that she needn't be here for ever. But suddenly, she cannot bear the thought of leaving. Inspired by true events, Mad Blood Stirring is a story of hope and freedom, of loss and suffering. It is a story about how sometimes, in our darkest hour, it can be the most unlikely of things that see us through. * 'Wonderful - a story I never heard before, told with style, pace, character, texture, and tension ... bliss.' Lee Child 'Bristling with energy, written with passion, Mad Blood Stirring is a joy to read.' John Boyne 30.6000 Simon Mayo Paperback 0 0 https://static-ppimages.freetls.fastly.net/nielsens/9781784162962.jpg 28/10/2019 2:38:50 AM
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Travel & Escape
Ottawa Business Daily
Shoe blowout, injury raises fears for NBA’s likely #1 pick | News
The man expected to be this year’s number one pick in the NBA draft has given potential suitors a real scare after a freak accident in a college basketball game.
Zion Williamson’s shoe exploded during Duke’s showdown with archrivals, the University of North Carolina, on Thursday.
The forward injured his knee after his foot slid out through the bottom of his sneaker. It happened 33 seconds in, and Zion missed the rest of the game.
The shoe even Barack Obama is talking about. More coming up on @AJEnglish at 1845 GMT with @marilyn_payne #ZionsShoe pic.twitter.com/vRQHrKAMBC
— Leah Harding (@LeahHardingAJE) February 21, 2019
Duke are yet to confirm the full extent of the injury. However, it has already affected the maker of Zion’s sneakers, Nike. After Wednesday’s close, Nike’s stocks dropped overnight by 1.17 percent.
Nike is the biggest brand in basketball with the NBA locked into an eight-year kit deal. In a statement, Nike said, “The quality and performance of our products are of utmost importance. While this is an isolated occurrence, we are working to identify the issue.”
Sports reporter Marilyn Payne was at the game and said, “Adidas and Under Armor are two brands that have already benefited from this globally. Overnight both of their stocks rising as well.”
The financial impact could also spill over into the NBA.
Though Williamson is only 18 and in his first year of college, Payne said, “If it’s not a recoverable injury, if there’s irreversible damage, the financial ramifications of the players that would then come after him, and certainly of his own pocket come the draft time, would be impacted very significantly.”
Former US President Barack Obama was in the stands and was one of the first to spot the shoe tear.
“His shoe broke.” pic.twitter.com/FAtpaF5uAt
— Chase Hughes (@ChaseHughesNBCS) February 21, 2019
The ex-president tweeted the athlete. “Zion Williamson seems like an outstanding young man as well as an outstanding basketball player. Wishing him a speedy recovery,” said Obama.
With fingers pointed at Nike, Williamson’s massive frame would likely test the limits of any shoe. After all, he’s not your average 18-year-old weighing in at 129kg and standing two metres tall.
Related Topics:blowoutfearsInjuryNBAsNewspickRaisesShoe
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Egan: The longest yard — $300 to deliver packages final three feet
Even before the pandemic began, almost everything was being delivered to the door — from a Big Mac to a big screen TV — any day, any waking hour.
Lockdowns and crowd avoidance only accelerated the trend, so that any urban neighbourhood is being daily criss-crossed with vehicles delivering any desire that can be bound in a cardboard box, even a mattress.
So, there are bound to be quirks and surprises.
In November, Brigitte McCauley-Philion, 36, ordered 85 packages of flooring from Lowe’s, the home improvement giant, enough to do most of the three-bedroom house in Beacon Hill South.
It wasn’t cheap. The total came in just shy of $1,400. Because of the quantity and weight, she carefully checked the delivery restrictions and agreed to pay $70 to have the laminate flooring delivered.
As she was later negotiating the delivery date and time, there came a shock.
The $70 would only bring the flooring to the curb side. If she wanted it inside the house, it would cost an extra $3 per package, times 85, plus tax, or something creeping towards $300.
“My main reaction was: $3 a box to bring it 3 feet?,” she wrote Friday. “So why did I pay a delivery fee? $300 to have my flooring delivered into home is absolutely crazy!”
McCauley-Philion, who is severely hearing impaired, says she appealed to various managers to make sure she understood the conditions. Did delivery not mean inside the house? After all, she reasoned, if she could carry 85 bundles inside the home, she wouldn’t need the delivery in the first place.
Are the Proud Boys terrorists? Ottawa considers listing white supremacist groups alongside al-Qaida, Islamic State
OTTAWA—Canada’s national security agencies are “very actively” monitoring white supremacist groups and are considering designating more of them as terrorist organizations, Public Safety Minister Bill Blair says.
Blair’s office said in a statement Sunday that intelligence and law enforcement agencies were actively gathering evidence to list white supremacist groups like the Proud Boys as terrorist organizations — a designation that would place them on the same level as al-Qaida and the Islamic State group.
“We strongly denounce ideologically motivated extremists including groups like the Proud Boys, white supremacists, (anti-Semites), Islamophobic and misogynist groups,” wrote Mary-Liz Power, a spokesperson for Blair’s office, in a statement to the Star.
“Intolerance and hate have no place in our society.”
Blair’s comments, first made in an interview with CTV News on Sunday, show a remarkable change in how federal authorities view the threat posed by white nationalists and far-right extremists in the last few years.
Canada’s domestic intelligence agency, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), abandoned a rolling investigation into far-right groups in 2016. After the deadly 2018 shooting at a Quebec City mosque by a man believed to be influenced by far-right voices online, that investigation was reopened.
Across western democracies — including the U.S. and U.K. —intelligence agencies have warned the threat of domestic far-right extremism is growing.
In 2019, the federal government listed two white supremacist groups — Blood & Honour and Combat 18 — as terrorist entities, the first far-right extremist groups given that designation by Canada.
Now, in the wake of last week’s violent sacking of the U.S. Capitol building, more white supremacists groups may join that list — which would empower financial institutions to freeze the groups’ assets, and make it a crime to deal with them.
The Proud Boys — a “western chauvinist” group spawned by a former Canadian far-right media personality — were front and centre in that riot. Famously told to “stand back and stand by” by President Donald Trump last year, the loosely organized movement has become a poster child for right-wing extremism in North America.
While the exact makeup of the mob is unknowable, the Proud Boys clearly had a presence in Wednesday’s assault on the Capitol building. Several have been identified by American media, and the group’s leader was arrested in Washington two days before the riot.
Blair’s office stressed that the listing of terrorist organizations is not a “political exercise.” Rather, the designation of a group requires evidence and intelligence, and follows a legal process.
“Such listings send a strong message that Canada will not tolerate such acts of violence,” Power wrote.
Cafeteria chefs pivot as pandemic hollows out office towers
When Ottawa’s office buildings quickly emptied out near the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the cafeterias reliant on throngs of nine-to-five workers were left behind.
But while many shut down, some have found ways to stay afloat, in part through creativity and in part through loyal customers.
“It was a big shock for us,” Juan Dominguez, chef at the cafeteria for Canadian Blood Services’ corporate office, told CBC Radio’s All In A Day on Friday.
“One day you’re working and the next day you’re out of there.”
Take a tour of 3 tiny farms where something new is growing
Before the pandemic, Dominguez would send weekly menus out directly to his customers.
Then, when the office tower’s employees started working from home, they began using that channel to reach out directly to tell him how much they missed his food.
“I was really shocked and surprised and happy at the same time,” he said.
‘Grateful’ for loyal customers
Dominguez continued to send out menus — adding some combos to better accommodate entire families stuck together at home — and now people who place orders can pick them up from the corporate office’s backdoor.
It’s important to be able to reinvent oneself, he said, and never give up.
“Honestly, like, I’m so grateful for all the support that we receive from our customers and for all the relationships that we create with them since day one, [even before] the pandemic,” he said.
Decided to grow side business
Resa Solomon-St. Lewis also lost her steady stream of customers when the pandemic hit — and unlike Dominguez, didn’t have a way to reach them by email.
So the owner of Capital Fare Cafe, located inside a medical building along Montreal Road, chose to focus more on her side gig: a Caribbean-influenced catering business called Baccanalle
“It really didn’t have a sign or a shingle on the door,” she said. “It had more of an internet presence.”
While Solomon-St. Lewis would like to return to the cafeteria, that can only happen when foot traffic is back to normal, she said.
For now, she hopes to expand Baccanalle, which allows her to focus on her love of Caribbean food.
“I have a lot of gratitude, especially to my team because we wouldn’t be here without them,” she said. “And they’ve been resilient and adaptable. And I’m really appreciative of the customers that have stayed with us… and the new customers that we’ve acquired.”
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Copyright © 2018 Ottawa Business Daily.ca.
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Ali’i Kai Resort
Princeville, Kauai
Prices shown for:
See All Princeville Hotels
Quiet neighborhood a 15-minute drive from Hanalei town
Spacious and attractive two-bedroom apartments with full kitchens
Private lanais with mountain and ocean views in each apartment
Rates are reasonable for the area
Pool area with hot tub and kids' pool
Parking close to units
Barbecue grills are available
No timeshare presentations
Free Wi-Fi throughout
See More Pros
No direct beach access
Apartments lack air-conditioning
Few on-site features and not much within walking distance
See More Cons
The three-pearl, 18-room Ali’i Kai is a quiet condo resort surrounded by tropical gardens in Princeville. The spacious two-bedroom apartments have full kitchens, plus mountain and ocean views from private lanais, but lack air-conditioning. There's also no direct beach access, and the nearest beach is Hideaways Beach, which is a six-minute drive west of the resort (and requires a hike down a steep, rocky trail). There's also a shopping center with restaurants and a grocery store nearby. Features at the property are slim, and limited to a large pool, barbecue grills, a hot tub, and smaller children's pool. Travelers looking for a more lively place with a restaurant might want to consider the nearby Hanalei Bay Resort, where rates are comparable.
See More Bottom Line
Hotel & Amenities Photos
Oyster Hotel Review
Hotel Class: Mid-Range
Quiet condo resort that's best for independent couples and families
When driving into Ali’i Kai resort, it feels like an older, island-style condominium complex with it’s low buildings and simple layout. This is also because there is a Kauai law prohibiting any building from being taller than the tallest palm tree. As such, lush tropical landscaping covers the grounds of the quiet complex. The pool area is simple, but offers a place for guests to relax -- in fact, it's the only place to relax, as there's little in the way of places to socialize or mingle. The simple features and quiet vibe make this ideal for those who prefer an independent, home-away-from-home vacation. Travelers wanting to be entertained or pampered should look elsewhere, especially since the pool area closes after dinnertime (meaning no late-night parties). Given its simple offerings, attractive and spacious apartments, and great North Shore location, the hotel attracts self-sufficient couples and families, particularly with its bargain rates.
See More Scene
Ocean bluff location in Princeville, a 15-minute drive to Hanalei town
There isn't much right near this hotel, in part because of its Princeville location. The town is a manicured, planned community with beautiful landscaping and running/walking trails along its golf course. Similar to Poipu, it's also a Visitor Destination Area, which allows any home to be rented as a vacation rental. While there is no direct beach access, the views are spectacular from the nearby ocean cliffs and it's possible to see whales in the distance from your lanai in the winter months. Guests will have to drive six minutes to the nearest beach in Princeville, which is Hideaways Beach. This beach offers limited parking and is accessed by a steep trail. Queen’s Bath, a popular hike to a tidal pool, is a six-minute drive west. The town of Hanalei is a 15-minute drive away and offers plenty of parking and beach options, as well as shopping and restaurants. The drive to the Kalalau Trail and Ke’e Beach will take 25 minutes, and Tunnels Beach is 20 minutes away in the same direction. Nearby Kilauea is a 10-minute drive and is home to the only lighthouse on the island -- it's also the northernmost point in the Hawaiian Islands. Travelers will definitely need a car if they plan on exploring the north shore, and the airport is a 50-minute drive away.
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Spacious, tasteful condos with two bedrooms, lanais, and full kitchens, but no air-conditioning
The spacious two-bedroom, two-bathroom units at Ali’i Kai combine the fine touches of a higher-category hotel with reasonable prices. Decor has a modern Hawaiian feel, with carved dark wood furniture and subtle beachy accents -- you won’t find any outdated island kitsch in these units. One bedroom has a king bed, one has a queen bed, and each are dressed in crisp cotton sheets and neutral bedding. None of the units in Ali’i Kai have air-conditioning, but this is fairly common among condos in the area. The ocean breezes do cool units down, especially at night, and there are ceiling fans as well. Each bedroom is equipped with a flat-screen TV and a radio. Wi-Fi is also free. Other nice extras include Bose sound systems, DVD players, and laundry machines. Beach towels are also included. The full kitchens have dark wood cabinets and granite countertops, and have all the necessary items to cook meals comfortably. Each is stocked with supplies like paper towels, laundry soap, and dishwasher soap. The two full bathrooms both have walk-in rainfall showers or shower/tub combos. All units have identical layouts, though some have better ocean and mountain views from their lanais than others.
See More Rooms
Limited features include pool area and barbecue grills
If you’re looking for a resort full of fancy amenities, continue searching elsewhere. The main feature here is the pool area, which includes a hot tub, kids' pool, and barbecue grills. Instead of an ice machine, the pool area has a ice chest with bags of ice available for a recommended one dollar donation. A welcome presentation is offered on arrival, though it's thankfully not a timeshare presentation (many previous guests find this to be a major plus). Additionally, there is another presentation every Sunday highlighting island activities that can be booked through the resort. Wi-Fi and parking are both free.
Things You Should Know About Ali’i Kai Resort
3830 Edward Rd, Princeville, Hawaii 96722-5340, United States
http://www.aliikairesort.com/
Poolside Drink Service
Rental Car Service Desk Onsite
Disclaimer: This content was accurate at the time the hotel was reviewed. Please check our partner sites when booking to verify that details are still correct.
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Back-to-Back Storms in Georgia Mean Doing Repairs All Over
Irma killed two people in Georgia and four in South Carolina
By Jonathan Landrum Jr. and Russ Bynum • Published September 12, 2017 • Updated on September 12, 2017 at 5:16 pm
New drywall, new insulation, repaired door frames and fresh paint — Joey Spalding was still finishing repairs at his home on Tybee Island nearly a year after it got flooded by Hurricane Matthew.
The work still wasn't done Monday when Tropical Storm Irma slogged across Georgia, triggering a storm surge that inundated much of the Atlantic beach community of 3,000 residents with floodwaters. Spalding scrambled to get furniture off the floor as 2 feet (0.6 meters) of water rose quickly inside the house.
"We're still just kind of putting it back together and BAM, it came again and destroyed it," Spalding said. "Everything's fine and the next minute you're scratching your head saying, 'What the hell happened?'"
Spalding isn't the only one starting all over with repairs after Irma struck so soon after Matthew, which caused $500 million in damage when it raked coastal Georgia last October. Irma caused extensive flooding along Georgia's 100 miles (160 kilometers) of coast. Portions of coastal South Carolina flooded as well.
Irma killed two people in Georgia and four in South Carolina. The extent of property damage in the Southeast still wasn't known Tuesday.
Tybee Island Mayor Jason Buelterman estimated several hundred homes had flooded in his community alone, including roughly 200 houses that took in water during Matthew.
While Matthew's destruction was largely confined to coastal areas, Irma had a much wider path of damage. Tropical storm winds reached more than 400 miles (645 kilometers) from the storm's center, toppling trees that crashed onto homes and power lines across a large inland area.
"Statewide we're going to have more (insurance) claims than we did with Matthew," said Jay Florence, Georgia's deputy insurance commissioner. "But they're going to be most acute on the coast."
The storms passing also left many without electricity. More than 894,000 Georgia Power and Electric Membership Corp. customers were in the dark Tuesday afternoon.
Georgia Power spokeswoman Swann Seiler said fewer outside resources were available to help in Georgia because of massive efforts to restore electricity in hurricane-battered Florida and Texas. She said Georgia customers should be prepared to wait several days.
Alabama Power reported 20,000 outages Tuesday morning. No major storm damage was reported in Alabama.
Irma's remnants forced Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest passenger airport, to cancel nearly 200 flights early Tuesday. That boosted the total number of trips Irma interrupted to about 1,300, Atlanta airport spokesman Andrew Gobeil said.
Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal lifted an evacuation order Tuesday for nearly 540,000 coastal residents. He cautioned that recovery could take longer because the storm affected the entire state.
"We have not had one like this in the state of Georgia for a long time," Deal said.
In South Carolina, Gov. Henry McMaster counted his state's blessings, even as he mourned the four deaths there from the storm. There were still more than 100,000 power outages reported in the state Tuesday afternoon.
"We are very happy the hurricane went someplace else — the main force of it," McMaster said Tuesday and what he planned to be his last briefing on Irma.
North Carolina had some mountain roads blocked by trees and tens of thousands of people without power. But Gov. Roy Cooper said most problems in the state should be resolved by Wednesday.
In Georgia, a man was killed when a tree toppled on his house; a woman died after a tree fell on a vehicle in which she was riding. The dead in South Carolina included a man struck by a tree limb while clearing storm debris and a man who died of carbon monoxide poisoning from a generator inside his mobile home.
Landrum reported from Atlanta. Associated Press reporters Kim Chandler in Montgomery, Alabama; Seanna Adcox in Columbia, South Carolina; and Kate Brumback and Bill Barrow in Atlanta contributed to this story.
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Bay County seeing heavier influx of mail-in ballots than usual for General Election
Jacqueline Bostick
The News Herald
PANAMA CITY — Bay County voter absentee turnout has been heavier than usual and election officials said they anticipate even greater numbers starting this weekend in the first days of super sites opening.
"We're headed for 36,000 vote-by-mail requests that we've sent out," said Bay County Supervisor of Elections Mark Andersen.
As of Wednesday, election workers had received completed ballots from 19,522 of the county's 124,653 eligible voters.
More:ANOTHER VIEW: Take advantage of early voting options
"It's heavier by a considerable amount," Andersen said, comparing mail-in responses from previous general elections.
More Republicans are participating in mail-in balloting than other voters locally. According to SOE elections site www.bayvotes.org, Republicans have submitted 9,080 ballots, 1,676 more than Democrats. Voters with no party affiliation or from other parties have cast 3,040 ballots.
More:Controversial fliers in Panama City removed; organizers point to voter intimidation
Despite national concerns relating to the postal service delivering ballots to voters and back to SOE offices, Andersen said the onus to make the ballot counts is on the voter. He recommends returning the ballot at least seven days in advance or, best, two weeks in advance.
"There's no negative other than voters have to respond in a timely manner and I have to respond in a uniform manner," Andersen said. Listing absent and unmatched signatures, he added, "If you're not doing it well in advance upfront we don't get any time to help you."
Andersen said, in one recent election, his office rejected almost 180 ballots because 71 were blank, 100 were returned after the election and eight did not meet the criteria for a completed ballot.
It's also imperative to know that Bay County is one of two counties in the state that will not participate in early voting. Instead, Bay and neighboring Gulf County will have super voting sites which lets any voter of that county vote at any of the sites. The special accommodation is the result of the loss of polling locations following damage caused by Hurricane Michael.
"It's the only way you can get equal access to voting," Andersen said. "A voter can vote anywhere in Bay County once we start."
The super sites will be open 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Saturday at 14 locations. Voters must bring photo identification that bears a signature, such as a driver's license. According to bayvotes.org, voters who have their mailed-in ballots can drop off their completed ballots in drop boxes available at the sites through Nov. 2.
On Nov. 3, Election Day, completed mailed-in ballots can be dropped off only at the vote-by-mail drop box at the SOE office.
Saturday also is the last day to request a vote-by-mail ballot For more information, go online to BayVotes.org.
© 2021 www.newsherald.com. All rights reserved.
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5G in US averages 51Mbps while other countries hit hundreds of megabits
Getty Images | zf L
Average 5G download speeds in the US are 50.9Mbps, a nice step up from average 4G speeds but far behind several countries where 5G speeds are in the 200Mbps to 400Mbps range. These statistics were reported today by OpenSignal, which presented average 5G speeds in 12 countries based on user-initiated speed tests conducted between May 16 and August 14. The US came in last of the 12 countries in 5G speeds, with 10 of the 11 other countries posting 5G speeds that at least doubled those of the US.
The US’s average 5G speed is 1.8 times higher than the country’s average 4G download speed of 28.9Mbps. User tests in neighboring Canada produced a 4G average of 59.4Mbps and a 5G average of 178.1Mbps. Taiwan and Australia both produced 5G averages above 200Mbps, while South Korea and Saudi Arabia produced the highest 5G speeds at 312.7Mbps and 414.2Mbps, respectively.
In the US, average download speeds for users who accessed 5G at least some of the time was 33.4Mbps—that figure includes both their 4G and 5G experiences. This was the second lowest of the 12 countries surveyed by OpenSignal, with the highest speeds coming in Saudi Arabia (144.5Mbps) and Canada (90.4Mbps). The US fared better in 5G availability, the percentage of time in which users are connected to 5G; the US figure in that statistic is 19.3 percent, fifth best, with Saudi Arabia placing first at 34.4 percent and the UK placing last at 4.5 percent.
These charts show how the 12 countries stack up in 4G and 5G download speeds, the percentage of time users are connected to 5G, and overall download speeds:
OpenSignal says it collects “billions of measurements daily from over 100 million devices globally.” OpenSignal told Ars that the 12 countries included in the report are those in which it has collected the highest-quality data.
Modest speed bump in low-band spectrum
The relatively small gap between 4G and 5G speeds in the US (28.9Mbps vs 50.9Mbps) reflects the widespread use of low-band spectrum for both the old and new networks. T-Mobile in particular has upgraded large portions of its low-band 4G network to 5G, which provides a speed boost but not the huge speed upgrades possible in 5G networks that rely on high-band spectrum. OpenSignal’s report explained:
The modest 5G download speeds in the US are due to a combination of the limited amount of new mid-band 5G spectrum that is available and the popularity of low-band spectrum—T-Mobile’s 600MHz and AT&T’s 850MHz—which offer excellent availability and reach but lower average speeds than the 3.5GHz mid-band spectrum used as the main 5G band in every country outside of the US.
Previous OpenSignal research released in June, based on tests between March 16 and June 13, showed that Verizon is far and away the US leader in average 5G download speeds, at 494.7Mbps. T-Mobile and its newly purchased subsidiary Sprint both posted average 5G speeds of just over 49Mbps while AT&T posted an average of 60.8Mbps.
But Verizon’s 5G network is tiny, largely because of Verizon’s reliance on millimeter-wave frequencies that are easily blocked by walls and don’t travel far, so Verizon’s high 5G download speeds had practically no impact on the US average across all carriers. Users of OpenSignal’s speed-test app were able to get a Verizon 5G signal just 0.4 percent of the time, compared to 22.5 percent for T-Mobile, 14.1 percent for Sprint, and 10.3 percent for AT&T. These charts from OpenSignal’s June report show the average 5G download speeds by carrier, 5G availability by carrier, and overall speeds experienced by 5G users on each carrier:
For more detail on how 5G works across different spectrum bands, see Ars’ Jim Salter’s recent feature, “What the advent of 5G—mmWave and otherwise—will mean for online gaming.”
Despite Verizon’s small 5G network, the US ranks higher in 5G availability than in 5G speeds because the low-band spectrum used by other carriers “is ideally suited to enable great 5G reach and allow users to spend more time connected than in countries with higher frequency 5G spectrum,” OpenSignal wrote in today’s report. “In the US the low-band 5G services of T-Mobile and AT&T have helped drive a high 5G availability result. T-Mobile US’ very recent launch of standalone access 5G—where a phone no longer needs to connect to 4G in order for 5G to work—should help 5G services in future.”
The gradual shift from 4G to 5G might seem familiar to those who remember the shift from 3G to 4G that began about a decade ago. The 5G market is currently “immature” in OpenSignal’s view. “We are still in the early stages of a 5G era that will last for at least a decade because the first 5G services launched only in 2019, and in a number of countries we continue to see 5G services aimed at smartphone users launching for the first time,” the report said.
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Latest patch for The Division curbs loot farming, plus new content teased
Patch notes for The Division have been released today, and Ubisoft say there's some new content on the horizon.
by Chris Brand
The publisher isn't giving much away regarding the new content, but states they'll be introducing new end-game activities. Expect more details about the "big upcoming update" in the next few days.
You can read the full patch notes here - as you may expect, there are a host of bug fixes and some balancing tweaks to both weapons and skills, which will be applied during server maintenance today.
One of the issues fixed may be of particular interest to some who had found a quick and easy way to get their hands on new gear. According to the patch notes: "Named NPCs will no longer respawn after being killed in the Open World. This will prevent situations where players were able to kill a same named NPC over and over again". The unfortunate NPC in question is a character named Bullet King, who players were farming for high end equipment.
People have been mourning the loss of ol' BK over on the game's official subreddit; a few even have ideas on how he could become immortalised, in a similar way to Destiny's loot cave.
What do think about the new update? Looking forward to some new end-game content? Let us know on the forum.
If you've not jumped into The Division yet, now would be a good time to see what James thought of it in our review.
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Comcast, AT&T and others easing broadband for at home workers
Jefferson GrahamUSA TODAY
Broadband companies are making it easier and cheaper to work at home in the COVID-19 era.
Cable giant Comcast said it has increased the speeds and lowered the cost of its entry-level Internet Essentials' low-income internet service, effective Monday, offering 60 days of free service, to qualified low-income households, which is normally $9.95 monthly.
Additionally, Comcast is boosting internet speeds for the service to 25/3 megabits per second, from 15/2 Mbps. "In this way, we will ensure that Internet Essentials customers will be able to use their Internet service for all their increased needs as a result of this health crisis," the company said in a statement.
Meanwhile, to all the home workers worried about data overages from their personal, monthly plans, AT&T said it would suspend them. Going over the cap could result in additional fees of $10 for every 50GB over the limit, as indicated in AT&T's website.
In response, broadband providers Verizon and Frontier noted that they don't have data caps. Verizon's Howard Waterman confirmed to USA TODAY that "this is another competitive advantage we offer customers."
Meanwhile, Verizon said that even with the recent increase in telecommuting and online learning, Verizon's networks haven't taken a hit.
"The company has not seen a measurable increase in data usage – despite some businesses, schools and other organizations now asking employees to work remotely and students to take classes online," said Verizon over email. But the company affirmed that its "networks are designed and built to meet future demand, and are ready should demand increase or usage patterns change significantly."
Verizon said it has been closely monitoring network usage in the most impacted areas and will work with and prioritize network demand in assisting the needs of many U.S. hospitals, first responders and government agencies.
Follow USA TODAY's Jefferson Graham (@jeffersongraham) on Twitter
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What does no one seem to understand about a game you love?
By PC Gamer 11 July 2018
When people don't seem to get it.
The PCG Q&A
Find previous editions of the PCG Q&A here. Enjoy some past highlights below:
- Has a game ever felt like it's become your job?
- What did you buy in the Steam Summer Sale?
- What's the most disappointed you've been by a game's ending?
Today's question is inspired by some of the social media conversations doing the rounds lately about professions, which started with this tweet. We thought we'd change the subject to gaming. No matter what games you love, you'll always read or hear opinions on them that you disagree with. Maybe it feels like people aren't getting the thing that's good about the game in question, or perhaps they don't see why something is important to PC gaming when you do.
Well, let's complain about those people. Today's PCG Q&A: What does no one seem to understand about a game you love? Leave your answers in the comments.
James Davenport: The intricacies of Dark Souls' lore don't matter
Just let that imagery wash over you. Read item descriptions, sure, but to play Dark Souls—any of them—you don't need to know a goddamn thing about the story. There's a history there if you want to dig deep, but I play games like I read books the first time through: I just go. Getting hung up on every paragraph in a Pynchon novel (I'm that guy, sorry) means you'll never finish the thing. Same goes for Dark Souls. You'll start to notice patterns and catch onto its bleak themes naturally. Too often I hear about people turned off not just by the difficulty of Dark Souls, but by the fantasy setting—decrypting obtuse histories with long-winded family trees ain't easy either—and how little it outright tells you about anything.
At risk of sounding like an English major (I'm an English major), Dark Souls is a poem. It doesn't need to be understood. It needs to be felt. And it feels metal as hell. So bleak. Here's my take: humans are the worst. We're always hungry, easily bored, envious, anxious, destructive beings. Committing every scrap of Dark Souls lore to memory will tell you the same thing over and over with different players, and that's the point. So, memorize those names if you want to, or just take a nice, depressing, self-critical bath in Dark Souls assurance that we're screwed and it's our fault.
Evan Lahti: Team Fortress 2 is the most influential PC game of the past decade
Many of the most significant trends in PC gaming were guinea pigged and test tubed in Team Fortress 2. The modern, living multiplayer games began with the "Sniper vs. Spy" update in May 2009. TF2 can be credited for the style of multiplayer storytelling seen in games like Overwatch—the way characters chatter with each other dynamically mid-match, and the way games' stories are told outside them, bleeding into marketing, teasers, comics, and other media in a way that we almost expect at this stage. Stuff we take for granted like characters being reinvented for the benefit of shaking up the meta—the way we react to a shotgun rebalance or guided rocket in Fortnite—started in TF2. The ubiquity of loot boxes and cosmetics, which TF2 popularized. And though it's almost hard to remember at this point, the destigmatization of free-to-play as a model for PC games in the West—in 2011, many PC gamers associated free with an absence of quality.
Tom Senior: You don't have to be interested in WW2 to enjoy Company of Heroes
Games based on historical conflicts sometimes target a specific group of players who are really into that particular era, but you don't need to have an appreciation for authentic Sherman patterning to enjoy a quality RTS like Company of Heroes. I appreciate the dedication of the art teams that want to accurately present companies that really fought in the war, but to newcomers historical accuracy can imply that you need a dense understanding of the setting to get the relationships between different units.
In some serious strategy sims, you do, but Company of Heroes applies abstracts units' strengths and weaknesses into a familiar rock-paper-scissors pattern that anyone can learn. Unit and vehicle speed have been balanced out so you can perform combined arms attacks in a small space without jeeps hurtling off into the sunset. Artillery has been adjusted so it doesn't completely destroy half the map. It's an intense game, but perhaps not in the way you might assume. If you're used to fantasy and sci-fi RTS games, why not grab it in a Steam sale and see.
Andy Kelly: The open world in Mafia II isn't important
A lot of people get hung up on the fact that Mafia II's open world is pretty bare bones. I remember reviews at the time criticising the fact that there was 'nothing to do', meaning a lack of GTA-style side missions and distractions. But to count that against the game is missing the point spectacularly. Mafia II is a linear, heavily narrative-focused action game, telling a superb story across several time periods. And the city, as pretty and inviting as it is, is really just an elaborate backdrop to the action.
When you realise this, and retune your GTA-wired brain, you'll realise how good Mafia II really is. It's not trying to present a world full of stuff to do, but using its city to tell what is, to me, one of the best stories on PC. There are a few collectables, such as those infamous Playboy magazines, but I wonder if the developer felt like it had to include something to encourage exploration. But it really didn't need to, because Empire Bay is an incredible virtual city, regardless of how 'empty' it is.
Andy Chalk: Thief's "monster missions" are the best and anyone who says otherwise is wrong
Thief's "monster missions"—Bonehoard, Lost City, Return to Cathedral, and the like—are not just the best parts of the game, they're the most important. Thief is a fantastic narrative B&E sim, no doubt, but what makes it magic is, literally, the magic, and the monster missions are the spark that gives it life: Whether you're breaking into Bafford's or rummaging through Rampone's, in the back of your mind is the knowledge that somewhere out there is a world far greater and more wonderful (and terrifying) than the cold, stoic pragmatism that gets Garrett through the day. Garrett's sole "supernatural" ability reflects that dissonance—wounded by magic and healed by mechanics, he's simultaneously better and worse for his encounters with both. That division is central to the genius of Thief, and it's impossible without magic and the monsters it spawns: Politics are dirty and Garrett's gotta pay the rent, but the real world—the world that gives Thief its unique and brilliant life—lies beneath.
Samuel Roberts: Blitzball in Final Fantasy X is a pretty good minigame, but you have to learn it
I've never met anyone who likes Blitzball in Final Fantasy X except me. It's basically underwater football—or more accurately, polo, I'm told, but I don't know what that is—since everyone in the game's tropical universe can hold their breath forever. It's built entirely on roleplaying-style stats, with numbers representing shooting power, blocking, passing and so on. You can also recruit players who are just wandering around the game's world, making it feel like a real part of its fiction and not just a distraction.
Problem is, it's really hard when you start. You only have to play one game as part of the story, and it's ludicrously difficult. It's only later, playing against some lesser teams and understanding what the different numbers mean, that you start to get it. After ten or so matches and with a stronger roster, it becomes clear that it's a deep, interesting and challenging minigame that's worth playing.
Joe Donnelly: Football Manager is great fun, even if you don't like football
I'm going to sort of copy Tom here. On the face of it, Football Manager targets a specific group of players: those who're into football. If you hate football, Football Manager probably isn't for you. That's obvious. But if you like football, or if you can simply stand it—enough to select a team, set a training schedule, and handle innocuous questions from the press on a semi-regular basis—then I think you'll like Football Manager. If you can follow the above and are also interested in strategy sims, I'm convinced you'll fall for it.
Because at its heart, Football Manager is a strategy game about balancing numbers, managing statistics, gambling on variables, and leading one team to victory over several others. There's fewer guns and tanks and less colonising than the average wargame, granted, but signing up and coming superstars and lifting trophies provides similar thrills. If I were English, I'd sign off with something cheesy here, like: give Football Manager a try and bring football home. But I'm Scottish, which means I play Football Manager to ensure my pathetic national team stands a chance of actually qualifying for a major international tournament. France '98 is but a distant memory.
PCG Q&A
Thief: The Dark Project
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E3 2018: The games, gaffes, and hardware we expect to see
By PC Gamer 17 May 2018
From surefire bets to wild guesses, this is what we expect to see at E3.
It's almost time again for tens of thousands of people to crowd into Los Angeles to play a bunch of new videogames. E3 is a magical week of reveals juxtaposed alongside sometimes cringe-inducing presentations, and already the teases and rumors of what's to come that second week of June are spreading. That's why we've put our heads together to create this list of predictions—all of our best rational guesses and wild speculations.
The predictions
Cyberpunk 2077 will be officially revealed and coming spring 2019. We can hope, right?
The show floor will still be hopelessly unprepared for the horde of public attendees. Last year, E3 opened to the wider public for the first time ever, and it wasn't the greatest. The showfloor booths struggled to effectively corral the extra few thousand gamers, leading to insanely long lines and some pretty scary security concerns. I'm willing to bet that none of these problems have been solved.
The Division 2 will look distressingly similar to The Division. Considering how little Destiny 2 learned from Destiny, I'm willing to bet this cycle repeats itself and the ill-fated-but-better-with-time shooter's sequel forgets all of the lessons the first one learned along the way. The Division 2 will be revealed and look distressingly similar to the first one in all the wrong ways.
More Warhammer games will be announced. They will include a racing game about Orks in which painting your car red makes it go faster, a match-three game about lining up multi-colored Space Marines, and a battle royale where 100 members of the Imperial Guard very slowly murder each other. Then a real sweet-looking Warhammer strategy game or RPG announcement will follow and all will be forgiven.
Devolver's press conference will return and be even weirder than last year. If you didn't see it, last year Devolver broke ground by hosting their own press conference at an absurdly late hour. It was a weird move for a relatively small indie publisher, so of course everyone turned in to watch. What we didn't expect, however, was to have our senses bludgeoned for over half an hour with a nonstop miasma of jokes that felt plucked right out of a Adult Swim special. It was hilarious, it was weird. And I'm willing to bet Devolver is working hard at outdoing themselves this year.
Final Fantasy XVI gets announced. These things usually get teed up so far in advance that we'll all be shrivelled and grey by the time Square Enix actually releases it. My prediction is the setting will go back being more medieval-looking, just because Final Fantasy hasn't done that outside of an MMO for a while now, and the last couple have been either modern or futuristic-looking. Someone will have spiky hair. Someone's jacket will have too many buckles. The music will be moving. Someone in Twitch chat will respond to the trailer with "f*ck dis where skyrim2 :(".
A new DC Comics game gets announced. We liked Injustice 2, but it's been three years since Arkham Knight. I'm not sure if Rocksteady is making another DC Comics game or not, but someone must be, and this seems like the right time frame to reveal that to the world. What'll it be, a Suicide Squad game? A Damian Wayne post-apocalyptic Batman game? A Plastic Man game with a Stretch Armstrong-style peripheral controller? This is traditionally the one area where DC has the edge over Marvel. I think they'll have something.
The toilets will be a disaster. Seriously, a deluge of consumers in E3 can only spell disaster for the convention center's toilets. It might just be better to cross the road and use the loos in Hooters. If you're thinking of going, maybe consider not going?
A new Splinter Cell that's got a target painted on MGS5, with Clint Hocking working on it. I'm not sure how much stock to put in this Wal-Mart leak from a couple of weeks ago, but hey, Rage 2 is real, and it's about time for a new Splinter Cell. Plus, Sam Fisher's guest appearance in Ghost Recon Wildlands can't be a red herring, right? My bold prediction is that this is Ubisoft's shot at a big open world Splinter Cell a la MGS5. Well, that's my dream scenario anyway.
We'll see Dennaton's next game. Hotline Miami 2 came out over three years ago, meaning it's probably about time we found out what its developer is doing next. Maybe we'll see them pop up on Sony or Microsoft's stage this year?
There will be no new graphics cards. E3 might be about games, something graphics cards excel at running, but Nvidia hasn’t launched a new GPU at E3 in some time, and AMD doesn’t have anything in the works as far as I’m aware. You’ll see companies pimping last year’s hardware, which is now close to back in stock, but if you want the latest and greatest new GPUs you’ll have to wait until August/September.
A press conference will feature multiple shots of a weirdly zealous front row of raving fanboys. Because who doesn't need their own personal cheer squad?
Halo: Master Chief Collection announced for PC. Okay, this one might be a touch too early, since Microsoft is still in the process of salvaging the mess that was Master Chief Collection, an ambitious but broken package of classic Halo. But Xbox head Phil Spencer has intimated that he knows PC fans want classic Halo, and this just makes the most sense. While fixing MCC up to have better online matchmaking and fewer critical bugs, why not do the work to port it to PC, too?
From Software’s next game won’t be Bloodborne 2 and it won’t be a Sony exclusive. This is a total stab in the dark. The Shadows Die Twice teaser shown at The Game Awards last year looked suspiciously like a Bloodborne game, but a seemingly trusted (albeit anonymous) source on this internet forum has indicated that it’s not another game in the vein of Dark Souls or Bloodborne. And, uh, that teaser certainly doesn’t look like an Armored Core game. Some have speculated that it might be a Kuon reboot -- a ye olde FromSoft game from the PS2 era -- but let’s cross our fingers that it’s something entirely new. Assuming it’s a Miyazaki game, he’s always done his best work with a clean slate.
Amazingly, few if any battle royale games will be announced. I want to believe that, unlike the MMO boom, MOBA boom, and class-based multiplayer shooter boom, developers will smartly realize that battle royales are an already saturated genre that isn't worth jumping into. And so, E3 2018 will be surprisingly—but somewhat thankfully—short of battle royale announcements.
Some poor soul will be forced to kill time onstage while technicians furiously work behind the scenes to get a trailer to load. It wouldn't be E3 without it.
Death Stranding will finally have more to show than an esoteric trailer. And we'll finally understand what kind of game is lurking beneath the stunning cinematography and compelling but bizarre metaphors the story appears to be steeped in.
Capcom will announce Dragon's Dogma 2. This bizarre little RPG performed surprisingly well for Capcom, and the team has said its interested in doing a sequel. Well, with Capcom's Monster Hunter: World doing shockingly well, it definitely seems like there is space for more action RPGs about fighting giant monsters. Dragon's Dogma 2 would certainly be an out of left field but very welcome surprise at E3.
An underwhelming thing will become the next global phenomenon. Look, being in the prediction business is hard. No one imagined that Fortnite, after spending years in development hell and launching to modest praise, would become the most popular game in the world. It's possible that PC gaming's next big thing will totally slip under everyone's radar, only to blossom later after a big update, new mode, or Early Access gestation. What a time to be alive.
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Tag: Legionella
Health Minister Resigns, Sickened By Inability To Pass Reform
The ink on the resignation letter of minister of economy Stanko Stepišnik had barely dried when PM Alenka Bratušek saw another member of her cabinet resign earlier today when minister of health Tomaž Gantar tendered his resignation with media grabbing his statement about blockade of any meaningful health reform by powerful players and people with vested interest.
Minister in resignation. Another one (photo by Barbara Milavec/Žurnal24.si)
Indeed, in his resignation letter (Google Translate here) Gantar did, in fact, acknowledge corruption as a major issue of Slovenian health system. However, he adds that in this respect the health sector is no different than the rest of the country and that some of his problems may very well stem from his attempts to curb the construction lobby. Which, in all honesty, is as political a statement about corruption as any. Not in the least because the health sector is prone to occasional fits of corruption, the most epic of them being a tender for operating tables in surgery halls of Ljubljana University Clinical Centre which dragged on for years and resulted in no charges being filed despite tonnes of taxpayer’s money being thrown out the window by the bucketful. Then there’s was a tender for a new ER under Janša government 1.0, which also ran aground. Or the new Oncology wing which even years after it was completed is mired by cases of Legionella in its plumbing. Or the (relatively) new Pediatrics wing, which took more than a decade to build and serves a smaller number of patients than its predecessor. And so on and so on…
Every minister in ever government practically anywhere in the world will try to position himself/herself as fiercely anti-corruption. But talking the talk don’t always mean walking the walk. And Gantar was stumbling in office practically from day one. That be day one of Janša 2012 government, where only both DeSUS ministers (Gantar and foreign minister and party leader Karl Erjavec) held the same positions as in the succeeding Bratušek administration and Gantar was widely perceived as being out of his depth, despite the fact that he ran a relatively successful hospital in coast town of Izola prior to his entry in politics. Therefore, although resonating, his statements on corruption are neither revealing nor ravaging.
Therefore the rest of his letter is much more interesting in terms of shedding light on high-level behind-the-scenes power-plays. It shows that Gantar fell not so much a victim to various lobbies but rather failed in a power struggle for the future (re)organisation of the health system. To put it bluntly, it a tussle between proponents of further concessions in primary health care (i.e.: private GPs performing public-health services) and proponents of concentrating primary health-care solely in the hands of state-related organisations. Gantar positioned himself as pro-concessions and named labour unions as well as Social Democrats as forces opposing further issuing of concessions.
Therefore, while somewhat of a surprise, Gantar’s resignation is not really rocking the coalition boat. In fact, it may even show that the coalition is closing its ranks in the wake of a confidence vote won by PM Bratušek and is now getting rid of some of its looser parts. Whether or not this is the case will be seen pretty soon and gauged by the simplest of instruments: whether or not DeSUS president Karl Erjavec will start making noises towards leaving the coalition once again. The grapevine has it that Erjavec and Gantar were not really on friendly terms as of late and it might just be that Erjavec wants a more friendly person fulfilling DeSUS cabinet quota.
As for primary health care concessions and overall reform, this might even be a good thing. Opposition to reforms is indeed staunch, especially with players who stand to lose a lot. But it was also shown time and again that given the right person in the right position, a deal can usually be brokered.
P.S.: Gantar didn’t really say he was “sickened”. It just that The Onion-like title reads well 😉
Posted on November 25, 2013 November 25, 2013 Categories SloveniaTags Alenka Bratušek, Gantar, Google Translate, Health care reform, Izola, Karl Erjavec, Legionella, Political corruption
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Phnom Penh Post - Pokemon at S-21 not appropriate, some say
Pokemon at S-21 not appropriate, some say
Andrew Nachemson | Publication date 10 August 2016 | 06:51 ICT
A Phnom Penh Post reporter views a Pokemon using the Pokemon Go app inside Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum yesterday. Athena Zelandonii
Andrew Nachemson
As darkness fell last night outside the walls of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, the former Khmer Rouge torture facility from which an estimated 14,000 Cambodians were sent to their deaths, the Pokemon Go players were still going at it.
US-based software developer Niantic on Saturday launched the augmented reality mobile phone application in the Kingdom, which allows players to visit physical locations in a bid to capture Pokemon characters that are visible on their smartphones.
A screenshot from the Pokemon Go app shows Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum designated as a Pokemon "gym".
As of yesterday, the former S-21 security centre is one of those locations, playing host to two Pokemon “gyms”, four “Pokestops” – one based squarely at the Tomb of Victims of Torture Memorial – and countless wild Pokemon.
And while the company, amid public outcry, has begun eliminating Pokemon Go features from sensitive locations including the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Memorial in Japan and the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC, no such provision has yet been made for the former Khmer Rouge facility.
During a visit to the museum yesterday, which is free to Cambodians, the Post quickly spotted two young Cambodians playing the game within the compound. Rain Kun, 21, said he didn’t see a problem with playing Pokemon on museum grounds.
“I’ve been a big fan of Pokemon since I was a child,” said Kun who was born and raised in Phnom Penh. “For me, it’s an attraction to visit the museum. I never came here until Pokemon Go.”
A French couple visiting the Museum expressed less enthusiasm. Fazia said she was “shocked” and her companion Edouard similarly said he couldn’t understand why people would play Pokemon there.
Youk Chhang, director of Khmer Rouge historical research body DC-CAM, strongly condemned the presence of the game in the museum. “I think it should be deleted immediately,” Chhang said last night. “We must send a clear message to young people that this is not appropriate.”
Chhang added that he didn’t blame the youth for their nonchalance, but rather held the adults of society responsible.
“We failed to educate them”, he said, blaming their actions on ignorance.
Niantic could not be reached for comment last night.
The main photograph's caption has been updated to identify the person using the Pokemon Go app in the photo as a reporter for the Phnom Penh Post.
Contact author: Andrew Nachemson
Canadian military police tasked to play Pokemon Go
Visitors to Angkor Wat warned off playing Pokemon Go
Genocide museum bans Pokemon Go after outcry
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Volkswagen RX Sweden prove pace again in Hockenheim
For the second event in a row, FIA World Rallycross Championship team Volkswagen RX Sweden showed front-running pace at Hockenheim in Germany, but were denied a chance of fighting for victory due to being hit by another competitor [May 8].
Swedish driver Johan Kristoffersson qualified for pole position for semi-final two, following a run of consistently fast times through the qualifying races. The Swede led into the first corner of the semi-final, only to be hit hard from championship leader Petter Solberg, pushing bodywork onto the left rear tyre, which punctured on lap two.
Using all of his skill, and much to the delight of the thousands of DTM and rallycross fans in the Sachs Arena section of the German venue, Kristoffersson amazingly led the race until the fifth lap despite the puncture, but was unable to hold on any longer and only just missed out on qualifying for the final.
While the Volkswagen Polo RX again proved its pace through the weekend at Hockenheim, Anton Marklund was hampered by a poor grid position in Q1 and traffic in all of his races. Unable to show his potential he missed out on a place in the semi-finals.
The good pace and strong points haul from the weekend means that the Volkswagen RX Sweden team maintain second position in the Teams’ Championship standings.
Kristoffersson was disappointed not to have been able to fight for victory, but knows his recent bad luck will change soon. “If you bend something on the car you could manage for six laps, but if you have a puncture you can only manage for five … We had a good Q1 and a pretty spectacular start in Q2, which put us in a good position for Q3 and Q4, where I tired to stay out of trouble,” said Kristoffersson. “In the semi-final we had a pretty clear strategy, to try to stay on the inside, but I got a really big hit from the rear and on lap two I got a puncture. I just tried to hang on as long as I could and make it hard for the guys behind, but lost out on the last lap. We had the speed in Portugal and we had the speed again here. We don’t need to change what we are doing, we just need some luck. We will stay focused of course, sometimes you have a headwind but this is a long season and things will change for us soon.”
An incident with another car in Q1 made Marklund’s task even harder and he was forced to run in early qualifying races throughout the weekend, when the track was at its slowest. “I had a tough draw for Q1. I tried to do my best in the first corner, but I was last out of turn one. Unfortunately [Jean-Baptiste] Dubourg spun, which held me up and I lost six seconds. That more or less destroyed my weekend because it is so tight and tough in this championship,” said Marklund. “My driving was really good but I was in the first race of Q2 when they had watered the loose section, so the track was much faster in the later races. In Q3 the pace was really good but I was again in the first race when the gravel is so slow again. It was a weekend full of bad luck for me. Hopefully I am able to really show the pace we know we have in Mettet next week and I hope for a better starting position for Q1.”
Despite not being able to secure the desired result at Hockenheim, Volkswagen RX Sweden Team Principle Michael Schneider is satisfied that the Volkswagen Polo RX and the team’s driver have the pace to win this season. “We were first in the first corner of the semi-final but we were hit for the second race in a row by [Petter] Solberg. Johan is doing an amazing job. It was incredible from him, how he fought in the semi-final to keep the others behind for three laps was very impressive. That really shows his skills and capabilities,” said Schneider. “Anton was unlucky this weekend with the races he was in but we know from his lap times that he has the pace. I’m not at all worried and we will definitely fight back and try to win again in Belgium like we did last year.”
The third round of the FIA World Rallycross Championship takes place next weekend at Mettet, Belgium (May 13 – 15), where the team has been victorious for the last two seasons.
Hockenheim Final Result:
1 Mattias Ekstrom (Audi S1)
2 Toomas Heikkinen (Audi S1)
3 Ken Block (Ford Focus)
4 Petter Solberg (Citroen DS3)
5 Liam Doran (BMW Mini)
6 Robin Larsson (Audi A1)
7 Johan Kristoffersson (Volkswagen Polo)
15 Anton Marklund (Volkswagen Polo)
FIA World Rallycross Championship Drivers’ Standings:
1 Mattias Ekstrom 48
2 Petter Solberg 48
3 Toomas Heikkinen 45
4 Johan Kristoffersson 39
5 Robin Larsson 34
6 Sebastien Loeb 30
14 Anton Marklund 9
FIA World Rallycross Championship Teams’ Standings:
1 EKS 93
2 Volkswagen RX Sweden 48
3 Hoonigan Racing Division 40
4 Team Peugeot-Hansen 39
5 OlsbergsMSE 26
6 World RX Team Austria 18
7 All-Inkl.com Munnich Motorsport 6
FIA World Rallycross Championship 2016 Calendar:
1 Portugal – Montalegre – 16/17 April
2 Germany – Hockenheim – 6/8 May
3 Belgium – Mettet – 14/15 May
4 UK – Lydden Hill – 28/29 May
5 Norway – Hell – 11/12 June
6 Sweden – Holjes – 2/3 July
7 Canada – Trois-Rivieres – 6/7 August
8 France – Loheac – 3/4 September
9 Spain – Barcelona – 17/18 September
10 Latvia – Riga – 1/2 October
11 Germany – Estering – 15/16 October
12 Argentina – Rosario – 26/27 November
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Adams Papers Digital Edition
Home Browse Index Search Adams Family Name Codes
Legal Papers of John Adams, volume 3
Previous document in volume
Charges to The Jury as Printed In the Annual Register
Next document in volume
List of Streets, Buildings, and Other Landmarks Mentioned in the Boston Massacre Trials
Rex v. Wemms: Suffolk Superior Court, Boston Rex v. Wemms: Suffolk Superior Court, Boston
Rex v. Wemms
Suffolk Superior Court, Boston
Arraignment, Impaneling, Crown’s Opening and Evidence1: 7 September, 27 November 1770 UNKNOWN Arraignment, Impaneling, Crown’s Opening and Evidence: 7 September, 27 November 1770 UNKNOWN
Arraignment, Impaneling, Crown's Opening and Evidence1
7 September, 27 November 1770
On Saturday i.e. Tuesday, the 27th November, 1770, the Court being met, the prisoners were brought into Court and set to the bar, when the Court proceeded thus. . . .
Clerk. How sayest thou, William Wemms, art thou guilty of the felony and murder whereof thou standest indicted, or not guilty?
William Wemms. Not guilty.
Clerk. How wilt thou be tried?
William Wemms. By God and my country.
Clerk. God send thee a good deliverance. . . .2
The Jury were then called over and appeared.
Clerk. You the prisoners at the bar, these good men, which were last called and do now appear, are those who are to pass between our sovereign Lord the King and you, upon the trial of your several lives; if therefore you will challenge them, or any of them, you must challenge them as they are called to be sworn, before they are sworn, and you shall be heard.
The prisoners being asked whether they would agree in their challenges, consented that William Wemms should make challenges for them all.3
Samuel Williams, Roxbury, challenged for cause.
Joseph Curtis, ditto, challenged for cause.
Nathaniel Davis, ditto, sworn.
Joseph Mayo, ditto, sworn.
Abraham Wheeler, Dorchester, sworn.
Edward Pierce, ditto, sworn.
William Glover, ditto, challenged peremtorily.
Isaiah Thayer, Braintree, sworn.
Samuel Bass, jun. ditto, challenged peremtorily.
James Faxen, ditto, challenged peremtorily.
Benjamin Fisher, Dedham, sworn.
John Morse, ditto, challenged peremtorily.
James White, Medway, challenged peremtorily.
Nehemiah Davis, Brookline, challenged peremtorily.
Samuel Davenport, Milton, sworn.
Joseph Houghton, Milton, sworn.
James Richardson, Medfield, challenged peremtorily.
John Billings, Stoughton, challenged peremtorily.
Joseph Richards, ditto, challenged for cause.
Consider Atherton, ditto, sworn.
Abner Turner, Walpole, challenged peremtorily.
John Brown, Boston, challenged for cause.
Joseph Barrell, ditto, challenged for cause.
Silas Aitkins, ditto, challenged for cause.
Harbottle Dorr, ditto, challenged for cause.
The Clerk having gone thro' the pannel, and there being a deficiency of Jurors, the Sheriff, by order of the court, returned the following talesmen.
Samuel Sheppard, challenged peremtorily.
John Goldsbury, challenged for cause.
Samuel Peck, challenged for cause.
William Gouge, challenged for cause.
Joseph Turrel, challenged for cause.
Jacob Cushing, jun. Hingham, sworn.
Josiah Lane, ditto, sworn.
Jonathan Burr, ditto, sworn.
N.B. The three last being illegally returned, as Jurors, were rejected by the Court, and returned by the Sheriff as talesmen.
Clerk. Cryer count these.4
Joseph Mayo, Forem. } Roxbury. Samuel Davenport, } Milton.
Nathaniel Davis, Joseph Houghton,
Abraham Wheeler, } Dorchester. Consider Atherton, Stoughton.
Edward Pierce, Jacob Cushing, jun. } Hingham.
Isaiah Thayer, Braintree. Josiah Lane,
Benjamin Fisher, Dedham. Jonathan Burr,
[facing 100] [facing 101] 101
Cryer. Gentlemen are ye all sworn.5
Clerk. Prisoners hold up your hands. Gentlemen of the Jury look upon the prisoners, and hearken to the charge. (The Clerk then read the several indictments against them as before set forth.) Upon each and every of these several indictments, the prisoners at the bar have been arraigned, and upon their arraignment have pleaded not guilty, and for trial have put themselves upon God and their country, which country you are; your charge therefore is, to enquire whether they or either of them be guilty of the felony and murder whereof they stand indicted, or not guilty. If they or either of them are guilty, you are to say so; if they or either of them are not guilty, you are to say so and no more. Good men and true, stand together and hearken to your evidence.
Council for the Crown.
Robert Treat Paine, Esq;
Samuel Quincy, Esq;
Council for the Prisoners.
John Adams, Esq;
and Mr. Sampson Salter
Mr. Josiah Quincy,
Blowers.6
Samuel Quincy, Esq: addressing himself to the Court and Jury, opened the cause nearly in the following words:
May it please your Honours, and you Gentlemen of the Jury.
The prisoners at the bar, are that party of soldiers belonging to his Majesty's 29th regiment, who in the evening of the 5th of March last, were induced from some cause or other to fire on the inhabitants of this town, in King-street.
They are charged in five distinct indictments, with the wilful premeditated murder of five different persons mentioned in the respective bills; to each of these indictments, they have severally pleaded, not guilty; and by that plea have thrown upon the crown the burthen of proving the fact alledged against them: It is my province therefore to give you evidence in support of this charge, and yours, gentlemen of the jury, to determine whether they are guilty, or not.
The cause is solemn and important; no less than whether eight of your fellow subjects shall live or die! A cause grounded on the most 102melancholy event that has yet taken place on the continent of America, and perhaps of the greatest expectation of any that has yet come before a tribunal of civil justice, in this part of the British dominions.
I am aware how difficult, in cases of this sort, it ever is, and more especially so in these times, and in this trial, to preserve the mind perfectly indifferent; but I remember, we are bound, not only by the natural obligations towards God and man, but also by an oath, to examine into the evidence of fact without partiality or prejudice; I need not therefore caution you of your duty in this respect: It is upon that evidence and the law resulting from it, you gentlemen are, in the language of your oath, to give a verdict; and I will venture, before hand, to pronounce that verdict righteous, if it is founded in these principles as the rule of your judgment.
It has become my duty, it shall therefore be my endeavor, to acquit myself in the course of this trial with decency and candour; reflecting that however interesting the question may be, the object of our enquiry is simply that of truth, and that this enquiry is to be conducted by the wisdom of the laws and constitution.
In support of this accusation against the prisoners at the bar, it is incumbent on the crown, to ascertain the following things; viz. The identity of the persons charged; the fact of killing; and the circumstances attending and aggravating that fact.
To this end, I shall immediately produce to you such evidence, from the testimony of credible witnesses, as may be sufficient to sustain the several indictments, and when I have gone through the examination, make such remarks upon it, as may be most concise and pertinent to the present issue.
The following witnesses were then sworn and examined in their order.
Jonathan Williams Austin, clerk to John Adams, Esq; sworn.
Q. Do you know either of the prisoners at the bar?
A. I do.
Q. Which of them?
A. McCauley. I knew the man before, but did not know his name; I was afterwards told it was McCauley. On the evening of the 5th of March last, I heard the bells ring, and went into King-street.
Q. How many people do you imagine might be there when you got into King-street.
A. There might be twenty or thirty I believe. I saw the Sentry at the Custom House door swinging his gun and bayonet; there were a 103parcel of men and boys round him. I desired them to come away, and not molest the Sentry; Some of them came off and went to the middle of the street; I then left them and went up towards the Main-Guard. Immediately a party came down, I walked by the side of them till I came to the Sentry box at the Custom House. McCauley then got to the right of the Sentry-box; he was then loading his piece.
Q. How near was you to McCauley at that time?
A. I was about four feet off: McCauley said “Damn you, stand off,” and pushed his bayonet at me: I did so: Immediately I heard the report of a gun.
Q. How near did McCauley stand to the corner?
A. He came round the Sentry-box, and stood close to it on the right.
Q. When the party came down, were there many people there?
A. I cannot really say, I think about fifty or sixty.
Q. What did they say to the people as they came down?
A. I did not hear them say any thing.
Q. Did you hear any orders given?
A. I did not, either to load or fire.
Q. Did you hear the Sentry cry out for help to the Main-Guard?
A. No; I was not there half a minute.
Q. Whereabouts did you stand?
A. I stood inside the gutter, close by the box.
Q. Whereabouts did the Sentry box stand?
A. Three or four feet from the corner of the Custom-House.
Q. How many guns did you hear?
A. Five or six, I cannot swear to any particular number.
Q. Did you look round after you heard the guns fired? A. Yes.
Q. Did you see McCauley then? A. Yes.
Q. Was he loading again?
A. I think he was; it so lies in my mind; (I cannot absolutely swear it.)
Q. Do you know whether any soldiers stood on the right of McCauley?
A. I took so particular notice of McCauley, that I minded no other object.
Ebenezer Bridgham, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Do you know any of the prisoners at the bar?
A. I particularly saw that tall man, (pointing to Warren, one of the prisoners.) Next day after the firing in K. street, I saw more of them whom I cannot particularly swear to now.
Q. Did you see the soldiers before the justices on examination?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you then observe you had seen any of them the night before in King street?
A. I was well persuaded next day in my own mind, that I saw that tall one; but a few days after, I saw another man belonging to the same regiment, so very like him, that I doubt whither I am not mistaken with regard to him.
Q. Were there any other of the party you knew? A. I am well satisfied I saw the Corporal 7 there.
Q. Did you see White there? A. I do not remember.
Q. What was the situation of the Corporal?
A. He was the corner man at the left of the party.
Q. Did you see either of the persons, you think you know, discharge their guns?
A. Yes; the man I take to be the tall man, discharged his piece as it was upon a level.
Q. Did you see the Corporal discharge his gun? A. I did not.
Q. Where did you stand? A. I was behind them in the circle.
Q. What part of the circle did the tall man stand in?
A. He stood next but one to the Corporal. The tall man whoever he was, was the man I saw discharge his piece.
Q. Was any thing thrown at the soldiers?
A. Yes, there were many things thrown, what they were I cannot say.
Q. How did the Soldiers stand?
A. They stood with their pieces before them to defend themselves; and as soon as they had placed themselves, a party, about twelve in number, with sticks in their hands, who stood in the middle of the street, gave three cheers, and immediately surrounded the soldiers, and struck upon their guns with their sticks, and passed along the front of the soldiers, towards Royal-exchange-lane, striking the soldiers guns as they passed; numbers were continually coming down the street.
Q. Did you see any person take hold of any of the guns or bayonets of any of the party? A. I do not remember I did.
Q. Did you hear any particular words from this party of twelve?
A. I heard no particular words, there was such a noise I could not distinguish any words.
Q. Did they load their guns before the people surrounded them, or after? A. They were loading at the time.
Q. How near did they go to the soldiers?
A. Very near them, almost close to their guns.
Q. Were the people who struck the guns, there at the firing?
A. I cannot say whether they had gone away or not.
Q. Did you apprehend the soldiers in danger, from any thing you saw? A. I did not, indeed.
Q. Where did you stand at the firing?
A. I kept my place. At the time of the firing of the first gun, I heard a clattering noise on the right like one gun striking against another, and immediately the first gun was fired from the right.
Q. At the time of firing that gun was any assault made on the person that fired? A. I did not see the person that fired.
Q.. You said, you saw several blows struck upon the guns, I should like you would make it more plain.
A. I saw the people near me on the left, strike the soldiers guns, daring them to fire, and called them cowardly rascals, for bringing arms against naked men; bid them lay aside their guns, and they were their men.
Q. Did you see any person fall? A. Yes, I saw Gray fall.
Q. Where was that? A. He fell in the middle of the street.
Q. Was the place where he fell nearly opposite to the tall man you talk of?
A. No; the gun that killed him, must have been nearer to the center. When the soldiers on the left fired, there were fewer people in the street.
Q. Did you see a molatto among those persons who surrounded the soldiers? A. I did not observe.
Q. Did they seem to be sailors or town's men?
A. They were dressed some of them in the habits of sailors.
Q. Did you hear any bell ring? A. Yes.
Q. What bell?
A. I believe all the bells in town were ringing, I heard the Old South first.
Q. Did the clattering or blows on the guns to the right, immediately before the first gun went off, appear very violent?
A. Yes, very violent.
Q. Where was the second gun fired from?
A. I took it to be the person next to him who fired the first, or very near him.
Q. Betwixt the first and second gun, did you see any assault given to the soldiers? A. No.
Q. When the firing came along to the left, were there many people in the street? A. There were very few people then in the street.
Q. What place did those few stand in? A. Right over the way.
Q. Was you looking at the person who fired the last gun?
A. Yes, I saw him aim at a lad that was running down the middle of the street, and kept the motion of his gun after him a considerable time, and then fired.
Q. Did the lad fall?
A. He did not, I kept my eye on him a considerable time.
Q. This soldier was towards the left you say, was he quite to the left? A. Not quite, but towards it.
Q. Was the lad among the party that struck at the soldiers?
A. He was passing the street, I cannot say where he came from.
Q. After the firing of the first gun did the people disperse?
A. They drew away down Royal exchange-lane, but others were coming continually down the street; but when the first person was killed, they seemed all to draw off.
Q. Did the people that came down the street, endeavour to join the party that was striking the soldiers, or did they come because of the ringing of the bells?
A. I believe they came because the bells were ringing, for they came from all parts of the town, and did not appear to me to join in the assault.
Q. How many guns were fired? A. I believe seven.
Q. How many soldiers were of the party?
A. I did not count them, but I believe twelve.
James Dodge, sworn.
Q. Do you know either of the prisoners?
A. Yes, I know Warren, and saw him with the party in King-street on the evening of the 5th of March last.
Q. Do you know any of the rest?
A. I know them all by sight, but that is the only person I can swear to.
Q. The night of the firing, did you see the Corporal there?
A. Not so as to know him; but Warren I can swear to.
Q. Did you see him discharge his piece?
A. No; I went away when the first gun fired.
Q. Where did the person stand, who fired the first gun?
A. He stood towards the left of the party.
Q. Whereabout did you stand yourself?
A. Opposite the soldiers, by Mr. Warden's shop the barber.
Q. Did you see any body fall?
A. I saw none fall. I went off when the first gun was fired, and came back again and heard there were three men killed.
Q. Do you mean the first gun was fired from your left, or from the left of the party?
A. From the left of the party; there were two stood to the left of Warren.
Q. What appeared to be the conduct of the soldiers before the firing?
A. When I got there, they were swinging there guns backward and forward, and several among the people, said, fire, damn you fire; but I think it was Capt. Preston that gave the word to fire.
Q. How many people were there?
A. I took them to be about fifty.
Q. What had they in their hands?
A. They had nothing in their hands.
Q. Did you see any ice or snow-balls thrown at the soldiers?
A. I saw several snow balls and pieces of ice thrown, and heard a rattling against the barrels of their guns, whether it was sticks, or what, I do not know.
Q. Where did the snow-balls seem to come from?
A. From the people right before the party.
Q. Did the snow balls seem to be thrown in anger?
A. I do not know; I saw the soldiers pushing at the people before any snow balls were thrown.
Q. Were the people pressing on?
A. They were very near, within reach of their bayonets.
Q. Did you see any oyster-shells thrown? A. No.
Q. Was the snow trodden down, or melted away by the Custom-House? A. No, the street was all covered like a cake.
Wemms Trial 5–15. For the indictment, see Rex v. Preston, Doc. I.
The pleas of the other defendants, being identical, Wemms Trial 6–7, are omitted. The arraignment actually took place 7 September. Lynde, Diary 198.
“Kilroy and Hartigan remanded, on account of the absence of Joseph Brown a Witness against them. Court agreed that the Province Law respecting Challenges should take place, and that the Prisoners may challenge with Cause and have the Jurors examined on said Law. Afterwards before the Cause opened, it appearing there was no probability of said Jos. Brown returning into the Province Kilroy and Hartigan were set at the Bar again and agreed to the Challenges made by the other Prisoners and consented to the Jury sworn, who were sworn over again.” Paine Massacre Notes.
The statute referred to is probably “An Act for the Better Regulating the Choice of Petit Jurors,” 29 March 1760, 4 A&R 318, 319, directing the justices of the courts
“upon motion from either party in any cause . . . to put any juror to answer upon oath (whether returned as afore said or as talisman) whether he . . . hath directly or indirectly given his opinion, or is sensible of any prejudice, in the cause. And if it shall then appear to said court that such juror does not stand indifferent in said cause, he shall be set a side from the trial of that cause, and another appointed in his stead.” Extended 20 March 1767, id. at 920, and 15 Nov. 1770, 5 A&R 86.
As to peremptory challenges, Blackstone says that the statute 22 Hen. 8, c. 14 (1530), limits them to twenty in felony trials. 4 Blackstone, Commentaries *348. No Province statute has been found.
“[W]hen a jury are all sworn, the officer bids the crier number them, for which the word in law-french is 'countez;' but we now hear it pronounced in very good English, 'count these.'” 4 Blackstone, Commentaries *334 note.
The petit jurors' oath: “You shall well and truly try and true deliverance make between our sovereign lord . . . the king . . ., and the prisoners at the bar, whom you shall have in charge according to the evidence. So help you God.” “An Act for the Establishing of Forms of Oaths,” 25 Nov. 1692, 1 A&R 78, 79.
Josiah Quincy, like Blowers, was not a barrister, each man having been admitted only as an attorney in the Superior Court of Judicature in Aug. 1768. Min. Bk. 79. Blowers was called as a barrister in Sept. 1772, ibid., but Quincy deliberately never took “the Long Robe.” Quincy, Reports 317.
Wemms.
Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence1: 27 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence: 27 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Crown Evidence1
James Dodge . . .seemed to come from close before them, i.e. I took it, the snow was flung on Purpose. I took it, the? soldiers 108pushed, to keep the Inhabitants off. Saw no Oyster Shells thrown, and believe there were none. A Cake of Ice covered the Pavement there, and covered up all the shells.
Samuel Clark. Saw White, before the Affray. He stood Sentry. He spoke to me, and asked me how we all did? I said pretty well. No body at all with the sentinel then.2
Edward Gambett Langford. Met 20 or 25 Boys and young Men, by the Centry Box. They said the sentry had knocked a Boy down. White is the Centry. I spoke to him, and bid him not be afraid. Saw Kilroy there that night. The Boys were swearing and cursing at him, but I saw no thing thrown. Centry got up to the Door and tryed to open it, but could not and then, he call'd out, what he Said I dont know. He levelld his Piece, but I told him not to be afraid. Then he took his Gun down. The young Shavers there said he had knocked a Boy down. At the Party, S. Gray came to me, took me by the shoulder and said what is here to pay? I said I dont know but I believe Something or other would come of it, by and by. S. Gray was just by me, when the 1st Gun went off. I stood so near that they might have reached me, and they did. A Bayonet went thro my Cloaths. I heard the Word Fire, twice, once G–d d—n you fire. About 40 or 50 People in the Streets, but others coming from Quaker Lane and Royal Exchange Lane. I had a Stick. I tho't 7 or 8 Soldiers. Dont know who fired the 1st Gun. I stood about ½ Way between the Centry Box and Royal Exchange Lane. I saw Kilroy fire, and Saml. Gray fell and struck my left foot. I knew him before, very well, and know it was he. there was 2 or 3 at Kilroys right. With red coats, but cant say whether armed or not. I said God d—n you, dont fire, or damn you dont, and he fired at once. Gray stood still by me. Kilroys Gun went off and S. Gray fell, and I heard no Gun by his at that time. Gray spoke to nobody but me, that I heard. He had no Weapen, was naked. Threw no snow Ball, or any Thing. Grays Hands were in his Bosom. I was looking Kilroy right in the Face. I heard the Ratling of Guns, but saw nothing flung. I took it Kilroys 109Gun kill'd Gray. Did not see that Kilroy aimed at Gray any more than me. He designed to kill both of us I suppose.3
Francis Archibald Jnr. I Saw Kilroy, that Night, go from the main 111Guard to the Centry. I took it there were 6 besides the Corporal, in the Party. Dont recollect any other. Wa4
Adams Massacre Minutes, MHi MS 2. This MS, as it survives, begins with the minute of the last part of James Dodge's testimony. See Description of Sources and Documents.
Wemms Trial 16:
Samuel Clark, Sworn.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners in King-street on the 5th March?
A. Yes, before the affray happened.
Q. Which of them was it?
A. It was White. He was standing Sentry at the Custom-house: he spoke to me, and asked me how we all did at home. I immediately went home. Soon after I heard the bells ring, and went into King-street. When I came there, the soldiers were drawn up by the Main Guard.
Q. Was you there at the time of the firing?
A. I was not.
Q. When you spoke to the Sentry, was there any body with him?
A. No, he was walking backwards and forwards by himself.
Wemms Trial 16–19:
Edward G. Langford, Sworn.
I am one of the Town Watch.
Q. Was you in King-street that evening the 5th March?
A. Yes. The bells began to ring, and the people cryed fire: I run with the rest, and went into King-street; I asked where the fire was; I was told there was no fire, but that the soldiers at Murray's barracks had got out, and had been fighting with the inhabitants, but that they had drove them back again. I went to the barracks, and found the affair was over there. I came back, and just as I got to the Town pump, I saw twenty or five and twenty boys going into King-street. I went into King-street myself, and saw several boys and young men about the Sentry box at the Custom-house. I asked them what was the matter. They said the Sentry had knocked down a boy. They crowded in over the gutter; I told them to let the Sentry alone. He went up the steps of the Custom-house, and knocked at the door, but could not get in. I told him not to be afraid, they were only boys, and would not hurt him.
Q. Do you know the Sentry?
Q. Is he among the prisoners?
A. Yes, that's he. (Pointing to White.)
A. Yes, that man. (Pointing to Killroy). The boys were swearing and speaking bad words, but they threw nothing.
Q. Were they pressing on him?
A. They were as far as the gutter, and he went up the steps and called out, but what he said I do not remember.
Q. Did he call loud?
A. Yes, pretty loud.
Q. To whom did he call?
A. I do not know; when he went up the steps he levelled his piece with his bayonet fixed. As I was talking with the Sentry, and telling him not to be afraid, the soldiers came down, and when they came, I drew back from the Sentry towards Royal-exchange lane, and there I stood. I did not see them load, but somebody said, are you loaded; and Samuel Gray, who was shot that night, came and struck me on the shoulder, and said, Langford, what's here to pay.
Q. What said you to Gray then?
A. I said I did not know what was to pay, but I believed something would come of it by and bye. He made no reply. Immediately a gun went off. I was within reach of their guns and bayonets; one of them thrust at me with his bayonet, and run it through my jacket and great coat.
Q. Where was you then?
A. Within three or four feet of the gutter, on the outside.
Q. Who asked, are you loaded?
A. I do not know whether it was the soldiers or inhabitants.
Q. Did you hear the word given to load?
A. I heard the question asked, whether they were loaded? but I heard no orders to load. Somebody then said, are you all ready: I then heard the word given to fire, twice distinctly.
Q. How many people were there before the soldiers at that time?
A. About forty or fifty, but there were numbers in the lane.
Q. Were they nigh the soldiers?
A. They were not in the inside of the gutter.
Q. Had any of the inhabitants sticks or clubs?
A. I do not know. I had one myself, because I was going to the watch, for I belong to the watch.
Q. How many soldiers were there?
A. I did not count the number of them, about seven or eight I think.
Q. Who was it fired the first gun?
A. I do not know.
Q. Where about did he stand that fired?
A. He stood on my right, as I stood facing them: I stood about half way betwixt the box and Royal-exchange lane. I looked this man (pointing to Killroy) in the face, and bid him not fire; but he immediately fired, and Samuel Gray fell at my feet. Killroy thrust his bayonet immediately through my coat and jacket; I ran towards the watch-house, and stood there.
Q. Where did Killroy stand?
A. He stood on the right of the party.
Q. Was he the right hand man?
A. I cannot tell: I believe there were two or three on his right, but I do not know.
Q. You spoke to him you say before he fired, what did you say to him?
A. I said either damn you, or God damn you do not fire, and immediately he fired.
Q. What in particular made you say do not fire?
A. Hearing the other guns go off.
Q. How many guns went off before he fired?
A. Two: but I saw nobody fall. Gray fell close to me. I was standing leaning on my stick.
Q. Did Gray say any thing to Killroy before he fired?
A. He spoke to nobody but me.
Q. Did he throw any snow balls?
A. No, nor he had no weapon in his hand; he was as naked as I am now.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown?
A. No, I saw nothing at all thrown of any kind.
Q. Was you talking with Gray at the time the gun went off?
A. I did not speak with him at that instant, but I had been talking with him several minutes before that.
Q. Was you so near Gray, that if he had thrown any thing you must have seen it?
A. Yes, his hands were in his bosom, and, immediately after Killroy's firing, he fell.
Q. Did you hear any other gun at that time?
A. None, till I had got near to the watch-house.
Q. How near were the people standing to the soldiers, at the time that gun shot Gray?
A. They were standing near the gutter.
Q. Did you see any thing hit the soldiers?
A. No, I saw nothing thrown. I heard the rattling of their guns, and took it to be one gun against another. This rattling was at the time Killroy fired, and at my right, I had a fair view of them; I saw nobody strike a blow nor offer a blow.
Q. Have you any doubt in your own mind, that it was that gun of Killroy's that killed Gray?
A. No manner of doubt; it must have been it, for there was no other gun discharged at that time.
Q. Did you know the Indian that was killed?
A. No.
Q. Did you see any body press on the soldiers with a large cord wood stick?
Q. After Gray fell, did he (Killroy) thrust at him with his bayonet?
A. No, it was at me he pushed.
Q. Did Gray say any thing to Killroy, or Killroy to him?
A. No, not to my knowledge, and I stood close by him.
Q. Did you perceive Killroy take aim at Gray?
A. I did not: he was as liable to kill me as him.
MS breaks off thus.
Francis Archibald, Clerk to Mr. Price, sworn.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners in King-street, that evening of the 5th March?
A. Yes, I saw Killroy go down with the party towards the Sentry.
Q. How many of them?
A. I took them to be six, besides the Corporal.
Q. Did you see any of the rest there that you knew?
Q. Did you see any of them fire?
A. No, I was not near them; I went to Stone's door.
Q. Did you see any snow balls or sticks thrown?
Q. Was you looking at the party and the people by them before the firing?
A. Yes. There was a noise amongst them; I was not near enough to hear what was said, but I saw nothing thrown.
Q. Where was you when the party came down?
A. Near the middle of the street.
Q. Did you observe the party to divide themselves?
A. No; the corporal walked in front of them, as he always does at a relief.
Q. Do you know who rung the bell at the Brick meeting house?
Q. Did you see any body get in at the windows of the Brick meeting house.
A. No. In Cornhill somebody said ring the bell, but who it was I do not know.
Q. Which bell rung first?
A. The Old Brick, I believe.
Q. Did you see what passed betwixt the soldiers and others at the barracks?
A. About ten minutes after nine, I saw a soldier, and a mean looking fellow with him, with a cutlass in his hand; they came up to me: somebody said, put up your cutlass, it is not right to carry it at this time of night. He said, damn you ye Yankie bougers, what's your business: he came up to another that was with me, and struck him. We beat him back, when seven or eight soldiers came out of the barracks, with tongs and other weapons; one aimed a blow at a young fellow, John Hicks, who knocked the soldier down. As he attempted to rise, I struck him down again, and broke his wrist, as I heard afterwards. I went to King-Street, and when the guns were all fired, I saw several persons dead.
Adjournment1: 27–28 November 1770 UNKNOWN Adjournment: 27–28 November 1770 UNKNOWN
Adjournment1
N.B. The Court being unable to go through this trial in one day, the King's Attorney and the prisoners consented to the Court's adjourning over night during the Trial, the Jury being kept together in the mean time, by proper officers, appointed and sworn by the Court for that purpose.
FIVE o'clock p.m. the Court adjourned to next morning, Wednesday 28 November. NINE o'clock.
Wednesday, NINE o'clock, the Court met according to adjournment, and proceeded.
Wemms Trial 20.
