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Movements of an impossible time
2011 | 00:08:14 | Italy | Color | Stereo | 16:9 | HD video
Tags: Environment, Landscape, Music, Nature
An abandoned rural house, the Ravel Quartet in F major and then rain, wind, snow and fog are the elements of which this video is composed. In an impossible procession, one take presents four atmospheric agents to strike against the house. The musical instruments which follow the quartet each become an audio track which corresponds to each one of the atmospheric agents. So the sound of the first violin drips like the rain, that one of the second violin is muffled like the snow, the sound of the viola moves like the wind and that one of the cello vibrates like the fog.
In this work the causes of change are visible. The time of metamorphosis is concentrated or accelerated by the simultaneous status of its causes. As in music, in this video different atmospheric agents present themselves separately only to later achieve a meteorological chorus which is not seen in nature.
The sound, become solid, undergoes climate agents.
-- Flatform
Note: This title is intended by the artist to be viewed in High Definition. While DVD format is available to enable accessibility, VDB recommends presentation on Blu-ray or HD digital file.
International Venice Film Festival, Mostra del Cinema
Stuttgarter Filmwinter Wand, Germany, 2014
Hors Pistes, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
Festival du Nouveau Cinema, Montreal, Canada
Screen Festival, Oslo, Norway
Traverse Video, Toulouse, France
Belo Horizonte International Short Film Festival, Brazil
Vladivostok International Film Festival, Russia
Mire, Nantes, France
Janela Internacional de Cinema do Recife, Brazil
International Short Film Festival, Capalbio, Italy
Flatform Seminar at the University of Lisbon
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First Dibs: Was Justin Bieber Stopped At The Border?
by Meghan O'Keefe 4/25/2014
Are you ready to “Rumble” with Kelis? Is Metallica close to finishing their new album? Is Pharrell Williams an author now?
Justin Bieber might be facing immigration issues. He was stopped at LAX for an extra round of questioning on his way back from Asia. [US Magazine]
Kelis is back! The “Milkshake” singer visited Big Morning Buzz Live yesterday to play her new song, “Rumble.”
Metallica says they are in the “fourth inning” of finishing their new album. Lars Ulrich said they are looking for a producer and are working on “riffs and sections, connecting riffs and tempos and moods.” [Rolling Stone]
Pharrell is breaking ground in the literary world now. He’s released a “social book” called Inspiration. All the words have been erased and fans have to guess what words are in the book in order to fill the pages. [MTV News]
[Photo Credit: Getty Images]
Meghan O'Keefe
Tags: Justin BieberKelisMetallica
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Pield Heath House School
Eight students from Pield Heath House School, for young people with special educational needs, came in to visit the Library on Tuesday, 4th February.
Eight students from Pield Heath House School, for young people with special educational needs, came in to visit the Library on Tuesday, 4th February. The visit had a dinosaur/dragon theme beginning with a story by Bob Shea called ‘Dinosaur vs The Library’. Soon after this was the discovery that someone had stolen a special egg from the library which set everyone off on an egg treasure hunt around the school. The students found a number of small eggs assisted by Jackie at reception and some Drama students in the main hall. The real treasure was a huge brightly coloured egg found in Ms Teague’s office which our visitors took back to Pield Heath with them for safe keeping. Luckily, the students were presented with a book called ‘How to Raise and Keep a Dragon’ by John Topsell, so if the egg turns out to be a dragon’s egg they will be well equipped!
Each young person was invited to choose a book to borrow for a month; some decided on books about dinosaurs and all enjoyed the opportunity to stamp their own book to remind them when to return it.
Before leaving, our visitors demonstrated the song that they will be singing for the ‘Sign 2 Sing’ world record attempt on 5th February. Children and adults in over 1,000 schools in the UK and abroad will attempt to become Guinness World Record Breakers by singing and signing the same song, at the same time. We wish them the very best of luck in their attempt and look forward to hearing how they got on when they return in March.
Follow the link to see the photo album of the visit:
Pield Heath House Photo Album
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CovidUkraine: Nearly 12,500 new cases reported over last 24hrs
745,123 cases have been registered since the beginning of the pandemic in the country
10:02, 1 December 2020
Tests for COVID-19
12,498 new cases of coronavirus infection have been observed in Ukraine over the last 24 hours. This was reported by the press service of the Health Ministry on Telegram.
Since the beginning of the pandemic, 745,123 cases of Covid-19 have been registered in the country: 355,172 people have recovered (+10,023 per day) and 12,548 people (+221 per day) have died from complications caused by coronavirus disease.
Most of the cases were reported by: Kyiv (1,799), Odesa region (889), Dnipropetrovsk region (870), Zaporizhia region (725), and Lviv region (813).
Related: Good news on fight against coronavirus?
As we reported earlier, Health Minister Maksym Stepanov said that the situation with Covid-19 in Ukraine was tense due to the overall number of infected people.
"The situation remains quite tense. The number of patients is increasing, and as a result, the overall number of people taken to our hospitals is growing," he noted.
The official believes that the introduction of a total lockdown could reduce the number of coronavirus cases in Ukraine to zero.
Related: Coronavirus: WHO warns countries with falling cases to stay alert
Health Ministry coronavirus Covid-2019 CovidUkraine
Health Ministry intends to conduct one million tests for Covid-19 antigen per month 30 December 2021, 15:59
Ukraine’s Health Ministry renews list of ‘red’ zone countries 21 December 2020, 18:23
Covid-19: Ukraine observes 9,699 new cases, 209 deaths per day 31 December 2021, 08:45
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The most popular deceptive climate graph
— stefan @ 8 December 2014
The “World Climate Widget” from Tony Watts’ blog is probably the most popular deceptive image among climate “skeptics”. We’ll take it under the microscope and show what it would look like when done properly.