112 Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence, Continued1: 28 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence, Continued: 28 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Crown Evidence, Continued1
James Brewer. To the best of my Remembrance I saw Kilroy. I came up royal exchange Lane, and saw the Sentry with his Bayonett breast high, and a Number of Boys 20 or more round him. He was on the steps of the Custom House. I spoke to the Sentry, and said to him, no Body would hurt him. The Boys were talking together, but doing nothing. I saw the Party come down. I spoke to Captain Preston and said to him every Body was about dispersing. He said He hoped they were, and presently left me, and went in among them. Kit. Monk was there. I turnd round to speak to Kit Monk, and they fired and K. faltered. Kilroy struck me upon the Arm with his Bayonet as they came round before they were formed. The Firing began upon the Right, I thought it the Man quite upon the right. Kilroy struck at me. Saw no Blows, nothing thrown. Monk had a Catstick 2 in his Hand. Heard no Names called, no Threats, no shouts, no Cheers, till the firing. Saw the Molatto Man, but did not see him strike. Saw Dr. Young 3 at the Bottom of royal Exchange Lane with a sword in his Hand. He said the Soldiers had been making a Rumpus, but were gone to their Barracks. I said it was best for Us to go home and Dr. Young said so too.4
Saml. Emmons. I dont know any of the Prisoners. Nor anything.5
James Bailey. Saw Carrol and Montgomery, and White there the sentry. I was standing with the sentry upon the Custom House Steps, when the Party came down. I saw 20 or 30 Boys, Lads about 14 or 15 years of Age, about him. I asked the sentry what was the Matter? The Boys were heaving Pieces of Ice at him large and hard enough to hurt a Man, as big as your fist. He said he did not know what was the Matter but he was afraid, if the Boys did not disperse, there would be some- 115 thing by and by. I dont know whether any Ice hit him. Did not hear him knock at the door or call for assistance. When the Party came down, Carrol came and put his Bayonet up to my Breast, and the sentry told him not to hurt me. I went and stood leaning over the Post, between the Corner and the Post. Montgomery fired the first Gun. He was the next Man to me close to me, at the right. Cant Say whether the 1st. Gun killed or hurt any one. I Stoopd down to look under the Smoke and the others went off. ½ a Minute between 1st. and 2d. Gun. Montgomery was knockd down and his Musquet fell out of his Hand by a Clubb or stick of Wood by one of the Inhabitants and as soon as he got up he fired his Gun, I think Carrol fired next. The Clubb was not thrown but I saw him struck with it. He fell down himself and the Gun fell out of his Hand. The Person that struck was a tall, stout man. There was 50 or 60 People near. Montgomery fired, about where the Molatto fell. It was pointing towards the Place where we saw Attucks lie. It was not the Mollato that struck Montgomery. But the Blow was very violent. I heard 3 Cheers given two Minutes before the Firing. Carrol stood the 3 d. from the right. The People were shouting. Saw the Mollatto at the Head of 25 or 30 sailors with Clubbs some of em. Molatto had a large Cord wood stick. It was 7 or 8 Minutes before the firing that I saw them in Cornhill. They held their Sticks up huzzaing and whistling. I Saw a Number of Soldiers at Murrays Barracks and officers driving of em in. The Man that struck Montgomery down stood at the right of the right Hand Grenadier. The Blow was before the firing. Was at the Rope walks fryday or Saturday before. The soldiers had large Clubbs. Carroll was there.6
Richard Palmes. I know Montgomery, and saw him there. Heard Bells ring, after 9. In Kings Street saw the sentry, at the Custom House. Went to Murrays Barracks, and saw 7 or 8 soldiers with their Guns &c. 117Spoke to the officers &c. Saw Hickling, and Spear. I said I'd go and try to make Peace. Found Captain Preston and 7 or 8 Soldiers. Went up to C. P. and saw Bliss, who said why dont you fire God d—n you fire. I askd him &c.
I saw a Piece of Ice or Snow strike Montgomerys Gun. It struck the Grenadier, and made a Noise. He fell back whether he stepped back or sallied back I cant tell, and fired his Gun. Then I heard the Word fire. In 6 or 8 seconds, the soldier next to Captn. Prestin, fired. 7 or 8 Guns I believe were fired in the whole. Montgomery pushed at me. I struck, &c. Another was coming at me with his Bayonett and I ran.
I am sure Montgomery was not knocked down before he fired. He did not fall. Did not see any Blow given or any Thing sent but the Blow I gave myself and the Piece of Ice which hit Montgomery. Montgomery could not have been knockd down and I not have seen it before the firing, for he stood close to Captn. Preston. I struck Montgomery and knockd him down just as the last Gun was fired.7
John Danbrook. Knows the 2 farthest Men, Hartigan and Carrol. Saw em there. I saw Montgomery there and saw him fire. Saw no Blow given or stick or any thing thrown at him. Montgomery stood at the 120right of C.P. I saw a little stick fly over their Heads, but did not perceive that it hit. A Piece of a rattan or some such thing. I saw two fall as he fired, before I heard any other Gun. One fell just vs. my left Elbow, and the other about 3 foot from me about 10 or 15 foot from the Soldier. In a range with me, one was the Molatto. I believe it was with the first Gun that they were. They were 5 foot a sunder. It was not a Minute, after the Molatto fell that the other Man fell. I cant say, I heard another Gun, before I Saw the 2d Man down. I did not hear Attucks say any Thing. He stood leaning over a long Stick he had. I came through Dock Square. About 20 or 30 Persons, dressd in Sailers Cloaths. They cryd We'l go up this Way by the Town House. The Bells rung at this Time. Most of em had Clubbs. I did not see them in K's Street that I know of. I heard no Noise, no hazzaing, and Saw nothing thrown. I Saw the 20 or 30 first by the dock Square Pump. 121 The Clubbs were Cordwood sticks broke up as thick as one's Wrist.8
Jed. Bass. I came up royal Exchange Lane, and saw Montgomery. Saw him push his Bayonet at a Man, I drew back about 5 foot and saw his Gun go off. He was the right Hand Man. Saw a stick knocked? to knock up his Gun, by whom I cant say. It knocked the Gun up 5 or 6 Inches. I think I saw him fall down after he fired, but am sure he did not before. I was placed so that I must have seen it. His Gun fell out of his Hand. What occasiond it dont know. The People were round him 7 or 8 foot off. I was 5 or 6 foot within the Lane. 6 Guns fired I think. I could not see all the Soldiers where I stood. I could see but 2 soldiers. I came thro royal exchange Lane. Saw a Number there. They were talking there of going Home. I heard 2 Cheers before the firing. The People in Dock Square were dressed some in Sailors Habits, some in Surtouts &c. Some had sticks. They said there was no fire, but that the soldiers had been out.9
Thos, Wilkinson. Knew Montgomery. He lived close by me. No other. ¼ after 9 heard Dr. Coopers Bell ring. Saw the Engine. Ran to Mr. Bagnalls. Many People coming, with Baggs and Bucketts. I saw a Number of soldiers 10 or 12 by Boylstones alley, with swords and Bayonetts, pressing up towards the People. I went back and stopped at the Main guard. The soldiers appeard to me to be challenging the People, but I did not Stop one Minute to see any Stroke. The People at the Chamber Windows cryd for G—d Sake dont go there, if you love 124your Life. When I went to the head of the main Guard, you could not see Man nor Boy nor Child in Kings Street. Dr. Chanceys Bell began to ring. I was not low enough down to see the sentry at the Custom House. In a very short Time I saw 40 or 50 People in Kings street. C. P. came down, to the Guard, and cryd d—n you turn out. They did. He went down with them at their right, 8 of them, I think, 2 files. I went with them as far as Mr. Waldoe's shop. I thought they were going to relieve Guard. C. P. stood at the right of em. In 4 minutes I heard the Word given fire, d—n your Bloods fire. They fired, regularly one after the other, like the Clock striking. I saw the flash of every Gun seperately. Firing began at the right, but dont remember seeing Montgomery after I got down there. The Circle coverd ½ royal exchange Lane. 7 Guns fired. One flashed. I was 2 yards from 'em. I stood there all the Time they were there, saw no Ice nor Snow Balls thrown. The People did not press on. I would have departed if I had seen any Pressing, or snow Balls or Blows. 2 or 3 Huzzas, before the Party marched down but none after. Not 12 minutes from the Parties going down, firing, and all.10
Josiah Simpson. Curious.11 Knows Warren, and Hartigan and White and Wemms and saw 'em there. At Faneuil Hall, I Saw a Number of Gentlemen. Asked what was the matter. They answerd me that 2 young Men had been abused by the Soldiers, and that the Soldiers were returned to the Barracks. The Bells ringing I ran up royal exchange Lane. At the Head of the Lane, no Person there but a Soldier, the sentry. The People coming up cryd heres a the soldier and huzza'd. The soldier at those Words immediately repaired from the W. Corner of C. H. to the Door. Gave 3 loud and remarkable Strokes with the brass Knocker. 4 or 5. or 6 People or such a matter as that. Somebody came to the door and spoke to him. He turnd and loaded his Gun, and knockd it loud on the Stone Steps. I Saw the Soldiers with an officer coming. They Said nothing to the Sentry. Nor threw any Thing. The officer cryed Shoulder. 7 Soldiers. I take it. He C. P. orderd em to handle Arms, Ease Arms, Support Arms, and prime and load, and I am as certain of it, as I am of my own Existence. He stood behind the soldiers within the Circle next the C. H. C. P. behind em when they came down. The Soldiers on a run. I went up to the officer and said for G. Sake dont fire on these People. He was behind the soldiers then. I was before em at the Edge of the Gutter. I went then to the People and said for G–d Sake Gentlemen dont trouble these Men they are on duty. They said they would not, nor would be drove off by them. I then withdrew to the other Side of the Way and saw a Man a going to throw a Clubb. I begd him not to and he did not. I was then just by Wardells Warden's shop. I saw then one Clubb thrown in to the soldiers, I heard the Word present, I stoopd down and a little Time ensued, and then I heard d—n you fire. I believe the 127 Clubb hit one of the Soldiers Guns. I heard it strike. The Person that threw it stood about 10 foot from me, 10 Yards from the Soldiers. 2 Guns first. 3 Guns more were discharged, which killed Attucks and Gray, then 2 more which killed Caldwell who stood near me. The other Gun struck about 5 Inches over my back. I saw Attucks and Gray fall and heard them too. 3 or 4 seconds between the 2 and the 3 Guns. The last Gun wounded Patterson in the Arm, his Blood Sprinkled on my Waiscoat. 8 Guns I judged. The Stick was thrown 1 or 2 seconds before the 1st Gun. The Stick was a Cordwood Stick, a White birch. An inch thick. I heard Murder cryd between the 2 and the 3 Guns. By the Voice, I thought it was Maverick. The People made considerable Noise but no huzzaing, no bloody back.12
Nathl. Fosdick. Did not know any of em that night. I was pushed behind by a Bayonet. They d—d my Blood and bid me stand out of the Way. I said I would not. They parted 3 went of one side of me and 6 of the other. I heard the Word fire, and the right Hand Man fired. 129 I then run in towards them and they pushed me with their Bayonetts and wounded me in the Breast shewing the scar. 13 I had a Small Stick in my hand as big as my finger. Two different Bayonetts run into my Arm, I can shew the scar now. The Bayonet that struck me in the Breast, I put it aside, and the Gun went under my Arm, I never Struck, only as I put away the Gun. There had been no Blows struck that I saw and I could see the most of the soldiers. I knew nothing of the Cause of their firing. I Saw the Grenadier fall after he had fired.14
Saml. Hemmenway. Sheriffs Coachman. Knows Kilroy. About a Week or fortnight before, I heard Kilroy Say at Mr. Apthorps that he never would miss an opportunity of firing upon the Inhabitants. He had wanted Such an Opportunity ever since he had been in the Country. He repeated the Words several Times. Mrs. Buker Mr. Apthorps House keeper was there and nobody else but the Negro Boy. I told him, he was a very great fool for saying so. He said he never would miss an opportunity.15
Joseph Hilyer. Knows none. At the North End heard the Bells at the Mill bridge,16 heard it was a Rumpus between the Soldiers and Inhabitants. At the Conduit, Saw People who said I could not go up Cornhill, without Danger of Life, and they seemed to me to be there from fear to go not from a Design to do Mischief. I went up Kings Street. Saw the sentry and 20 or 30 People. Boys at Diversion, not so many as often seen there. He levell'd his Gun and waved it, in a Way that had a Tendency to exasperate a People. The People after the Party passed thro them came out to the Middle of the Street.
The People collected at the Head of royal exchange Lane. The soldiers with charged Bayonets at their Hips, as I passed the last Man upon the left, the Gun was fired on the right. The last Man upon the left but one, fired the last Gun at a Boy that ran down the middle of the street, but did not hit the Boy. I saw no Molestation, nothing that could produce any firing, and could not believe they had shot any Body. A little Boy, at Mr. Hicklings told me People were kill'd. I went 132up to see, and I heard a Cocking of one Gun, and it ran thro the whole. An officer stepped forward and said dont fire upon the Inhabitants. They cocked without any orders. The soldier at the left did fire. Moon and snow made it light as day. The Head of the Lane was stopped up, by People.17
Nick. Ferriter. I have seen Killroy and Warren at the Ropewalks in the Affray, the Fryday before. Never heard them threaten. They had Clubbs and Cutlaces.
Fryday 2 March Mr. John Gray askd me to go to his Walk to make some Ropes. A soldier came down cursing and damning and Swearing, he would have satisfaction. By God he would have Satisfaction of me. He struck me. I tript knockd up his Heels and his Cloaths opend and discoverd a naked Cutlass under his Coat. He went away and brought about a Dozen more, Warren with them and another. We went up with Clubbs and they made Blows at our People and we at them and drove them away, and after that the whole Barracks came and Kilroy and Warren was with them and we had a Battle with them, and drove 'em off.
That night, 5 March, I heard the Bells ring, and in Quaker Lane I met Saml. Gray, and S. Gray said he would go home if there was no fire. He had no stick and was as calm as a Clock. 18
Benja. Burdick. I went up to one that I take to be the bald man but cant swear to any. I askd him if he intended to fire. Yes by the eternal God. I had a Cutlass or high Land broad sword in my Hand. Soldiers after the affray of the Ropewalks, came about my House, and I beat one of em off. They dogged a young Man that lived with me, and had been active in the Ropewalks. At first I had a Stick, and my Wife, told me to take this the Broadsword. I struck at the soldier 19 who pushed at me, and had I struck 2 or 3 Inches further, I should have 135 left a March that I could have sworn to. This was before the firing. I struck the Cock of the Gun. The Man I struck was the 4th. Man from the Corner, about the Middle. I saw but one Thing thrown that was a short stick, about 2 or 3 foot long. I heard a rattling. I took it they knocked their Guns together. They were continually pushing at People, and it was pretty slippery. I went afterwards to take up the dead, and they began to present and cock their Guns. The officer came before and knocked up the Guns, and said dont fire any more. Cant ascertain the Number of Guns, believe 5 or 6. I saw no Blows struck by others, for I had not time, to see before I drew my own sword.20
Robert Williams. In Dock Square, it was said there had been an affray. Some went to the north, some one Way, some another. I went to King Street. People there. Some huzzaing, whistling, some leaning over their sticks. Somebody said dont press upon the Guard. I repeated the Words. The People seemed to be pressing as I was to get among the thickest of them. I heard a flash of a Gun. It made a Noise like a Pistal, a small Report. Another Gun went off, at the right a Man fell. The 3d Gun was fired. I saw the flash and heard the Report on my Knees. The People were running away, and the Guns seemed to move after the People. I saw People jumping upon the Backs of others trying to get in as I had been. Saw no some snow Balls, no sticks. I cautiond them not to press, upon the Soldiers least they should press the People upon the Points of the Bayonetts. They were within two foot. I was not there above a Minute. Saw no Blows.21
Bartholomew Kneeland. I lived at Mrs. Toreys by the Town Pump. About a ¼ after 9 the Bells ringing, I went to the Door and saw a Number of soldiers. One came up to me, d—n you what do you do there. He put his Bayonet at my Breast and put it there sometime.22
Mr. Thayer. A terrible swearing. Cutlaces and Clubbs were going. 7 soldiers came from the Town House without any Coats. Like wild Creatures. Damn them where are they cutt them to Pieces, a little after 9. I cant say who they were. The People below cryed fire. Soon before. I took it for a signal for the soldiers to come to help the others. The Cry of fire was by Justice Quincys.23
Mr. Nathl. Appleton. A little after 9. It was said at my Door the soldiers and Inhabitants were fighting. A Party of Soldiers came down from the Southward, 10 or 12, short Cloths on-white arms. I stood. I saw the Course of the Soldiers began to bend towards Us, and when they got about half a rod off they lifted up their Weapons. I retreated. They rushed on with uplifted Weapons and I thought myself in danger, if I did not retreat.24
John Appleton.25 About 9 o clock, I was sent of an Errand, in King street, I was going home. At Jenkins ally about 20 soldiers. One came to me with his Cutlass. I cryd soldier Spare my Life. No damn you. We'l kill you all, and struck me upon the shoulder. I dodged or he would have Struck me on the Head.26
Coll. Thos. Marshall. No Body at Dock Square, no Body in Kings street at 9. K. Street never clearer. I some time after heard a distant Cry of Murder. A Party from the Main Guard came out, and damn em where are they? By Jesus let em come. I went in and came out again, and another Party came out of Quaker Lane. I saw their Arms glitter, and heard much such Expressions as before.27
Adams Massacre Minutes, MHi MS 2, continued (see note 1 8 above), followed without break in substance by Adams Massacre Minutes, MB MS (see note 1 41 below). See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Catstick: a stick or bat used in tip-cat, a game in which a short piece of wood tapering at both ends is struck or “tipped” at one end with a stick so as to spring up, and then knocked to a distance by the same player. OED .
Dr. Thomas Young (1731–1777), a radical leader. See Edes, “Memoir of Dr. Thomas Young,” II Col. Soc. Mass., Pubns. 2–54 (1910).
James Brewer, Block-maker, sworn.
Q. Please to look upon the prisoners, do you know any of them?
A. I think I remember this man (pointing to Killroy).
Q. Was you in King-street the fifth of March last?
A. Yes, in the evening.
Q. Please to inform the Court and Jury what you saw there?
A. I came up Royal-exchange-lane, and as I got to the head of it, I saw the Sentry on the steps of the Custom-house, with his bayonet breast high, with a number of boys round him: I called to him, and said, I did not think any body was going to do him harm. I saw Capt. Preston and some soldiers come down.
Q. Which of the prisoners was the Sentry?
A. I cannot tell, I was not so nigh him as to know his face.
Q. How many boys were there round him? A. I think about twenty.
Q. How old were these boys?
A. About fourteen or fifteen years old, perhaps some of them older, I saw no men there except one, who came up Royal-exchange lane with me, thinking it was fire. He went back again.
Q. What did you take to be the reason that the Sentry charged his bayonet?
A. I could not tell what the reason was; there was no body troubling him. I was at the corner of Royal exchange lane, and a young man went up to the Sentry and spoke to him; what he said I do not know.
Q. Was you there in the time of the firing?
A. Yes, I went towards the Sentry-box, where I saw Capt. Preston. I said to him, Sir, I hope you are not going to fire, for everybody is going to their own homes. He said I hope they are. I saw no more of him. He immediately went in amongst the soldiers.
Q. What number of soldiers were there?
A. I think seven or eight, I did not count them.
Q. Did Capt. Preston lead or follow them down?
A. I think he was upon the right of them. As they came down they had their guns charged breast high. I saw Christopher Monk, who was wounded that night, I turned to speak to him, and directly they fired, and he seemed to faulter. I said are you wounded, he said yes. I replied, I do not think it, for I then apprehended they fired only powder.
Q. Was it the first gun that you thought wounded Monk?
Q. Did you see any of these prisoners there?
A. I think I saw Killroy, and that he was the man who struck me with his bayonet, when they came down, before they formed.
Q. Did any body near you do any violence to him? A. No, I saw none.
Q. Had you seen Monk that evening before? A. No, nor the day before.
Q. How near were you to the soldiers when they fired?
A. I was about ten or fifteen feet from them, I stood in the street just above Royal-exchange-lane, about six or seven feet from the gutter.
Q. Could you see the whole party?
A. Yes, they stood in a circle, or half moon.
Q. Did you take notice of the distance betwixt the first and second gun?
Q. Was your back to them, when the first gun was fired?
A. No, my face was to them.
Q. Where did the firing begin?
A. Towards the corner of Royal-exchange lane, I think it was the man quite on the right.
Q. Did you know him? A. No.
Q. Did the man that struck you do it on purpose, or accidentally, do you think?
A. I think he did it on purpose, I apprehended it so; I was standing by the gutter, and he was before me.
Q. Said he any thing to you?
A. No, nor I to him: he came to form, and I was closer than I wished I was, and he struck me.
Q. How came you to speak to the Sentry, and tell him not to be afraid?
A. Because he was swinging his gun in that manner.
Q. Did you come up Royal exchange-lane?
A. Yes. I saw Doctor Young there, and several others coming up to know where the fire was; Doctor Young said it was not fire, but that the soldiers had made a rumpus, but were gone to their barracks again. Then said I let every man go to his own home.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at the soldiers? A. No.
Q. Did you hear any body call them names? A. No.
Q. Did you hear any threatning speeches?
A. No; except that the people cryed fire! fire!–the word fire, was in every body's mouth.
Q. Just before the firing, when Killroy struck you, was there any thing thrown at the soldiers then? A. I saw nothing.
Q. Was there a number of people betwixt you and the soldiers?
A. Not many.
Q. Did you see Palmes talking with Capt. Preston?
A. No; I saw the molatto fellow there, and saw him fall.
Q. Did you see a party of people like sailors, coming down from Jackson's corner, with sticks? A. No, I saw none.
Q. Where did you first see the molatto?
A. He was just before me by the gutter.
Q. Did you see any people coming from Quaker-lane with sticks?
A. I saw several inhabitants coming through that lane, but I saw no slicks.
Q. Were there any coming up Royal Exchange lane?
A. Yes, numbers, but I saw no sticks.
Q. When you first saw the molatto, did you hear him say any thing to the soldiers, or strike at them? A. No.
Q. Had he a stick or club?
A. I did not take notice.
Q. Did you hear any huzzas or cheers as they are called?
A. I heard a clamour of the people, but I heard no cheers.
Q. Did you hear them call the soldiers any names?
Q. Did you hear any body say, kill them, damn them knock them over?
Q. Did you hear the whistling about the streets at that time?
Q. Did you see any person strike with a club at the soldiers or any of them?
Q. Did you see them attempt to strike their guns?
Q. Did you hear the rattling of the guns as though a stick had struck upon them?
A. No. I heard the people around call fire.
Q. Did you take that to be the cry of fire, or bidding the soldiers fire?
A. I cannot tell now what I thought then.
Q. How many guns did you hear fired?
A. I think seven.
Q. Did the word fire proceed from the people or from the soldiers?
A. From the people.
Q. Was there a greater noise than usual, when the bells rang for fire?
A. I did not think there was so much. When I saw Dr. Young, he had a sword in his hand. When I came to King-street it was as quiet as I ever saw it in my life.
Q. Was the sword naked or not?
A. I cannot remember.
Q. What sort of a sword was it?
A. I do not remember.
Q. What did Young say to you?
A. He said it was the best way for every body to go home.
Q. Did any body huzza for King street?
A. No. I said, every man home, and the word went round.
Q. Did not Dr. Young say the soldiers were beat to their barracks?
A. No; He said they had made a rumpus, and were gone to their barracks.
Q. Do you know if Dr. Young went into King-street?
A. I cannot tell, I left him in the lane.
This witness' testimony does not appear in the Wemms Trial , nor in Paine Massacre Notes, although the latter contains Emmons' name, crossed out.
James Bailey, sailor, sworn.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners in King-street on the evening of the 5th of March last? A. Yes.
A. Carrol and Montgomery, and White who was the Sentry there.
Q. Did you see any of the rest?
A. No, I do not remember to have seen any of the rest.
Q. Was you there before the party came down? A. Yes.
Q. In what part of the street?
A. I was standing along with the Sentry, on the Custom-house steps; I saw a number of boys round the Sentry.
Q. What number?
A. Twenty or thirty.
Q. Were they all boys?
A. Yes, none older than seventeen or eighteen years old.
Q. Did any thing pass between you and the Sentry?
A. Yes, When I first went up to him, I said, what is the matter? He said he did not know. The boys were throwing pieces of ice at him, and after I went to him, they threw no more; I stood with him five or six minutes.
Q. Did you see the pieces of ice thrown?
Q. What sort of pieces, were they small or were they big enough to hurt a man?
A. Yes, hard and large enough to hurt any man; as big as ones fist.
Q. Did he complain any thing about it?
A. He said very little to me, only that he was afraid, if the boys did not disperse, there would be something very soon, he did not mention what.
Q. Did he tell them to disperse? A. No, he did not say a word to them.
Q. Did you see any of the pieces of ice hit him?
A. There was nothing thrown after I went to him; if any thing was thrown, it was before.
Q. How came you to go to him?
A. I went up to him because I knew him, and to see what was the matter.
Q. Did you hear him knock at the door? A. No.
Q. Did he call for any assistance? A. I did not hear him.
Q. Was you there at the time of firing; please to recollect the circumstances?
A. When the soldiers came down, Carrol came up to me and clapt his bayonet to my breast, and White said do not hurt him.
Q. Was that before the soldiers had formed?
A. Yes; immediately on their first coming down. I stood betwixt the corner of the Custom house and the post there, with my arm a top of the post.
Q. Did you hear the first gun fired?
Q. From what quarter?
A. From the right.
Q. Do you know the man that fired that gun.
A. It was Montgomery, he was the very next person to me, close to me. When White told him not to hurt me, he took his hand and pushed me right behind him.
Q. Did that first shot kill or wound any person?
Q. What space of time was it betwixt the first and second gun?
A. Half a minute, or less.
Q. Did you see any ice or snow thrown betwixt the first and second gun?
Q. Did you hear any thing said?
A. There was a noise among the inhabitants, but I cannot say what they said.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown before the firing?
A. Yes; Montgomery was knocked down with a stick, and his gun flew out of his hand, and when he recovered himself he discharged his gun.
Q. Do you know where he stood at that time?
A. He was the very corner man, on the right, close to me.
Q. Who stood next him?
A. I do not know, but the man that stood the third from the right was Carrol, and I believe he was the next that fired.
Q. Did you observe any body strike Montgomery, or was a club thrown?
A. The stroke came from a stick or club that was in somebody's hand, and the blow struck his gun and his arm.
Q. Was he knocked down, or did the gun only fly out of his hand?
A. He fell I am sure.
Q. What with the blow on his arm?
A. His gun flew out of his hand, and as he stooped to take it up he fell himself; the blow struck his arm and might hit his body, for any thing I know.
Q. Did you see the person that struck him; was he a tall man?
A. He was a stout man.
Q. Was any number of people standing near the man that struck his gun?
A. Yes, a whole crowd, fifty or sixty.
Q. When he took up his gun and fired, which way did he present?
A. Towards Stone's tavern, I imagine he presented towards the Molatto.
Q. How far distant was he from Montgomery when he fell?
A. About fifteen feet.
Q. Did you see any of the rest of the persons fall?
A. No. When Montgomery fired, I stooped down, and when the smoke was gone, I saw three lying dead.
Q. Was the blow Montgomery received, upon the oath you have taken, violent?
Q. When you came to the Custom-house, and saw the boys throwing ice, where did they stand?
A. In the middle of King-street.
Q. Were they thrown as hard, as they could throw them?
A. I believe they threw them as hard as they could.
Q. Was there at that time a good deal of ice in K street?
A. Yes, considerable broken ice.
Q. Before the firing, after the party came down, did you see any snow-balls, sticks, or ice, thrown at the party? A. No.
Q. Did you hear any thing said to the party?
A. I heard nothing in particular said to them. I heard the cry of fire.
Q. Did you hear any threats?
A. No, none at all.
Q. Do you remember your examination before the Justices?
A. Yes. This refers, apparently, to the commitment examination, and not to a deposition taken later. Bailey's is not one of the ninety-six depositions appended to the Narrative.
Q. Do you remember your saying they were throwing sticks and cakes of ice, in the mob way?
A. No, not at the soldiers.
Q. Did you hear any cheers?
A. Yes, I heard two or three cheers.
Q. What time?
A. About two minutes before they fired.
Q. Did you hear anything said to this purpose, knock them over! kill them! kill them?
A. No, I did not.
Q. What did the people seem to be doing?
A. They stood front of them, and were shouting; but I saw no violence done, but to that one man.
Q. What did the people do immediately on the firing of the first gun?
A. I could not see because of the smoak.
Q. Did Montgomery say any thing upon the firing of his gun?
A. Not a word: nor any of the soldiers.
Q. Did you see a number of persons coming up Royal-exchange-lane, with sticks?
A. No, I saw a number going up Cornhill, and the Molatto fellow headed them.
Q. Was this before the guard came down or after?
A. It was before the guard came down.
Q. How many might there be of that party?
A. Betwixt twenty and thirty: they appeared to be sailors; some had sticks, some had none. The Molatto fellow, had a large cord-wood stick.
Q. Did they come down King-street afterwards?
A. I did not see them come down. I did not see the Molatto afterwards, till I saw him dead.
Q. Which way was the Molatto with his party going, when you saw them?
A. Right towards the Town-pump.
Q. Which way did you go into King-street?
A. I went up Royal-exchange-lane.
Q. How long before the firing, was it, you saw them in Cornhill?
A. Six, seven, or eight minutes, I believe.
Q. Were the bells ringing then? A. Yes.
Q. What did the party with the Molatto do or say?
A. They were huzzaing, whistling and carrying their sticks upright over their heads.
Q. What number of sticks, do you suppose might be in the whole?
A. Seven or eight I suppose; some of them whistling, some huzzaing and making a noise.
Q. Did you know their design?
A. I did not: when they went up Cornhill, I went up Royal-exchange-lane.
Q. Did you see any soldiers about that time in the street?
A. Yes, I saw a number at Murray's barracks, and some officers driving them in.
Richard Palmes, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Do you know any of the prisoners?
A. I know Montgomery, I saw him in King-street with the party on the evening of the 5th of March last. I was with some gentlemen in company, I heard the bells ring after 9 o'clock; I went into King-street, and I saw the Sentry at the Custom-house door as usual, and no body with him; when I came to the Town-house, I was told the soldiers were abusing the inhabitants; I asked where, and was told at Murray's barracks. I went down there, and saw four or five soldiers, with their guns and bayonets; I told the officer who stood by, I was surprised they suffered the soldiers to be out at that time of night; an officer said, do you pretend to teach us our duty Sir, I said no, only to remind you of it: You see, says he, the soldiers are in their barracks, why do not you go home. I saw Mr. Hickling, he was my neighbour, he said he was going home, we came up as far as the post office, where he left me; then I saw Mr. Spear, he said he was going to his brother David's; when I got to the Town pump, I heard a noise, and was told there was a rumpus at the Custom house; I said, I will go down and make peace, he said, you had better not go. I left Mr. Spear, and went down, and saw Capt. Preston at the head of seven or eight soldiers, with their guns, and bayonets fixed; I went to Capt. Preston, and saw Mr. Theodore Bliss talking with him, who said to Capt. Preston, “Why do you not fire,” “God damn you fire.” I stept betwixt them and asked Capt. Preston if the soldiers were loaded, he said yes, with powder and ball: I said, I hope Sir you are not going to fire upon the inhabitants, he said by no means: That instant I saw a piece of ice strike Montgomery's gun, whether it sallied him back, or he stept one foot back, I do not know, but he recovered himself, and fired immediately. I thought he stept back and fired, he was the next man to Capt. Preston, the only soldier that was betwixt the Captain and the Custom house. When he fired, I heard the word fire, who gave it I do not know. Six or eight seconds after that, another soldier on the Captain's right fired, and then the rest one after the other, pretty quick; there was an interval of two or three seconds, between the last gun but one, and the last.
Q. How many guns were fired?
A. I do not know certain, seven or eight I believe, I did not count them. Before the last gun was fired, Montgomery made a push at me with his bayonet, I had a stick in my hand, as I generally walk with one, I struck him, and hit his left arm, and knocked his gun down; before he recovered I aimed another stroke at the nearest to me, and hit Capt. Preston, I then turned and saw Montgomery pushing at me again, and would have pushed me through, but I threw my stick in his face, and the third time he ran after me to push at me again, but fell down, and I had an opportunity to run down Royal-exchange-lane.
Q. Did you take notice of the situation of the soldiers?
A. I saw the form they were in, they were formed in a half circle.
Q. Which way did Montgomery front? A. He fronted the watch house.
Q. Did you stand in a range with the watch house and the corner of the Custom-house?
Q. Are you certain that Montgomery was struck and sallied back before he fired?
Q. Do you know whether it was with a piece of ice or a club?
Q. Do you know whether it hit his body, or his gun, or both?
A. It struck both, I suppose.
Q. Did you see any other violence offered, except that which struck Montgomery, and the blows you aimed and gave?
A. No, no other.
Q. Are you sure Montgomery did not fall, just before he discharged his gun?
Q. Upon the firing the first gun, did the people seem to retire?
A. Yes, they all began to run, and when the rest were firing they were a running.
Q. Did you see any of the deceased fall?
A. No, I did not, but afterwards I saw Gray and Attucks lying.
Q. Did you see all the rest of the soldiers discharge their pieces?
A. I saw the smoke, and it appeared to me at that time they all fired.
Q. When the last gun was fired, where were the people?
A. They were running promiscuously about every where.
Court. Call James Bailey again.
Q. Have you heard Mr. Palmes' testimony?
Q. Are you satisfied, notwithstanding what Mr. Palmes says, that Montgomery was knocked down by a blow given him, immediately before he fired?
A. Yes, I am.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners at the Rope walks in the affray there, a few days before the 5th March?
A. Yes, I saw Carrol one of the prisoners, there with other soldiers in that affray.
In March 1771, Palmes published his own version of his testimony, Boston Gazette, 25 March 1771, p. 2, col. 1–2:
Court. Do you know any one of the prisoners at the bar?
A. I know Montgomery: I saw him with the party in King-street the 5th of March.
Q. Please to relate what you saw of him.
A. I then repeated the same as I did at the trial of Captain Preston.
Q. In what manner were the soldiers situated?
A. They were in a circular form.
Q. Which Way did Montgomery front?
A. He fronted the Watch-House.
Q. Did you stand in a range with the Watch-House, and corner of the custom-house?
A. In a range from Montgomery's left, with the Watch-house.
Q. Are you sure Montgomery was struck and sallied back before he fired?
A. I tho't he stept back when it hit him.
Q. Do you know whether it was a piece of ice, or a club?
A. It was something resembling ice.
A. I think it struck both.
Q. Did you see any other violence offered, except to Montgomery, and the blows that you gave?
A. I saw no other.
Q. Are you sure Montgomery did not fall just before he fired?
A. Yes, I am sure of it.
Q. Upon firing the first gun, did the people seem to retire?
A. Yes, they appeared to me to run, promiscuously, from the first gun's being fired to the last.
A. I did not; my back was towards them; at that time I ran into royal-exchange lane; and as I turned, I saw Gray and Attucks lying on the snow.
A. I saw the smoke, and at that time it appeared to me they all fired.
Court. Call James Bailey.
Bailey's testimony is exactly as set out in the Wemms Trial except that Palmes or the Gazette printers omitted the final question and answer. Palmes added this comment: “I imagine this evidence was bro't to invalidate my declaration in court; but I assure the world upon the oath I then took, that Montgomery did not fall until he attempted to run his bayonet thro' my body; which was about the time the last gun went off.”
John Danbrooke, sworn.
A. Yes, the two furthest men, Hartegan and Carrol.
Q. Did you see them in King-street the 5th of March?
Q. What time did you come into King-street?
A. About a quarter after nine, after the party were come down.
Q. Were these two men of the party?
Q. Did you see any of the party discharge their muskets?
A. Yes, Montgomery.
Q. Did you know him before?
Q. Did you see any body strike him with a stick, or a stick thrown at him?
A. About ten or twelve feet from Capt. Preston, I saw a little stick fly over their heads, but I did not perceive it struck any of them.
Q. How large was it?
A. I took it to be a piece of a rattan.
Q. Did you see any thing at all hit the soldiers?
Q. Was you looking at Montgomery when he discharged his piece?
Q. Did you see any body fall upon his firing?
A. Yes, I saw two fall, one fell at my elbow, another about three feet from me. I did not hear the sound of another gun, before they both fell.
Q. Were they standing before Montgomery?
A. Yes, about twelve or fifteen feet from him, and about five feet apart, one was the Molatto, the other I did not know.
Q. Do you think one gun killed both these men?
A. Yes, for I heard no other gun when they fell.
Q. Are you certain the other person was killed?
Q. Did you hear any other gun before that man fell?
Q. Did the Molatto say any thing before the gun went off?
A. I heard him say nothing. The Molatto was leaning over a long stick he had, resting his breast upon it.
Q. Was you in Dock square before the firing?
Q. How many people did you see there?
A. I saw about twenty or thirty gathered up by the Town pump in the market, some with clubs; they went up Cornhill, most of them drest in sailors cloaths.
Q. Did you then know where they were going?
A. They said let us go up to the Town-house. The bells were ringing at that time.
Q. Had they in general clubs?
A. The biggest part of them had clubs.
Q. Did you see any of them afterwards in King-street?
A. No, not that I knew.
Q. Did you see a tall man at the head of them?
A. No, I took notice of none in particular.
Q. Did you hear a huzzaing before the firing, or see any thing thrown except that stick you mentioned?
Q. Had these persons when they were in Dock square, any clubs?
A. About half of them had sticks; there were between twenty and thirty of them.
Q. Did they hold them up over their heads?
A. Some did, and some did not.
Q. Did you see any body with a sword, at the bottom of Royal-exchange-lane?
Q. Did you see any soldiers there, about that time?
Q. What do you mean by clubs?
A. They were cord wood sticks broken up.
Q. Did any of them appear to be large?
A. They were about as thick as one's wrist.
Samuel Quincy Massacre Minutes, MHi:
Jno. Danbrook. Saw Hartigan, Montgomery and Carroll there, of the party. About ¼ past 9 when he came down. Stood about 10 or 12 feet from Montgomery. Saw no stick strike him. A little one flew over there heads took to be a little piece of Rattan. Looking at Montgomery when he fired, upon his firing 2 Men fell did not hear the second gun, one Attacks, one fell near to his left hand and another about 3 foot from him. He stooped to see if the Mollatto was dead. Then turned round and saw the other man fall, about a minute between the 1st and 2d gun. Knew neither of Them, nothing past before the firing that he saw but the boys making a Noise: Attacks leaning on his Stick.
Jedediah Bass, sworn.
I came up Royal-exchange-lane, and the first I saw was Montgomery, I saw him pushing his bayonet.
Q. Did you know Montgomery then?
A. Yes: I drew back about five feet, and I saw his gun go off.
Q. Where did Montgomery stand?
A. At the corner of Royal-exchange-lane, the right hand man of the party.
Q. Who did he push at?
A. I cannot tell.
Q. How long after that before his gun went off?
A. About a minute.
Q. Had any thing happened betwixt that and the firing?
A. I saw a stick knock up his gun.
Q. Do you know who it was knocked it up?
Q. How near did you stand to him?
A. About five feet off, within Royal-exchange-lane.
Q. Did that stick knock up his gun before he fired?
Q. Did he bring it down before he fired?
A. He brought it down to the place where it was before; and then he fired.
Q. Was you looking at him all the time before he fired?
Q. Are you certain, he did not fall before he fired?
Q. Are you sure, if he had fallen, you must have seen him?
A. Yes, from my situation I think I must have seen him.
Q. What sort of a stick was it his gun was knocked up with?
A. It looked like a walking stick.
Q. Did you see him fall after he fired?
Q. What occasioned his fall? A. I cannot tell.
Q. Did you see any body strike him, or at him?
Q. Did his gun fall out of his hand?
A. I think it did.
Q. Are you sure that was before, or after his firing?
A. After his firing.
Q. How near were the people to him at the time of his firing?
A. Seven or eight feet off.
Q. Did you see any other of the prisoners there that night?
A. Not to my knowledge.
Q. Did you stay till all the guns were fired?
Q. How many were fired?
A. Six, I think, but I did not count them.
Q. At the place where you stood, could you see all the soldiers?
A. No, only two, they stood in a circular form.
Q. After the first gun was fired, did not the people begin to run down the lane? A. Yes.
Q. Did you hear any words spoke by the party of soldiers or any of them?
Q. How long did you continue there?
A. About five minutes, not longer: untill all the guns were fired.
Q. Did you come from Dock square up to King-street?
Q. Did you see any people there?
A. I saw about twenty.
Q. What were they doing?
A. They were talking about going home.
Q. Were the bells ringing?
Q. Did they mention any thing why the bells were ringing?
A. They said first it was fire, and then that the soldiers were out.
Q. Did you hear any cheers given in King street?
A. I think I did before they fired.
Q. How many?
A. Two I think.
Q. Who gave them?
A. The town's people.
Q. How long before the firing?
A. About two minutes before the firing.
Q. How were the people drest in Dock square?
A. Some in sailors cloths, some in surtouts.
Q. Had they sticks?
A. Some had, some had not.
Q. Did you hear them mention their going to the Town-house?
Jed. Bass. Coming up R. Ex. Lane when he got into K.S. he saw Montgomery who pushed his Bayonet at a Man. He drew back about 5 feet and in a Minute he fired. A walking Stick knocked up his Gun, he bro't it to a level and then fired. Is certain that Montgomery did not fall before he fired, must have seen him if it had been so. He fell after he fired. The people about 7 or 8 feet from the party. 6 Guns he thinks fired but did not count 'em. The People began to run down the Lane after the first Gun. The People in Dock Square said, lets go home there's no fire the Soldiers have been fighting &c. Some had Sticks and some none. Some one Way and some another. Heard 3 Chears about 2 Minutes before the firing began.
Thomas Wilkinson, sworn.
A. Yes, I know Montgomery, he used to live close by my house; I know none of the rest. I was at home the whole evening, the Old-south bell rung for nine as usual; about a quarter after, I heard Mr. Cooper's bell ring, I went out and I saw the Old south Engine haulled out. I ran down as far as the town-pump, there seemed to be a considerable body of people, and some with buckets. The people out of the chamber windows, said, do not go down there, you will be killed. I saw ten or twelve soldiers with naked cutlasses by Boylston's alley. I saw them with their cutlasses and bayonets drawing up towards the people. I went back and stopped at the Main-Guard.
Q. Were there a number of the town's people there at that time?
A. Yes, and many with buckets in their hands.
Q. Were they contending with any body?
A. No they were standing in the street.
Q. What were the soldiers doing?
A. They were brandishing their swords and sallying up to the people, but I did not tarry there one minute.
Q. What number of people were there?
A. Thirty or forty.
Q. Had the persons the soldiers came up to, any thing in their hands?
A. No they had nothing but buckets. I took it they were brandishing their swords at the people, but I saw them strike no body. I went to the Main Guard, I saw the Sentries before the Guard house, walking as usual. I staid on purpose to see some body come back from Boylston's alley, to know if any were wounded. People were coming down from the South-end, crying where is the fire? Where is the fire? I said there is no fire, but the soldiers fighting. At that time, in King street, I do not think you could see a man, child, or boy passing. I stood there at the Main-Guard about four minutes. The Old Brick bell began to ring, and the people seemed to come along fast, with buckets and bags.
Q. Did Mr. Cooper's bell ring before? A. Yes, a good while.
Q. Could you see the Sentry at the Custom-House where you stood?
A. No, I staid there about five minutes, and in a very short time I looked down king-street, and saw thirty or forty people in King-street; Capt. Preston came down to the Main-Guard, as it were from behind the Brick meeting, and said turn out, damn your bloods, turn out: A party of soldiers turned out, Montgomery was amongst them; I was going to Montgomery, to ask what they were going to do? They drew up in two files, I think there were eight men, Capt. Preston drew his sword, and marched down with them, and I went down as far as Mr. Waldo's shop with them, I thought they were going to relieve guard. After that, I went up by the Main-guard again, having left the soldiers on their march down from Waldo's shop, and passed round the Town House, came down the north side of it, and went down King-Street, and got within two yards of the right of them; I saw Capt. Preston standing at the right of the circle, I staid there about four minutes, when I heard the word given, fire! There was none fired then. Then I heard damn your bloods, fire! Instantly one gun went off, I saw the flash of every gun as they went off, one after another, like the clock striking.
A. It began at the right.
Q. Did you see Montgomery after he got down there?
Q. Where did you stand when the guns were fired?
A. I stood about two yards to the right, in Royal-exchange-lane, and towards the back of the soldiers; I am positive the firing began at the right and went on to the left. I counted the guns.
A. Seven fired, and one flashed.
Q. Was there a longer distance betwixt the first and second gun, than betwixt the rest? A. No more than the rest, I think.
Q. Did you see any man fall?
A. I did not. There was a large opening at the centre, but on the right and left wings the croud was close and thick.
Q. Could you see all the soldiers?
A. No, I could not, there were many people between me and the soldiers.
Q. Did you see the person who held the gun that flashed?
A. Yes, but I did not know him.
Q. Whereabouts was he standing?
A. I believe, by the flash, he was the third or fourth man from the right.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at any of them before the firing?
A. No, I stood all the time they were there, and saw nothing thrown at all.
Q. Did you see any body knocked down?
Q. You saw no ice nor snow balls?
Q. Did the people round you seem to be pressing on so as to injure the soldiers?
A. No; had I seen any thing thrown, I would have gone away.
Q. Did you see any blows given by any body, before or after the firing?
A. No. I did not.
Q. Do you know Mr. Palmes?
A. No, I saw a man talking with the officer?
Q. Do you know Mr. Bliss?
Q. Did you hear any huzzaing?
A. Yes, before the party marched down, there were two or three huzzas, but afterwards none at all.
Q. How many people do you imagine were there?
A. Sixty or seventy.
Q. From the time they went from the Main-Guard, till the firing, how long was it? A. It was not more than ten or twelve minutes.
Thos. Wilkinson. Knows Montgomery lives next to him, had often been to get fire &c. Bells rang for 9 as usual. Afterwards Mr. Cooper's. Put on his Surtout and went out to see where the fire was. Got as far as the Town pump by Bagnal's. The people cried out don't go there you'l be kill'd. Saw the Soldiers with drawn Cutlasses at Boylstone's Alley, sallying out brandishing their Swords, saw none of the people contending with 'em. About 30 or 40 coming thick with Buckets &c. Appeared to him as if the Soldiers were challenging the people. Went to the Main-guard, stood there to see hear if any Body had been wounded. At that Time no body in K.S. Old brick-bell began to ring. Dr. Cooper's rung some time before. Stood there 5 Minutes or so Capt. Prest. came and said damn you turn out. A party of 8 came. Prest. drew his Sword and marched on the Right of 'em; about 30 or 40 people in the Street. Went as far as Waldo's Shop and went up to the Main-guard but did not stop, went round the North of the Town-house. The party formed in a Circle at the C.H. Stood about 4 minutes heard the Word fire. They did not fire, then heard the Word repeated, upon which the Guns went off like the striking of the Clock. Fire began at the Right. 2 yds. from 'em. Saw the Flash of Each Gun, 7 went off, one flushed. He not scared, imagining it was only powder. Thinks it was the 3d or 4th Man from the Right that flushed. Saw no Blows given nor Snow-balls, Ice, nor Oyster Shells thrown, nor pressing in of the people, had he, he should have retir'd. Heard 2 or 3 Chears before the party went down, but none afterwards. (NB. This he says very emphatically!)
Inserted in the MS above the line, this word may possibly be a comment by JA rather than part of Simpson's testimony.
Josiah Simpson, Joiner, sworn.
A. Yes, White.
Q. Do you know either of the rest?
A. Yes Wemms.
Q. Do you know any other?
A. Yes, Warren and Hartegan, I saw them there that night under arms. On Monday evening 5th of March, I was at work near Hancock's wharff, hearing a bell ring it caused me to leave the shop to make inquiry what the matter was; I heard the soldiers had rose on the inhabitants, and I got as far as Fanuiel Hall. I saw several gentlemen, I asked them what the matter was, they answered me, that, two young men had been abused by the soldiers, but that they had returned to their barracks. The bells still ringing made me proceed up Royal-exchange-lane with a number of other persons: I out run them and came to the head of the lane, there being no person there but a soldier who was the Sentry, the other Inhabitants coming up, they cryed out there is a soldier and huzza'd. The soldier immediately repaired to the Custom house door, he was at the west corner of the house before; there, with a large brass knocker, gave three loud and remarkable strokes.
Q. What number of persons were there came up immediately after you?
A. Five or six. Somebody came to the door and opened it, and spoke to the Sentry, and then shut the door again.
Q. What was said to him?
A. I did not hear. The soldier then turned about and loaded his gun, and knocked it twice very loud on the steps; then he went to the west corner of the house where he had been before, the people gathered round him; I went with him, and I cast my eye up King-street, and saw an officer and seven men, they came to the west corner of the Custom-house.
Q. Was any thing done to molest them then?
A. No, nothing at all. The officer then cryed shoulder.
Q. Do you know who that officer was?
A. I have seen him in the Court.
Q. How many soldiers were with him?
A. Seven.
Q. How did they stand then?
A. They stood in a circle. The officer then said, handle your arms, ease your arms, secure your arms, support your arms, ease your arms, prime and load.
Q. Are you certain he said all that?
A. I am as certain, as I am of my own existence.
Q. Where did Capt. Preston stand then?
A. He stood a little behind the soldiers towards the Custom-house. There were about fifteen or twenty inhabitants in the street, when the party came down.
Q. Were the soldiers formed before they loaded?
A. They were not really formed: they were in a kind of a circle, after they had loaded they formed more into a circle than they were before.
Q. Did you know Capt. Preston before that?
A. I did not.
Q. Was you there when the guns fired?
A. I went up to the officer, and said for God's sake do not fire on these people: he made me no answer at all.
Q. Where was he then?
A. He was standing behind the soldiers.
Q. Was you behind the soldiers?
A. No, a little before them, at the edge of the gutter.
Q. Did you see any person with him?
A. No, none at all. I pushed through betwixt two of the men, and spoke to him that way, he had on a red coat, and laced hat. I saw no more of him. I went to some of the inhabitants, and said, do not trouble these men, they are on duty. Some said we will neither trouble them, nor be drove off by them.
Q. Did you hear any orders given for firing?
A. I heard damn you fire: it seemed to me as it came from the Sentry-box where I left the Captain. I was then by Vernon the barber's shop; I had passed across the street. I saw a man going to throw a club, I begged of him not to do it, for I said if he did, the soldiers would certainly fire: he said, he would not, and did not. I then saw a white club thrown at some distance from me towards the soldier's; immediately I heard the word present, I stooped down, a little space of time ensued, I heard damn you fire: two guns were discharged then as I judged.
Q. Did that club hit any body?
A. I believe it hit one of the soldiers guns, I heard it strike.
Q. Was that before the firing, or after?
A. Before the firing.
Q. How near to the soldiers was the person that threw the club?
A. About ten yards off. Three or four more guns were then discharged, which killed Attucks and Gray, I heard and saw them fall; then two more were discharged, one of them killed Mr. Caldwell, who was about ten feet distance from me, the other struck about five inches over my back.
Q. What space of time was there betwixt the second gun and the third?
A. I took it to be about two or three seconds. Another gun was then fired, which wounded Mr. Patterson in the arm.
Q. How long after the club was thrown, was it, before the first gun was fired?
A. Not above one or two seconds.
Q. What sort of a stick was it that was thrown?
A. I took it to be a white birch cord-wood stick, an inch thick.
Q. What sort of a man, for heighth, was he that threw it?
A. He might be about five feet and an half.
Q. How do you know what number of guns were fired together?
A. I judged by the report: I saw the flashes.
Q. Did you see any of the persons that were killed, that evening before they were killed?
Q. Upon the oath you have taken, did that man throw the stick with considerable violence, or not?
A. He threw it considerable hard, he threw it over hand.
Q. Were any people standing betwixt the soldiers and the man that threw that stick?
A. Yes, some, but not many.
Q. Did the people make a great deal of noise and huzzaing?
A. Yes, considerable.
Q. Did you hear them say to the soldiers, bloody backs, come on you bloody backs?
A. No. I heard no such thing, but when the two first guns were discharged, some one cryed murder, and by the voice I think it was Maverick. These guns killed nobody, unless Maverick was then shot.
Josiah Simpson. Knows White and Wemmes, Warren and Hartigan all there. On that Evening at worked at Mr. Hancock's Wharff, saw a Number of Gentlemen at Fanuiel Hall. They said 2 young Men had been abused by the Soldiers but they had retired to their Barracks. The Bells still ringing I went up R. Ex. L. and out run those who were with Me. Nobody in the Street but the Sentry; Some said here's a Soldier, about 5 or 6 people. The Sentry at once repaired to the Custom House steps, there with the Brass knocker at the Door. Somebody opened the Door and spoke to the Sentry, but he did not hear what was said. The Door was shut and the Sentry immediately loaded his Gun, knocking it hard on the Steps. The party came down. No Disturbance, or molestation of the S. between the S. loading and the party's coming down, neither by Words nor Blows. The officer when They got down said Shoulder. 7 Soldiers. Capt. Prest. gave several Words of Command. Handle, Arms; Ease, Arms. Secure, Arms; prime and Load &c. Is as certain of this as of his own Existance. Went up to Capt. Prest. said for God's Sake don't fire upon These people. Prest. behind the Soldiers when he spoke to him thro' Wemmes and another, upon receiving no answer he turning to the people said for God's Sake don't trouble these Soldiers they are upon Duty. They said we won't be drove off by Them. He then retreated to Warden's Shop, see a man going to thro' a Club, desired him not to, and he did not. Then he saw a Club about 10 Yds. from them thrown among the Soldiers, believes it hit one of the Soldiers Guns, hearing it strike. Immediately heard the Word present. Then heard 2 guns fired, killed Nobody that he saw. Then 3 which killed Attucks and Gray. Then 2 one of which kill'd Caldwell, one Ball about 5 Inches over his Head Back; about 3 Seconds between the 2 first and the 3. Then another Gun which wounded Patterson in the Arm. A white Cordwood Stick that was flung. The people made a Noise, but no huzzing, did not hear the Cry of Bloody-backs, &c.
Apparently the witness here displayed the scar.
Nathaniel Fosdick, Hatter, sworn.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners the 5th March?
A. Not so as to know them again. That evening, at the cry of fire, I came out of my house, and saw the people running down town, and I followed them; when I got by the Town-house, I saw some going down King-street, I went down also: At the Guard house, I saw a number of the soldiers running; I asked where was the fire, no body answered me. I went down to the middle of King-street, and while I stood there, was pushed from behind me with a bayonet. I turned round and saw a party of soldiers coming down, I asked one the reason of his pushing at me? he damn'd my blood, and bid me stand out of their way, I said I would not, I was doing no harm to any man, and would not stand aside for any one, they passed me some on one side, some on the other. Then came to the Sentry-box, faced round and formed a circle. I spoke to some of the inhabitants to speak to Preston, to know what the matter was; some body spoke to him, but what was said, I do not know. I saw Preston fall in betwixt the fourth and fifth man, the word was given fire! immediately the right hand man fired; after that I pushed in towards them, and they run a bayonet at me and wounded me in my arm.
Q. Who was it struck you?
A. The second man, the first gun was then fired, the second was not; the guns went off pretty quick.
Q. Was it the same soldier that struck you, pushed you in the arm?
A. No. I was pushed twice in the arm by two different bayonets; I knocked off one of them with my stick, with the other I was wounded in my breast, the wound an inch long, through a double breasted jacket.
Q. Was no blows given before the guns were fired?
A. No, not where I stood, and I saw two thirds of the soldiers.
Q. What was the occasion of your rushing in upon them after the first gun was fired?
A. All my end was to know who they were.
Q. Did you wonder what was the occasion of their firing?
A. Yes, I did not know what their intention was.
Q. Did you see any insults offered the soldiers?
A. No, none at all, I saw the right hand grenadier fall.
Q. Was it before or after he had fired?
A. It was after. He fell on his backside.
Q. Did you see any of the people that were killed?
A. Yes, I saw the Molatto, and crossed to Quaker lane and there stepped over two more.
Q. Where did the Molatto man lay?
A. By the gutter on the south side of it.
Q. Did you see any of them before they were killed?
A. Not as I know of.
Q. What do you think was the occasion of the grenadier's falling?
A. It was occasioned by his pushing at somebody that went in at Royal exchange-lane.
Nat. Fosdick. Pushing behind him with Bayonets, damn your Bloods stand out of the Way. After the first Gun was fired the Second man as he thinks, push'd his Bayonet at and wounded him in the Breast. Two different men before This pierced him in the arm to the Bone. He rushed in upon 'em after the first gun in Order to know who they were. Did not know what the occasion of their coming down. The right hand Grenadier fell after firing, occasioned by his pushing at a person who went down R. Ex. L.
Samuel Hemmingway, sworn.
A. Yes, several, there is Killroy I know particularly well.
Q Did you ever hear Killroy make use of any threatning expressions, against the inhabitants of this town?
A. Yes, one evening I heard him say, he never would miss an opportunity, when he had one, to fire on the inhabitants, and that he had wanted to have an opportunity ever since he landed.
Q. How long was that before the 5th March?
A. A week or fortnight, I cannot say which.
Q. Did you ever hear any of the rest threaten any thing?
Q. Who was present when this conversation passed?
A. Mrs. Bouker, Mr. Apthorp's house-keeper.
Q. Was any body else present?
A. Only the Negroe boy.
Q. What gave occasion for this?
A. He and I were talking about the town's people and the soldiers.
Q. Did he say it with any resentment?
A. No otherways than he would not miss an opportunity.
Q. Do you remember what conversation immediately preceded that?
Q. Was he in anger?
Q. Was Killroy in liquor or not?
Q. Had there any angry words passed betwixt him and you at that time?
Q. Was it in jocular talk?
A. I do not know. I said he was a fool for talking so.—he said he did not care.
Q. Had Killroy said that evening, that he had been at the rope-walks?
A. No, he said nothing about the rope-walks.
Q. Was this conversation before or after the affray at the rope-walks?
A. I cannot say.
Saml. Hemenvay. Knows Kilroy well, was with him at Mr. John Apthorp's about a week before heard him say, he would never miss an Opportunity when he had One to fire upon the Inhabitants of the Town, he had wanted it ever since he came in to the Town. Kilroy not in Liquor at that Time. Not in Anger. I told him I He was a great Fool for his pains, He I said I don't Care, I don't miss an Opportunity for all that.
That is, the witness was at the Mill Bridge when he heard the bells.
Joseph Hiller, sworn.
A. I do not.
Q. Was you in King-street at the time of the firing on the evening of the 5th March?
Q. What did you observe?
A. I came there about fifteen minutes before the soldiers came, I staid there till they came down, and remained there till the firing was over.
Q. Narrate what happened in relation to the Sentry.
A. I was at the North-end of the town when the bells rung, when I came to the middle of the town, I was told there was no fire; but a rumpus betwixt the soldiers and the inhabitants. I passed on, the bells still kept ringing, I came to Dock square, and was informed much to the same purpose; there were some persons there, who told me it was dangerous to go up; they seemed to be like people that were afraid to pass, because of the danger, others were going up; I went up, when I got past the ally, the street was very clear of people, I hardly saw any body. I came to the Town house, and saw a few lads, but no great number, I have often seen more collected for their diversion.
A. From twenty to thirty. I saw the Sentry upon the steps of the Custom house door, but I heard him say nothing, but he had his gun waving as if it was to defend himself, or to exasperate the people. I thought to speak to him, but I thought he might insult me, and therefore I declined; I went in order to go away, and met the party coming down; that made me stop, because when they got to the Custom house, there was a noise something like what they call cheers, and the people went more to the middle of the street; after the soldiers had passed through them, I went down again, as I passed before them, there was very few people there, I passed without the people, and inclined more to the Custom house, the greatest part of the soldiers were full to my view, the people that were there, were collected in a body at the end of Royal exchange lane, they did not go so high as Mr. Stone's house.
Q. Where did you stand?
A. I was walking right before them. They had their guns rested on their hips; when I passed the last man on the left, the first gun was fired from the right; as I judged, the time might be twenty seconds before the first gun was fired from the time they formed, in a short space there was another, and then very soon another, and then there was a short space of time again, before the last guns were fired. A little boy run along and cryed, fire! fire! fire! as people generally do when there is fire, a soldier pointed his gun to him and fired, but did not hit him, he was the last but one on the left.
Q. Did the people appear to be passing off after the first gun?
A. I did not mind the first gun, I thought it was only powder to scare them; but when the next was fired, they were a scattering. After the firing ceased, a little boy came and told us some persons were killed. I saw them lye in the street, but I did not imagine it was any body killed, but that they had been scared and run away, and left their great coat's behind them: I saw nothing like an attack that could produce any such consequences: I went to look at the Malatto man, and heard a noise like the cocking of firelocks, but an officer passed before them, and said, do not fire on the inhabitants. The street was in a manner clear, it was as hush as at twelve o'clock at night, the noise of the cocking seemed to come from the right, and passed on to the left.
A. Six was the least, and one missed fire.
Q. Did the last man on the left fire, or not?
A. He did not fire, his gun seemed to miss fire, and he brought it down in a priming posture, and a man like an officer stepped up to him and spoke to him.
Q. Did you see them load betwixt the firing and this noise you speak of, like the cocking of firelocks?
A. I did not see them load, for I did not leave my station.
A. Six or eight.
Q. Did you see any blows given, or any thing thrown?
A. No, and I was there the whole time.
Q. Did you see Palmes there, or Bliss?
Q. Did you see any body strike the soldiers guns?
Q. Did you hear any huzzaing, when the soldiers came down?
A. There seemed to be a huzza, but when I went down and passed them they were very still, only talking together, but I heard nothing they said: the shouting was first when they went down, and it was not two minutes till they fired.
Joseph Heyler. There about 15 Minutes before the party came down. Upon the Bells run up from the North End, was told it was not worth while to go, twas not worth while to go, twas no fire, but the Soldiers assaulting the Inhabitants. A Number of people by the pump in Dock Square, who seemed afraid to go up. However he went up. Saw the Sentry with charged Bayonet about 20 or 30 Boys about him. Seen often many more there on such a bright Night. The People after the party came down seemed to collect into a Body into R. Ex. L. As he past the last man, heard a Gun from the Right, about 20 seconds after the first before the 2d Gun fired. About the same Space between the last and last but One. A little Boy run across the Street crying fire, the last Man but One followed with his Gun as the Boy ran. Nothing past to induce him to apprehend Danger, no molestation, had the Soldiers pointed at him he should not have tho't himself in Danger, as there was Nothing that he observed to lead to it. Thinks there were 6 Guns fired. Saw no Snow-Balls, Ice or any Things thrown, if there had been any Thing of This Sort extradinary he must have seen it it being bright Starlight. When the Soldiers came down a sort of Shouting, This but a short Time before The first Gun.
Nicholas Ferreter, Rope-maker, sworn.
A. Yes, I know Warren and Killroy.
Q. Did you ever see them at the rope-walks?
A. Yes, they were both at the rope-walks.
Q. How long was that before the 5th of March?
A. On the Friday before.
Q. Did you ever hear them make use of any expressions of mischief towards the inhabitants?
A. No. On Friday Mr. John Gray told me to go to his rope-walk to make some cables; I went and worked till about twelve, and then I saw a soldier coming down the outside rope-walk, swearing, and saying he would have satisfaction. Before this there was one of our hands while I was coiling a cable, said to a soldier do you want work, yes, says the soldier I do faith; well said he to the soldier, go clean my little-house, he damned us and made a blow at, and struck me, when I knocked up his heels, his coat flew open and out dropt a naked cutlass, which I took up and carried off with me. He went away, and came back with a dozen soldiers with him: the people that were attacked called to us for help. When they called to us, we came up; then we had several knocks amongst us, at last they went off. They all got armed with clubs, and in the afternoon they were coming again, but Mr. John Gray stopped them.
Q. When they came the second time, was Killroy with them?
Q. What did they do the second time?
A. We had a battle, and they went to their barracks. On the 5th of March I went to Quaker Lane, and met Samuel Gray; I said where are you going, he said to the fire. I went into King-street, and saw nobody there, the Sentry was walking as usual. We agreed to go home. I went towards home, and stopped at the bottom of Long-lane, and while I was talking there, I heard guns go off. I went to King-street, and was told several were killed, I then went home. Samuel Gray, when I saw him that night, was quite calm, and had no stick.
Nicholas Ferriter. Knows Kilroy and Warren. 'Saw em at the Rope Walks the Friday before. They all had Cutlasses and Clubs. Mr. Jno. Gray ask'd him to go to his Rope Walks and make a Cable. Saw a soldier come out Side the Rope Walks. Who said damn your Bloods I'll have some Satisfaction. Dar'd him out and I went out and he struck me and I trip'd up his Heels, a naked Cutlass was discovered under his Coat. Then he went away, and bro't about a Doz. Warren among them. They had a Battle and drove 'em off. Then in about ¾ of an Hour came about 30 and had another Battle.
When the Bells rang went to know where the fire was, met Sam. Gray, ask'd him where he was going, he said to the Fire. They went into K.S.
At this point MHi MS 2 of the Adams Massacre Minutes ends (at the foot of p. 10 of the original). The remainder of Doc. IV is from Adams Massacre Minutes MB MS. There is no break in substance between these two now separated MSS. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Benjamin Burdick, Barber, sworn.
Q. Did you see any of these prisoners in King street the night of the 5th of March?
A. Not that I can swear to as they are dressed. I can recollect something of their faces, but cannot swear to them. When I came to King-street, I went immediately up to one of the soldiers, which I take to be that man who is bald on the head, (pointing to Montgomery). I asked him if any of the soldiers were loaded, he said yes. I asked him if they were going to fire, he said yes, by the eternal God, and pushed at me with his bayonet, which I put by with what was in my hand.
Q. What was it?
A. A Highland broad sword.
Q. What occasion had you to carry it.
A. A young man that boarded with me, and was at the Rope-Walks, told me several of them had a spite at him, and that he believed he was in danger. I had seen two soldiers about my house, I saw one of them hearkening at the window, I saw him again near the house, and asked him what he was after; he said he was pumping ship: Was it not you, says I, that was hearkening at my window last night? what if it was, he said, I told him to march off, and he damned me, and I beat him till he had enough of it, and he then went off. The reason of carrying the sword, was, they spyed the young man in the lane, and dogg'd him, for he had been very active in the affray at the Rope-walks, and they said they would some time or other have satisfaction, and I looked upon myself to be liable to be insulted likewise. When alarmed by the cry of fire, and I had got below the house, my wife called after me, and said it is not fire, it is an affray in King-street, if you are going take this, so I took it, and run down, and I asked the soldier what I just now told you. I knocked the bayonet with what I had in my hand, another pushed at me, I struck his gun; my face was now towards the soldiers. I heard the first gun go off, and then the second gun went off. As I was looking to see if any body was killed, I saw the tall man standing in a line with me. I saw him fall.
Q. Whereabouts was you when you hit the gun?
A. Nigh the gutter, about the middle of the party.
Q. How long had the bells been ringing before you came from home?
A. I thought it was 9 o'clock, and did not think any thing else, till somebody cryed fire.
Q. Did you strike before the firing?
Q. Did you strike as hard as you could?
A. Yes, and hit the lock of his gun, and if I had struck a little lower, I should have left a mark that I could have swore to.
Q. Was the sword in your hand drawn?
A. I drew it when the soldier pushed at me, and struck at him as I have mentioned.
Q. Which gun went off first?
A. I took it to be the right hand man.
Q. Where did that soldier you struck at stand?
A. I believe the fourth or fifth man from the corner of Exchange-lane.
A. I did not count them, it appeared to me there were six or eight.
Q. The man that said he would fire by the eternal God, where did he stand?
A. He was about the middle.
Q. Was you there when the first gun was fired?
Q. What was the immediate occasion of that?
A. I do not know, I had only walked over from Quaker-lane till I came to the soldiers, that was all the time I had.
Q. Did you see any thing extraordinary, to induce them to fire that gun?
A. Nothing, but a short stick was thrown, which seemed to go clear over all their heads. I heard a clattering of their guns, but what was the occasion of it I do not know.
Q. Might not their iron ramrods occasion it?
A. No, I suppose they knocked one gun against another in taking their places. When the Molatto man was dead, I went up, and met Dr. Gardner and Mr. Brindley. I asked them to come and see the Molatto, and as we stooped to take up the man, the soldiers presented their arms again, as if they had been going to fire, Capt. Preston came, pushed up their guns, and said stop firing, do not fire. I went to them to see if I could know their faces again; Capt. Preston looked out betwixt two of them, and spoke to me, which took off my attention from them.
Q. From where was that stick thrown?
A. From Royal-exchange-lane, and it flew over their head almost as high as the sign.
Q. What did you take to be the occasion of the soldiers answer to you?
A. I do not know, without he was affronted at my asking the question of him.
Q. Did you see any body strike the soldiers before you struck with the sword?
A. No, I had not time.
Q. What distance of time was there betwixt the first and second gun?
A. A very short space, I cannot say exactly.
Robert Williams, sworn.
Coming from Corn-hill I went down to Dock-square, I saw a number of people together; I heard there had been an affray by Murray's Barrack. Somebody said you had better all go home; some went to the North end, some up Royal-exchange-lane, I came up to Corn-hill: when I got to the Town-pump, I heard the Main-Guard had drawn a party off and gone to the Custom-house, I run down the north side of the Town-house, and saw a number of people, twenty or thirty, collected. I tryed to press into the midst of them to know what they were about; I could not get in; I therefore stepped over the gutter, and saw the soldiers seven or eight of them, by the Sentry box. Some of the people were leaning on their sticks, some standing with their hands in their bosoms, and some were whistling. Numbers were crouding to get in as I was. I had my eye on the right hand man. Somebody said, do not press on the soldiers, I repeated the same words, do not press on the soldiers: when I said that, I saw something like a flash at my left, and heard the report of a gun, and the people opened from right to left; but I could not see where the gun was fired from; it made a noise like a pistol, and I imagined it was nothing but powder. As the people crouded to the lane, it took the view of the right hand soldiers from me, but I had a view of the left. I heard another gun go off, and saw a man fall.
Q. Where was the man when he fell?
A. He was about a foot over the south side of the gutter.
Q. Was he nearer to the right than to the left of the soldier?
A. They fired in a triangular manner.
Q. How near did they stand together.
A. The width of a man asunder. I dropped on my knees, and saw the third gun go off, and then I saw a man who seemed to come upon his heel, and wind round a little and then fall on his back. The people were moving off, and the guns seemed to move as the people run. The fourth gun went off quickly after.
Q. Was the second gun fired from the first right hand man?
A. The flash seemed to come from the second man from the right.
Q. Did the huzzaing encrease, and a general pressing in upon the first gun being fired?
Q. Was there many sticks?
A. I saw but a few.
Q. Was there any sticks thrown?
A. No. I saw two or three snow balls, which seemed to come from a distance.
Q. Did the people stand close in with the soldiers bayonets?
A. No, they appeared to be two feet from the bayonets.
Q. Did you hear a noise like striking on the barrels of the guns.
Q. Did you hear a cry of the people, kill them, knock them over?
A. No, I was not there above a minute, I saw no blows given by any body; just before the firing there was a huzzaing and whistling.
Bartholomew Kneeland, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Where did you live the 5th March?
A. At my sister's Mrs. Torrey's, by the Town pump. I heard the bells ring after nine, and went to the front door, I was followed by my sister and two others of the family; I stood there about five minutes, and saw a number of soldiers, about ten or a dozen, come towards the pump, they seemed to make a noise, one of them got nearly opposite to me, and hollowed, damn you, what do you do there? I made him no answer, he came up to me and pointed his naked bayonet at my breast, and held it there some time, and told me to get in, I told him to go along; he went towards the Post-office.
Q. Do you know what regiment he belonged to?
A. To the Twenty-ninth.
Q. Did he bid you get in when he asked you what you did there?
A. Yes. In a little while I heard a volley of small arms, which I took to be in King-street.
Nathaniel Thayer, Sealer of Wood, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March I heard a very great noise, my wife said you had better go to the door and see what the matter is; I went, and saw about twenty people I believe, coming through Boylston's alley, there was a terrible swearing, and they had clubs and swords and one thing and another; there came seven soldiers from the Main-Guard without any coats on, driving along, swearing, cursing and damning like wild creatures, saying where are they? Cut them to pieces, slay them all. They came up to my door, I shut my door and went in, they went round the back lane to King-street:–this was after nine, before any guns were fired.
Q. Do you know if any of these prisoners were there?
A. No, I cannot fix on any man.
Q. Had they any of them pouches on?
A. I cannot say for the pouches; but they had no coats. Those people below at the alley, cried fire! which I took to be a watch-word.
Q. Were those you saw before, soldiers or town's people?
A. They came from the Barracks, and they were both soldiers and town's people.
Q. How long were they there?
A. Not two minutes, they went down towards the Market, and came up to King-street by the back-lane.
Nathaniel Appleton, Merchant, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March, a little after nine, I was sitting in my house, I heard a considerable noise in the street, I listened a little, and found it continued, I went to the door, I found the chief of the noise was at the bottom of the street, I enquired the reason, I was told the soldiers and inhabitants were fighting; I waited at the door a minute or two, people were running down in two's and three's at a time, at length the noise subsided, and seemed to be down by Dock-square; I heard the bells ring and heard the cry of fire, I asked where it was? I was answered there was none, but the inhabitants and soldiers fighting. Deacon Marsh came out, and there came a party of soldiers from the southward, ten or twelve I think, they had short cloths I think, I saw some white slieves amongst them with bayonets in their hands, but I apprehended no danger from them; I stood on the step of the door, they appeared to be pushing right down the street, when they got a few rods from the door, their course began to bend towards us, still I apprehended nothing but that they were coming to walk on the side of the way, then they lifted up their weapons, and I began to apprehend danger, they said something, I do not know what it was, but I went in as fast as I could, and shut the door immediately. They were within half a foot of it, had it been open a second longer they would have had the command of the door, but I was too quick for them and bolted my door, went up chamber, looked out of my window, and saw people flying here and there like pidgeons, and the soldiers running about like mad men in a fury, till they got to the bottom of the street.
“12 years old.” Paine Massacre Notes.
John Appleton, a young Lad son to Nathaniel Appleton, sworn.
About nine I was sent on an errand into King street, I had my little brother with me, I heard a noise, I run out of the shop where I was, to see what was the matter, I went into the middle of the street, and saw some talking to the Sentry, I thought they were going to quarrel and came away. Coming by Jenkins's alley my little brother with me, there came out about twenty soldiers with cutlasses in their hands, my brother fell and they run past him, and were going to kill me, I said soldiers spare my life, one of them said no damn you, we will kill you all; he lifted his cutlass and struck at my head, but I dodged and got the blow on my shoulder.
Q. Was the cutlass drawn?
A. I believe it was not, for it ratled on my shoulder as if it had been sheathed.
Lieut. Col. Thomas Marshall, Taylor, sworn.
I was at Col. Jackson's a few minutes after nine of the 5th of March. When I came out into Dock square, the square was entirely quiet. I saw no persons in the whole square. I came up Royal-exchange lane, I saw nobody there. I saw the Sentry at the head of it in peace and quietness, nobody troubling him: I never saw King street more quiet in my life. I went into my house, where was a kinsman of mine; I asked him how he did, and while I was speaking the young man in the shop knocked for me, I went into the shop, and in a half a minute, I heard the cry of murder once or twice, there is mischief said I, at a distance, so there is said he; I opened the front door to see, I saw nobody. I heard a sad noise, which seemed to come from Rowe's barracks. I stopped a little space, and the first I saw enter King-street, was a party from the Main Guard, ten or twelve came rushing out violently, I saw their arms glitter by the moon light, hallowing damn them where are they, by Jesus let them come. Some of them turned into Pudding-lane, and some went by the Town-house steps; I went in and told my family to keep themselves easy, for there was no disturbance near the house. I went to the door again, and saw a party about the head of Quaker-lane, and they used much the same expressions as the aforesaid party, and hallowed fire. They passed over the way, and the shade of the moon light hindered me to see if they went down Royal-exchange-lane or went up towards the Town-house. Something strikes my mind, I am not positive now, but I think it was that night, there were a few boys round the Sentry. I went and said, boys you have no business with the Sentry, go off, and they went off. I have often seen boys with the Sentry, and heard words often. The bells were then ringing, and the people began to collect as they do at the cry of fire, and I began to think it was fire. I had a mind to get my staff and go out, but I had a reluctance, because I had been warned not to go out that night: but while the people were collecting, I came to the door, and saw them gathering thick from all quarters, forty, fifty or sixty. When the party came down, I thought it was no more than I had seen every day, I thought they had come to relieve the Sentry, they seemed to be in a posture of defence, and came through the people. I saw no opposition. When they came up, they passed out of the moon light into the dark, so that I could not see them, but I wondered to find them tarry so long. I heard a gun go off, I thought it was an accident, but in a little time another gun went off, and a third and fourth, pretty quick, and then the fifth. There seemed to be a small stop in their firing, I than i.e. then had no concern, but before the smoke was well away, I saw the people dead on the ground. I saw no opposition when they were drawn up, the people were not near them; what opposition might be at the lane I could not perceive, because the box covered that from my view.
Q. Are you certain that the soldiers came from the Main-Guard?
A. Yes, I am certain of it.
Q. You say the party that fired, come from the Main-Guard, but the first
party of ten or twelve, did they come out from the Main-Guard?
Q. How were they dressed?
A. I could not see their dress, but I saw their arms glitter.
140 Adjournment1: 28–29 November 1770 UNKNOWN Adjournment: 28–29 November 1770 UNKNOWN
SIX o'clock, p.m. the Court adjourned to Thursday morning 29 November Nine o'clock.
Thursday NINE o'clock the Court met according to adjournment, and proceeded.
Wemms Trial 52–53.
Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence, Concluded, and of Samuel Quincy’s Argument for the Crown1: 29 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Crown Evidence, Concluded, and of Samuel Quincy’s Argument for the Crown: 29 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Crown Evidence, Concluded, and of Samuel Quincy's Argument for the Crown1
Jos. Crosbey.2 Kilroys Bayonett appeared to be covered with Blood 5 or 6 Inches, next day.3
James Carter. The next Morning I observed Kilroys Bayonett to be bloody. I am Satisfyed it was blood. I was near to it, as to Mr. Paine.4
Jona. Cary. 4 of my Sons, Maverick and another Lad were at supper in my Kitchen, when the Bells rang and I told em there was fire. They said theyd eat a few mouth fulls more and go.5
Jno. Hill Esqr. Was struck at at the Ropewalks.6
Mrs. Gardiner 7
Mr. S. Quincy. 8 It is my Province to apply the Evidence. It is complex and in some Places perhaps difficult.
2 Things I must prove, the Identity, and the Fact. Goes over all the Names and mentions the Witnesses who swore to each of them. Could wish that the fatigues of yesterdy and the Circumstances of my family would have allowd me to have arranged the Evidence more particular, to have extracted the most material Parts of it.
Considers J. W. Austins Testimony. Then Eb. Bridgham's.
The last Man aim'd at a running Lad. Did not apprehend any Danger.
Dodge. Clark. Langford. As particular as any Witness on the Part of the Crown. Boys were damning the sentry, told him the Boys would not hurt him. Gray came up. What's here? I dont know, but Something will come of it, by and by. Gray with his Hands folded. He leaning on his Stick. He Spoke to Kilroy. D—n you you ant a going to fire. Kilroy presents at Gray, and shoots him dead upon the Spot, and then pushes at Langford with his Bayonet. Here is Evidence of an Heart desperate, wicked, bent deliberately bent upon Mischief. Compared with the Testimony of Hemenway. This is Malice. A Distinction between Malice and Hatred. Keyling 126.9 2 Inst. 6210 Mawgridges Case. Envy, Hatred and Malice. He that doth a cruel Act voluntarily doth it of Malice prepensed, tho upon a sudden Occasion.
Ferriter testifies that Kilroy was at the Ropewalks, and that Gray was there too, and both active in the Affray there. These Circumstances must remove all doubt of the fact and of the Species of Crime.
Archibald, J. Brewer. Saw no Abuse, more than was common. Met Dr. Young with a sword. Dr. said every Man to his own House. Perhaps some use may be made of this Circumstance. There was a general Alarm. Every Body had a Right, and it was very prudent, to arm themselves for their defence.
Bailey. Thinks Montgomery kill'd Attucks. That Montgomery fired is clear from this Witness.
Mr. Palmes. Saw Montgomery. Stepd back, did not fall. Montgomery slippd in pushing 3d time at him and fell. In probability he kill'd Attucks, and continued the same mischivous Spirit in pushing.
Danbrook. Saw a Piece of Rattan. Saw M. fire. Two Persons fell. 143 Attucks at the left Hand of this Witness and leaning on his Stick.