So called “climate skeptics” deploy an arsenal of misleading graphics, with which the human influence on the climate can be down played (here are two other examples deconstructed at Realclimate). The image below is especially widespread. It is displayed on many “climate skeptic” websites and is regularly updated.
The “World Climate Widget” of US “climate skeptic” Anthony Watts with our explanations added. The original can be found on Watts’ blog
What would a more honest display of temperature, CO2 and sunspots look like?
It is better to plot the surface air temperature. That is what is relevant for us humans: we do not live up in the troposphere, nor do natural ecosystems, nor do we grow our food up there. By the way, the satellite-based tropospheric temperatures shown by Watts show almost the same climatic warming trend as those measured by weather stations near ground level (in both cases 0.16 C per decade over the last 30 years). However, variability in the tropospheric data is considerably larger, especially because of higher sensitivity to El Niño (as happened in 1998) and the solar cycle (we showed that in Foster and Rahmstorf ERL 2011 – when corrected for those factors the surface and troposphere data agree closely). Because of increased noise, the trend is less obvious to the eye, especially if one shows monthly values which adds yet more noise. Let us thus use the GISTEMP global annual temperature record from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Science (all surface data sets agree to better than 0.1 °C, see comparison graph).
One needs to scale the CO2 data correctly for an honest comparison with temperature, so that it can actually be used to evaluate climate scientists’ predictions of the CO2 effect. You can calculate this with a complicated climate model, but one can also use a back-of-envelope estimate. A CO2 increase from 280 to 400 ppm (equivalent to 2 Watts/meter2 radiative forcing) produces about 1 °C of global warming (at the time when 400 ppm is reached – some further warming will follow with delay). Thus, an increase of 100 ppm CO2 on the right hand side of the graph corresponds to a temperature increase of 0.8°C on the left hand side. That matches the IPCC’s estimate of the “transient climate response (TCR)” of ~2°C at the time of CO2 doubling (see Technical Summary of the IPCC WG1 report, p. 84). The TCR is smaller than the equilibrium climate sensitivity (about 3°C for doubled CO2) because it takes time to warm the oceans. The full equilibrium warming is thus only reached after a time delay. We are going to use the annual values from the famous CO2 measurements which began in 1958 on Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
And last but not least one should show honest sunspot data (annual time series), not just a snapshot of the number of spots on the sun today (which is completely uninformative for climate purposes – it’s apparently been added to the widget simply to insinuate an important role of the sun). Here also there is a question of the proper scaling (which is actually not that important because solar activity is cyclical and shows no significant trend over the period of the graph). We will chose the scaling from the correlation analysis of Lean and Rind (2008) from which one can find a measurable effect on global temperature with an amplitude of 0.05°C.
When done this way the graph looks like this:
One of the readers of our German sister blog KlimaLounge, Bernd Herd, has programmed a widget for this graph so it can be added to any website at a size you like, automatically updated annually.
The trends in the CO2 and temperature anomaly curves agree very well with each other. This is surprising at first because CO2 is of course not the only factor that influences global temperature. There are two reasons for this agreement:
(1) Of the other anthropogenic factors, some have a warming effect (other greenhouse gases such as methane) while others have a cooling effect (air pollution). These roughly balance in global average. The IPCC AR4 report found a radiative forcing of 1.7 W/m2 from the CO2 increase alone, while the total from all anthropogenic factors amounted to 1.6 W/m2.
(2) Natural factors (volcanoes, solar cycle) influencing the trend are very small in comparison to anthropogenic CO2 (as e.g. standard correlation analyses show, see for example Lean and Rind 2008, Foster and Rahmstorf 2011). The IPCC AR5 found their contribution to global temperature change since 1951 to be in the range of −0.1°C to 0.1°C.
It requires quite some skill to produce a misleading graph like Watts’ global climate widget, which hides the actual connections between global temperature, CO2 and the sunspot cycle. Watts’ widget is quite a useful indicator though: whenever you see it on a website, you know they are trying to fool rather than inform you there.
A quick ‘n dirty guide to falsifying AGW
Dot Earth: Warming Trend and Variations on a Greenhouse-Heated Planet
217 Responses to “The most popular deceptive climate graph”
Dave Walker says:
Re Steve Harris @ 44 and responses at 49, 50, 53, 57, etc, etc
Before you all go into apoplexy, please read what I write – rather
than make assumptions about my “position” or whether I am a skeptic, denier, etc.
The general public knows little about the facts of climate change. Mostly, they get their information from news items on TV and in the press. You will agree, I assume, that it is very rare that any story to do with climate change is published that does not carry a “scare” element, or “it’s worse than we thought” or that some extreme weather event is positively linked to climate change.
As an example, rarely will a “scientist” be quoted in the MSM saying, for instance, that there is no evidence, whatsoever, of a particular Hurricane, a flood, a heatwave, a cold snap being anything other than just weather – and absolutely “normal” weather at that. There is, seemingly, always a backhanded reference to “proof” of climate change and that we can expect more of the same. Readers here know that is not true – but the reader/listener/viewer is left with the view that “scientists” all agree that it is. Similarly, I think most of the general public, if asked, would say that the ice caps are melting – because that is what they have been lead to believe as a result of various news items over the last 10 years. They probably think that Global Sea Ice levels are way down and inexorably melting.
[Response: Melt from Greenland, Antarctica, mountain glaciers around the world and Arctic sea ice (which is less important for sea level) is in fact increasing fast. Antarctic *sea ice* has increased a little which is indeed interesting, but net ice changes are strongly and steadily increasing sea level. – gavin]
I also think that most of the general public will have heard of, and will believe, that the “hockey stick” graph is accepted by the “scientific community” (without debate) as being the fairest representation of the globe’s historic temperatures – because of the publicity and news coverage the graph received. They will not be aware of the scientific debate that has occurred since – and continues to occur.
[Response: The basic pattern – pre-industrial long term cooling with some ups and downs and a sharp uptick in the 20th and 21st Century is indeed what most paleoclimate people think is the most accurate assessment of the last centuries. ]
So, I guess, Steve references to debate may be more about balance in the sense of what we know as fact rather than inferences that are drawn or, more probably, float without correction because it isn’t anybody’s job to “correct” a news story subsequently.
[Response: We try to correct many false claims made in the media, whether they are giving credence to fringe forecasts or totally misrepresenting mainstream science. No one can do everything though! ]
But those are the time’s we live in. Whether it’s climate change or politics, if a spokesperson makes a statement on a particular subject or policy then the statement has to be unequivocal with absolutely no room left for doubt/opinion/musing etc. – or debate.
Kevin McKinneyq says:
“As an example, rarely will a “scientist” be quoted in the MSM saying, for instance, that there is no evidence, whatsoever, of a particular Hurricane, a flood, a heatwave, a cold snap being anything other than just weather – and absolutely “normal” weather at that.”
– See more at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2014/12/the-most-popular-deceptive-climate-graph/comment-page-4/#comment-620817
I disagree. I’ve heard such comments and caveats quite often.
“They probably think that Global Sea Ice levels are way down and inexorably melting.”
If so, they aren’t far wrong:
http://tinyurl.com/Arcticv-AntarcticSIMinima
http://tinyurl.com/ArcticMinimumVolumeSeries
“…the “hockey stick” graph…”
Well, technically, it can’t be a representation of global temps at all, because its scope was hemispheric–“Northern Hemisphere” is right in the title. And it would be rather strange if work from 1999 remained definitive 15 years later. I rather think the only reason that it’s in the public ear at all is because denialists persist in attacking it (apparently in the belief that, if it were to be ‘broken’, climate science would likewise be broken.)
That’s not true, of course–as Dr. Mann himself has pointed out, the question of whether humans are driving current warming, and whether it has the potential to do harm, are completely independent, logically, of whether previous natural variations are smaller, larger, or about the same. And the physics and meteorology are likewise completely independent of paleoclimatology.
However, MBH ’99 was an important study–it’s probably fair to call it ‘seminal’ in the use of proxies to reconstruct temperatures. That’s why Google Scholar finds it to have been cited 1741 times:
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11253045204762962594&as_sdt=80005&sciodt=0,11&hl=en
Jim Eager says:
Sorry Dave, but both the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps are melting and loosing mass. And global sea ice level is down, even when you include the recent increase in Antarctic sea ice, which is much smaller than the concurrent decrease in Arctic sea ice, btw. There is no real scientific debate about either of those facts, only faux debate fostered by those in denial of the science.
And the “hockey stick” graph of global temperature over time is accepted by the relevant scientific community because it has been replicated numerous times using different proxies, metrics and independent techniques. Again, there is no real scientific debate about the hockey stick like track of global temperature shown in the graph, just dogged sniping by those who refuse to accept reality and use deceptive arguments to sow doubt.
Again, someone brings little more than concern trolling and false assertions to the discussion.
Re Your Responses in #151
Your first two responses sort of make my point. In the first response, quite understandably, you broadened the point to address the issues of sea level – which is the bit that ends up being the resultant area of concern. However, I believe that most of the general public have the impression (through what they have read and heard) that the ice caps at the north and south poles are melting – but global sea ice graphs, produced by scientists, tell us otherwise. When did anyone get reported in the MSM as saying that global sea ice is on the increase? The fact that this isn’t the whole story is not the issue. Do 97% of scientists agree that the ice “caps” are melting – I think not.
[Response: You think wrong. The ice ‘caps’ (quite clearly taking in the Antarctic ice sheet) are indeed shrinking in both hemispheres. If you’re only point is that you have eyeballed the global sea ice area curve and you think there isn’t a trend, then you should have said that straight away. Then we could have pointed you to the analysis of the trend in that graph and you’d see that the trend is indeed negative. What the exact percentage of scientists that would agree with an ill-defined statement is of course somewhat more uncertain, but why debate strawmen? – gavin]
Do 97% of scientists think that the Hockey Stick graph is the fairest known representation of historic temperatures. Again, I think not. Those that study the subject in more detail know that there are probably too many issues with data and the impact of some critical data in creating the uptick for that to be the case. Does that mean that another graph, created by other scientists, that produces a similar outcome in a different way is wrong too? Of course not.
[Response: What do you even mean by the Hockey Stick graph? The specific result from MBH98? That was 16 years ago, and many other studies (including many by the same authors) have updated that in terms of data and methodology. However, all the updates show pretty much the same basic picture – which still resembles a hockey stick. What evidence do you have that the public even distinguishes between any of these? Are people wrong if they think that the warming in the 20th Century is exceptional on a multi-century basis? No – they aren’t – and that’s about as good as it gets. – gavin]
However, such is the way that the media works, the original Hockey Stick graph is understood, by the press and the public, to be the graph accepted by 97% of scientists – and anyone who tries to argue, for whatever reason, anything else – will probably be held up, or dismissed, as a loony, or sceptic or denier – because the debate is over!