J. Bass. Thos. Wilkinson. The People in the Window cautioning those In the Street, not to go there. Soldiers challenging the People. Not apprehensive of danger. Well placed to observe. They must be believed if any Witnesses. Striking of the Clock. 7 went off, one flashed. Saw no pressing, nothing thrown. 2 or 3 cheers, before, none after the Party came down.
J. Simpson. Curious. Handle, Ease, support, &c. Arms. There is something like these in the Words of Command. Captain Preston behind the Soldiers. 8 Guns.
N. Fosdick. Pressing behind him with Bayonetts, in his back. Thrusts, and pushes in the Breast and Arm.
S. Hemenway. Kilroy not in Anger nor in Liquor.
Helyer. People in Dock Square afraid to go up. 20 seconds between 1 and 2d Gun. A little Boy, running and crying fire, the last Gun was pointed at him and fired.
Ferriter. 3 Attacks at the Ropewalks. Kilroy and Warren in the last Battle at the Ropewalks.
Burdick. Spoke to the bald Man, he thinks. Yes by the eternal God. Intention to fire. Mem. vid. Test.11
Williams. The Guns followed the People as they ran.
Quincy.12 No doubt with me, that Kilroy did it sedato Animo. The Person he killed was in Peace. No Insult offerd to K.
Marshall. The Street entirely Still. Fewer People there than usual. He had been warned not to go out that Evening. Moon, to the North. Saw a Party come out of the main Guard door. D—n em where are they? By Jesus let em come. Boisterous Language. The Party came from Quaker Lane, and cryd fire. Very probable the Word fire was a Watch Word. Any one next the Meeting House, steps in, at a Cry of fire, and sets the Bell a ringing.
Mr. Thayer. Heard a Cry of Fire, and supposed it a Watch Word.
Bart. Kneeland. One pointed his Bayonet at his Breast.
Mr. Appleton, and little Master John Appleton. His Story and the Manner of his telling of it, must have struck deep into your Mind. Struck by a Soldier, tenderly askd him Soldier, Spare my Life. No damn you we'l kill you all. Brother Adams's Social Creature.13 Here is food enough for the social Appetite.
Immaterial who gives the mortal Blow, where there are a Number of Persons together. All present, aiding, abetting, are guilty. No Man shall be an Avenger of his own Cause unless from absolute Necessity.
J. Trowbridge. You ought to produce all your Evidence now.
Adams Massacre Minutes, MB MS, continued without break from the end of Doc. IV above. See notes 1 13 and 19 31 above, and Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Thus in MS. An apparent inadvertence for “Crosswell.”
Joseph Crosswell, Taylor, sworn.
Next morning after the 5th of March, in King-street, before the soldiers were apprehended, I saw Killroy, I have known him by sight almost ever since he hath been here, I saw his bayonet bloody, the blood was dryed on five or six inches from the point.
Q. How near were you to the bayonet?
A. About the same distance I am from the Judges, viz, six feet.
Q. Was it shouldered?
A. I forget the posture.
Q. Are you sure it was blood.
A. It appeared to be covered from the point five or six inches, it appeared to me to be blood, and I thought then, it was blood dryed on.
James Carter, Writing-school-master, sworn.
The next morning I observed the same with Mr. Crosswell, I do not know his name, but that's the man, (pointing to Killroy) his gun was rested on his right arm.
Q. Did it appear to you to be covered from the point with blood?
A. Yes, I am positive it was blood.
Q. How nigh was you to him?
A. As nigh as I am to you, Sir, viz. three feet off.
It is not clear whether at this point Paine had taken over the examination of the witnesses. Possibly the witness here was merely pointing at Paine. “James Carter. Next morning I saw Kilroy Bayonet bloody. I called several to look at it. 3 feet.” Paine Massacre Notes.
Jonathan Cary, Kegg-maker, sworn.
Q. Did you know young Maverick, who was killed by the firing in King-street, on the 5th of March?
A. Yes, very well.
Q. Did you see him that night?
A. He was at my house that night at supper with some young lads, and when the bells rung, as we all thought for fire, he run out in order to go to it.
John Hill, Esq; sworn.
Q. Did you see any thing of the affray at the Rope-walks?
A. I saw a party of the soldiers near the Rope-walks with clubs, ordered them to disperse, commanded the peace, told them I was in commission for the peace, they paid no regard to me or my orders, but cut an old man who was coming by, before my face, and some of them struck at me but did not hit me.
Q. Were any of the prisoners among them?
A. I do not know that they were.
7. “Mary Gardner. Overruled.” Paine Massacre Notes. The Wemms Trial is silent. 8.
Here Samuel Quincy's argument for the Crown begins. It is given in fuller form in Doc. VII below.
Reg. v. Mawgridge, Kelyng 119, 126–127, 84 Eng. Rep. 1107, 1110–1111 (Q.B. 1707). The quotations are set out in Doc. VII below.
2 Coke, Institutes 62. The quotation is set out in Doc. VII below.
The last three words indicate that JA's recollection of the witness' testimony differs from Quincy's.
An interval of space precedes this name in the MS, as if JA had omitted some of Samuel Quincy's argument; or perhaps the proceedings had been interrupted.
This refers to JA's argument in Rex v. Preston, text between notes 2 and 3 132 and 133 .
Samuel Quincy’s Argument for the Crown1: 29 November 1770 Quincy, Samuel Samuel Quincy’s Argument for the Crown: 29 November 1770 Quincy, Samuel
Samuel Quincy's Argument for the Crown1
Having gone through the evidence on the part of the crown, it is my province to support the charge against the prisoners. The examination hath been lengthy, and from the nature of the transaction complex, and in some part difficult; I shall apply it as distinctly as I am able, without endeavouring to misrepresent or aggravate any thing to the prejudice of the prisoners on the one hand, or on the other to neglect any thing that justice to the deceased sufferers, the laws of my country, or the preservation of the peace of society demand.
There are two things necessary to prove which I mentioned in the first opening of this cause, namely, the identity of the prisoners, that is, that they were that party of men who on the 5th of March last were in King street, and that they committed the facts mentioned in the indictments, and farther gentlemen, the circumstances attending and aggravating the commission of those facts.
As to the first point, to prove the identity of the prisoners, all of them have been sworn to, and most of them by more than one witness.
To KILLROY gentlemen, you have Langford, Archibald and Brewer, who swear positively; and farther you have the evidence of Ferriter and Hemmingway. The one, of Killroy's being in the affray at the rope-walks, and the other to his uttering a number of malicious and threatning expressions in regard to the inhabitants of the town of Boston.
To WHITE gentlemen, you have four more, Simpson, Langford, Bailey and Clark.
To MONTGOMERY, you have Bailey, Palmes, Bass, Danbrook and Wilkinson.
To HARTEGAN, you have Danbrook and Simpson.
To WEMMS, you have Simpson and Bridgham.
To CARROL, Bailey and Danbrook.
To WARREN, Bridgham, Dodge and Simpson. Bridgham indeed expressed some doubt, and gave his reasons for it, which may be worthy notice hereafter.
To MC CAULEY, you have Mr. Austin.
And that Warren was at the Rope-walks, you have also the testimony of Mr. Ferriter.
All these witnesses as I have mentioned them to you, have testified on oath to the several prisoners, that they were that evening in King street, and of the party; the next thing to be enquired into gentlemen is as to the facts. In order to ascertain these it will be necessary to have recourse to the testimony of the witnesses. I could have wished I had been able, after the fatigue of yesterday, to have ranged the evidence in the order of time as the facts took place; but not being able to do this, I must take them up as the witnesses were examined. I will however endeavour to state the facts in the best arrangement I can.
The first witness Mr. Austin, says, that he was in King-street that evening, near the Sentry-box which was placed at the Custom-house; that about a quarter after nine he saw the party coming from the Main guard; when they got down to the Sentry Box, they wheeled to the left and formed themselves round it; and in coming round McCauley pushed at him with his bayonet, damned him, and bid him to stand off, this was the first instance of their conduct. Mr. Austin was not particular who fired, his back being towards the soldiers when that happened. He says there were five or six guns fired; and he saw McCauley after the firing. These are the most material circumstances of his testimony.
The next witness is Bridgham, who says he was in King-street also; and the next morning when he went to the goal to view the prisoners, he apprehended he had seen Warren in King street the evening before, but afterwards he saw a person that looked very like him belonging to the same regiment, which occasioned him to doubt whether he was the man or not; my remark upon this, is, it was probable that the first impressions made on his mind were the strongest, and therefore you cannot well doubt he was right in judging that Warren was in fact the person he saw the evening before; he saw also Wemms the corporal stationed on the left of the party betwixt him and the tall man; the Corporal was on the left entire, if so gentlemen, Warren must have been the third man from the left in that situation; there were a number of people he says round the party huzzaing, some having sticks; his face was the other way when the first gun went off, he heard a noise like the clashing of guns, he saw Gray fall, and says the person that killed 146him, must have been near the center of the party; when the left man fired there were but few in the street, they divided and were passing off; the last man that fired, he says leveled his piece, following a lad that was running down the street before he fired; he also mentions a number of people coming down from the north side of the Town-house, collected as he supposed by the bells, and not disposed to commit any injury whatsoever; he did not apprehend himself, or the soldiers in any danger from any thing he observed; he says about seven guns were fired, and there were about twelve people at that time before the party. These are the most material circumstances in his evidence.
Dodge says, he saw Warren, but cannot swear to any of the rest, the man who fired first he thinks stood towards the left, about two from the corner, however he was over at Vernon's shop across the street, and perhaps not able to make so good observations as some others; he saw about fifty people in the street, but he saw nothing in their hands; he saw a number of snow balls thrown, but none as he observed with violence or in anger; he saw the people near the party of soldiers, and they pushing at them with their bayonets; he does not imagine there was any thing besides snow balls thrown.
Clark the next witness saw White the Sentinel at his station just before nine o'clock, that he spoke to him, but saw no one at that time near or molesting him.
Mr. Langford comes next, and this witness is perhaps as particular as any one witness on the part of the Crown; it appears by the relation of his evidence that he came down about nine o'clock as a watchman, in order to go to the Watch-house next adjoining the Town-house; when he came down, he was told the people and soldiers were fighting at Murray's Barracks; upon this, he took his course that way, but the matter being over by the time he got there, he returned to King-street: there were a number of boys round the Sentinel, to whom he spoke and told him he need not fear, the boys would not hurt him; soon after this the Sentinel without saying any thing to the people went up the Custom-house steps and knocked at the door; a person within opened it and said something, but what, the witness did not hear; upon that the Sentinel turned round, and pointed his piece at the people opposite to him. Langford spoke again, and told him there was no danger, the boys would not hurt him, and he shouldered. The witness continued talking with the Sentry till the party came down, and then he went into the street. About this time Gray, one of the unhappy sufferers, came and clapped Langford on the shoulder, say-147ing what's here to pay? Langford replies, I do not know, but something I believe will come of it by and by; his stand was half way as he said betwixt the Sentry-box and Royal-exchange-lane; the box being on the right corner of the lane, and he opposite the center of the lane; the witness and Gray were standing together talking familiarly, Langford leaning on his stick, and Gray standing with his hands folded in his bosom, without a stick in his hand, neither saying or doing anything to the soldiers. You cannot but recollect Gentlemen, that this witness was expressly and repeatedly asked, if Gray had a stick or said any thing to the soldiers? he as often answered no. Langford spoke to Killroy, and after two guns were discharged, seeing him present his piece, said to him, damn you are you going to fire? Presently upon this Killroy levelled his piece, and firing directly at Gray, killed him dead on the spot! The ball passed through his head, and he fell on Langford's left foot; upon which, not satisfied with having murdered one of his fellow creatures in that cruel and inhuman manner, he pushed with his bayonet, and pierced Langford through his great coat and jacket; here Gentlemen, if any there can be, is evidence, and I think compleat evidence of a heart desperately wicked, and bent upon mischief, the true characteristic of a wilful malicious murderer.
It could not be thought, at the distance the witness and Gray were standing from him, without offering any violence, but Killroy the prisoner saw them distinctly, and aimed to destroy them; if you compare this testimony with Mr. Hemmingway's, who swears to Killroy's uttering expressions importing, that he would miss no opportunity of firing on the inhabitants, he had wished for it ever since he landed, you certainly Gentlemen can have no doubt in your minds but that he had that intention at heart, and took this opportunity to execute it.
The crime of murder, Gentlemen, it will be agreed by all, necessarily involves in it the malice of the heart, and that malice is to be collected from the circumstances attending the action; but it is not necessary to constitute malice, that it should be harboured long in the breast; a distinction is made in the books betwixt malice and hatred, and a good distinction it is; I have it in my hand and will read it;
Kelynge 126, and 127. Mawgridge's Case. “Some have been led into mistake by not well considering what the passion of malice is; they have construed it to be a rancour of mind lodged in the person killing, for some considerable time before the commission of the fact, which is a mistake arising from their not well distinguishing between hatred and malice,” And a little after, “Malice is a design formed of 148 doing mischief to another; cum quis data opera male agit, he that designs and useth the means to do ill is malicious. 2 Coke Inst. 42. He that doth a cruel act voluntarily, doth it of malice propensed. 3 Coke Inst. 62.”
Though Gentlemen, it happens on a sudden occasion as this was, if the act is in it's nature wanton and cruel, the law will presume it to be malicious, unless that presumption is taken off by contrary evidence.
Ferriter, who testified to the same person, tells you, he was remarkably active at the Rope walks amongst the rest of the soldiers; taking therefore all the circumstances of this testimony together, it must remove every sort of difficulty in your minds as to the purpose Killroy had at that time; it seems apparent that there were strong marks of malice in his heart; the person you can have no doubt of, the fact you can have no doubt of, nor can you I think doubt of the species of crime.
The next witness, who also testifies to Killroy's going down, and being of the party, swears that he was about twenty feet from the party when the first gun was fired; that he also had been, previous to this, at Murray's barracks, when the affray happened there, and tells you the behaviour of the soldiers in that scene.
Brewer, another witness also swears to Killroy. He saw the Sentinel on the Custom-house steps; at that time there were about twenty people, boys chiefly about fourteen, and some younger, round about him, but they made no great show; he saw the Captain come down with the party, the Sentinel at this time had his gun breast high; that while the witness was speaking to Monk, (a young lad who was wounded) he lost sight of Preston and the guns went off: Monk complained of being shot, but Brewer apprehended it was nothing but powder, and that he was more frightened than hurt; the firing began at the right and extended to the corner man on the left. Killroy attacked this witness in the same manner McCauley did Austin, by pushing at him with his bayonet; a number were collected by the ringing of the bells, but he heard nothing particular in regard to abusive language; he saw no snow balls thrown, and when the soldiers came down, he heard some of the people crying fire, and that was the general cry; some crying fire because the bells rung, some, no doubt fire, to the soldiers, daring them to it; but of this no great word omitted can be made in the present case. There were seven guns he says fired, he was certain as to the number, having counted them himself. He says further, he met Dr. Young in Dock- 149 square and that he had a sword; the witness said, let every man go to his own home, and the Doctor replied, that is the best way, the soldiers are gone to their barracks: perhaps something will be attempted to be made of this circumstance, and therefore I shall make an observation upon it. If you attend to the testimony of several of the witnesses, there were that evening in the streets at all parts of the town, a number of soldiers; they sallied out from Murray's barracks and everywhere with clubs, cutlasses, and other weapons of death; this occasioned a general alarm; every man therefore had a right, and very prudent it was to endeavour to defend himself if attacked; this accounts for the reason of Dr. Young or any one inhabitant of the town having a sword that evening; the Doctor surely could not be supposed to have any intention of mischief, because the same witness tells you his cry was, the soldiers were gone to their barracks, and go every man to his own home.
Mr. Bailey the next witness, testifies as to the identity of some of the party, that there were Montgomery, Carrol and White there; that he placed himself at the post by the Custom-House, and stood there all the time; that there were about twenty boys, some fourteen years old, and some under that; he was near the Sentinel when the party came down; Carrol pointed at his breast with his bayonet, and White said do not hurt him; that Montgomery discharged his piece first; he thinks it was about half a minute before the second gun went off; the grenadier's gun he says was struck out of his hand by some person near him, and that he recovered it, and then fired; that Carrol was the next but one to him: he imagines Gentlemen, that Montgomery killed Attucks; Attucks was about fifteen feet from him over the gutter: He continued in his station at the corner from the time of the party's coming down till all was over; he did not apprehend himself or the soldiers in danger, from clubs, sticks, snow balls, or any thing else; he saw the person that struck Montgomery as he supposed, at the corner of Royal exchange-lane; he was asked if Attucks was the person, he answered no. From this witness you ascertain, Gentlemen, that Montgomery fired first, and that he was on the right wing of the party.
The next witness is Mr. Palmes, he saw the Sentry, and nobody near him: He had come from Murray's barracks, and hearing a disturbance in King-street, he was told he had better not go down, he said I will, and try to make peace; he also saw Montgomery there; the stick that struck Montgomery was thrown as he apprehended; Montgomery stept back and then fired; he thinks he heard seven or eight 150guns, but did not count them, and it was seven or eight seconds between the first and second gun; as the last gun went off, Montgomery pushed at him with his bayonet, and he struck him with his cane, and struck the gun down; the bayonet stuck in the snow, and the gun fell out of his hand; Mr. Palmes at this time slipt and fell, but quickly recovered himself; Montgomery attempted again to push him with his bayonet, and he threw his cane at him and ran; not satisfied with this, Montgomery attempted to push him a third time, and in that attempt he slipt and fell, and thereby gave Palmes an opportunity to get out of his way, or else he says he had been run through the body; from the testimony of this witness, you have further proof that Montgomery was the person who fired first; that after firing, he continued to discover marks of malice and malevolence, by pushing with his bayonet, and endeavouring to destroy not only Mr. Palmes, but all around him.
Next comes Mr. Danbrook, he saw there Hartegan, Montgomery, and Carrol. Here is another witness to three of the party; it was about a quarter after nine when he came up; he stood about ten or twelve feet from Montgomery; he saw no stick strike him, but a little stick he says flew over their heads, which he took to be a piece of a rattan; he was looking on Montgomery when he fired; this is another evidence as to the fact of firing, upon which, the witness thinks, two men fell: if that was the case, there was execution indeed; by the discharge of one gun two persons killed on the spot! He did not hear the second gun, but supposes, that by one of the guns Attucks fell, he stooped to see if the Molatto was dead, then turned round and saw another man fall; Attucks at that time was near him, at his left, leaning on his stick; that circumstance I would have you keep in your minds Gentlemen, that you may remember it when you have the whole evidence together.
Jedediah Bass is the next witness, he came up Royal-exchange lane; when he got into King street, he saw Montgomery there: here Gentlemen is another witness as to the identity of one of the prisoners, and the witness saw him push his bayonet at a man that stood near him; he drew back into the lane, and in a minute Montgomery fired: the number of guns he took to be six, but did not count them: the people began on the firing of the first gun to run, some one way and some another. As he came up Dock-square, the people were saying let us go home, there is no fire, the soldiers are gone to their barracks.
After this witness comes Mr. Wilkinson, who gave a very regular account; he tells you he was at his own house when the bells rung 151for nine as usual; a little while after that he heard Dr. Cooper's bell, on which apprehending it was for fire, he put on his surtout, and went out; he came towards the Town-House, went past it as far as the town-pump, and the people from the windows were cautioning those in the street not to go down, for they would be killed; the night was so bright that he was able where he was to see down the street as far as Boylston's alley, and there he saw a number of soldiers sallying out, brandishing their swords, and contending with the people; there were about thirty or forty round them with buckets and bags, thinking as he supposed that the bells rung for fire; after this he went to the Guard-house, intending to wait there, to learn if any mischief had been done at the barracks; he presently saw Capt. Preston come down, as he imagined from behind the Old-Brick meeting-house, and call to the guard, and ordered them to turn out; then he saw the party come out, and saw the Captain draw his sword and march down with them; at that time there were about thirty or forty people in King street; he went a little lower, and turned back again round the north side of the Town-house, and placed himself at the Royal-exchange-tavern; and the party was formed when he got there: he tells you he was not at all apprehensive of danger, consequently he was capable of making observations, and placed himself in such a situation as to do it; the party formed in a circle, and he stood about four or five minutes before he heard the word given to fire: that he heard it twice: on the first command they did not fire; it was repeated, and then the guns went off one after another, like the striking of a clock, he was about two yards from them and thinks the firing began at the right. This corresponds with the testimony of several witnesses. He saw the flash of each gun seven went off, and one flashed. There Gentlemen you have evidence of all the party's firing save one: the witness was asked if he saw snow balls, ice, oyster shells, or any thing else thrown by the people, to which he answered No; he said if he had, he should have thought himself in danger, and have retreated; he heard two or three cheers before the party came down, but none afterwards. Now, Gentlemen, if you recollect that circumstance, and the manner of his relating it, you will remember he expressed himself very emphatically: from this testimony you have further express evidence of the fact of firing, that it came from the right, and from thence followed on to the left: he did not see the persons who were killed, therefore there is nothing in his evidence relating to that.
From the next witness, Mr. Simpson, you have proof of White, Wemms, Warren, and Hartegan, four of the prisoners, that they were 152all of the party that evening; and after relating a number of minute circumstances, he swears to the discharge of eight guns, which if you give credit to his testimony, will prove to you that the whole party fired; from him you have also further evidence of the killing Attucks, Gray and Caldwell.
Mr. Fosdick, deposes that upon his going down King-street, the first salutation he had, was the pressing of soldiers behind him with the points of their bayonets, crying out, damn your blood stand out of the way! this Gentlemen, was the conduct of the party as they came down along. From Mr. Fosdick also you have evidence of their manoeuvers both before and after they formed; when the first gun was fired, the second man from the right pushed his bayonet at him, and wounded him in the breast, you saw Gentlemen the mark in Court: before this two different men pierced him in the arm and elbow quite to the bone; here Gentlemen were three thrusts given to a person innocently passing down upon the cry of fire! he knew not as he swears to you, what was the occasion of the party's coming down. The right hand Grenadier fell after he had fired, occasioned by pushing at a person who went down Royal-exchange-lane, this probably was Mr. Palmes, in whose evidence if you remember, you have this circumstance related, that on his pushing at him the third time, Montgomery's foot slipped, which gave him an opportunity to escape down the lane.
Hemmingway, the next witness, swears, that being in company with Killroy, he heard him say he never would miss an opportunity to fire on the people of the town, for he had wanted it ever since he landed; that Killroy was not then in liquor nor appeared to be in anger; he told him he was a fool, for saying so, he said I do not care, I will not miss an opportunity for all that; these expressions Gentlemen speak for themselves, they are of such a nature as you cannot but draw from them the temper of the man's heart who spoke them, which you will consider at your leisure.
Mr. Hillier, came from the North end, was told there was no fire, but the soldiers were insulting the inhabitants; a number of people in Dock square seemed afraid to go up to King-street, another circumstance which accounts for the appearance of the inhabitants, at that time in Dock-square; the witness went up to King-street, saw the Sentry with his bayonet charged breast high, about twenty or thirty boys about him; he had often seen many more in that street in such a night as that was; it was bright moon light; the people on the party's coming down seemed to collect in a body in Royal-exchange-lane; as 153he passed the last man, he heard a gun from the right, thinks it was about twenty seconds before the second gun fired; he observed a little boy running a cross the street crying fire, and the left hand man followed the boy with his gun; there was nothing passed he observed to induce them to apprehend any danger; he says, had even the soldiers pointed at me, I should not have thought myself in danger; he thinks there were six guns fired; he saw no snow balls thrown, if there had been, he must have seen them. When the soldiers came down, there was a sort of shouting, and a short time after, the first gun fired. I need not dwell longer on this testimony for you must remember it yourselves.
Nicholas Ferriter was next sworn, who knew Killroy and Warren; he swears to their being at the Rope-walks before this affair happened; he relates the circumstances of three several attacks in the Rope-walks; the first was a single person who challenged him out to fight; a squable ensued, and the soldier took to his heels; he soon collected a dozen more, came again, and had a farther battle, in which the soldiers were again worsted; they then collected a large number, to the amount of thirty, and in about three-quarters of an hour they came back, and went at it again; in this last squabble the soldiers were a third time worsted. From this affair perhaps may be dated a good deal of the proceedings of the Monday-evening; you have heard from the witnesses that the soldiers of that regiment remembered the grudge, and discovered a malicious disposition; were frequently seen in parties, and when single, with arms, attacking the people passing the streets. Killroy one of the prisoners, and Warren, are expressly sworn to, that they were in this affray; Gray and Ferriter went into King-street, Gray had no stick; Ferriter left Gray in King-street; it appears he did not go down with a disposition to commit any assault at all.
Burdick is the next witness, he says when he came down to King-street he spoke to a soldier, he thinks it was Montgomery, he asked him if he was loaded and intended to fire; yes, by the eternal God! was the answer he received. The intention of that soldier, whoever he was, you clearly discover; the witness thinks it was Montgomery; he says further, a soldier pushed at him with his bayonet, and he struck his gun; he saw nothing flung but a small stick, which hit nobody; as he was stooping to take up the dead, they cocked their guns and presented at him again; thus you see the same disposition continued, they were aiming to push at every body round about them; and after they had killed these persons, they were not satisfied with that, but attempted to push those that were taking them away.
Mr. Williams who was next sworn, hath nothing material in his 154testimony, but that of the guns following the people as they ran after the first gun was fired; that seven guns were fired, that he saw no sticks or snow balls fall near them, that all the snow balls he did see seemed to be light, and not hard.
It has been asked from the bench,2 Whether there may not be voluntary manslaughter? I readily grant there may; it has also been observed, that homicide which includes murder, must be committed with coolness and deliberation, I allow it, and my application of this rule, is, that it comes within the evidence you have of the particular facts related by the witnesses with regard to Killroy; there is no manner of doubt with me, but the fact was done in the manner which the law calls sedato animo; he was doing a deliberate action, with a cool and calm mind; it appears, if you believe Langford, he was not molested; it appears the person he killed, and at whom he aimed, and the person whose cloths he pierced with his bayonet, were standing peaceably, one leaning on a stick, and the other with his arms folded.
After the witnesses we have gone through, a number of gentlemen were examined, most of whom lived in Cornhill, who have testifyed to the conduct of the soldiers, that evening the affair happened.
I will not take them in order, for I apprehend, by recuring to Colonel Marshall first, the rest will come in more naturally; he says, he came from Colonel Jackson's in Dock-square, about a quarter after nine o'clock; that the street was quite still, no body passing thro' Dock-square; he came up to his own house next the Custom house, he passed the Sentinel, and there was no body near him; King-street was quite still, fewer people passing than he had usually seen on such a fine night; he went into his own house, and soon after heard a distant cry of murder, what part of the street it came from he did not know: He, gentlemen, you will remember, intimated also this circumstance, that he had been warned not to go out that evening; this gave him an apprehension there was some mischief to be betwixt the soldiers and the inhabitants; he mentioned it to the person in the shop, and went out; looking towards the Guard-house, he saw a number of soldiers issue from thence in an undress, with naked swords, cutlasses, &c. crying out “Damn them where are they? By Jesus let 'em come.” As to the situation of the Moon, whether she was north or south, which has been much altercated, I cannot see it will make much one way or the other, it is sufficient that Colonel Marshall, whose credibility and capacity will not be disputed, has sworn that from his door he observed a party 155of soldiers come down in undress, armed with cutlasses and other weapons, the cutlasses he swears he particularly saw glittering in the Moon light; the expressions he said he plainly heard, while they were brandishing their swords; when this party passed off, he saw a second party come up Quaker-lane, armed in the same manner, and making use of the same kind of language, and that party he said cried fire; in his testimony on the trial of Captain Preston, he said the bells rung on that cry; he expressed some doubt of this yesterday, but it was certainly just about that time; the use I would make of this is, to compare it with what the other witnesses say of the conduct of the soldiers in Cornhill; as Mr. Thayer expresses it, it is probable the word fire was a watch-word; it appears to me, that if we can believe the evidence, they had a design of attacking and slaughtering the inhabitants that night, and they could have devised no better method to draw out the inhabitants unarmed, than to cry fire!
Mr. Thayer, was sitting at his fire, in Corn-hill, near Boylston's alley, he heard a great noise, and went to the door, he saw seven soldiers in an undress coming down like wild creatures, with cutlasses in their hands, crying damn them, where are they? upon this he heard a cry of fire, and supposed it to be a watch-word.
Mr. Kneeland, who lives by the town-pump, came out and stood at his door; saw a number of soldiers pass by him armed; one of them came up to him and said, damn you what do you do here? and pointed his bayonet to his breast, telling him to go in.
Mr. Appleton who lived opposite, tells you he was standing by his neighbour Mr. Marsh, they were both at the door; a number of soldiers came running down, armed with cutlasses, in an undress, and they seemed to come out of their way, (observing them at the door) with uplifted weapons, intending as it appeared, to strike them: but they fortunately got into their doors.
Then gentlemen, comes the son of Mr. Appleton, the young master who was sworn, yesterday, whose story, with his manner of telling it, must strike deep into your minds; I am sure it did in mine; a child of his age, with a younger brother sent of an errand a few steps, and on returning home, struck at by a party of soldiers, nay ruffians, with cutlasses, he innocently crying, soldiers spare my life! No damn you we will kill you all, or words to that purpose, attended with a blow, was the answer the little victim received! what can indicate malice if this does not? cruelty almost equal to that of a Pharoh or Herod. I remember at the last tryal, my brother Adams made this observation, that “Man is a social creature, that his feelings, his passions, his 156imaginations are contagious.” I am sure if in any instance it is so, here was food enough for such passions, such imaginations to feed upon.
But Gentlemen, as it does not immediately relate to the prisoners, all the use I mean to make of it is, to show you that from the conduct and appearance of the soldiery, in different parts of the town, the inhabitants had reason to be apprehensive they were in danger of their lives; children and parents, husbands and wives, masters and servants, had reason to tremble one for another. This apprehension, together with the ringing of the bells, collected numbers of people in different quarters, as is commonly the case when there is any appearance of fire; and the center of the town, when there is a doubt where fire is, becomes naturally the place of rendezvouz: this accounts for the number of people that were there, and for some having sticks and canes. I mention this only to take off the force of any evidence or pretence that may be made, that there was an intention of the people to assault, or as it has been expressed, swallow up the soldiers.
I have now gone through the evidence on the part of the Crown, in support of the charge against the prisoners, I shall make a very few observations, and leave it with the prisoners and their Council to make their defence, and Mr. Paine who is on the side of the Crown with me, to close the cause.
I think Gentlemen upon the whole evidence, you can, in the first place, have no doubt but that all the prisoners at the bar were of that party of soldiers, headed by Capt. Preston, who went down to the Custom-House, on the 5th March, the evening mentioned in the indictments; that the five persons named in those indictments were killed by some or other of that party, but who they were that killed those several persons, may not be precisely ascertained, except in the case of Killroy, against whom I think you have certain evidence.
It is a rule of law Gentlemen, when the fact of killing is once proved, every circumstance alleviating, excusing, or justifying, in order to extenuate the crime must be proved by the prisoners, for the law presumes the fact malicious, untill the contrary appears in evidence.
There is another rule I shall mention also, and that is, that it is imaterial, where there are a number of persons concerned, who gave the mortal blow, all that are present, are in the eye of the law, principals. This is a rule settled by the Judges of England upon solid argument. The question therefore then will be, what species of homicide this is? and the decision of that question must be deferred, untill the defence comes out by the evidence on the other side.
The laws of society, Gentlemen, lay a restraint on the passions of men, that no man shall be the avenger of his own cause, unless through absolute necessity, the law giving a remedy for every wrong: If a man might at any time execute his own revenge, there would be an end of law.
A person cannot justify killing, if he can by any means make his escape; he should endeavour to take himself out of the way, before he kills the person attacking him.
Here one of the Court judging it improper for the Council in opening the cause to anticipate the defence, and this being determined by the whole Bench, Mr. Quincy then closed, with saying:
I was about to make some farther remarks, but it is thought by the Honourable Court improper to anticipate what may be urged on the other side. I shall therefore rest the case as it is, and doubt not but on the evidence as it now stands, the facts, as far as we have gone, against the prisoners at the bar, are fully proved, and until something turns up to remove from your minds, the force of that evidence, you must pronounce them GUILTY.
Neither Wemms Trial nor notes suggest when or where; there may possibly have been an unreported side-bar conference at the bench.
Adams’ Minutes of Josiah Quincy’s Opening for the Defense1: 29 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Josiah Quincy’s Opening for the Defense: 29 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Josiah Quincy's Opening for the Defense1
Josa. Quincy. 3 main Divisions, under the last there will be many Sub divisions. 1st. whether any killd. 2. Who killed 'em? Wherever a Doubt the Bias is in favour of the Prisoner. 3d. last and main Division, is what are the facts they all edge to justify, excuse, or all eviate. Under this many minute divisions. Need not remind you of the importance to the Prisoners, nor to the Community. Important that the Dignity of Justice, to the Country and that same Rules should prevail. A Prejudice prevails that the Life of a Soldier is less valuable than that of a subject.
The Criminal Law extends itself to every Individual of the Community. It views Man possessed of Affections and Passions. The Law attends to Man kind as we find em surrounded with all their Infirmities and all their Passions. Whatever will justify an Inhabitant in firing upon an Inhabitant, will justify a soldier. And a Soldier need not have 158a civil Magistrate any more than an Inhabitant. A general Opinion, almost universal, thro this Continent, that their Rights and Liberties were invaded. Believed that the soldiers came here to inforce those Acts. Mankind Act from Feelings more than Reasoning. The Object of Resentment was out of Reach, and it fell upon the Instrument. The People thought the Soldiers the Instruments of fastening the shackles that had been forged. The soldier felt himself touched in the Point of Honour, and in the Pride of Virtue, when he saw and felt these Marks of Disrespect.
You are not sitting here as statesmen or Politicians. You have nothing to do with the Injuries your Country, has sustained. The Town is not concerned.
This Cause has awakened the Attention of this whole Continent if not all Europe. You ought to be carefull to give a Verdict, which will bear the Examination of Times, when the Pulses which now beat shall beat no more. Do nothing which shall hereafter bite like a Serpent and Sting like an Adder. All the Colours of the Canvas, the Pictures the Publications. Every Thing that could possibly stimulate, and inflame. An high Water slack. The Passions, so high that they can go no higher.
The Fact of Killing has not been proved with Regard to some of em, and others are left in doubt.
Person producing a Witness is never to discredit him. A Person swearing a Positive is to be believd, ceteris paribus,2 rather than one swearing a Negative. Persons upon Guard have a particular Habit. Therefore probably, Colonel Marshall, mistaken. In that Temper of Mind, that frame of Disposition, which prevailed thro the whole Continent. These Persons were upon their Duty, and their Lives in Danger if they movd from their stations.
Adams Massacre Minutes, MB MS. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Other things being equal.
Josiah Quincy’s Opening for the Defense1: 29 November 1770 Quincy, Josiah Jr. Josiah Quincy’s Opening for the Defense: 29 November 1770 Quincy, Josiah Jr.
Josiah Quincy's Opening for the Defense1
The prisoners at the bar stand indicted for the murder of five of his Majesty's leige subjects, as set forth in the several indictments, which have been read to you: the persons slain, those indictments set forth, 159as “being in the peace of God and our Lord, the King,” at the time of the mortal wounds given.
To these indictments, the prisoners have severally pleaded Not Guilty: and for their trial have put themselves on God and their country; which country you are. And by their pleas, thus severally pleaded, they are to stand or fall, by the evidence, which shall respectively apply to them.
By their plea of Not Guilty, they throw the burden of proof, as to the fact of killing, upon the Crown; but, upon which being proved, the matters, they allege to justify, excuse, or extenuate, must be adduced by them, and supported by legal evidence. The truth of the facts, they may thus alledge, is your sole and undoubted province to determine; but upon a supposition, that those facts shall appear to your satisfaction, in the manner we alledge, the grand question then to be determined, will be, whether, such matters so proved, do in law extenuate, excuse, or justify. The decision of this question, belongs to another department; namely, the Court. This is law so well known and acknowledged, that I shall not now detain you by a recital of authorities, but only refer to Judge Foster's Crown Law, where this point is treated with precision, and fixed beyond controversy. It may not be amiss, however, to assure you, that as certain as the cognizance of facts is within your jurisdiction, as certain does the law, resulting from these facts, in cases of the present kind, seem to reside solely in the Court: unless cases where juries, under the direction of the Court, give general verdicts, may be denominated exceptions.
I take it, that, in the cause now before us, it will not be contested, that five persons were unfortunately killed, at the time the indictments charge; and this case will naturally enough divide itself, into three main divisions of enquiry.
I. Whether any homicide was committed?
II. By whom was it committed?
III. Is there any thing appearing in evidence, which will justify, excuse, or extenuate such homicide, by reducing it to that species of offence, called manslaughter?
Before we enter upon these enquiries, permit me, Gentlemen, to remind you of the importance of this trial, as it relates to the prisoners. It is for their lives! If we consider the number of persons now on trial, joined with many other circumstances which might be mentioned, it is by far the most important, this country ever saw.
Remember the ties you are under to the prisoners and even to your selves: The eyes of all are upon you. Patience in hearing this cause is 160an essential requisite; candor and caution are no less essential. It is tedious and painful to attend so lengthy a trial; but remember the time which has been taken up by the Crown, in the opening. By every bond of humanity and justice, we claim an equal indulgence: nay, it is of high importance to your country, that nothing should appear on this trial to impeach our justice, or stain our humanity.
And here, let me remind you of a notion, which has certainly been too prevalent, and guard you against it's baneful influence. An opinion has been entertained by many among us, that the life of a soldier, was of very little value: of much less value, than others of the community. The law Gentlemen, knows no such distinction; the life of a soldier is viewed by the equal eye of the law, as estimable, as the life of any other citizen.
I cannot any other way account, for what I mention, but by supposing, that the indigence and poverty of a soldier, the toils of his life, the severity of discipline to which he is exposed, the precarious tenure by which he is generally thought to hold his life, in the summary decisions of a court martial, have conspired to propagate a sentiment of this kind; but a little attention to the human heart, will dissipate this notion.
The soldier takes his choice, like all others, of his course of life: he has an equal right, with you or me, so to do. It is best we should not all think alike. Habit makes all things agreeable. What at first was irksome, soon becomes pleasing. But does experience teach, that misery begets in general an hatred of life. By no means; we all reluct at death; we long for one short space more—we grasp, with anxious solicitude, even after a wretched existence. GOD and Nature has implanted this love of life. Expel therefore from your breasts, an opinion so unwarrantable by any law, human or divine; let not any thing so injurious to the prisoners, who value life as much as you; let not any thing so repugnant to all justice have an influence in this trial. The reputation of the country depends much on your conduct, Gentlemen, and, may I not add, Justice calls aloud for candour in hearing, and impartiality in deciding this cause, which has, perhaps, too much engrossed our affections—and, I speak for one, too much excited our passions.
The law, by which the prisoners are to be tried, is a law of mercy— a law applying to us all—a law, judge Blackstone will tell us “founded in principles, that are permanent, uniform and universal, always conformable to the feelings of humanity and the indelible rights of mankind.” Sec 4, 13. Cap. 3.2
How ought we all, who are to bear a part in this day, to aim at a strick adherence to the principles of this law—how ought we all to aim at utterly eradicating every undue biass of the judgment—a bias subversive of all justice and humanity.
Another opinion equally foreign to truth and law has been adopted by many.
It has been thought, that no possible case could happen, in which a soldier could fire, without the aid of a civil magistrate. This is a great mistake—a very unhappy mistake indeed!—one, I am afraid, that had it's influence, on the fatal night, which we all lament. The law, as to the present point, puts the citizen and soldier under equal restraint. What will justify and mitigate the action of the one, will do the same to the other. Let us bear this invariably in mind, in examining the evidence. But before we proceed to this examination, let us take a transient view of some occurences, preceding and subsequent to the melancholy fifth of March.
About some five or six years ago, it is well known, certain measures were adopted by the British parliament, which gave a general alarm to this continent. Measures were alternately taken, in Great Britain, that awakened jealosy, resentment, fortitude and vigilance. Affairs continued long fluctuating. A sentiment universal prevailed, that our dearest rights were invaded. It is not our business here to enquire touching these delicate points. These are concernments, which however interesting or important in themselves, we must keep far away from us, when in a Court of law. It poisons justice, when politics tinctures it's current.
I need not inform you, how the tide rose, as we were advancing towards the present times. The general attention became more and more roused—people became more alike in opinion and practice. A vast majority thought all that was dear was at stake—sentiments of liberty, property, ignominious bondage, all conspire to encrease the ferment. At this period, the troops land. Let us here pause, and view the citizen and soldier.
The causes of grievance being thus spread far and wide, the inhabitants viewed the soldiery as called in, foreign from their prime institution, to enforce obedience to acts, which were, in general, deemed subversive of natural, as well as constitutional freedom. With regard to the universal prevalence of ideas of this kind, it does not fall within our present plan, to give you direct, positive evidence. It would be too foreign to the present issue, though pertinent enough, when considered as a clue to springs and motives of action, and as an addi-162tional aid to form a just judgement in our present enquiry. You Gentlemen who come from the body of the county, are presumed to know these facts, if they are true; nay their notoriety must be such, provided I am not mistaken in my conjecture, that the justice of my observation on this matter, must be certainly confirmed by your own experience. I presume not in this, or any other matter of fact, to prescribe to you; if these sentiments are wrong, they ought to have no influence; if right, they ought certainly to have their due weight.
I say, Gentlemen, and appeal to you for the truth of what I say, that many on this continent viewed their chains as already forged, they saw fetters as prepared, they beheld the soldiers as fastening, and riveting for ages, the shackles of their bondage. With the justness of these apprehensions, you and I have nothing to do in this place. Disquisitions of this sort, are for the Senate, and the Chamber of Council— they are for statesmen and politicians who take a latitude in thoughts and actions; but we, Gentlemen, are confined in our excursions, by the rigid rules of law. Upon the real, actual existence of these apprehensions, in the community, we may judge—they are facts falling properly within our cognizance—and hitherto may we go, but no further. It is my duty, and I ought to impress it on your minds, and you, Gentlemen, ought to retain the impression. You are to determine on the facts coming to your knowledge; You are to think, judge, and act, as Jurymen, and not as Statesmen.
Matters being thus circumstanced, what might be expected. No room was left for cordiality and friendship. Discontent was seated on almost every brow. Instead of that hospitality, that the soldier thought himself intitled to, scorn, contempt and silent murmurs were his reception. Almost every countenance lowered with a discontented gloom, and scarce an eye, but flashed indignant fire.
Turn and contemplate the camp. Do you find a more favourable appearance?
The soldier had his feelings, his sentiments, and his characteristick passions also. The constitution of our government has provided a stimulus for his affections. The pride of conscious virtue, the sense of valour, the point of honour.
The law had taught him to think favourably of himself. Had taught him to consider himself,3 as peculiarly appointed for the safeguard and defence of his country. He had heard, that he put not off the citizen, when he entered the camp; but because he was a citizen, and wished to continue so, he made himself for a while a soldier.
How stinging was it to be stigmatized, as the instrument of tyranny and oppression? how exasperating to be viewed, as aiding to enthrall his country? He felt his heart glow with an ardour, which he took for a love of liberty and his country, and had formed to himself no design fatal to it's privileges. He recollected no doubt, that he had heretofore exposed himself for it's service. He had bared his bosom in the defence of his native soil, and as yet felt the smart of wounds received in conflict for his King and Country. Could that spirit, which had braved the shafts of foreign battle, brook the keener wounds of civil contest? The arrows which now pierced him, pierced as deep, and rankled more, than those of former times. Is it rational to imagine much harmony could long subsist?
We must take human nature as we find it, and not vainly imagine, that all things are to become new, at such a crisis.
There are an order of men in every commonwealth who never reason, but always act from feelings. That their rights and liberties were filched away one after another, they had often been told. They had been taught, by those whom they believed, that the ax was now laid to the root of the tree, and one more stroke compleated it's fall. It was in vain to expect to silence or subdue these emotions by reasons, soothings, or dangers. A belief, that nothing could be worse, than the calamities which seemed inevitable, had extended itself on all sides, and arguments drawn from such sources had little influence. Each day gave rise to new occurrences which encreased animosities. Heart-burnings, heats and bickerings became more and more extensive. Reciprocal insults sowered the temper, mutual injuries imbittered the passions.
Can we wonder, that when every thing tended to some important action, the period so soon arrived? Will not our wonder be encreased, to find the crisis no sooner taking place, when so many circumstances united to hasten it's approach? To use an allusion somewhat homely, may we not wonder, that the acid and the alcali, did not sooner ferment?
A thought here imperceptibly forces itself on our minds, and we are led to be astonished, that persons so discordant in opinion, so opposite in views, attachments and connections, should be stationed together. But here, Gentlemen, we must stop. If we pursue this enquiry, at this time, and in this place, we shall be in danger of doing great injustice. We shall get beyond our limits. The right of quartering troops in this province must be discussed at a different tribunal. The constitutional legality, the propriety, the expediency of their appointment are ques-164tions of state, not to be determined, nor even agitated by us, in this Court. It is enough for us, if the law takes notice of them when thus stationed; if it warrants their continuance; if it protects them in their quarters. They were sent there by that authority, which our laws know; they were quartered here, as I take it, agreeable to an act of the British Parliament; they were ordered here, by your Sovereign, and mine. I expect hereafter, to be more particular on this head.
Let me here take a method very common, with another order of men. Let me remind you of what is not your duty.
Gentlemen, great pains have been taken by different men, with very different views, to involve the character, the conduct and reputation of the town of Boston, in the present issue. Boston and it's inhabitants have no more to do with this cause, than you or any other members of the community. You are, therefore, by no means to blend two things, so essentially different, as the guilt or innocence of this town and the prisoners, together. The inhabitants of Boston, by no rules of law, justice or common sense, can be supposed answerable for the unjustifiable conduct of a few individuals hastily assembled in the streets. Every populous city, in like circumstances, would be liable to similar commotions, if not worse. No rational or honest man, will form any worse opinion of this metropolis, for the transactions of that melancholy night. Who can, who will, unnecessarily interest themselves, to justify the rude behaviour of a mixt and ungovernable multitude? May I not appeal to you, and all who have heard this trial, thus far, that things already wear a different aspect from what we have been, heretofore, taught to expect? Had any one told you some weeks ago, that the evidence on the Crown side, would have appeared in it's present light, would you have believed it? Can any one think it his duty, to espouse the part acted, by those assembled in King-street?—I think not; but lest my opinion should not have any weight, let me remind you of an author, whom, I trust, and wish in the hands of all of you. One whom I trust you will credit. I am sure you ought to love and revere him. I wish his sentiments were ingraven in indelible characters on your hearts. You will not suspect him of being unfriendly to liberty; if this cause and it's event must, at all hazards, be held as interwoven with a matter so foreign to it. I allude to the third Letter of the FARMER of Pennsylvania to his countrymen.
“The cause of liberty, says that great and good writer, is a cause of too much dignity, to be sullied by turbulence and tumult. It ought to be maintained in a manner suitable to her nature. Those who engage in it, should breathe a sedate, yet fervent spirit, animating them to ac-
tions of prudence, justice, modesty, bravery, humanity, and magnanimity.”4
What has there transpired on this trial, favouring of any of these virtues? Was it justice or humanity to attack, insult, ridicule and abuse a single Sentinel on his post? Was it either modest, brave or magnanimous to rush upon the points of fixed bayonets; and trifle, vapour, and provoke at the very mouths of loaded muskets. It may be brutal rage, or wanton rashness, but not surely any true magnanimity.
“I hope, says the same eminent writer, my dear countrymen, that you will in every colony be upon your guard against those, who AT ANY TIME endeavour to stir you up, under pretences of patriotism, to any measures DISRESPECTFUL to your Sovereign and our mother country.” 5 By this it should seem, as though the Farmer never expected any period would arrive, when such measures would be warrantable. Now what more disrespectful to our parent country, than to treat with contempt a body of men stationed most certainly by the consent of her supreme legislative, the parliament of Britain? What more disrespectful of our common sovereign, than to assume the sword of justice, and become the avengers of either public or private wrongs? Tho' the soldiers, who appeared in the earlier part of the evening, in Cornhill, acted like barbarians and savages, they had now retired, and were now confined in their barracks: what tho' an impertinent boy had received unjustifiable correction from the Sentinel; the boy, and the persons in Cornhill, must have recourse only to the law for their redress. Courts of law are stiled “vindices injuriarum,” the avengers of injuries, and none others are to assume this prerogative. The law erects itself as the supreme, dernier resort, in all complaints of wrongs; and nothing could more essentially sap our most important interests, than any countenance to such dangerous encroachments on the domains of municipal justice.
But finally, to finish with the justly celebrated Farmer, “Hot, rash, disorderly proceedings, injure the reputation of a people as to wisdom, valour, and virtue, without procuring the least benefit.” 6 Thus have you the sense of this great authority with us. And let me ask all those, who have thought the cause of their country connected with the agents of the assembly in King Street, whether the proceedings of that unhappy night, were hot, rash, or disorderly? If they were, have they not, in the opinion of this great friend of liberty, injured our reputa-166tion, as to wisdom, valour, and virtue; and that too, without procuring the least benefit? Who then would sacrifice his judgment and his integrity, to vindicate such proceedings?
To what purposes the soldiers were sent; whether it was a step warranted by sound policy or not, we shall not enquire; we are to consider the troops, not as the instruments for wresting our rights, but as fellow citizens, who being to be tried by a law, extending to every individual, claim a part in it's benefits—it's privileges—it's mercy. We must steel ourselves against passions, which contaminate the fountain of justice. We ought to recollect, that our present decisions will be scann'd, perhaps thro' all Europe. We must not forget, that we ourselves will have a reflective hour—an hour, in which we shall view things through a different medium—when the pulse will no longer beat with the tumults of the day—when the conscious pang of having betrayed truth, justice, and integrity, shall bite like a serpent and sting like an adder.
Consider, Gentlemen, the danger which you, and all of us are in, of being led away by our affections and attachments. We have seen the blood of our fellow men flowing in the streets. We have been told that this blood was wrongfully shed. That is now the point in issue. But let it be borne deep upon our minds, that the prisoners are to be condemned by the evidence here in Court produced against them, and by nothing else. Matters heard or seen abroad, are to have no weight: in general they undermine the pillars of justice and truth. It has been our misfortune, that a system of evidence has appeared in the world against us. It is not our business to blame any one for this. It is our misfortune, I say. It should be remembered, that we were not present to cross examine: and the danger which results from having this publication in the hands of those who are to pass upon our lives, ought to be guarded against. We say we are innocent, by our plea, and are not to be denounced guilty upon a new species of evidence, unknown in the English system of criminal law.
But as though a series of ex parte evidence was not enough, all the colours of the canvass have been touched in order to freshen the wounds, and by a transport of imagination, we are made present at the scene of action. The prints exhibited in our houses have added wings to fancy; and in the fervour of our zeal, reason is in hazard of being lost. For as was elegantly expressed, by a learned Gentleman7 at the late trial, “The passions of man, nay his very imaginations are contagious.” The pomp of funeral, the horrors of death have been so 167delineated, as to give a spring to our ideas, and inspire a glow in-compatible with sound, deliberative judgment. In this situation, every passion has alternately been predominant. They have each in it's turn, subsided, in degree, and have sometimes given place to despondence, grief and sorrow. How careful should we be, that we do not mistake the impressions of gloom and melancholy, for the dictates of reason and truth. How careful, lest borne away by a torrent of passion, we make shipwreck of conscience.
Perhaps, you may be told, Gentlemen, as I remember it was said, at the late trial, that passions were like the flux and reflux of the sea the highest tides always producing the lowest ebbs. But let it be noticed, that the tide, in our political ocean, has yet never turned; certainly the current has never set towards the opposite quarter. However similies may illustrate, they never go for proof. Though I believe, that it will be found, that if the tide of resentment has not risen of late, it has been because, it had reached the summit. In the same mode of phraseology, if so homely an expression may be used; perhaps, as the seamen say, it has been high-water slack—but I am satisfied the current has not as yet altered it's course, in favour of the prisoners at the bar.
Many things yet exist sufficient to keep alive the glow of indignation. I have aimed at securing you against the catching flame. I have endeavoured to discharge my duty, in this respect:—What success will follow those endeavours, depends on you, Gentlemen. If being told of your danger will not produce caution, nothing will. If you are determined in opinion, it is in vain to say more, but if you are zealous enquirers after truth; if you are willing to hear with impartiality—to examine and judge for yourselves—enough has been said to apprize you of those avenues, at which the enemies of truth and justice are most likely to enter—and most easily to beset you.
Gentlemen of the Jury,
I shall now, for argument's sake only, take it for granted, that the fact of killing, had been proved upon all the prisoners: you are sensible this is not really true; for as to this point, there are several of the prisoners upon whom this fact is not fixed. But as I shall hereafter take occasion to consider the distinct case of each prisoner, as he is affected by the evidence, I at present chuse to avoid confusion, and apply myself to the full strength of the crown; and, upon a supposition, that all the prisoners were answerable for the act of any one, see how the prisoners are chargeable, by the evidence already offered, with the crime of Murder: or rather endeavour to point out to you those 168facts, appearing by the evidence on the crown side, which will amount, in law, to a justification, an excuse, or, at least, an extenuation of their offence. For we say, that give the evidence for the king it's full scope and force, and our offence is reduced, at least, to Manslaughter: in which case, we claim the privilege of that law, by the sentence of which, if guilty, we must suffer the pains of death: a privilege we can never again claim—a privilege, that by no means implies exemption from all punishment: the offender becomes liable to imprisonment, for a year—incurs a forfeiture of all goods and chattels; and, till he receives the judgment of law, is to all intents a felon—subject to all the disabilities and other incidents of a felon. Without taking up time, in attending and discussing points, no way pertinent to the present issue; without a tedious recapitulation of circumstances, with which, I take it, we have no more concern, than either of you, Gentlemen; I say passing over all these matters as foreign to this trial; let us state evidence appearing even from the crown witnesses.
These witnesses, (whose testimony I shall not consider in the order they were produced) inform you, that in the former part of the evening a number of soldiers rushed from some of the lanes near the Guard-house, or as Col. Marshall supposes, from the Guard-house itself. But some circumstances he relates, as to their dress, may render it doubtful, whether he is right in this point. Soldiers on guard have a peculiar regimental habiliment, which they never dare put off; and if I am rightly instructed, no soldiers, but those on duty, are suffered to be at the Guard-house at those hours. However thus much is certain, that being dressed in short jackets or working coats, proves them not to be of that particular party who had mounted guard at this time,
The cry was “where are they—damn them where are they!” They brandish their weapons, and proceed to Corn-hill. What those weapons were the witnesses say differently. But it should be mentioned as we go along, that the soldiers of the twenty-ninth, are never allowed to wear swords or cutlasses.8
As these soldiers pass down Corn-hill, they assault, abuse and attack people. The soldiers in their turn are beaten. One has his wrist broke—and the general cry soon after was—“they are beaten—they are drove into the barracks!”
Some part of this conduct may hereafter be accounted for, and other parts of it may stand in a very different light. But we are ready to 169admit, that their behaviour was altogether unjustifiable—for we don't look upon ourselves as any way concerned in their conduct. Conduct which, if some of the witnesses are not mistaken, seems more like that of madmen and barbarians, than like reasonable creatures. If they acted like savages or ruffians, what is that to us? This evidence, therefore not applying to this case, we are injured if it has any influence to our prejudice. Being foreign to the issue, we humbly conceive it ought never to have been introduced; or being introduced, it ought to be rejected, in our determining the guilt or innocence of the prisoners.
Mr. Josiah Quincy then proceeded to a minute detail of the crown evidence, pointing out, as he went along, those circumstances that favoured the prisoners; and commenting chiefly on those facts, which served to refute or invalidate the positions of the Council for the Crown; by showing an assault and attack upon the Sentry. He then reviewed those parts of the evidence, which had a tendency either to prove insult, abuse, or assault and battery of the party: he pointed out the various quarters, from which all these, but especially the assault and battery proceeded; and from the facts, time and circumstances testified, inferred the attack to have been on various sides at the same instant. From the noises, violence and rattling of the guns he drew other consequences useful to his cause. From the inattention of some, and the forgetfulness of others; from the tumult, fright, confusion and passions in the scene, he made such deductions as might account for the contrariety and seeming incompatibility of the evidence.
He next very particularly stated the Evidence for the prisoners, as he had been instructed it would turn out on examination; and as he opened his evidence, he carefully remarked its conformity to, and connection with, many parts of that already exhibited by the Council for the King. He then called the witnesses, who swore as follow.
Wemms Trial 68–80. At several places in Docs. IX, XV, and XVI, the editor of the Wemms Trial summarized portions of the respective lawyers' jury addresses. The present editors have printed these without any typographical differentiation, but have spaced them off from the body of the text.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *3.
Note by Quincy: “1 Blackstone, Commentaries *407.”
John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 17 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., ed. McDonald, 1962).
Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 17.
That is, JA. See note 13 53 above.
Although the officers of the regiment traditionally wore swords even at mess, it appears that after 1768 among the enlisted men only the sergeants carried them. Everard, History of the 29th Regiment 59, 221. But see id. at 61, where a picture shows a grenadier, vintage 1769, wearing a sword.
Adams’ Minutes of Defense Evidence1: 29 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Defense Evidence: 29 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Defense Evidence1
Prisoners Witnesses
James Crawford. At dark that night, I went home and was not out till next morning. I met Numbers of People that night as I went home, going down with sticks in their Hands. At Calefs Corner, saw a Num- 170 ber above 12 with sticks in their Hands. Heard no Declarations. In Quaker Lane I met many more than common, going towards K's Street. I was going to Bulls Wharfe where I live and met them. They were very great Sticks, not common Canes, for walking with, pretty large Cudgells. All along I met them continually, and in Greens Lane particularly.2
Archibald Gould. Coming over Swing Bridge at 8 O Clock the People were walking from all Quarters with sticks, that I was afraid to go home. I went threw Greens Lane, and met many People, the Streets in such Commotion as I hardly ever saw in my Life. Uncommon Sticks, such as a Man would pull out of an Hedge. I was just by Hancocks Warehouse3 when the Bells begun to ring.4
Archibald Wilson. I spent the Evening in Dock Square. A certain Gentleman between 8 and 9 came in and asked why we sat there when there was so much disturbance between Inhabitants and soldiers. We went to Gerrishes Vendue,5 Hunters now, and sat in the Balcony. I looked out at the Vendue Window. A good many People assembled in dock Square. A Number came from the North End and made several attempts at Murrays barracks, 30 or 40 of 'em came back suddenly. What Resistance they met with I cant tell. It was very light. They had Staves a good many, Some had not. I imagined there might be 200 People that came from the North End and went up 3 several Ways, 171 some up Cornhill some up r[oyal] exchange Lane and some up Crooked Lane. As a new Parcell came up from North End they made attempt at the Guard at Murrays Barracks and gatherd in a Cloud crowd about 30 or 40. Then made 2 or 3 Cheers for the main Guard. I went out to go up the Lane and the Guns went off. I turnd about and went home. I do remember the Bells ringing, but the Time I dont remember. But before I went up royal exchange Lane, a good many cryed for the main Guard. I heard Voices, Fire. I said it was uncommon to go to a Fire with Bludgeons. Somebody said they were uncommon Bells. Mr. Mitchelson came up and told us, there was disturbance.6
William Hunter. Mr. Mitchelson came and said there was Disturb-172ance between Inhabitants and soldiers. We went into the Balcony, and saw great Numbers coming up from the North End and in several Parties made attempts at the Lane that leads to Murrays Barracks. There was a tall Gentleman in a red Cloak. He stood in the middle of em, and they were whist7 for some time and presently they huzzayd for the main Guard. They went up royal exchange Lane. And I saw no more about it. The Gentleman had a white Wigg on. They collected round him. He stood in the Center and talkd a few Minutes.8
David Mitchelson. I came up Stairs and told the 2 Witnesses that were examind before me. I was coming Home from fore street. As I was turning into Union Street, I heard a Noise, about the Post office, and went up as far as the bottom of r. exchange Lane. I heard it was a Squabble with the soldiers. The Party engagd with the Soldiers were routed, and came down that Way. I ran into Mr. Hunters House. We went into the Balcony. I Saw a pretty large Number of People, assembled. It was proposed by several to call out Fire. Fire was called several Times, and after a While the Bells set a ringing. Many People came, some came with Bucketts, many with Sticks. Several attempts were made at the Lane to Murrays Barracks. They came back, as if driven. They assembled in several little Knotts, about several little Leaders. They cryd they would go up the main Guard. The Effect im- 173 mediately followd. Part went up by Cornhill, part up r. exchange Lane, part up crooked Lane. I could not observe who was leader up Cornhill. They huzzad for the Main Guard after the Proposal of it. The Bells were ringing. The largest Party went round Cornhill. I should suppose the greatest Number at any one time in King Street Dock Square was 200. 9
John Short. There was a Number of People in Dock Square, and I was told that a Soldier had hurt an oyster Man. After the firing there was a Proposal of taking the Arms10 out of the Hall.11
Benja. Davis. At Dock Square I heard a Noise in Cornhill. I found there was a Quarrell. I went and stoppd at Silsbeys Alley. There I saw a Number Soldiers and Inhabitants, fighting with Clubbs as I thought by the Sound. A Man 3 or 4 came and cryd, where are any Cordwood sticks or Clubbs, and cryd Fire Fire Fire. One of em left his Cloak with me. The 1st Bell I heard was the brick Meeting Bell. I Saw a general Running down the Street 8 or 9 or 10 soldiers, that ran into Kings street, with something in their Hands. I went into King Street. The Engine was out.12 Several Knotts of People were collected. I went to the South Side of the Town House. A huzzaing in King Street. I went by the South side of the Town House and stood by Prices office. The sentinel on the Custom House steps, and 175 People and Boys round him crying fire &c. He put his Piece down as if he was going to fire. 2 young Men without Hatts came to the main Guard, and said you must send Help to the sentry for I heard em say they would kill the sentinel. By and by out guard. About 7 came out their guns not shoulderd and walked right across the street to the Box. A great Noise. There I stood till the Guns were all fired. 5, 6, or 7 Guns.13
Shubael Hewes. I spent the Evening near the Dock. The Master of the House came in and said a cry of fire. I belonged to the Town House Engine.14 I was the first out of the House. I came by the Markett —saw a Number coming from the North. I stoppd at Colonel Jacksons Corner. A Man told me, no fire, but a Dispute between the soldiers at Murrays barracks. A Number of Lads came along, and tryd to pull out and break the Leggs of the Stalls. They came from the Northward some and some from Hubbards Corner. 6 or 7, I cant say exactly.15
James Selkrig. At Hunters. Mr. Mitchelson came in. 4 or 5 or 6 unsuccessfull attacks upon the Barracks. As a new Party came they made a fresh Attack. I saw nothing, but that they went up the ally and came back suddenly. A Gentleman with red Cloak and large white Wigg. He made a Speech to them. 4 or 5 minutes. They went and knockd with their Sticks and said they would do for the Soldiers. Not less than about 2 or 300. It was not the 1st Time I've seen an affair of this 177sort. I'le go to my Family. Ile do for the soldiers, was Spoke by Number at Simpsons store. 16
Archibald Bowman. At Hunters. Fire, Fire, from different Quarters. The Parties that went up the allys came down in a furious manner as if they were chased. A Gentleman with a red Cloak and white Wigg. They stood thick round the Gentleman some time and after, huzzad for the main Guard, and went up in different Ways. A great Number of People. Dont remember, their striking Simpsons Store or, saying that'd do for the soldiers.17
Wm. Dixon. At Hunters. A Party came running down the Ally as if they met with opposition there. 18
Jno. Gillespie. At 7 O Clock I went up to the South End, and met I suppose 40 or 50 People with white sticks, in Parties of 4 or 5, at Mr. Silvesters. I met Mr. Flemming's Man. He said it was only fighting with the soldiers.19
Thomas Knight. I stood at my own Door at the sign of the 3 Kings in Cornhill. About 8 or 10 passed with sticks Clubbs and one said D—n their Bloods let us go and attack the main Guard and attack the main Guard first. The Bell still ringing. One of em made a stand and said Ile go back and get my Gun or let Us go back and get our Guns. I went in and told my Wife not to be surprized if she heard any firing for I thought from what I had heard at the Door, there would be bloodshed —and soon heard Guns. 5, 6 or 7, in 12 or 14 seconds.20
John Cookson. At the Green Dragon. A Man said if the Bells were ringing it was he apprehended an Affray with the Soldiers. The story of the Pistol or Hearsay.21
William Strong. At Marstons. We heard Fire 3 or 4 times. Going out saw several People going too and fro. Somebody said a soldier had kill'd a Boy. Went to the North Corner of the Town House. Heard a huzzaing near the Post office. Saw several Persons coming about 90, many with sticks. They stopped at the Custom House. I found the People encroaching upon the Sentry. He retird to the Steps. They encroachd upon him there. He then loaded his Gun, and presented it, and said keep off or Ile fire upon you. They cryd fire d—n you why dont you fire. One Man had the But End of a Bat in his Hand, and said dam it I've a great Mind to throw it at him. I said you'd better not. Presently a Cry that the Centinel was disarmed. About 90 Persons about the sentry, before the Party came down. A great Noise, and Clamour, a few snow Balls and some things thrown, by those in front. 22
Adams Massacre Minutes, MHi MS 3, first part. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
James Crawford, Truckman, sworn.
Q. Did you observe on the evening of the 5th of March last, any of the inhabitants armed, or any commotions in the streets before the firing?
A. On the night of the 5th of March last, a little after dark, as I went home, I met uncommon numbers of people with sticks; at Calef's corner there were more than a dozen inhabitants. I met some also in Quaker-lane, and by Mr. Dalton's, going towards King-street. I looked upon it to be more than what was common. Their sticks looked not to be common walking canes, but pretty large cudgels.
It is not clear which of Hancock's warehouses this is.
Archibald Gooll, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Did you observe any such commotions at that time?
A. Going over the Swing bridge, the evening of the 5th of March, I saw people running from all corners, with sticks and instruments in their hands; I being a stranger was afraid to go home; when I came to Faneuil hall I met with a young man, he said he would conduct me home: as I came to Green's lane, I met great numbers, twenty or thirty together, and the streets were as full of commotion as I ever saw in my life.
Q. What sort of sticks were they that they had?
A. Uncommon sticks, like what are pulled out of hedges.
Q. What part of the town was you in when you first noticed these commotions?
A. I was crossing the Swing bridge. This was before any bells rang.
An auction house.
Archibald Wilson, Merchant, sworn.
Give the Court and Jury an account of the transactions in Dock-square, on the evening of the 5th March last.
A. On that evening I was in company with some gentlemen in Mr. William Hunter's house near Dock square, a certain gentleman came in, and asked how we came to be sitting there, so contented, when there was such trouble betwixt the soldiers and inhabitants; this was betwixt 8 and 9 o'clock. Some of the company went and looked out of the window at the foot of Exchange lane; I came into the Vendue-room and went to the balcony, there were so many in it I was afraid it would fall down; I withdrew from thence and looked out of the window; I saw a great number of people assembled there before the bells rung; I saw a number of people come from the north end; they made two or three sundry attacks up that lane where the barracks which are called Murray's, or Smith's barracks were.
Q. How were they armed that came from the North-end?
A. They had sticks or staves, I do not know what they are called.
Q. Was it a Moon-light night?
A. I do not remember seeing the Moon, but it was very light.
Q. What number of persons did you see in Dock square?
A. I cannot say, I judge there might be about two hundred in all; they left the square and went three different ways, some up the main street, some up Royal-exchange-lane, and some up the other lane; they gave two or three cheers for the main guard; about the space of five or six minutes after the cheers I withdrew from that house, and went up Royal-exchange-lane; and when I was about the middle of the lane the guns went off. I turned, and came down the lane, and went home.
Q. Did you hear the bells ring?
A. I heard the bells ring, but what time it was I do not know.
Q. Was it before you went up the lane? A. Yes.
Q. Did numbers cry for the main guard, or but one or two?
A. Numbers did. They also cryed fire. I said it was very odd to come to put out a fire with sticks and bludgeons.”
Samuel Quincy Massacre Minutes, MHi (the first part of Wilson's testimony is missing):
not see they rushed back 30 or 40 at a Time. A great many had staves. About 200 people went up the Three Streets from Dock Square. When they were gathered opposite Walley's and had made 3 or 4 vain Attempts to get to Murray's Barracks Gave 2 or 3 Chears for Main Guard. About the Middle of R. Ex. L. he heard the Guns go off. Bells rung before he went up R. Ex. L. Young people cried fire. Some of the Company said, it was very uncommon to come to a fire with Sticks and Bludgeons.
“Silent, quiet, still, hushed.” OED .
William Hunter, Vendue-master, sworn.
I was in my own house, and Mr. Wilson, the former witness, with me; we heard a noise, and Mr. Mitchelson came in and told us there was a disturbance amongst the inhabitants and soldiers; I went to the Vendue balcony, and saw great numbers coming up from the North-end, with large sticks in their hands, most of them I saw went in parcels up to the barracks, and then came down in numbers. This they did several times, as they gathered from the North end.
A. I do not remember; a gentleman came up with a red cloak, they gathered round him, and he stood in the middle of them, and they were all very quiet; he spoke to them a little while, and then he went off, and they took off their hats, and gave three cheers for the Main-guard; they went up Royal-exchange-lane as fast as they could, I went after them, and some of the company at my house went up the lane also.
Q. Was the man who spoke to these people a tall or short man?
A. Pretty tall.
Q. How was he dressed?
A. He had a white wig and red cloak, and instantly after his talking a few minutes to them, they made huzzas for the main guard.
Will. Hunter. At the same Place; saw a Number coming up from the North End with a sort of large Sticks. Attempted 2 or 3 Times to get up Dr. Cooper's Lane. A tall Gentleman with a Red Cloak on in the Middle of 'em. He spoke and they were all still. Then 3 Chears for Main Guard. They went up R. Ex. L. I went home.
David Mitchelson, Seal-engraver sworn.
I am the person that came up stairs and told the witness examined before me, that there was a disturbance in the street. The whole I have to say is this. Coming home that evening from a friends house in Fore-street, I called at a house in Union street. Turning the corner of Fore-street, I heard a noise which drew my attention immediately, it seemed to come from the Post-Office, or thereabouts: Immediately I went to see what the matter was. At the bottom of Royal-exchange lane, I asked a man that was at a distance what the matter was? He said it was a squabble betwixt the inhabitants and soldiers; I then stood at the bottom of the lane, I had not stood long there, till I was obliged to go away, the party, engaged with the soldiers, having been routed as I thought, came rushing down towards where I stood. I went into Mr. Hunter's, found some gentlemen there; I told them they were very quiet indeed, considering there was such a number of people in the street. We went into the balcony and stood there, to see the transactions below; and the only thing material I can recollect, that passed, was this: I saw a pretty large number of people assembled together, drawn together, I apprehended, by the noise of them that were first engaged with the soldiers. It was proposed by several of them, to call out fire! Fire was called several times, and then the bells were set a ringing. This drew a great concourse of people, not knowing but it was fire. The greatest part had sticks of various sorts; they made several attempts to get up a lane leading to Murray's barracks, but I suppose meeting with opposition there, they came down as if they had been pursued. After making several such attempts, they assembled in various little knots, with various leaders, I suppose every party had a leader. I heard them propose, let us go up and attack the Main-Guard.
Q. Recollect the words as near as you can.
A. I cannot recollect the precise words, but they were to that very effect. Some of them went up Royal-exchange-lane, part of them through the other lane (called Boylston's-alley,) and part up Cornhill.
Q. Who led the party that went up Cornhill?
A. I cannot tell, it was not light enough, and the confusion together, I could not tell which was leader, or which was follower.
Q. Did the bells ring then? A. Yes.
Q. What bells? A. I do not know what bells they were.
Q. Did you notice if the largest party went up Cornhill?
A. Yes, they did. After they went from that place of the street which I could see from the balcony, the street was then particularly clear of them, except the people coming from Union-street and the other streets. Anxiety to know what might happen in King-street, led me to take my hat and go to see: When I was about half way up the lane, the guns were fired, and I saw the flashes of some of them. I then turned and came down.
Q. How many people do you imagine were assembled in Dock-square, when the greatest number was together? A. I imagine two hundred.
Q. Did you see a man with a red cloak and white wig?
A. Yes, he made a considerable figure there.
Q. Was he in the attitude of speaking, and they of attention? A. Yes.
Q. Could you hear what he said to them?
A. No, but after he had harrangued them about three minutes, they huzza'd for the Main-Guard.
Davd. Michaelson. Heard a Noise towards the Post-Office. Was told it was a Squabble between Soldiers and Inhabitants. The party engaged happened to be routed, took down towards Royal Ex. Lane where I stood. I then ran into Hunter's Balcony. From thence saw a pretty large Number of people, drawn together as I imagined by the Noise. The greater part had Weapons. Some Buckets. Some cried fire. Assembled in various little Lots, with various Leaders. Cried out let's attack the Main-guard huzza'd, and executed that proposal. The Bells rang. The largest party went round Cornhill. I went thro' Ex. Lane, and about the middle heard the Guns, and I went home. The greatest Number of people in the Square 200. Saw the Gentleman in a Red Cloak.
That is, the Town's muskets, which were normally kept in Faneuil Hall.
John Short, Merchant, sworn.
Give the Court and Jury an account of any commotions you saw that evening.
A. The evening of the 5th March, after the nine o'clock bell had rung, I heard the bells ring again, I supposed for fire, the people in the neighbourhood asked where it was? I said, I would go see; I went up as far as Faneuil-Hall, and to Mr. Jackson's shop, there were a number of people in Cornhill at the time; I immediately came down again, and went on board an oyster-boat, staid there about a quarter of an hour, and heard the guns go off.
Q. Did you see any body at the Market, take out the feet and break the stalls?
A. No I did not.
Q. Did you see any collection of people there?
A. Yes, I asked what was the matter? I was told, a soldier had hurt an oysterman.
Q. Did you see a number of people with any body at their head?
John Short. After the 9 o'Clock Bell rang, the Bells rung for fire. Went out. Heard in Dock-Square a Soldier had hurt an Oyster-man.
One of the Town's fire engines was ordinarily kept under the Town House. Thwing, Crooked and Narrow Streets 18.
Benjamin Davis, Merchant, sworn.
Give the Court and Jury an account of what you saw that evening.
A. The evening of the 5th of March, I spent at the North-end; a little after nine I left the house to go home, I live in Green's lane, and my nearest way lay through Dock square; I heard a number of people and great noises. I soon found it was a quarrel, I stopped at the corner of Jenkins's-lane some time; I saw the people collected close to Boylston's alley, I learned, that it was the town's people and soldiers a quarreling, I plainly heard that the sound was like people fighting with clubs. Two young men came up to me, and said, will you go and help us to fight the soldiers? I said no, I do not intend to, one of them had a cloak, and threw it off into my arms, and then said, if you will not go, hold my cloak, and went away with the other, enquiring where were any clubs or cordwood sticks, they hollowed fire! fire! And that collected a few people, about one dozen or so, presently the little knots of people passed up the passage way by the pump, and there was a general run down the street as far as they could run, I went into Mrs. Elliot's gate, and I saw seven, eight or ten soldiers run up the alley that leads from her house to King-street, they had something in their hands, whether it was clubs or other weapons, I cannot tell; whether the bells had begun to ring before that I cannot say, it was the Brick-meeting bell I first heard; I staid in Mrs. Elliot's till the bells were done ringing, I left the cloak with her.
Q. Which way were these nine or ten soldiers going?
A. They came down from the alley by the barracks, and run up Jenkins's alley by Mrs. Elliot's house, I passed through this alley and went into King-street, and saw some with buckets, the engine was in King-street, but nobody with it; I went up by the north side of the Town house and saw several knots of people collected, some at Jackson's corner, some by the Town House, and all round in little knots, I went from one knot to another, to see if I could learn what the matter was, I walked to the south side of the Town-House, and the next thing I heard, was huzzaing in King-street, and then these little knots that were collected, answered the huzza, and went down towords King-street, I went by the south side of the Town-House and stopped at Mr. Price's office and had an opportunity of seeing what passed on the other side of the way. Col. Marshal I think, must be mistaken in what he says relative to the shade of the moon's being on the north-side, for I remember well, I went to the south-side of the Town-House, on purpose that I might be in the shade and see more clearly what was doing on the opposite side of the way. I saw the Sentinel standing with his back to the Custom house door, and a number of people round him, boys and men.
Q. Was the Sentry in the shade?
A. No, I saw him very plain standing on the Custom-house steps, I heard a considerable noise, the boys were laughing and saying fire! and why do you not fire? I saw the Sentinel bring his piece upon a level as if to fire, and the people gave back, and he put it up again. I found the numbers were encreasing, and, while I was standing there, two men without hats on, came up to the Main Guard, and said, you must send assistance directly, or the Sentry will be murdered, the officer I observed was quite a young officer, and there were a number of soldiers standing with their watch coats on, whether they or any soldiers went into the Main-Guard I cannot say, I heard very soon the word given, “Guard,” and bid take off their watch coats; there came out about seven, I think their guns were not shouldered, but they had them in their right hands, walked across the street, and took their stand near the Sentry-box, but whether in a half-moon or circle I cannot tell, the people crouded round them, I heard a great deal of confused noise, a general confusion of noises, and there I stood till the guns were fired.
Q. Did these men one of which gave you the cloak, go towards the Market?
Q. Did you hear a noise like the breaking of the stalls? A. No.
Benjn. Davis. (as before.) The reference is probably to Davis' testimony in Rex v. Preston.
That is, a member of the volunteer company manning the fire engine.
Shubal Hughes, Tallow-chandler, sworn.
Give the Court and Jury an account of what you saw in the streets, on the 5th of March last.
A. That night I spent the evening with an acquaintance near the Town-dock, sitting in the room, the master of the house came into the room, and said, fire was cried, and the bells a ringing: as I belonged to the engine, I was the first out of the door, with my surtout and stick, when I came out, I saw a man running to where the Porters stand, I thought I should meet our engine coming down the lane on Corn-hill, and when I came round by the Market, I saw a cross the Market a number of people coming from the northward; I thought the fire was out, and that it had been at the North end. I stopt by Col. Jackson's a considerable time, at last somebody came along; I asked where is the fire, they said there is no fire but a dispute betwixt the inhabitants and soldiers by Murray's barracks. I went up a little farther and saw nothing; I moved down again and stopped where I had been before; the street was middling full, as generally when fire is cryed: at last I saw a number of young people get foul of the stalls in the Market, pulling out the legs of them, I do not remember whether I said any thing to them or not: I stayed there a while, I saw no disturbance, nor heard no great noise; the man who was with me said, we have no business with the soldiers nor with their disputes, and we returned to the place we came from, and staid there till the guns were fired.
Q. Where did they come from that got foul of the stalls?
A. Some from the northward, and some by Hubbard's warehouse.
Q. How many were of them? A. Six or seven.
Shubael Hewes. Spent the Evening near the Town Dock. The Master House come in and said there was a cry of Fire. Went out. At the Market place a Number of people came from the North-end. Enquired where the Fire was. Heard there was a Dispute near Justice Quincy's. Saw a Number of young Lads attempt to get the Legs out of the Stalls but said Nothing to them. May be 6 or 7 of them.
James Selkrig, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Was you at Mr. Hunter's house, the 5th of March last?