[Response: That’s just low-level rhetoric. Leave it at home. – gavin]
With respect to your final point, clearly it is just not possible for the resources available to RealClimate to be employed to “police” and/or correct the output of the MSM around the world.
In summary, and just to be clear, it is simply not fair, or accurate, to label someone as a skeptic or denier – when they try to correct someone that says the ice caps are melting. Also, one is not a skeptic or denier if one says that there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that, for instance, Hurricane Sandy or the floods in Somerset in the UK was due to global warming. But, typically any one that tries – is!
I am sure you get my point.
[Response: I didn’t label you as anything. But if you want to have substantive discussions, be specific, don’t generalise and don’t spend all your time debating strawmen. – gavin]
Response to Jim at #153
Jim, you prove my point in a way I couldn’t do myself.
I’ve just looked at the graph showing sea ice globally, in the Arctic and the Antarctic from ’79 to date. I assume that the graph was produced by scientists. Although I am a layman, I think I can read a graph – and that graph produced by those scientists shows that current global sea ice levels are roughly where they were in 1979.
Now, you may have other information, you may have another data source, you may even be right – but, is the statement “there is no real scientific debate about either of those facts, only faux debate fostered by those in denial of the science” relevant or accurate in the context of my comments? Again, I think not.
Dave Walker: “Although I am a layman, I think I can read a graph…”
Evidently not. The global trend is about -1.4% per decade according to the NCDC.
“Again, I think not.” That’s your problem…you don’t think.
Dave, since you haven’t provided a link to the graph you cite there is no way to tell if it says what you assert it does or not.
So let’s look and share, shall we?
Northern Hemisphere:http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/seaice.area.arctic.png
No where near the 1979 level, for either minimum or maximum, by about 2 to 3 million km^2 over the last 10 years, and the long term trend is clearly down sharply.
Southern Hemisphere:http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/seaice.area.antarctic.png
Maximum is above 1979 by about 1 million km^2 over the last 10 years, by almost 2 million in 2014. One year does not make a trend, but the trend is up, yet not with as steep a slope as northern hemisphere decline.
Clearly the loss in the Arctic has been much larger than the gain in the Antarctic, meaning there has been a net loss globally.
In any case, the two poles are not alike. Sea ice gain in the Antarctic takes place in the winter darkness, when it can not affect earth’s abido. In the Arctic, on the other hand, there is no land mass to limit sea ice melt, and it happens in summer when it can change earth’s albido. That’s why arctic sea ice is more important in terms of global warming/climate change and thus why it gets more attention.
[Response: Averaging Antarctica and the Arctic together and try to say that sea ice isn’t changing is like saying Iraq + Denmark = “there’s no social problems in the world.” –eric]
Steve Fish says:
Re- Comment by Dave Walker — 15 Dec 2014 @ 1:25 PM, ~#155
Dave, when writing about what you see in a graph that you don’t even know was “produced by scientists” and don’t provide a link or a source for the graph, you are being impolite.
> Dave Walker
Sea ice: One of these?
Hockey sticks: One of these? or these? or these?
Exactly, Eric (in-line response), but the average of the two isn’t even as Dave portrayed it. Clearly he is basing his assertions on some pretty suspect sources.
Matthew R Marler says:
158 eric in response: [Response: Averaging Antarctica and the Arctic together and try to say that sea ice isn’t changing is like saying Iraq + Denmark = “there’s no social problems in the world.” –eric] – See more at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2014/12/the-most-popular-deceptive-climate-graph/comment-page-4/#comment-620852
First of all, we are looking at the total of Antarctic and Arctic, and the total ice cover is what is relevant to “global” warming. So the analogy would be summing Denmark and Iraq, not averaging them.
Second, the conclusion from little or no change in the total would not be “there’s no social problems in the world” but that the change observed in this part of the world is little to none. There is lots of regional variation in both cases, so no two places are trustworthy samples — that said, it is better to consider both the Antarctic and Arctic with respect to “global” warming, than to consider only one of them.
Keith Woollard says:
Why hasn’t anyone put up a graph of both.
http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/global.daily.ice.area.withtrend.jpg
OK, there may be a very slight trend, but no-one can look at this and be worried about “the ice caps melting”
Pehr says:
May be Watts’ widget isn’t without some interesting points.
The diagram shows 0.9 C temperature rise corresponding to a carbon dioxide rise from circa 340 to circa 385 during 1979 to 2009. However the equivalent carbon dioxide rise is greater due to the other GHGs, from 382 to 465 during this period according to table 2 on NOAAs page:
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html
So in order to estimate which climate sensitivity was assumed in the widget, not the real but the equivalent carbon dioxide mixing ratio should be used. From this we may calculate a climate sensitivity according to a standard equation of 0.9/ln(465/382)*ln 2 =3.2 C per doubling.
This is av value of the climate sensitivity at the high end, however more usual 2009 than today and used in some projections, perhaps studies published by the World Bank may give examples of this.
“First of all, we are looking at the total of Antarctic and Arctic, and the total ice cover is what is relevant to “global” warming.”
No, Matthew, it is not, for the reason that I gave in my response to Dave: Sea ice gain in the Antarctic takes place in winter darkness, when it can not affect earth’s abido, while Arctic sea ice melt takes place in the summer, when it can lower surface albido and thereby amplify warming in the arctic. The one obviously does not simply offset the other. You are adding apples and oranges when it comes to global warming/climate change.