A. I was that evening there in company with some gentlemen, and to the best of my remembrance betwixt eight and nine o'clock, some of the company said there is some noise in the street; Mr. Hunter said it is an alley that there is noise enough in very often. A gentleman soon after came in and said there is something bad in the street, you had as good go and see what it is, three of the company went to the balcony, I went to the window fronting the street. I saw considerable numbers of people coming from the North-end, all armed, or the greatest part of them, in the same manner, with white sticks. They made attacks on the barracks, and were always drove hack; always as a new fresh party came from the north part of the town, they made a new attack, there were about five or six different attacks made. In the middle of the street I saw a large man, with a red cloak and white wigg, they gathered round him, and he spoke two or three minutes, and they gave some different cheers for the Main-guard, and I think for the Neck; they said they would do for the soldiers; when they turned round that corner where the stone store is, they beat the stone with their weapons, and said they would do for the soldiers. Some went up Royal exchange lane, some went up Jenkins's lane, and some by the Post-office.
Q. How many people do you think there might be in the whole?
A. Betwixt two and three hundred.
Q. Were the bells a ringing?
A. I cannot tell, I saw them all go away, I came down and found the gentlemen gone, I went into the alley and heard the first gun fired, I then went home, and know no more of it.
Q. Was that expression, we will do for the soldiers, uttered by a number or by a few?
A. By a great number, and they struct their weapons against Simpson's stone store, as they said it.
Archibald Bowman, Auctioner, sworn.
Q. Was you at Mr. William Hunter's on the evening of the 5th of March last?
A. Yes. That evening I was at his vendue-room, at the foot of the Royal-exchange-lane, I heard some noise; I cannot say who came up; but a little after dark there came up two gentlemen, who said there was a disturbance in the street. I immediately went to the front window, some of the company into the balcony, where I afterwards went, I saw numbers of people hallowing fire, fire, in different quarters. Numbers enquiring where the fire was; they gathered in a large body; some went up by way of the Post-office, some went up the lane by the pump, and some came down forcibly as if chased: they whistled through their fingers and cried fire: Among the rest I observed a Gentleman with a red cloack and white wigg, the croud gathered round him, they staid a little while with him, and then drew off and huzzaed for the Main-Guard, they then dispersed, some went up Royal-exchange-lane, some went up Jenkin's alley, and some went up Cornhill, I saw no more of them.
Q. How many people were there when they were talking with the gentleman?
A. I cannot say how many there were, there was a great number.
Q. Where did they stand?
A. They stood opposite Mr. Lewis Deblois shop.
Q. Did you see them strike with their sticks at Mr. Simpsons store? A. No.
Q. Did you hear them say they would do for the soldiers? A. No.
William Dixon, sworn.
Q. Was you of the company at Mr. Hunter's?
A. Yes, I was there that evening; a gentleman came in and said there was a disturbance in the street, I went down to the lower room, and went to the balcony, and saw people going up that alley where the barracks are.
Q. Did you hear the last witness examined, do you confirm all he mentioned?
A. No, not all of it, the people went up to the alley, and ran down quick as if they had met with opposition, they stood about the pump, they encreased from the North-end to pretty large numbers; they gathered together in a croud opposite to where I stood, and huzzaed for the Main-guard.
Q. Are you certain they huzzaed for the Main-guard?
A. I am certain of it, I went with one or two more into the lane, intending for King-street, when we heard the guns, I turned and went home.
John Gillespie, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Did you know of any disturbance or commotion that evening?
A. On the evening of the 5th of March I went from my own house in Queen-street, about seven o'clock, to spend the evening with some company at Mr. Sylvester's at the South-end; in my way I met not less than fifty people, with white sticks in their hands, in small parcels, and the company all observed they met with numbers of people, and said they were apprehensive of the consequences. Somebody came in and said there was fire, Mr. Fleeming said he would send his man to see where the fire was, and desired us not to be uneasy, for he had heard it was only to gather people to fight the soldiers, or to this effect: I was uneasy however, and came away to go home. I met a good many people with sticks, and bags, and some other things. I met Mr. Fleeming's man coming back, and he said it was no fire, but the soldiers and inhabitants fighting: I saw two engines, and the people putting their buckets and bags in people's houses. I enquired where the fire was; I got the same answer, no fire, but the soldiers and inhabitants fighting. I heard some say come let us go back, others said no by God we will go and help them. I saw Mr. Knight standing at his own door, I stopt but very little time, left him and came to the head of King-street. I heard somebody say damn them why do not they break the glass. I imagine somebody had got into the Guard house, and that they wanted to break the glass to get them out. I went home, and in about ten minutes, I heard the guns go off.
Q. Was it soldiers or inhabitants that wanted to break the glass?
A. It was the inhabitants.
Thomas Knight, Merchant, sworn.
On the 5th of March I came up King-street soon after the bells had rung for nine. I came by the Main-Guard, saw the Sentinel as usual, and saw no disturbance; I went home, took up the news-paper, and read about half of an hour; by and bye I heard the bells ring, which I took for fire. I run to the door, when I came there, the people were passing pretty thick, some with buckets, some with bags, and numbers with sticks and clubs; they said there was no fire, but some disturbance with the soldiers and inhabitants; I returned into the room sometime, but feeling uneasy, I went to the door again, and saw several companies of people pass, six or eight in a company; one company consisting of eight or ten, had white sticks or clubs in their hands; one of them hallowed out, damn their bloods lets go and attack the Main guard, and knock them to hell first. There was one in the same company made a stop, and either said I will go back and get my gun, or let us go back and get our guns, I cannot tell which.
Q. Was this before the firing?
A. Yes, this stopt my curiosity from going to King-street. I thought it was best to stay in the house. I shut the door and went in; I told my wife if she heard any firing not to be afraid, for I was apprehensive there would be blood shed from what I had heard. I tarried about two or three minutes in the room; I felt very uneasy, and walked to the door again, and being there about a minute or two, I heard one gun fired, in about two seconds I heard another, and so on till five, six or seven were discharged. It was all in about twelve or fourteen seconds at the fartherst.
It is not clear whether JA is here merely characterizing the testimony or noting its exclusion. See Cookson's testimony below.
John Cookson, Trader, sworn.
Q. Was you at the Green Dragon, on the evening of the 5th of March, in company with some gentlemen there? A. Yes.
Q. What observation was made on the ringing of the bells, by any of the company? A. Some one in the room said it was not fire, but a rumpus.
Q. Did any particular person of that company there, say it is no fire but a rumpus with the soldiers, and I am prepared for them, and immediately take a pistol or pair of pistols out of his pocket?
A. Some one observed there was a rumpus, but I saw no pistol.
William Strong, Clerk in the Custom-House, sworn.
Q. Was you in King-street on the evening of the 5th of March last?
A. On the evening of the 5th of March I was at Mr. Marstons, several of us were standing by the fire: we heard the cry of fire, some said we will go out and see where the fire is. I went and I saw several people running to and fro, I asked what the matter was, they said a soldier had killed a boy. I was answered in that manner by another; some people said we will go back again and get our sticks: I did not see any number of people, but a few running up to King-street, one of them struck the ground with his stick and shivered it. I then went into King-street and was coming away again, when I heard a huzza and a number of feet behind me, and I stood to let them pass; there might be about ninety; they run up King-street huzzaing. I walked after them, when they came opposite the Custom house, they stopped, and some said that is the fellow that used the inhabitants ill; another contradicted them and said it was not him; upon that the people encroached on the Sentinel; I was in the midst of the people, and he retreated back and they went forward, at last I saw him go on the steps of the Custom house, and they went closer, and he set his back to the door and loaded. I heard the ball go down distinctly.
Q. How many people were there then? A. About ninety or more.
Q. Were they boys?
A. The generality of them were young men. He presented his gun, and said keep off or I will fire upon you: the reply was, fire, God damn you fire, fire and be damn'd. I went about fifteen yards below, there was a man standing by me, he had the butt end of a bat in his hand, and said he would throw it at the Sentinel; I said do not, for he will fire at whatever place it comes from. Whether he threw it or not I do not know, for I left him and went to Mr. Sherwin's door. I was saying it was imprudent to attack a Sentinel on his post, somebody said he was disarmed; I thought so too, for I saw the glittering of arms; I walked to the Custom house steps, curiosity led me to see if they were so prudent as to fasten the Custom-house door; I tryed the latch, and it was fast; a fellow said to one of the soldiers, damn you why do you turn your bayonet this way, turn it the other way. I thought I was not safe there, but went to my old place, and stood there a few minutes; I thought I heard two guns cock, immediately I heard one go off, soon after another, and I think four more. I think six in all. The people said where I was standing, they fired nothing but powder. I thought to go up to an acquaintance's house, and went in the middle of the street, and coming opposite to the soldiers, I saw two men lay, one on the right and one on the left, on their backs; I concluded they were dead.
Q. Did you see any thing hit the Sentinel?
A. I believe there were snow balls thrown, but they fell short of him.
Q. These people that were round the Sentinel, had they clubs?
A. Yes, some of them.
FIVE o'clock p.m. the Court adjourned till next morning, Friday, 30 November nine o'clock.
Friday, NINE o'clock, the Court met according to adjournment, and proceeded.
Adams’ Minutes of Defense Evidence, Continued1: 30 November 1770 JA Adams’ Minutes of Defense Evidence, Continued: 30 November 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Minutes of Defense Evidence, Continued1
Dr. Richard Hyrons. About 7 o Clock. Saw several soldiers at my own door a little after 8, passing and repassing, some with Clubbs, some with Bayonetts. The Noise and Confusion seemed to come from the Bottom of the Street towards the Markett. In 8 or 10 minutes I heard a Person run thro Boylston's Ally with great Violence from Cornhill. He ran towards the barrack Gate, and then ran back again crying Town born, turn out, Town born turn out, repeated 20 or 30 times. I heard a Voice I took it to be Lt. or Ensign Mall,2 say who is that fellow? lay hold of him. I heard nothing Said by the Centinel, to this Man, nor by him to them. This cry of Town born was continued for 6 or 7 minutes when I heard the foot steps of several more People. In a short Space there seemed to be a great many more passing backwards and for- 182wards whether soldiers or Inhabitants cant tell. In about 20 minutes there seemed to be, a great Number of People in Boylstones Alley. I heard their Clubbs and sticks striking on the fence on both sides. I lockd my door, put out my Lights and went up stairs to the Chamber that fronts the barracks. Then I observed 4 or 5 officers of 29 Reg. standing upon their own Steps. About 20 or 30 of the Towns People facing of em. About that time comes a little Man, and asks why dont you keep your Soldiers in the Barracks. They answerd they had done and would do every Thing they could to keep em in their Barracks. On this the small Man said are the Inhabitants to be knocked down in the streets are they to be murdered in this manner? The officers still insisted they had done their Utmost and would do it. He said you know the Country has been used ill, the Town has been used ill. We did not send for you. We wont have you here. We'l get rid of you, or drive you away, I cant say which. The officers said they would do what they could to keep the Soldiers in and beggd that he would use his Influence to disperse the People that no Mischief might be done or Words to that Effect. Whether he did or no, I cant tell, as the Confusion was so great I could not distinguish. Immediately the Cry Home, Home was mentiond. And in 5 minutes after the Cry Home Home was repeated, and the greatest Part of em perhaps two thirds went up Boylstones Ally and huzzad for the main Guard. More Towns People came up from the Market Place. There was then a good deal of Squabble and Noise between the People and the Officers, no Blows—but could not distinguish. A little Boy came down the ally, crying he was killd he was kill'd. One of the officers laid hold of him and damd him for a little rascal, and askd him what he did out of doors. The Boy 6 or 7 Year old. Not long after, a Soldier came out with his Musquet and down upon one Knee before Boylstones Ally and presented his Musquet and Said “G. damn your Blood Il'e make a Lane thro you all.” Mr. Mall, Mr. Dixon3 or Mr. Minchin,4 laid hold of him, and turned him into the Barracks and told him at his Peril to come out again. 7 or 8 Minutes after the same soldier or another, came out and repeated much the same Words, with his Gun in his Hand. Did not kneel down. He was presenting, when Mr. Mall and one other officer knockd him down, took the Musquet from him, and drove him in and I think the Gates were then shutt. Much about this Time, I heard Dr. Coopers Bell ring. 183I had heard the Bell ring before I thot for 9 o Clock. I heard an Officer, that I took to be Mall, say to somebody go stop that Bell from ringing. Whether any Body went I cant tell. At this Time, I saw Captn. Goldfinch of the 14th upon the Steps. Another little Man came up, much different from the other. He requested the officers that the soldiers might be kept in the Barracks. They Said they did all they could, and beggd that he would take the People away. This little Man said to the People, you hear what the officers say you had better go home. On which there was the Cry Home Home again, and many of em did say, again lets away to the main Guard, and went up Boylstones Alley. Goldfinch was still upon the Steps and while they were talking I heard the Report of a Musquet, not many Minutes after they cryd home home the last Time. In a few seconds I heard the 2d Musquet and the 3d &c. I heard Captn. Goldfinch say, I thought it would come to this it is time for me to go. A Soldier soon came and said as I thought, they had fired upon the main Guard. I then heard the drums at the main Guard beat to Arms. I went down Stairs and did not go out till I was sent for to some of the wounded People. I was call'd to Maverick and he told me he was running away from the soldiers and yet the Ball went into his Breast, thro a Portion of his Liver, wounded the stomack and one of the small Gutts and lodged between the 2 lower Ribbs on the left side. The Ball was bruisd as if it struck some object before him. Mr. Craft producd the Ball in Court.5
Capt. John Goldfinch. In Cornhill I saw a Mob collected at the Pass to Murrays Barracks. The People were pelting the soldiers with snow Balls, and possibly some other Things they picked up in the Street, I cant tell what. The soldiers were defending themselves at the Entrance 185of the Pass. One of the soldiers, I think had a fire shovel. I spoke to the Soldiers, as soon as they knew me, I prevail'd on them to go to the Bottom of the Pass. With some difficulty I got down and saw some officers of the 29th. Regt. I told em I suspected there would be a Riot, 186and I being the oldest officer present6 ordered them to keep the Men in, and they did so. The Mob were extreamly abusive in Language, to the soldiers, but the Vigilance of the Officers prevented the soldiers from being . . .. A little Gentleman came up to the People, and desired em to go home. Part of em made off, thro this Passage to Cornhill, about 40 or 50 of em. They damn'd the Soldiers, a Pack of Scoundrells they dared not come out and fight them. About 20 minutes after, I heard some Guns go off, and the Drum beat to arms. I told Lt. Dixon it was necessary for me to move off and join my own Regt. I dont remember saying, I thought it would come to that but it is very probable, I might, 187for I had seen great Confusion before. The same Evening 1/2 an Hour before, as I went up the street, a Barbers Boy, said there goes the fellow “that wont pay my Master for dressing his Hair.” I had conducted my self with that Propriety, that I thought I was the last Person to be insulted. But I found that any Man that wore the King's Commission was lyable to be insulted any Hour of the Night.7
B. Davis Jnr. 8 Mr. Gray who was shot came along and asked where the fire was? I was standing in Greens Lane. I told him it was the soldiers fighting. Damn it, says he I'm glad of it, i'le knock some of them in the Head. He was running away. Says I take Care you dont get kill'd. Never fear says he. Damn their bloods. He had a Stick under his Arm, what sort of a stick I cant say. It was but a little before.9
James Thompson. At 9 o Clock, I passed up thro King's street. No Person there the sentry a lone, in Greens Lane, I and another Person met about 15 Persons, with sticks in their Hands. As they passed Us, I heard some of em say we are rather too soon. I went a Number of I went on board a Vessell, att Griffins Wharfe, and said to the People, I am afraid there will be mischief, to night, for I met a Number of People and they seemd to hint, that they were about something. Soon after the Bells rung. About 4 People aboard, who left me and went off. I heard a Woman say at a distance it is no fire, good God there will be murder committed this Night. Heard huzzaing and heard 7 Guns I think.10
Alexander Crookshanks. In royal exchange Lane, I spent the Evening. At 9, I came away, and stopped by Mr. Sterns House.11 I Saw 2 Boys go to a Number of People before the sentry Box about 12 or 14, and come back to the sentry with a fresh Repetition of oaths. Damn you, you lobster son of a Bitch and dared him to come and fight em, and wished him in Hells flames often and often. A lousy Rascall and dared him to come out. I heard the sentry say that was his Post, and he would maintain it, and damn them if they offered to molest them i.e.him he would run them thro. They made up some snow Balls and threw at the sentinell. Cant say whether they hit. Upon that the sentinell call'd out Guard 2 or 3 times, very loud. 7 or 8 soldiers upon that came from towards the main Guard, but were not upon Guard by their Having short Coats. Some had Bayonetts, Swords or sticks and one a Kitchen Tongues in his Hand. Upon their approach to the sentry, the two Boys, and the 12 or 14 Lads run up to the back of the Town 190 House by the Barbers Shops and the soldiers after them. I crossed over to go to pudding Lane, and 3 or 4 of the Soldiers that follerd the soldiers up by the Town House came up to me and damnd me, who I was. I Said, I was going home, that I did not interfere, between the Sentry and the Boys. One of em gave me a light touch over the Shoulder, and Said, by all I can learn there will be the devil to pay between the Towns People and the Soldiers, or blood shed. They then turnd, and went towards the Sentry Box at the Custom House. I then went past the Guard House, and saw the Soldiers, that went to the sentry, returning by the Watch House and come up by the main Guard, driving or chasing the People before them. I made for Jones's Shop. 16 or 18 People, Men and Boys, running before the Soldiers. At Jones's they shut the Door upon me. At the Brick meeting there was 2 or 3 Lads, trying to open the Windows, in order to ring the Bell. Before I got to Dr. Sewalls Meeting, the Bells began to ring there. The Blow that was given me by the Bayonet was a light Tap, not in Anger.12
Lt. Wm. Carter. 13 Was sitting playing Cards with the family. The Bell rung. We went to different Parts of the House to look for fire. They said there was a Riot in the street. I saw many People passing by, very fast, with an Air of Enterprice in their manner, and with a Clubb a sword or a Cutlace. I heard a Drum, which I took to be the Drum of the main Guard, but afterwards heard a peculiarity, in the Beat. This was after the firing. The People passed by, armed before the firing. 14
Patrick Keeton. The 5th March. At the Mill Creek. A Noise in the Street. I went towards Union street, and saw a Number of People and followed them up with sticks and Clubbs, to Dock Square. Somebody said, a Boy and Soldier had been fowl of each other and the People soon after said cryd Kings Street. I was at the Crookd Lane, and saw the Mollatto Man that was killed had 2 Cordwood sticks that he took 192 out of the Wood pile. I i.e. He gave me one. Dressed Sailor like. The stick about 4 foot long not very long. The Molatto went up crooked Lane with me into Ks. street. People coming from all Parts hollowing and crying out bloody backs &c. In about 10 Minutes, some Guns went off. I heard the soldiers cry keep off, keep off. The People surrounded15
A continuation, without break in the original, of the Adams Massacre Minutes, MHi MS 3, from the point where Doc. X ends. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Alexander Mall, ensign in the 29th Regiment. Army List 1770 83. He was indicted for his actions on the evening of 5 March 1770, but “could not be found afterwards.” “Vindex,” in Boston Gazette, 24 Dec. 1770, p. 1, cols. 2–3. The indictment is in MB:Chamberlain Coll.
Hugh Dickson, lieutenant in the 29th Regiment. Army List 1770 83.
Paul Minchin, lieutenant in the 29th Regiment. Army List 1770 83. After criticizing Mall's conduct, “Vindex” said: “Some other officers, and particularly Lieutenants Minchin and Dickson, discovered a very different temper.” Boston Gazette, 24 Dec. 1770, p. 1, cols. 2–3.
Thus in MS. The reference is probably to Thomas Crafts, the Suffolk County Coroner, and is presumably JA's note, not the witness' testimony.
Doctor Richard Hirons, sworn.
Q. Do you know any thing of the proceedings at Murray's barracks on the evening of the 5th March last, previous to the firing in King-street?
A. I live opposite the barrack-house, and was at home that evening. A little after eight I heard a noise and disturbance in the street, I went out to know what it was, and was told there was a difference between the towns people and soldiers. I saw several soldiers pass and repass, some with bayonets, some with clubs and one thing and another. I stood at my own door; I observed the noise seemed to come from towards the market; I saw a number of people running to and fro across the bottom of the street. I shut my door and went in about eight or ten minutes. I heard a noise like a single person running thro' Boylston's alley with great violence; he ran as I took it towards the barrack gate, and cried out, town born turn out, town born turn out, then turned to the side of the lane, and said town born turn out, town born turn out. I heard this repeated twenty or thirty times, I believe, it was the constant cry. I remember after coming out the second time, to hear the voice of a person which I took to be Ensign Maul, say, who is this fellow, lay hold of him. I did not hear a word pass betwixt the people that passed backwards and forwards, and the Sentinel at the barrack gate, nor from the Sentinel to them; this cry of town born turn out, was repeated for seven or eight minutes, when I heard the voice of a great many more.
Q. Were they soldiers?
A. I do not know, they might be soldiers; from the first of that cry it might be a quarter of an hour or more, they seemed to retreat and come on again, and struck their sticks very hard against the corner of the house. The collection of such a number, with the noise of the clubs, induced me to lock my door, put out my light in the fore part of my house, and to go upstairs into the chamber fronting the barracks; when there, I observed four or five officers of the 29th, standing on their own steps, and there might be betwixt twenty or thirty of the town's people surrounding the steps. About that time came a little man, who he was I do not know; he said, why do you not keep your soldiers in their barracks, they said they had done every thing they possibly could, and would do every thing in their power, to keep them in their barracks, on which he said, are the inhabitants to be knocked down in the street, are they to be murdered in this manner; the officers still insisted they had done their utmost, and would do it, to keep the soldiers in their barracks; the same person then said, you know the country has been used ill, you know the town has been used ill, we did not send for you, we will not have you here, we will get rid of you, or we will drive you away; which of the last expressions I cannot say, but it was one or the other: the officers still insisted they had done their utmost, and would do it, to keep the soldiers in their barracks, and begged the person to use his interest to disperse the people, that no mischief might happen; whether he did address the people or not, I cannot say, for the confusion was so great I could not distinguish.
Q. How was that man dressed?
A. He was a little man, I think in a surtout; immediately the cry of home, home, was mentioned; I don't recollect seeing any person go away at the first cry, and there was such confusion I could not tell what was said, but in five minutes afterwards the cry home, home was repeated, on which the greatest part of them, possibly two thirds, went up Boylston's alley towards the Town-house, huzzaing for the Main Guard.
Q. What number were there?
A. A considerable number. I then observed more of the towns people come from towards the Market; there was a good deal of squabble and noise betwixt the people and the officers, but what was said I could not hear. The next thing I recollect in the affair was, a little boy came down the alley, clapping his hand to his head, and cried he was killed, he was killed; on which one of the officers took hold of him, and damned him for a little rascal, asking him what business he had out of doors; the boy seemed to be about seven or eight year old. Some little time after that, I saw a soldier come out of the barrack gate with his musket, he went directly facing the alley, in the middle of the street, and kneeled down on one knee, and said now damn your bloods, I will make a lane through you all; while he was presenting, Mr. Maul an Ensign, with either Mr. Dixon or Mr. Minchin, I do not know which, came after him, immediately laid hold of him, and took the musket from him, shoved him towards the barrack, and I think gave him the musket again, and charged him at his peril to come out again. I do not recollect any discourse that passed between the towns people and officers, there was still such clamour and confusion, that I could not hear what passed; but in a little time either the soldier who came out before, or another, came out again, he repeated much the same words as the other, he had his gun in his hand, he did not offer to kneel down, but used the same expressions.
Q. Did he present his firelock?
A. He was presenting when Mr. Maul knocked him down, took his musket from him, drove him into the barracks, and I think the barrack gate was then shut; about this time I recollect I heard Dr. Cooper's bell ring, I heard some officer say, go and stop that bell from ringing, whether any body went or not, I cannot say, but it did not ring a great while: About this time I saw Capt. Goldfinch of the fourteenth, on the steps with the officers of the twenty-ninth; there came up another little man, who he was I do not know, but in a much different manner from what the other did.
A. He had on a great coat or surtout of a light brown, he requested the soldiers might be kept in their barracks, and that the officers would do every thing in their power to keep them there, the officers said, they had, and would do so; and as the soldiers were in their barracks, begged the people might go away; this little man said to the people, gentlemen, you hear what the officers say, that the soldiers are all in their barracks, and you had better go home; on which the cry was, home, home, home.
Q. Do you suppose this was after you heard the bell ring?
A. Yes; on which a great many went up the alley again, and I heard the expression, Let us go to the Main-Guard: Capt. Goldfinch was still on the steps, and I heard his voice still talking, and I think he desired every person would go away; while he was talking, I heard the report of a musket.
Q. How long was that after the cry of home, home?
A. It was not many minutes; in a few seconds I heard the report of a second gun, presently after that a third; upon the firing of the first gun, I heard Capt. Goldfinch say, I thought it would come to this, it is time for me to go. I then saw a soldier come down the alley from Cornhill, and went up to the steps where the officers stood, and said, they fired from or upon the Main guard. I then heard the drum at the Main-Guard beat to arms, I came down stairs and did not go out till I was sent for to some of the wounded people.
Q. At the time when the first soldier came out, were there a body of people in the street before the barracks?
A. There were some, but I suppose the most part were in the alley, there were several about the meeting-house.
Q. Did they say or do any thing to the soldiers who came out with their muskets?
A. The officers immediately took hold of them and turned them in.
Q. Was you sent for to Maverick? A. Yes.
Q. Did he say any thing to you?
A. Yes, about two hours before his death, I asked him concerning the affair, he went he said up the lane, and just as he got to the corner, he heard a gun, he did not retreat back, but went to the Town-House, as he was going along, he was shot: It seems strange by the direction of the ball, how he could be killed by the firing at the Custom-House; it wounded a portion of the liver, stomach and intestines, and lodged betwixt the lower ribs, where I cut it out, the ball must have struck some wall or something else, before it struck him.
Q. Where did he say he was when he was wounded?
A. He was betwixt Royal exchange-lane and the Town-house going up towards the Town house.
Dr. Hyrons. A little after 8 heard a confused Noise not far off, went out, was told Soldiers and people were quarrelling, saw a Number of Soldiers pass and repass with Swords. Saw a Number of people cross the Street. Went in and in a few Minutes after heard a person run thro' the Alley with great Violence towards the Barrack Gate crying Town-born turn out, Two or Three Times he did this. Ensign Mall cried, Whose that Fellow? After the Repetition of Town born turn out 7 or 8 Times, I heard the Footsteps of several more and in a very short Time a great many more. Soon a great Clashing of sticks against The Fence &c. A little Man, I don't know who, came and addressed the Officer why don't You keep your Men in. I have done all I can, and shall do all I can. Upon which says the little Man, are the people to be knock'd down and murdered, upon which the Officer, We have done the Utmost we can. Then the little Man, you know the Country has been used ill, you know the Town has been used ill, We did not send for you, We won't have you, We'll get rid of you or drive you away, I don't know which. The Officer still replied They had done their utmost, and beg'd The Man to use his Influence to disperse the people that no mischief might be done. Whether he did so or not I can't say, as I could not distinguish Voices He had a Surtout on. Immediately the Cry home, home. I don't recollect seeing any go at first, but This Cry was repeated, and The greatest part about 2 Thirds ran up Boylstone's Alley and huzza'd for the Main Guard; Then observed some more of the Town's people come up from towards the Market. There was upon This a great Squable and Noise between the people and officers no Blows. A little Boy with his hand on his Head cried I am kill'd, I am kill'd! Upon which an Officer damn'd him for a Rascal and asked him What Business he had out of Doors. The Boy not more than 6 or 7 years old. Not long after observed a Soldier come out of his Mess-house, down upon his knee before Boylst. Alley, presented his musket and said now God damn your Blood I'll make a Lane thro' you all. While he was presenting Minchin or Dixon laid hold of him and turn'd him in to the Barracks telling him to come out again at his peril. Not long before the same Soldier or another came out again with his Gun. He repeated much the same Words as the other, was presenting and one of the officers knock'd him down, and after This Thinks the Gates were shut. About This Time heard Dr. Cooper's Bell ring, had heard the 9 o'clock Bell before as he thought. One officer said go and stop that Bell. About This Time recollects seeing Capt. Goldfinch of the 14th on the Steps. There came up a little Man but in a quite different Manner from the Other, desired 'em to keep their Men in; They said it should be done, and beg'd he would get the People away. The little Man said, you hear what the Officers say, you had better go home, upon which the Cry was Home, home, home again; on which a great many of them went up the Alley, and said let's go to the Main Guard a Second Time. Not many minutes after This before he heard the Report of a Musket, and in few Seconds a 2d Muskets, and then a Third. I heard Capt. Goldfinch say then, I tho't it would come to This, it's Time for me to go. A Soldier came, and told the Officers, as I tho't, that They had fir'd upon the Main-guard.
Goldfinch was Captain-Lieutenant of the 14th Regiment. Army List 1770 68.
Captain John Goldfinch, sworn.
Q. Was you at Murray's barracks that evening?
A. The 5th of March, about nine in the evening, I was passing over Cornhill, I saw a number collected by the passage to the barracks, I went towards it and two or three people called me by name, and begged me to endeavour to send the soldiers to their barracks, or else there would be murder, with difficulty I got to the entrance of the passage, the people were pelting the soldiers with snow-balls, the soldiers were defending themselves at the entrance.
Q. Had the soldiers cutlasses?
A. No by no means, I think one of them had a fire-shovel, as soon as the soldiers knew me, they with my persuasion went to the bottom of the passage, when I got there, I saw some officers of the twenty-ninth, I told those officers I suspected there would be a riot, and as I was the oldest officer I ordered the men to the barracks and they were immediately confined; the mob followed me and came to the gate of the barracks, and abused the men very much indeed, with bad language, so that the men must have been enraged very much, but by the vigilence and activity of the officers, the men were kept within bounds; the mob still insulted the men, dared them to come out, called them a pack of scoundrels, that dared not come out to fight them, and it was with difficulty they were kept in their barracks, I never heard such abuse in my life, from one man to another. A little man came up and spoke to the people, and desired them to go home, as they saw the officers used their best endeavours to keep the men in their barracks; immediately the best part made towards the passage to Cornhill, I suppose a body of about forty or fifty people. I thought it necessary to stay some time to assist the officers in keeping the men in their barracks, in a quarter of an hour or twenty minutes after the people had moved off, I heard some guns fire, and the Main-Guard drumbeat to arms; I told Mr. Dixon it was necessary for me to move off, to join my own regiment. The same evening, about half an hour before this affair happened, I was in King-street, and was accosted by a barber's boy, who said, there goes the fellow who hath not paid my master for dressing his hair, fortunately for me, I had his receipt in my pocket, the Sentinel said, he is a gentleman, and if he owes you anything he will pay it: I passed on without taking any notice of what the boy said.
Paine Massacre Notes (in part):
1/2 hour before I was accosted by a Barbers Boy who said there's go the fellow who has not paid my master for dressing his Hair. It appeard to me it was a premeditated Plan, and designed as an affront on the military in Gen'ral.
Capt. Goldfinch. Saw a mob collected before The Alley, some People called him by Name, and desired to get Soldiers in, or there would be Murder between them and the people. With some Difficulty I got thro' the Alley. The Soldiers defending themselves at the pass. As soon as the Soldiers knew him they removed to the Bottom of Alley. Saw Officers at the Steps. I told 'em I apprehended there would be a Riot and ordered them to keep the Soldiers in. The Mob followed me thro' the Alley, insulted the Soldiers by Language, so much, that I wondered they could bear it without redressing themselves, were kept in by the Vigilance and activity of the officers. A little Man spoke to the people and advised 'em to go home. Some of the people then moved off thro' the Alley but did not hear 'em say where they were going. Heard the Guns, and the Drum beat to Arms. The people went off slowly. About 1/2 of an Hour or 20 Minutes, before the Guns fired.
A comparison with the Wemms Trial and the Paine Massacre Notes on this witness suggests that JA had left off minute-taking briefly and did not write down the beginning of Davis Jr's. testimony.
Benjamin Davis, jun. son to Mr. Davis a former witness sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March last, near the bottom of Royal exchange-lane, I saw a mob by Mr. Greenleaf's, I went right along into King street, I saw the Sentinel; a barber's boy was there crying, and said the Sentry had struck him, and asked him what business he had to do it: I went home and staid at the gate in Green's lane some time, Samuel Gray (one of the persons killed that night in King-street) came along, and asked where the fire was? I said there was no fire, it was the soldiers fighting, he said, damn it, I am glad of it, I will knock some of them on the head; he ran off, I said to him, take heed you do not get killed in the affray yourself, he said, do not fear, damn their bloods.
Q. Had he a stick in his hand? A. He had one under his arm.
Q. What sort of a stick was it? A. I did not take notice.
Q. How long was this before the firing?
A. I do not suppose he could have got into King-street two minutes before the firing.
Benja. Davis jr. Saw the Sentry across the Guttar talking with the Boy. At his Father's Gate in Green's Lane, Gray came by and asked him Where the Fire was? I told him no Fire, the Soldiers were fighting in K. S. Damn 'em says he, I'm glad of it, I'll knock some of 'em in the Head. Had a Stick, but I could not see what sort of one. I said to him take Care you don't get kill'd yourself. Don't you fear, damn'em.
James Thompson, sworn.
Q. What did you hear or see passing through Quaker-Lane or Green's lane, on the 5th of March last in the evening?
A. I came out of the Green-Dragon tavern about nine o'clock, I went up to King-street, I heard no noise, nor saw any person, I went through Quaker-lane into Green's lane, had a person with me hand in hand, I met about fifteen persons walking on different sides of the street, and they had sticks in their hands.
Q. What sort of sticks were they?
A. They seemed to be pretty large sticks, rather too large for walking-sticks, just as they passed, I turned about and heard them say, we are rather too soon, I passed on and went on board a vessel at Griffin's wharf, when I came on board, I said to the people, I believed there would be mischief that night, for I had met several people armed with sticks, and what the consequences would be I did not know, for they seemed to be after something; just as I spoke, we heard the bells ring, and some said it could not be the usual bell for nine o'clock, they had heard that ring before, they all went on deck, and hearing a noise and cry of fire, together with the bells, every person went off and left me alone.
Q. How many people were on board the vessel?
A. Four went away; I went aloft to see where the fire was, I heard the engines going along the street and then stop, I heard Mrs. Marston who keeps tavern at the head of the wharf, say, Good God! this is not fire, there will be murder committed this night; a little after I heard a huzzaing and guns go off in King-street, I think seven.
Q. Did you count them?
A. Yes, I think there were seven, I think there were no more; I remained there till a person came down the wharf and I asked him what was the matter? He told me there were some people killed in King-street.
James Thompson. Coming thro' saw the Sentry, but nobody besides in K.S. Went towards Greens Lane, there met 15 armed with Sticks rather too large to walk with. Heard them say, We are rather too soon. Went on board a Vessell at Griffin's Wharff. Told the Sailors he was afraid here Samuel Quincy's Massacre Notes abruptly break off at the foot of a page.
That is, “Stone's,” the Royal Exchange Tavern.
Wemms Trial 99–100:
Alexander Cruckshanks, Jeweller, sworn.
On the 5th of March, I was in Royal exchange lane, as the clock struck nine I came up the lane, and at the head of the lane hearing some abusive language by two boys, I stopped at Stone's tavern, they were abusing the Sentinel; before the box stood about twelve or fourteen lads, I often saw the boys go towards them and back to the Sentinel with a fresh repetition of oaths, they said to him, damn you, you son of a bitch, called him lobster and rascal, wished he was in hell's flames, often and often lowsy rascal; I neither heard, nor saw the Sentinel do any thing to them, only said it was his post, and he would maintain it, and if they offered to molest him, he would run them through, upon his saying this, two boys made up some snow balls, and threw them at the Sentinel.
Q. Did they hit him?
A. I cannot say, but on their throwing snow balls, the Sentinel called out guard, guard, two or three times.
A. Yes, very loud, upon that, there were some soldiers came from towards the Main Guard, seven or eight I believe, they were not of the guard by their having surtout coats on, they came towards the Sentinel, some had bayonets, some swords, others sticks in their hands, one had a large kitching tongs in his hand, on their approach, these people and the boys who stood before the box went up to the back of the Town-House by the barber's shop; I then crossed King-street and intended to go in by Pudding-lane, and I heard a noise in the Main-street, three or four of these soldiers came down to me, and damned me, and asked who I was, I said, I was going home peaceably, and interfered with neither one side or another, one of them with a bayonet or sword gave me a light stroke over my shoulder, and said, friend you had better go home, for by all I can fore-see, there will be the devil to pay or blood shed this night: they turned and went towards the Sentinel at the Custom House.
Q. Did you know these soldiers?
A. I did not; I then, instead of going by Pudding-lane, went up by the Guardhouse, and when I had passed it a little way, I saw the soldiers who went down before the Custom house returning back, with a mob before them, driving them up past the Guard house. I stepped on pretty quick and endeavoured to get into Mr. Jones shop the Apothecary.
Q. What number of people were there before the soldiers?
A. Sixteen or eighteen.
Q. Were they men or boys?
A. Some of them were boys, but the most of them were men from twenty to five and twenty years of age I believe; Jones' people shut the door and would not let me in; I went to the side of the Brick meeting, and saw two or three boys or lads, pushing at the windows to get in and ring the bell. I went home.
Q. Did you take the stroke you received from the soldier to be in anger?
A. No, it was not in anger, it was very light.
Q. Did you hear a noise in the street at that time?
A. Yes, I heard a great deal of noise, I took it to be about Queen-street, and towards the Post Office.
William Carter was a Lieutenant in the 65th Regiment, which had been stationed in Boston from 1768 to 1769. See Army List 1770 , 120; 1 Gage, Correspondence (ed. Carter) 228.
Wemms Trial 100:
Lieutenant William Carter, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th of March I was at my lodgings in Blind-lane at the south part of the town, I heard a bell ring, which I took at first for nine o'clock, but recollecting I had heard the bell ring for nine before, I thought it must be for fire. I went to the top of the house but could see no fire; hearing by this time several bells ring, I came down and found the family at the gate; I asked what the matter was, I was answered, there was a riot in King-street. I saw several men pass, not in a body, but in two's and singly; they walked faster than people generally do on business, they went up Hogg-lane; I observed that not a man passed but what had either a club, sword, hanger, cutlass, or gun; as I had reason to believe people in a military character were not agreable, I went in and ordered my servant not to go out. I went a second time to the gate, and saw more men passing by in the same manner as before; presently after that, I heard the report of several guns. I heard the drum beat to arms, which I knew to be customary when a riot happens, but as the drum come nearer, I discovered a peculiarity in the beating, which made me imagine it was not a regular drum. I did not go from my lodgings that night.
Here MHi MS 3 ends. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Transcript of Remaining Defense Evidence1: 30 November–1 December 1770 UNKNOWN Transcript of Remaining Defense Evidence: 30 November–1 December 1770 UNKNOWN
Transcript of Remaining Defense Evidence1
30 November–1 December 1770
Patrick Keaton, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th of March I was at my lodgings, I heard a noise, and went out towards Union-street, and saw people coming from the North-end, with sticks and clubs in their hands; it was about nine o'clock. I followed them to Dock-square, somebody asked what was the matter, he was answered, that a boy and soldier had been foul of one another; they hallowed King-street; I went up to the foot of Jenkin's lane, and there I saw a tall Molatto fellow, the same that was killed, he had two clubs in his hand, and he said, here take one of them, I did so.
Q. What sort of clubs were they?
A. They were cord wood sticks; I went up to the head of the lane, and I dropt the stick in the snow; he went on cursing and swearing at the soldiers, down towards where the people surrounded the soldiers; I stood by the stone steps at the Custom-house, there were people coming from all parts, calling out bloody back, and one thing and another; I could not distinguish what one half of them said; I had not been long there 'till three or four guns went off, and I went home.
Q. Did you see any body strike upon their guns?
A. No, but I heard the soldiers say keep off, keep off.
Q. What number of people was there in Dock square?
A. About two hundred.
Q. Did you hear any body say kill them, kill them, knock the mover? A. No.
Q. Did the people appear to be pressing on the party?
A. Yes, they were as I thought.
193 William Davis, Serjeant-major of the 14th Regiment, sworn.
Monday evening the 5th of March, about eight o'clock, I was going towards the North-end in Fore-street, near Wentworth's wharff, I saw a number of people in the street before me.
A. About two hundred, I then stept aside, and when they came up, I saw several armed with clubs, and large sticks, and some had guns; they came down regularly in two's and three's a breast; they were a minute in passing me.
Q. Were they soldiers that had guns?
A. No, I saw no soldier in the street; I heard them saying damn the dogs knock them down, we will knock down the first officer, or bloody backed rascal we shall meet this night; some of them then said they would go to the southward, and join some of their friends there, and attack the damned scoundrels, and drive them out of the town, for they had no business here. Apprehending danger if I should be in my regimentals, I went into a house at the North end and changed my dress, and in my return from the North-end, about nine, coming near Dock square, I heard a great noise a whistling and rattling of wood; I came near the Market place, and saw a great number of people there, knocking against the posts, and tearing up the stalls, saying damn the lobsters, where are they now; I heard several voices, some said let us kill that damned scoundrel of a Sentry, and then attack the Main guard; some said, let us go to Smith's barracks, others said let us go to the rope-walks; they divided: The largest number went up Royal-exchange-lane, and another party up Fitch's alley, and the rest through the main street, up Cornhill. I passed by the Golden-Ball, I saw no person there but a woman, persuading a man to stay at home; he said he would not, he would go amongst them, if he lost his life by it. I went into King-street, looking towards the Custom-house, I saw a number of people seemingly in great commotion; I went towards my barracks, and near the fish stall at Oliver's dock, I met a great number of people coming towards King-street, with clubs and large sticks.
Q. What time was this?
A. It was past nine, for I heard bells ring before. One of them was loading his piece by Oliver's dock, he said he would do for some of these scoundrels that night. The people were using threats against the soldiers and Commissioners, damn the scoundrels and villains of soldiers and Commissioners, and damn the villain that first sent them to Boston, they shall not be here two nights longer. I went to my barracks; the roll had been called, and there was not a man absent, except 194some officers that quartered in the town, and their servants. Immediately after I heard as it were a gun fired in King-street, and afterwards two or three more.
Nathaniel Russel, Chairmaker, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March, betwixt nine and ten o'clock, I was at my own house and heard the bells ring, I run out to know where the fire was: I got from Byles's meeting down to the South meeting; I saw a number of men and boys armed with clubs, and fifteen or twenty more coming along, some were damning the soldiers that they would destroy them, and sink them, and they would have revenge for something or other I could not tell what, that they would drive them before them: some of the people there said they had been to Rowe's barracks, and had driven the soldiers or the Sentinel into the barracks. I went to the Town-house, there I saw Mr. Cox; I saw a number of people with clubs; I saw at a distance, a parcel of soldiers at the Custom house; I went down to the right of them, where Capt. Preston stood; I had not been there a minute before the guns were fired, previous to which, I saw several things but dont know what they were, thrown at the soldiers, as they stood in a circle by the Custom house. I was at the west of the soldiers; I was looking over the Molatto's shoulder: I saw Samuel Gray there. Upon these things being thrown, I intended to retreat as fast as I could; I had not got three yards before the guns were fired, first one, then another, and so on, I think there were seven in all.
Q. Before you turned, did you see any thing strike the guns?
A. I did not see, but I heard something strike, and the guns clatter. There was a great noise, the cry was, fire, damn you fire.
Q. Was the cry general? A. Yes, it was general.
Q. How many people do you imagine were then gathered round the party? A. Fifty or sixty able bodied men.
Q. Did they crowd near the soldiers?
A. So near, that I think you could not get your hat betwixt them and the bayonets.
Q. Did the soldiers say any thing to the people?
A. They never opened their lips; they stood in a trembling manner, as if they expected nothing but death. They fired first on the right. I was looking on the whole body, no one between me and the soldiers that interrupted my sight; I saw no blows given, or any of the soldiers fall.
Q. Might not their trembling proceed from rage as well as fear?
A. It might proceed from both.
John Cox, Brick-layer, sworn.
Note. This witness was called on the part of the Crown, to invalidate the testimony of Russel the former witness.
Q. Did you come down from the South end with Mr. Russel?
A. No, I met him at the Town-house. I saw three soldiers, two belonging to the Neck, 2 and one to the Main Guard, by Liberty-tree, I was at Mr. Gore's shop opposite the Tree; one said to the other, bring half your guard, and we will bring half ours, and we will blow up this damned pole; I said, so sure as you offer ye scoundrels to blow up that pole, you will have your brains blown out.
Q. How were these soldiers dressed?
A. In their regimentals, one was a drummer.
Q. Was he a black man? A. No, he was a white man.3
Henry Knox. Stationer, sworn.
I was at the North-end, and heard the bells ring, I thought it was fire; I came up as usual to go to the fire; I heard it was not fire, but the soldiers and inhabitants were fighting; I came by Cornhill, and there were a number of people an hundred and fifty, or two hundred; I asked them what was the matter, they said a number of soldiers had been out with bayonets and cutlasses, and had attacked and cut the people all down Cornhill, and then retreated to their barracks; a fellow said they had been cutting fore and aft. The people fell gradually down to Dock-square. I came up Cornhill, and went down King-street, I saw the Sentinel at the Custom-house steps loading his piece; coming up to the people, they said the Sentinel was going to fire.
Q. How many persons were there at that time round the Sentinel?
A. About fifteen or twenty, he was waving his piece about, and held it in the position that they call charged bayonets. I told him if he fired he must die for it, he said damn them, if they molested him he would fire; the boys were hallowing fire and be damned.
A. Seventeen or eighteen years old. I endeavoured to keep one fellow off from the Sentinel, I either struck him or pushed him away.
Q. Did you hear one of the persons say, God damn him, we will knock him down for snapping?
A. Yes, I did hear a young fellow, one Usher, about eighteen years of age say this.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at the Sentinel?
A. No, nothing at all.
Q. Did you see the party come down? A. Yes.
Q. What was the manner of their coming down?
A. They came down in a kind of a trot, or a very fast walk.
Q. Did they come down in a threatening posture?
A. Very threatening, at least their countenances looked so, they said make way, damn you make way, and they pricked some of the people.
Q. Did you see the Corporal?
A. I saw a person with the party, whom I took to be the Corporal.
Q. Had he a surtout on? A. Yes, he had.
John Bulkely, Clerk to Mr. Josiah Quincy, sworn.
Hearing the bells ring I went out, and imagined it had been for fire, but found I was mistaken. I went to Mr. Quincy's, office near the Main Guard, there was a prodigious noise in King-street. I apprehended the Sentinel was in danger, and stood in expectation of seeing the guard turned out. Capt. Preston was before the office, and appeared in a great flutter of spirit. I knew not he was Captain of the day. A very young officer commanded the guard, I pitied his situation.4
Q. What induced you to believe the guard would be turned out?
A. By the Sentinel's being surrounded, and the noise.
Q. What number was about him?
A. About fifty or sixty.
Q. Did you stand in the shade, or was the shade on the other side of the way?
A. I did stand in the shade. A person came to Capt. Preston and said they were killing the Sentinel; Capt. Preston said damn you why do you not turn out; he spoke roughly to them, then some soldiers came out, and he and they went down to the Custom-house.
Q. Do you know who it was came up to Capt. Preston? A. No.
Q. Did you expect they would carry off the Sentinel?
A. I did not know what would be the consequence, I thought if he came off with his life he would do very well.
Benjamin Lee, an Apprentice, sworn.
On the 5th of March there were four of us in a house together, I heard that there was fire; I went to Dock-square, when I came there I
[facing 196] 197
heard some in the crowd say, that the towns people had been fighting with the soldiers, and then they huzzaed for King-street.
Q. How many people were there in Dock-square at that time?
A. Between fifty and sixty. I went up Royal-exchange-lane and came to the Custom house.
Q. Did you go alone?
A. No, several went up beside me, they went up as thick as they could, and some went up the next lane, and some went up Cornhill. As I stood by the Sentinel, there was a barber's boy came up and pointed to the Sentinel, and said there is the son of a bitch that knocked me down; on his saying this, the people immediately cried out kill him, kill him, knock him down.
Q. What number of people was there then?
A. I cannot tell, I believe there were as many as in this Court, some boys, some men; the Sentinel went up the Custom house steps and knocked at the door with the butt of his gun, but could not get in; then he primed and loaded, and levelled it with his hip, and desired the people to stand off, and then called to the Main-Guard to come down to his assistance.
Q. Did he call loud? A. Yes, pretty loud.
Q. What was the expression he used?
A. Turn out Main Guard. Then Capt. Preston and nine or ten soldiers came down, and ranged themselves before the Sentry-box.
Q. Had these people that stood round the Sentinel clubs or sticks?
A. I saw no clubs, some had sticks, such as people generally walk with.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at the Sentinel? A. No.
Q. Did you hear the people hallow or shout?
A. They whistled with their fingers and huzzaed.
John Frost, an Apprentice, sworn.
Q. Did you meet some boys that evening, who said they had drove some soldiers to their barracks?
A. In Dock-square some people said so, and huzzaed for King-street. I went up there, and saw a barber's boy, who said this is the son of a bitch that knocked me down; the people crowded in upon the Sentinel, and he drew back to the Custom house steps.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at the Sentinel.
A. No, he knocked at the Custom house door with the butt end of his gun, as I thought to get in, and then I saw him prime and load his piece, and level it with his hip.
A. Yes they were, they said fire, damn you fire, you dare not fire.
A. About fifty or sixty young men and boys.
Q. How old were these young men?
A. About twenty or twenty-two.
Q. What do you call boys? A. Such as myself, about eighteen.
William Botson, an Apprentice, sworn.
I was at the Market and went up Royal exchange lane, I saw no soldier but one, and he was the Sentinel, he got on the steps and loaded, by and by I saw a party come down from the Main-guard, and all that stood round cried fire! fire! By and by they did fire, as soon as I saw a man drop, I went away.
Q. Did you see any ice thrown at the soldiers?
A. I saw snow balls, but no ice.
Q. Did you see any thing strike upon their guns? A. No.
Q. Did you hear their guns rattle?
A. No, I saw snow balls thrown both at the Sentinel and at the party.
Q. Did you see any clubs thrown? A. No.
Q. What number of people were there about the Sentinel?
A. Near two hundred boys and men.
Q. Was the Custom-House door opened?
A. Not that I minded, they hollowed fire! fire! you dogs.
Q. Was any considerable number of snow balls thrown at the Sentinel? A. A dozen before the party came down.
Q. And when they came down, did they throw?
A. Yes, as fast as ever.
Q. Did you hear any huzzaing? A. Not in particular.
James Waddel, Mariner, sworn.
On the 5th March I was in King-street at the Main-Guard, I saw the soldiers going down to the Custom house, I saw the soldiers very much molested by the people of the town throwing snow balls, sticks, and more rubbish than I can mention, I saw also the Sentinel molested at the Custom-house door; when the party came down, he fell in amongst the rest of the soldiers; I saw a soldier knocked down, but who he was I cannot tell.
A. Betwixt the soldiers and the Sentry-box.
Q. Do you know who knocked the soldier down?
A. No, I do not, I am not certain whether it was a stick that struck him down, or a brick-bat.
Q. Did his firelock fly out of his hand?
A. Yes, the firelock flew out of his hand, and he took it up again and fired, and I think he was the first that fired.
Q. Which way did the stick or brick batt come that knocked him down?
A. It came as if thrown from towards the Town-house.
Q. How near did the people stand to the soldiers, when the first gun was fired?
A. The nighest might be about ten or a dozen yards from the soldiers.
Q. When you stood there, did you see any one strike at any soldier with a stick in his hand? A. No.
Q. Did you see any of the prisoners there that night?
A. Yes, I saw Hartegan, I was acquainted with him in Halifax, and I kept my eye upon him more than upon any of the rest.
Q. Whereabout did he stand?
A. I came up the Royal-exchange-lane, and he was then the nearest man to me.
A. I believe about seven.
Daniel Cornwall, Barber, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March I was in Milk-street, I heard the bells ring, and ran down to the Town-house, I saw diverse of the inhabitants there, I enquired the reason of the bells ringing? A young man told me, a rascally soldier had struck one of the inhabitants with a cutlass, I replied, where is the damned villain gone? He gave me no answer, presently they turned round and gave two or three cheers.
A. About thirty or forty: They went to the alley leading to Murray's barracks, some were for going down the alley, some were not, I staid at the head of the alley, presently they went to the bottom of Royal-exchange-lane, and huzzaed and went up the lane, I myself went up the main-street, the bell at this time had stopped; as I got to the Town house, they had all got into King-street, I went down to see what they would do, there were several gentlemen persuading them to go off, and I believe they would all have gone in a few minutes, had not the soldiers come. I saw them throwing oyster shells and snowballs at the Sentry at the Custom house door, he was on the steps.
Q. Are you sure you saw them throw oyster-shells at him?
Q. One or two, or a number? A. I think two or three.
A. I do not think they did. Some were hollowing out, let us burn the Sentry box, let us heave it over-board, but they did neither; I stood then opposite the Custom-House door, presently I saw a party of soldiers come down, who placed themselves before the Custom House.
Q. Before the party came down, did you hear any person say, kill him?
A. No, I observed Capt. Preston standing by the Sentry-box, I saw him talking with a man, I do not know who he was, I went to hear what they said, but I could not; in the space of two or three minutes, I heard a stick, club, or something else strike a soldier's gun, immediately the gun went off, and then I run.
Q. Did you hear any thing rattle on the pavements?
A. Yes, I heard a bayonet, or something like it, rattle on the pavements.
Q. How many people were there, when the soldiers came down?
A. I believe sixty or seventy.
A. I stood at the head of Royal-exchange-lane, about three yards and a half from the Sentry box.
A. No: just before they fired, I heard the people say, Damn you fire, you bloody backs.
Q. Did you hear the expressions, Rush on, knock them over, knock them over? A. No.
Q. How long was you there?
A. About seven or eight minutes.
John Ruddock, Esq; sworn. 5
As I went home that evening, I met a number of boys with clubs, they went so for several months before, they chused to do so, because they had been so often knocked down by the soldiers, some said the soldiers were going to fight with the people.
Q. What number did you meet?
A. They were in two's or three's, three's or four's in a bunch, in the whole there might be about twenty.
Q. What time of night was that? A. About eight o'clock.
Newtown Prince, a free Negro, sworn.
When the bells rung I was at my own house, I run to the door and heard the cry of fire, I put on my shoes, and went out, and met two or three men, asked where the fire was; they said it was something better than fire. I met some with clubs, some with buckets and bags, and some running before me with sticks in their hands; I went to the Town-house, looked down the street, and saw the soldiers come out with their guns and bayonets fixed: I saw Capt. Preston with them; there were a number of people by the west door of the Town-house, they said lets go and attack the Main Guard, some said for God's sake do not meddle with them; they said by God we will go, others again said do not go. After a while they huzzaed and went down King-street; there was a number of people came down Prison-lane, and some from the Post-office; they went down to the Custom house, and I went down. The soldiers were all placed round in a circle with their guns breast high. I stood on the right wing, when the Captain came the people crouded in to him to speak to him, and I went behind them, I went next to the Custom-house door, there were people all round the soldiers.
Q. How near were the people to the soldiers?
A. About three or four feet from the point of their bayonets, the thickest part was by Capt. Preston. When I got to the corner I saw people with sticks striking on their guns at the right wing. I apprehended danger and that the guns might go off accidentally. I went to get to the upper end towards the Town house, I had not got to the center of the party, before the guns went off; as they went off I run, and did not stop till I got to the upper end of the Town-house.
Q. How many did you see strike upon their guns?
A. I cannot tell how many of them did it.
Q. Did you hear at that time they were striking, the cry of fire, fire?
A. Yes, they said fire, fire damn you fire, fire you lobsters, fire, you dare not fire.
Q. Did you see any thing thrown at the soldiers?
A. Nothing but snow balls, flung by some youngsters.
Gregory Townsend, Esq; Merchant, sworn.
Just after the bell rung nine, hearing the bell ring again, I went out thinking it was fire; I saw numbers of people running from the South-end some had buckets, the principal number had clubs in their hands. 202I asked where is the fire, I received for answer, at the Rope-walks and in King street. Numbers were coming with buckets, and the rest said Damn your bloods do not bring buckets, bring clubs.
Q. Was this before the firing? A. Yes.
Andrew, (Mr. Oliver Wendall's Negro,) sworn.
On the evening of the 5th of March I was at home, I heard the bells ring, and went to the gate; I said there a little and saw Mr. Lovell coming back with his buckets, I asked him where was the fire, he said it was not fire; after that I went into the street, and saw one of my acquaintances and we run down to the end of the lane and saw another acquaintance coming up, holding his arm; I asked him what's the matter, he said the soldiers were fighting, had got cutlasses, and were killing every body, and that one of them had struck him on the arm, and almost cut it off; he told me I had best not go down; I said a good club was better than a cutlass, and he had better go down and see if he could not cut some too. I went to the Town-house, saw the Sentinels placed at the Main-Guard standing by Mr. Bowes's corner; numbers of boys on the other side of the way were throwing snow balls at them; the Sentinels were enraged and swearing at the boys; the boys called them lobsters, bloody backs, and hallowed who buys lobsters; one of my acquaintance came and told me that the soldiers had been fighting, and the people had drove them to Murray's barracks; I saw a number of people coming from Murray's barracks who went down by Jackson's corner into King-street; presently I heard three cheers given in King-street, I said we had better go down and see what's the matter; we went down to the Whipping post and stood by Waldo's shop, I saw a number of people round the Sentinel at the Custom house, there were also a number of people who stood where I did, and were picking up pieces of sea coal that had been thrown out thereabout, and snow balls, and throwing them over at the Sentinel. While I was standing there, there were two or three boys run out from among the people, and cried we have got his gun away, and now we will have him; presently I heard three cheers given by the people at the Custom house; I said to my acquaintance I would run up and see whether the guard would turn out. I passed round the Guard house, and went as far as the west door of the Town-house. While I stood there one of my acquaintance said he would go round the corner of the Town-house, and see if the guard had turned out; he went to the corner and called me, and told me the guard was come out. I went and looked down the street, I saw a file of men, with an officer with a laced 203hat on before them; upon that we all went to go towards him, and when we had got about half way to them, the officer said something to them, and they filed off down the street; upon that I went in the shade towards the Guard-house, and followed them down as far as Mr. Peck's corner; I saw them pass through the croud, and plant themselves by the Custom house. As soon as they got there the people gave three cheers. I went to cross over to where the soldiers were, and as soon as I got a glimpse of them, I heard somebody huzza and say here is Old Murray with the riot-act, and they began to pelt snow balls; a man set out and run, and I followed him as far as Philips's corner, and I do not know where he went. I turned back and went through the people until I got to the head of Royal-exchange lane, right against the soldiers; the first word I heard was a Grenadier say to a man by me, Damn you stand back.
Q. How near was he to him?
A. He was so near that the Grenadier might have run him through if he had stept one step forward. While I stopt to look at him, a person came to get through betwixt the Grenadier and me, and the soldier had like to have pricked him; he turned about and said, You damn'd lobster, bloody back, are you going to stab me, the soldier said by God will I; presently somebody took hold of me by the shoulder, and told me to go home, or I should be hurt; at the same time there were a number of people towards the Town house, who said, come away and let the guard alone, you have nothing at all to do with them. I turned about and saw the officer standing before the men, and one or two persons engaged in talk with him. A number were jumping on the backs of those that were talking with the officer, to get as near as they could.
Q. Did you hear what they said?
A. No. Upon this I went to go as close to the officer as I could; one of the persons who was talking with the officer turned about quick to the people, and said, Damn him he is going to fire; upon that they gave a shout, and cryed out Fire and be damn'd, who cares, damn you, you dare not fire, and began to throw snow balls, and other things, which then flew pretty thick.
Q. Did they hit any of them?
A. Yes, I saw two or three of them hit, one struck a Grenadier on the hat, and the people who were right before them had sticks; and as the soldiers were pushing with their guns back and forth, they struck their guns, and one hit a Grenadier on the fingers. At this time, the people up at the Town house called again come away, come way; a 204stout man who stood near me, and right before the Grenadiers, as they pushed with their bayonets the length of their arms, kept striking on their guns. The people seemed to be leaving the soldiers, and to turn from them, when there came down a number from Jackson's corner, huzzaing and crying, Damn them they dare not fire, we are not afraid of them; one of these people, a stout man with a long cord wood stick, threw himself in, and made a blow at the officer; I saw the officer try to fend off the stroke, whether he struck him or not I do not know: the stout man then turned round, and struck the Grenadier's gun at the Captains right hand, and immediately fell in with his club, and knocked his gun away, and struck him over the head, the blow came either on the soldiers cheek or hat. This stout man held the bayonet with his left hand, and twitched it and cried kill the dogs, knock them over; this was the general cry; the people then crouded in, and upon that the Grenadier gave a twitch back and relieved his gun, and he up with it and began to pay away on the people. I was then betwixt the officer and this grenadier, I turned to go off, when I had got away about the length of a gun, I turned to look towards the officer; and I heard the word fire; at the word fire I thought I heard the report of a gun, and upon my hearing the report, I saw the same grenadier swing his gun, and immediately he discharged it.
Q. Do you know who this stout man was, that fell in and struck the grenadier?
A. I thought, and still think it was the Molatto who was shot.
Q. Do you know the grenadier who was thus assaulted and fired?
A. I then thought it was Killroy, and I told Mr. Quincy 6 so the next morning after the affair happened, I now think it was he from my best observation, but I can't positively swear it.
Q. Did the soldiers of that party, or any of them, step or move out of the rank in which they stood to push the people?
A. No, and if they had they might have killed me and many others with their bayonets.
Q. Did you, as you passed through the people towards Royal-exchange lane and the party, see a number of people take up any and every thing they could find in the street, and throw them at the soldiers?
A. Yes, I saw ten or fifteen round me do it.
Q. Did you yourself pick up every thing you could find, and throw at them? A. Yes I did.
Q. After the gun fired, where did you go?
A. I run as fast as I could into the first door I saw open, which I think was Mr. Dehones, I was very much frightened.
Oliver Wendell, Merchant, sworn.
Q. Is the witness last examined your servant? A. Yes.
Q. How long has he lived in your family?
A. Above ten years.
Q. What is his general character for truth?
A. It is good, I have heard his testimony and believe it to be true, he gave the same relation of this matter to me on the same evening, in a quarter of an hour after the affair happened; and I then asked him whether our people were to blame, he said they were.
Q. Can Andrew read and write?
A. Yes, very well, he has been well educated.
Q. Pray Sir, is it not usual for Andrew to amplify and embellish a story?
A. He is fellow of a lively imagination, and will sometimes amuse the servants in the kitchen, but I never knew him to tell a serious lye.
FIVE o'Clock, p.m. the Court adjourned till next morning, Saturday 1 December, nine o'Clock.
Saturday, NINE o'Clock, the Court met according to adjournment, and proceeded.
William Whitington, sworn.
I was in King-street a quarter after nine o'clock on the 5th of March, and two others with me, I crossed King-street at Oliver's-Dock, and I met a few people, but did not mind them, and the people with me did not; in a little time I heard the bells ring, and I made a stop and asked what was the matter? They said fire, I saw several people with buckets, &c. and I asked them where they were going? They said there is fire somewhere. I came up by Pudding-lane, and went in betwixt the guard and Guard-House, for at this time the Main-Guard was turned out, I saw Mr. Basset the officer, and Capt. Preston, while I was standing there, some person in the croud fronting the soldiers, cried out to the guard, will you stand there and see the Sentinel murdered at the Custom house? Capt. Preston and Mr. Basset were both together, Mr. Basset said to Capt. Preston, what shall I do in this case? Said Preston, take out six or seven of the men, and let them go down to the assistance of the Sentry; I think there were six men ordered out of the 206ranks, they formed themselves by files, the Corporal marched in the front, and the Captain in the rear, I was at this time on the outside of the soldiers on the left hand, and I kept on the outside from the time they marched from the parade till they came to the Custom-house, but how they formed themselves when they came there I did not see, but when I saw them they were formed in a half circle, I was about two or three yards distance from them, I heard Capt. Preston use many intreaties to the populace, begging they would disperse and go home, but what they said I cannot tell; but I heard them hollow, damn you fire! You dare not fire, we know you dare not fire; Capt. Preston desired them to go home many times; I departed and saw no more of them, and went to Wheelwright's wharf.
Joseph Hinkley, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March I heard the bells ring, I was in Mr. Hall's house, I went out in order to see where the fire was, I heard the drum beat, I went to the shop and got a stick, and went down to the Conduit, I saw thirty or forty people with sticks in their hands.
Q. Were they walking sticks?
A. Some were short clubs, some were walking sticks. Then they hollowed, King-street forever, and huzzaed, some went up Royal-exchange-lane, I went with a number up Jenkin's-alley, I went towards the Sentinel, he was walking backwards and forwards with his firelock on his shoulder; some of the people said, kill him; I had not been there long, before the party came down, and then a good many more people gathered round before the Sentinel-box, some from Quaker-lane, some from the Town-house, and some from the bottom of King-street, some with sticks, some without, they came close to the Sentinel, the bells were ringing, I had not been there long before they loaded, I was close to them when they loaded.
Q. Who gave orders to load?
A. I did not hear, there was such huzzaing, hollowing and whistling, that I could not hear, they had their bayonets about breast high, shoving and pricking with their bayonets to make the way clear, then the people hollowed fire! why do you not fire? Damn you fire! you bloody backs.
Q. Did they tell the people to keep off? A. Yes.
Q. And did the people go back when desired?
A. No, they pressed more upon them, while the people were thus pressing on the party, they fired, I did not hear any orders given.
Q. How near did you stand to the soldiers?
A. I fell back to the middle of the street when the first gun was fired.
Q. To which wing did you fall?
A. To the center, I was right facing them.
A. I think six or seven, I did not count them.
Q. Did you see the people come close up to the soldiers, and strike on their guns?
A. No, they held their sticks up over their heads, flourishing and brandishing them, saying, damn you fire? you dare not fire.
Q. Did you see any sticks thrown?
A. No, nor any thing else, Samuel Gray who was shot that night, clapped me on the shoulder, and said, do not run my lad, they dare not fire, and he ran back and forth among the people and clapped others also on the back as he did me.
Q. Had he any thing in his hand?
A. I think he had not; I looked to my left soon after the guns were fired, and saw him upon the ground, and with the help of some others, carried him to Dr. Loring's shop, but could not get in, and left him there.
Q. Do you know Langford in this town? A. No.
Q. Did you see any body go up to Gray, and thrust at him with a bayonet? A. No I did not see it.
Q. How near did he fall to the soldiers?
A. He was in the middle of the street.
Q. Did you see any of the soldiers move out of the ranks?
Q. How near was you to Gray?
A. About three or four yards distance.
Harrison Gray, junr. sworn.
That evening upon returning home, I saw a number of people round the Sentinel, making use of opprobrious language and threatnings, I desired them to go off, and said the consequence would be fatal if they did not; some few snow balls were thrown, and abusive language continued, they said damn him, let him fire, he can fire but one gun.
A. They were a mixture, about eighteen or nineteen years old, and some men.
Q. How many were there of them?
A. There might be from seventy to an hundred, I did not par-208ticularly observe; when I could not prevail to take them off, I went to Mr. Pain's,7 in a little while the party came down, I saw nothing afterwards; soon after I heard the guns fired, and Mr. Pain was wounded with one of them.
Q. Did the Sentinel call out for the guard?
A. I did not hear him, he retreated to the steps of the Customhouse.
Q. Was you standing at Mr. Pain's door when the guns were fired?
A. I was, but was not looking that way, nor did I observe when the party came down; I told the people, the Sentinel was on duty, that was his post, and that he had a right to walk there, and that he could have enough to relieve him, if he stood in need of it, as he was so near the Main Guard.
Charles Willis, an Apprentice, sworn.
I know nothing worth the telling; I was not in King-street, I heard there was no fire, but I heard the soldiers were fighting. I went to Dock square, and saw a number of people there, I came up Royal-exchange-lane, and saw the firing, but was not near enough to see any thing the people did.
Matthew Murray, sworn.
That evening I was at home; and heard the bells ring, I went into the street and asked the occasion, I was told it was not fire, but the soldiers fighting with the inhabitants; I went into the house and could find no stick, but I cut the handle of my mother's broom off, with this I came to King-street, but there were no soldiers; some people were coming from Royal-exchange lane, some from the Town-house, some said, damn it, they are only making fools of us, it is best to go home: I went to the head of Royal exchange-lane, and saw a cluster of people there, and I saw a boy who said that the Sentry had knocked him down with the butt-end of his gun; I saw the Sentry on the steps, and the people after he loaded, said, fire! Damn you fire! Presently after the party came down, I stood close to them, they were swinging their bayonets, telling the people to make way, I saw a man talking with Capt. Preston, I went to hear what he said, I could not hear, the grenadier on the right was struck some where on his right side, but I do not know with what, but directly he fired.
Q. Was that the right hand man? A. Yes.
Q. Was you close to the soldiers?
A. Yes, I was quite close to them.
Q. Did you see any snow balls thrown before this?
A. I think I saw two or three.
Thomas Symmonds, Victualler, sworn.
Betwixt eight and nine o'clock of the 5th March, I was in my house near Murray's barracks, the people were running backwards and forwards, and there was a great mob and riot by the barrack gate; I heard the people as they went along declare, if the soldiers did not come out and fight them, they would set fire to the four corners of the barracks, and burn every damned soul of them.
Q. Did you see the people?
A. I was standing at my own door, I saw them pass and repass me, but I knew none of them.
Q. Was there any disturbance before that?
A. Yes, there was a disturbance half an hour before that.
Q. What sort of a disturbance was it before?
A. I saw a good number of towns people had cutlasses, clubs, and swords, there was knocking down, riot and disturbance, and this declaration of theirs was after that, and before the bells rung.
Q. Was that said by one, two, or a number?
A. I cannot tell indeed how many said so.
Q. Did you at that time keep a victualling-house?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. Did the soldiers frequent your house? A. Yes, they did.
William Parker, Bricklayer, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th March, I was at Mr. Coleman's at the north side of the Market, I came from thence through the Market on the south side, I saw seven or eight people, the chief were boys, three or four of them were on the inside the rails, pulling the butchers stalls to pieces.
Q. How old did these boys appear?
A. About a dozen of years old, or smaller, some about eighteen, I went up to them and observed they were getting sticks; about half a minute after, came along a soldier, I took him to be an officer's servant, some said here is a damned soldier, and got foul of the man, and I got the soldier away from them, and he went off, and I went towards home round by the Golden-ball, and up into King-street; I met one Mr. 210 James Bayard he and I walked together, and I did not see a single soul in the street; we passed the Sentinel (I think that was he—pointing to White) it was cold under foot, and we stood upon Stone's steps; in a few minutes there were three or four boys round the Sentinel, they got foul of him: one of them said the Sentinel had struck him with his gun, and they kept pushing one another against him, and pushed him into the box; I said to Mr. Bayard there will be trouble by and bye. About two minutes after there came a parcel of boys and young fellows together, in number about fifteen or sixteen, the chief of them with sticks in their hands.
A. They looked like the sticks they took at the Market, like pieces of the stalls split. When they got to the head of the lane, there was a little talking and whistling amongst them, and they said lets go up to the Main guard, and they went up by the foot of the Town-House; about one minute after there were five or six boys made their appearance out of Royal-exchange-lane, from that I went to go up round Jackson's corner, when I came to the watch-house, I met a number of people coming round by Jackson's corner.
Q. How many people? A. Twenty or thirty.
A. Some had sticks, some had none, some had short sticks, some had walking canes.
Q. What sized people were these?
A. They were a mixture of men and boys running together; I asked them what had been the matter, they said there had been a squabble by Murray's barracks, and they had drove the soldiers in; they said it was all over; then I left Mr. Bayard and they all came down into King-street, and betwixt Quaker-lane and Royal-exchange-lane they made a stop, and met in a cluster, and not long afterwards dispersed; I did not leave above twelve or fifteen in King-street, when I came out of it. I went down Quaker-lane, and a number that lived that way went down with me; as I got home and lifted the latch of the door I heard some bell ring, and I heard a gun and then another, I heard them all fired, I came back as far as the bottom of the lane and no farther.
Q. What said the boys in the Market to the soldier who passed by?
A. They said here is a damned soldier, some said they are all a like, this is as bad as any of them. I believe they would have beat him if I had not rescued him; he was passing quietly along.
211 John Gridley Merchant,8 sworn.
On the evening of the 5th of March, I passed my time at the Bunch of Grapes in King-street, in company with three gentlemen of the town; betwixt the hours of nine and ten we were alarmed with the bells, and a cry of fire, they said to me come Gridley we had better go and enquire where the fire is, I said I had rather sit where I was, there might be some disturbance, and I did not want to be in it; however, I agreed, and we went. I saw Mr. Davis particularly, he said to me what do you make of this, I told him I believed there was no fire, but rather a tumult. I said to Mr. Davis I will go up the street and see what the matter is, and return again and let him and the rest that were on the steps of the door know what the matter was. I went up the street into the middle of it, and I stopt just before the Sentinel placed at the Custom House, there were a large number of boys, and some men amongst them, about ten young men, the boys were in the front, and the men in the rear; I believe about twenty five, boys men and all.
Q. How big were these boys?
A. Little trifling boys. The Sentinel had his gun and bayonet charged, levelled with his hip. I went from thence up to the south end of the Town-house opposite to the Main-Guard.
Q. Was the Sentinel at that time in the box or on the steps?
A. He was retreating towards the steps with his bayonet charged. I then found the Main guard to be in confusion. I went up to the head of the Town house, where were a number of gentlemen collected together, I asked them what was the matter, they told me that the soldiers had rushed from Murray's barracks, and had cut several of the inhabitants with their cutlasses; several people were running about the streets, and the cry was God damn the rascals. Some said this will never do, the readiest way to get rid of these people is to attack the Main guard. Strike at the root, there is the nest.
Q. Was this particularly spoken by one or two only?
A. No, it was general, they joined in with one another as they met. I went to the north-side of the Town house, with a view to return to the place from whence I came; I stopt at Mr. Kent's door, and while I was standing there, a party of the guard came down from the Main guard a cross King-street. I turned round and saw a non commissioned officer (as I took him to be by his appearance) leading the party, which I at first thought was to relieve the Sentinel at the Custom-House as usual, but perceiving this guard was going down to support the Sen- 212tinel, I thought it time to go where I came from, to tell the gentlemen what I had seen according to promise. I proceeded down street on the Custom-house side, on the flat stones; the soldiers were drawn up in two ranks front and rear, as I thought it, they had not had time to form as I came down; I walked betwixt the two ranks, they were then loading their pieces.
Q. Did you hear any orders given for loading?
A. No. Passing betwixt the ranks, their guns being on a loading position, I passed leisurly through, and they put their guns and bayonets up to let me go through. I returned to the Bunch of Grapes from whence I came, I saw Mr. Davis and the other gentlemen on the steps, Mr. Davis asked me to give an account of this matter, I told him I could give no account, except a general one, that the soldiers had come out of their barracks, and that they had been a quarreling, and the Sentinel had been interrupted in his duty. Mr. Davis asked me what was that collection of people before the Custom-House, who did they consist of; they are nothing said he, but a parcel of boys; I hastily replied, yes, Mother Tapley's boys.9
Q. What did you mean by that?
A. I meant boys as big as I am.
Q. When you passed betwixt the soldiers, was any thing thrown at them, or did any body strike them.
A. No, not that I saw. When I was at the Bunch of Grapes, I saw some snow balls thrown, some from the rear, some from the middle of the street, and some from Quaker-lane, all thrown towards the Custom house.
Q. Was there any noise just before the firing?
A. As I stood on the steps of the Bunch of Grapes tavern; the general noise and cry was why do you not fire, damn you, you dare not fire, fire and be damned. These words were spoke very loud, they might be heard to the Long wharff. The noise was very great indeed. There was about fifty before the soldiers, and about half the number before the Sentinel, before the party joined him.
Mrs. Catherine Field, sworn.
Q. Did you know Patrick Carr, who was killed by the firing in King-Street on the 5th of March last? A. Yes.
Q. Was he in your house that evening? A. Yes.
Q. Did you hear any thing he said, when he was told there was an affray with the soldiers?
A. When the bells rung, he went up stairs and put his surtout on, and got a hanger and put it betwixt his coat and surtout; my husband coming at that time, gave him a push and felt the sword; he wanted to take it from him, but he was unwilling to let it go, my husband told him he should not take it with him. I do not know what he said, but one of the neighbours was in the house and coaxed the sword out of his hand, and he went out without it. He said on his death bed, he saw a parcel of boys and negroes throwing snow balls at the guard. He thought the first or second man from the Sentinel box was the man that shot him.
John Mansfield, sworn.
Q. Do you know Patrick Carr?
A. Yes. On the night of the 5th of March, when the bells rung he would go out; I persuaded him much to stay at home, he did not mind me but took his sword betwixt his coat and surtout. Mr. Field coming in felt it, and said he should not take it out with him; with much coaxing a woman who lived next door got it from him.
Q. Did you hear any acknowlegement by him on his death bed?
A. I was often at his bed side, and all that I ever heard him say, was, he thought he knew the man that shot him, but he never made it known to me.
Doctor John Jeffries,10 sworn.
Q. Was you Patrick Carr's surgeon?
A. I was, in company with others. I was called that evening about eleven o'clock to him, I was engaged with Mr. Paine and could not go; next morning I went; after dressing his wounds, I advised him never to go again into quarrels and riots: He said he was very sorry he did go. Dr. Lloyd who was present, turned round to me and said, Jeffries, I believe this man will be able to tell us how the affair was, we had better ask him: I asked him then how long he had been in King-street when they fired? He said he went from Mr. Field's when the bells rung, when he got to Walker's corner, he saw many persons coming from Cornhill, who he was told had been quarreling with the soldiers down there, that he went with them as far as the stocks, that he stopped 214there, but they passed on: While he was standing there he saw many things thrown at the Sentry. I asked him if he knew what was thrown? He said he heard the things strike against the guns, and they sounded hard, he believed they were oyster shells and ice; he heard the people huzza every time they heard any thing strike that sounded hard: that he then saw some soldiers going down towards the Custom-house, that he saw the people pelt them as they went along, after they had got down there, he crossed over towards Warden and Vernon's shop, in order to see what they would do, that as he was passing he was shot, that he was taken up and carried home to Mr. Field's 11 by some of his friends. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers would fire? He told me he thought the soldiers would have fired long before. I then asked him whether he thought the soldiers were abused a great deal, after they went down there? He said, he thought they were. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers would have been hurt, if they had not fired? He said he really thought they would, for he heard many voices cry out, kill them. I asked him then, meaning to close all, whether he thought they fired in self defence, or on purpose to destroy the people? He said, he really thought they did fire to defend themselves; that he did not blame the man whoever he was, that shot him. This conversation was on Wednesday 7 March, He always gave the same answers to the same questions, every time I visited him.
Q. Was he apprehensive of his danger?
A. He was told of it. He told me also, he was a native of Ireland, that he had frequently seen mobs, and soldiers called upon to quell them: whenever he mentioned that, he always called himself a fool, that he might have known better, that he had seen soldiers often fire on the people in Ireland, but had never seen them bear half so much before they fired in his life.
Q. How often did he repeat this conversation?
A. Almost every day I saw him, though he was more particular, the day but one after he was shot.
Q. How long did he live after he received his wound?
A. Ten days.
Q. When had you the last conversation with him?
A. About four o'clock in the afternoon, preceeding the night on which he died, and he then particularly said, he forgave the man whoever he was that shot him, he was satisfied he had no malice, but fired to defend himself.