Because the two components do not have the same impact on climate, and thus the total does not show what you think it does.
Because it also presents the data on a much larger scale, which is exactly what one does when one wants to reduce the apparent magnitude of a change one does not like. There’s a word for that.
164, Jim Eager: Sea ice gain in the Antarctic takes place in winter darkness, when it can not affect earth’s abido, while Arctic sea ice melt takes place in the summer, when it can lower surface albido and thereby amplify warming in the arctic. – See more at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2014/12/the-most-popular-deceptive-climate-graph/comment-page-4/#comment-620870
If what is recorded now is the result of 20 years of Arctic “amplification”, that “amplification” must be considered slight. As an indication of current global state, Antarctic and Arctic considered together are better than one of them alone.
Ragnaar says:
Arctic sea ice melt takes place in the summer, when it can lower surface albedo and thereby amplify warming in the arctic.” With no sea ice, the SW watts go into the water. Lacking insulation from sea ice they don’t stay there long (I can’t find the study that said the near surface Arctic water heat gain lasted 2 or 3 months and then pretty much zeroed ) with the cold Arctic air above them. With less sea ice the Arctic ocean can vent more heat all year long. We see the atmospheric temperature rise way up North and see cooling of that ocean. This is a good thing. There is an albedo effect over sea ice. We might consider that the albedo protects the ice from melting because the earth thinks it needs the ice to insulate the Arctic waters. When you make sea ice, it’s good to put white snow on it, so it doesn’t melt during the Summer. Sea ice may be white with snow on it, not to cool the earth but to protect the sea ice so it can insulate the oceans to keep them warmer. The sea ice probably evolved to help regulate the earth’s ocean temperatures. CO2 does cause us to have less sea ice. But I think that sea ice loss cools the oceans more than it warms them.
Jim @ 165, no – this subject came up at #151 when Dave was talking about the general public’s perception of what they read in papers about the poles melting. I would suggest that the vast majority of the popolation would be very surprised by the graph I put up at #162.
And really, your #164 comment?????? who’s winter are you talking about? The average is staying the same with an extremely low negative slope.
National Snow and Ice Data Center
http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/faq/#combined
Why don’t you publish a global sea ice extent number?
The combined number, while easy to derive from our online posted data, is not useful as an analysis tool or indicator of climate trends. Looking at each region’s ice extent trends and its processes separately provides more insight into how and why ice extent is changing. Sea ice in the Arctic is governed by somewhat different processes than the sea ice around Antarctica, and the very different geography of the two poles plays a large role. Sea ice in the Arctic exists in a small ocean surrounded by land masses, with greater input of dust, aerosols, and soot than in the Southern Hemisphere. Sea ice in the Southern Hemisphere fringes an ice-covered continent, Antarctica, surrounded by open oceans. While both regions are affected by air, wind, and ocean, the systems and their patterns are inherently very different. Moreover, at any point in time, the two poles are in opposite seasons, and so a combined number would conflate summer and winter trends, or spring and autumn trends, for the two regions.
Re: 151, 152, 153, 154, 156,157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165
The graph that I was referring to is at:
http://www.climate4you.com/images/NSIDC%20GlobalArcticAntarctic%20SeaIceArea.gif
It shows global sea ice levels over the last 25 years. To me eye, global sea ice levels are roughly where they were in 1979 – hence my comment that, simply, it should be OK to point out that the ice caps are not melting (i.e. one is, one isnt) -but that doesn’t mean that there is a broader point to discuss about sea level as raised by Gavin.
If you go back to my original comment at #151, I was trying to make the point that the general public assumes, as a result of things they hear and read in the MSM, that some things are agreed by 97% of scientists, when they are not – and i used melting ice caps purely as an example – that’s all.
In summary, it it possible to say that the ice caps (plural) are not melting without being shouted down and
sorry, two errors in my last comment
1. ” …-but that doesn’t mean that there isn’t a broader point to discuss about sea level as raised by Gavin.
2. I didn’t finish my final paragraph properly – ignore it.
> Dave Walker … two errors
Three errors, at least.
The third is a big one; you’ve fallen for a Joe Bast talking point you’re mistakenly repeating as though it were factual.
The number you’re thinking of — 97 percent — is of actively publishing climate scientists.
Not all scientists.
Not all scientists and retired scientists.
Not all scientists, retired scientists, medical doctors, and engineers.
Not all people who, in polls, make an unconfirmed claim to be scientists.
What kind of information would change your mind?
Ref Jim at #164 and #165
…. goodness me, this is hard work.
Jim, are Antarctic sea ice area levels receding or growing? Do you think that the general public know the answer?
To Hank at #172
Please try to understand where I am coming from. I am not trying to argue science with anyone here. I don’t have the knowledge, education or reason to do so. I can however comment on things that I believe to be facts about the general public perceptions.
Given that we seem to have focused matters around the ice caps, lets stay with it. I think, that the general public thinks. that both the ice caps are melting – when they are not. One is, one isn’t (source: the link referenced in #170 above).
#167–Yes, open water in the cold parts of the Arctic winter leads to increased heat flux to the atmosphere, and yes, that is known to be a negative feedback.
No, it doesn’t seem to overpower the positive albedo feedback.