Q. Did you yourself see any of the transactions at Murray's barracks on that evening?
A. On the evening of the 5th March, I was at my father's, opposite Mr. Cooper's meeting; about nine, one of the neighbours run in, (a woman) she said to my father, pray sir come out, there will be murder, the soldiers and people are fighting: I went directly towards Murray's barracks, before I got to them I found the passage way stopped up so that I could not pass; by a number of people of all sorts, I saw no soldiers just at that minute; I got upon Dr. Hyron's steps, I saw several soldiers towards Mr. Greenleaf's, I think there were three, one of them had a pair of tongs in his hand, another had a stick I think, he was the second, he that had the tongs was the first, behind them were several officers driving the soldiers towards the barrack gate, ordering them to go in, I saw them strike them, they turned them into the gate, they then shut the barrack gate intirely, I think the officers did that themselves; as they were putting them in, there were a great many snow balls thrown at them, they were called cowards, cowardly rascals, and that they were afraid to fight.
Q. What number of people do you think were there?
A. There were as many as could stand betwixt the steps and the side of the way; I took the alley to be as full as it could be, for others were pressing to get into that street and could not; I judge not less than seventy or eighty could fill that space of ground: the officers told the people not a soldier should come out, at that time I saw a gentleman speak to some of the officers, who I then took to be Mr. Palmes, I asked the person next me if he knew the names of either of the officers? He pointed to one, and said that was Capt. Goldfinch; while the gentleman was talking with Capt. Goldfinch (it was some time, about seven or eight minutes I stood on the same spot) there was a great deal of abusive language given to them, they were repeatedly called lobsters; they promised the gentleman who was speaking to them, that if any body had been injured, enquiry should be made next day, and the persons should be punished, I heard this repeated four or five different times, they spoke also to the people in general; while they were talking I saw snow balls thrown at the officers, which struck the door before which they stood; they begged the people would go away; they said they would not; the officers said, they had done all they could, they had turned the soldiers in and shut the gate, that no soldiers should come out that evening; some body replied, you mean they dare not come out, you dare not let them out; many persons cried let us go home, others said no, we shall find some soldiers in King street, a 216number of them then passed up the alley, as they went up they huzzaed and made a noise against the fences and side of the walls; I then passed up the alley myself into Cornhill, as soon as I got out of the alley I heard the Old-Brick bell ring.
Q. Did you hear Dr. Cooper's bell ring before?
A. I think not, I heard it afterwards. There were many in the street running, some with buckets enquiring where the fire was? There were many answers given in the street it is not fire, it is the soldiers fighting, I do not know from who, but from several quarters behind and before me; I went up Cornhill and saw a number of persons collected betwixt Mr. Jackson's shop and the Town-house.
A. About twenty, I thought many of them were the persons that had just left the alley, I had followed them with my eye and saw them stop there, many of them had sticks, they did not use them to walk with, as they went up they flourished them about.
Q. What number of sticks did you see flourishing in that manner?
A. I thought about two-thirds of them had sticks.
Q. Was there a general cry?
A. No, the chief was huzzaing. As they went up several of them struck against Jackson's shop-windows and said, damn it, here lives an importer, others ran more towards the Town-house and took up pieces of ice and threw at Jackson's windows and broke four panes of glass, I stood and counted them; at that time Mr. Cazneau came up and said, do not meddle with Mr. Jackson, let him alone, do not break his windows, and they left off throwing; the bigger part of them immediately pushed down King-street by the north side of the Town-house, others of them went betwixt the west door of the Town-house and Cornhill, and said, we will go to the guard; I then went over to the opening betwixt the south side of the Town-house and the Guard-house, to look down to see if they did stop there, at that time I heard a huzza I thought lower down King-street, it was not from any of the people I had then in view, these persons did not stop by the Guard-house, but run directly down King-Street; I then turned back, and returned by Cornhill through Boylston's alley, I found a small circle of people talking with the officers on the steps, about twelve; at that time Dr. Cooper's bell began to ring, one of the officers immediately cried out, pray stop that bell, I then left them and went to my father's.
Q. Did you see any person ring the bell?
A. No, I saw no person, but I saw a window open.
Q. Was any thing done to stop it?
A. I saw nothing done, I had been but a little while in the house, I had just took off my cloak when the girl ran in from the kitchen, and said there is a gun fired, I replied to the company, I did not believe it, for I had seen the officers put in the soldiers and shut the gate.
Captain Edmund Mason,12 sworn.
Q. By whom is the Sentry at the Custom-house placed?
A. The Sentinel at the Custom-house is placed by order of a commanding officer, the commanding officer was then Lieut. Col. Dalrymple, by his order a Sentry was placed at the Custom-house to take care of the money in the Cashier's office, books, &c. that is the duty of a Sentinel stationed at the Custom house.
Q. Had a Sentry alternately been placed there for some months before the 5th March?
A. Yes, for many months before, ever since I came to the town, and the Sentinel there cannot stir till the commanding officer relieves him.
Q. Did you see the first order for placing the Sentinel at the commissioners office when they kept at Concert-hall?
A. I did not, I was not then in the country.
Thomas Hall, sworn. Produced on the part of the Crown.
A. Yes, White, Killroy, Wemms, and Carrol.
Q. Did White say any thing to you on the 5th of March last?
A. Yes. I went down King-street just after the bells began to ring, and he said, Hall, I am molested and imposed on on my post, I cannot keep my post clear; Hall take care of yourself, there will be something done by and bye. I moved away to the corner of Stone's house and there stood.
Q. Were any number of people about the Sentinel at that time?
A. Yes, there were about twenty, he said he could not keep his post clear. They said he dared not fire. He cocked his gun on the steps, then he presented his gun, and they drew off again.
Q. What did he say to the people?
A. He desired them to keep off. Some were throwing snow balls, some oyster shells at him.
Q. Did you see any of them hit the Sentinel?
A. No; I saw them hit his gun two or three times; then he hollowed for the guard, and the guard came down.
Q. What expression did he use?
A. He hollowed soldiers come here, and they came seven men and the officer.
Q. What followed upon that?
A. As soon as they came down the people pressed in upon them; and they pushed with their bayonets to keep them off, but did not move out of their ranks.
Q. Were any snow balls, sticks, or stones, thrown at the party after they came down? A. No.
Q. Did the soldiers tell them to keep off?
A. Yes; but they still pressed on. Then one man fired, and I run down Royal-exchange-lane as fast as I could.
Q. How near did you stand to the party?
A. About twelve or fourteen feet off.
Q. Were there people between you and the party?
A. Yes, ten or twelve.
Q. What was the general cry?
A. Fire, fire, you dare not fire, fire and be damned.
John Stewart, sworn.
Betwixt eight and nine o'clock on the 5th of March as I was going home to Green's lane, I met five or six men with sticks in their hands, about the middle of it I met with much the same number, and at the end of it I met with much the same number.
Q. Which way were they going?
A. They were going into town towards King-street.
Captain Barbason O Hara, 13 sworn.
Q. Do you know Carrol one of the prisoners?
A. I have known him these four years by a particular circumstance. I landed at a battery where he was on duty, and entered into conversation with him; and I have took particular notice of him ever since.
Q. What is his general character?
A. That of a discreet sober orderly man.
Q. Do you know if a Sentinel was constantly placed at the Custom-house?
A. Yes, for several months before last March, by order from the Commanding officer.
Theodore Bliss, Carpenter, sworn.
On the evening of the 5th of March I was in my own house, be- 219twixt nine and ten I heard the bells ring for fire, I went out of the house and came into King-street; I there saw the soldiers and the officer. I went to the officer and asked him if his men were loaded, he said they were; I asked him if they were loaded with ball, he made me no answer, I asked if they were going to fire, he said they could not fire without his orders; directly I saw a snow ball and stick come from behind me which struck the grenadier on the right, which I took to be Warren, he fended it off with his musket as well as he could, and immediately he fired.
Q. Where did he stand?
A. He was the first man on the right, and the third man from the officer; immediately after the first gun, the officer turned to the right and I turned to the left and went down the lane; I heard the word fire given, but whether it was the town's people or the officer, I do not know.
Q. Were any blows given to the soldiers before the firing?
A. I saw none.
Q. Were any blows given after the first and before the second gun fired? A. No.
Q. Did you, or did you not, after the first gun was fired see a blow aimed? A. I did not.
Q. Did you not aim a blow yourself?
A. Yes, when I was going away.
Q. How large was that stick you saw thrown?
A. About an inch diameter.
Q. Did the soldier sally or step back when the stick struck him?
A. I saw only his body, I did not see his feet.
Q. Directly on the first gun's going off, did any close in upon the soldiers, and aim a blow or blows at them?
A. I did myself, whether any one else did or not I cannot tell. When I was about three or four rod from my own house, I heard the soldiers were quarrelling with the inhabitants, some inhabitants said, We had better go and see it out.
Q. What number was coming down along with you?
A. Six or eight, in some places eight or ten, in others one after another, all the way along from the South-end; the people were saying, the soldiers were quarrelling with the inhabitants—breeding a rumpus—going to beat the inhabitants. Some said we had better go home—others lets go now and see it out—it is the best time now—and now is the only time.
Q. Had they buckets? A. Yes.
Q. Had all of them buckets? A. No.
Q. What had the rest?
A. Some had nothing at all, some had walking canes.
Q. What was the general cry before the firing?
A. Fire, damn you, why do you not fire, you dare not fire.
Q. Are you sure it was the man nighest to the Custom-house that fired first, and that the stick struck?
A. Yes, I think I am certain of it.
Henry Bass, Merchant, sworn. Produced on the part of the Crown.
On the evening of the 5th of March I left my house in Winter-street, and went to see a friend in the neighbourhood of Dr. Cooper's meeting. I went down the main-street, and coming near Boylston's alley, I saw a number of boys and children from twelve to fifteen years old, betwixt Mr. Jackson's and the alley; some of them had walking canes. A number of soldiers, I think four, sallied out of the alley.
Q. How many boys were there? A. Six or eight.
Q. What time of night was it?
A. About five minutes after nine. I took the soldiers for grenadiers, all of them had cutlasses drawn.
Q. Did they come out of the barracks?
A. They came out of the alley, and I imagine from the barracks; they fell on these boys, and every body else that came in their way, they struck them; they followed me and almost over took me, I had the advantage of them and run as far as Col. Jackson's, there I made a stand, they came down as far as the stone shop.
Q. Did you see that their cutlasses were drawn?
A. Yes, it was a very bright night, these lads came down, some of them came to the Market square, one got a stave, others pieces of pine, they were very small, I do not know whether any of the lads were cut. I turned and then saw an oyster-man, who said to me, damn it here is what I have got by going up; (showing his shoulder wounded) I put my finger into the wound and blooded it very much. This oyster man made a stand, and several people got round him asking him questions.
Q. What time was this? A. About 7 minutes after nine.
Q. Was it before the bells rung as for fire or after?
A. It was some time before. My way lay through that alley where the barracks were, but I did not think it safe to go up that way, I returned home by the way of Royal exchange-lane.
Q. When you got to Dock-square, were there a number of people there?
A. This affair of the oyster-man gathered numbers, before that there were not above eight, all little lads, in a little time I imagine about twenty gathered. I passed up Royal-exchange-lane by the Sentinel, quite near him, I suppose there were not above fifteen persons in King-street, very few for such a pleasant night; it was then about fifteen minutes after nine.
Q. Where was the Sentinel?
A. Close to the corner of the Custom house, I came quite near him.
Q. Did you see no boys by him? A. None at all.
Q. Did the bells ring then?
A. No. I went up from Royal-exchange-lane to the north-side of the Town house, and when I came there the Old Brick meeting house bell began to ring.
Q. Did this gather a great many?
A. Yes. I proceeded towards home, I met several of my acquaintance and told them there was no fire, but there had been a quarrel with the soldiers and inhabitants, but that it was all over, in particular I met Mr. Chase, presently after another bell rung.
Q. What bell was that? A. Dr. Cooper's.
Q. What else did you see?
A. Nothing more. I had got to Winter street when I heard the guns fire.
Q. Did you know previous to the Old Brick bell's ringing, that it was to ring to alarm the inhabitants?
A. I did not, but after it had rung I knew it.
Q. At the time when you saw the soldiers run out of the alley, did you hear any body say there had been a great number of people at the barracks? A. No.
Edward Paine, Merchant, sworn. Produced on the part of the Crown.
On Monday evening the 5th March I went to Mr. Amory's, while I was there the bell rung, which I supposed was for nine o'clock, Mrs. Amory said she imagined it was fire, I looked at the clock, it was twenty minutes after nine; I was going out to enquire where the fire was, Mr. Taylor came in, he said there was no fire, but he understood the soldiers were coming up to cut down Liberty-tree; I then went out to make enquiry, when I came out of the door, before I had got into King-street, I met Mr. Walker the ship carpenter, I asked him what the matter was? He said the soldiers had sallied out from Smith's barracks, and had fell on the inhabitants, and had cut and wounded a 222number of them, but that they were drove into the barracks: I then went to my house to inform Mrs. Payne that it was not fire, apprehending she might be frightned; I immediately went out again, and when I came into the street, there was nobody in the street at all; the Sentry at the Custom House was walking by himself as usual, nobody near him; I went up towards the Town house, and stood by the watch-house, where were a number of people, I enquired of them what the matter was? They gave me the same account Mr. Walker did. While I stood there, I heard a considerable noise in Cornhill, and presently I heard a noise of some people coming up Silsby's-alley, at first I imagined it was soldiers coming up that alley, and had some thoughts of retiring up the Town-house steps, but soon found they were inhabitants, I stood till they came up to me, I believe there might be twenty at the extent, some of the persons had sticks, some had not, I believe there were as many with sticks as without, they made a considerable noise, and cried, where are they? Where are they? At this time there came up a barber's boy and said the Sentry at the Custom house had knocked down a boy belonging to their shop; the people then turned about and went down to the Sentry; I then was left as it were alone: I proceeded towards my own house, when I had got about half way, I met Mr. Spear the cooper, he said, Mr. Payne do not go away, I am afraid the Main-guard will come down; I told him I was more afraid of those people that had surrounded the Sentry, and desired him if he had any influence over them to endeavour to take them off; I then proceeded towards my own house, and when I got as far as Mr. Davis's, directly opposite to the Custom-house: I saw a number of persons going up the steps at the Custom-house, and heard a violent knocking at the door, the Sentry stood by the box as I took it, I stopt to see if they opened the Custom house door to let them in, I found they did not open the door; I then retired to my own house, and stood on the sill of my door.
Q. Was there noise by the Sentry?
A. Yes, a confused noise, five or six were upon the steps, I remained at my door, and Mr. Harrison Gray came up and stood there talking with me; the people were crying out fire! fire! Damn you, why do you not fire?
Q. Was this before the soldiers came down?
A. Yes. Mr. Gray and I were talking of the foolishness of the people in calling the Sentry to fire on them; in about a minute after, I saw a number of soldiers come down from the Main guard, and it appeared to me they had their muskets in a horizontal posture, they went towards 223the Custom house, and shoved the people from the house, I did not see in what manner they drew up: at this time Mr. Bethune joined us on my steps at the door, and the noise in the street continued much the same as before, fire! fire! Damn you, fire! why do you not fire? Soon after this, I thought I heard a gun snap, I said to Mr. Gray, there is a gun snapped, did you not hear it? He said yes; immediately a gun went off, I reached to see whether it was loaded with powder, or any body lying dead, I heard three more, then there was a pause, and I heard the iron rammers go into their guns, and then there was three more discharged, one after another; it appeared to me there were seven in all, as soon as the last gun was discharged I perceived I was wounded, and went into the house.
Q. Was it the last gun wounded you?
A. I do not know, I did not feel it before the last gun went off.
Q. Did you see any body throw any thing at the soldiers?
A. No, I was not near enough to see whether the people struck or threw any thing at the soldiers.
Q. How many people were about them?
A. From fifty to an hundred.
Q. Were they near to them? A. Pretty nigh.
Q. Could you see all the soldiers? A. Yes.
FIVE o'clock, p.m. the Court adjourned till Monday morning 3 December, nine o'Clock.14
Wemms Trial 101–134.
That is, belonging to the guard at the fortification across Boston Neck at what is now the intersection of Dover and Washington streets.
Most of the drummers were Negroes. Everard, History of the 29th Regiment 55.
See Rex v. Preston, note 4 54 .
A colorful Boston justice of the peace. See 2 JA, Diary and Autobiography 45–46.
Presumably Justice of the Peace Edmund Quincy.
Edward Pain, or Payne, lived almost directly opposite the Custom House. See Revere Plan.
The man who had helped rescue James Otis in the fracas of 5 Sept. 1769. See 11 Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates 278.
Although the meaning of this expression is clear from what follows, the editors are ignorant of its origin.
(1745–1819), Harvard 1763, émigré, in 1785 became the first man (with his companion, Blanchard) to fly—by balloon—across the English Channel. See 1 Sabine, Loyalists 573; DAB . He was the Adamses' family physician during their London sojourn in the 1780's (see 3 JA, Diary and Autobiography 203 note) and returned to Boston in 1790. Stark, Loyalists of Mass. 395. There is some evidence that his prewar practice suffered on account of his testifying on behalf of the soldiers. Jones, Loyalists of Mass. 180.
Carr “worked with a Mr. Field, a leather-breeches-maker in Queen Street.” Drake, History and Antiquities of Boston 782.
Captain in the 14th Regiment. Army List 1770 68.
“More Evidence offered by Crown to prove Threats and Behaviour of Soldiers, but time would not admit and therefore agreed there was reason for going armed and coming out that night.” Paine Massacre Notes.
Adams’ Digest of Evidence1: 29 November–1 December 1770 JA Adams’ Digest of Evidence: 29 November–1 December 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Digest of Evidence1
Evidence of Commotions that Evening.
James Crawford. Went home to Bulls Wharf at dark about 6 O Clock. Met Numbers of People, going down towards the Town House, with sticks. At Calfs Corner, Saw above a dozen with sticks. In Quaker Lane and Greens Lane met many, going towards King Street. Very great Sticks, pretty large Cudgells, not common Walking Canes.
Archibald Gould. Going to Crawfords at Bulls Wharf. At 8, at Swing Bridge, the People were walking from all Quarters with Sticks, 224that I was afraid to go Home. Went thro Greens Lane, and met many People, the Street in such Commotion, as I hardly ever saw in my Life. Uncommon Sticks, such as a Man would pull out of an Hedge. At Hancocks Wharfe when the Bells began to ring. Mem. It must have been later.
Archibald Wilson, William Hunter, David Mitchelson, James Selkrigg, Archibald Bowman, Wm. Dixon, 6 of em were all at one House at Mr. Hunters, and all agree in their general account. And with em concurs B. Davis.
John Gillespie. At 7 went up to the South End to Mr. Silvester's. Met 40 or 50, with white Sticks, in small Parties of 4 or 5 in a Party. This was thro the main Street.
Thos. Knight. At his own Door. 8 or 10 passed with Sticks or Clubbs, and one of em said d—n their Bloods let us go and attack the main Guard first, the Bell ringing. One of em made a Pause, and said, let us go and get our Guns or I'le go and get my Gun. Went in and told his Wife he believd there would be bloodshed. This also was in the main Street.
Nat. Russell vid.
Mem. If these Witnesses are believed, People were in Motion both in the main Street leading from the Town House towards the South End, and in Quaker Lane, and Greens Lane.
Archibald Wilson, Hunter, Mitchelson, Selkrig, Bowman, Dixon. 6 of em were all at one House at Mr. Hunters in Dock Square and all agree in their general Account, tho they dont all remember the same Circumstances. Their general Account is that many People came from the North End and assembled in Dock Square, made Several Attempts in small Parties at Murrays Barracks but came running hastily back, as if driven back by the Soldiers. Many had Staves, tho many had none. After some time there appeard among em a Gentleman with a red Cloak and a white Wigg. He made a Speech to em of 4 or 5 minutes. Then they proposed to go to K. Street and attack the main Guard, and the Effect immediately followed. One Party under one Leader went round and up Cornhill, another Party up royal exchange Lane, and a 3d up Silsbys Alley. And several proposed to cry fire. Fire was cryed, several Times, and the Bells soon after rung.
In Confirmation of the Testimonies of these 6 Scotch Gentlemen we have the Testimonies of Shubael Hewes and B. Davis.
Mr. Hewes, Says he was in D. Square. Saw by the Markett a Number coming from the North End. A Number of Lads, came along, and tryed to pull out, and break the Leggs of the Stalls. 6 or 7 of em, cant say exactly the Number.
Mr. Davis says. A Number came 3 or 4 and cryd where are any Clubbs, or Cordwood Sticks, cryd Fire, Fire, Fire.
This Assembly of People in D. Square was undoubtedly a Riot. In those I mean, to set off for K.S. to attack the main Guard this was an unlawful Design, and End.
Dr. Hyrons very particular. Vid. page 26.2
Captn. Gold finch—page 28.
Patrick Keeton page 30.
Wm. Davis. page 21.
Benja. Lee. page 34.
John Frost 34.
John Ruddock Esqr.
Greg. Townsend Esqr. 37.
James Thompson 29.
McCauley.—Jona. W. Austin.3
Hartegan.—J. Danbrook. J. Simpson.
Carrol.—J. Bailey. Danbrook.
Wemms.—E. Bridgman. J. Simpson.
Kilroy.—E. G. Langford. F. Archbald. J. Brewer, Ferriter and Hemenway.
White.—S. Clark. E. G. Langford. J. Bailey. J. Simpson.
Montgomery.—J. Bailey. R. Palmes. J. Danbrook. J. Bass. Thos. Wilkinson.
Warren.—E. Bridgman. J. Dodge. J. Simpson. Ferriter.
Attack, Assault and Insult. Crown Witnesses
E. Bridgman. A Number of Things, Ice or Snow, thrown, Sticks struck the Guns. About 12 with Sticks, surrounded the Party and struck their Guns with their Sticks several Blows, when the Soldiers were loading. The People went up quite to them with in the length of their Guns, before the firing. Number were coming down by the Town House. Call'd em cowardly Rascalls. Dared em to fire. All the Bells rung. The ratling of a Blow before the firing very violent.
J. Dodge. About 50 People very near the Soldiers. Ice and snow Balls thrown, Sticks rattled upon their Guns. The Balls seemed to come from close before em.
J. Bailey. The Boys hove Pieces of Ice at Sentry as big as your fist, hard and large enough to hurt a Man.
Montgomery was knocked down, and his Musquet fell out of his Hand, by a Clubb or Stick of Wood by one of the Inhabitants, and as soon as he got up he fired. The Clubb was not thrown but I saw him struck with it. He fell down and the Gun fell out of his Hand. The Blow was very violent.
R. Palmes. Saw a Piece of Ice or Snow, or something white strike Montgomerys Gun. It struck the Grenadier and made a Noise. He fell back and fired.
J. Danbrook. Saw a little Stick flyover their Heads, a Piece of a rattan or some such Thing.
J. Bass. Saw a Stick knocked to knock up Montgomerys Gun. It knocked it up 5 or 6 Inches.
J. Simpson. Saw one Man going to throw a Clubb, but he did not. Saw one Clubb, thrown in to the Soldiers. It hit one of the Soldiers Guns, I heard it Strike. The Person that threw it stood 10 Yards from the soldiers. The Stick was thrown 1 or 2 seconds before the 1st. Gun, a white birch Cordwood Stick, an inch thick.
B. Burdick. Had an highland broad Sword in my Hand. I struck at the Soldier who pushed at me, and had I struck 2 or 3 Inches farther, I should have left a Mark that I could have Sworn to. I struck the Cock of his Gun. Saw a short Stick thrown about 2 or 3 foot long. Heard a Ratling.
R. Williams. Saw the People some huzzaing, some whistling. Somebody said dont press upon the Guard, The People seemed to be pressing. Saw some snow Balls thrown.
Assault upon the Sentry.4 1.
Adams Massacre Minutes, MB MS, final portion. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
The numbers, it is clear from an examination of the MS, refer to then numbered pages of JA's trial minutes, in this instance MHi MS 3, Doc. XII above.
This and the next seven brief paragraphs represent JA's defendant-by-defendant breakdown of the testimony with respect to the actual firing. Paine also made one, as did juror Edward Pierce and an unidentified contemporary. See Paine Massacre Notes, Pierce Notes (printed in note 4 247 below), and Oliver Papers MHi (not printed here).
This caption appears at the head of an otherwise blank leaf in JA's Massacre Minutes, MB MS.
Josiah Quincy’s Argument for the Defense1: 3 December 1770 Quincy, Josiah Jr. Josiah Quincy’s Argument for the Defense: 3 December 1770 Quincy, Josiah Jr.
Josiah Quincy's Argument for the Defense1
Monday 3 December, NINE o' Clock, the Court met according to adjournment, and proceeded.
Mr. Josiahm Quincy, junr.
May it please your Honours, and you Gentlemen of the Jury,
We have at length gone through the evidence in behalf of the 227prisoners. The witnesses have now placed before you, that state of facts, from which results our defence. The examination has been so lengthy, that I am afraid some painful sensations arise, when you find that you are now to sit and hear the remarks of council. But you should reflect, that no more indulgence is shown to the Prisoners now on trial, than has ever been shown in all capital causes: the trial of one man has often taken up several days; when you consider, therefore, that there are eight lives in issue, the importance of the trial will show the necessity of its length. To each of the prisoners different evidence applies, and each of them draw their defence from different quarters.
I stated to you, Gentlemen, your duty, in opening this cause—do not forget the discharge of it. You are paying a debt you owe the community for your own protection and safety: by the same mode of trial are your own rights to receive a determination; and in your turn, a time may come, when you will expect and claim a similar return from some other jury of your fellow subjects.
In opening, I pointed out the dangers to which you were exposed; I trust your own recollection will now preclude a recapitulation of them. The reasons of what I then said, I trust have in some measure appeared: the propriety of some of those observations has been corroborated by succeed evidence; and you must have traced yourselves, some of those consequences, turning out in evidence, which have had an intimate relation, if not their origin, with some or all of those opinions, notions, sentiments or passions (call them what you will) which I took occasion to observe, as clues, aids, and leading-strings, in our intended examination and decision.
How much need was there for my desire, that you should suspend your judgment till the witnesses were all examined? How different is the complexion of the cause? Will not all this serve to show every honest man, the little truth to be attained in partial hearings? We have often seen communities complain of ex parte testimonies: individuals, as well as societies, of men, are equally susceptible of injuries of this kind: this trial ought to have another effect, it should serve to convince us all, of the impropriety, nay injustice, of giving a latitude in conversation upon topicks, likely to come under a judicial decision; the criminality of this conduct is certainly inhanced, when such loose sallies and discourses are so prevalent as to be likely to touch the life of a citizen. Moreover there is so little certainty to be obtained by such kind of methods, I wonder we so often find them practiced. In the present case, how great was the prepossession against us? And I appeal to you, Gentlemen, what cause there now is to alter our sentiments. 228Will any sober, prudent man countenance the proceedings of the people in King street—can any one justify their conduct—is there any one man, or any body of men, who are interested to espouse and support their conduct? Surely no. But our enquiry must be confined to the legality of their conduct: and here can be no difficulty. It was certainly illegal, unless many witnesses are directly perjured: Witnesses who have no apparent interest to falsify—witnesses, who have given their testimony with candor and accuracy—witnesses, whose credibility stands untouched—whose credibility, the council for the king, do not pretend to impeach; or hint a suggestion to their disadvantage.
I say, Gentlemen, by the standard of the law are we to judge the actions of the people who were the assailants, and those who were the assailed, and then on duty. And here, Gentlemen, the rule, we formerly laid down, takes place. To the facts, Gentlemen, apply yourselves. Consider them as testified: weigh the credibility of the witnesses—balance their testimony—compare the several parts of it—see the amount of it: and then according to your oaths “Make true deliverance according to your evidence.” That is Gentlemen, having settled the facts, bring them truely to the standard of the law; the king's judges who are acquainted with it, who are presumed best to know it, will then inspect this great standard of right and wrong, truth and justice; and they are to determine the degree of guilt to which the fact rises.
But before we come to those divisions of enquiry, under which I intend to consider the evidence, let me once more carefully distinguish between the transactions in Cornhill and those by the Custom House.
The conduct of the soldiers in Cornhill may well be supposed to have exasperated the minds of all who beheld their behaviour. Their actions accumulated guilt as it flew—at least, we may well suppose, the incensed people who related them, added new colours to the scene. The flame of resentment imperceptibly enkindles, and a common acquaintance with human nature will shew, that it is no extravagant supposition, to imagine many a moderate man might at such a season, with such sentiments, which I have more than once noticed;—hearing such relations and complaints; I say do I injure any one, in supposing, that under all these circumstances, a very moderate person, who in ordinary matters acted with singular discretion, should now be drawn imperceptibly away, or rather transported into measures, which in a future moment he would condemn and lament. What more natural supposition, than to suppose many an honest mind might at this 229time fluctuate thus. The soldiers are here—we wish them away: we did not send for them—they have cut and wounded the peaceable inhabitants, and it may be my turn next. At this instant of time, he has a fresh detail of injuries—resentment redoubles every successive moment—huzza! for the Main-guard: we are in a moment before the Custom House. No time is given for recollection. We find, from the king's evidence, and from our own, the cry was “Here is a soldier!” Not here is the soldier who has injured us—here is the fellow who wounded the man in Cornhill. No, the reasoning or rather ferment seems to be, the soldiers have committed an outrage, we have an equal right to inflict punishment—or rather revenge, which they had to make an assault. They said right, but never considered that, those soldiers had no right at all. These are sentiments natural enough to persons in this state of mind—we can easily suppose even good men thinking and acting thus. Very similar to this is the force of Dr. Hirons's testimony, and some others. But our enquiry is—What says the law? We must calmly enquire, whether this, or any thing like it, is countenanced by the law. What is natural to the man, what are his feelings are one thing: what is the duty of the citizen is quite another. Reason must resume her seat—and then we shall hear, and obey the voice of the law.
The law indulges no man in being his own avenger. Early, in the history of jurisprudence, we find the sword taken from the party injured, and put into the hands of the magistrate. Were not this the case, punishment would know no bounds in extent or duration. Besides, it saps the very root of distributive justice, when any individual invades the prerogative of law, and snatches from the civil magistrate the balance and the rod. How much more are the pillars of security shaken, when a mixt body, assembled as those in King street, assume the province of justice, and invade the rights of the citizen? For it must not be forgot, that the soldier is a citizen, equally in titled with us all to protection and security. Hence all are alike obliged to pay obedience to the law: For the price of this protection is that of obedience.
Let it not be apprehended, that I am advancing a doctrine, that a soldier may attack an inhabitant, and he not allowed to defend himself. No Gentlemen! if a soldier rush violently through the street and presents a weapon of death, in a striking posture; no doubt the person assailed may defend himself, even to taking the life of the assailant. Revenge and a sense of self preservation instantly take possession of the person thus attacked; and the law goes not upon the absurd suppo-230sition, that a person can in these circumstances, unman himself. Hence we find a husband, taking his wife in the act of adultery, instantly seizes a deadly weapon and slays the adulterer;—it is not murder. Nay a fillip upon the nose or forehead, in anger, is supposed by the law to be sufficient provocation to reduce killing to Manslaughter. It is, therefore, upon principles like these, principles, upon which those, who now bear the hardest against us, at other times, so much depend; it is, I say, upon the right of self-defence and self-preservation we rely for our acquittal.
Here again it should be kept in view, that whenever the party injurying has escaped by flight, and time sufficient for the passions to cool, in judgment of law, hath elapsed; however great the injury, the injured party must have recourse to law for his redress. Such is the wisdom of the law; of that law, than which we are none of us to presume ourselves wiser; of that law, which is founded in the experience of ages, and which in condescension to the infirmities of flesh and blood (but to nothing else) extenuates the offence. For “no man, says the learned Judge Foster, under the protection of the law is to be the avenger of his own wrongs. If they are of such a nature for which the laws of society will give him an adequate remedy, thither he ought to resort. But be they of what nature soever, he ought to bear his lot with patience, and remember, that vengeance belongeth to the Most High.” Crown Law 296.2 Now, Gentlemen, those, whoever they were, who committed the outrage in Cornhill, had absconded— the soldiers, who are supposed to have done them, were confined in their barracks. People were repeatedly told this, and assured by the military officers, that they should not go unpunished. But what followed? Are all present appeased? We are constrained, by the force of the evidence, to affirm they were not. But to get regular and right ideas, we must consider all the commotions of the season, and endeavour to come at truth by analyzing the evidence, and arranging it, under distinct heads of enquiry.
Mr. Quincy now entered, at large, upon a review of the appearances in several parts of the town: he was copious upon the expressions and behaviour sworn to.
He, then, more particularly recapitulated the evidence touching Murray's Barracks, Dock-square, and the Market-place.3
He next pursued several parties, through the several lanes and streets, till they centered at the scene of action.
The testimonies of the witnesses, who swore to the repeated information given the people;—that the Sentry and party were on duty;—that they were desired to withdraw and warned of the consequences;—were in their order considered.4
Under the next three heads, was remarked “the temper of the Sentry, of the party of soldiers, and of the people surrounding them.”
The words, insult and gestures of the same persons were next pointed out: and from thence was collected the designs of the persons assaulting, and the reasonable apprehensions of those assaulted.5
Mr. Quincy then came to the attack itself;—considering who the persons were(namely some sailors;) remarking minutely the words and actions immediately preceeding the on set; the weapons used; the violence of the assault and battery; and the danger of the soldiers.6
Mr. Quincy next exhibited those parts of the testimonies, which evidenced the attack continued after the firing.7
Under all these heads, there was methodically stated the number of the witnesses to each point, and by a comparative view of all the proofs, conclusions drawn as to the force of the whole.
The next consideration, in this mode of enquiry, was the evidence as severally pertaining to each prisoner; with such observations, on the one hand, as served to shew a defect of legal proof as to fact; on the other, such matters served to justify, excuse or extenuate the offence, in law.8
And particularly with regard to Killroy, 9 Mr. Quincy cited and commented on the following passages from Judge Foster's Crown law, and the Marquiss of Beccaria's Essay on Crimes and punishments.
“WORDS are often misrepresented, whether through ignorance, in attention, or malice, it mattereth not the defendant, he is equally effected in either case; and they are extremely liable to misconstruction. And with all, this evidence is not in the ordinary course of things to be disproved by that sort of negative evidence by which the proof of plain facts may be and often is confronted.” Crown Law, 243.10
“Finally, the CREDIBILITY of a witnesses is NULL, when the question relates to the WORDS of a criminal; for the tone of voice, the gesture, all that preceds, accompanies and follows the different ideas which men annex to the same words, may so alter and modify a man's discourse, that it is almost impossible to repeat them precisely in the manner in which they were spoken. Besides, violent and uncommon actions, such as real crimes, leave a trace in the multitude of circumstances that attend them, and in their effects; but Words remain only in the memory of the hearers, who are commonly negligent or prejudiced. It is infinitely easier then to found an accusation on the Words, than on the actions of a man; for in these, the number of circumstances, urged against the accused, afford him variety of means of justifications.” Essay 48, 9.11
After having thus gone through the evidence, and considered it as applicatory to all and every of the prisoners, the next matter in order seems to be the consideration of the law pertinent upon this evidence.
And here, Gentlemen, let me again inform you, that the law which is to pass upon these prisoners, is a law adapting itself to the human speices, with all their feelings, passions and infirmities; a law which does not go upon the absurd supposition, that men are stocks and stones; or that in the fervour of the blood, a man can act with the diliberation and judgment of a philosopher. No Gentlemen:—the law supposes that a principle of resentment, for wise and obvious reasons, is deeply implanted in the human heart; and not to be eradicated by the efforts of state policy. It, therefore, in some degree conforms itself to all the workings of the passions, to which it pays a great indulgence, so far as not to be wholly incompatible, with the wisdom, good order and the very being of government.
Keeping therefore this full in view, let us take once more, a very 233brief and cursory survey of matters supported by the evidence. And, here, let me ask sober reason—What language more approbrious—What actions more exasperating, than those used on this occasion? Words, I am sensible are no justification of blows, but they serve as the grand clues to discover the temper and the designs of the agents: they serve also to give us light in discerning the apprehensions and thoughts of those who are the objects of abuse.
“You lobster,” “You bloody-back,” “You coward,” and “You dastard,” are but some of the expressions proved.—What words more galling? What more cutting and provoking to a soldier? To be reminded of the colour of his garb, by which he was distinguished from the rest of his fellow citizens; to be compared to the most despicable animal, that crawls upon the earth, was touching indeed a tender point, To be stigmatized with having smarted under the lash, at the halbert,12 to be twitted with so in famous an ignominy; which was either wholly undeserved, or a grievance which should never have been repeated:—I say to call up and awaken sensations of this kind, must sting even to madness. But accouple these words with the succeeding actions,—“You dastard,” “You coward!”—A soldier and a coward! This was touching, (with a witness) “The point of honour, and the pride of virtue.” But while these are as yet fomenting the passions, and swelling the bosom, the attack is made: and probably the latter words were reitterated at the onset; at lest, were yet sounding in the ear. Gentlemen of the jury, for heaven's sake, let us put ourselves in the same situation!13 Would you not spurn at that spiritless institution of society, which tells you to be a subject at the expence of your manhood?
But does the soldier step out of his ranks to seek his revenge? Not a witness pretends it: Did the people repeatedly come within the points of their bayonets, and strike on the muzzels of the guns?—You have heard the witnesses.
Does the law allow one member of the community to behave in this manner towards his fellow citizen, and then bid the injured party be calm and moderate? The expressions from one party were “Stand off—stand off”—“I am upon my station”—“if they molest me upon my post, I will fire.”—“By God I will fire!”—Keep off!” These were words likely to produce reflection and procure peace. But had the words on 234the other hand a similar tendency? Consider the temper prevalent among all parties at this time. Consider the then situation of the soldiery; and come to the heat and pressure of the action. The materials are laid, the spark is raised, the fire in kindles, the flame rages, the understanding is in wild disorder, all prudence and true wisdom are utterly consumed. Does common sense, does the law expect impossibilities? Here to expect equanimity of temper, would be as irrational, as to expect discretion in a mad man. But was any thing done on the part of the assailants, similar to the conduct, warnings and declarations of the prisoners? Answer for yourselves, Gentlemen. The words reiterated, all around, stabbed to the heart, the actions of the assailants tended to a worse end; To awaken every passion of which the human breast is susceptible. Fear, anger, pride, resentment, revenge, alternately, take possession of the whole man. To expect, under these circumstances, that such words would asswage the tempest, that such actions would allay the flames—You might, as rationally, expect the inundations of a torrent would suppress a deluge; or rather, that the flames of Etna would extinguish a conflagration!
Prepare, Gentlemen of the Jury, now to attend to that species of law, which will adapt itself to this trial, with all its singular and aggravating circumstances. A law full of benignity, full of compassion, replete with mercy.
And here, Gentlemen, I must, agreeable to the method we formerly adopted, first tell you by what law the prisoners are not to be tried, or condemned. And they most certainly are not to be tried by the Mosaic law: a law, we take it, peculiarly designed for the government of a peculiar nation, who being in a great measure under a theocratical form of government, it's institutions cannot, with any propriety, be adduced for our regulation in these days. It is with pain, therefore, I have observed any endeavour to mislead our judgment on this occasion; by drawing our attention to the precepts delivered in the days of Moses; and by disconnected passages of Scriptures, applied in a manner foreign to their original design or import, there seems to have been an attempt to touch some peculiar sentiments, which we know are thought to be prevalent; and in this way, we take it, an injury is like to be done, by giving the mind a biass, it ought never to have received; because it is not warranted by our laws.
We have heard it publicly said of late, oftener, than formerly, “Whoso ever shedeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed.” This is plainly, Gentlemen, a general rule, which, like all others of the kind must have its exceptions. A rule, which if taken in it's strict 235litteral lattitude, would imply, that a man killing another in self-defence, would incur the pains of death. A doctrine, which no man in his senses would ever embrace: a doctrine that certainly never prevailed under the Mosaical institution. For we find, the Jews had their six cities of refuge, to which the mans layer might flee, from the avenger of blood.14 And something analogous to this, (if it did not originate from it) is our benefit of clergy.
And so, that “the murderer shall flee to the pit” comes under the same consideration. And when we hear it asked, as it very lately has been, “Who DARE slay him?” I answer, if the laws of our country slay him, you ought to do likewise; and every good subject dares to do what the law allows. But the very position is begging the question: for the question, now in issue, is, whether either of the prisoners is a murderer, in the sense of our laws; for you recollect, that what is murder and what not, is a question of law, arising upon facts stated and allowed.
But to go on; “You shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which is guilty of death.” 15 Here again, is a begging the question; and more over the words “guilty of death,” if rightly rendered from the original, must be one of those general rules, I just now mentioned; which always have their exceptions. But those words seem to be wrong translated: for in the margin of our great bible, we find them rendered “faulty to die.” Against a position of this kind we have no objection. If we have committed a fault, on which our laws inflict the punishment of death, we must suffer. But what fault we have cummitted you are to enquire: or rather you, Gentlemen, are to find the facts proved in Court against us, and the Judges are to see and consider what the law pronounces touching our offence, and what punishment is there by inflicted as a penalty.
In order to come at the whole law resulting from the facts which have been proved, we must enquire into the LEGALITY of the assemblies. For such is the wisdom and policy of the law, that if any assembly be lawful, each individual of that assembly is answerable only for his own act, and not for any other. On the contrary, if an assembly be unlawful, the act of any one of the company, to the particular purpose of assembling, is chargeable on all. This is law, which no lawyer will dispute; it is a law founded in the security of the peace of society, and however little considered, by people in general, it ought now steadily to be kept in mind.
Was the assembly of the soldiers lawful?
For What did the soldiers assemble?
Was the Sentinel insulted and attacked?
Did he call for assistance, and did the party go to assist him?
Was it lawful for them so to do?
Was the soldiers when thus lawfully assembled, assaulted, &c. by a great number of people assembled, &c.
Was this last assembly lawful?
Was any thing done by this unlawful assembly, that will, in law, justify, excuse, or extenuate the offence of killing, so as to reduce it to manslaughter?
{ justifiable, { Or rather was it justifiable self-defence?
Was the killing excusable, { Or rather was it self defence culpable,—but through the benignity of the law excusable?
Or felonious?
If felonious, was it { with or without } Malice?
Under each of these heads of enquiry, in their order, Mr. Josiah Quincy arranged his arguments; and as he separated and compared, and settled the facts, he applied his law, with explanatory comments. In the course of which he necessarely run over again facts, that had been before noticed, which occasions our omission of this part of his defence. But for the sake of those, who would chuse to inspect, at their leisure, the authorities. They are here subjoined in the order in which they were cited.16
Hawkin's Vol. II. p.29.17 9. ibid.18 —Mutiny Act p. 115, 116, 117, 118 §78. 8.19—Blackstone's Com. Vol. I. p. 147, 262, 335, 33620 —Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 194, 19521—3d Institute p. 51. 5722— Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 191, 19223—Foster's Crown Law 276, 277, 278, 262, 25724—Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 200 top.25
Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 180, 28026—Foster's Crown Law p. 29827—3d Institute, 56 top28—Hawkins Vol. I. 75—ibid. 71 bot. ibid. 72 top29—Foster's Crown Law 273, 274.30—Keil. 128, 129, 51.31
Foster's Crown Law 278. 277. 276. 295.32
Blackstone Vol. IV p. 19133—Foster's Crown Law p. 27734—Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 19235—Foster's Crown Law p. 298. 296. 29236— 3d Institute p. 55 bot.37—Hawkins Vol. I. p. 82 bot., 84 mid.38— Hawkins pleas of the Crown Vol. I. p. 48439—Hawkins Vol. I. 85 mid.40—Cro. Car. p. 537 Cooks case41—Hale Vol. II. p. 27442— Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 18343—Hawkins Vol. I. p. 82 bot.44—Keil.p. 135 bot.45
Foster p. 261, 26246—Blackstone Vol. IV. p. 2747—Hawkins Vol. I. p. 84 §4448—Foster p. 350 §5.49
Hawkins Vol. I. Chap. 31, §2150—cites Bulstrode p. 86, 8751— Keil. p. 5152—Lord Bacon's Elem. 25.53
The law laid down, in Foster, 261, 2. before cited, being indisputable law, not denied or controverted; and being very material in the trial, and much relied on by the prisoners, is here set down at large.
“I will mention a case, (says the learned Judge,) which through the ignorance or lenity of juries hath been sometimes brought within the 239rule of accidental death. It is where a blow aimed at one person lighteth upon another and killeth him. This, in a loose way of speaking, may be called accidental with regard to the person who dieth by a blow not intended against HIM. But the law considereth this case in a quite different light. If from circumstances it appeareth that the injury intended to A. be it by poison, blow, or ANY OTHER MEANS OF DEATH, would have amounted to murder, supposing him to have been killed by it, it will amount to the same offence if B. happeneth to fall by the same means. Our books say, that in this case the malice egreditur personam. But to speak more intelligibly, where the injury intended against A. proceeded from a wicked, murderous, or mischievous motive, the party is answerable for all the consequences of the action, if death ensues, from it, though it had not its effect upon the person whom he intended to destroy. The malitia I have already explained, the heart regardless of social duty DELIBERATELY bent upon mischief, consequently the guilt of the party is just the same in the one case as the other. On the other hand, if the blow intended against A. and lighting on B. arose from a sudden tra n sport of passion which in case A. had died by it, would have been reduced to manslaughter, the fact will admit of the SAME ALLEVIATION if B. should happen to fall by it.” To the same effect are other authorities.
I have now gone thro' those authorities in law, which I thought pertinent to this trial. I have been thus lengthy, not for the information of the Court, but to satisfy you, Gentlemen, and all who may chance to hear me, of that law, which is well known to those of us, who are conversant in courts, but not so generally known, or attended to, by many, as it ought to be. A law which extends to each of us, as well as to any of the prisoners; for it knows no distinction of persons.
And the doctrines which have been thus laid down are for the safe-guard of us all. Doctrines which are founded in the wisdom and policy of ages; which the greatest men, who ever lived, have adopted and contended for. Nay, the matter has been carried, by very wise men, much further than we have contested for. And that you may not think the purport of the authorities read, are the rigid notions of a dry system, and the contracted decisions of municipal law, I beg leave to read to you a passage from a very great, theoretic, writer: a man whose praises have resounded through all the known world, and probably will, through all ages, whose sentiments are as free air, and who has done as much for learning, liberty, and mankind, as any of the Sons of 240 Adam; I mean the sagacious Mr. Locke: He will tell you, Gentlemen, in his Essay on Government, p. 2. c. 3. “That all manner of force without right puts man in a state of war with the aggressor; and of consequence, that, being in such a state of war, he may LAWFULLY KILL him, who put him under this unnatural restraint.”54 According to this doctrine, we should have nothing to do, but enquire, whether here was “force without right:” if so, we were in such a state, as rendered it LAWFUL to KILL the aggressor, who “put us under so unnatural a restraint.” Few, I believe, will say, after hearing all this evidence, that we were under no “unnatural restraint.” But we don't want to extend matters so far. We cite this author to show the world, that the greatest friends to their country, to universal liberty, and the immutable rights of all men, have held tenets, and advanced maxims favourable to the prisoners at the bar. And although we should not adopt the sentiments of Mr. Locke in their most extensive latitude, yet there seems to be something very analogous to his opinion, which is countenanced in our laws.
There is a spirit which pervades the whole system of English jurisprudence, which inspires a freedom of thought, speech and behaviour. Under a form of government like ours, it would be in vain to expect, that pacific, timid, obsequious, and servile temper, so predominant in more despotic governments. From our happy constitution there results it's very natural effects—an impatience of injuries, and a strong resentment of insults: (and a very wise man has said, “He who tamely beareth insults inviteth injuries.”)55 Hence, I take it, that attention to the “feelings of humanity”—to “humanity and imperfection”—“the infirmities of flesh and blood;” that attention to “the indelible rights of mankind;”—that lenity to “the passions of man;” that “benignity and condescention of the law” so often repeated in our books.
And, indeed, if this were not the case, the genius of our civil constitution and the spirit of our municipal law would be repugnant:—that prime defect in any political system—that grand solecism in state-policy.
This cause has taken up much of your time, and is likely to take up 241so much more, that I must has ten to a close: indeed I should not have troubled you, by being thus lengthy, but from a sense of duty to the prisoners; they, who, in some sense, may be said to have put their lives in my hands; they whose situation was so peculiar, that we have necessarily taken up more time, than ordinary cases require: they, under all these circumstances, placed a confidence, it was my duty not to disappoint; and which I have aimed at discharging with fidelity. I trust you, Gentlemen, will do the like: that you will examine and judge with a becoming temper of mind; remembering that they who are under oath to declare the whole truth, think and act very differently from by-standers, who, being under no ties of this kind, take a latitude, which is by no means admissible in a court of law,
I cannot close this cause better, than by desiring you to consider well the genius and spirit of the law, which will be laid down, and to govern yourselves by this great standard of truth. To some purposes, you may be said, Gentlemen, to be Ministers of justice: and “Ministers” (says a learned Judge) “appointed for the ends of public justice, should have written on their hearts the solemn engagements of his Majesty, (at his coronation) to cause law and justice IN MERCY to be executed in all his judgments.”56
“The quality of mercy is not strained; It droppeth like the gentle rain from heaven— —It is twice blessed; It blesses him that gives, and him that takes.”
I leave you, Gentlemen, hoping you will be directed in your enquiry and judgment; to a right discharge of your duty. We shall all of us, Gentlemen, have an hour of cool reflection—when the feelings and agitations of the day shall have subsided; when we shall view things through a different, and a much juster medium. It is, then, we all wish an absolving conscience. May you, Gentlemen, now act such a part, as will here after insure it;—such a part as may occasion the prisoners to rejoice. May the blessing of those, who were in jeopardy of life, come upon you—may the blessing of him who is “not faulty to die,” discend and rest upon you and your posterity.
Foster, Crown Cases 296.
“Many Commotions in various parts of Town, and guilty of at least in discreet Conduct. The affair at Murray's Barracks. Danbrook says 30 Sailors with Cordwood sticks and Clubs.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“He can fire but once, shews what they intended to do if he did fire. The People were told the Centry was on duty and warned of their Danger.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“What the People said to the Sentry and Party: The Temper of White the Sentry. The Temper of Party. I have not gone into the Tumult of the Town, because I dont think it much to the point.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“The attack on the Party. Where are we got if Negative Evidence shall outweigh Positive. Andrews evidence the most distinct. Carr's dying Speech.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“A rushing in and striking after 1st Gun. Fosdick. Palmes. Bliss.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“The Evidence of the Individuals at Bar. Every Witness who testifys to Montgomery testifys also facts to Justify or extenuate. The Eyes of all are on us to see we do right. McCauley did not fire. Warren and Kilroy at Rope walk, it is nothing to do with this.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“Kilroy, the evidence heard hardest against him. Bayonet bloody.” Paine Massacre Notes.
Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments . The editors have used the 4th edition, London, 1775, but Quincy, like JA, probably used the London edition of 1770. “This applyd to Hemmingway, and may be applied to Carrs speech and all the Speeches by Inhabitants.” Paine Massacre Notes.
“Three of the sergeants' halberds were used to erect a tripod, with a fourth one fixed horizontally, to which the victim was tied. . . . A cat-of-nine-tails was used.” R. M. Barnes, History of the Regiments and Uniforms of the British Army 125–126 (no date).
“Place yourselves in King Street and consider how the soldiers view'd 'em. Consider the exasperating expressions.” Paine Massacre Notes.
See Numbers 35:6–15.
Numbers 35:31.
In the Adams Papers (Microfilms, Reel No. 185) is a detached small sheet containing JA's very compressed minutes on Josiah Quincy's authorities. These are set out below in the present footnote, rather than as text, because the Wemms Trial transcript is so much fuller; annotation is, however, deferred except for the two citations not included in the Wemms Trial . A comparison of JA's minutes of Quincy's authorities with the very similar ones (not printed here) in Paine's Massacre Notes on the same subject suggests that Quincy's argument as printed in the Wemms Trial had the benefit of Quincy's legal after thoughts.
JA's minutes are as follows:
J. Q. Mutiny Act. 9. 10. Articles of War. Oath 147. 1. Black. 262. K. has the sole Power. 335. 6. 414. If any soldier shall sleep upon his Post, or disobey his lawfull Command. The quotation, 1 Blackstone, Commentaries *414, is: “it is enacted, that if any officer and soldier shall . . . sleep upon his post, or leave before he is relieved, . . . or strike or use violence to his superior officer, or shall disobey his lawful commands; such offender shall suffer such punishment as a court martial shall inflict, though it extend to death itself.”
Foster 257. 4. Blac.180. 2. Foster 298. 3 Inst. 56. 1. H.H.P.C.482. discusses killing se defendendo . 1 Hawk. 72. Dangerous Rioters. Foster 273. Repell Force by Force. Foster 274. Any other Person may interpose.
Key.128. 9. Not fit to be trusted with dangerous Weapons.
Excusable. Foster 278.
Manslaughter. Foster 198 298. Foster 292. Stedmans Case. Keyling 51. The Room in the Tavern. Justifiable. Quaeried by Holt. Bacons Elements. 25.
Lock Gov. Page 2d. c. 3.
2 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 29, discusses the powers of courts of assize and nisi prius.
2 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 30, §9, continues the discussion.
The volume in question has not been located. Like every Mutiny Act since the first, 1 Wm. and Mary, c. 5 (1689), the Mutiny Act in force at the time of the Massacre, 9 Geo. 3, c. 3 (1768), Acts of 1768 59–99, set out the disciplinary rules for the government of the Army. See 1 Holdsworth, History of English Law 577.
The references are all to 1 Blackstone, Commentaries , but 147 seems an error, although it also appears in JA's minutes set out in note 16 137 above. The other pages discuss the relationship of the Crown and the Army.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *194, *195, discusses the history of the definition of murder.
3 Coke, Institutes *51: “Malice prepensed is, when one compasseth to kill, wound, or beat another, and doth it sedato animo.” Id. at 57 discusses homicide by misadventure.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *191, *192, discusses manslaughter on sudden provocation.
Foster, Crown Cases 257, 262, 276–278 discusses malice aforethought and killing in self-defense.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *200, discusses constructive, or presumed, malice aforethought.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *180, discusses justifiable homicide; “280” seems a mistake.
Foster, Crown Cases 298, discusses the Statute of Stabbing, 1 Jac. 1, c. 1 (1603), which takes away clergy for certain offenses.
3 Coke, Institutes *56, discusses the law of self-defense.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 71–72, 75, discusses the law of self-defense.
Foster, Crown Cases 273, 274, discusses justifiable self-defense.
Reg. v. Mawgridge, Kelyng 119, 128–129, 84 Eng. Rep. 1107, 1111–1112 (Q.B. 1707) and Rex v. Ford, Kelyng 51, 84 Eng. Rep. 1078 (K.B. temp. Hyde C.J.), are two leading cases on the law of justifiable homicide.
Foster, Crown Cases 276–278 (see note 24 145 above). Id. at 295 discusses manslaughter
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *191, discusses voluntary manslaughter.
See note 24 145 above.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *192, discusses involuntary manslaughter.
Foster, Crown Cases 292, 296, 298, discusses manslaughter.
3 Coke, Institutes *55, discusses voluntary manslaughter.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 82, 84, discusses manslaughter.
This seems an in advertence for 1 Hale, Pleas of the Crown 484, which discusses “what the offense is, if a man kill another in the necessary saving of the life of a man assaulted by the party slain.”
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 85, discusses manslaughter committed in defense of another.
Rex v. Cook, 3 Cro. Car. 537, 79 Eng. Rep. 1063 (K.B. 1639).
2 Hale, Pleas of the Crown 274, discusses challenging jurors.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *183, discusses self-defense.
Reg. v. Mawgridge, Kelyng 119, 135, 84 Eng. Rep. 1107, 1114 (Q.B. 1707). Killing on sufficient provocation is manslaughter.
Foster, Crown Cases 261–262, discusses the difference between murder, manslaughter, and accidental death.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *27, discusses death by misfortune or by mistake.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 84, §44, lays down that the accidental killing of a third person by one engaged in combat on a sudden quarrel is manslaughter.
Foster, Crown Cases 350, §5, discusses the law of accomplices and principals.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 80–81: “[W]herever two Persons in cool Blood meet and fight on a precedent Quarrel, and one of them is killed, the other is guilty of Murder, and cannot help himself by alledging that he was first struck by the Deceased.”
Egerton v. Morgan et al., 1 Bulstr. 69, 86–87, 80 Eng. Rep. 770, 786 (K.B. 1611). Appeal of murder. “If a challenge be sent and pa used upon and they fight, if death ensue, this is clearly murder on both sides.”
Rex v. Ford, Kelyng 51, 84 Eng. Rep. 1078 (K.B. temp. Hyde, C.J.). See note 31 152 above.
Presumably, Bacon, Elements of the Common Laws of England, possibly c. 5. See note 6 183 below.
The exact text has not been discovered. It appears that the “p. 2” refers to Part Two, rather than page two. Chapter three of Locke's Second Treatise of Government does, however, support Quincy's point. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government 298 (Cambridge, ed. Laslett, 1960). See also id. at 437. Quincy seems to have taken the citation, and the quotation of Locke, omitting the words “upon a man's person” after “force without right,” from 4 Blackstone, Commentaries *181.
The source has not been identified.
242 Adams’ Argument for the Defense1: 3–4 December 1770 JA Adams’ Argument for the Defense: 3–4 December 1770 Adams, John
Adams' Argument for the Defense1
May it please your Honours and you Gentlemen of the Jury,
I am for the prisoners at the bar, and shall apologize for it only in the words of the Marquis Beccaria: “If I can but be the instrument of preserving one life, his blessing and tears of transport, shall be a sufficient consolation to me, for the contempt of all mankind.”2 As the prisoners stand before you for their lives, it may be proper, to recollect with what temper the law requires we should proceed to this trial. The form of proceeding at their arraignment, has discovered that the spirit of the law upon such occasions, is conformable to humanity, to commonsense and feeling; that it is all benignity and candor. And the trial commences with the prayer of the Court, expressed by the Clerk, to the Supream JUDGE of Judges, empires and worlds: “God send you a good deliverance.”
We find, in the rules laid down by the greatest English Judges, who have been the brightest of mankind; We are to look upon it as more beneficial, that many guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should suffer. The reason is, because it's of more importance to community, that innocence should be protected, than it is, that guilt should be punished; for guilt and crimes are so frequent in the world, that all of them cannot be punished; and many times they happen in such a manner, that it is not of much consequence to the public, whether they are punished or not. But when innocence itself, is brought to the bar and condemned, especially to die, the subject will exclaim, it is immaterial to me, whether I behave well or ill; for virtue itself, is no security. And if such a sentiment as this, should take place in the mind of the subject, there would be an end to all security what so ever. I will read the words of the law itself.
The rules I shall produce to you3 from Lord Chief Justice Hale, whose character as a lawyer, a man of learning and philosophy, and as a Christian, will be disputed by nobody living; one of the greatest and best characters, the English nation ever produced: his words are these. 2. H.H.P.C. Tutius semper est errare, in acquietando, quam in puni-243 endo, ex-parte misericordiae, quam ex parte justitiae, it is always safer to err in acquitting, than punishing, on the part of mercy, than the part of justice. The next is from the same authority, 305 Tutius erratur ex parte mitiori, it is always safer to err on the milder side, the side of mercy, H.H.P.C. 509, the best rule in doubtful cases, is, rather to incline to acquital than conviction: and in page 300 Quod dubitas ne feceris, Where you are doubtful never act; that is, if you doubt of the prisoners guilt, never declare him guilty; this is always the rule, especially in cases of life. Another rule from the same Author, 289, where he says, In some cases, presumptive evidence go far to prove a person guilty, though there is no express proof of the fact, to be committed by him; but then it must be very warily pressed, for it is better, five guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should die.
The next authority shall be from another Judge, of equal character, considering the age wherein he lived; that is Chancellor Fortescue, in praise of the laws of England, page 59, this is a very ancient writer on the English law: his words are, “Indeed one would rather, much rather, that twenty guilty persons escape the punishment of death, than one innocent person be condemned, and suffer capitally.” Lord Chief Justice Hale, says, It is better five guilty persons escape, than one innocent person suffer. Lord Chancellor Fortiscue, you see, carries the matter farther, and says, Indeed one had rather, much rather, that twenty guilty persons should escape, than one innocent person suffer capitally. Indeed this rule is not peculiar to the English law, there never was a system of laws in the world, in which this rule did not prevail; it prevailed in the ancient Roman law, and which is more remarkable, it prevails in the modern Roman law, even the judges in the Courts of Inquisition, who with racks, burnings and scourges, examine criminals, even there, they preserve it as a maxim, that it is better the guilty should escape punishment, than the innocent suffer. Satius esse nocentem absolvi quam insentem damnari, 4 this is the temper we ought to set out with; and these the rules we are to be governed by. And I shall take it for granted, as a first principle, that the eight prisoners at the bar, had better be all acquitted, though we should admit them all to be guilty, than, that any one of them should by your verdict be found guilty, being innocent.
I shall now consider the several divisions of law, under which the evidence will arrange it self.
The action now before you, is homicide; that is the killing of one man by another, the law calls it homicide, but it is not criminal in all cases, for one man to slay another. Had the prisoners been on the Plains of Abraham, and slain an hundred Frenchmen apiece, the English law would have considered it, as a commendable action, virtuous and praiseworthy: so that every instance of killing a man, is not a crime in the eye of the law; there are many other instances which I can not enumerate, an officer that executes a person under sentence of death, &c. So that Gentlemen, every instance of one man's killing another, is not a crime, much less a crime to be punished with death. But to descend to some more particulars.
The law divides homicide into three branches; the first, is justifiable, the second excusable, and the third felonious; felonious homicide, is subdivided into two branches; the first is murder, which is killing with malice aforethought, the second is manslaughter, which is killing a man on a sudden provocation: here Gentlemen, are four sorts of homicide, and you are to consider, whether all the evidence amounts to the first, second, third, or fourth of these heads. The fact, was the slaying five unhappy persons that night; you are to consider, whether it was justifiable, excusable, or felonious; and if felonious, whether it was murder or manslaughter. One of these four it must be, you need not divide your attention to any more particulars. I shall however, before I come to the evidence, show you several authorities, which will assist you and me in contemplating the evidence before us.
I shall begin with justifiable homicide; if an officer a sheriff execute a man on the gallows, draws and quarters him, as in case of high treason, and cuts off his head, this is justifiable homicide, it is his duty. So also, Gentlemen, the law has planted fences and barriers around every individual; it is a castle round every man's person, as well as his house. As the love of God and our neighbour, comprehends the whole duty of man, so self-love and social, comprehend all the duties we owe to mankind, and the first branch is self-love, which is not only our indisputable right, but our clearest duty, by the laws of nature, this is interwoven in the heart of every individual; God almighty, whose laws we cannot alter, has implanted it there, and we can annihilate ourselves, as easily as root out this affection for ourselves. It is the first, and strongest principle in our nature, Justice Blackstone calls it, “The primary cannon in the law of nature.”5 That precept of our holy religion which commands us to love our neighbour as ourselves doth 245not command us to love our neighbour better than ourselves, or so well, no Christian Divine hath given this interpretation. The precept enjoins, that our benevolence to our fellow men, should be as real and sincere, as our affections to ourselves, not that it should be as great in degree. A man is authorised therefore by common sense, and the laws of England, as well as those of nature, to love himself better than his fellow subject: If two persons are cast away at sea, and get on a plank, (a case put by Sir Francis Bacon,) and the plank is insufficient to hold them both, the one hath a right to push the other off to save himself.6 The rules of the common law therefore, which authorize a man to preserve his own life at the expence of another's, are not contradicted by any divine or moral law. We talk of liberty and property, but, if we cut up the law of self-defence, we cut up the foundation of both, and if we give up this, the rest is of very little value, and therefore, this principle must be strictly attended to, for whatsoever the law pronounces in the case of these eight soldiers will be the law, to other persons and after ages, all the persons that have slain mankind in this country, from the beginning to this day, had better have been acquitted, than that a wrong rule and precedent should be established.
I shall now, read to you a few authorities on this subject of self-defence. Foster 273 in the case of justifiable self-defence, “The injured party may repell force with force in defence of his person, habitation, or property, against one who manifestly intendeth and endeavoureth with violence, or surprize, to commit a known felony upon either.” In these cases he is not obliged to retreat, but may pursue his adversary, till he findeth himself out of danger, and if in a conflict between them he happeneth to kill, such killing is justifiable. Keiling, 128, 129.7 I must in treat you, to consider the words of this authority, the injured person may repell force by force against any who endeavours to commit any kind of felony on him or his, here the rule is, I have a right to stand on my own defence, if you intend to commit felony; if any of the persons made an attack on these soldiers, with an intention to rob them, if it was but to take their hats feloniously, they had a right to kill them on the spot, and had no business to retreat; if a robber meets me in the street, and commands me to surrender my 246purse, I have a right to kill him without asking questions; if a person8 commits a bare assault on me, this will not justify killing, but if he assaults me in such a manner, as to discover an intention, to kill me, I have a right to destroy him, that I may put it out of his power to kill me. In the case you will have to consider, I do not know there was any attempt to steal from these persons; however, there were some persons concerned, who would probably enough have stolen, if there had been any thing to steal; and many were there who had no such disposition, but this is not the point we aim at, the question is, are you satisfied, the people made the attack in order to kill the soldiers? If you are satisfied that the people, who ever they were, made that assault, with a design to kill or maim the soldiers, this was such an assault, as will justify the soldiers killing in their own defence. Further it seems to me, we may make another question, whether you are satisfied that their real intention was to kill or maim or not? if any reasonable man, in the situation of one of these soldiers, would have had reason to believe in the time of it, that the people came with an intention to kill him, whether you have this satisfaction now, or not in your own minds, they were justifiable, at least excusable in firing; you and I, may be suspicious that the people who made this assault on the soldiers, did it to put them to the flight, or purpose that they might go exulting about the town afterwards in triumph; but this will not do, you must place yourselves in the situation of Wemms or Killroy— consider yourselves, as knowing that the prejudices of the world about you, were against you; that the people about you, thought you came to dragoon them into obedience to statutes, instructions, mandates and edicts, which they thoroughly detested; that many of these people were thoughtless and inconsiderate, old and young, sailors and land men, negroes and molattos; that they, the soldiers had no friends about them, the rest were in opposition to them; with all the bells ringing, to call the town together to assist the people in King-street; for they knew by that time, that there was no fire; the people shouting, huzzaing, and making the mob whistle as they call it, which when a boy makes it in the street, is no formidable thing, but when made by a multitude, is a most hideous shriek, almost as terrible as an Indian yell; the people crying Kill them! Kill them! Knock them over! heaving snow-balls, oyster shells, clubs, white birch sticks three inches and an half diameter, consider yourselves, in this situation, and then judge, whether a reasonable man in the soldiers situation, would not have concluded they were going to kill him. I believe, if I was to reverse the scene, I 247should bring it home to our own bosoms; suppose Colonel Marshall, when he came out of his own door, and saw these grenadiers coming down with swords, &c. had thought it proper to have appointed a military watch; suppose he had assembled Gray and Attucks that were killed, or any other persons in town, and had planted them in that station as a military watch, and there had come from Murray's barracks, thirty or forty soldiers, with no other arms than snow-balls, cakes of ice, oyster-shells, cinders and clubs, and attacked this military watch in this manner, what do you suppose would have been the feelings and reasonings of any of our householders; I confess I believe they would not have borne the one half of what the witnesses have sworn the soldiers bore, till they had shot down as many as were necessary to intimidate and disperse the rest; because, the law does not oblige us to bear insults to the danger of our lives, to stand still with such a number of people round us, throwing such things at us, and threatening our lives, until we are disabled to defend ourselves.
“Where a known felony, is attempted upon the person, be it to rob, or murder, here the party assaulted may repel force with force, and even his own servant then attendant on him, or any other person present, may interpose for preventing mischief, and if death ensues, the party so interposing will be justified. In this case nature and social duty co-operate.” Foster 274.9
Hawkins P.C. Chap. 28, §25. towards the end, “Yet it seems that a private person, a fortiori, an officer of justice, who happens unavoidably to kill another in endeavouring to defend himself from, or suppress dangerous rioters, may justify the fact, in as much as he only does his duty in aid of the public justice.”10 Section 24. “And I can see no reason why a person, who without provocation is assaulted by another in any place whatsoever, in such a manner as plainly shews an intent to murder him, as by discharging a pistol, or pushing at him with a drawn sword, &c. may not justify killing such an assailant, as much as if he had attempted to rob him: For is not he who attempts to murder me, more injurious than he who barely attempts to rob me? And can it be more justifiable to fight for my goods than for my life; and it is not only highly agreeable to reason that a man in such circumstances, may lawfully kill another, but it seems also to be confirmed by the general tenor of our law books, which speaking of homicide se defendendo, suppose it done in some quarrel or affray.”11
“And so perhaps the killing of dangerous rioters, may be justified by 248any private persons, who cannot otherwise suppress them, or defend themselves from them; in as much as every private person seems to be authorized by the law, to arm himself for the purposes aforesaid.” Hawkins p. 71. §1412—Here every private person is authorized to arm himself, and on the strength of this authority, I do not deny the inhabitants had a right to arm themselves at that time, for their defence, not for offence, that distinction is material and must be attended to.
Hawkins, page 75. §14. “And not only he who on an assault retreats to the wall or some such streight, beyond which he can go no further, before he kills the other, is judged by the law to act upon unavoidable necessity; but also he who being assaulted in such a manner, and in such a place, that he cannot go back without manifestly endangering his life, kills the other without retreating at all.”13—§16. “And an officer who kills one that insults him in the execution of his office, and where a private person, that kills one who feloniously assaults him in the high way, may justify the fact without ever giving back at all.”14
There is no occasion for the Magistrate to read the Riot act. In the case before you, I suppose you will be satisfied when you come to examine the witnesses, and compare it with the rules of the common law, abstracted from all mutiny acts and articles of war, that these soldiers were in such a situation, that they could not help themselves; people were coming from Royal-exchange-lane, and other parts of the town, with clubs, and cord wood sticks; the soldiers were planted by the wall of the Custom House; they could not retreat, they were surrounded on all sides, for there were people behind them, as well as before them; there were a number of people in Royal-exchange-lane; the soldiers were so near to the Custom house, that they could not retreat, unless they had gone into the brick wall of it. I shall shew you presently, that all the party concerned in this unlawful design, were guilty of what any one of them did; if any body threw a snow-ball, it was the act of the whole party; if any struck with a club, or threw a club, and the club had killed any body, the whole party would have been guilty of murder in law.
Ld. C.J. HOLT, in Mawgridge's Case, Keyling 128, says, “Now it hath been held, that if A of his malice prepensed assaults B, to kill him, and B draws his sword and attacks A and pursues him, then A for his 249safety gives back, and retreats to a wall, and B still pursuing him with his drawn sword, A in his defence kills B. This is murder in A. For A having malice against B, and in pursuance thereof endeavouring to kill him, is answerable for all the consequences, of which he was the original cause. It is not reasonable for any man that is dangerously assaulted, and when he perceives his life in danger from his adversary, but to have liberty for the security of his own life, to pursue him that maliciously assaulted him; for he that hath manifested that he hath malice against another, is not fit to be trusted with a dangerous weapon in his hand. And sore solved by all the Judges when they met at Seargeant's inn, in preparation for my Lord Morley's trial.”15
In the case here, we will take Montgomery, if you please, when he was attacked by the stout man with the stick, who aimed it at his head, with a number of people round him, crying out, Kill them! Kill them! had he not a right to kill the man. If all the party were guilty of the assault made by the stout man, and all of them had discovered malice in their hearts, had not Montgomery a right, according to Lord Chief Justice Holt, to put it out of their power to wreak their malice upon him. I will not at present, look for any more authorities in the point of self-defence; you will be able to judge from these, how far the law goes, in justifying or excusing any person in defence of himself, or taking away the life of another who threatens him, in life or limb; the next point is this, That in case of an unlawful assembly, all and every one of the assembly is guilty of all and every unlawful act, committed by any one of that assembly, in prosecution of the unlawful design they set out upon.
Rules of law should be universally known, what ever effect they may have on politics; they are rules of common law, the law of the land, and it is certainly true, that where ever there is an unlawful assembly, let it consist of many persons or a few, everyman in it is guilty of every unlawful act committed by any one of the whole party, be they more or be they less, in pursuance of their unlawful design. This is the policy of the law: to discourage and prevent riots, insurrections, turbulence and tumults.
In the continual vicissitudes of human things, amidst the shocks of fortune and the whirls of passion, that take place at certain critical seasons, even in the mildest government, the people are liable to run into riots and tumults. There are Church-quakes and state-quakes, in the moral and political world, as well as earthquakes, storms and tempests in the physical. Thus much however must be said in favour 250of the people and of human nature, that it is a general, if not universal truth, that the aptitude of the people to mutinies, seditions, tumults and insurrections, is in direct proportion to the despotism of the government. In governments completely despotic, i.e. where the will of one man, is the only law, this disposition is most prevalent.—In Aristocracies, next—in mixed Monarchies, less than either of the former—in compleat Republick's the least of all—and under the same form of government as in a limited monarchy, for example, the virtue and wisdom of the administration, may generally be measured by the peace and order, that are seen among the people. However this may be, such is the imperfection of all things in this world, that no form of government, and perhaps no wisdom or virtue in the administration, can at all times avoid riots and disorders among the people.
Now it is from this difficulty, that the policy of the law hath framed such strong discouragements, to secure the people against tumults; because when they once begin, there is danger of their running to such excesses, as will overturn the whole system of government. There is the rule from the reverend sage of the law, so often quoted before.
I. H.H.P.C. 437. “All present, aiding and assisting, are equally principal with him that gave the stroke, whereof the party died. For tho' one gave the stroke, yet in interpretation of law, it is the stroke of every person, that was present aiding and assisting.”16
I. H.H.P.C. 440. “If divers come with one assent to do mischief, as to kill, rob, or beat, and one doth it, they are all principals in the felony. If many be present, and one only gives the stroke whereof the party dies, they are all principal, if they came for that purpose.”17
Now if the party at Dock-square, came with an intention only to beat the soldiers, and began the affray with them, and any of them had been accidentally killed, it would have been murder, because it was an unlawful design they came upon; if but one does it, they are all considered in the eye of the law to be guilty, if any one gives the mortal stroke, they are all principal here, therefore there is a reversal of the scene; if you are satisfied, that these soldiers were there on a lawful design and it should be proved any of them shot without provocation and killed any body, he only is answerable for it. First Hale's pleas of the crown.
1. H.H.P.C. 444. “Although if many come upon an unlawful design, and one of the company kill one of the adverse party, in pursuance of that design, all are principals; yet if many be together upon a lawful 251account, and one of the company, kill another of an adverse party, without any particular abetment of the rest to this fact of homicide they are not all guilty that are of the company, but only those that gave the stroke or actually abetted him to do it.”18
1. H.H.P.C. 445. “In the case of a riotous assembly to rob or steal deer, or do any unlawful act of violence, there the offence of one, is the offence of all the company.”19
In another place, 1. H.H.P.C. 439. “The Lord Dacre and divers others went to steal deer in the park of one Pelham—Raydon one of the company, killed the keeper in the park; the Lord Dacre and the rest of the company being in the other part of the park. Yet it was adjudged murder in them all, and they died for it.”20 And he quotes Crompton, 25. Dalton 93 p. 241.21 So that in so strong a case as this, where this nobleman set out to hunt deer in the ground of another, he was in one part of the park, his company in another part, yet they were all guilty of murder.
The next is Hale's Pleas of the Crown, 1. H.H.P.C. 440, “The case of Drayton Bassit, diverse persons doing an unlawful act, all are guilty of what is done by one.”22
Foster, 353, 354. “A general resolution against all opposers, whether such resolution appears upon evidence to have been actually and implicitly entered into by the confederates, or may reasonably be collected from their number, arms or behaviour, at, or before the scene of action, such resolutions, so proved, have always been considered as strong ingredients in cases of this kind. And in cases of homicide, committed inconsequence of them, every person present; in the sense of the law, when the homicide hath been committed, hath been involved in the guilt of him that gave the mortal blow.”23
Foster. “The cases of Lord Dacre mentioned by Hale, and of Pudsey, reported by Crompton, and cited by Hale, turned upon this point. The offences they respectively stood charged with as principals, were committed far out of their sight and hearing; and yet both were held to be present. It was sufficient, that at the instant the facts were committed, 252they were of the same party and upon the same pursuit, and under the same engagements and expectations of mutual defence and support, with those that did the facts.”24
Thus far I have proceeded, and I believe it will not be hereafter disputed by any body, that this law ought to be known to every one who has any disposition to be concerned in an unlawful assembly, whatever mischief happens in the prosecution of the design they set out upon, all are answerable for it. It is necessary we should consider the definitions of some other crimes, as well as murder; sometimes one crime gives occasion to another, an assault is sometimes the occasion of man-slaughter, sometimes of excusable homicide. It is necessary to consider what is a riot. 1. Hawk. c. 65.§2. I shall give you the definition of it. “Where so ever more than three persons use force or violence, for the accomplishment of any design whatever, all concerned are rioters.”25
Were there not more than three persons in Dock-square? Did they not agree to go to King-street, and attack the Main guard? Where then, is the reason for hesitation, at calling it a riot? If we cannot speak the law as it is, where is our liberty? And this is law, that wherever more than three persons, are gathered together, to accomplish any thing with force, it is a riot. 1. Hawk. c. 65, §2. “Wherever more than three, use force and violence, all who are concerned therein are rioters: But in some cases wherein the law authorizes force, it is lawful and commendable to use it. As for a sheriff, 2. And. 67. Poph. 121. or constable, 3 H. 7. 10. 6. or perhaps even for a private person, Poph. 121. Moore, 656. to assemble a competent number of people, in order with force, to oppose rebels, or enemies, or rioters, and afterwards with such force, actually to suppress them.”26
I do not mean to apply the word rebel on this occasion: I have no reason to suppose that ever there was one in Boston, at least among the natives of the country; but rioters are in the same situation, as far as my argument is concerned, and proper officers may suppress rioters, and so may even private persons.
If we strip ourselves free from all military laws, mutiny acts, articles of war and soldiers oaths, and consider these prisoners as neighbours, if any of their neighbours were attacked in King-street, they had a right to collect together to suppress this riot and combina-253tion. If any number of persons meet together at a fair, or market, and happen to fall together by the ears, they are not guilty of a riot, but of a sudden affray: here is another paragraph which I must read to you, 1. Hawkins, c. 65, §3, “If a number of persons, being met together at a fair or market, or on any other lawful and innocent occasion, happen on a sudden quarrel, to fall together by the ears, they are not guilty of a riot, but of a sudden affray only, of which none are guilty, but those who actually engage in it,” &c.27 End of the §. It would be endless, as well as superfluous, to examine, whether every particular person engaged in a riot, were in truth one of the first assembly, or actually had a previous knowledge of the design thereof.28
I have endeavoured to produce the best authorities, and to give you the rules of law in their words, for I desire not to advance any thing of my own. I chuse to lay down the rules of law, from authorities which cannot be disputed. Another point is this, whether, and how far, a private person may aid another in distress? Suppose a press gang should come on shore in this town, and assault any sailor, or householder in King street, in order to carry them on board one of his Majesty's ships and impress him without any warrant, as a seaman in his Majesty's service, how far do you suppose the inhabitants would think themselves warranted by law, to interpose against that lawless press gang? I agree that such a press gang would be as unlawful an assembly, as that was in King street. If they were to press an inhabitant, and carry him off for a sailor, would not the inhabitants think them-selves warranted by law to interpose in behalf of their fellow citizens? Now Gentlemen, if the soldiers had no right to interpose in the relief of the Sentry, the inhabitants would have no right to interpose with regard to the citizen, for whatever is law for a soldier, is law for a sailor, and for a citizen, they all stand upon an equal footing, in this respect. I believe we shall not have it disputed, that it would be lawful to go into King-street, and help an honest man there, against the press master. We have many instances in the books which authorize it, which I shall produce to you presently.