WRT the latter, here’s one recent study (of many that have been done on the general question):
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL051432/full
This albedo evolution provides a simplified method of estimating the changing albedo of seasonal ice during melt and the amount of solar heat input to the ice. During the melt season the albedo of seasonal ice is consistently smaller than multiyear ice. Thus the ongoing shift from multiyear ice to seasonal ice will increase the total solar heat input to the ice cover, enhance summer melting, and increase the amount of sunlight transmitted through the ice into the upper ocean. This transmitted sunlight will be available for warming the ocean, melting the bottom of the ice cover, and increasing the photosynthetically available radiation for primary productivity.
For Keith Woollard: I’m aware of who brought the subject up and in what comment since I responded to it in 153.
As for who’s winter I’m talking about, seeing as I wrote “Sea ice gain in the Antarctic” I would think it obvious, or are you being deliberately obtuse for rhetorical effect?
The bottom line is those insisting on averaging Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area as if one balances the other out are suffering from the self-imposed handicap of willful ignorance. There is no point engaging with such individuals.
MARodger says:
Dave Walker @173.
There are folk who will see a graph of the global sea ice area anomaly (perhaps the NSIDC version you link to @170 or the Chryosphere Today version) and feel reassured believing such data demonstrates that AGW isn’t such a problem after all, the polar ice isn’t melting out. It isn’t even melting!! Such folk are poor deluded fools.
One point to make is that normally the term “ice caps” refers to land ice not sea ice. You however are referring to sea ice and thus not “ice caps.” But for the record, in recent years the “ice caps” and mountain glaciers have been together losing in excess of 700 cu km a year. We can also be quite confident that the Arctic sea ice has lost 10,000 cu km since 1979. (See here – usually two clicks to download your attachment.) The value for Antarctic sea ice volumes is very poorly defined. However the Antarctic melts out each summer so the ice is all first year ice which is thinner ice. This allows the inference that any increase in Antarctic sea ice area will have less impact on global ice volumes because it is thinner than the lost ice in the Arctic.
Another point is that the Antarctic sea ice area is increasing at some points around the continent and decreasing at others. Such a situation suggests the likelihood of greater variability as the net trend is the product of two far larger processes. And this potential greater variability in Antarctica raises the question of what levels of Antarctic sea ice area exisited before 1979. (This is more interesting than for the Arctic as there is enough data for Arctic from earlier decades to leave no room for any big surprises.) As there were satellite data from the 1960s it is possible to see that while Antarctic sea ice area has increased since 1979, it is a long way below the levels represented in these limited 1960s satellite data. (See Fig 4 in Meieer et al (2013). Ald also Fig 7 with the ‘no surprise’ Arctic equivalent.)
All this is strongly suggestive that the growth of Antarctic sea ice area over the last 35 years is, unlike the Arctic equivalent, pretty small beer in the grand scheme of things.
Dave Walker: “In summary, it it possible to say that the ice caps (plural) are not melting without being shouted down and,,,”
No, Dave. We won’t shout you down. We’ll just laugh at you. When you construct a statistic, you have to ask yourself whether it is meaningful or not. Adding Arctic and Antarctic sea ice together is absurd on the face of it. When Arctic sea ice is melting, Antarctic sea ice is of course freezing. It’s Winter there ferchrissake. And likewise when Antarctic sea ice is melting. You have just constructed a metric that will only be minimally sensitive to global changes.
What is more, you’ve completely ignored the physics–both of what is driving the trends and of their consequences for future warming.
Gee, it’s almost as if you guys are devoting a lot of effort to not understanding this stuff.
David Miller says:
Dave Welker, what you’re doing is taking issue with “the ice caps are melting” but equating the southern “ice cap” with the sea ice surrounding antarctica.
As you’ve acknowledged, the sea ice trend is down. What you ignore is that antarctica itself is losing cubic kilometers of ice every year, and that the rate at which it’s losing ice is increasing. This is a part of the reason that sea ice is increasing, but the greater factor is circumpolar winds driven by ozone loss.
So I think it’s very safe to say that “the ice caps are melting”.
Dave, I’ll try one more time. When you say “ice cap” you are describing three different components:
One is floating sea ice, which expands and melts with the annual seasons. Arctic sea ice is declining in both minimum and maximum extent and volume, while Antarctic sea ice is growing in in both extents, although that growth is less than the Arctic decline. The net change is a decline in total global polar sea ice, although it has been pointed out to you repeatedly that is a poor metric.
Two would be land-fixed ice shelves, which are hundreds of meters thick. These do not melt away annually. Centuries old Ice shelves in the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Antarctic Peninsula, and parts of West Antarctica are melting in place from below, breaking up and disintegrating. Ice shelves grow slowly, so these will take centuries to replace. Fixed polar ice shelves are clearly declining at both poles.
Three would grounded marine and land based ice sheets and glaciers. The Greenland ice sheet is definitely loosing ice mass, as is the Antarctic Peninsula and much of West Antarctica. Even small perimeter areas of East Antarctica are loosing mass, while some parts of EA interior are gaining mass due to increased snowfall, itself due to the climate warming sufficiently to allow snow fall to increase (the high East Antarctic ice cap is a desert). Still, the net change for Antarctica is a loss of mass, so grounded ice sheets are loosing mass at both poles.
All three polar ice cap components are in decline, meaning public perception that both polar ice caps are melting is correct. Your assertion is not.
“Jim, are Antarctic sea ice area levels receding or growing?”
Dave, I clearly stated that annual Antarctic sea ice area is growing. What’s interesting is that no one bringing this up has been curious enough to ask why. That’s telling. Asking why tends to separate those who want to find out what’s going on from those who just want to score debating points.