Now suppose you should have a jealousy in your minds, that the people who made this attack on the Sentry, had nothing in their intention more than to take him off his post, and that was threatened by some; suppose they intended to go a little farther, and tar and feather him, or to ride him, (as the phrase is in Hudibras)29 he would have a good right to have stood upon his defence, the defence of his liberty, and if he could not preserve that without hazard to his own life, he would be warranted, in depriving those of life, who were endeavouring to deprive him of his; that is a point I would not give up for my right hand, nay, for my life.
Well, I say, if the people did this, or if this was only their intention, surely the officer and soldiers had a right to go to his relief, and therefore they set out upon a lawful errand, they were therefore a lawful assembly, if we only consider them as private subjects and fellow citizens, without regard to Mutiny Acts, Articles of War, or Soldiers Oaths; a private person, or any number of private persons, have a right to go to the assistance of their fellow subject in distress and danger of his life, when assaulted and in danger from a few or a multitude. Keyl. 136. “If a man perceives another by force to be injuriously treated, pressed and restrained of his liberty, tho' the person abused doth not complain, or call for aid or assistance; and others out of compassion shall come to his rescue, and kill any of those that shall so restrain him, that is manslaughter. Keyl. A and others without any warrant, impress B to serve the King at sea, B quietly submitted and went off with the press master; Hugett and the others pursued them, and required a sight of their warrant; but they shewing a piece of paper that was not a sufficient warrant, thereupon Hugett with the others drew their swords, and the press masters theirs, and so there was a combat, and those who endeavoured to rescue the pressed man killed one of the pretended press masters. This was but manslaughter, for when the liberty of one subject is invaded, it affects all the rest: it is a provocation to all people, as being of ill example and pernicious consequences.”30
2. Lord Raymond, 1301. The Queen versus Tooley et alios, Lord Chief Justice Holt says, 3d. “The prisoner (i.e. Tooley) in this case had sufficient provocation; for if one be imprisoned upon an unlawful authority, it is a sufficient provocation to all people out of compassion;—and where the liberty of the subject is invaded, it is a provocation to 255all the subjects of England, &c. and sure a man ought to be concerned for magna charta and the laws; and if any one against the law imprisons a man, he is an offender against magna charta.”31
I am not insensible of Sir Michael Foster's observations on these cases,32 but apprehend they do not invalidate the authority of them as far as I now apply them to the purpose of my argument. If a stranger, a mere fellow subject may interpose to defend the liberty, he may to defend the life of another individual. But according to the evidence, some imprudent people before the Sentry, proposed to take him off his post, others threatened his life, and intelligence of this was carried to the Main-guard, before any of the prisoners turned out: They were then ordered out to relieve the Sentry, and any of our fellow citizens might lawfully have gone upon the same errand; they were therefore a lawful assembly.
I have but one point more of law to consider, and that is this: In the case before you, I do not pretend to prove that every one of the unhappy persons slain, were concerned in the riot; the authorities read to you just now, say, it would be endless to prove, whether every person that was present and in a riot, was concerned in planning the first enterprise or not: nay, I believe it but justice, to say, some were perfectly innocent of the occasion, I have reason to suppose, that one of them was, Mr. Maverick; he was a very worthy young man, as he has been represented to me, and had no concern in the riotous proceedings of that night; and I believe the same may be said, in favour of one more, at least, Mr. Caldwell who was slain; and therefore many people may think, that as he, and perhaps another was innocent, therefore innocent blood having been shed, that must be expiated by the death of somebody or other. I take notice of this, because one gentleman nominated by the sheriff, for a Juryman upon this trial, because he said, he believed Capt. Preston was innocent, but innocent blood had been shed, and therefore somebody ought to be hanged for it, which he thought was indirectly giving his opinion in this cause.33 I am afraid many other persons have formed such an opinion; I do 256not take it to be a rule, that where innocent blood is shed, the person must die. In the instance of the Frenchmen on the Plains of Abraham, they were innocent, fighting for their King and country, their blood is as innocent as any, there may be multitudes killed, when innocent blood is shed on all sides, so that it is not an invariable rule. I will put a case, in which, I dare say, all will agree with me: Here are two persons, the father and the son, go out a hunting, they take different roads, the father hears a rushing among the bushes, takes it to be game, fires and kills his son through a mistake; here is innocent blood shed, but yet nobody will say the father ought to die for it. So that the general rule of law, is, that whenever one person hath a right to do an act, and that act by any accident, takes away the life of another, it is excusable, it bears the same regard to the innocent as to the guilty. If two men are together, and attack me, and I have a right to kill them, I strike at them, and by mistake, strike a third and kill him, as I had a right to kill the first, my killing the other, will be excusable, as it happened by accident. If I in the heat of passion, aim a blow at the person who has assaulted me, aiming at him, I kill another person, it is but manslaughter. Foster, 261. §3. “If an action unlawful in itself be done deliberately and with intention of mischief or great bodily harm to particulars, or of mischief indiscriminately, fall it where it may, and death ensues against or beside the original intention of the party, it will be murder. But if such mischievous intention doth not appear, which is matter of fact and to be collected from circumstances, and the act was done heedlessly and inconsiderately, it will be manslaughter: not accidental death, because the act upon which death ensued, was unlawful.”34
“Under this head, &c. See the remainder inserted in pages 145, 14635
Supposing in this case, the Molatto man was the person made the assault, suppose he was concerned in the unlawful assembly, and this party of soldiers endeavouring to defend themselves against him, happened to kill another person who was innocent, though the soldiers had no reason that we know of, to think any person there, at least of that number who were crouding about them innocent, they might naturally enough presume all to be guilty of the riot and assault, and to come with the same design; I say, if on firing 257on these who were guilty, they accidentally killed an innocent person, it was not their faults, they were obliged to defend themselves against those who were pressing upon them, they are not answerable for it with their lives, for upon supposition it was justifiable or excusable to kill Attucks or any other person, it will be equally justifiable or excusable if in firing at him, they killed another who was innocent, or if the provocation was such as to mitigate the guilt to manslaughter, it will equally mitigate the guilt, if they killed an innocent man un-designedly, in aiming at him who gave the provocation, according to Judge Foster, 36 and as this point is of such consequence, I must produce some more authorities for it. 1. Hawkins, 84. “Also, if a third person accidentally happen to be killed, by one engaged in a combat with another upon a sudden quarrel, it seems that he who kills him is guilty of manslaughter only.”37 H.H.P.C. 442.38 To the same point, and 1. H.H.P.C. 48439 and 4 Black. 27.40
I shall now consider one question more, and that is concerning provocation.*41 We have hitherto been considering self-defence, and 258how far persons may go in defending themselves against aggressors, even by taking away their lives, and now proceed to consider, such provocations as the law allows to mitigate or extenuate the guilt of killing, where it is not justifiable or excusable.
An assault and battery, committed upon a man, in such a manner as not to endanger his life, is such a provocation as the law allows to reduce killing, down to the crime of manslaughter. Now the law has been made on more consideration than we are capable of making at present; the law considers a man as capable of bearing any thing, and every thing, but blows. I may reproach a man as much as I please, I may call him a thief, robber, traitor, scoundrel, coward, lobster, bloody back, &c. and if he kills me it will be murder, if nothing else but words preceed; but if from giving him such kind of language, I proceed to take him by the nose, or fillip him on the forehead, that is an assault! that is a blow; the law will not oblige a man to stand still 259and bear it; there is the distinction; hands off, touch me not, as soon as you touch me, if I run you thro' the heart it is but Manslaughter; the utility of this distinction, the more you think of it, the more you will be satisfied with it; it is an assault when ever a blow is struck, let it be ever so slight, and sometimes even without a blow. The law considers man as frail and passionate, when his passions are touched, he will be thrown off his guard, and therefore the law makes allowances for this frailty, considers him as in a fit of passion, not having the possession of his intellectual faculties, and therefore does not oblige him to measure out his blows with a yard stick, or weigh them in a scale; let him kill with a sword, gun or hedge stake, it is not murder, but only manslaughter. Keyling's Reports 135. Regina versus Mawgridge. “Rules supported by authority and general consent, shewing what are always allowed to be sufficient provocations. First, if one man, upon any words shall make an assault upon another, either by pulling him by the nose, or filliping upon the forehead, and he that is so assaulted, shall draw his sword, and immediately run the other through, that is but manslaughter; for the peace is broken by the person killed, and with an indignity to him that received the assault. Besides, he that was so affronted might reasonably apprehend, that he that treated him in that manner, might have some further design upon him.”42 So that here is the boundary, when a man is assaulted, and kills in consequence of that assault, it is but manslaughter; I will just read as I go along the definition of an assault, 1. Hawkins Chap. 62, §1. “An assault is an attempt or offer, with force or violence, to do a corporal hurt to another; as by stricking at him, with or without a weapon, or presenting a gun at him, at such a distance to which the gun will carry, or pointing a pitchfork at him, or by any other such like act done in an angry, threatning manner, &c. But no words can amount to an assault.”43 Here is the definition of an assault, which is a sufficient provocation to soften killing down to manslaughter, 1. Hawkins, Chap. 31, §36. “Neither can he be thought guilty of a greater crime (than manslaughter) who finding a man in bed with his wife, or being actually struck by him, or pulled by the nose, or filliped upon the forehead, immediately kills him, or in the defence of his person from an unlawful arrest; or in the defence of his house, from those who claiming a title to it, attempt forcibly to enter it, and to that purpose shoot at it, &c.”44 Every snow-ball, oyster shell, cake of ice, 260or bit of cinder that was thrown that night, at the Sentinel, was an assault upon him; every one that was thrown at the party of soldiers, was an assault upon them, whether it hit any of them or not. I am guilty of an assault, if I present a gun at any person, whether I shoot at him or not, it is an assault, and if I insult him in that manner, and he shoots me, it is but manslaughter. Foster, 295, 6. “To what I have offered with regard to sudden rencounters, let me add, that the blood, already too much heated, kindleth afresh at every pass or blow. And in the tumult of the passions, in which mere instinct self preservation, hath no inconsiderable share, the voice of reason is not heard. And therefore, the law in condesension to the infirmities of flesh and blood doth extenuate the offence.”45 Insolent, scurrilous, or slanderous language, when it preceeds an assault, aggravates it. Foster 316. “We all knew know that words of reproach, how grating and offensive soever, are in the eye of the law, no provocation, in the case of voluntary homicide, and yet every man who hath considered the human frame, or but attended to the workings of his own heart, knoweth, that affronts of that kind, pierce deeper, and stimulate in the veins more effectually, than a slight injury done to a third person, tho' under colour of justice, possibly can.”46 I produce this to show the assault, in this case, was aggravated by the scurrilous language which preceeded it. Such words of reproach, stimulate in the veins, and exasperate the mind, and no doubt if an assault and battery succeeds them, killing under such a provocation, is softened to manslaughter, but, killing without such provocation, makes it murder.
FIVE o'Clock, p.m. the Court adjourned till Tuesday morning 4 December, nine o'Clock.
Tuesday, NINE o'Clock, the Court met according to adjournment, and Mr. Adams proceeded.
I yesterday afternoon produced from the best authorities, those rules of law which must govern all cases of homicide, particularly that which is now before you; it now remains to consider the evidence, and see whether any thing has occurred, that may be compared to the rules read to you; and I will not trouble myself nor you with laboured endeavours to be methodical, I shall endeavour to make some few observations, on the testimonies of the witnesses, such as will place 261the facts in a true point of light, with as much brevity as possible; but I suppose it would take me four hours to read to you, (if I did nothing else but read) the minutes of evidence that I have taken in this trial. In the first place the Gentleman who opened this cause, has stated to you, with candour and precision, the evidence of the identity of the persons.
The witnesses are confident that they know the prisoners at the barr, and that they were present that night, and of the party; however, it is apparent, that witnesses are liable to make mistakes, by a single example before you. Mr. Bass, who is a very honest man, and of good character, swears positively that the tall man, Warren, stood on the right that night, and was the first that fired; and I am sure you are satisfied by this time, by many circumstances, that he is totally mistaken in this matter; this you will consider at your leisure. The witnesses in general did not know the faces of these persons before; very few of them knew the names of them before, they only took notice of their faces that night. How much certainty there is in this evidence, I leave you to determine.
There does not seem to me to be any thing very material in the testimony of Mr. Aston, 47 except to the identity of McCauley, and he is the only witness to that. If you can be satisfied in your own minds, without a doubt, that he knew McCauley so well as to be sure, you will believe he was there.
The next witness is Bridgham, he says he saw the tall man Warren, but saw another man belonging to the same regiment soon after, so like him, as to make him doubt whether it was Warren or not; he thinks he saw the Corporal, but is not certain, he says he was at the corner of the Custom house, this you will take notice of, other witnesses swear, he was the remotest man of all from him who fired first, and there are other evidences who swear the left man did not fire at all; if Wemms did not discharge his gun at all, he could not kill any of the persons, therefore he must be acquitted on the fact of killing; for an intention to kill, is not murder nor manslaughter, if not carried into execution: The witness saw numbers of things thrown, and he saw plainly sticks strike the guns, about a dozen persons with sticks, gave three cheers, and surrounded the party, and struck the guns with their sticks several blows: This is a witness for the crown, and his testimony is of great weight for the prisoners; he gives his testimony very sensibly and impartially. He swears positively, that he not only 262saw ice or snow thrown, but saw the guns struck several times; if you believe this witness, of whose credibility you are wholly the judges, as you are of every other; if you do not believe him, there are many others who swear to circumstances in favour of the prisoners; it should seem impossible you should disbelieve so great a number, and of crown witnesses too, who swear to such variety of circumstances that fall in with one another so naturally to form our defence; this witness swears positively, there were a dozen of persons with clubs, surrounded the party; twelve sailors with clubs, were by much an overmatch to eight soldiers, chained there by the order and command of their officer, to stand in defence of the Sentry, not only so, but under an oath to stand there, i.e. to obey the lawful command of their officer, as much, Gentlemen of the Jury, as you are under oath to determine this cause by law and evidence; clubs they had not, and they could not defend themselves with their bayonets against so many people; it was in the power of the sailors to kill one half or the whole of the party, if they had been so disposed; what had the soldiers to expect, when twelve persons armed with clubs, (sailors too, between whom and soldiers, there is such an antipathy, that they fight as naturally when they meet, as the elephant and Rhinoceros) were daring enough, even at the time when they were loading their guns, to come up with their clubs, and smite on their guns; what had eight soldiers to expect from such a set of people? Would it have been a prudent resolution in them, or in any body in their situation, to have stood still, to see if the sailors would knock their brains out, or not? Had they not all the reason in the world to think, that as they had done so much, they would proceed farther? Their clubs were as capable of killing as a ball, an hedge stake is known in the law books as a weapon of death, as much as a sword, bayonet, or musket. He says, the soldiers were loading their guns, when the twelve surrounded them, the people went up to them within the length of their guns, and before the firing; besides all this he swears, they were called cowardly rascals, and dared to fire; he says these people were all dressed like sailors; and I believe, that by and bye you will find evidence enough to satisfy you, these were some of the persons that came out of Dock-square, after making the attack on Murray's barracks, and who had been arming themselves with sticks from the butchers stalls and cord wood piles, and marched up round Corn-hill under the command of Attucks. All the bells in town were ringing, the ratling of the blows upon the guns he heard, and swears it was violent; this corroborates the testimony of James Bailey, which will be considered presently. Some witnesses swear a 263club struck a soldier's gun, Bailey swears a man struck a soldier and knocked him down, before he fired, “the last man that fired, levelled at a lad, and moved his gun as the lad ran:” You will consider, that an intention to kill is not murder; if a man lays poison in the way of another, and with an express intention that he should take it up and die of it, it is not murder: Suppose that soldier had malice in his heart, and was determined to murder that boy if he could, yet the evidence clears him of killing the boy, I say admit he had malice in his heart, yet it is plain he did not kill him or any body else, and if you believe one part of the evidence, you must believe the other, and if he had malice, that malice was ineffectual; I do not recollect any evidence that assertains who it was that stood the last man but one upon the left, admitting he discovered a temper ever so wicked, cruel and malicious, you are to consider his ill temper is not imputable to another, no other had any intention of this deliberate kind, the whole transaction was sudden, there was but a very short space of time between the first gun and the last, when the first gun was fired the people fell in upon the soldiers and laid on with their weapons with more violence, and this served to encrease the provocation, and raised such a violent spirit of revenge in the soldiers, as the law takes notice of, and makes some allowance for, and in that fit of fury and madness, I suppose he aimed at the boy.
The next witness is Dodge, he says, there were fifty people near the soldiers pushing at them; now the witness before says, there were twelve sailors with clubs, but now here are fifty more aiding and abetting of them, ready to relieve them in case of need; now what could the people expect? It was their business to have taken themselves out of the way; some prudent people by the Town-house, told them not to meddle with the guard, but you hear nothing of this from these fifty people; no, instead of that, they were huzzaing and whistling, crying damn you, fire! why don't you fire? So that they were actually assisting these twelve sailors that made the attack; he says the soldiers were pushing at the people to keep them off, ice and snow-balls were thrown, and I heard ice rattle on their guns, there were some clubs thrown from a considerable distance across the street. This witness swears he saw snow-balls thrown close before the party, and he took them to be thrown on purpose, he saw oyster-shells likewise thrown.—Mr. Langford the watchman, is more particular in his testimony, and deserves a very particular consideration, because it is intended by the council for the crown, that his testimony shall distinguish Killroy from the rest of the prisoners, and exempt him from those pleas of justification, 264excuse or extenuation, which we rely upon for the whole party, because he had previous malice, and they would from hence conclude, he aimed at a particular person; you will consider all the evidence with regard to that, by itself.
Hemmingway, the sheriff's coachman, swears he knew Killroy, and that he heard him say, he would never miss an opportunity of firing upon the inhabitants: this is to prove that Killroy had preconceived malice in his heart, not indeed against the unhappy persons who were killed, but against the inhabitants in general, that he had the spirit not only of a Turk or an Arab, but of the devil; but admitting that this testimony is litterally true, and that he had all the malice they would wish to prove, yet, if he was assaulted that night, and his life in danger, he had a right to defend himself as well as another man; if he had malice before, it does not take away from him the right of defending himself against any unjust aggressor. But it is not at all improbable, that there was some misunderstanding about these loose expressions; perhaps the man had no thoughts of what his words might import; many a man in his cups, or in anger, which is a short fit of madness, hath uttered the rashest expressions, who had no such savage disposition in general: so that there is but little weight in expressions uttered at a kitching fire, before a maid and a coachman, where he might think himself at liberty to talk as much like a bully, a fool, and a madman as he pleased, and that no evil would come of it. Strictly speaking, he might mean no more than this, that he would not miss an opportunity of firing on the inhabitants, if he was attacked by them in such a manner as to justify it: soldiers have sometimes avoided opportunities of firing, when they would have been justified, if they had fired. I would recommend to them, to be tender by all means, nay, let them be cautious at their peril; but still what he said, amounts in strictness, to no more than this, “If the inhabitants make an attack on me, I will not bear from them what I have done already;” or I will bear no more, than what I am obliged by law to bear. No doubt it was under the fret of his spirits, the indignation, mortification, grief and shame, that he had suffered a defeat at the Rope-walks; it was just after an account of an affray was published here, betwixt the soldiers and inhabitants at New York. 48 There was a little before the 5th of March, much noise in this town, and a pompous account in the news-papers, of a victory obtained by the inhabitants there over the soldiers; which doubtless excited the resentment of the soldiers 265here, as well as exultations among some sorts of the inhabitants: and the ringing of the bells here, was probably copied from New York, a wretched example in this, and in two other instances at least: the defeat of the soldiers at the Rope-walks, was about that time too, and if he did, after that, use such expressions, it ought not to weigh too much in this case. It can scarcely amount to proof that he harboured any settled malice against the people in general. Other witnesses are introduced to show that Killroy had besides his general ill will against every body, particular malice against Mr. Gray, whom he killed, as Langford swears.
Some of the witnesses, have sworn that Gray was active in the battle at the Rope walks, and that Killroy was once there, from whence the Council for the Crown would infer, that Killroy, in King-street, on the 5th of March in the night, knew Gray whom he had seen at the Rope-walks before, and took that opportunity to gratify his preconceived malice; but if this is all true, it will not take away from him his justification, excuse, or extenuation, if he had any. The rule of the law is, if there has been malice between two, and at a distant time afterwards they met, and one of them assaults the other's life, or only assaults him, and he kills in consequence of it, the law presumes the killing was in self defence, or upon the provocation, not on account of the antecedent malice. If therefore the assault upon Killroy was so violent as to endanger his life, he had as good a right to defend himself, as much as if he never had before conceived any malice against the people in general, or Mr. Gray in particular. If the assault upon him, was such as to amount only to a provocation, not to a justification, his crime will be manslaughter only. However, it does not appear, that he knew Mr. Gray; none of the witnesses pretend to say he knew him, or that he ever saw him. It is true they were both in the Rope-walks at one time, but there were so many combatants on each side, that it is not even probable that Killroy should know them all, and no witnesses says there was any rencounter there between them two. Indeed, to return to Mr. Langford's testimony, he says, he did not perceive Killroy to aim at Gray, more than at him, but he says expressly, he did not aim at Gray. Langford says, “Gray had no stick, was standing with his arms folded up.” This witness, is however most probably mistaken in this matter, and confounds one time with another, a mistake which has been made by many witnesses, in this case, and considering the confusion and terror of the scene, is not to be wondered at.
Witnesses have sworn to the condition of Killroy's bayonet, that 266it was bloody the morning after the 5th of March. The blood they saw, if any, might be occasioned by a wound given by some of the bayonets in the affray, possibly in Mr. Fosdick's arm, or it might happen, in the manner mentioned by my brother before. One bayonet at least was struck off and it might fall, where the blood of some person slain afterwards flowed. It would be doing violence to every rule of law and evidence, as well as to common sense and the feelings of humanity, to infer from the blood on the bayonet, that it had been stabbed into the brains of Mr. Gray after he was dead, and that by Killroy himself who had killed him.
Young Mr. Davis swears, that he saw Gray that evening, a little before the firing, that he had a stick under his arm, and said he would go to the riot, “I am glad of it, (that is that there was a rumpus) I will go and have a slap at them, if I lose my life.” And when he was upon the spot, some witnesses swear, he did not act that peaceable in-offensive part, which Langford thinks he did. They swear, they thought him in liquor—that he run about clapping several people on the shoulders saying, “Dont run away”—“they dare not fire.” Langford goes on “I saw twenty or five and twenty boys about the Sentinal—and I spoke to him, and bid him not be afraid.”—How came the Watchman Langford to tell him not to be afraid. Does not this circumstance prove, that he thought there was danger, or at least that the Sentinel in fact, was terrified and did think himself in danger. Langford goes on “I saw about twenty or five and twenty boys that is young shavers.”—We have been entertained with a great variety of phrases, to avoid calling this sort of people a mob.—Some call them shavers, some call them genius's.—The plain English is gentlemen, most probably a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and molattoes, Irish teagues49 and out landish jack tarrs.—And why we should scruple to call such a set of people a mob, I can't conceive, unless the name is too respectable for them: —The sun is not about to stand still or go out, nor the rivers to dry up because there was a mob in Boston on the 5th of March that attacked a party of soldiers.—Such things are not new in the world, nor in the British dominions, though they are comparatively, rareties and novelties in this town. Carr a native of Ireland had often been concerned in such attacks, and indeed, from the nature of things, soldiers quartered in a populous town, will always occasion two mobs, where they prevent one.—They are wretched conservators of the peace!
Langford “heard the rattling against the guns, but saw nothing 267thrown.”—This rattling must have been very remarkable, as so many witnesses heard it, who were not in a situation to see what caused it. These things which hit the guns made a noise, those which hit the soldiers persons, did not—But when so many things were thrown and so many hit their guns, to suppose that none struck their persons is incredible. Langford goes on “Gray struck me on the shoulder and asked me what is to pay? I answered, I don't know but I believe something will come of it, by and bye.”—Whence could this apprehension of mischief arise, if Langford did not think the assault, the squabble, the affray was such as would provoke the soldiers to fire?—“a bayonet went through my great coat and jacket,” yet the soldier did not step out of his place. This looks as if Langford was nearer to the party than became a watchman. Forty or fifty people round the soldiers, and more coming from Quaker-lane, as well as the other lanes. The soldiers heard all the bells ringing and saw people coming from every point of the compass to the assistance of those who were insulting, assaulting, beating and abusing of them—what had they to expect but destruction, if they had not thus early taken measures to defend themselves?
Brewer saw Killroy, &c. saw Dr. Young, &c. “he said the people had better go home.” It was an excellent advice, happy for some of them had they followed it, but it seems all advice was lost on these persons, they would harken to none that was given them in Dock-square, Royal exchange-lane or King-street, they were bent on making this assault, and on their own destruction.
The next witness that knows any thing, was, James Bailey, he saw Carrol, Montgomery and White, he saw some round the Sentry, heaving pieces of ice, large and hard enough to hurt any man, as big as your fist: one question is whether the Sentinel was attacked or not.—If you want evidence of an attack upon him there is enough of it, here is a witness an inhabitant of the town, surely no friend to the soldiers, for he was engaged against them at the Rope-walks; he says he saw twenty or thirty round the Sentry, pelting with cakes of ice, as big as one's fist; certainly cakes of ice of this size may kill a man, if they happen to hit some part of the head. So that, here was an attack on the Sentinel, the consequence of which he had reason to dread, and it was prudent in him to call for the Main-Guard: he retreated as far as he could, he attempted to get into the Custom-house, but could not; then he called to the Guard, and he had a good right to call for their assistance; “he did not know, he told the witness, what was the matter,” “but he was afraid there would be mischief by and bye;” and well he might, with so many shavers and genius's round him—capable of 268throwing such dangerous things. Bailey swears, Montgomery fired the first gun, and that he stood at the right, “the next man to me, I stood behind him, &c.” This witness certainly is not prejudiced in favour of the soldiers, he swears, he saw a man come up to Montgomery with a club, and knock him down before he fired, and that he not only fell himself, but his gun flew out of his hand, and as soon as he rose he took it up and fired. If he was knocked down on his station, had he not reason to think his life in danger, or did it not raise his passions and put him off his guard; so that it cannot be more than manslaughter.
When the multitude was shouting and huzzaing, and threatning life, the bells all ringing, the mob whistle screaming and rending like an Indian yell, the people from all quarters throwing every species of rubbish they could pick up in the street, and some who were quite on the other side of the street throwing clubs at the whole party, Montgomery in particular, smote with a club and knocked down, and as soon as he could rise and take up his firelock, another club from a far struck his breast or shoulder, what could he do? Do you expect he should behave like a Stoick Philosopher lost in Apathy? Patient as Epictatus while his master was breaking his leggs with a cudgel?50 It is impossible you should find him guilty of murder. You must suppose him divested of all human passions, if you don't think him at the least provoked, thrown off his guard, and into the furor brevis, by such treatment as this.
Bailey “Saw the Molatto seven or eight minutes before the firing, at the head of twenty or thirty sailors in Corn-hill, and he had a large cordwood stick.” So that this Attucks, by this testimony of Bailey compared with that of Andrew, and some others, appears to have undertaken to be the hero of the night; and to lead this army with banners, to form them in the first place in Dock square, and march them up to King-street, with their clubs; they passed through the main-street up to the Main-guard, in order to make the attack. If this was not an unlawful assembly, there never was one in the world. Attucks with his myrmidons comes round Jockson's Jackson's corner, and down to the party by the Sentry-box; when the soldiers pushed the people off, this man with his party cried, do not be afraid of them, they dare not fire, kill them! kill them! knock them over! And he tried to knock their brains out. It is plain the soldiers did not leave 269their station, but cried to the people, stand off: now to have this reinforcement coming down under the command of a stout Molatto fellow, whose very looks, was enough to terrify any person, what had not the soldiers then to fear? He had hardiness enough to fall in upon them, and with one hand took hold of a bayonet, and with the other knocked the man down: This was the behaviour of Attucks;— to whose mad behaviour, in all probability, the dreadful carnage of that night, is chiefly to be ascribed. And it is in this manner, this town has been often treated; a Carr from Ireland, and an Attucks from Framingham, happening to be here, shall sally out upon their thoughtless enterprizes, at the head of such a rabble of Negroes, &c. as they can collect together, and then there are not wanting, persons to ascribe all their doings to the good people of the town.
Mr. Adams proceeded to a minute consideration of every witness produced on the crown side; and endeavoured to shew, from the evidence on that side, which could not be contested by the council for the crown, that the assault upon the party, was sufficiently dangerous to justify the prisoners; at least, that it was sufficiently provoking, to reduce to manslaughter the crime, even of the two who were supposed to be proved to have killed. But it would swell this publication too much, to insert his observations at large, and there is the less necessity for it, as they will probably occur to every man who reads the evidence with attention. He then proceeded to consider the testimonies of the witnesses for the prisoners, which must also be omitted: And concluded,
I will enlarge no more on the evidence, but submit it to you.—Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence: nor is the law less stable than the fact; if an assault was made to endanger their lives, the law is clear, they had a right to kill in their own defence; if it was not so severe as to endanger their lives, yet if they were assaulted at all, struck and abused by blows of any sort, by snow-balls, oyster-shells, cinders, clubs, or sticks of any kind; this was a provocation, for which the law reduces the offence of killing, down to manslaughter, in consideration of those passions in our nature, which cannot be eradicated. To your candour and justice I submit the prisoners and their cause.
The law, in all vicissitudes of government, fluctuations of the passions, or flights of enthusiasm, will preserve a steady undeviating 270course; it will not bend to the uncertain wishes, imaginations, and wanton tempers of men. To use the words of a great and worthy man, a patriot, and an hero, and enlightned friend of mankind, and a martyr to liberty; I mean Algernon Sidney, who from his earliest infancy sought a tranquil retirement under the shadow of the tree of liberty, with his tongue, his pen, and his sword, “The law, (says he,) no passion can disturb. Tis void of desire and fear, lust and anger. 'Tis menc sine affectu; written reason; retaining some measure of the divine perfection. It does not enjoin that which pleases a weak, frail man, but without any regard to persons, commands that which is good, and punishes evil in all, whether rich, or poor, high or low,—Tis deaf, inexorable, inflexible.”51 On the one hand it is inexorable to the cries and lamentations of the prisoners; on the other it is deaf, deaf as an adder to the clamours of the populace.
“[I]f, by supporting the rights of mankind and of invincible truth, I shall contribute to save from the agonies of death one unfortunate victim of tyranny, or of ignorance, equally fatal; his blessing and tears of transport, will be a sufficient consolation to me for the contempt of all mankind.” Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments 42–43. See note 11 132 above; 1 JA, Diary and Autobiography 352–353
All the following authorities had been cited in Preston's trial.
Roughly, “It is preferable that the guilty be acquitted than that the innocent be condemned.”
The exact citation has not been established. 3 Blackstone, Commentaries * 4, refers to “self-defence . . . the primary law of nature.” See Rex v. Preston, note 24 110 .
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *186, discusses this example, attributing it to Bacon (Francis Bacon, Elements of The Common Laws of England, c. 5) and referring to 1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 73, which also discusses the example and attributes it to “Dal. Cap 98,” which may be Michael Dalton, The Country Justice . In the edition JA used (London 1746) the point appears in chapter 150, at p. 339.
See notes 30 151 and 31 152 above.
Wemms Trial erroneously reads “persons.”
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 72. (The section reference should be 23.)
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 72.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 71, with immaterial grammatical shifts.
1 Hale, Pleas of the Crown 437.
The references are presumably to Crompton, L'Authoritie et Jurisdiction des Court de la Maieste de la Royaume 25a (1594), and to Dalton, The Country Justice . See note 6 183 above. In the edition of Dalton which JA used (London, 1746), the point appears in chapter 145, at p. 331.
1 Hale, Pleas of the Crown 440. Despite the quotation marks, JA is here only summarizing.
Foster, Crown Cases 353–354. Foster says “explicitly entered.”
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 156: “[W]here-ever more than three Persons use Force and Violence, in the Execution of any Design whatever wherein the Law does not allow the Use of such Force, all who are concerned therein are Rioters.”
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 156.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 156. The passage continues:
“because the Design of their Meeting was innocent and lawful, and the subsequent Breach of the Peace, happened unexpectedly without any previous Intention concerning it; yet it is said, That if Persons, innocently assembled together, do afterwards upon a Dispute happening to arise among them, form themselves into Parties, with Promises of mutual Assistance, and then make an Affray, They are guilty of a Riot, because upon their confederating together with an Intention to break the Peace, they may as properly be said to be assembled together for that Purpose from the Time of such Confederacy, as if their first coming together had been on such a Design.”
The reference is apparently to Samuel Butler's Hudibras, Part II, Canto II, lines 605–658. The editors have used the London edition of 1739.
Reg. v. Mawgridge, Kelyng 119, 136, 137, 84 Eng. Rep. 1107, 1114, 1115 (Q.B. 1707).
Reg. v. Tooley et al., 2 Ld. Raym. 1296, 1301, 1302, 92 Eng. Rep. 349, 352, 353 (Q.B. 1709).
Foster, Crown Cases 312:
“The Doctrine advanced in the Case of The Queen against Tooly and Others hath, I conceive, carried the Law in favour of Private Persons Officiously interposing farther than sound Reason founded in the Principles of true Policy will warrant. I say Officiously Interposing, because the Interposition of Private Persons in the Cases I have mentioned, for preserving the Peace and preventing Bloodshed, standeth upon quite a different Foot.”
Foster continues the discussion at p. 313–316.
The individual has not been identified.
The reference is to Josiah Quincy's argument, text following note 53 174 above, Wemms Trial 145–146. Quotation marks, brackets, punctuation, and italics follow the original; see Wemms Trial 163.
Foster, Crown Cases 261–262.
See note 47 168 above. “Killing the Woman who was hired to wash. This was innocent Blood.” Paine Massacre Notes. No such instance appears at the cited page.
The paragraphs printed following the asterisk below appear as a footnote in the Wemms Trial 164–165. They were clearly based on JA's research in Rex v. Corbet, No. 56; citations for all the authorities may be found in the documentary text of that case.
* The distinction between Murder and Manslaughter, is more easily confounded than many other distinctions of Law relative to Homicide. And many persons among us seem to think that the punishment of Death ought to be inflicted upon all voluntary killing one private man by another, whether done suddenly or deliberately, cooly or in anger. These received notions may have originated partly from a false construction of the general precept to Noah, whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed. But may not some of these mistaken notions have been derived from law books. We find the distinction between Murder and Manslaughter, sometimes attributed to the peculiar benignity of the English law, and it is sometimes represented that the particular fact which the law of England calls Manslaughter, and indulges with Clergy, is punished with death in all other laws.
Vide Observations on the Statutes page 54. By the law of Scotland, there is no such thing as Manslaughter, nor by the civil law; and therefore a criminal indicted for Murder under the Statute of Henry the Eighth, where the Judges proceed by the rules of the civil law, must either be found guilty of the Murder or acquitted—and in another place, Observations on the Statutes 422. Note (z.) I have before observed that by the civil law, as well as the law of Scotland, there is no such offence, as what is, with us termed Manslaughter: Sir Michael Foster 288. If taking general verdicts of acquittal, in plain cases of death, Per Infortunium, &c. deserveth the name of a deviation, it is far short of what is constantly practiced at an Admiralty sessions, under 28. H. 8. with regard to offences not ousted of Clergy by particular statutes, which had they been committed at land would have been intituled to Clergy. In these cases the Jury is constantly directed to acquit the prisoner; because the marine law doth not allow of Clergy in any case, and therefore in an indictment for murder on the high seas, if the fact cometh out upon evidence to be no more than Manslaughter, supposing it to have been committed at land, the prisoner is constantly acquitted.
II. Lord Raymond 1496. His Lordship says, “From these cases it appears, that though the law of England, is so far peculiarly favourable (I use the word peculiarly because I know of no other law, that makes such a distinction between Murder and Manslaughter) as to permit the excess of anger and passion (which a man ought to keep under and govern) in some instances to extenuate the greatest of private injuries, as the taking away a man's life is; yet in these cases, it must be such a passion, as for the time deprives him of his reasoning faculties.[”]
I shall not enter into any enquiry, how far the Admiralty sessions in England, or a Special Court of Admiralty in America ought to proceed by the rules of civil law, though it is a question of immense importance to Americans. But must beg leave to observe that though the distinction between Murder and Manslaughter is not found in words in the civil law, yet the distinction between homicide, with deliberation and without deliberation, and on a sudden provocation is well known in that law, and the former is punished with death, the lat[t]>er, with some inferior corporal punishment at the discretion of the Judges.
Indeed the civil law is more favourable, and indulgent to sudden anger and resentment than the common law, and allows many things to be a provocation sufficient to exempt the person killing from the Poena ordinaria, which is death, which the common law considers as a slight provocation or none at all.
Cod. Lib. 9. Tit. 16, Note 46. Gail, page 503. Maranta, page 49. Par. 4. Dist. 1. 77.
It should seem from these authorities, that the lenity and indulgence of the laws of England, is not unnatural, extraordinary, or peculiar, and instead of being unknown in the civil law, that it is carried much further in many respects than in the common law. And indeed it seems that the like indulgence, was permitted in the Jewish law—though it has been so often represented as peculiar to the English law, that many persons seem to think it unwarrantable, and tending to leave the guilt of blood upon the land.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 133–134.
1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown 82–83.
The reporter's mistake for Austin. A similar error (Bass for Bliss) appears in the preceding paragraph; see p. 219 above.
The Boston Gazette, 19 Feb. 1770, Suppl., had contained a full account of the Liberty Pole riots in New York during Jan. 1770.
“Anglicized spelling of the Irish name Tadhg. . . . A nickname for an Irishman.” OED .
“Epaphroditus, it is said, once gratified his cruelty by twisting his slave's Epictetus' leg in some instrument of torture. 'If you go on, you will break it,' said Epictetus. The wretch did go on, and did break it. 'I told you that you would break it,' said Epictetus quietly, not giving vent to his anguish by a single word or a single groan.” F. W. Farrar, Seekers After God 192 (London, 1891).
See Rex v. Preston, text at note 6 94 .
Paine’s Argument for the Crown1: 4–5 December 1770 Paine, Robert Treat Paine’s Argument for the Crown: 4–5 December 1770 Paine, Robert Treat
Paine's Argument for the Crown1
May it please &c.
It now remains to close this Cause on the part of the Crown, a cause, which from the Importance of it has been examined with such minuteness and protracted to such a length that I fear it has fatigued your attention as I am certain it has exhausted my Spirits. However Gentlemen it may serve to show you and all the world2 that the Benignity of the English Law, so much relied on by the Council for the Prisoners is well known and attended to among us and Sufficiently applied in the Cause at Barr; far be it from me to advance or even insinuate any thing to the disparagement of that well known Principle of English Law, in Support of which the Council last speaking for the Prisoners has produced so many Authoritys; Nor should I think it needful to remark perticularly on it but that it has been traced thro so many Authoritys and urged with so much 3 as tho it were the foundation of their Defence, or at least a principle Argument relyed on.
But Gentlemen if you consider this Sort of reasoning one moment you will be sensible that it tends more to amuse than infor enlighten and without due caution might Captivate your attention 271to that principle of Law which is endeared by the Name of Candour Mercy and Benignity while it draws you intirely from Justice that essential principle without which the Law were but an empty Sound. Justice, strict, Justice is the ultimate Object of our Law. And to me it seems no hard Task to maintain that the Attribute of mercy or Benignity can be ascribed to nothing abstracted from that of Justice and therefore that a “Law all Mercy” would be an unjustice and therefore when we talk of the Benignity of the English Law We can understand nothing more by it than what is fairly Comprehended in Ld. Coke's Observation on Our Law in General that it is Ultima Ratio the last improvement of Reason which in the nature of it will not admitt any Proposition to be true of which it has not Evidence, nor determine that to be certain of which there remains a doubt; if therefor in the examination of this Cause the Evidence is not sufficient to Convince beyond reasonable Doubt of the Guilt of all or any of the Prisoners by the Benignity and Reason of the Law you will acquit them, but if the Evidence be sufficient to convince you of their Guilt beyond reasonable Doubt the Justice of the Law will require you to declare them Guilty and the Benignity of the Law will be satisfyed in the fairness and impartiality of their Tryal.
I am sensible, Gentlemen I have got the severe side of the question to Conduct. I am arguing against the Lives of eight of our fellow Subjects the Very thought of which is enough to excite your Compassion and to influence my Conduct; the Council for the Crown4 well aware of their Advantage arising from the humane Side of the Question, have availed themselves of all the Observations arising therefrom and have pressed the Defence by such Appeals to the Passions in favor of Life as might be grating to your humanity should I attempt the like against Life. Numberless are the Observations that have been made in order to set the Prisoners in a favorable point of Light and bring them within the notice of your Compassion. It has been represented “that the Life of a Soldier is thought to be less valuable among us than the life of a private Subject” than which nothing can be more ill founded. What ever Wrath and bitterness may have been expressed by Some on Account of the unhappy Transaction now under Examination it was no more than would have been said had the Persons who did it not been Soldiers. Nay the very appearance of this Tryal, the Conduct of the Witnesses, and Spectators and all Concerned in it must Satisfye any one that a Soldiers Life is by no means undervalued, but that they have as fair Opportunitys of defence as any 272other Subjects. It has been observed to you Gentlemen that the Evidence against the Prisoners has been for a long time past published and put into all your hands, and the Supposed inconveniencys which the Prisoners labour under on that Account have been Displayed with a vehemence of Expression; 5 for my part I am really at a Loss to determine.
The Truth whole of the Facts is this. Immediately after the Unhappy Homicide it was very naturally considered as attended with such Circumstances as would engage the Attention of Authority in Great Britain and as it was well known that Representations were making and Dispatches about to be sent respecting the Matter it was thought necessary to collect and send such Evidence as was feared would be omitted that so we might not Suffer in Our Conduct for want of it; the Copys of those Depositions were here Sacredly Concealed, nor would the Contents of them have got Abroad but that Copys printed on the other side the Water came over here and being free from the Controul of the Town were reprinted and for what I know in some means dispersed before the Tryal came on.
But I am really at a loss to determine whether this unexpected and undesigned Event has tended more to the Advantage or disadvantage, of the Prisoners, for it is notorious that by means of it they have known the Strength of the Evidence against them, and had time to prepare to encounter it which is manifest by the Rout Route taken in their Defence they have endeavoured, while the Council for the Crown with all their supposed assistance having neither seen nor heard of the witnesses Evidence to be produced in favour of the Prisoners, were surprised with a great part of it and had not the same Opportunity to prepare Evidence to oppose it which perhaps they might have found; but to what purpose is it to exclaim against the hard fate of the Prisoners on account of that Publication or any supposed Rancour against them when you Gentlemen know you are not prejudiced in the Cause nor have formed any Judgment respecting it, as you have declared on your Oaths and when nothing has been or can be objected to the credibility of Witnesses for the Crown and when nothing Appears of Partiality in the manner or matter of their Testimony; but even many Matters are testified by them of which the Council for the Prisoners avail themselves in the Defence and which never could have 273escaped any person whose mind was so unduly agitated with Passion as has been Complaind of.
Relying upon it therefore Gentlemen that as on the one hand you have Concieved none of those Prejudices compl against the Prisoners Complained of so on the other hand you will not Suffer your Selves to be amused with a Supposition of facts which do not Exist nor with Representations and Arguments which have no foundation; I shall endeavour to address my self to your Cool and Candid Reason and in the breifest manner I am able consider the Evidence that has been Offered in their Defence, the Arguments and Law that have been applied to it, and then observing on the Evidence against the Prisoners and the Law operating thereon, I shall rest the Matter with you.
In the first place, Gentlemen, you percieve that a very considerable part of the Evidence produced by the Prisoners is designed to prove to you that on the Evning of the 5th of March the Town was in a genral Commotion that vast Numbers of People were seen coming from all parts of the Town Armed with Clubbs and Sticks of various Sizes and some with Guns and that they Assembled at and Near King Street that Fire was cryed and the Bells rung in Order to encrease the Collection and from all this you may be induced to believe that there was a genral design in a great Number of the Inhabitants to Attack the Soldiers, that it was the Inhabitants who began the disorders of the Evning and that all the Misfortunes of it was the Effect of their disorderly Conduct. But Gentlemen if we recollect the Evidence we shall find that previous to all this Collection a Number of Soldiers had come out of their Barracks Armed with Clubbs Bayonets Cutlasses Tongs and Instruments of divers kind and in the most disorderly and outrageous manner were ravaging the Streets Assaulting every one they met and even turning out of their way to Assault and endanger the Lives of some of the most peaceable Inhabitants who were standing at their own Doors and who did nor said any thing to them. For the Truth of this Consider the Testimony of Mr. Appleton, Kneeland and Thayer and even vented their inhumanity on a little Boy of 12 years old. That they some of them were conspiring to Blow up Liberty Tree in the manner as had been done at N. York the account of which had then just come among us, and the Plan they were laying for doing it as appears by the Testimony of Mr. Cox. Consider also the Testimony we have from Col. Marshall, Bailey, Crookshanks, Mr. B. Davis and others who declare the outrageous appearance, Behaviour and threatnings of the Soldiers at other times and places that Evning. Consider also the Testimony of those who give 274an account of the Affray at Murrays Barracks where by the Testimony of Mr. Archibald 18 or 20 Soldiers had rushed out with Cutlasses Tongs &c. attacking all that came in their way struck him and another Person and cut an Oysterman on the Sholdier of whose Testimony we are deprived by reason of his Abscence. I mention this Testimony of Mr. Archibald as also that of Mr. Bass the more particularly as in all probability it was the begining of that affair at those Barracks of which so much has been said. Consider also the Testimony of Mr. Wilkenson and Helyer to the Behaviour of the Soldiers and Inhabitants at that place and it will represent to you the true Light in which that Affair ought to be viewed.
The Inhabitants had for a Long while been fully sensible of the ill disposition and Abusive Behaviour of many of the Soldiers towards them and the most peaceable among us had thought found it necessary to arm themselves with heavy Walking Sticks or Weapons of Defence when they went abroad. This Occasioned that appearance of Sticks in almost every ones hand which has been testified and which in fact was little more than might have been seen on any other night.
In order to draw this affair to one point of view you will consider the Account given you of the affray at the Ropewalks at 4 or 5 different times some few days before in some one or other of which Warren, Kilroy and Carrol three of the Prisoners at the Barr were present. From Mr. Ferriters Testimony it is clear that Affray began first by the abuse of i.e. from the Soldier and that previous to the unseemly Answer given by one of the Workmen. From this Testimony the Testimony of James Bayley and also of Col. Hill a Majestrate of the County (as when they struck after he had told em he was)6 we have such an Account of the Riotous barbarous ungoverned and ungovernable Behaviour of those Soldiers as must necessarily fill the minds of the Inhabitants with very alarming Prospects which when added to the Behaviour of the Soldiers on the unhappy Evning must naturally give rise to all that appearance.
There can be no doubt but that the Collection of people that were seen that night was occasioned by many different Causes. It evidently appears it was a bright moon light Evning the pleasantness of which increasd by a new fall'n Snow many persons to be walking the Streets, and some of them these hearing of the outrages of the Soldiers stop'd to see and enquire of the matter and some of them might join with those who were abused and make preparation to defend them-275selves. Such were those who being abused by the Soldiers at Murrays Barracks ran down to Dock Square and began to pull the Leggs out of the Butchers Stalls as is testified by Bass and is doubtless the same Appearance Testified by Hewes and some other of their Witnesses. Great Numbers were brought by the ringing of the Bells and cry of Fire which cry by Coll. Marshalls Account was repeated by the Soldiers as well as some of the Inhabitants. Upon this Numbers came out of their Houses from all parts with Bucketts and Baggs as is usual in case of Fire and many Witnesses testify of a Number of Fire Engines that were drawn out on the Occasion of these. Great Numbers went away. Some few tarried to see the End of those disorders of which they had had such repeated accounts.
The Account given by Mr. William Hunter, Michelson, Selkrig and Bowman all relate to the same Collection of People in Dock Square7 which they observed from Mr. Hunters Balcony. Mr. Bowman's Account is that as the Bells rung the People collected and asked where the fire was. The Accounts given by Dr. Hirons, Capt. Goldfinch, Dr. Jeffrys and Thos. Simmons appear evidently to have been the Consequence of the Soldiers rushing out in the manner before described and however little it can be justified yet who can say that any thing better could be expected when they found they could not walk their Streets in peace without danger of assasination. But how doth all this prove the grand point for which it must have been produced vizt. that there was a combination among the Inhabitants to attack the Soldiery; Does the threatning Rude and indecent Speeches of which so much pains has been taken to give you Evidence prove any thing like this? Is it to be wondered at that among a Number of people collected on such an Occasion there should be some who should rashly and without design express themselves in such a manner and must the disposition and intention of the whole be collected from such Expressions heard only by a few.8
Was it Lawful for the Inhabitants of Boston to be in walk the Streets that Evning and with Sticks? Was it Lawful for them to run on the Cry of Fire? Was it lawful for them to stop to enquire into any disturbance that had hapned, and while they were thus walking running or enquiring must they be Answerable for the rude Speech of every person that happens to be near them, when it does not appear 276they assented to them or joined in putting them in Execution? How many Sailors and foreigners of the lower Class may we well suppose there is in so populous a Sea Port who are fond of mingling with such Commotions and pushing on a disorder of which they feel not the Consequence. In all this Gentlemen I go upon the Supposition that the Witnesses who have testified of these threatning Speaches are not mistaken or omitted some Circumstance that might alter the force of them; and how far there is a possibility of that you will judge when you consider the great Confusion they give an account of Concomitant there with; to me Gentlemen it seems clearly that if those Speaches were made in the manner that has been testified, however rude and indiscreet yet they are rather to be resolved into that frenzy of undisciplined Resentment and those frantick transports of Passion which naturally take place among a free People Oppressed and galled with the ravagings of an ungoverned Soldiery, than to be construed as Evidence of an Insurrection or a design to put in Execution the Supposed threats; And really when we trace the Evidence to the End of the affair we dont find an attempt to put them in Execution.
What Attack was made or pretended to be made on the Main Guard? What Consider the Evidence respecting the people who ran up Cornhill, and there Number quality and arms were such as must render the Supposition of such an attempt the Subject of Ridicule rather than Serious Argument. Of the 200 Collected in Dock Square as testified by the Gentlemen in the Balcony, who Huzza'd for the Main Guard and ran several ways to King Street together with the large Company from Murray's Barracks some of whom ran toward the Town House as testified by others, we find but a very few that ever got into K.S.; for by the best Account we dont find above 70 or 80 there some very Credible Witnesses of good Judgment say 50 or 60 and some say about 100 and as many Boys as men, and of these it is evident clear from the Current of the Evidence that many Came from else where and but a small proportion had Sticks; So that either the Gentlemen who have testified concerning the Number in Dock Square and at Murray Barracks must either be mistaken as to their Number which is no Reflection on them to Suppose or else but a small part of them must have gone into K. Street.
Let us now enquire whether those few of them who did arrive in K.S. or any Body else made an attack on the Soldiery there. For this Gentlemen is the purpose of all this Evidence, the Prisoners would have you believe that a Number of Men Armed with Clubs rush'd down into K.S. first assaulted their Centry there and then surrounded 277and assaulted them when they came to relieve and Support him and endangered their Lives in such a manner as that they were obliged to fire on them for their own preservation or else to what purpose has so much time been spent in producing this Evidence. It was designed undoubtedly to give Such a Coloring to the Appearance and behaviour of the people in K.S. as may render them a riotous and unlawful assembly and the proper objects of Fear and resentment to the Party.
Let us now draw the matter closer home and see how it will turn out. It appears from the Evidence of many the K.S. at 9 oClock was clear of People and free from disturbance, till the Centry White that Prisner at the Barr, took upon him to Strike a Boy for Speaking saucily of a Capt. The Complaints of the Boy engaged the Attention of the People hereabouts as the Abuses offered elsewhere had engaged others. Many are the Witnesses who give some Account of the supposed Attacks on the Centry thereon and very different are these accounts of it; Some tell you it was only a few Boys that they threw Snow Balls at him but none hit him and some of the most intelligeable persons agree in this. Some say that he called for the Main Guard. Others as likely to have heard nothing of it and several of the Witnesses tell you that the Affair seemd subsiding and that they should have gone away if the Party had not come down. Some of the Witnesses tell you there was not above 12 People by the Centry when the Party came down, but the people who were collected by the ringing of on the Supposition of Fire and who were standing in Knots as some of the Witnesses gathered round tell came when the Party came.
The Evidence must Satisfye you that the people who Composed this Collection were of various kinds and various were their designs of coming. Number Some of them were people of fair Characters and peaceable dispositions and who mingled with the rest to use their Endeavours to prevent any Mischiefs which many Witnesses tell you they saw nothing of the violent Abuses offered to the Soldiers testified of by others nor heard the Threats and loud Hallowings testified of by others. Some of this Collection were Boys and Negros drawn there by the Curiosity peculiar to their disposition, and without doubt might throw some Snow Balls, and its quite natural to believe from the Evidence and the Nature of the thing that there were some there armed with Sticks and Clubbs determin'd if the Soldiers abused them in the manner they had done the Inhabitants that Evning and at times before to try the weight of them and had repaired into K.S. on a Supposition that those Soldiers who had began the disorder of the Evening at a time when they ought to have been in their Barracks were con-278tinuing their disorders there, (for it appears about the time of the attack on the Centry several partys of Soldiers were seen in K.S. armed with clubbs Cutlasses &c.;) and that they had not the least design or Idea of Attacking a Party on duty.9 And many other peaceable people gathered there meerly to see what was going on.
Can any person living from the history of this Affair as it turns up in Evidence Suppose these persons were such dangerous rioters as to bring them within those Rules of Law which have been read to you that it is lawful to kill them; Shall the innocent and peaceable who by meer Casualty are mixt with some of the ruder Sort be liable to be Shot down by a Party of Soldiers meerly because they please to call 'em dangerous Rioters? Tis the Action Generally and not a few Angry tho threatning Expressions that constitutes any Riot and the Agreement of the whole Body that makes 'em Partys. This appears from some of the Authoritys read.
Great pains has been taken to satisfye you that this Collection of People actually attacked assaulted and endangered the lives of the Party. Great numbers have testified concerning this affair and their accounts of the matter are very various. Numbers of the most impartial and Judicious and who stood in the best Scituation of observation saw nothing of such Transactions as are testified by others which one would think could not escape there notice. The Showers of Snow Balls, Oyster Shells and multitude of Sticks. The frequent and loud Huzzaing and threatning Crys which some relate were in some measure and in some instances totally unobserved by a very great Number of the best Witnesses many of whom were produced by the Prisoners and whose Credibility, Judgment and Scituation was equally good as those who relate it. But say their Council Shall negative Evidence out Weigh Positive? Undoubtedly in some cases it may Satisfy the mind and in others it may raise a doubt. In this Case the fact asserted is of such a Nature as must be very much affected by negative Evidence; is it possible to conceive that such facts should exist as have been asserted and escape the notice of such so great Numbers of such Witnesses? If the facts did exist it must have only been in such a degree, as only to be observed accidently by a few and not in such a manner as to engage the notice of the whole; but great relyance is placed on the dying Speech of Carr one of the deceased as testified by Dr. Jeffrys; to me Gentlemen it seems unaccountable that any Stress should be laid 279on this Evidence, Carr it seems was for taking a Sword when he went out; whether to fight for or against the Soldiers is very uncertain, by his Country and behaviour, one would think the latter for he never joined with the people nor went within six Rods of them, had been there but a very Short Space of time and was going from them When he was Shot, and I cant concieve why his Judgment of the matter whose Character and disposition we know not, without the obligation of an Oath and so scituated tho a dying Man should weigh more than the Testimony of Numbers of Judicious reputable Witnesses who were in the midst of it and told you they saw nothing that should occasion them to fire and wondered at the reason of it, and thot if they had Suspected any such thing they should have gone away and when they were so Scituated as to be in danger themselves and one of them had his Surtot Scorched and much more to the same purpose. But it is insisted on that Montgomery was knock'd down previous to the firing; that when you recollect the Account given by Fosdick and Danbrook, and of Mr. Palmes a Witness on the same Side you will at least doubt the time of it and conclude it to be the same transaction he testifys of when he and many others say he could not be without their seeing it.
No one will pretend to deny the Numerous Authority produced in the Case. The grand Question is whether they apply to the Evidence and in order to do this let us recapitulate the Argument. It is proved to you Gentlemen that all the Prisoners at the Bar were present in K.S. at the firing. It appears by the current of the testimony that 7 Guns were fired, and it appears pretty certain that Wemys, the Corporal was the one who did not fire. It is certain that five men were killed by the firing of which Montgomery killed Attucks and Kilroy killed Grey.
But which of the other 5 prisoners killed the other 3 of the deceased appears very uncertain. But this operates nothing in their favour if it appears to you that they were an unlawful Assembly for it has been abundantly proved to you by the Numerous Authoritys produced by the Council for the Prisoners, that every individual of an Unlawful Assembly is answerable for the doings of the rest. They are all considered as Principals, and all that are present aiding assisting and abetting to the doing an unlawful act as is charged in the Several Indictments against the Prisoners are also considered as Principals. The Council aware of this have endeavoured to make it appear they were a lawful Assembly that the Centry was duly Stationed at the Custom House and that the Party had a right and actually did come to Support him and so were a lawful Assembly. But it must be remembered that no Man or body of Men have a right to do a lawful Action in an unlawful 280Manner if they do they become an unlawful Assembly. You recollect the Evidence of the forcible Manner of their going down pushing all those who stood in their way and of their Behaviour at their first arrival pushing their Bayonets at several people standing peacably there, and even tho they were Lawfully assembled when they got there yet the moment they turned their Arms on the People without just Cause they became an Unlawful Assembly in such a sense as that all are answerable for the doings of any one. The Kings Troops have undoubtedly a right to march thro' the Streets and as such are a Lawful Assembly. But if in such marching without just Cause they fire on the Inhabitants and but one man is kill'd they Surely are all answerable tho it cant be proved who did the Execution. What better is this Case. If there was a just Cause for firing they will be acquitted on that plea and there will be no Occasion to determine the legality of their Assembling. If there was no just Cause of firing how will you excuse them all of the Guilt tho it is not proved who were the actual perpetrators. When you recollect further, the Account given you by many Witnesses, that on firing the first Gun the people dispersed and were in a Manner withdrawn to a distance at the firing the last Guns that the last Gun was fired at a Boy at a distance running down Street; that they presented their firelocks again at the few people who came with the Chirugeon to pick up the Dead it appears to me you must be Satisfy'd they were possessed of that Wicked depraved malignant Spirit which constitutes Malice, that from the whole Evidence taken together no just Cause appears for such outrageous Conduct and therefore that they must be considered as aiding and assisting each other in this unlawful Act which the lawfulness of their Assembling will not excuse; can it ever be supposed that the Law even the Benignity of the Law which is very necessarily here called in to their Aid will admit of so pitiful evasion as this. Will not the reason of the Law impute Guilt to all of them tho at first lawfully assembled seeing they joined in doing an unlawful Action and so that Gentlemen the final Result of the whole matter must turn on a mere question of facts.
It has been shewn you Gentlemen that all killing at the first blush is Murder in the Eye of the Law and that the Prisoner must make out the facts which he relys on for his Justification Excuse or Alleviation: unless they appear from the Witnesses who testify of the killing.10
Does there appear Sufficient Evidence to justify or excuse the killing in Order for which it must appear to be done to prevent the Commission of a known felony. Black. Com. 4th. p. 181.11 It seems Montgomery was not knock'd down if at all till he pushed with his Bayonet and the Blow was not followed. Had the people intended any more than to resent the insolence of the Party who were pushing and wounding them they certainly would have Executed their design on the discharge of the Guns. But nothing of that kind appears. The plea of Self Defence which is made for them must inevitably fail unless you can be Satisfied there was no other possible way of Saving their Lives but by firing killing. Fost. 278.12 1 HPC.13 No one who recollects that till the firing the 1st Gun Capt. Preston Stood talking with a Witness can believe this to be the Case and if so it was an unlawful act to kill, and as they were all combined in the firing they are all answerable.
Neither Gentlemen doth it seem by taking the Evidence all together it will alleviate their Crime to Man Slaughter, Shall throwing a Snow Ball from a Distance alleviate the Crime of firing Ball amidst a Number of people who at first stood so thick they could not throw and as the Witnesses some that they most rely on tell you were crouding back? Shall this be likened to the filliping a man on the Forehead as has been read to you?14 Is it not manifest that in that Case the very Assailant was killed, but here it appears that none of the persons killed were assailants. Attacks 15 feet off leaning on his Stick, Gray 12 feet off with his hand in his Bosom, and the other three just run into the Street and scarce knew of the Affair before they were shot down. Tis to human Frailty and that only and not to such Brutal Rage and Diabolical Malignity as must have impelled the Prisners to fire as they did; if there was provocation enough to have provoked a Cholerick Man
Indeed if you believe that Montgomery was knock'd down in the manner Testified asserted his Crime I acknowledge can amount no higher than Manslaughter; but what Evidence is there that any of the rest recieving such a provocation before firing as will alleviate their Crime. The left wing of the Party was uncovered by the People, the Croud was chiefly at the Right. Andrew indeed supposes Kilroy was 282struck but when we consider he looked about and saw Attucks fall he must have Confounded this fact as in my Opinion he has many others. The Witness who testifys of Kilroys killing Grey puts it beyond dispute that he shot him deliberately and after Caution not to fire and the Witness must have seen the blow if he had received any. When you consider the Evidence against Kilroy, his previous threatning and that repeatedly after admonition you must unavoidably I think and the express Evidence of killing Gray and the manner of it I think you must unavoidably find him Guilty of murder. What your Judgment should think of the rest tho the Evidence is undoubtedly the fullest against him, yet it full enough against the rest.
Paine Massacre Notes. See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.
Paine here uses a circle to symbolize “world.”
Blank in MS.
An inadvertence for “prisoners.”
A small interval of space in the MS indicates that some words have been omitted here. If the phrase “the design of which” is inserted, the passage makes sense. This phrase was, in fact, silently inserted at the point by Alden Bradford in his version of Paine's argument (see Descriptive List of Sources and Documents) along with other improvements that are less warranted.
The words enclosed in editorially supplied parentheses are interlined in the MS.
Paine here drew a square.
This is the point to which the text of Paine's argument as printed in Sanderson's Lives of the Signers extends. (See Descriptive List of Sources and Documents.)
All the matter in this long sentence beginning “and had repaired” and ending at this point appears on a following MS page. A caret indicates the place where Paine apparently wished to insert it; it is here so inserted.
The foregoing paragraph appears in the MS before the preceding paragraph, but is bracketed, and a note by Paine shows that it is to be inserted here. Paine's reference is to Foster, Crown Cases 255.
4 Blackstone, Commentaries *181: “[W] here a crime, in itself capital, is endeavoured to be committed by force, it is lawful to repel that force by the death of the party attempting.”
Foster, Crown Cases 278 discusses the plea of self-defense.
The exact page reference in Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown has not been identified.
See JA's argument, Doc. XVI, text at note 44 221 . Josiah Quincy had made the same point. See Doc. XV, notes 38 159 , 44 165 .
Adjournment1: 4–5 December 1770 UNKNOWN Adjournment: 4–5 December 1770 UNKNOWN
TUESDAY 4 December, half past FIVE o'Clock, p.m. (Mr. Paine not having gone through his argument) the Court adjourned to Wednesday morning, Eight o'Clock.
WEDNESDAY morning 5 December, Eight o'Clock, the court met according to Adjournment, when Mr. Paine finished closing, and the Court proceeded to sum up the cause to the Jury.
Wemms Trial 178.
Trowbridge’s and Oliver’s Charges to the Jury1: 5 December 1770 Trowbridge, Edmund Oliver, Peter Trowbridge’s and Oliver’s Charges to the Jury: 5 December 1770 Trowbridge, Edmund Oliver, Peter
Trowbridge's and Oliver's Charges to the Jury1
Justice Trowbridge
William Wemms, James Hartegan, William McCauley, Hugh White, Matthew Killroy, William Warren, John Carrol and Hugh Montgomery, prisoners at the bar, are charged by the Grand Jurors for the body of this county, with having feloniously and of their malice aforethought, shot and thereby killed and murdered Samuel Maverick, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Patrick Carr, and Crispus Attucks, against the peace, crown and dignity of our Sovereign Lord the King; 283altho' it is laid in each indictment that some one of the prisoners in particular gave the mortal wound, yet as all the rest of them are charged with being present aiding and abetting him to do it, they are all charged as principals in the murder; and therefore, if upon consideration of the evidence given in this case, it should appear to you that all the prisoners gave the mortal wound, or that any one of them did it, and that the rest were present aiding and abetting him to do it, the indictment will be well maintained against all the prisoners, so far as respects the killing, because in such case, the stroke of one is, in consideration of law, the stroke of all.2 And as the crime whereof the prisoners are accused is of such a nature as that it might have been committed by any one of them, though the indictments purport a joint charge, yet the law looks on the charge as several against each of the prisoners.3 To this charge they have severally pleaded Not Guilty, and thereby thrown the burden of proof upon the crown. Considering how much time has already been taken up in this case, and the multiplicity of evidence that has been given in it, I shall not spend any time in recapitulating what each witness has testified, especially as your Foreman has taken it in writing from the mouths of the witnesses,4 but shall endeavour to point out the manner in which the 284various testimonies are to be considered, and how the evidence given is to be applied, still leaving it with you to determine how far that which has been testified by each witness is to be believed. But before I do this, it may not be improper, considering what has in the course of this year been advanced, published, and industriously propagated among the people, to observe to you that none of the indictments against the prisoners are founded on the act of this province, or the law given to the Jews, but that, all of them are indictments at common law.5 The prisoners are charged with having offended against the common law, and that only; by that law therefore they are to be judged, and by that law condemned, or else they must be acquitted. This seems to make it highly proper for me to say something to you upon the common law, upon homicide and the several kinds and degrees of it, and the rules for trial of homicide as settled and established by the common law. The laws of England are of two kinds, the unwritten or common law, and the written or statute law. The general customs or immemorial usage of the English nation, is properly the common law. And the evidence thereof are the Records of the several Courts of Justice, the Books of Reports and Judicial Decisions, and the Treatises of the Sages of the Law, handed down to us from the times of the highest antiquity.6 The common law is the law by which the proceedings and determinations in the King's ordinary Courts of Justice, are guided and directed. This law is the birth right of every Englishman. The first settlers of this country brought it from England with them. It was in force here when the act of this province against murder was made.7 Murder here was then felony by common law, and excluded Clergy by, 23 H. 8. c. 1.8 and 1. Edw. 6. c. 12.9 So that, that province act, created no new felony. It was in affirmance of the common law. If murder by that act had been made a new felony, a murderer would now be intituled to the benefit of clergy by force of 25. E. 3. c. 4.10 because it is not taken away by that province act or any other made 285since.11 Homicide is of three kinds, justifiable, excusable, and felonious. The first has no share of guilt at all—the second very little, but the third is the highest crime against the law of nature.12 There are also degrees of guilt in felonious homicide, which divide the offence into manslaughter and murder.13 I shall give some instances under each head, proper to be considered in this case, and known at this day. And first of justifiable homicide. Killing him who attempts to rob or murder me, to break open my dwelling-house in the night, or to burn it, or by force to commit any other felony on me, my wife, child, servant, friend, or even a stranger, if it cannot otherwise be prevented, is justifiable.14 By common law it was, and still is, the duty of peace officers, such as Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, Under-sheriffs, and Constables, to suppress riots, routs, and unlawful assemblies. The Stat. 13. H. 4. c. 8.15 subjected Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Under-sheriffs to the penalty of £100, if they neglected their duty therein. And as the common law obliges the peace officers to suppress riots, &c. so it empowers them to raise a sufficient force to enable them to do it. A Justice of the Peace, Sheriff, or Under-sheriff may raise the power of the county, and the Constable of a town, the people of that town, to aid and assist him in suppressing a riot and apprehending the rioters, and if they stand in their defence, resist the officer, and continue their riotous proceeding in pulling down a house, assaulting and beating, or abusing any person or persons, such rioters may lawfully be killed, if they cannot otherwise be prevented.16 It is the duty of all persons (except women, decrepid persons, and infants under fifteen,) to aid and assist the peace officers to suppress riots, &c. when called upon to do it. They may take with them such weapons as are necessary to enable them effectually to do it, and may justify the beating, wounding, and even killing, such rioters as resist, or refuse to surrender; if the riot cannot otherwise be suppressed, or the rioters apprehended.17 So in case of a sudden affray, if a private person interposing to part the combatants, and giving notice of his friendly de-286sign, is assaulted by them, or either of them, and in the struggle happens to kill, he may justify it, because it is the duty of every man to interpose in such cases to preserve the public peace.18 A fortiori private persons may interpose to suppress a riot.19
Homicide excuseable in self-defence is where one engaged in a sudden affray, quits the combat before a mortal wound given, retreats as far as he safely can, and then urged by meer necessity, kills his adversary in the defence of his own life.20 This differs from justifiable self-defence, because he was to blame for engaging in the affray, and therefore must retreat as far as he can safely; whereas in the other case aforementioned neither the peace officers, nor his assistants, nor the private person, is obliged to retreat, but may stand and repel force by force.21
Manslaughter is the unlawful killing another without malice express or implied: As voluntarily upon a sudden heat, or involuntarily in doing an unlawful act.22 Manslaughter on a sudden provocation, differs from excusable homicide in self-defence, in this; that in one case there is an apparent necessity for self-preservation to kill the aggressor, in the other there is no necessity at all, it being a sudden act of revenge.23 As where one is taken in the act of adultry, and instantly killed by the husband in the first transport of passion.24 So if one, on angry words, assaults another by wringing his nose, and he thereupon immediately draws his sword and kills the assailant, it is but Manslaughter, because the peace is broken, with an indignity to him that received the assault, and he being so affronted, might reasonably apprehend the other had some further design on him.25 Where one happens to kill another in a contention for the wall, it is but manslaughter.26 So where H and A came into Buckner's lodging, A takes 287down a sword in the scabbard that hung there, stood at the chamber door with the sword undrawn, to prevent Buckner from going out before they could bring a Bailiff to arrest him for a debt he owed H; and upon some discourse between Buckner and H, Buckner takes a dagger out of his pocket, stabs and kills H with it. This was adjudged only manslaughter at common law, and not to come within the statute of 1. Ja 1.27 against stabbing, because Buckner was unlawfully imprisoned.28 So where an officer abruptly and violently pushed into a gentleman's chamber, early in the morning to arrest him, without telling him his business, or using words of arrest, and the gentleman not knowing him to be an officer, in his first surprise, took down a sword and stabbed him. This also was ruled to be but manslaughter at common law, because the gentleman might reasonably conclude from the officer's behaviour, that he came to rob or murder him.29 So where Marshal and some other Bailiffs, came to Cook's dwelling house about eight o'clock in the morning, called upon him to open his doors and let them enter, because they had a warrant, on such and such writs, at the suit of such persons, to arrest him, and required him to obey them, but he told them they should not enter, and bid them depart, and thereupon they broke a window, and then came to the door of the house, and in attempting to force it open, broke one of the hinges, whereupon Cook shot Marshal and killed him; it was adjudged not to be murder, because though Marshal was an officer, yet he was not in the due execution of his office, but was doing an unlawful act in attempting to break open the house to execute such a civil process; and every one has a right to defend his house in such cases; but to be man-slaughter, because Cook saw Marshal, knew him, shot and killed him voluntarily, when he might have resisted him without killing him.30 Though no words of reproach, nor actions, or gestures expressive of reproach or contempt, without an assault, will by common law free the party killing from the guilt of murder,31 yet words, of menace of bodily harm, may amount to such a provocation, as to make the offence to be but manslaughter.32
If these determinations appear new and extraordinary to you, it is not to be wondered at, considering the doctrines that of late have been advanced and propagated among you. In the course of this year you doubtless have heard much of the law given to the Jews, respecting homicide, as well as of the precept given to Noah, that “Whoso shedeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed.”33 Whence it has been inferred, that whoever voluntarily kills another, whatever the inducement, or provocation may be, is a murderer, and as such ought to be put to death. But surely not only the avenger of blood, and he who killed a thief breaking up an house in the night, were exceptions to that general precept, but also he who killed another in his own defence. Even the Jewish Doctors allowed this34 and that justly; because the right of self-defence is founded in the law of nature. The Jews indeed, supposed their law equally subjected to death, him who killed another, whether of malice aforethought, or on a sudden falling out: but it seems the early Christian divines did not, for the Clergy in the reign of Canute, the beginning of the eleventh century, so construed the Mosaical law as to deem him a murderer, who in time past had conceived hatred against his neighbour and lain in wait for him and killed him, and him guilty of manslaughter only who killed another on sudden provocation; and it is ordained by one of the laws of this Canute, that if any person shall with premeditation kill another he shall be openly delivered up to the kindred of the slain, but if the killing be not with premeditation the Bishop shall take cognizance of it.35 And as homicides have since happened, and been tried in the King's Courts, the Judges have from time to time, determined them to be either justifiable, excusable, or felonious: and if felonious, to be murder or manslaughter, according to the particular circumstances that attended the killing.
These determinations of the King's Courts, for so many ages past, shew, not only what the common law in cases of this kind is, but that these rules of the common law, are the result of the wisdom and experience of many ages. However it is not material in the present case, whether the common law is agreeable to, or variant from, the law given to the Jews, because it is certain, the prisoners are not in this Court to be tried by that law, but by the common law, that is according to the settled and established rules, and antient customs of the nation, approved for successions of ages.
Murder, by the common law, is the unlawful killing a reasonable creature, under the King's peace, of malice aforethought, by a person of sound mind and discretion.36 Malice is the grand criterion that distinguishes murder from all other homicide. Malice aforethought, is not confined to an old grudge, or fixed, settled anger against a particular person, but it extends to a disposition to do evil.37 It is the dictate of a wicked, depraved, and malignant spirit.38 As when one with a sedate, deliberate mind, and formed design kills another.39 Not where the killing is owing to a sudden transport of passion, occasioned by any considerable provocation. For the law pays such regard to human frailty, as not to put an hasty act, and a deliberate one, upon the same footing with regard to guilt.40 In the case of duelling, when two, upon a sudden quarrel, instantly draw their swords and fight, and one kills the other, it is manslaughter; but if on such a quarrel in the morning, they agree to fight in the afternoon, or so long after as that there is sufficient time for the blood to cool, the passions to subside, and reason to interpose, and they meet and fight accordingly, if one kills the other, it is murder.41 So if a man resolves to kill the next man he meets, and does it, it is murder, although he knew him not, for this shews the malignity of his heart, and his universal malice.42 So where one maliciously strikes or shoots at another, but misses him and kills a third person, whom he did not intend to hurt, it is nevertheless murder, because he is answerable for all the consequences of his malicious act;43 but if the blow intended against A, and lighting on B, arose from a sudden transport of passion, which in case A had died by it, would have reduced the offence to manslaughter, the fact will admit of the same alleviation if B should happen to fall by it.44 If two or more come together to do an unlawful act against the King's peace, of which the probable consequence might be bloodshed, as to beat a man, or commit a riot, and in the prosecution of that design, 290one of them kills a man, it is murder in them all.45 So where one kills another wilfully without a considerable provocation, it is murder, because no one unless of an abandoned heart, would be guilty of such an act upon a slight or no apparent cause.46 So if one kills an officer of justice, either civil or criminal, in the execution of his duty, or any of his assistants endeavouring to conserve the peace, or any private person endeavouring to suppress an affray, or apprehend a felon, knowing his authority, or the intention with which he interposes, it is murder.47 As to the rules settled and established by common law, for the trial of homicide, it is observable, That no person can by common law, be held to answer for any kind of homicide, at the suit of the King only, unless he be first accused thereof by a Jury of the county where the fact was done.48 That he who is so accused, may on the plea of Not Guilty, not only put the council for the King upon the proof of the fact, but when it is proved, may give any special matter in evidence to justify or excuse it, or to alleviate the offence.49 That the facts are to be settled by another Jury of the same county,50 who are supposed to be best knowing of the witnesses and their credibility, and their verdict must be founded on the evidence given them in Court.51 That if any of the jurors are knowing of the facts, they ought to inform the Court of it, be sworn as witnesses, and give their testimonies in Court, to the end it may be legal evidence to their fellows, and the Court may know on what evidence the Jury's verdict is founded.52 That the Court are to determine the law arising on the facts, because they are supposed to know it.53 That the Jury, under the direction of the Court in point of law, matters of fact being still left to them, may give a general verdict conformable to such direction; but in cases of doubt, and real difficulty, the Jury ought to state the facts and circumstances in a special verdict, 291that the Court upon farther consideration thereof, may determine what the law is thereon.54 That although malice is to be collected from all circumstances, yet the Court, and not the Jury, are the proper Judges thereof; as also, if the quarrel was sudden, whether there was time for the passions to cool, or whether the act was deliberate or not.55 The Judge ought to recommend to the Jury to find the facts specially, or direct them hypothetically, as—if you believe such and such witnesses, who have sworn so and so, the killing was malicious, and then you ought to find the prisoners guilty of murder; but if you do not believe these witnesses, then you ought to find them guilty of manslaughter only. And according to the nature of the case, if you on the evidence given, believe the facts to be so, then the act was deliberate, or if you believe them to be so, then it was not deliberate, and according as you believe, so you ought to find one or the other.56
To what has been said under this head I must add, that in the trial of this case, both the Court and Jury are as much obliged to observe these rules, as a Court and Jury in England would be in the trial of a like case there; the law in these respects is the same here, as there. A Juror's oath in this case is also the same here as there.57 Therefore as by law, you are to settle the facts in this case, upon the evidence given you in Court: you must be sensible, that in doing it, you ought not to have any manner of regard to what you may have read or heard of the case out of Court. And as it is the proper business of the Court, to determine the law arising upon the facts, you must also be sensible, that you are to take the law from the Court, and not collect it from what has been said by people out of Court, or published in the newspapers, or delivered from the pulpits.
Having premised these things, I shall observe to you, the several questions that arise in this case; and point out to you the manner in which I think they may be best considered and determined.
The principal questions are these, viz.
I. Whether the five persons said to be murdered, were in fact killed? And if so.
II. Whether they, or either of them were killed by the prisoners, or either of them? And if they were, then
III. Whether such killing was justifiable, excusable, or felonious? And if the latter.
IV. Whether it was manslaughter or murder?
As to the first, you have not only the coroner's inquest, but the testimony of so many witnesses, that the five persons were shot and thereby mortally wounded in the night of the 5th of March last, and that some of them died instantly, and the rest in a few days after, that you doubtless will be satisfied they were all killed. And the same evidence must I think, also convince you, that they were all killed by the party of soldiers that were at the Custom-house that night, or by some of them.
Whether the prisoners were there, will therefore be your next enquiry; for if either of them was not, he must be acquitted. You have the testimony of Bridgham and Simpson as to Wemms; of Danbrooke and Simpson as to Hartegan; of Austin as to McCauley; of Simpson, Langford, Bailey and Clark as to White; of Archibald, Lang-ford and Brewer as to Killroy; of Dodge and Simpson as to Warren; and of Bailey, Bass, Palmes, Danbrooke and Wilkinson as to Montgomery's being at the Custom house that night, and of the party of soldiers that was there; and this is not contested with any opposite proof. The law doth not in this case make the testimony of two witnesses necessary for the Jury to settle a fact upon: If one swears it, and upon his testimony you believe it, that is sufficient evidence for you to find the fact. But if you are satisfied upon the evidence, that all the prisoners were there, yet, as each prisoner is severally charged with having killed these five persons, and by his plea has denied the charge, you must be fully satisfied upon the evidence given you, with regard to each prisoner, that he in particular, did in fact, or in consideration of law, kill one or more of these persons that were slain, or he must be acquitted.
The way therefore to determine this, will be for you to name some one of the prisoners, and then consider, whether it appears upon the evidence in the case, that he did in fact kill Maverick? And then, whether upon the evidence it appears, he in fact killed Gray? And so enquire in the same manner, whether he did in fact kill either of the other three persons? And having noted how it appears upon the evidence with regard to him; you must then proceed in like manner with each of the other prisoners; and if upon a full consideration of the evidence in the case, you should be in doubt, as to any one of the prisoners having in fact killed either of the persons that were slain, you must consider whether he did it in consideration of law? Now all that 293are present, aiding and abetting one person in killing another, do, in judgment of law, kill him. The stroke of one is, in consideration of law, the stroke of all. When a number of persons assemble together to do an unlawful act, and in prosecution of that design, one of them kills a man, all the rest of the company are in law considered as abetting him to do it.58
You must therefore enquire how, and for what purpose, the prisoners came together at the Custom house, and what they did there before these persons were killed.
The Council for the prisoners say, that, if they were at the Custom house that night, they went there by order of the Captain of the Main guard, to support and protect the Sentry, who was insulted, assaulted and abused by a considerable number of people, assembled for that purpose; but as this is denied by the Council for the Crown, it will be proper to consider whether, a Sentry was duly placed at the Custom-house? And if so, whether he was attacked? And if so, whether the prisoners went by order of the Captain to support and protect him?
That a Sentry was in fact then placed at the Custom-house, by order of Colonel Dalrymple, the Commanding Officer, as also that one had been placed there for a long time before, is testified by Capts. O'Hara and Mason, and indeed the right to place Sentries, (it being in time of peace) is the only thing that has been questioned. Upon this, therefore I would observe, that as the main design of society, is the protection of individuals by the united strength of the whole community; so for the sake of unanimity, strength and dispatch, the supreme executive power is by the British constitution vested in a single person, the King. This single person has the sole power of raising fleets or armies; and the Statute of 13 Car. 2 c. 6.59 declares, That “within all his Majesty's realms and dominions, the sole supreme government, command and disposition of the militia, and of all forces by sea and land, and all forts and places of strength is, and by the law of England ever was, the undoubted right of his Majesty and his royal Predecessors, Kings and Queens of England.” And as Charles the Second had this right as King of England, it of course comes to his successors, and our present Sovereign Lord the King, now hath it.
Indeed the Bill of Rights declares among other things, That the raising or keeping a standing army, within the kingdom, in a time of peace, unless with the consent of Parliament, is against law. And it is said, 294that upon the same principles whereon that declaration was founded, it is alike unlawful to be done in any other part of the King's dominions. But be that as it may, the Mutiny Acts annually made, shew the consent of Parliament, that the King in time of peace should keep up a standing army not only in the Kingdom, but in America also. They not only ascertain the number of troops that shall be kept up, but provide for the regulation of such of the King's troops as are in America. And therefore as by these acts the King is impowered to keep up these troops, and he, by common law, has the command and disposition of all forces by sea and land within his dominions, and is the principal conservator of the peace, he doubtless, well might send such part of those troops to this part of his dominions, in order to restore the public peace, or to aid and assist the civil Magistrate in preserving of it, as he judged necessary for the purpose; and if you should think there was no occasion for sending any troops here, for either of those purposes, that will not alter the case, because the King being the proper judge in that matter, the validity of his order will not depend upon the truth of the representations whereon it is founded. The acts not only fix the number of troops to be kept up, but also establish a law martial for their government. Among other things, the Acts subject every officer or soldier that sleeps on his post, or leaves it before he is relieved, or disobeys the lawful command of his superior officer, to such punishment as a Court Martial shall inflict, though it extend to death itself. These troops are, and ever since they came here, have been under this martial law, and subject to as strict regulation, as in time of war. Placing Sentries is a necessary part of the regulation of an army, accordingly a Sentry hath in fact been kept at the Custom-house, ever since the troops have been here; and it is sworn, by the Captains O'Hara and Mason, that it was done by order of the Commanding Officer. If so, you have no reason to doubt but that it was legally done.
Your next enquiry then will be, whether the Sentry so placed at the Custom house was attacked? Many witnesses have sworn that he was. But the Council for the Crown say, the contrary appears by the testimony of Col. Marshal and others.
It is with you to determine this matter upon the whole of the evidence given you. In doing it you ought to reconcile the several testimonies, if by any reasonable construction of the words it may be done. Where some witnesses swear they saw such a thing done, and others swear they were present and did not see it: if the thing said to be done be such as it may reasonably be supposed some might see and others not, by reason of their want of observation, or particular attention to 295other matters there, as both may be true, you ought to suppose them to be so, rather than presume that any of the witnesses swear falsely. But if witnesses contradict each other, so that their testimonies cannot be reconciled, you must then consider the number of the witnesses on each side, their ability, integrity, indifference as to the point in question, and the probability or improbability arising from the nature of the thing in question, and upon the whole settle the fact as you verily believe it to be. If you find the Sentry was attacked, the next thing to be considered is, whether the prisoners went to protect him, and if so, whether it was lawful for them so to do. There is a great difference between a common affray, and attacking the King's forces. I think the law in that regard ought to be more generally known here than it seems to be. If upon a sudden quarrel from some affront given or taken, the neighbourhood rise and drive the King's forces out of their quarters, it is a great misdemeanor, and if death ensues it may be felony in the assailants, but it is not treason, because there was no intention against the King's person or government: But attacking the king's forces in opposition to his authority, upon a march or in quarters, is levying war against the King.60 And resisting the King's forces, if sent to keep the peace, may amount to an overt act of high treason.61 Though it may be attended with great inconveniences for private persons, without a peace officer, to make use of arms for suppressing an ordinary riot, yet if the riot be such an one as savours of rebellion, it doubtless may lawfully be done.62 You have heard what the witnesses deposed respecting the resolution taken to drive the soldiers out of town, “because they had no business here.” You have also heard what has been testified of the proposals to attack the Main-guard — of the assembling of the people especially in Dock-square — of the huzzaing for the Main guard and King-street— and of the attacking the Sentry. Now if this was done in pursuance of a resolution taken “to drive the soldiers out of the town, because they had no business here,” I will not now determine whether it was treason or not; but it certainly was a riot that savoured of rebellion; for the suppressing whereof, private persons might not only arm themselves, but make use of their arms, if they could not otherwise suppress it.63 Much more might the Captain of the Main guard take part of the guard, armed as usual, and go with them to protect the Sentry. By what Crookshanks, Benjamin Davis, Whitington, and others 296have sworn, it seems the Sentry not only called to the Main-guard for assistance, but two men went and told them they must send assistance directly or the Sentry would be murdered. Whereupon the Captain gave orders that a party should go to the assistance of the Sentry, and they were drawn out accordingly, led down to the Custom house by a Corporal, and followed by the Captain. Now as this party did not assemble, or go there, of their own accord, but were sent by their Captain to protect the Sentry, it must be supposed that was their design in going until the contrary appears. And although upon the evidence you should not be satisfied that the Sentry was attacked in pursuance of a resolution taken to drive the soldiers out of town, because they had no business here, yet considering the notice given by the two men to the Captain, of the danger the Sentry was in, and what the Captain himself might then see and observe of the attack upon the Sentry, (if any regard is to be had to what a great number of the witnesses have sworn) he well might order out such a party, and go with them to protect the Sentry: And it seems to be agreed that if the prisoners were at the Custom-house that night, all of them, except the Sentry, were of that party. It has been said that this party of soldiers, when on their march, pushed Fosdick with a bayonet while he was standing peaceably in the street, and struck Brewer as soon as they got to the Custom-house, which shewed their design was to disturb the peace, and not to preserve it. But as Fosdick himself says, that, upon his refusing to move out of his place, they parted and went by him, you will consider whether it is not more reasonable to suppose, that what he calls a push was an accidental touch owing to the numbers in the street, rather than any thing purposely done to hurt him; and so with regard to the blow said to be given to Brewer. But supposing the push purposely given by one of the party, and the blow by him or another of them, it will by no means be sufficient to prove a design in the whole party, to disturb the peace, nor will all of them be involved in the guilt of one or more of them that broke the peace, unless they actually aided or abetted him or them that did it; because they were assembled and sent forth for a different purpose, and a lawful one.64 But if they were a lawful assembly when they got to the Custom house, yet if afterwards they all agreed to do an unlawful act to the disturbance of the peace, and in prosecution of that design Maverick and the rest were killed, all that party will by law be chargeable with each mortal stroke given by either of them, as though they all had in fact given it.
And it is said, that while they were at the Custom-house, before they fired, some of them attempted with their bayonets to stab every one they could come at, without any reason at all for so doing. Such conduct to be sure can neither be justified nor excused. But as the time was so very short, and some of the witnesses declare the people were crouding upon the soldiers, and that they were moving their guns backwards and forwards crying stand off, stand off, without moving from their station, you will consider whether this may not be what other witnesses call an attempt to stab the people. But, be that as it may, if the party was a lawful assembly before, this not being the act of the whole, would not make it unlawful. The Council for the Crown insist, that the firing upon the people was an unlawful act, in disturbance of the peace, and as the party fired so near together, it must be supposed they previously agreed to do it; that agreement made them an unlawful assembly, if they were not so before, and being so when they fired, all are chargeable with the killing by any one or more of them. However just this reasoning may be, where there is no apparent cause for their firing, yet it will not hold good where there is. If each of the party had been at the same instant so assaulted, as that it would have justified his killing the assailant in defence of his own life, and there upon each of them had at that same instant fired upon and killed the person that assaulted him, surely it would not have been evidence of a previous agreement to fire, or prove them to be an unlawful assembly; nor would it have been evidence of such agreement though the attack was not such as would justify the firing and killing, if it was such an assault as would alleviate the offence, and reduce it to manslaughter, since there would be as apparent a cause of the firing in one case as in the other, and though not so good a cause, yet such an one as the law, in condescension to human frailty greatly regards. You will therefore carefully consider what the several witnesses have sworn, with regard to the assault made upon the party of soldiers at the Custom house, and if you thereupon believe they were, before, and at the time of, their firing attacked by such numbers, and in such a violent manner, as many of the witnesses have positively sworn, you will be able to assign a cause for their firing so near together, as they did, without supposing a previous agreement so to do. But it is said that if their firing as they did, don't prove a previous agreement to do it, yet it is good evidence of an actual abetment to fire, as one by firing encourages the others to do the like. As neither of the soldiers fired more than once, it is evident that he who fired last, could not thereby in fact, abet or encourage the firing of any of those who fired before him, and so it cannot be evidence of such abetment. And if he who 298fired first and killed, can justify it, because it was lawful for him so to do, surely that same lawful act cannot be evidence of an unlawful abetment. And though he who first fired and killed, may not be able to justify the doing it, yet if it appears he had such a cause for the killing as will reduce it to Manslaughter, it would be strange indeed if that same act should be evidence of his abetting another who killed without provocation, so as to make him who fired first guilty of murder. The same may be said as to all the intermediate firings: and, as the evidence stands, I don't think it necessary to say how it would be in case the first person fired with little or no provocation. If therefore this party of soldiers, when at the Custom house, were a lawful assembly and continued so until they fired, and their firing was not an actual unlawful abetment of each other to fire, nor evidence of it, they cannot be said to have in consideration of law killed those five persons or either of them, but it must rest on the evidence of the actual killing: and, if so, neither of the prisoners can be found guilty thereof, unless it appears not only that he was of the party, but that he in particular infact did kill one or more of the persons slain. That the five persons were killed by the party of soldiers or some of them, seems clear upon the evidence, and indeed is not disputed.
Some witnesses have been produced to prove that Montgomery killed Attucks; and Langford swears Killroy killed Gray, but none of the witnesses undertake to say that either of the other prisoners in particular killed either of the other three persons, or that all of them did it. On the contrary it seems that one of the six did not fire, and that another of them fired at a boy as he was running down the street, but missed him (if he had killed him, as the evidence stands, it would have been murder) but the witnesses are not agreed as to the person who fired at the boy, or as to him who did not fire at all. It is highly probable, from the places where the five persons killed fell and their wounds, that they were killed by the discharge of five several guns only. If you are upon the evidence satisfied of that, and also that Montgomery killed Attucks, and Killroy Gray, it will thence follow that the other three, were killed, not by the other six prisoners, but by three of them only: and therefore they cannot all be found guilty of it. And as the evidence does not shew which three killed the three, nor that either of the six in particular killed either of the three, you cannot find either of the six guilty of killing them or either of them.65 If you are satisfied, upon the evidence given you, that Montgomery killed Attucks, you will proceed to inquire whether it was justifiable, 299excusable, or felonious homicide, and if the latter whether it was maliciously done or not. As he is charged with murder, if the fact of killing be proved, all the circumstances of necessity or infirmity are to be satisfactorily proved by him, unless they arise out of the evidence produced against him, for the law presumeth the fact to have been founded in malice untill the contrary appears.66
You will therefore, carefully consider and weigh the whole of the evidence given you respecting the attack, made upon the party of soldiers in general, and upon Montgomery in particular. In doing it, you will observe the rules I have before mentioned, and not forget the part that some of the witnesses took in this unhappy affair, and if upon the whole it appears to you, that Montgomery was attacked, in such a violent manner, as that his life was in immediate danger, or that he had sufficient reason to think it was, and he thereupon fired and killed Attucks, for the preservation of his own life, it was justifiable homicide; and he ought to be acquitted. If you do not believe that was the case, but upon the evidence are satisfied, that he was by that assembly, assaulted with clubs and other weapons, and there-upon fired at the rioters and killed Attucks: then you ought to find him guilty of manslaughter only. But if upon the evidence you believe, that Montgomery, without being previously assaulted, fired, and killed Attucks: then you will find him guilty of murder. But you must know, that if this party of soldiers in general were pelted, with snow-balls, pieces of ice and sticks, in anger, this, without more, amounts to an assault, not only upon those that were in fact struck, but upon the whole party; and is such an assault as will reduce the killing to manslaughter. And if you believe, what some of the witnesses have sworn, that the people around the soldiers, and many of them armed with clubs, crouded upon the soldiers, and with the cry of, “Rush on, Kill them, Kill them, Knock them over,” did in fact rush on, strike at them with their clubs, and give Montgomery such a blow, as to knock him down, as some of the witnesses say, or to make him sally, or stagger, as others say—it will be sufficient to show, that his life was in immediate danger, or that he had sufficient reason to think so.
It seems, a doctrine, has of late been advanced, “that soldiers while on duty, may upon no occasion whatever fire upon their fellow subjects, without the order of a civil magistrate.” This may possibly account, for some of those who attacked the soldiers, saying to them, “You dare not fire, we know you dare not fire.” But it ought to be known, that the law doth not countenance such an absurd doctrine. A man by becoming a 300soldier, doth not thereby lose the right of self-defence which is founded in the law of nature. Where any one is, without his own default, reduced to such circumstances, as that the laws of society cannot avail him, the law considers him, “as still in that instance under the protection of the law of nature.”67 This rule extends to soldiers as well as others; nay, while soldiers are in the immediate service of the King, and the regular discharge of their duty, they rather come within the reason, of civil officers and their assistants, and so are alike under the peculiar protection of the law.
If you are satisfied upon the evidence, that Killroy killed Gray, you will then enquire, whether it was justifiable, excusable or felonious homicide, and if the latter, whether it was with, or without malice. If the attack was upon the party of soldiers in general, and in the manner I have just mentioned, as some of the witnesses say it was, it is equally an assault upon all, whether all were in fact struck, or not, and makes no material difference, as to their respective right of firing: for a man is not obliged to wait until he is killed, or struck, before he makes use of the necessary means of self defence. If the blows with clubs were, by an enraged multitude, aimed at the party in general, each one might reasonably think his own life in danger; for though he escaped the first blow, he might reasonably expect more would follow, and could have no assurance, that he should be so fortunate as to escape all of them.
And therefore, I do not see but that Killroy is upon the same footing with Montgomery; and your verdict must be the same as to both, unless what Hemmingway swears Killroy said, or the affray at the Rope-walk, or both, materially vary the case. Hemmingway swears, that he and Killroy were talking about the town's people and the soldiers, and that Killroy said, “He never would miss an opportunity, when he had one, to fire on the inhabitants, and that he had wanted to have an opportunity, ever since he landed.” But he says, he cannot remember what words immediately preceded or followed, or at what particular time the words were uttered, nor does he know whether Killroy was jocular, or not. If the witness is not mistaken as to the words, the speech was at least, very imprudent and foolish. However, if Killroy, either in jest or in earnest, uttered those words, yet if the assault upon him was such, as would justify his firing and killing, or alleviate it so as to make it but manslaughter, that will not inhance the killing to murder. And though it has been sworn that Killroy and other soldiers, had a quarrel with Gray and others, at the Rope-walk, a few days before the 5th March, yet it is not certain that Killroy then knew Gray, 301or aimed at him in particular: But if Gray encouraged the assault by clapping the assailants on their backs, as Hinkley swears he did, and Killroy saw this and knew him to be one of those that were concerned in the affray at the Rope walk, this very circumstance would have a natural tendency, to raise Killroy's passions, and throw him off his guard, much more than if the same things had been done by another person. In the tumult of passion the voice of reason is not heard, and it is owing to the allowance the law makes for human frailty, that all unlawful voluntary homicide is not deemed murder. If there be “malice between A and B, and they meet casually, A assaults B, and drives him to the wall, B in his own defence kills A, this is se defendendo, and shall not be heightened by the former malice, into murder or homicide at large, for it was not a killing upon the account of the former malice, but upon a necessity imposed upon him by the assault of A.”68 So upon the same principle, where the assault is such as would make the killing but manslaughter, if there had been no previous quarrel, the killing ought to be attributed to the assault, unless the evidence clearly shews the contrary: an assault being known and allowed by law to be a provocation to kill, that will free the party from the guilt of murder; whereas neither words of reproach, nor actions expressive of contempt, “are a provocation to use such violence,”69 that is, the law doth not allow them to be, without an assault such a provocation as will excuse the killing, or make it any thing less than murder.
Upon the same principle, where the assault is such, as makes the killing manslaughter, the killing ought to be attributed to the assault, unless the evidence clearly shows the contrary.
This meeting of Killroy and Gray was casual upon the part of Killroy at least; he was lawfully ordered to the place where he was and had no right to quit his station without the leave of Capt. Preston; nor were any of the party obliged to retreat and give way to the rioters, but might lawfully stand, and repel force by force.
It is needless for me to say what you ought to do with regard to the other six prisoners, in case they had gone to the Custom-house, not to protect the Sentry, but to disturb the peace, or after they got there and before the firing had agreed so to do; or in case they had actually unlawfully abetted the killing: because none of these things have been testified, nor can any of them be deduced from any thing which has been given to you in evidence.
Having already said much more upon this occasion, than I should 302have thought necessary in a like case, at any other time, I shall add no more.
Justice Oliver.
This is the most solemn trial I ever sat in judgment upon. It is of great importance to the community in general, and of the last importance to the prisoners at the bar. I have noticed your patience and attention during the course of the trial, which have been highly commendable and seem to have been adequate to the importance of the cause.
The occasion of this trial is the loss of five of our fellow-subjects, who were killed on the evening of the 5th of March last: whether the prisoners at the bar are chargeable with their death or not, it is nevertheless our part to adore the divine conduct in this unhappy catastrophe, and to justify the ways of GOD to man.
Here are eight prisoners at the bar who are charged with the murder of those five persons, and whose lives or deaths depend upon your verdict. They are soldiers, but you are to remember that they are fellow-subjects also. Soldiers, when they act properly in their department, are an useful set of men in society, and indeed, in some cases, they are more useful than any other members of society, as we happily experienced in the late war, by the reduction of Canada, whereby our liberties and properties have been happily secured to us: and soldiers, Gentlemen, are under the protection of the same laws equally with any other of his Majesty's subjects.
There have been attempts to prejudice the minds of the good people of this province against the prisoners at the bar, and I cannot help taking notice of one in particular, (which included also an insult on this Court) published in one of the Weekly Papers the day before this trial was to have come on.70 I think I never saw greater malignity of heart expressed in any one piece; a malignity blacker than ever was expressed by the savages of the wilderness, for they are in the untutored state of nature and are their own avengers of wrongs done to them; but we are under the laws of society, which laws are the avengers of wrongs done to us: I am sorry I am obliged to say it, but there are persons among us who have endeavoured to bring this Supreme Court of Law into contempt, and even to destroy the Law itself: there may come a time when these persons themselves may want the protection 303of the law and of this Court, which they now endeavour to destroy, and which, if they succeed in their attempts, it may be too late for them to repair to for justice: but I trust, that the ancient virtue and spirit of this people will return and the law be established on a firm basis. If you, Gentlemen, have seen or read any of the libels which have been published, and have imbibed prejudices of any sort, I do now charge you, in that sacred Name which you have in the most solemn manner invoked for the faithful discharge of your present trust, to divest your minds of every thing that may tend to bias them in this cause: It is your duty to fix your eyes solely on the scales of justice and as the law and evidence in either scale may preponderate, so you are to determine by your verdict.
Gentlemen, the prisoners at the bar are indicted, with others, for the murder of five different persons; viz. Carrol for the murder of James Caldwell; Killroy for the murder of Samuel Maverick; White for the murder of Patrick Carr; Hartegan for the murder of Samuel Gray; Warren for the murder of Crispus Attucks. Observe, that the five prisoners I have now named, are severally charged as principals in the different supposed murders, and the others as aiding and abetting, which in the sense of the law makes the latter principals in the second degree.
I should have given to you the definitions of the different species of homicide, but as my brother hath spoke so largely upon this subject, and hath produced so many and so indisputable authorities relative thereto, I would not exhaust your patience which hath so remarkably held out during this long trial. But I would add one authority to the numbers which have been produced, not that it immediately relates to this case, but I the rather do it, because I see a mixt audience, and many from the country whom it more directly concerns: it is cited from the celebrated Ld. C. Just. HALE by the great and upright Judge FOSTER, viz. If a person, drives his cart carelessly and it runs over a child in the street; if he have seen the child and yet drives on upon him, it is MURDER because willfully done; here is the heart regardless of social duty: but if he saw not the child, it is MANSLAUGHTER; but if the child had run cross the way and the cart run over the child before it was possible for the carter to make a stop, it is by MISADVENTURE.71
The law that was given to Noah after the deluge, viz. Whosoever sheddeth Mans blood, by Man shall his blood be shed, hath lately been urged in the most public manner very indiscriminately, without any 304of the softenings of humanity. Moses in his code of laws, mentions the same, though in different words, viz. He that killeth a man, he shall be put to death: but be pleased to remember Gentlemen, that Moses was the best Commentator on his own laws, and he hath published certain restrictions of this law, as, If one thrust another of hatred that he die, the slayer shall surely be put to death; but if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or cast a stone upon him, not seeing him, so that he die, in those cases there were cities of refuge appointed for the manslayer to flee to, that his life might be safe: so that to construe that law to Noah strictly, is only to gratify a blood thirsty revenge, without any of those allowances for human frailties which the law of nature and the English law also make.
I would recommend to you, Gentlemen, in order to your forming a just verdict in this cause, to satisfy yourselves in the first place, whether or not the prisoners at the bar were an unlawful assembly when they were at the Custom-house, for on that much depends their guilt or innocence. That they were nigh the Custom-house when the five persons mentioned in the indictments were killed, you can have no doubt, for it is conceded. Inquire then how they came there. Now, two officers viz. Capt. Mason and Capt. O'Hara have sworn that a Sentinel was placed at the Custom-house, by orders of the commanding officer to protect the King's monies, and that it is at his peril if he stirs from his duty: it appears by divers witnesses that this Sentinel was attacked and called for aid; upon which a party, consisting of the prisoners at the bar with an officer at their head, went down to protect him: they were under obligation by act of parliament to obey their commanding officer; and thus far, being at their post constituted them a lawful assembly.
Consider next, whether those who were collected around the prisoners at the bar, were a lawful or unlawful assembly; and in order to satisfy yourselves, weigh the evidence that hath been offered impartially. But I cannot help taking notice in this place, that some delicacy hath been used at the bar, in calling those people a mob. Mob is only a contraction of a Latin word which signifies a tumultuous croud gathered, but I shall use the legal phrase and call such a croud a riotous assembly, if the sound is more agreeable than mob.
As my brother Trowbridge has been very full in his remarks upon the evidence, and as you Mr. Foreman have wrote down from the witnesses mouths what they testified, which is somewhat uncommon, and for which you are to be applauded, I shall therefore only make a few remarks on those I think the most material testimonies, not beginning in the order of examination, but in the order of time.
Thomas Simmons says, that betwixt eight and nine o'clock on that unhappy evening, (which was before the firing, for the firing was not till between nine and ten) he heard people at the Sugar-house barracks, which are called Murray's barracks, say, if the soldiers would not come out and fight them, they would set fire to the four corners of the barracks, and burn every damned soul in them; that there was a considerable number of them armed with cutlasses, swords and sticks.
William Davis is the next witness I shall take notice of; he is a gentleman who is a stranger to me, but whose character stands unimpeached in this Court, and who hath given a distinct testimony of what passed under his notice: he says, that about eight o'clock he saw about two hundred in Forestreet, armed with different weapons, threatening to knock down the first soldier or bloody back they should meet; some proposed to go to the southward and join their friends there, and drive all the soldiers out of town. At Dock-square, about nine o'clock, he says he saw numbers in the market tearing up the stalls and saying, damn the dogs, where are they now? let us go and kill that damned scoundrel of a Sentry, and then attack the Main-guard; others said, Smith's barracks. At Olivers-dock he says, he saw numbers with clubs: one man was loading his piece, and said he would do for some of them scoundrels that night, and said, damn the villains, scoundrells, Soldiers and Commissioners, and damn the villain who first sent them here, they should not remain here above two days longer.
Allow me, Gentlemen, to make a pause at this last part of the evidence, viz. Damn the villain who first sent them here; and make an observation which I am sorry for the occasion of, the expression having been justified. I venture to affirm that man a villain who uttered it, for it was his Majesty who sent them here, and here they were fixed by his order and authority.
Dr. Hirons, who lives near to Murray's barracks hath told you, that a little after eight o'clock he saw people coming from Dock-square and heard the words, Town-born turn out, twenty or thirty times, and the people encreasing. He mentions the altercations between the officers and inhabitants, and a little man talking with an officer, saying, You know the town and country have been used ill, we did not send for you, we won't have you here, we'll get rid of you, or drive you away; and that then about two thirds of them went off and said, let's go to the Main-guard, huzza for the Main-guard.
Dr. Jeffries says, that about eight o'clock he saw the passage to Murray's barracks filled with inhabitants, who, with ill language dared the soldiers to fight: he imagines there were seventy or eighty people, 306and but three soldiers, and that when the officers were endeavouring to appease the people, snow-balls were flung at them; and that when they told the people that the soldiers were secured in their barracks and could not come out, somebody replied, You mean they dare not come out, you dare not let them. Some then said home, others said, no we shall find some in King-street, others said, we'll go to the Main-guard. Dr. Jeffries hath been so distinct and particular, that you cannot but remember his testimony.
As to the pains which have been taken to exculpate this town from being concerned in the fatal action of that night, they seem to me to have been unnecessary. It is true, there hath been, in times past, no place more remarkable for order and good government than this town; but as it is a seaport town and of great trade, it is not to be wondered at, that the inhabitants of it should be infected with disorder as well as other populous places.
James Selkrig, with three others, say, that before the bells rang they saw, not far from Murray's barracks, a large number armed with different weapons; some of them say, nigh two hundred: that some of the people had been repulsed from the barracks, and after that, a tall man with a red cloak and white wig talked to the people, who listned to him, and then huzzaed for the Main guard. I cannot but make this observation on the tall man with a red cloak and white wig, that, whoever he was, if the huzzaing for the Main-guard and then attacking the soldiers, was the consequence of his speech to the people, that tall man is guilty in the sight of GOD, of the murder of the five persons mentioned in the indictment, and altho' he may never be brought to a court of justice here, yet unless he speedily flies to the city of refuge, the supreme avenger of innocent blood, will surely overtake him.
John Gridley hath told you, that he heard numbers before the Town-house say, GOD damn the rascals, some said, this will never do, the readiest way to get rid of those people, is to attack the Main-guard, strike at the root, this is the nest; others replied, damn you, that's right. All this was before the soldiers had formed.
It would be too tedious to recite the numbers of testimonies to prove a design to attack the soldiers: I have selected a few, which seem to prove the intent, for there are no less than thirty-eight witnesses to this fact, six of whom the council for the King have produced. Compare them Gentlemen, and then determine whether or not there is any room to doubt of the numbers collected around the soldiers at the Custom house, being a riotous assembly.
I will return now to the soldiers and view their behaviour whilst they 307were going upon duty at the Custom house, and whilst they were there. As they were going from the Main guard to their post, to support the Sentry, (who by the way behaved with a good temper of mind, in endeavouring to avoid a dispute, by attempting to get into the Custom house, which he was by no means obliged to do,) I say, as they were going down, Nathaniel Fosdick says, they bid him make way, but he refused: instead of forcing him to give way, he says, they gave way to him, and passed to their post; when they got there, they loaded; and John Gridley says, that, whilst they were loading, he passed between the files and they put up their guns to let him pass. I cannot find, upon examining the testimonies, that any one soldier stirred from his post, and indeed it might have been fatal to him to have broke his orders; but on the contrary, it hath been said, that had they stepped forward, they might have killed the people, but they only pushed their bayonets as they stood, to keep off the people who were pressing on them; at the same time, bidding them keep off.
Now consider whether the prisoners had any just provocation to fire upon the inhabitants, for that some of them did fire, you can be in no doubt. There are twenty five witnesses who have sworn to ice, snowballs, sticks, &c. being thrown at the prisoners, ten of whom, are witnesses for the Crown. There are nigh thirty witnesses who have sworn to words of provocation uttered against the prisoners, as daring them to fire, and threatning to kill them; but you must remember that words only, are no provocation in law to justify the killing of a person; but if threatning expressions are attended with an attempt on the life of a man, in such a case a killing may be justified; and if any such facts appear in this trial, you must consider them thoroughly. And here, I would take notice of the testimonies of some of the witnesses, viz. that although they were close to the soldiers, they saw nothing of any kind thrown at them, nor heard any huzza or a threatning: nay, one witness is so distinct, as to tell, in a cloud of smoak, which guns killed the different persons. I know not how to account for such testimonies, unless by the witnesses being affrighted, which some of them say they were not: they themselves perhaps may satisfy their own minds.
Dr. Jeffries relates an account which he had from Patrick Carr, one of the deceased, who on his death bed repeatedly told him and confirmed it but a few hours before he died, that he went with a design against the soldiers, that the soldiers were pelted as they were going to their post, that he thought they were abused and that they would really have fired before, for he heard many voices cry out, kill them, and 308 that he thought they fired to defend themselves: that he forgave, and did not blame the man, whoever he was, that shot him; that he blamed himself for going to the riot, and might have known better, for he had seen soldiers called to quell riots, hut never saw any bear half so much before. This Carr was not upon oath, it is true, but you will determine, whether a man, just stepping into eternity, is not to be believed; especially in favour of a set of men by whom he had lost his life.
Ye have one difficulty to solve, Gentlemen, and that is, that there were five persons killed, and here are eight soldiers charged with murdering them. Now one witness says, that the Corporal did not fire, and Thomas Wilkinson says, that the guns of the third or fourth man from the eighth flashed, so that there are two guns of eight not discharged and yet it is said seven were fired. This evinces the uncertainty of some of the testimonies. My brother Trowbridge hath explained the difficulty of charging any one prisoner with killing any one particular person, and hath adduced an authority from Lord Chief Justice Hale, to support him; so that this maxim of law cannot be more justly applied, than in this case, viz. That it is better that ten guilty persons escape, than one innocent person suffer: indeed as to two of the prisoners, there is no great doubt of their firing, namely, Montgomery and Killroy. As to Montgomery, it seems to be agreed that he was on the right, and Richard Palmes says, that a piece of ice or a stick struck his gun before he fired: and Andrew, Mr. Wendell's Negro man (of whom his master gives a particular and good character) is very distinct in his account; and he says, that a stout man struck the grenadier on the right, first on his gun and then on his head, and also kept his bayonet in his left hand; and then a cry of kill the dogs, knock them over; upon which he soon fired: here take the words and the blows together, and then say, whether this firing was not justifiable.
As to Killroy, there have been stronger attempts to prove him guilty of murder than any other. Two witnesses have sworn, that his bayonet was bloody next morning; but nothing hath been offered in evidence to prove how it came so; I have only one way to account for it; if it was bloody, viz. that by pushing to keep off Nathaniel Fosdick it might become so by wounding him in the breast and arm. Nicholas Ferreter, who the week before beat one of the soldiers at the Rope-walks, says further, that Killroy was then at the Rope-walks; but at the same time he says, that Killroy uttered no threatnings but only daring the Rope-makers to come out. But Samuel Hemmingway says, that some time before the 5th March he heard Killroy say, that he would not miss an opportunity of firing on the inhabitants. How the conversation was had, 309whether it was maliciously spoke or was jocose talk doth not so fully appear, but it would be extream hard to connect such discourse with this transaction; especially, as his being at the Custom House was not voluntary, but by order of his officer.
Thus Gentlemen, I have as concisely as I could, without doing injustice to the cause, summed up the evidence to you: I was afraid of being tedious, otherwise I should have more minutely considered it.
If upon the whole, by comparing the evidence, ye should find that the prisoners were a lawful assembly at the Custom house, which ye can be in no doubt of if you believe the witnesses, and also that they behaved properly in their own department whilst there, and did not fire till there was a necessity to do it in their own defence, which I think there is a violent presumption of: and if, on the other hand, ye should find that the people who were collected around the soldiers, were an unlawful assembly, and had a design to endanger, if not to take away their lives, as seems to be evident, from blows succeeding threatnings; ye must, in such case acquit the prisoners; or if upon the whole, ye are in any reasonable doubt of their guilt, ye must then, agreeable to the rule of law, declare them innocent.
As I said at first, this cause is of the last importance to the prisoners, their lives or deaths depend upon your verdict; and may you be conducted by the Supreme Wisdom to return such an one, as that your hearts may not reproach you so long as you live, and as shall acquit you at that tribunal, where the inmost recesses of the human mind shall be fully disclosed.
Wemms Trial 178–207. There are two pages numbered 192, and none numbered 200.
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Hale [Pleas of the Crown] 437, 463; 2, [id.][at] 344–345; Foster, [Crown Cases] 351; [Reg. v. Wallis, 1] Salk. 334, 335, [91 Eng. Rep. 294, 295 (Old Bailey 1703).”];
Note by Trowbridge: “2 Hawkins [Pleas of the Crown][240, c.] 25, §89.”
The notes of foreman Joseph Mayo of Roxbury have not survived, but those purportedly taken by Deacon Edward Pierce are in MHi: Photostats, and are here set out:
Hugh Wite. James Baley Saw White. Josiah Simpson Saw White. Thos: Hall Saw White.
William Warren. James Dodge Knew Warren. Nicholas Feriter Saw Warren at the fray. Josiah Simpson Saw Warren Under arms in the Party. Theodore Bliss Saw Warren fire.
William Whems, Josiah Simpson Saw Whems Under arms in the Party. Thos: Hall Saw Whems.
John Carroll. Mr. Austin Saw Carrall and heard Six or Seven Guns. James Baley Saw Carrall fire the Second Gun. John Danbrook Saw Carrall. Thos Hall Saw Carrall.
William McCawley. Mr. Austin Says that he Saw McCawley Load his Piece and Push his Bayonet at him.
Matthew Killroy. Lanksford Saw Killroy Present his Gun and fird and Gray fell at his feat then Pushd his Bayonet at Lanksford and run it through his Cloaths. Francis Archible Saw Killroy. Hemenway Saw heard Killroy Say he would not Miss an opportunity to fire on the Inhabitance. Nicholas firiter Saw Killroy. Joseph Crosswell Saw Killroy. Bayonet Bloodey the next morning. Thos Crawswell Saw Killroy. Jonathan Cary Saw the Same.
James Hartengem. John Danbrook Saw Hartengem. Josiah Simpson Saw Hartengem.
Hugh Montgomery. Test. James Baley Saw Mongomory fire the first Gun. Pointed towards the Molatto he Stood the Third from the Right. Parms Saw Mongomery and Pushd at me With his Bayonet twise. John Danbrook Saw Mongomory fire and Saw two Persons fall Near together. Jed: Bliss Saw Mongom Push his Bayonot and fire he thinks he heard Six Guns fire. Thos Wilkinson Saw Mongomory and heard Seven Guns fire and one Snap.
The term is loosely used, as the crimes were also statutory. See note 7 250 below.
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Blackstone, [Commentaries] *63–64.”
Note by Trowbridge: “Pro. Act, 9 Wm. 3 [“An Act Against Murder,” 23 Oct. 1697, I A&R 296].”
Note by Trowbridge: “2 Hawkins, [Pleas of the Crown 342, c.] 33, §24; 2 Hale [Pleas of the Crown] 330, 334–335.”
Note by Trowbridge: “4 Blackstone, [Commentaries] *177–178.”
Note by Trowbridge: “4 Blackstone, [Commentaries] *190.”
Note by Trowbridge: “24 Hen. 8, c. 5 [(1532)]; 1 Hale, [Pleas of the Crown] 488; 4 Blackstone, [Commentaries] *180; Foster, [Crown Cases] 273, 274.”
(1411). (Actually c. 7.)
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Hawkins, [Pleas of the Crown 71, c.] 28, §14, [158–159, c.] 65, §11; 1 Hale, [Pleas of the Crown] 53, 293–294, 495, 596 [i.e. 496]; 4 Blackstone [Commentaries] *147.”
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Hawkins, [Pleas of the Crown 136 c.] 63, §10, [161, C.] 65, §§20, 21; 4 Blackstone [Commentaries] *147, 179–180.”
Note by Trowbridge: “Foster, [Crown Cases] 272; 1 Hawkins, [Pleas of the Crown 136, 137, c.] 63, §§11, 13.”
Note by Trowbridge: “[Rex v. Messenger et al.] Kelyng [70,] 76, [84 Eng. Rep. 1087, 1090 (Old Bailey, 1669)]; 1 Hawkins [Pleas of the Crown 158–159, c.] 65, §§11.”
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Hale, [Pleas of the Crown] 479; Foster, [Crown Cases] 277.”
Note by Trowbridge: “Foster, [Crown Cases] 273.”
Note by Trowbridge: “[Reg. v. Mawgridge,] Kelyng [119,] 137, [84 Eng. Rep. 1107, 1115 (Q.B. 1707)]; [Rex v. Manning, I]Ld. Raym. 212, [83 Eng. Rep. 112 (K.B. 1672)]; Foster, [Crown Cases] 298.”
Note by Trowbridge: “[Reg. v. Mawgridge] Kelyng [119,] 135, [84 Eng. 1107, 1114 (Q.B. 1707)].”
Note by Trowbridge: “1 Hawkins [Pleas of the Crown 82–83, c.] 31, §36; 1 Hale, [Pleas of the Crown] 455–456.”
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Home » Composite applications » Features » Large diameter composite pipe: lasting function in a world of growth
Large diameter composite pipe: lasting function in a world of growth
1 July 2008 | Ben E. Bogner
Denver sewer pipe installed in bottom portion of concrete culvert.
Header for power plant cooling water system.
Low weight eases installation of the Denver sewer pipe.
LNG re-gasification seawater intake pipe.
LNG re-gasification seawater intake diffuser.
Desalination pipe manufactured in 1982.
While not as stylish as powerboats and sports cars and often buried and out of sight, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite large diameter pipe has little to show in the way of glamour. But that doesn’t keep the functional and durable composite application from providing steady growth for pipe manufacturers and their raw material suppliers.
The global large diameter pipe industry has been getting stronger in response to market changes that started in the 1990s. And in spite of rising material costs that can be traced to record high crude oil and natural gas pricing, composite pipe remains competitive. The sector is gaining market share at the expense of pipe made with commodity materials such as iron and concrete.
Definition and end-use markets
The term 'large diameter' is generally used to define pipe that is at least 300 mm (12 inch) in diameter. At the higher end, the sector includes composite pipe in diameters as large as 4000 mm (13 ft, 4 inch).
FRP composite pipe is also referred to as GRP, for glass reinforced plastic, because the majority of the manufactured products are reinforced with glass fibres.
New power plant construction is creating opportunities for large diameter pipe in cooling water recirculation systems. The cooling water system of a 1186 MW generating facility in Linden, New Jersey, USA, uses 610 m (2000 ft) of composite pipe. A unit of Beetle Plastics, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA, manufactured the pipe and fittings in diameters up to 1830 mm (72 inch) using Vipel® F737 isophthalic polyester resin.
The operating temperature of the system runs as high as 63°C (around 145°F). Composite was specified for its ability to resist constant exposure to the warm, aqueous environment. In addition, the composite pipe offered a lower mass versus either steel or concrete to reduce shipping and installation costs. Longer lengths made possible with composites also lowered costs by reducing the number of installation steps.
The resins used are typically unsaturated polyesters, including vinyl esters where higher mechanical, heat and/or corrosion-resistant properties are required.
The majority of large diameter composite pipe is used in six market segments:
drinking water projects such as raw water supply lines for potable water systems;
irrigation systems for agriculture;
feed lines and penstock for hydroelectric power plants;
circulation for cooling water systems, primarily for power plants;
sanitary sewer projects for pressure as well as gravity sewer systems, and
pipeline rehabilitation as 'slip liners.'
Within these market segments, composite pipe has a market share of about 15-20%. Pressure pipes that operate in the range of 6-32 bar account for about 60% of the total composite pipe supply.
The marketing nature of the composite large diameter pipe industry has changed dramatically over the last 15 years. In the past, large diameter composite pipe was considered a speciality product best suited for extreme, corrosive environments. As a result, the largest individual market segment globally has traditionally been sewer pipes.
A key factor in the decision to specify composite for sewer applications is the material's ability to withstand corrosive attack from aggressive sulphuric acid. However, specification of composite is expanding beyond the material's speciality roots. Today's engineering community is starting to look at composite pipe as more of a standard material of construction that can be used for general-purpose as well as speciality applications. Composite pipe has become popular in both gravity and pressure pipe applications.
Record-breaking sewer pipe
The proliferation of large diameter sewer pipe applications in North America took a dramatic turn in 2006. That's when the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District for the area around Denver, Colorado, USA, installed 152 m (500 ft) of large diameter composite pipe. Belco Manufacturing Company, Belton, Texas, USA, made the pipe using corrosion-resistant Vipel® F010 bisphenol A epoxy vinyl ester resin from AOC. With an inside diameter of 3400 mm (11 ft, 2 inch), the pipe is reported to be the largest composite sewer pipe in North America.
The pipe is engineered to resist the sulphuric acid that was eating away the ceiling of a concrete culvert that was installed in 1977. In a unique design solution, engineers decided to retain the bottom portion of original box culvert to serve as a trench for the new composite pipeline. The lightweight and longer lengths of composite piping shortened installation time versus alternative solutions.
Composite pipe is emerging as a more standard material during a period of rising raw material costs for manufacturers around the world. The cost of pig iron and steel used to make competitive large diameter pipe has increased even more than has been the case for composite raw materials. Composite pipe has increased market penetration, taking share mostly from ductile iron and steel pipes.
Proven durability
Another reason for the increased market share is the fact that FRP pipes for the last 30 years have proven to be a reliable alternative. More than 60 000 km (37 280 miles) of composite large diameter pipe are in operation worldwide to prove that the material will perform long-term as predicted.
The road to today's favourable marketplace for large diameter composite pipe was not always smooth. The composite pipe segment was especially challenged in the 1970s. Lower cost was affecting the specification process at the expense, so to speak, of performance. As a result, some composite pipe being sold into the marketplace developed issues related to deflection and strain corrosion. In some installations, the effectiveness of pipe joints was also coming into question. The negative stories that engineers, specifiers and owners were reading were seen to have a greater influence on decisions than success stories.
Re-gasifying LNG
In Altamira, Mexico, large diameter composite pipe is helping to turn cryogenic liquefied natural gas (LNG) back into a gas that can be burned in power stations. Corrosion-resistant components for the highly engineered re-gasification system were manufactured of FRP composite by Plasticos Industriales de Tampico SA de CV (PITSA).
Composite applications in the Altamira project included: 1830 mm (72 inch) diameter underground water pipe, diffuser and condensator pipe; 660 mm (26 inch) diameter risers; and elbows and other connectors.
The structural laminate for the composite parts was made with Vipel® isophthalic polyester resin from AOC.
The seawater carried by the intake pipe is the heat source for the re-gasification system. When a heat exchanger panel radiates heat that started with the seawater, the LNG is converted from a cryogenic liquid into an ambient temperature gas. Design temperature for the intake pipe is 35°C (95°F) and internal operating pressure is 5.4 bar (80 psi). Fabrication of strategically located exterior ribs helps the pipe withstand loads from soil, traffic, rocks and changing tides.
To rebuild confidence in composites, the composite industry redoubled its commitment to establishing standards that ensure the material will live up to its potential. The success that large diameter pipe is enjoying today can be traced to the countless hours of tests, engineering studies and meetings by a small corps of industry advocates devoted to standards-setting. The establishment of effective standards gave specifying influences a reason to pursue composites with more confidence. North American standards that have been especially helpful to the growth of large diameter composite pipe are:
AWWA (American Water Works Association) C950: Fiberglass Pressure Pipe;
AWWA M45: Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual;
ASTM C581: Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures;
ASTM C582: Standard Test Method for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant Service;
ASTM D2992 Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Fittings;
ASTM D2996 Standard Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe; and
ASME/ANSI RTP-1: Reinforced Corrosion-Resistant Equipment.
This extensive body of work has a major impact on consultants and owners in search of large diameter pipe. Professional standards encourage engineers to specify with confidence. It is important to note that the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and the European Union (EU) have also issued standards on the use of FRP pipe for sewer and water applications.
Major pipe producers
Major producers who focus on large diameter composite pipe mainly for water and sewer applications are experiencing favourable growth. Saudi Arabian Amiantit Company is the largest producer of such FRP pipes in the world today. The company was established in 1968 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to manufacture pipes for the local market. Since then, Amiantit has grown and developed into a major diversified industrial group with operations spanning the globe.
Durability for desalination
While still mostly a regional producer in the early 1980s, Amiantit manufactured approximately 27 km (17 miles) of large diameter composite pipe to serve major desalination plants in Yanbu and Al-Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Desalination plants are essential components in the Saudi government's plan to diversify the economy. The pipe was manufactured using a Vipel® flexibilised isophthalic polyester resin.
The desalination systems in Yanbu and Al-Jubail use both above-ground and buried pipe and fittings for seawater intake, cooling water networks and discharge lines. Pipe diameters range from 350-3700 mm (14-144 inch). The pipe conveys seawater as warm as 65°C (150°F). Portions of the system operate at pressures up to 10 bar (150 psi). Composite components in both underground and above-ground sections are in very good condition after decades of use.
In 2001, Amiantit purchased the Engineered Pipe Systems unit of Owens Corning, Toledo, Ohio, USA. Amiantit had been a business and joint venture partner with Owens Corning since 1977. The sale included two legal entities based in Norway. One was Flowtite Technology AS, the creator, owner and licensor of the fibreglass pipe technology. The other was Flowtite AS, the shareholder of pipe manufacturing interests in countries around the world.
Amiantit uses Flowtite continuous filament winding technology to make large diameter pipe from plants in 18 countries around the world. During 2007, the group supplied nearly 3000 km (1860 miles) of large diameter FRP pipe with a sales value of US$600 million. Amiantit reports market increases of around 20% per year over the last three years. Market research indicates that this trend should continue for the next four to five years. As a result, the company is planning to add new production lines.
With headquarters in Klagenfurt, Austria, the HOBAS Group is the second largest producer of large diameter FRP pipes in the world. It uses centrifugal casting as its production method. The focus for HOBAS has been mostly in gravity sewer and low pressure applications. HOBAS operates plants in seven countries. For 2007, HOBAS reported a record sales year with turnover of €200 million, an 11% increase over 2006.
Other groups participating in the large diameter FRP pipe market are:
Future Pipe Industries, with plants in Dubai, Qatar, Egypt and Lebanon. The company manufactures using the continuous filament winding process.
SEKISUI Chemical of Japan has developed its own continuous winding FRP pipe technology suited for the Japanese market. In recent years, it has also been very active in China, where it purchased several plants for manufacturing of helically-wound FRP pipes. These plants were initially delivered by Sarplast of Italy.
Farassan in Iran has five large diameter pipe production lines with continuous winding machines.
SUPERLIT of Turkey is operating two pipe production lines in that country.
Sarplast of Italy markets pipe primarily in Italy and in North Africa, mainly Libya
Expanded production
Large diameter FRP piping is experiencing favourable growth, with applications for water growing the fastest. The proven durability of composite in sewer applications will continue to influence specification of composite pipe in that sector. Pipe opportunities benefit from the continual review and upgrading of performance standards. Installation of composite pipe improves as veteran installers gain experience and all installers benefit from enhanced training. All these factors have specifiers of large diameter pipe turning to composites to get a product that is truly engineered for long-term performance. Participants in the large diameter composite pipe industry are responding by building new production facilities around the world.
Glass fiber expansion
Industrial Fiberglass Specialties (IFS) plans to expand its line of filament wound, corrosion resistant glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) materials.
NASA develops large-scale 3D printing
NASA has formed a new project to help develop ways to 3D print metal rocket engine parts using blown powder directed energy deposition.
Quickstep’s Q2
Australian carbon fiber composites manufacturer Quickstep has announced its update for the second quarter of FY18.
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About Maui Jim
See the world like you've never seen
Experience Maui Jim
The Maui Jim Promise
Maui Jim got its start in 1980 as a small company selling sunglasses on the beach in Lahaina, Hawaii. Seeing a need in the market for technology that could combat intense glare and harmful UV while bringing the brilliant colors of the island to life, we engineered the revolutionary PolarizedPlus2® lens. Incorporated into seven new sunglass styles, our Classic Collection was introduced. We now offer over 125 styles of sunglasses, 100% of which are polarized and protect from 100% of UVA and UVB rays.
Inspired by the beauty and culture of Maui, our mission is to spread aloha through vivid color, clarity, and detail.
For those who appreciate the sun, Maui Jim provides more vibrant colors of the world while protecting your eyes from the harsh effects of glare and harmful rays.
We make your life brighter so you see the colors of your world at their best and always feel confident in your style.
Maui Jim believes color and light are the key to human experience. Our sunglasses show you its full spectrum, so you can see the world like you've never seen. We believe everyone should experience all 16,777,216 hues of beautiful color that surrounds us every day.
We always show our true colors – true colors that come shining through in our superior customer service. We promise that you will always be greeted with a friendly voice and a dedicated representative. We want you to be happy. That’s why we stand behind every pair of sunglasses we make.
WE BELIEVE COLOR AND LIGHT ARE THE KEY TO HUMAN EXPERIENCE
DESIGNED TO CHANGE THE WAY YOU SEE THE WORLD
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Reach Scholars
Pike County Middle School 8th grade students Isabel Bailey, Jailah Blackmon, Braxton Earls, Paris Henley, and Paul Howard have been selected as REACH Scholars for the class of 2025.
Scholars who complete all program requirements receive up to $10,000 in scholarship funds — $2,500 a year for up to four years to be used at two- or four-year Georgia REACH-eligible institutions. In addition, continuing academic and social support is provided throughout the students’ attainment of the postsecondary degree or certificate; those schools also match (or even double) the scholarships for the students.
Students and their parents/guardians participated in a signing ceremony on January 5th, making the commitment to maintain a 2.5 or higher GPA; remain free of crime, drug or behavior issues; and meet with a volunteer mentor and an academic coach until they graduate from high school. The five students were chosen by a selection committee.
Superintendent Dr. Michael Duncan, as well as Pike County Middle School Principal Mr. Mike Maddox, Ninth Grade Academy Principal Ms. Sheryl Watts, Pike County High School Principal Mr. Kevin Huffstetler, and Pike County Board of Education Vice Chairman Mr. Allen Edwards, welcomed attendees and introduced the students and their families.
Isabel, Jailah, Braxton, Paris, and Paul will join REACH Scholars from across the state of Georgia who demonstrate true academic promise but may need additional support and preparation to obtain a post-secondary degree.
Reach currently serves 134 school systems across the state, with nearly 1,200 Scholars and more than $17 million committed in scholarship funds.
Funding for the first year of the program in Pike County comes from the REACH Georgia Foundation. Future funding will be sought in the community. The school system is also looking to the community for mentors. If you or your business are interested in joining the REACH team in Pike County, please call or email Reach Coordinator, Liz Fordham at the high school: fordhah@pike.k12.ga.us 770-567-8770 ext 2110.
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A Profile on Point…
POINT (POetry INTernational), founded in 1984, has translated and published poetry from THE WORLD’S BEST KNOWN & UNKNOWN POETS. Poetry from: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Macedonia, Mexico, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Slovakia , Spain, U.S., Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey…
Point was founded in Belgium by the Flemish poet Germain Droogenboodt with the idea of realising “a human, international conversation, between all people by means of translating and publishing poetry”. Most POINT publications are anthologies, focusing the poetry from one country. This consists of an introduction into the poetry evolution of the selected country, a short bio-bibliography and 3-4 poems per poet, generally in the original language and in Dutch translation. Moreover the cover is always a reproduction in full colour of a work of art by a famous painter from the same country. Some editions have more illustrations inside the book.
World famous poets have been published in POINT editions. A small selection: Argentina: Juan Gelman, Roberto Juarroz, Alejandra Pizarnik, Bosnia: Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlic, Canada: Margaret Atwood, China: Bei Dao, Duo Duo, Czech Republic: Jan Skácel, Germany: Bertold Brecht, Sarah Kirsch, Peter Huchel, Reiner Kunze, Iran: Sohrab Sepehri, Ahmad Schamlu, Japan: Basho, Busson, Issa, Shiki, Mexico: Octavio Paz, Xavier Villaurutia, Peru: Cesar Vallejo, Portugal: Eugenio de Andrade, Ramos Rosa, Casimiro de Brito, Spain: Miguel Hernández, José Ángel Valente, Francisco Brines, Peru: César Vallejo, Turkey: Nazim Hikmet, Palestine: Mahmud Darwish, Taiwan: YU Kwang-chung, Lo Fu…But also excellent, but abroad unknown poets from Bulgaria, Chile, Iceland, Korea, Morocco… etc.
So far, POINT published more than 90 books of poetry and publishes also in cooperation with its Spanish sister company the Cultural Foundation ITHACA books on music, publications in Spanish as well as scores. At POINT’s website – see POINT’s Favorites – one will find poems by famous modern poets from all over the globe, a list which is extended at each quarterly upgrade.
The anthology “The Winged Word, part I” (Het Gevleugelde Woord, deel I), has been published to mark POINT’s 10th anniversary and contains the best poems, selected from POINT’s publications of modern international poetry. A second anthology, “Het Gevleugelde Woord, deel II) has been published to celebrate POINT’s 15th anniversary.
In order to promote its publications, POINT organizes regularly poetry recitals with music performances in cultural centres and art galleries, exhibits yearly at the Book Fair in Antwerp and participates at poetry festivals and congresses worldwide.
OUR UNCOMPROMISING GOAL:
To do something, how little and futile it might be, for a more beautiful, a more peaceful, a more human world
* Information about leading poets, especially from less known countries,
is most welcome and will be studied carefully.Mail to:
POINT Editions, Apdo. 125, E-03590 Altea, Spain
e-mail: elpoeta@point-editions.com
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The true nature of the so-called social Europe
The failure to reach a compromise on the working-time directive revealed the true nature of calls for ‘social Europe’.
By Johnny Munkhammar
It is all about introducing a model of big government on a European scale, a model that has created anti-social effects at national level. Behind the nice word “social” are policies restricting people’s freedom.
French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin said: “Our objective is clear: fixing a maximum harmonised working time in Europe. It’s a very important, symbolic issue, emblematic for a social Europe and the French will judge us in the light of commitments made in this area.”
The main point of this directive is a limit on working time at 48 hours a week. But it also contains numerous other detailed regulations. The definition of ‘on call’ time for doctors and nurses as working time, for example, would lead to increased healthcare expenses with hospitals being forced to hire more staff.
If French politicians want to have such limits on the freedom of the French people, it is their business. Even then, though, it is hard to grasp what is ‘social’. If someone with a low income wants to work 60 hours to improve his or her living standard, surely allowing that would be more social?
But the French government is not content with limiting the freedom of the French people: it wants to introduce restrictions across the EU. And there should be no escape: Britain should not be allowed to keep its opt-out, it is argued.
The main reason for this is the internal French political situation. The freedom for every European, thus, should be limited so that de Villepin’s party avoids criticism.
Important principles are at stake: should the EU be a union of regulation or liberation? How about the jobs and living standards in the future? Numerous researches have showed the anti-social effects of labour market regulation. Why should failure be forced upon others?
Since productive efforts create wealth – why should the government limit it? And how do the French expect Europe to be successful in the global economy if we limit the working week to 48 hours when there are no limits in China, India or Brazil?
Johnny Munkhammar
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Grool! Tina Fey's Mean Girls: The Musical Is Being Turned Into a Movie
Tina Fey's Mean Girls: The Musical Is Becoming a Movie
24 January, 2020 by Chanel Vargas
It looks like Gretchen Wieners is out to make fetch happen all over again because Mean Girls: The Musical is being turned into a movie. According to Entertainment Weekly, the news comes as the producers of Broadway's Mean Girls finalize the decision to schedule its final showing in London's West End in late Spring of 2021.
Just like the original film, the upcoming Mean Girls adaptation — to be made under Paramount Pictures — will be produced by Tina Fey and Lorne Michaels. Fey, who wrote the book for the Broadway show, will also write the script for the film, which will feature music by Jeff Richmond and lyrics by Nell Benjamin.
"I'm very excited to bring Mean Girls back to the big screen," Fey said of the film, which recently celebrated its 15th anniversary. "It's been incredibly gratifying to see how much the movie and the musical have meant to audiences. I've spent 16 years with these characters now. They are my Marvel Universe, and I love them dearly."
The musical largely follows the same plotline as the 2004 film of the same name, but there's no telling how closely the second movie adaptation will stick to the original script. As much as we all love Cady Heron's wild journey from the African Sahara to the suburbs of Illinois and the way she scrapes her way to the top of Northshore High's social hierarchy, we're excited to see what totally grool changes Fey makes to the script (hopefully even more hilarious pranks à la foot cream to the face).
Image Source: Everett Collection
Grool! Tina Fey's Mean Girls: The Musical Is Being Turned Into a Movie originally posted on POPSUGAR Entertainment
MoviesMusicalsTina FeyNostalgiaMean Girls
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Filed by Portman Ridge Finance Corporation
pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act of 1933
and deemed filed under Rule 14a-12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Subject Company: Harvest Capital Credit Corporation.
Commission File No. 814-00985
The following is a transcript of a joint conference call held by Portman Ridge Finance Corporation and Harvest Capital Credit Corporation on December 24, 2020 at 8:30 a.m., ET, to discuss the entry into a definitive merger agreement by and among Portman Ridge Finance Corporation, Rye Acquisition Sub, Inc., Harvest Capital Credit Corporation and Sierra Crest Investment Management LLC.
Portman Ridge Finance Corporation
Corporate Speakers:
Unidentified Company Representative;
Ted Goldthorpe; Portman Ridge Financial Corporation; Chairman & CEO
Joe Jolson; Harvest Capital Credit Corporation; Chairman & CEO
Patrick Schafer; Portman Ridge Financial Corporation; CIO
Ted Gilpin; Portman Ridge Financial Corporation; CFO
Casey Alexander; Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC; Analyst
Ryan Lynch; Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc.; Analyst
Steven Martin; Slater Capital Management; Analyst
Operator^ Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Portman Ridge and HCAP Conference Call.
(Operator Instructions)
I’d now like to turn the call over to a representative from the company. Thank you. Please go ahead.
Unidentified Company Representative^ Thank you, and welcome to today’s call to discuss the proposed transaction recently announced between Portman Ridge Finance Corporation, a business development company externally managed by Sierra Crest Investment Management and affiliated BC Partners; and Harvest Capital Credit Corp., a business development company externally managed by Harvest Advisors, LLC.
We are joined this morning by Ted Goldthorpe, CEO and Chairman of Portman Ridge; and Joe Jolson, CEO and Chairman of Harvest Capital along with certain members of the Portman Ridge and Harvest Capital Credit Management team.
Before we begin, I would like to note that this call is being recorded and replay information is available on our December 23, 2020, press release. Throughout today’s call, we will reference an investor presentation that has been posted to the Investor Relations section of both the Portman Ridge and Harvest Capital Credit website. While we will not be directly referencing each slide, the form of this presentation will generally follow the slide structure. If you have not done so already, we encourage you to download the presentation for review during the call.
Please note that this call is the property of Portman Ridge, BC Partners, Harvest Capital Credit Corp. and Harvest Advisers, and any unauthorized rebroadcast of this call in any form is strictly prohibited. Today’s conference call includes forward-looking statements and projections, and we ask that you refer to Portman Ridge’s and Harvest Capital Credit’s December 23, 2020, joint press release and their most recent filings with the SEC for important risk factors that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those projections. Portman Ridge and Harvest Capital Credit do not undertake to update their forward-looking statements unless required by law.
With that, I’d now like to turn the call over to Chairman and CEO of Portman Ridge, Ted Goldthorpe. Please go ahead, Ted.
Ted Goldthorpe^ Thank you, and thank you all for joining us. I’m joined on today’s call by Joe Jolson, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Harvest Capital Credit; Ted Gilpin, our Chief Financial Officer of Portman Ridge; and Patrick Schafer, President and Chief Investment Officer of Portman Ridge.
As we announced last night, Portman Ridge entered into a definitive merger agreement with Harvest Capital Credit that will result in the entity being merged with and into Portman Ridge. Before we begin, all of us on the call must note our appreciation for those who are attending so close to the holidays as you recognize the timing is not necessarily ideal. We wanted to do a call as soon as possible as we could to ensure stakeholders were informed.
Our strategy has been to benefit from growing a BDC with greater scale. We believe this merger will deliver significant benefits to the shareholders of both companies and further validate our ability to consolidate the fragmented BDC space. As many of you know, this is now the third merger transaction entered into by Portman Ridge since BC Partners took over management, the first being with Oak Hill Investment Corporation that closed on December 18, 2019, and then Garrison Capital that closed on October 28, 2020.
We feel that the timing of this transaction is well suited from both sides. Having just completed the successful Garrison transaction, we are now able to turn to Portman Ridge’s attention to working with HCAP management on a successful combination. BC Partners is a leading global alternative asset manager with more than $20 billion of assets under management and over 30 years of operating history in the U.S. and Europe. BC Partners Credit was launched in February of 2017 and has pursued a strategy focused on identifying attractive credit opportunities in any market environment and across sectors, leveraging the deal sourcing and infrastructure made available by BC Partners.
I want to start off by outlining the details of the proposed transaction, then delve into the strategic rationale and benefits for both the Portman Ridge and Harvest Capital Credit shareholders. Then Joe Jolson, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Harvest Capital Credit will share some of his thoughts on the transaction and the factors that resulted in HCAP electing to partner with us.
For those of you reviewing the investor presentation, on Slide 3, we outline the details of this transaction. As was the case with our transactions of OHAI and Garrison, this transaction will be done on a NAV-for-NAV basis, and has been approved by both the Harvest Capital Credit and Portman Ridge Board of Directors, as well as the special Committee of Harvest Capital Credit Board. JMP Group LLC has also agreed to vote their shares in favor of the transaction as has Joe Jolson.
HCAP shareholders will receive aggregate consideration equal to HCAP’s net asset value at closing. This consideration will be funded using Portman Ridge shares valued at 100% of Portman Ridge’s net asset value per share at the time of the closing of the transaction. And if required, the number of Portman Ridge shares would exceed 19.9% of the issued and outstanding shares of Portman Ridge common stock immediately prior to the transaction closing, cash consideration in the amount of such excess.
Additionally, HCAP shareholders will receive $2.15 million in cash from Sierra Crest, the manager to Portman Ridge, which is equivalent to approximately $0.36 per share. This payment mirrors a similar payment made by BC Partners as part of each of Portman Ridge’s past transactions, including the mergers of Garrison earlier this year in October, OHAI in December of ’19 and the externalization of KCAP’s management contract in April of 2019. This will result in HCAP shareholders receiving total aggregate value of approximately 104% of net asset value, net of estimated transaction expenses.
Portman Ridge and Sierra Crest from a combination of cash and stock consideration, based on the September 30, 2020, net asset values of both HCAP and Portman Ridge and adjusted for our recent merger with Garrison Capital. Based on Portman Ridge’s stock price as of December 22, 2020, of $1.80 per share, the merger transaction, including the Sierra Crest additional cash payment, combined to value HCAP’s shares at an aggregate of approximately $7.71 per share, which represents 79% of HCAP’s September 30, 2020, net asset value, net of estimated transaction expenses and a 30% premium to HCAP’s closing price of $5.91 on December 22, 2020.
It is important to note that as part of the ongoing equity investment by our manager, BC Partners will continue to contribute all incentive fees actually paid through March 31, 2021, to purchase newly issued Portman Ridge common stock at net asset value up to $10 million. Additionally, Portman Ridge has implemented a buyback program for up to $10 million. Over the summer, we entered into a Rule 10b5 stock trading program to facilitate the repurchase of shares of Portman common stock in accordance with this program.
I would now like to provide an overview of the strategic rationale for this proposed transaction. First and foremost, we believe this transaction fits perfectly as part of our ongoing strategy of utilizing the benefits of greater scale and diversification throughout all aspects of our portfolio. This transaction is expected to be net income accretive for Portman shareholders, and shareholders will continue to benefit from the fully integrated BC Partners platform, which allows us to access industry diligence and expertise from over 30 years of private market investing.
Similar to the Garrison and OHAI transactions, we believe the proposed terms are favorable for both sides and provide a further margin of safety for earnings stability into the future. This is a testament to the immediate cost synergies that we can achieve and reflective of our strategy. We believe that our differentiated middle-market lending strategy will lead to better long-term performance, a more stable net asset value and a better trading multiple. Because of Portman Ridge’s flexible mandate and the management team’s background, we are able to capitalize on attractively priced nonsponsor opportunities, an area of the market that a large majority of direct lending managers have historically not been active in.
As we’ve done in other transactions, over time, we intend to rotate the HCAP portfolio to a portfolio of directly originated high-quality senior secured debt investments, consistent with the approach taken on the Portman Ridge portfolio and with a focus on diversification. BC Partners has proven its ability to execute strategically with our third merger transaction in the BDC space within 2 years of taking management at Portman Ridge. Going forward, we believe in the current macro environment will result in compelling opportunities to further grow our platform in light of the added benefits of scale.
The addition of HCAP into Portman Ridge’s portfolio will ultimately allow our company to compete for larger deals, spread fixed public company costs across a larger AUM base as well as increase our capacity for higher-yielding nonqualifying assets. This transaction continues to shift in Portman Ridge’s portfolio composition by increasing the first-lien senior debt exposure investments as well as decreasing the portfolio’s exposure to CLO equity and second-lien investments.
On a pro forma basis, following the transaction, first-lien assets will represent approximately 70% of our combined portfolio, and the percentage of CLO equity will be reduced to around 3% of the combined portfolio. We also remain focused on growing the diversified portfolio of high-quality, privately originated senior secured debt investments that we are managing, and the addition of HCAP assets increases the scale of the portfolio and our ability to speak for larger deals.
Finally, Portman Ridge’s current liability structure is extremely flexible, and we have unsecured bonds outstanding that are callable and revolving credit facility that can be flexed up and down. We do not require any new financing to close this transaction. Let me highlight how this has worked in practice. When we announced the Garrison merger, we noted that we could call their CLO in November, providing Portman Ridge for the ability to rightsize liabilities through any combination of these facilities with a goal to more closely matching our liabilities to the size of the company and its investment strategy going forward.
We’re able to proactively monetize over $95 million of the total portfolio at or above fair market value in just a few weeks following the closing of the transaction. Our goal would be to implement a similar strategy here. We are essentially utilizing the benefits of scale from both sides of the balance sheet. Well, none of us can say we expected to see 2 business combinations in a tight time frame, it certainly is not a concern. As was the case with OHAI and Garrison, we foresee a smooth transition of the current assets between managers, and we’ll continue to apply BC Partners stringent credit standards while redeploying the capital in assets originated by our platform.
We see stability as being a key fundamental driver for this transaction. We believe the shift in the composition of our investment portfolio, along with the opportunity to optimize our liabilities and capital structure will ultimately result in a more stable NAV performance over time. Investors in the combined company should also benefit from an increased float of the stock. The ultimate goal is to deliver strong and more sustainable risk-adjusted returns to shareholders, and we believe it is the best path to achieve it.
With that, I would now like to turn over the call to Joe Jolson to discuss the transaction from HCAP’s perspective and discuss next steps.
Joe Jolson^ Thanks, Ted. I’m happy to join you today on behalf of HCAP, our Board of Directors as well as its special committee to discuss the strategic transaction with Portman Ridge. Also want to extend my apologies and thanks for everyone dialing into this call on Christmas eve. Happy holidays, everybody, we appreciate it.
Since the onset of the pandemic, we’ve been working with our portfolio companies to proactively address any operating issues, controlling our costs and preserving our liquidity and net asset value for our shareholders. The goal was to provide adequate flexibility for our portfolio companies to weather the storm, while reducing our credit risk wherever possible. And positioning our capital for the best possible outcome when the economy returned to something closer to normal.
HCAP focused all of its available resources on augmenting liquidity and ceased any new lending at that time. These efforts started to bear fruit in the third quarter as we were able to substantially reduce our short-term debt outstanding as a result of managed payoffs, maintain a relatively stable net asset value and improve our weighted average risk rating.
As discussed in our third quarter earnings conference call, we made further progress in October and expect that our line of credit will be paid down to less than $5.6 million at year-end, which is maybe we have cash of about 1.5x that is free cash as well. HCAP’s current portfolio is in much better condition as well, nearly 3/4 of our portfolio is in the senior secured asset class, and in many cases, we are the sole debt provider to the portfolio company.
Despite the challenging economic environment as of quarter end, September 30, we have received approximately 87% of total interest payments due from borrowers, not on nonaccrual status. And our weighted average yield was a lofty 12.6% at that date. Despite our solid progress in the past 9 months, a careful analysis of our future prospects led our Board of Directors and its special committee to explore strategic options as the best possible outcome for our longer-term shareholders. Portman Ridge provided a compelling solution for our shareholders who have the option to take cash or stock.
Over the months of interactions throughout the process, BC Partners credit management team proved invaluable due to their experience in the BDC space, their experience and quality of their credit underwriting and their demonstrated ability to bring certainty of execution at a time of significant uncertainty. As HCAP’s largest noninstitutional shareholder and soon to be Portman’s, I have agreed to elect to take stock in the merger as well as to a 90-day lockup provision to ensure adequate liquidity for HCAP shareholders also electing to take shares.
Portman currently trades at 65% of its net asset value, which is almost a 20% discount to the median valuation of its peer group below a $500 million net asset value. Despite having earned its dividend for the past 3 quarters in the pandemic and actually for many quarters before that, and its track record of being a highly successful consolidator, the merger with Portman Ridge is expected to be accretive immediately to net investment income as a result of a lower cost of funds, a lower management fee structure and public company cost savings. And will also be neutral to net asset value, excluding transaction expenses.
Furthermore, as Portman shareholders, HCAP will benefit from their affiliation with a top-tier large global platform in BC Partners, particularly as they look to redeploy lower-yielding Garrison assets into higher risk-adjusted returns. As a result, I would expect a solid earnings and dividend track record to continue going forward. For those of us choosing stock, we will enjoy consistent dividends with upside should Portman narrow the trading discount to its peer group, let alone to its own NAV in the future.
The parameters of the transaction for HCAP shareholders is that they will receive a combination of Portman shares valued at 100% of Portman’s net asset value per share at the time of the closing of the transaction. And if required, the number of Portman shares would exceed 19.9% of the issued and outstanding shares of Portman common stock immediately prior to the transaction, which is roughly 14.9 million shares, cash consideration in the amount of any such excess as well as an additional cash payment from Sierra Crest, the external adviser to Portman Ridge of $2.15 million or approximately $0.36 per HCAP share.
With respect to the consideration being paid by Portman, each HCAP shareholder can elect to take cash or stock equal to the aggregate deal value. Although the cash portion of the consideration could be reduced pro rata if the total election for stock is less than the number of Portman shares issued.
Assuming HCAP shareholders elect stock or cash in a pro rata manner, the deal as a whole represents a combined $3.20 per share of cash plus 2.503 shares of Portman Ridge stock per HCAP common share based on HCAP and Portman Ridge’s most recently determined net asset values, and that would be including estimated transaction expenses. The exact ratio for the stock component of the merger will be determined by the net asset values of Portman Ridge and HCAP as of the closing calculated at 5:00 p.m. New York time on the second day prior to the actual closing of the transaction.
From a process and timing standpoint, we expect to file and finalize a preliminary proxy statement prospectus on Form N14 in the next few weeks. Once the SEC comments are received, responded to and resolved, we will set record and meeting dates for the special meeting of HCAP shareholders to request approval of the merger agreement. If shareholders approve the merger agreement and other routine closing conditions are met, the transaction will close shortly thereafter. We anticipate closing to occur in the second quarter of 2021. For avoidance of doubt, the transaction does not require a vote from Portman Ridge’s shareholders, increasing our view around certainty of close.
I’ll now turn the call back over to Ted for final comments. And obviously, we’ll be available to answer any questions that anyone might have. Ted?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Thank you, Joe. I want to reiterate our excitement about this transaction and the benefits for both HCAP and Portman Ridge shareholders will receive. Our goal in the coming weeks and months will be to provide additional details surrounding the benefits of the transaction post-closing. In conclusion, we believe the combined company will have the benefit of having lower financing costs, a lower blended fee structure, a reduction in public company costs per share and increasing trade and liquidity and the equity.
With that, Joe and I would collectively like to wish everybody a happy holiday. And operator, could you please open the line for questions?
Operator^ Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the
Operator^ (Operator Instructions)
Our first question comes from the line of Casey Alexander with Compass Point.
Casey Alexander^ First of all, congratulations on structuring a transaction that looks like it’s good for the shareholders of both companies. And secondly, actually, I think the call today is okay. I appreciate you guys not doing this in the middle of earnings. So my question is, and I guess this is for Ted and Joe, sort of what’s the structure of the HCAP portfolio, both in terms of first lien, second lien, JV equity? And also the percentage of directly originated versus possibly more liquid-type broadly syndicated assets?
Joe Jolson^ Ted, do you want me to start off?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes, you go, Joe. Go ahead.
Joe Jolson^ Okay. So let me make sure I — our investments are primarily directly originated loans. There’s a couple of investments that are broadly syndicated, but they also tend to be smaller deals and less liquid. And because of that, they get valued as level 3 assets. That’s helpful. As we’ve been paying down our line, we’ve been managing some payoffs over the last 9 months.
And so we have roughly 15 plus or minus investments in the portfolio right now, and about 75% of them are senior secured. We’re typically, if we’re senior secured, we are the only lender at that level to the company. There’s some — the 25% of the investments that aren’t senior secured, we — there might be a small revolver ahead of us in many cases. And there’s a couple of credits where we might be — even though we have liens, we might be viewed as a mezzanine investor.
We have a couple of equity positions that were invested alongside the debt when we made the original investments, and they’ve been pretty successful consolidators. And those are detailed as well in our September 30 SOI. Hopefully, that’s helpful. We don’t have any CLO equity, and no broadly syndicated credits in the sense that they’d be readily liquidatable at a bit or as spread.
Casey Alexander^ Any loans on nonaccrual?
Joe Jolson^ Yes, we do. As of September, there were 4 loans on nonaccrual. One was one of the few broadly syndicated loans that we had that’s been resolved. We actually, in October, we got — in early November, we got paid off on that in 2 tranches and actually made a profit on that investment. And another one of our longer-lived nonperformers is we recently took active management of the company, and its performance has improved dramatically in the last 6 months and is back on accrual status this quarter. And we’re hoping to be out of that investment potentially in the next 6 months.
The — so at year-end, I think our nonperformers will be down to a couple of credits. And won’t — in total, the amount might be maybe 6% of our investment portfolio. Hopefully, that’s helpful.
Our next question comes from the line of Ryan Lynch with KBW.
Ryan Lynch^ First off, congrats on the merger. It looks like it could definitely be a win-win for both entities. Ted Goldthorpe, maybe first for you. You’ve done several mergers over the last several years. Obviously, you took over the KCAP entity and then you’ve closed on OHAI as well as Garrison very recently. Can you maybe just talk about the track record of the performance?
I guess maybe specifically on OHAI because Garrison just kind of recently closed. But can you talk about your track record of when you initially announced those deals, you obviously had an investment thesis for why you were buying those assets. Can you just talk about how that investment thesis has played out over time for those mergers? And maybe specifically OHAI because that’s the only one that’s had a little time period between closing till today?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes, we can answer both, actually. So on the OHAI transaction, the portfolio was largely liquid second liens on big companies. And by and large, it’s performed at or above our expectations for the last 12 months, even despite COVID. So that part of the portfolio was a very well underwritten book. And within a week of that transaction, we derisked it by 40% at or above NAV. So these transactions were doing well below NAV from a stock price perspective.
I mean in that transaction, we derisked 40% of the portfolio within a couple of weeks above NAV. And so I think — and then when we did the — and there was 2 kind of like legacy assets in that portfolio. One of which we’ve monetized already at a price that was, again, equal to higher than where we took it on. And there’s 1 other legacy asset that is probably worth less than we took it on because it’s in the oil and gas space but it’s a very, very small part of our overall portfolio. So I think like we backtest Oak Hill, I think our underwriting assumptions were very, very solid. And I think that kind of pulled its way through.
Garrison is a little different in the sense of — we announced the transaction right in the midst of COVID. So obviously, the portfolio has performed much better than what we expected. And a lot of that was driven by, obviously, the market coming back and the economy coming back. So I wouldn’t — I would say, I think we did a good job underwriting that portfolio, but a lot of that also — we honestly just benefited a lot from what happened in the overall economy.
But in that portfolio, the same thing, we lined up close to $100 million of asset sales, which we executed above NAV. So when we took that portfolio on at close, we derisked a big chunk of that portfolio, got our leverage down to where we want it to be, above where we took on the valuations. So I think you’re asking a great question, which is you always have to backtest our underwriting assumptions when we do these mergers. And I think we feel very, very good about our process and our underwriting on both the last 2 deals we’ve done.
Ryan Lynch^ Okay. That’s good background and good color on how things have played out. Then specifically with Harvest then. And Joe, you touched on this a little bit regarding the portfolio. But today or at least as of 9/30, I know things have changed. About 20% of the portfolio on a cost basis was on nonaccrual, and we track something about 15% of some other investments were marked around 80% or so.
So there’s significant amount of stress going on in that portfolio. Now Joe, I know you mentioned that I think General Nutrition centers was purchased. I think Infinite Care had improved financial performance and maybe GK Holdings has had some improved financial performance recently. But Ted, maybe can you just talk about as your diligence in Harvest, how did you get comfortable with the portfolio that has a decent amount of investments on nonaccrual or written down?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes. So we were given access to full information, and we were given access to all the files. So our team has underwritten the whole portfolio, and we feel very comfortable that NAV is NAV. I mean I would say there are more assets on a watch list than our previous deals. But that being said, some of these assets, actually, we think of upside. And we actually think some of them have some near term upside. So — and again, remember, the NAV that we pay is struck at close. So there’s a number of assets in this portfolio that are going through, I would say, some sort of transition so the NAV will be struck at close. So if shareholders have some kind of — there’s some time line there. But number 2 is we underwrote NAV, and our view is the book is marked correctly.
And we do think — even though there is a higher percentage of nonaccruals here, we do think there’s upside on certain of these positions.