I just posted that parts of Antarctica are losing considerable ice mass from both ice shelf and ice sheet and glacier melt. The fresh water from that ice goes directly into the surrounding sea, lowering its salinity slightly. Think about what effect that has on the temperature at which that sea water will freeze. That’s right, the expanding extent of annual Antarctic sea ice is at least in part due to the melting of land-fast and land based ice in Antarctica.
[Response: Please read my write-up on this over at ClimateChangeNationalForum. I’ll probably post a shorter and slightly updated version here at RealClimate, soon. I think the importance of buoyancy (meltwater from glaciers) is probably overstated, but it’s certainly part of the picture.–eric]
> For Dave Walker
You have read a bit of the science? How much have you read so far?
— You know that fresh water floats on top of salt water, right?
— You know that fresh water freezes at zero degrees?
— You know salt water freezes colder than zero, right?
— You’ve thought ‘where is the water that freezes into sea ice coming from’?
— You know there’s more melting, and so freshwater flowing from the land?
— And you know there’s more winter sea ice forming in that area recently.
So — you can figure out that there’s fresh water — more than in the past — available on the surface at the edges of the Antarctic ice in recent years, right? You know where it’s coming from and why it’s available?
Now, what was your question? What’s happening here?
There’s much more going on and more to learn about all that.
You wouldn’t be tricked into thinking the total global amount of annual sea ice isn’t changing — because both poles are changing by larger and larger amounts in recent years — would you?
You know the age of the Arctic sea ice, right? A layer forms each winter, then it breaks up and the wind pushes some of it into thicker stacks that refreeze into 2-year-old ice (while other pieces go south and melt). Next year wind produces some 3-year-old ice (while other ice melts).
So — how old is the oldest Arctic sea ice now?
You know that the age of the Arctic sea ice has changed a lot recently?
Not always the same direction — nobody expects smooth steady changes, remember.
Look, you just can’t sum this up in talking points and little sound bites.
Anyone who does that is a fool, or a TV news talker, or a headline writer, or a PR person doing a press release, or a politician. I may repeat myself.
PS for Dave Walker, re my post above. You see, above that, an inline response from Eric (in square brackets) that I hadn’t seen yet.
Between an answer from a real scientist here, and anything from me — go with the real scientist’s answer.
Just to be clear about that.
Thank you Eric, for your in-line pointer to your article Making sense of Antarctic sea ice changes at Climate Change National Forum. I’d urge everyoen to read it, you, too Hank, as it turns out changes in wind patterns play the larger role in expansion of sea ice surrounding Antarctica, while regions with the greatest freshwater melt counter intuitively show decreases in ice cover.
“…and increase the amount of sunlight transmitted through the ice into the upper ocean.” A greenhouse effect of sea ice.
“No, it (heat flux to the atmosphere) doesn’t seem to overpower the positive albedo feedback.” Maybe more of a balance. During the last glacial period, say 25,000 years ago I’d say we had lots of sea ice and a higher albedo in the higher latitudes. I think the oceans were trying to retain heat and a high albedo was not detrimental to that. The SW lost by reflection was possibly less than the LW retention in the oceans beneath sea ice.
Total sea ice. There is a wish that we could look at something and have it give us a useful number. Sea level rise is a proxy for energy in the system. This or that glacier is a proxy for energy in the system. On long time scales of 100,000s of years, sea ice extent can tell us whether or not we are in a glacial or interglacial? With the current situation, I have a hard enough time trying to understand one polar region. It’s possible the Antarctic is off doing its own thing due to a different geography and different circulations.
[Response: Sea ice has very little to do with the terms “glacial” or “interglacial”. What defines those terms is the amount of land ice. Again, see here for my take on Antarctic sea ice trends. –eric]
for Dave Walker:
http://nsidc.org/icelights/2013/09/30/for-sea-ice-age-matters/
> Most deceptive climate graph
Are nominations still open?
the United States Energy Association, an industry trade group: Close Link Between CO2 & GDP
“Over the past two centuries, global life expectancy has more than doubled, population has increased eightfold, incomes have increased 11-fold. At the same time, CO2 concentrations increased from 320 ppm to about 400 ppm,” Bezdek said, using the abbreviation for parts per million. The benefits of CO2, he said, exceed its costs by ratios of between 100-1 and 900-1. A chart helpfully illustrated this “Close Link Between CO2 & GDP.”
Of course there are lots of ways to play this, e.g.
https://www.aei.org/publication/a-real-american-triumph-the-us-shale-revolution-delivers-a-much-cleaner-environment-along-with-jobs-and-prosperity/
Dr. Eric Steig:
Is ANTARCTIC SEA ICE HISTORY, LATE QUATERNARY by Xavier Crosta worth looking at? I think he suggests the sea ice impacts heat transfer at the ocean-atmosphere interface. You write, “…it’s a combination of thermodynamics and dynamics: the rate of cooling to the atmosphere (c) vs. the delivery of heat from the ocean below (h), and the movement of sea ice by the winds and by surface ocean currents.” So sea ice depends on (c) and (h) and winds. At the same time it effects (c) and (h). Do you think I am setting my knowledge back by suggesting it has some regulatory effect?
Re Ray #178
… Ray, with greatest respect, you are completely missing my point, and you also misinterpreting what the graph referenced by me, shows.
The graph shows three lines indicating Global, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area levels over the last 25 years. It shows, over time that Arctic ice levels have receded and are below the average for the period. It shows Antarctic on a trend such that it is growing and above the average for the period. I assume the “global” line is the sum of the two and, as it so happens, that resultant sum is, marginally also above the average for the period.