Ryan Lynch^ Okay. And then as far as some of the pro forma numbers as far as leverage goes, Harvest, obviously, with signal on a decent amount of cash, I think their net leverage was close to 0.6x if you back out cash. Can you just talk about pro forma for the Garrison merger closing and then pro forma for Harvest closing as of today, what would the leverage be on this combined entity? And then also, I know you said you didn’t require any additional financing to close this transaction. But Harvest has a couple of pieces of debt, they have a credit facility and a bond outstanding June intended to roll. But I know their credit facility was coming due soon. Do you intend to roll any of that debt over under Portman’s balance sheet?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes. It’s a good question. So I think we don’t have any financing contingencies. We can close this transaction based on our current credit lines. We would assume the HCAP bonds, which don’t have a change of control provision to them. And then the idea would be, more likely than not at some time relatively soon, we would look to refinance our bonds. That’s probably what we will do post-close.
So that’s the liability side. On the leverage side, yes, I mean, the transaction is obviously deleveraging for us. And if you look at the merger agreements from our previous transactions, there’s restrictions around new originations by HCAP. So we expect — the leverage ratio we’ve guided people to, which is kind of 1.3 to 1.5 short term, we don’t think that’s going to change as a result of this transaction. So this transaction is deleveraging for us. And as you know, we’ve already delevered ourselves from the Garrison transaction. So I think our target leverage ratio is probably not going to change.
Operator^ Our next question comes from the line of Steven Martin with Slater.
Steven Martin^ You don’t let any moss grow on your rocks. Can you talk about expense savings when you close the Garrison deal? You had said that basically no people came over. You — no real estate came over, you added 1 or 2 people. What does it look like here?
Ted Goldthorpe^ I think about — I mean if we take a step back, I mean, the big cost savings on these deals is typically public company costs. So we only have to pay 1 audit fee, so we save that. We obviously get some synergies on the finance TAF, which shareholders bear the brunt of. So the ability for us to have a smaller finance TAF per share, obviously, drops the bottom line. And obviously, in this transaction, Harvest gets to roll onto our financing facilities, which are cheaper. So like all of that — we don’t have to do a lot of execution to realize NII accretion. A lot of it is just natural from saving public company costs on a small company. And then cheaper financing.
Steven Martin^ Can you quantify, if you broke that down into 3 buckets, sort of public company costs, administrative costs and interest savings, what those 3 buckets would look like?
Joe Jolson^ Ted, I don’t know if you want me to — you may not be as familiar with our cost kind of thing. If you want me to add some color to that.
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes, of course.
Joe Jolson^ The admin cost on a regular basis that our shareholders have reimbursed the manager for or $350,000 a quarter. So $1.4 million a year. So I would think that most, if not all of that, would be cost savings, all right? I think our — I would estimate that — we’ve done a good job of getting our public company costs down in the last year. We changed auditors to do that as well as legal lawyers with a negotiated fee structure. And I think that if — so if you look at that right now, it’s — backing out anything like these kind of transaction expenses, you’re probably looking at maybe $1.25 million a year in public company costs and maybe a little bit more than that. Hopefully, that’s helpful.
Steven Martin^ Okay. And what about on the financing side? What do you think the interest savings are?
Joe Jolson^ Well, our line is — there’s a LIBOR floor and it’s [450]. So we’re paying [550] right now.
Patrick Schafer^ Yes. But I think the better way to frame it — Steve, this is Patrick Schafer, by the way. We kind of look at the opposite way than you’re referencing, which is we build it from kind of the bottom-up to say, I think when we take over the portfolio, we don’t expect meaningful increases in the admin expense relative to the existing Portman business. So as Joe said, if Harvest had $1.4 million of an admin expense, that number is almost all savings.
And similar, as you think about the interest expense, we’re obviously taking over their bonds. So that would be a dollar-for-dollar swap on the interest expense for that $25 million piece of the liabilities. And then when you look at it on a net basis, their credit facility is relatively de minimis. And so I would think of it as being not significant — a nonsignificant increase in interest expense related to that piece of liability structure.
Steven Martin^ Okay. Well, then that leads into my second question. You’ve now done 2 accretive acquisitions or 1 is done and 1 is in the on-deck circle. How soon they’re after do — can we expect that you’ll revisit the dividend?
Ted Goldthorpe^ I mean I think from our perspective, I think our dividend is in a good place. And so these transactions, both Garrison, Oak Hill and Harvest will just increase additional buffer to our dividend coverage. And so I don’t think there’s any real short-term plan to increase the dividend, if that’s the question. But I think what it does do is it provides further cushion to our existing dividend. And to the extent that we can sustain earnings growth and higher earnings, we’d obviously revisit our dividend policy.
Steven Martin^ Right. And hopefully, the market sees that as effectively lowering your discount rate?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes. I mean I think the market looks at our dividend and some would question, given the high dividend yield, is it sustainable? And so I think if we continue to over earn our dividend, which we’ve been doing for the foreseeable future, I think the market should — that should become less of a question. Let’s put it that way.
Steven Martin^ All right. Let me — how does this — how does dependency of another transaction impact your ability and/or willingness to buy back stock in this intervening period?
Ted Goldthorpe^ Again, it doesn’t change our view. I mean, our stock is at a level where it just makes sense for us to be buying it back for our shareholders. And the challenge we’ve had is, number one, we’re constantly in blackout period because of all the strategic stuff we’ve been doing, and we have implemented a 10-B.
We obviously an automatic buyback program. But you can’t be — have that in place when there’s a proxy outstanding. So we have been buying back stock whenever we can, and it doesn’t change our view. I mean this transaction is deleveraging for us. So — and it increases our float. So concerns about having too small of a float and concerns about leverage are mitigated on this transaction. This transaction should deleverage us, and we have a bigger float. So we should still keep buying back stock.
Steven Martin^ Well, I mean, given that the other deal closed, and you won’t have a proxy ready for this until probably sometime in January or maybe February, you do have a window here where you can try to take advantage because then what’s going to happen is you’re going into blackout because of this proxy then the deal will close, then you’re going to have your annual proxy. So you’re going to have a lot of periods of blackout.
Ted Gilpin^ Yes. Steve, it’s Ted. We still obviously have coming up on year-end as well. And we haven’t published a combined Garrison-Portman numbers yet. So we probably would be restricted from turning back on the 10b5 anyway until we get out a set of financials. So there’s always something going on as I think. It doesn’t change our view that we want to buy back stock.
Steven Martin^ All right. One more — one last one. Can you comment — and you did a little on what the — what’s happened subsequent to the — to yours and/or the Garrison portfolio? And you did comment a little on Garrison, but I don’t know if that incorporated sort of the last 30 days.
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes. I mean, Garrison, when we closed the transaction — are you asking about fair value or are you asking about deleveraging?
Steven Martin^ A little of both. I mean I think your markets have continued to improve, albeit a little slower, and you’ve had more time to deleverage. And I understand there are a lot of transactions happening all the time. So transaction counts are up. So I would presume both of those would have resulted in — for getting deal expenses, a NAV bump subsequent to 9/30 or 10/26 or whenever you value the Garrison portfolio.
Ted Goldthorpe^ Yes. That’s our expectation as well. Like as I said earlier in the call, I think post-close, I think the Garrison portfolio has performed in line to better than we underwrote. And obviously, there’s the markets that continue to recover. So yes, we would expect our combined entity fair value to be higher at year-end pre to any transaction costs.
And there are no further questions at this time. I’d like to turn the call back over to management.
Ted Goldthorpe^ Great. Well, thank you so much for dialing in. Again, we deeply apologize to everybody on the phone on a holiday. But on behalf of Joe and I, we’re very excited to do this transaction together, and we think it’s a good one for our shareholders. And so we want to wish all of you a very, very happy holiday, a very safe holiday. And of course, Joe, myself and our entire management teams are available to speak at any time if anybody has any questions. So thank you very much.
Operator^ Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude today’s conference call. We thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.
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ASME BPVC: Pressure Vessel Consulting Services
Project Overviews »
Design-by-Analysis
Predictive Engineering specializes in "design-by-analysis" pressure vessel work following ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 (BPVC) and Nuclear Quality Assurance (NQA-1) Certification codes.
Our FEA BPVC consultants have successfully completed a broad range of analysis work on hundreds of pressure vessels. Within this body of work, we have applied the following codes:
ASME BPVC Section VIII, Divison 2 (Design-by-Analysis)
ASME Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO)
ASCE 4-98 and ASCE 7-02
AISI N690
ABS Underwater Vehicles, Systems & Hyperbaric Facilities
These FEA pressure vessel consulting projects cover a wide variety of analyses, from differential thermal-stress analysis of heat exchangers utilizing mixed materials, to stress and fatigue analysis of large-diameter vessels, to analyses of vessels with complex internal structures subjected to sloshing, seismic and added-mass effects or lifting and transportation analyses and transient thermal-fatigue of thick-walled tanks. We have also done stringent code work under the ASME PVHO and ABS Underwater Vehicles, Systems and Hyperbaric Facilities on several types of passenger submarines. In one particular case, our FEA PVHO-ABS consulting allowed our client to certify their submarine via FEA in lieu of the standand design rules. This exception was approved by the ABS since the FEA results tightly correlated with the strain-gauge results from the dive test. More results on this investigation can be found at NASA Tech Briefs
To support our pressure vessel work, we have developed custom software for stress and fatigue evaluation of thin and thick-walled vessels. Some of this PV consulting work has helped SpaceX launch their next generation of rockets.
In the nuclear field, Predictive is certified to generate NQA-1 seismic, buckling and fatigue analysis reports on some of the most complex vessels installed at the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. These reports are all focused on the "design-by-analysis" rules within the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 specification. Working collaboratively with Department of Energy contractors, Predictive has pioneered many of the seismic and buckling analysis procedures based on interpretation of ASCE 4-98 and ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 Codes for pressure vessels containing large submerged internal components that are subjected to the added mass requirements within ASCE 4-98.
From seismic to buckling to fatigue analysis, Predictive can assist in validating the most challenging pressure vessel designs. Our hard-earned experience allows us to safely classify tanks and vessels as “fit-for-service” that would typically have required extensive rework by the standard ASME Section VIII, Division 1 hand-calculations.
In brief, clients come to us when they need high-quality work executed and documented to withstand the most rigorous reviews.
Please download our project portfolio for our ASME BPVC pressure vessel consulting services
Some ASME BPVC Pressure Vessel Consulting Project Examples (text listing)
ASME Suitability Assessment of Evaporator Vessel for Complete Flooding
Our client had several evaporative vessels in service, that over the years had accumulated sufficient shell side residue that was hindering their efficiency. Given that the tube bundle section of the vessel was 30 m long and 4 m in diameter, the only economical manner to clean out the residue was determined to flood the vessels. The challenge was these vessels were never designed to be flooded and, without some sort of documentation or design modification, the only alternative would be to scrap the vessels and install new multi-million dollar evaporators. Through several rounds of finite element analysis (FEA) it was determined that the vessel would fail upon being flooded. At this stage, in collaboration with our client, it was determined that the lower tube sheet could be supported and with some minor reinforcements (e.g., nozzle repads), the vessel could be flooded and still fully comply with ASME Division 2, Section VIII specifications. The tubesheet support involved cross-bracing the bottom of the tubesheet using nonlinear contact between the support and tubesheet. It should be mentioned that the vessel was found to comply only via the plastic collapse section of the ASME code. To verify that the design would be robust, the hydrostatic pressure load was ramped up to 3x its flooded state, exceeding ASME’s requirement of 2.4x. For conservativeness, the material law assumed perfectly elastic-plastic behavior. At the end of this analysis, our client was confident that the vessel could be flooded and work is underway to build the support structure and then proceed with the cleaning operation thereby saving their company millions of dollars.
Static Stress Analysis of a Condenser and Tube Sheet
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 “design-by-analysis” was performed on a large condenser bundle that was to be integrated into a nuclear reactor heat exchanger. Due to a past failure the client had redesigned the condenser bundle and wanted to determine the axial forces and von Mises stress in the condenser inlet end water box and tube sheet interface. Two separate load cases were examined one at normal operating conditions and one at extreme operating conditions. One of the largest hurdles in this project was the massive size of the model; it consisted of almost 3 million 6-DOF nodes. The size of the model was driven by the tube sheet which consisted of 17,453 tubes tied into the sheet. To help limit the size as much as possible the tubes were modeled using beam elements. In order to accurately model the tube and tube sheet interface plate elements were used to model the first inch of tubes and the beams were attached to them using rigid elements. The analysis itself was a simple linear static model with a hydrostatic pressure load applied to the water box.
9X9 m Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) Vessel
Our client was in the process of fabricating a new RTO vessel that represents a first in class of a 9X9 m unit. In order to verify the new design prior to fabrication, a finite element analysis (FEA) model was built of the structure to virtually simulated the mechanical loads seen during operation. The design guidelines used for the analysis consisted of ASME Section VIII, Division 2 “Design-by-Analysis” specifications with some margin based on the experience of our client. This type of analysis is part of Predictive’s core FEA pressure vessel consulting services. The upper portion of the vessel was modeled taking advantage of symmetry; however, the lower portion required a complete model with the weight of the upper structure distributed over it using Nastran RBE3s. The final analysis met our client’s design goals and the structure went into fabrication.
Rail and Truck Transportation Analysis of Large Concentrator Vessel
Our client was in the process of moving a large pressure vessel by rail and truck. It was necessary to evaluate and ensure that stresses during transportation met ASME Section VIII, Division 2 requirements to ensure no damage would be induced that would negatively affect the vessel during operation. Transportation load cases were provided by the client consisting of body acceleration loads. The analysis required working with our client (vessel fabricator) and the transportation company to design a restraint system that would comply with our analysis but also be economical and manufacturable. The final vessel configuration was approved and the vessels were moved successfully.
Thermal-Stress Fatigue Analysis of High-Temperature Graphitization Furnace
It seems rare nowadays that an ASME-type analysis is performed without an attendant fatigue analysis. We believe it is simply the result of a changing marketplace where our clients are becoming more knowledgeable in their requests and the industry as a whole are requiring greater accuracy in their analysis work. This project was chartered to investigate the service life of a high-temperature carbon fiber graphitization furnace. The company had several of these furnaces and they were more than 20 years old. Although they were designed to operate at 1650°C, our client wanted to increase the operating temperature to 1850°C to maximize production output. The work consisted of idealizing the thermal performance from graphite felt to water cooled steel shell. With this thermal loading, the FEA model of the system was analyzed under thermal and vacuum loading to create a matrix of possible operating states. The analysis work showed that the furnace was well designed and could safely operate at higher temperatures for many more years.
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Nonlinear Fatigue Analysis of Hairpin Heat Exchanger
This work was particularly interesting since the client had experienced fatigue failures along the weld line between the tubesheet and the shell. The complication on this analysis was that the use of compression sleeve fittings to join the components together. As the bolts were preloaded, tubesheet welded section would lock against the main heat exchanger shell. Our analysis work showed that the weld failure was due to over tightening of these locking bolts and not general thermal or pressure loading. The work required a complete nonlinear contact analysis with bolt preload and then application of design loads. The solution was simply to back-off on the bolt preload. This was quite surprising to all and saved significant costs to our client.
Fatigue Analysis of Multi-Chamber Stacked Chamber
A static pressure and fatigue analysis was performed for a four-cell stacked simulated moving bed (SSMB) column to evaluate whether it would meet ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 requirements. The structure was modeled in half symmetry with the most conservative side of the structure in the finite element model using a combination of plate and hexahedral solid elements. Fillet welds in the structure were modeled using rigid elements constraining only the translational degrees of freedom (DOFs). Releasing the rotational DOFs represent the physics of a single sided fillet weld and allow weld forces to be extracted quickly and easily. The analysis is linear elastic which allowed the stresses to be scaled linearly with pressure. A 75 psi pressure load was applied to the inside of the structure to evaluate the weld stress at the maximum possible pressure. The stress was normalized to a 1 psi load and then scaled to find the weld stress at each pressure in the operating cycle. Fatigue Essentials was leveraged to count the fatigue cycles using the rainflow-counting method and calculate the cumulative damage over the lifetime of the pressure vessel. The operating cycle of the SSMB pressure vessel was a series of repeating patterns which were stored as Fatigue Essentials Spectrums. The S-N curve for the material was added to Fatigue Essentials from ASME Section VIII, Division 2. With all of the data input into a Fatigue Essentials project file, the cumulative fatigue damage in the welds was calculated at the click of a button. The combination of linear analysis in NX Nastran and Fatigue Essentials provided an efficient, robust method to evaluate the fatigue life of a production pressure vessel. Not only were we able to confidently report to our client that their pressure vessel would not fail during the production
Stress Analysis of High-Pressure Ductile Cast Iron (SA-395) Hydraulic Manifolds
The challenge to use cast product for a pressure containing component under the ASME code is two-fold: (i) a 5x knock down factor from the material’s ultimate strength and (ii) inspection requirements to assure high-quality. To make it even more difficult, our client had pressures exceeding 1,000 psi within their manifolds and thus the ASME code requires a 90% quality factor for the casting. Three manifolds were analyzed using the FEA method with the stress results classed using a stress allowable of (60/5)*0.90 = 10.8ksi. On a numerical basis, the stress results showed that the manifolds would pass the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 classification but additionally, one had to substantiate how the casting could meet the 90% quality threshold. Based on Predictive Engineering’s metallurgical experience (AFS member and co-author of “Handbook of Abrasion Resistant Cast Irons”), it was determined that the DuraBar casting process would assure that the quality level would be met. Lastly, the client was informed that the ASME code also requires that all castings be hydrostatically tested to 2x their design pressure. This project presents a good example of how we strive to be advocates for a safe design while collaborating with our clients that it can still be manufactured and inspected in an economical manner.
Thermal-Stress Fatigue Analysis of Evaporative Hairpin Heat Exchanger
Our client requested this analysis due to prior fatigue failures at the intersection between the tubesheet and tubesheet channel (i.e., shell). Although this region was machined out of a solid steel billet, fatigue failures were still noted. Additionally, the hairpin heat exchanger used two large bolted flanges at each end for attachment of the shell side and tube side components. To correctly model these structures, the geometry was idealized into a solid brick finite element mesh with bolt preload applied using a beam element with shell elements at both ends to simulated the nut and head ends. Given the analysis complexity of bolt preload and contact, the model was analyzed using LS-DYNA as a nonlinear implicit analyses. The first step was to conduct a steady-state conduction analysis to create a thermal profile within the evaporator. Thermal-stress results were interpreted using the 2015 ASME Section VIII, Division 2 requirements and the evaporator was shown to meet the client’s required fatigue life. A side benefit of this work was the ability to show the client that several heavy components of their vessel could be reduced in section size and still meet code requirements.
Large Diameter (300”) Pressure Vessel Lifting Lug Analysis
The purpose of this analysis was to verify that jacking lugs used on several large diameter pressure vessels would not cause damage to PV components (such as the skirt, shell and cooling jacket). Starting with existing FE models of the pressure vessels, the jacking lugs are modeled, meshed and attached to the vessels with a “glued connection”. This connection type allows new components to be added and joined without re-meshing existing components. A 6” diameter hydraulic ram is placed under each of the jacking lugs, centered between the gussets. There is a 1” thick doubling plate between the rams and lugs. The jacking lugs transferred load to the doubling plates and hydraulic ram through surface-to-surface contact. This analysis work showed that the jacking lug design was robust and would not cause stresses in the PV exceeding ASME Section VIII, Division 2 stress classification requirements.
Soda Ash Filter Pressure Vessel – Sliding Support Frame Analysis
The objective of this project is to calculate the stresses by the finite element analysis (FEA) method for the supports and adjacent sections of shell and head of a horizontally suspended soda ash filter pressure vessel (PV). The PV is suspended horizontally and one of the PV heads is mounted to a fixed section of the support frame. The vessel shell is mounted to a sliding portion of the support frame such that the PV can be opened, the shell can be translated along the frame and the contents can be accessed easily. The analysis of the PV includes two loading conditions. First the vessel was analyzed in the “closed” position. That is, the vessel shell was joined to the vessel head via the retaining rings and swing bolts. In the closed position, the vessel was assumed to be at maximum fluid level and maximum design pressure. The next load combination saw the vessel in the “open” position. In the open position, the vessel is not be pressurized and did not have fluid contents. This load combination needed to be considered because with the vessel shell detached, the cantilevered load at the head supports was increased. The supports and adjacent regions of the shell and head pass the stress requirements as given in the ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 specifications.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of an ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) Pressure Vessel
Our customer came to us with an engineering drawing of a large 20 x 20 x 8ft rectangular pressure vessel with strict review requirements. This structure is part of an emissions treatment system handling noxious, pressurized gasses so it was important that they see no failures in service. The structure was modeled using surfaces in FEMAP and then meshed with plate elements in quarter symmetry. The first pass showed the structure did not meet the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 stress classification requirements. Design iterations were performed to find a solution that would work within their manufacturing limitations. With these modifications in place, linear static analysis showed that the structure would pass. As a follow-up, the customer wanted assurance that the pressure vessel would handle 2.5x the operating pressure without failure. Running the model with nonlinear material properties and inspecting the plastic strain allowed us to say with confidence that the structure was safe.
FEA of HDPE Plastic Adult Beverage Vessel
The most efficient geometric shape for an internally or externally pressurized vessel is a sphere. If that is not possible, one can fall back on a cylinder with hemispherical or domed ends. Sometimes, to fit within a refrigerator, one would like to use a shape that is cubic. The design-by-analysis rules within the ASME code provides significant flexibility to the FEA simulation engineer but the analysis of a pressurized cube does not leave one with many options. Initially our client specified aluminum and then later switched to high density polyethylene (HDPE). Interesting enough, upon switching to the low elastic modulus material (20x less stiff than aluminum) and running the analysis with nonlinear geometric stiffness turned on, we noticed a 4x drop in stress. In hindsight this seems obvious that by allowing the corners of the cube to deform and form into smooth curved structures, our cube become more like a cylinder. In combination with increased wall thickness, we were able to present to the client an acceptable pressure vessel design that would meet their pressure requirements and still provide the safe service of adult beverages.
ASME “Design-By-Analysis” Buckling Classification of an In-Line Gas Pipeline Pig
Buckling of externally pressurized structures is a fascinating phenomenon and for those aficionados of classic old-time submarine movies, a bit of cold sweat. Predictive Engineering has significant experience in the buckling of structures using ASME’s PVHO and ABS’s Underwater Vehicles code for hyperbaric chambers, submarines, pressure vessels and now for an in-line gas pipeline pig. Our client manufactures sensor’s for pipeline inspection industry. A common method for delivery of the sensor is send a “pig” or a cylinder loaded with instruments through the gas pipeline driven by a differential pressure. Operating conditions within the pipeline can reach pressures up to 1,500 psi. To ensure that their instrument package could safely operate, they contracted us to perform an ASME Section VIII, Division 2 “design-by-analysis” study on the buckling resistance of their miniature in-line inspection tool or “pig”. Their material of choice was a simple carbon steel (L360MS). The ASME allowable stress was calculated using standard knock-down formulas where the material’s original yield strength of 66.7ksi was reduced to a membrane allowable of 16.2ksi. The buckling assessment was based on 2.08 safety factor. FEA simulation started with a linear elastic stress analysis followed by an eigenvalue buckling analysis. To verify the eigenvalue results, a geometric nonlinear buckling analysis was performed on the structure. As our client had suspected, the pig had significant safety margins and the project was sealed up and our project summary was one sentence “The ….. passes the ASME Section 8, Division 2 stress and buckling classification.”
Weld Fatigue Analysis of Overhead Condenser Tubesheet Intersection
Our client had a very specific challenge in dealing with a prior design that was failing after five to seven years in service. They wanted to extend the life of the vessel but given financial and design constraints had a very limited set of options. The tubesheet was explosively clad with titanium. The material selection was a combination of stainless steel and carbon steel. A combined thermal-stress (internal pressure + temperature differential) analysis showed high stresses at the weld intersection that was an obvious driving factor toward the shortened service life of the vessel. Further analysis pinpointed the problem to the use of stainless steel for the tubesheet given its high CTE would expand push against the shell. That is to say, the internal pressure load only created about 20% of the stress load while the thermal load was 80%. Various redesign attempts were explored to move the weld zone down and way from the tubesheet intersection via a “stub” approach but every attempt only slightly lowered the stresses. After numerous meetings, it was determined that the tubesheet could just as easily be made out of carbon steel and thus with its lower CTE solve the problem of high stresses at the weld zone. Although this was not a classic ASME Section VIII, Division 2 FEA stress analysis, the skill sets we have learned over the years through the FEA simulation of hundreds of pressure vessels allows us to offer unique solutions that our clients might not immediately think of. With the change of tubesheet materials, the client was able to more than achieve their goals by lowering the cost of fabrication and extending the service life of the vessel.
Nuclear Waste Processing Vessels
Seismic, thermal, dead weight, nozzle and pressure analyses were performed on a series of large-scale (e.g., 300” diameter) nuclear waste processing vessels for the DOE. Engineering work was approved under ASME Section VIII, Div. 2, ASCE 4-98 for Seismic Analysis of Nuclear-Related Equipment and associated NQA-1 requirements.
100 foot-long Tube and Shell Evaporator
A 100 foot-long tube and shell evaporator was analyzed for stress and deflection based under transportation loading. Stresses were classified according to ASME Section VIII, Div. 2. The evaporator was fabricated with several different material types, each with different ASME Division 1 material allowables. The vessel was constrained with a saddle support near the top tubesheet with a Schnabel connection at the base of the skirt.
Stress and Fatigue Analysis of a Powder Transfer Vessel
A standard thin-walled pressure vessel was analyzed to ASME Section VIII, Division 2 rules given an internal pressure and dead weight loading that consists of a granular powder. Besides the analysis of the pressure hull, the vessel’s supports were analysis for a combination of seismic and wind loading per ASCE 7 specification. After this classification, a fatigue analysis was done on the complete structure per ASME Section VIII, Div. 2, Part 5.
External Pressure Loading on Sensor Pig for Gas Pipelines: Stress and Buckling Analysis
Our client had a thick-walled vessel that would carry sensor equipment to monitor the structural health of gas pipelines. The external pressure on the vessel would be in excess of 1,000 psi. By careful use of the “design-by-analysis” rules within the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 code, we were able to take their original design and make it a bit lighter and substitute a much lower cost material. This flexibility allows one to leverage the full power of a finite element analysis to maximize the design of the pressure vessel structure.
Thermal-Fatigue Analysis of High-Temperature Flue Gas Steam Generator
An ASME thermal fatigue analysis was performed on a high-temperature flue gas steam generator (i.e., boiler). Given the large thermal gradients between the flue gas inlet and outlet, the thick tube sheet presented a particular thermal-stress challenge. The vessel passed based on peak alternating stress (Sa) per Figure 5.110.2.1 of the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 code. This particular PV FEA consulting project was reviewed at several levels from the manufacture to their end-client. We sat in during the review defending our work and were able to successful get the vessel to pass muster without last minute design changes.
Thermal-Stress and Fatigue Analysis of Thick-Walled, High-Pressure Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Tank
Thick-wall, high-pressure liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks experience thermal fatigue conditions not rarely seen in normal pressure vessels. Stress classification required our complete ASME software arsenal. Membrane stresses were calculated using standard ASME stress linearization. These tanks were used in test firing of rocket nozzles where one set of tanks stored LOX and the other set RP1 (rocket fuel). All vessels were classed under ASME Section VIII, Division 2 rules.
ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 Pressure Vessel Transportation Analysis
The PV in this FEA consulting analysis was a large shell-and-tube heat exchanger analyzed under transportation conditions. The project required the design of the shipping support structures: a schnabel at the skirt and a saddle at the upper tubesheet. Once the static stress analysis was performed, the results were interrogated to ensure that the stresses within the PV did not exceed the ASME allowables (PL, PM for membrane stress and PL+PB+Q for surface stress) and the stresses within the support structures did not exceed AISC N690 stress allowables.
ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 Pressure Vessel Lifting Analysis
In this analysis the PV was analyzed for lifting loads at various angles as the vessel is installed. The main concern was the skirt, tailing lug and trunnions. The mass of the vessel was a critical parameter. To ensure proper mass was include the finite element model used beam elements to approximate the tube sheet; this greatly improved the efficiency of the model. Initially, the tailing lug was not adequate but after a couple design suggestions a final design was found.
ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 Pressure Vessel Reorientation Analysis
A large (100’”) ASME Section VIII PV needed to be reoriented within the fabrication shop to provide access to allow test fitting of external structures. This analysis helped determine the most effective combination of rollers and belly-bands that will allow the C210 Evaporator Vessel to be rotated to provide access for test fitting ladders and platforms while not exceeding ASME Section VIII, Div. 1 stress allowables.
Stress Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
The pressure vessel system consisted of an evaporative chamber connected to a tube-sheet heat exchanger via piping. The system is mounted on a structure steel frame. Thermal and stress analysis calculations were performed per ASME VIII, Div. 2 to determine thermal and stress margins. Some optimization work was done on the lower piping system due to wind loading effects per ASCE 7-02.
Thermal-Stress Analysis of Dual-Chamber Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger for a boiling tube, dual-vessel evaporative system classed under ASME Section VIII, Division 2 rules. The main shell was titanium with the tubing of SA-240. The vessel analysis included a check on the tube sheet design and optimization work to reduce the wall and tube sheet thicknesses due to high material costs. Design and analysis work was performed for the Dedert Corporation.
Stress, Buckling and Seismic Analysis of T-Design Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger per ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 analyzed for design, operating, buckling and seismic loading. The final design of the vessel required 14 design iterations due to internal baffle constraints to prevent buckling. The final buckling analysis was done by geometric, nonlinear analysis to confirm safety margins.
Stress, Thermal-Stress and Buckling Analysis of Dual-Wall 5.8m Diameter Valveless Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (VRTO) Vessel
The VRTO was analyzed for stress, thermal-stress and buckling per ASME Section VIII, Division guidelines and with all results classed per Division 1 stress allowables. This large diameter vessel is used to efficiently burn-off process gases using a unique regenerative ceramic bed. Process gas is introduced through the bottom of the vessel into the ceramic bed which allow selective heat transfer from the ceramic to the gas stream. Without going into a lot of detail, the analysis work considered thermal expansion effects within the vessel due to the hot gas at temperatures above 500C and load combination effects due to internal pressure and external wind loading. The vessel was classed to include super-structure loading (roof mounted blowers and a walkway), dead weight loads (ceramic and steel) and then normal design loads.
The VRTO vessel passes the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 requirements for mechanical and thermally-induced stresses. It should be noted that the VRTO vessel is not an ASME stamped vessel and there is no requirement for it to be classed under the ASME code, saying that, the code provides sound guidance for verification of its “fit-for-service” design. The vessel was classed using the ASME stress allowables for 316L. An optimization study was also done to investigate the roof-to-shell weldments for possible improvements in the manufacturing process and to investigate a material switch from AL6NX to standard SS304 or at least the ability to thin the shell material from 0.125 to 0.1875”.
At the end of this project, optimization results more than paid for the cost of this FEA investigation.
Large Diameter Spray-Drying Chamber
A large diameter spray-drying chamber was analyzed for seismic, wind and lifting. Applicable codes were ASCE 7-02 with reference to the UBC and ANSI A58.1. The lifting stress requirements were borrowed from ASME, Section VIII, Division 2. The model was highly idealized and allowed sections to be optimized for seismic and lifting. The exterior of the vessel was a space frame structure idealized using beam elements. Appurtances hanging on the outside of the vessel (e.g., fans, heaters and ladders) were simulated using mass elements.
ASCE 4-98 Pressure Vessel Sloshing
For this project, the sloshing loads needed to be determined within an ASME Section VIII, Div.2 Pressure Vessel (PV) upon a large marine vessel. The fluid sloshing pressure loads were calculated with ASCE 4-98. The 3D spatially varying loads were applied to a Finite Element (FEA) model. The FEA model provided reaction loads and stress results used to design anchors and determine potential problem areas in the skirt.
Thermal-Stress Analysis of a 500 kW Generator Housing
This project involved FEA modeling, meshing and analysis of integrated power module generator housing. Model loading included thermal loads, pressure loads, static forces and interference fits. The housing was evaluated against ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 allowables.
ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessel - Iterative Vessel Design and Analysis
It is common for a PV to have non-standard geometry that requires ASME Section VIII, Division 2 analysis. If the majority of the components of the vessel are radically different from the standard components of an ASME Section VIII vessel, initial section sizing must be determined with an FEA model.
This project started with initial design proposed by the manufacturer. An efficient FEA model was constructed and multiple iterations were performed, updating the section thicknesses until a workable design was achieved. Once a workable design had been achieved, there was freedom to explore different shell shapes, stiffener geometries and flange thicknesses. The vessel evolved from something that was simply “workable” to something with optimal wall thicknesses and surface area that met the thermal requirements of the project.
Thermal-Stress and Fatigue Analysis of Dual-Material Tube Sheet Bundle
Very large ASME vessel analyzed for tube-sheet stresses arising from dual-material tube-bundle with likewise dual material shell. Thermal-stress analysis was performed to classify system under ASME stress and fatigue requirements.
Lifting Analysis of As-Built Pressure Vessel
A complex lifting analysis was performed to verify that an already built vessel system would not exceed ASME Section VIII, Div. 1 allowables. The slings and spreader bar were idealized with beam elements and pinned connections.
Stress and Buckling Analysis of Deep-Diving Submarine
Finite element analysis of an eight passenger, deep-diving (depth 1,200’) luxury submarine under ASME Section VIII, Division 2 rules. Stress results were verified by strain gauging of the submarine during its submersible proof-test. Given the close correlation of the stress results to the dive test, it become the first human occupancy submersible certified by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) via the finite element method. Two other submarines were likewise analyzed.
Stress Analysis of Formaldehyde Reactor
Formaldehyde reactor analyzed for thermal and mechanical performance. ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 code requirements on internal shell and tube heat exchanger.
Threaded Plastic Regulator with Pressure Load
A static stress analysis was performed on a threaded plastic regulator. This analysis required that the FE model was built with fine detail in key locations but reasonably low overall model size for quick and efficient solve times. These key locations include area of high stress (as determined by pilot models), threaded regions and areas in contact. Although not classed as an ASME pressure vessel, this small pressure vessel required the same type of analysis procedures to numerical proof the design.
ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessel - Fluid Mass Adjustment with Software Automation
Since thin walled PV FE models are most commonly built with plate and beam elements, the mass of non-structural three dimensional entities (i.e. fluid, concrete, insulation) must be distributed over the surface area or length of corresponding mesh. Fluid mass must be changed to adjust the FEA model for horizontal or vertical seismic analyses.
Using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and Femap's Application Programming Interface (API), a “Non-Structural Mass (NSM) Adjuster” was created to rapidly add, remove or change the FE PV. The Excel-based API uses the volumes of the components, material densities and plate mesh surface areas to calculate NSM values for the model. The program allows the user to change the NSM of the FEA model with a single button-click. When the user selects horizontal or vertical seismic conditions, the API distributes the NSM while maintaining an accurate center of gravity.
ASME Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger Vessel
Based on an initial design as developed by TEMA and ASME codes, a large pressure vessel was analyzed under ASME Section 8, Division 2 specifications with a complete seismic and buckling analysis. An interesting twist to this vessel analysis was that it was based on the client’s existing vessel and was woefully under-designed for its intended application. Although one may take analysis work for granted, it is very easy to produce wrong numbers. Predictive Engineering takes great pride that it has never delivered bad results to a client and that in over 17+ years of service, not one component analyzed by Predictive has failed due an analysis error.
Submarine Analysis Work via ABS and ASME Codes
Predictive engineering has certified two large, manned commercial submarines and a third experimental submarine destined for the Mariana Trench. We have extensive experience in ABS and ASME PVHO codes that allows us to guide the client toward the most optimized design for a manned submersible. Complete FE analysis can be done with a nonlinear buckling calculation to validate the submarine design. Our work has been strain gauged and validated under ABS surveyor requirements.
Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO)
The RTO contains a heat exchanger mass divided into sections – each part alternately serves the cooling phase, while the other serves the heating phase. The exhaust air flows through the RTO’s heat exchanger mass from bottom to top, which heats it up to oxidation temperature – approximately 800 °C. The hot purified gases then flow downwards through the other part of the heat exchanger mass, giving it their heat.
A finite element analysis (FEA) model of the RTO was built and subjected to pressure, dead weight and thermal loads. The first objective of this analysis was to ensure that the pressure boundary met ASME allowables under pressure, dead weight and platform loading. Because the vessel is designed to be subjected to a negative pressure load and a compressive load exists on its roof, a buckling analysis was performed per the ASME code. The second objective of this analysis work is to investigate the penetrations (nozzles and platform standoffs) connecting the inner and outer wall on the roof. With the inner wall at a higher temperature than the outer wall, differential expansion has the potential to create high stresses at these connections.
Horizontal Pressure Vessel Mounted on Sliding Frame
When a fabricator was hired to build pressure vessels from an existing design, a bit of reverse engineering was necessary. While the code calculations for the pressure boundary and nozzles were straightforward, the support system was a bit more complicated. The vessel is oriented horizontally and mounted to a support frame at the top head and along the shell. The vessel able to open at a set of retaining rings between the shell and top head. Once the swing bolts are removed, the vessel shell and bottom head slide away from the top head using a gantry system.
The analysis of this system required two loading conditions. First the vessel was analyzed in the “closed” position. That is, the vessel shell was attached to the top head at the retaining rings. In the closed position, the vessel is at maximum fluid level with maximum design pressure. The second load combination had the vessel in the “open” position. In the open position, the vessel is not pressurized and does not have fluid contents. This load combination needed to be considered because with the vessel shell detached, the cantilevered loads at the top head supports are increased.
ASME Pressure Vessel Analysis
Extensive experience has been earned in the analysis of dozens of simple to complex pressure vessels. Vessels have been certified under ASME Section VIII, Division 1 and 2 with every possible configuration of tube sheets, nozzle connections, partitions and operations. Work has also been executed under NQA-1 for extremely complex nuclear waste recycling vessels in seismic environments. Buckling analysis was done via ASCE and ASME requirements. In some cases, the buckling resistance of the vessel was certified by UG-2 exception using a non-linear approach to the structure. A complete rainflow counting fatigue analysis was also performed on all structural components, weld joints and piping structures.
ASME BPVC Pressure Vessel Consulting Case Studies
Search ASME BPVC Case Studies
ASME BPVC Fatigue Analysis – Part 5.5: Protection Against Failure from Cyclic Loading
ASME BPVC
Even with an academic and experimental background in fatigue analysis, it is daunting to provide a hard, no-nonsense life-cycle prediction. It is especially daunting when your fatigue prediction can cost or save your client millions of dollars. As for seeking an easy way out with “fatigue software”, it can just mean a black-box solution where one off-loads their reputation and hopes for the best.
Over the years, we have learned that there are three critical components to a quality fatigue analysis: i.) accurate FEA stress results, ii.) accurate FEA stress results and iii.) accurate FEA stress results. Okay, sad, old, real-estate joke about location, location, and location; but let us just imagine that your stress numbers are good, then what? Fatigue analysis is all about the protection of structures and systems against failure from cyclic loading. This is where the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) provides a tried and true standard that, if your stress numbers are good, then you can be assured that your fatigue prediction will be conservative.
Design-by-Analysis - Nonlinear FEA Elastic-Plastic Stress Classification
The ASME code provides significant leeway in the classification of pressure vessels as fit-for-service within the Section VIII, Division 2 code. In this case study, interior, load-bearing structural components were failing under the standard linear stress design-by-analysis classification methods.
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Fatigue Analysis of Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers
Modern FEA techniques can quickly determine the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 fatigue service life and often make recommendations that can lower construction costs.
Over the last 20+ years, Predictive Engineering has tackled some of the most complex applications of the ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 2 specifications.
Over the last 20+ years, Predictive Engineering has tackled some of the most complex pressure vessel consulting applications of the ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 2 "design-by-analysis" specifications. Our pressure vessel consulting work has ranged from the stress and fatigue analysis of large-diameter nuclear waste recycling vessels under NQA-1 requirementsVessels with internal piping and structures subjected to sloshing, seismic and added-mass effects to cryogenic thick-walled vessels to high-temperature reactors.
ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessel - Nozzle Load Application with Software Automation
Generally, the nozzles of an ASME Section VIII pressure vessel can be checked with hand calculations. A simple nozzle on a flat head is a perfect example of a structure that can be idealized as a cantilever beam. For more complex shapes, numerical analyis allows optimization and cost reduction.
Optimization of Cryogenic Pressure Vessel for Rapid Heat Transfer Analysis
It is common for pressure vessels to have non-standard geometry that requires ASME Section VIII, Division 2 analysis. For example, maybe a cone requires an angle that exceeds standard code limits. General sizing of the member can be determined using design guidelines and the component can be shown to meet code allowables using FEA.
Seismic, Stress, Thermal, Fatigue and Sloshing Analysis of Nuclear Waste ASME Pressure Vessels
Seismic, stress, thermal, fatigue and sloshing analyses were performed on a series of large-scale (e.g., 300” diameter) nuclear waste processing vessels for the DOE. Engineering work was approved under ASME Section VIII, Div. 2, ASCE 4-98 for Seismic Analysis of Nuclear-Related Equipment and associated NQA-1 requirements.
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Pressure Vessel - Transportation Analysis
The design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels is generally guided by the code and FEA is not always necessary. However, with non-standard geometry, multiple construction materials and additional weight added after fabrication, analysis is frequently used to solve problems not addressed in the ASME code.
Large Pressure Vessel Lifting Analysis
When dealing with large pressure vessels lifting and transportation can be challenging. ASME Section VIII code drives the design of the vessel but only includes details on operational loads. Lifting and transportation is a critical aspect with structures of this size. FEA analysis can help determine how the structure will behave.
ASME Section VIII, Div 2 High-Pressure LOX Tank Analysis
Development of High-Pressure Liquid Oxygen (LOX) tank for RP1 fuel for space launch vehicles
Predictive Engineering featured on Engineering.com
ASME standards and Predictive Engineering were featured on Engineering.com regarding "ASME Simulation Analysis for Pressure Vessels." As the article states, "without the proper safety measures engineering pressure vessels can go bad quickly and with deadly consequences." Click here to view the full article.
Thermal Stress Analysis of Large-Scale Evaporator-Condenser Set
Under the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division I, Rules for Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, a broad array of design formulas can be utilized in the design of robust and safe process equipment. But experience has shown that these rules are often over-conservative and add manufacturing costs that are often unnecessary. This case study shows how our pressure vessel consultants were able to classify this vessel fit-for-service under ASME's Division 2 design-by-analysis rules.
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Home / Resources by Type / Coronavirus /
What is Contact Tracing and How Are Scammers Taking Advantage?
As contact tracing to slow the spread of COVID-19 becomes more common, many people are becoming concerned about related privacy issues - and scammers are finding ways to use the situation to their advantage.
Posted in Coronavirus on Tuesday, July 14, 2020
As contact tracing is becoming a commonly used tool to slow the spread of COVID-19, it’s a great idea to brush up on the basics so you can discuss it with your staff and patients.
What is Contact Tracing?
Contact tracing is considered a tool to slow the spread of COVID-19. It involves identifying individuals who have come into contact with other individuals who have the disease. Contact tracing relies on the ability to interview the individuals with COVID and identifying everyone with whom they have had close contact during the time they may have been infectious.
Close contact is defined as being within 6 feet of an infected person for at least 15 minutes starting from 48 hours before the individual began feeling sick until the time the individual started isolation.
Infectious period: According to the CDC, the infectious period is thought to be up to 14 days with a median time of 4 – 5 days from exposure to symptom onset. Nearly 100% of people who develop symptoms do so within 11.5 days.
With contact tracing, individuals exposed to the infection can be notified and referred for testing and can be monitored for signs and symptoms.
The contact tracing can also direct services to those who are self-quarantining.
Contact Tracing Roadmap
The contact tracing “roadmap,” so to speak, follows these steps:
A public health worker contacts the patient and works with them to help them recall everyone they had close contact with during the time they were infectious.
The public health worker then begins contacting everyone identified by the patient of their potential exposure. The patient identity is not disclosed.
Those contacted are provided with education and support to help them isolate themselves and how to monitor their condition. They are also encouraged to socially distance (6 feet) themselves from others for 14 days after their last exposure to the infected individual.
HIPAA Concerns
As of this date, you have to “opt in” for contact tracing or download a specific app. According to the CDC,
“Discussions with health department staff are confidential. This means that your personal and medical information will be kept private and only shared with those who may need to know, like your health care provider. Your name will not be revealed to those you came in contact with. The health department will only notify your close contacts that they might have been exposed to COVID-19. How data are collected, stored, and shared are specific to each state or jurisdiction.”
Beware of These Scams
Real contact tracers may call, email, text or visit you at your home depending on how your state set up its program (check with your health department). They will ask for your name, address, date of birth and health information, as well as a long list of other potential questions.
Here’s the bad news: Scammers have jumped on this bandwagon, calling people and posing as professional contract tracers to gain easy access to personal and financial information.
When you get a call from someone purporting to be a contact tracer, keep these things in mind:
There is no cost involved when working with a contact tracer so don’t pay anyone anything
Do not give out your social security number or financial information
Don’t share immigration status
Don’t click on any links or download anything you receive via email or text
If you and/or your patients have been approached by a fake tracker, contact the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and report it to the state health department.
To help you inform your patient population, the CDC provides this poster.
CDC: Contact tracing is key to slowing the spread of COVID-19
FTC: Help COVID-19 Contact Tracers, Not Scammers
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Home NEWS Negative outlook for cement industry
Negative outlook for cement industry
PM News Bureau
The rating agency India Ratings & Research (Ind-Ra) has retained a stable negative outlook for the cement sector for the financial year 2015. According to Ind-Ra, a limited downside risks is expected for the top three integrated players in the industry and in turn likely to maintain a stable outlook on their long-term issuer rating for FY15. The median EBITDA margin of these top players is unlikely to fall more than 50bp-100bp y-o-y in FY15. However, non-integrated players placed on the cost curve may continue to face pressure on their credit profile and thus a negative outlook.
The resilience of these top integrated players to adverse macroeconomic factors is displayed in the form of a similar credit profile for the past two to three years. Although these players could see some margin pressure; it would not impact on their credit profile. Whereas non-integrated players are likely to continue to witness a deteriorated credit profile till FY15, due to lack of control on cost, regional concentration and limited pricing power.
The agency also foresees a sluggish growth for cement demand, at around 5%-6% for FY15, due to the slowdown in the construction and infrastructure sectors. But at the same time the growth will be supported by an expected increase in demand from the rural sector and tier-II and tier-III cities. Ind-Ra also depicted that there could also be some uptick in demand from second half of the financial year 2015 due to a provision in the Union Budget of 2013-2014 for an investment allowance for infrastructure projects of Rs. 1,000 million and above between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2015. Besides, the upcoming election results would also impact the overall growth of construction industries.
While the integrated players suffer with a low demand, the non-integrated players would likely to deteriorate due to limited pricing power and rising costs. The EBITDA margins of non-integrated players has already fallen to 11 per cent in the first half of the financial year 2014 from 18 per cent in FY13 and that of the integrated players to 18.5 per cent from 22.7 per cent. The difference of EBITDA margins between top five players and non-integrated players was 750bp. The agency expects EBITDA margins for top five integrated players to be around 19%-22% for FY-15 and of non-integrated to be around 11%-13%.
Cement companies do not have the pricing power to pass on cost increases to customers due to the sluggish demand. There was a substantial increase in the overall cost structure in FY13. Median freight costs increased 17% y-o-y in FY13 due to an increase in rail freight rates and higher diesel prices.
Due to the lower demand, the overall capacity addition will be moderate; and the capacity additions would grow at a CAGR of 6 per cent from FY13 to FY16, more than a 4 per cent CAGR increase in demand in the same period.
Factors to change the outlook: This negative outlook could be changed if there is an improvement in infrastructure spending and from formation of a stable government from the general elections, which may enable higher investment in infrastructure leading to an improvement in cement demand.
Cement Industry India
India Ratings & Research
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Home › Home › Naija News
Home Naija News
PDP To Sagay: Tell Buhari The Truth, Corruption Resides In His Presidency
The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) says President Muhammadu Buhari should leave the 8th National Assembly out of his failures to tame his fraudulent officials and curb the humongous corruption festering in his Presidency.
The party said the Chairman of Presidential Advisory Committee on Corruption, Prof. Itse Sagay, at his age and status, ought to be bold enough to tell President Buhari that corruption resides in the Presidential Villa and that a President who surrounds himself with corrupt persons as ministers, special advisers and confidants cannot fight corruption.
The PDP tasks Prof. Sagay to clear his conscience by using his position to ask President Buhari to answer Nigerians on the alleged siphoning of N9 trillion oil money through shady contracts, under his watch, as detailed in the leaked NNPC memo.
The party further advised that Prof. Sagay could take a face-saving measure by demanding an investigation into the alleged corruption in the handling of the N1.4 trillion oil subsidy involving the cabal in the Presidency and certain All Progressives Congress (APC) leaders, in addition to the reported stealing of over N1.1 trillion worth of crude under Mr. President’s watch.
It is strange to many Nigerians that Prof. Sagay, as the Chairman of the anti-corruption committee, could not summon the boldness to ask President Buhari to order an investigation into allegations by the First Lady, Aisha Buhari, that the N500bn meant for Social Investment Program was diverted to private purses.
Furthermore, Prof. Sagay and President Buhari had been mute over the recent arrest of President Buhari’s confidant, Nasir Banu in the United Kingdom for alleged passport scam and money laundering, while allegedly ferrying stolen money to persons said to be close to the Buhari Presidency.
Also, Prof. Sagay is yet to speak out on the recent arrest of a scammer, Abdulrauf Illyasu, who operates from within the Presidential Villa, and never said anything about the arrest of former aide to the First Lady as well as one Amina Mohammed, who openly confessed fronting for persons close to the President for serial fraud, contract scams and looting of public resources.
These and many more are corruption issues, which fall directly on the shoulders of the Buhari Presidency for which Nigerians expected Prof. Sagay and his committee to address.
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London to Berlin by train
© Michal Bednarek
Cheapest Price $100.42
30 day advance $146.56
7 day advance $338.59
12hr 29m
Travelling from London to Berlin by train
Fast trains from London to Berlin take around 8 hours and 50 minutes, covering a distance of approximately 930 kilometres. There are frequent services on the rail route between London and Berlin.
1. Are there direct trains from London to Berlin?
Journeys between London and Berlin usually involve 2 changes of train.
We usually find around 14 departures on the route from London to Berlin every weekday that leave enough time to change trains without waiting around for longer than necessary.
Trains are typically more frequent on weekends, when we found around 17 departures.
2. How long is the train journey from London to Berlin?
The London to Berlin train travel time is normally about 8 hours and 50 minutes, whatever time you make the journey.
3. What are the London to Berlin train times and schedule?
On weekdays the earliest train to Berlin is usually scheduled to depart London around 06:13 and the last train is around 20:04. At weekends the first train of the day leaves London around 06:57, and the last at 20:03.
What's the London to Berlin train price?
The earlier you book the better, and the cheapest tickets we've found for trains from London to Berlin are $100.42.
Trains departing 30 days in advance will cost around $146 while booking 7 days in advance the price is around $338. Booking on the day of travel is likely to be more expensive, so it is worth booking in advance if you can to save money.
When to book London to Berlin train tickets?
Trains for this journey usually open for booking around 6 months in advance. If booking is not yet open for your dates then you can set a booking alert to receive an email on the day that the cheapest tickets are released for your journey from London to Berlin by train.
Which train companies operate between London and Berlin?
More than one train company operates on the route from London to Berlin, so you’ll be travelling with one or more of the following rail operators:
Intercity-Express (ICE)
Train De Nuit
Berlin to London by train
Other journeys to Berlin View all journeys to Berlin
From Brussels From $44.10
From Bath Spa From $225.82
From Brighton From $165.83
From Cologne From $21.03
From Amsterdam From $50.89
From Mannheim From $21.71
From Munich From $29.18
From Karlsruhe From $23.07
From Düsseldorf From $38.68
From Zurich From $23.75
From Copenhagen From $48.85
Eurostar, Thalys/ICE & ICE
It is very easy to travel by train from London to Berlin. The journey requires two simple changes of train, the first at Brussels Midi and the second at Cologne Hauptbahnhof. The timings are such that, if you are quick, you’ll have time to take a quick look at Cologne’s famous cathedral when changing trains there; the cathedral is right by the Hauptbahnhof.
The journey starts with a high-speed run from London to Brussels on Eurostar. In the Belgian capital, you change onto a German ICE train for the onward hop to Cologne. Thalys trains also ply the Brussels to Cologne route, but the cheapest fares on the London to Berlin route require that you use the ICE rather than Thalys for the Brussels to Cologne leg. In Cologne you join a comfortable Berlin-bound German ICE for the longest of the three journey legs.
If you leave London later in the day, it is also possible to take an overnight train from Cologne to Berlin.
London to Brussels
Board a Eurostar service from London St Pancras to Brussels. Little more than an hour after leaving London you’ll already be in northern France, speeding through Flanders fields towards Lille Europe, where many but not all Brussels-bound Eurostar trains make an intermediate stop. Some trains make up to three additional stops – at Ebbsfleet, Ashford and Calais.
Eurostar trains from London terminate at Brussels Midi station. Trains run every five minutes from Brussels Midi to Brussels Central (for the city centre). Your Eurostar ticket is valid for this short onward hop within Brussels. At Brussels Midi, there are good onward connections with a choice of Thalys or German ICE trains for direct links to Germany, as well as Belgian (or sometimes Dutch) Intercity trains to cities across the wider BeNeLux region.
Remember to factor in at least half an hour for Eurostar’s airline-style baggage check prior to boarding your train. This is a light-touch security scan, and there are no restrictions on taking liquids on board Eurostar trains.
Eurostar train guide
Brussels to Cologne
From Brussels-Midi there are up to nine high-speed trains to Cologne each day – a mix of Thalys and ICE services. The journey takes just under two hours and most trains make just a couple of stops along the way.
The first part of the journey from Brussels traverses the flat lands of Brabant to reach Liège-Guillemins station. East from Liège, the train joins a new high-speed line which cuts in tunnels through hilly country to reach the German border just before Aachen. Beyond Aachen, the train traverses flat terrain to reach the Rhineland city of Cologne, where you arrive at the city’s main station (the Hauptbahnhof), located on the west bank of the Rhine right by Cologne Cathedral.
Thalys train guide
InterCity Express (ICE) train guide
Cologne to Berlin
ICE trains leave Cologne Hauptbahnhof once each hour for Berlin. Depending on the route and stopping pattern, the journey to Berlin Hauptbahnhof takes between 4 hrs 15 mins and 4 hrs 40 mins. In addition to these regular fast ICE services, there is also a slower overnight train from Cologne to Berlin.
Most of the ICE trains follow the Wupper Valley east, but occasional trains (including the overnight service) take a more northerly route through the Ruhr region to reach the North German Plain. The route then tracks east across generally flat terrain to reach the German capital. In Berlin the ICE trains usually serve three different stations: Spandau, Hauptbahnhof and Gesundbrunnen. Hauptbahnhof is the best place to alight for the city centre; it also offers the widest range of onward train connections.
Blog posts featuring London or Berlin
Visit Highclere Castle, the real Downton Abbey, by train
Uncover the real story behind the hit TV show Downton Abbey with a visit to Highclere Castle, in Hampshire, by train.
Visit the best markets in Europe by train
Whether you want to bag a bargain or feast on food, Europe has myriad markets to suit every taste and mood.
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Give help during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
Volunteer, learn new skills, donate or shop to help others.
How can you support others during the coronavirus pandemic?
Whether you volunteer, donate, learn how to help in emergencies or shop, your kindness makes a huge difference to people affected by coronavirus in the UK and worldwide.
There are lots of UK volunteering opportunities at the British Red Cross - especially during the pandemic. However much time you have and whatever your experience, you can make a significant difference.
Support people to settle back home after a stay in hospital.
Assist wheelchair users to stay mobile.
Volunteering gives you the chance to meet new people, learn new skills and support people when they need it most.
> Find volunteering opportunities
Donate to the British Red Cross and support someone who needs it, when they need it most. You have the power to help.
Join our free online sessions to build skills and confidence, connect with others and learn how to help in an emergency.
Shop our limited edition prints, posters, mugs and tote bags and raise funds for families affected by the coronavirus pandemic.
Find out more about coronavirus and the symptoms to look out for.
Read the latest coronavirus updates about the work of the British Red Cross.
If you are a staff member or volunteer, find guidance about working from home, what to do if you are self-isolating, new training and IT support.
How the Red Cross is helping during lockdown
Find out how we help make a difference or call support line.
Get help during lockdown: call our support line
Whether you feel lonely and need to talk, or need practical support with food, money, a wheelchair or help as a refugee tracking down missing family, we are here to help.
Call our support line: 0808 196 3651
Your kindness has helped us through a year like no other
From delivering food parcels, to medicine drops and emergency work overseas, your support has helped us make a real difference during the pandemic in 2020.
See how your support has helped
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Richard Riordan MP
State Liberal Member for Polwarth
Shadow Assistant Minister For Agriculture
Shadow Assistant Minister For Regional Victoria
Live Covid Data
PAEC Transcripts
Polwarth News
Skipton /ˈskɪptən/ is a town in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. The town is situated on the Glenelg Highway166 kilometres west of the state capital, Melbourne and 52 kilometres south west of the regional centre, Ballarat. Skipton is in the Shire of Corangamite LGA and is on the banks of Mount Emu Creek. At the 2016 census, Skipton had a population of 586, considerably less than the population of 927 at the 2011 census.[2]
Skipton is named after Skipton, in Yorkshire, England and is known as "the home of the platypus".
Skipton was first established in 1839 as a pastoral run and a town site was surveyed in 1852. The town was settled some years later and the Post Office opened on 6 March 1858.[3] The town held the first agricultural show in the Western District in 1859.
Fine wool is the main agricultural product of the Skipton area. A rail trail allows cyclists to ride between Skipton and Ballarat.
Skipton has a football club competing in the Central Highlands Football League.
Golfers play at the course of the Skipton Golf Club on Geelong-Portland Road.[4]
Skipton Variety Market is held on every second Saturday of the month at the Mechanics Hall. Skipton Rose Festival is held on the first Saturday after the running of the Melbourne Cup in November each year.
Share Your Vision Today
Polwarth Connect
If you #LovePolwarth as much as I do, #ShareYourVision with me.
This is not about politics, so it doesn't matter whether you vote Liberal or Labor (or don't vote at all), Polwarth Connect is about working together to make our region even better.
We are many voices, but one community, so #ShareYourVision today and reach out through Polwarth Connect.
Join Polwarth Connect Today
ELECTORAL DISTRICT OF POLWARTH
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POSTCARDS FROM POLWARTH
There is no electorate in Australia more diverse than Polwarth.
Whether it be the Great Ocean Road, the Otway National Park, the endless acres of fertile pastures, or the tree change lifestyle of Bannockburn, Polwarth has its all.
Learn more about what makes us all #LovePolwarth and click on a postcard below to learn more.
Join us on Socials
What better way to engage with the Polwarth community than through social media.
Join me and thousands of other Polwarth constituents on social media and join the discussion today.
I respect all contributions however, I ask that you are respectful to alternate points of view and each other.
richard.riordan@parliament.vic.gov.au
richardriordan.com.au
115A Bromfield Street,
COLAC VIC 3250
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Property in Sevenoaks
England > South East > Kent > Sevenoaks property
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House prices in Sevenoaks
Homes sold in the last 12 months
Average house prices
£339,066 £564,131 £1,204,102 £444,131
The future looks bright in Sevenoaks
Sevenoaks is a pleasant town situated on the London edge of west Kent, around twenty miles south-east of Charing Cross, on one of the major commuter railway lines running directly from London.
Property in Sevenoaks is attractive to buyers in every market, including those trying to get on the property ladder, those opting to downsize or those searching for a slower pace of life. Period cottage terraces and modern detached three-bedroom houses are plentiful, with styles to suit all tastes.
House prices in Sevenoaks are extremely reasonable and its growing population is testament to that. Whatever your age, it's a perfect place to call home.
Country matters in Sevenoaks
Knole Park is a 1,000-acre park inhabited by deer and several million trees. At its centre is Knole House, the home of the Sackville family (Earls of Dorset) since it was given to them by Queen Elizabeth 1 in 1577. The estate is owned and maintained by the National Trust, although the Sackville family still live there.
Shopping is excellent in the town's large mall, which houses a variety of high street and independent retailers. For those looking for culture, Sevenoaks has a thriving theatre and many historical attractions.
The excellent educational establishments in the town include the prestigious Sevenoaks School, which is private, plus a range of highly rated junior and secondary states schools.
All roads lead to Sevenoaks
There are two railway stations in Sevenoaks, and an excellent road and motorway network surrounds the town. The nearest airport is Gatwick, a mere 26 miles away by road.
Sevenoaks is an ideal commuter base which ticks the boxes at many levels. It has excellent transport links, an interesting heritage and modern amenities - plus it lies within easy reach of beautiful countryside. It is sure to remain a firm favourite in the buyers' market, thanks to the superb quality of life that it offers.
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Source acknowledgement: House price data produced by Land Registry
This material was last updated on 13 January 2021. It covers the period from 01 January 1995 to 26 November 2020. and contains property transactions which have been registered during that period.
Contains HM Land Registry data © Crown copyright and database right . This data is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Grizzly bear out and about in Banff
“They’re roughly the same size. They’re big guys. Unless you get a really good look at their face, it’s hard to tell them apart.”
Mar 3, 2020 5:00 PM By: Cathy Ellis
Grizzly bear 122. Paul Kalra photo
BANFF – A Banff grizzly can’t bear winter any longer.
A male grizzly bear, believed to be either The Boss or Split Lip, was spotted several kilometres west of the Banff townsite Friday (Feb. 28) – the earliest a grizzly has been recorded out of the den in at least the last decade.
Parks Canada officials say a resource conservation officer out doing wildlife corridor work that morning came across large grizzly bear tracks, and then almost immediately spotted the bear about 50 metres away.
“He popped up 50 metres in front of her; he likely heard her coming along,” said Blair Fyten, human-wildlife coexistence specialist for Banff National Park
“When she made a little bit of noise, he just moved away from her and went in the same direction she was going, so she just turned around came back down to the road,” he added.
“She never really had a really good look at him to determine who it would be, but it’s likely one of our well-known bigger males.”
The two dominant males in the Bow Valley are No. 122, also known as the Boss, and No. 136, dubbed Split Lip for his disfigured mouth. Both bears are thought to have gone into their dens in November.
The large grizzlies are in the 600 to 650-pound range.
“They’re roughly the same size. They’re big guys,” Fyten said, noting they probably lose about 100 to 150 pounds over winter. “Unless you get a really good look at their face, it’s hard to tell them apart.”
The Boss is typically the first grizzly bear out of the den. Last year, a remote camera picked up his image on March 19, while the year before he was first spotted March 24. In 2017, there was a confirmed sighting of 122 on March 22, in 2016 on March 5, in 2015 March 19 and in 2014 on March 16.
When grizzlies emerge from hibernation in this part of the world, food is scarce. They typically spend spring searching for food in the valley bottoms and don’t move to higher elevations until the snow disappears and vegetation greens up later in the season.
Fyten said the warmer weather, including days with above zero temperatures over the past couple of weeks, probably brought this particular male grizzly out early.
“I suspect this guy will probably stay out; it’s just not cold enough out there to push him back into the den most likely,” he said.
“He will probably come down to the valley bottom and potentially look for some carcasses left over or pieces from wolf kills or other carnivore kills.”
Typically, bear 122 and 136 head to the train tracks when first out of their dens each spring. There, they search for spilled grain or the remains of wildlife struck and killed by trains over winter.
Canadian Pacific Railway crews report known wildlife strikes in Banff National Park to Parks Canada, which in turn investigates those reports.
Any animal carcasses they find on the train tracks are then removed. It aims to prevent grizzly bears - a threatened species in Alberta - or any other carnivores such as wolves from being struck and killed by trains.
“Some of those carcasses, we just drag off into the bush and let the carnivores clean off, so there’s potential he (this bear) may find remnants of those and or other carcasses,” Fyten said.
With not much to eat at the moment, Fyten said both the Boss and Split Lip are two bears that typically search for spilled grain, too.
“Because he knows the tracks, he’ll probably spend a lot of time looking for remnants of grain, lentils, etcetera,” Fyten said.
Parks Canada is trying to arrange a meeting with CP later this week to look for carcasses on the tracks.
“Once bears start coming out of their dens, we arrange to do a trip along the tracks with CP to make a quick sweep and remove any carcasses up on ballast,” Fyten said.
While bears tend to slow down in the winter, they are not true hibernators. They go into a deep sleep during the winter months, known as torpor.
“Their heartbeat goes down to about one-third of their normal rate, their breathing slows down and their body temperature goes down slightly, but it doesn’t go to an ambient temperature like a lot of true hibernators,” Fyten said.
“This allows them to wake up in their den and they tend to shift around in their den – just like people do, so you don’t get bedsores you might say – but during that whole time they don’t urinate or defecate.”
While it may seem early, particularly with lots of snow still on the ground, Parks Canada wants to remind people to be bear aware.
Traveling in groups, making lots of noise, keeping dogs on leash, carrying bear spray and knowing how to use it, while giving bears their space, is highly recommended.
“The key thing is there’s a lot of snowshoers and cross-country skiers out there and those people typically don’t think that they’re going to bump into a grizzly bear,” Fyten said.
“It is bear season now and when you’re partaking in these activities you should be bear aware.”
Any bear sightings should be reported to Parks Canada at 403-762-1470.
More Banff
Emaciated, injured cougar killed in Banff National Park
Frustration over Bear Street construction project leads to review
MLA Rosin travelled to visit family in Saskatchewan over Christmas
About the Author: Cathy Ellis
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Voting Record — Alex Davies-Jones MP, Pontypridd (25824)
Alex Davies-Jones is currently Member, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Member, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Sub-committee on Online Harms and Disinformation and Member, Women and Equalities Committee
13 Dec 2019 still in office Lab 0 votes out of 144, 0.0% 144 votes out of 192, 75.0% 0 times
See Alex Davies-Jones's Parliamentary speeches at: TheyWorkForYou.com
House Date Subject Alex Davies-Jones Lab Vote Rôle
11 May 2020 Became Member, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Sub-committee on Online Harms and Disinformation
11 May 2020 Became Member, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee
2 Mar 2020 Became Member, Women and Equalities Committee
75% Further devolution to Northern Ireland
100% Measures to reduce tax avoidance.
100% More funds for social care
100% Right for EU Citizens in the UK to Stay
100% Stop climate change
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Now ReadingWhat Is Signal Boosting and Why Is It the Social Media Practice We Need RN?
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What Is Signal Boosting and Why Is It the Social Media Practice We Need RN?
By Dana Dickey
Citi is a proud sponsor of the 20 in '20, a list that spotlights up-and-coming leaders striving for change with one common goal: to make things better for all of us. Click to meet the honorees and learn more about Citi's initiatives here.
With so much community activism and education happening on social media right now, it’s more important than ever to understand the most efficient and effective ways to spread the word about something you find useful and informative. An upcoming event. A list of must-read books. A thought-provoking video. That's why we've been hearing so much about “signal boosting,” the act of re-posting useful information from a specific source to your social media followers. You are quite literally boosting an important message, image, post or “signal.” While this activist tool is quite simple, we've put together some best practices with examples of people who are acing the technique. Here's the signal boosting 411.
RELATED: Want to Support Black Women? Here Are 9 Organizations Where You Can Donate
Time to #PassTheMic ?- Today, Day 1: Julia Roberts donates her social media channels to Dr Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (@NIAIDNews) in solidarity with #ONEWorld to fight against #COVID19 ? ? https://t.co/16AqIHFYIp pic.twitter.com/NCGFHDrHqa
? ONE (@ONECampaign) May 21, 2020
1. Know When to Pass the Mic
Lift up the voices of people directly working for change and people who are directly affected. In other words, rather than posting your own feelings of outrage about an injustice to a community that is not your own, be an ally by sharing the words of someone in that community. Or turn your platform over to an expert, as Julia Roberts did with Dr. Anthony Fauci to counter COVID-19 misinformation. (Granted, we're all not going to be able to interview our heroes, but a YouTube video clip is fine, too.)
A post shared by Laura Brown (@laurabrown99) on Jun 10, 2020 at 7:47pm PDT
2. Give Credit Where It's Due
Your aim is signal boosting, not signal stealing. So be sure to tag the creator in your image, name them in your caption and link to them wherever possible. Maybe even screen grab and re-post their whole post. The easier you make it for your followers to get to—for example, in the case of a book—an author’s own social media pages, the more impactful your bringing them up is going to be.
Every time we come together, we defy a system that tells us we are better apart. When we come together we betray the teachings of bigotry and separation that shape our society and inform our lives. Protests are a revelation. A revelation of the spirit. Protests are a revolution. A revolution of the heart. When we dare to look beyond the stories given to us, when we imagine a world drastically different from our own, everything is possible. Let me tell you about the power of imagination. Someone imagined shackles on Black wrists, and enough people believed it to make it true. Someone imagined borders, and enough people believed it to make it true. Someone imagined police, and enough people believed it to make it true. So we must be the disrupters of truth. We must be the diviners of change. We must imagine differently and make it true. We don?t need to make people see the light. We must be the light. Because of this protest to #defundthepolice LA Mayor Garcetti cut $100 - $150 million from the LAPD budget that is now going to people of color communities. It is a small step, but when enough of us take them, everything is possible. #blacklivesmatter
A post shared by Janaya Future Khan (@janayathefuture) on Jun 4, 2020 at 6:17pm PDT
3. Be Careful When Showing Faces
While protest imagery can be a powerful form of witness, be aware that showing people’s faces can make it easier for the authorities to surveil them.
I spoke with @voxdotcom about the racial justice moment we're in right now. ?Be wary of anything that allows you to do something that isn?t actually felt by people of color,? Oluo said. ?I always ask myself when I?m trying to do solidarity work, can the people I?m in solidarity with actually feel this? Can they spend this? Can they eat this? Does this actually help them in any way? And if it doesn?t, let it go.? https://www.vox.com/2020/6/9/21285062/ijeoma-oluo-interview-talk-race-book-george-floyd-protests
A post shared by Ijeoma Oluo (@ijeomaoluo) on Jun 9, 2020 at 1:29pm PDT
4. Think It Through
After a recent move to honor George Floyd by posting a solid black square prompted a backlash (critics said these empty squares tagged “BlackLivesMatter” clogged searches needed for information exchange), seasoned Black activists underscored the need for action, not merely gestures. In lieu of only sharing your perspective on a situation, what useful step can you take to impact it? (TLDR: Make things better, not worse.)
She should be 27 today. She was a decorated EMT, a frontline worker, a person of service to her community. And It doesn?t matter if she wasn?t any of these things, her life was as important as yours and as mine. She was murdered by police as she slept in her own damn bed. These cowards still have a job and we need to raise our voices for her. Say her name. Her name is BREONNA TAYLOR. Today and every day demand justice for her. See petitions to sign in stories. Do NOT forget her. #breonnataylor #justiceforbreonnataylor #justiceforbre
A post shared by Karla Welch (@karlawelchstylist) on Jun 5, 2020 at 8:27am PDT
5. Avoid the Tone-Deaf Hashtag
Hashtags should be respectful and reflect the gravity of the moment. While celebrity appearances and marches can have lighthearted moments, those aren't what you are asking your followers to focus on. It's about change, it's about the work and any silly emoji or thoughtless hashtag is going to not only undercut your message, it's going to get you (justly) roasted.
this piece by keeanga-yamahtta taylor, published today on the New Yorker website, is important and clarifying. Link in bio.
A post shared by Naomi Fry (@frynaomifry) on Jun 8, 2020 at 7:28am PDT
6. Master the “Link in Bio”
While your social media account’s bio space is usually the repository of a throwaway comic line you put there when you opened the account years ago (See: “I was told there would be cupcakes”), consider putting in a link to a timely news article or insightful essay, then telling whoever reads your post to go click it.
Education is key!!
A post shared by Marie von Behrens (@mvb) on Jun 1, 2020 at 5:14pm PDT
7. Be Open to the Dialogue
In her New York Times-bestselling book So You Want to Talk About Race, Ijeoma Oluo writes “You're going to screw this up royally. More than once.” She's talking about engaging in a dialogue about race. Do it anyway, she says. Here’s another suggestion, while you’re getting dragged for your well-meant but failed attempt at communication, or just being criticized period, show up for the discomfort. Listen. Learn. Leave the possibly-messy exchange there for others to learn from, along with you. Next time, chances are, you’ll do better.
RELATED: Therapy Startup Real is Offering Free Weekly Group Sessions for BIPOC and Allies
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Thanks, no thanks
Vivica A. Fox apologizes for strip club comment, says gays are okay after all
By Jeff Taylor January 11, 2017 at 12:01pm · 23 comments
Vivica A. Fox was on the receiving end of quite the backlash for saying gay men were not welcome at her male strip club, featured in her Lifetime reality show “Black Magic,” in an interview on the radio show “The Breakfast Club.”
“Hell no,” was her answer when asked about gay men showing up at her club, leaving no doubt where she stood. “Back all that up. No! No!”
Related: Vivica A. Fox Outs 50 Cent, Rapper Explains What Makes Her Think He’s Gay
When asked why the dancers couldn’t also dance for men she said, “Because there’s no need to.”
“They dance for women,” she explained. “It’s called the ultimate girl’s night out for a reason.”
When called out on social media, she at first doubled-down and accused people of trying to “steal her sunshine” for “doing an interview.” Umm, no, it was for saying stupid shit in said interview.
Fox has at long last decided she should apologize, doing so with a comment on Instagram, where she describes herself as a longtime friend and supporter of the LGBTQ community.
Related: Vivica A. Fox Got Teased For Being Ridiculously Successful
“My intention was not to offend anyone and I’m woman enough to apologize if you felt that way,” she continued. “My show has already been taped and I was just doing something for the ladies but all are welcome to enjoy Vivica’s Black Magic Show! It’s HAWT…I’m all about LOVE not HATE dawling! Have a blessed day.”
Just in: @MsVivicaFox has apologized to the gay community for remarks that were perceived as anti-LGBT. Read her response: pic.twitter.com/XhqzMLjinC
— TooFab (@TooFab) January 10, 2017
Something tells us her show won’t exactly be a hit with the queer crowd after she threw out all that shade.
Entertainment apology Black Magic Television vivica a. fox
Subscribe to Queerty for a daily dose of #entertainment #apology #blackmagic stories and more
Xzamilloh
Here’s the weird thing… this was much ado about nothing, because I guarantee the same ones claiming they were offended are the same ones who never had any intentions of going to her strip club anyway, before or after her remarks. I personally would not want to go a straight club because the attitude and atmosphere in there is much different than gay strip clubs and clubs for gay people. I don’t for a second think Vivica Fox is homophobic and see this as absolute nonsense. Besides, if you can feature a Kevin Hart instagram post every other weekend on your social media eye candy edition (still trying to figure the reason for his presence) after some of the things he has said, what is the problem with Vivica wanting a space for females to get down?
Everybody deserves their own space until that space excludes me, then it’s a problem. Nope, this is nothing, Had time to reflect and I go back to my previous state of not caring.
Also, the shit looks low budget and gross and will be canceled sooner rather than later.
Jack Meoff
@Xzamilloh: I think most people were more upset by the way she said what she said rather than her wanting to have a women only space. If she had expressed her POV in a more positive way instead of going into a total negative tail spin about it I doubt she would have copped the flack she has.
paul dorian lord fredine
sure she’s going to apologize for what she said because, in the end, it’ll keep out paying customers and that’s what’s most important…$$$$$$$$$$.
jcleroy1982
To clarify: she has apologized “if” people were offended, and said gay audiences are invited to watch the show but not attend the live shows, which is what she was in trouble for saying in the first place. So, nothing new here.
@ jcleroy1982 Exactly! She said it was ok to watch, not to attend. It’s all word play and she apologized because of the back lash.
I predicted she’d apologize once she managed to pull her big stinky foot out her mouth.
Good girl Viv. Now go to your room.
kce30
@JackMeoff i agree with you
He BGB
Girlfriend, this is such a gay idea! What did you expect?
bobbyjoe
In other words, Lifetime– which has been advertising Vivica’s show majorly on shows with a major gay audience like Project Runway– just called her into their office and read her the riot act. Essentially, Vivica just caused Lifetime to pour a lot of advertising bucks right down the drain, undercutting their attempts to get people other than straight women to check out this show. She was probably ordered to write that “apology,” but it’s too late, and she’s already done the damage.
ass eater
she’s only sorry that she has to apologize for what she feels. her beliefs are still the same.
dean089
@ass eater: That’s all anyone ever does. They’re sorry they got caught, not for whatever they did.
@bobbyjoe: I totally agree with your assessment. I, for one, was not offended in the least bit and never had any intention of watching this show. But from a marketing perspective, the network has to appear to be all inclusive, which is why she’s apologizing.
Women don’t like having male homosexual desire in their presence. It dis-empowers them.
Women’s dislike for male homosexual desire is most pronounced when it is associated with men who swing both ways. It is least pronounced in association with men who only swing to men.
jorgecruz
Here is my issue- I hate seeing straight women in gay strip clubs like swinging richards etc. Mostly because the gay for pay strippers will always try and prove how straight they are by constantly approaching the women. And I don’t like being with straight women in gay strip clubs because I am more likely to be embarassed by my behavior in front of someones mom or sister than I am in front of a bunch of other horny gay guys. So I don’t have a problem with her troop being for women only in their shows. Some straight men don’t want to perform this type of work for gay men.
I do have a problem with her pandering to her audience on that radio show- this is why you end up with downlow black men. This “oh hell no, big muscular black men can’t be gay and are too masculine to dance for gay dudes” attitude.
And has she really been a friend of the LGBTQ community? What has she done? The way that she has gone after 50cent by proclaiming he is gay because of a pose he had on a magazine with another guy- that is just feeding in to stereotypes. And she definitely wasn’t trying to complement him when she said it. It was very obvious that she was trying to diminish him. That is no friend to me and honestly I am ready for her thirsty old ass to go away.
Um, not sure all of her strippers, let alone the men she’s been, with, are straight. She’s now backtracking because of the b(l)acklash. I get the aim of the show and her revue, but seriously, she could have stated it better. She was very categorical, and homophobic, and this isn’t the first time, though like so many women she’s also all up under openly gay men half the time. Hell, the outfit designer for her strippers is a trans person!
(On another note, glad to see that in the photo above she has gorgeous Steven Beck and Jonathan “Heat” Martínez behind her. Her producer, or whoever picked these particular Kings, has very good taste. Dáme el calor, papis!)
Aromaeus
Women are allowed to have women only spaces and I will always defend that right. However her phrasing when asked about it initially was way off the mark and I think that’s what really hurt her. A simple “it’s a space just for the ladies but my gay guys are welcome to tune in when it airs” would have been simple and to the point and not as tone deaf.
TroisBoi
Bitch, please! Your apology is WEAK! I will never understand people who scream about be prejudiced against and then they do it to other groups. This includes my own so calm down.
oilburner
Y’all leave Vernita Green alone.
Too late nasty man ass eating bitch. Your “career” was never much and now cow, it will be even less.
What gay man wants to go to a strip club with a bunch of women anyway?!
Patsy Stoned 75
I’d rather set my hair on fire, than waste my time around people like that. She can take her unnaturally large, smooth forehead & DL man, & go home.
We all know what she’s afraid of.
fur_hunter
You know, Donna Summer tried to recant, after her huge mistake back in the day, but it didn’t work. Gays burned her record albums in the street and refused to go to any of her concerts. One gay guy said it. “*itch, we made you. We will take you down.” She virtually disappeared from the music scene. Maybe the gays of today are more kind. GRIN!
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