I am not drawing any inferences from this. I am not saying therefore everything is Ok. I am not saying (as “Gavin” pointed out very early on) that therefore sea levels are unaffected. I am not saying it “proves” anything. I am saying that Antarctic sea ice area levels are growing – but, almost certainly, the majority of the general public don’t know that.
I cannot vouch for the accuracy of the information shown in the graph. But other readers have referenced similar graphs showing similar results – so I am working on the basis that the graph is a fair representation of what it is intending to show.
To understand why that points raised by the graph was relevant at all you will need to reread why and how I got involved in the conversation.
[Response: Generally speaking, conversations ns don’t solely consist of someone making the same point over and over again. I think we get that you think more people should know about Antarctic sea ice and of course we agree – and they should also know about Arctic sea ice loss, mass loss on Greenland and in the West Antarctic ice sheet, and loss of mountain glacier mass around the world. So either move on to discussing your plan for greater scientific literacy, or just move on. -gavin]
To the moderators
I note that a couple of reply comments I sent yesterday were not published – I assume because of the tone I used (in response to a particular comment from “Ray” that was very “robust” in its tone).
I resubmitted a couple the comments this morning (UK time) using a more moderate tone and responded to the comments accurately and politely. They do not appear to have been published either – which is a little frustrating given how it was left.
I have entered my full email above (i dont normally give out my full email) so that you can email me let me know my status with the site. There is no point in me sending further comments if i am persona non grata.
[Response: There is a comment policy – but basically, don’t attack other commenters and don’t be tedious (and this goes for everyone). Nothing to do with you persona, grata or non. – gavin]
bobbyv says:
This thread is too funny. You guys twist into knots to explain away increasing sea ice.
Not explain away, bobby, just explain. It’s what separates those who want to understand what’s going on from those who don’t. Have you read Eric’s article or not?
bobbyv @192.
Perhaps then, you are more the sort to worry that there is 100,000 sq km less sea in the world today than there was yesterday, in fact 100,190 sq km less, and at that rate all the sea ice in the whole wide world will be melted away before the end of June next year. Not a word of a lie.
Dave Walker: ” I am saying that Antarctic sea ice area levels are growing – but, almost certainly, the majority of the general public don’t know that.”
The majority of the general public also do not know the density of squirrel turds in Central Park! The reason for this is that it doesn’t affect their lives much. Loss of Arctic sea ice does affect their lives. It feeds back on polar amplification. It may have weakened the Jet Stream, leading to influx of more polar air into the CONUS. It makes vulnerable methane deposits in polar seas that heretofore had been stable.
And if your point is that Antarctic sea ice is growing, then fricking show Antarctic sea ice. Don’t show global sea ice, which isa next to meaningless metric due to the phase difference between Arctic and Antarctic melt cycles. What is more, you’d want to note that climate scientists have a pretty good handle on why Antarctic sea ice is growing.
Look, Dave. I have been pretty hard on you, I admit. I am sorry for that. I am just tired of people mindlessly quoting meaningless statistics and pretending that they’ve come up with some smoking gun that climate scientists are ignoring. Sometimes, the reason why a meaningless statistic is ignored is because it is meaningless. If you are going to start quoting statistics, I would recommend becoming sufficiently familiar with the science that you can decide whether the statistic you see is meaningful. That really isn’t a lot to ask, is it?
Start by reading Spencer Weart’s “Discovery of Global Warming” (linked on this page). Then read everything Tamino writes. We’re always happy to welcome new members to Team Reality.
> I am saying that Antarctic sea ice area levels are growing
There’s your problem.
Some people are saying Arctic sea ice area levels are shrinking.
For some areas, at some seasons during the year, both statements are partly true. Neither is correct, as stated.
Now, how old is the sea ice?
Which sea ice? where? and when?
It takes more to get you to “why?”
bobbyv wrote: “You guys twist into knots to explain away increasing sea ice.”
If you are unable to follow the discussion, it’s nothing to be ashamed of. Ask for help. There are plenty of generous, patient people here who will explain whatever you don’t understand.
“You guys twist into knots to explain away increasing sea ice.”
No, we don’t, because even the (pretty meaningless) global total is decreasing. Meanwhile the Arctic is in a trend for which “death spiral” remains pertinent.
http://s1108.photobucket.com/user/brassdoc/media/2013_sea_ice_PIOMAS_min.png.html?sort=3&o=18
Jeffronicus says:
re: bobbyv @ 192
I don’t see anyone trying to explain it away. I see a lot of people trying to explain it. The leading theory seems to be that the circumpolar winds we know have increased in recent years are pushing sea ice (in some areas) farther afield.
You fail to specify how they might be wrong.
So, are nominations still open for most deceptive?
Google Image Search is a very useful view into what’s being prompted, and any climate-related search, when you click “Images”, will get you far more PR than science links.
This particular graph of total global sea ice that’s now circulating (climate4u, watts, and so forth) that’s being hammered on by Dave is getting a lot of promotion lately online. It really hides the decline, so to speak.
It’s been debunked, long since — but mostly in text:
Fact Checker contacted Ted Scambos via email with help from the Climate Science Rapid Response Team. He has visited both polar regions several times, especially Antarctica. He is also lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado, where he works on Antarctic ice dynamics and polar climate change effects.
Scambos said the trend for winter ice in Antarctica is to add about 5,000 miles each year whereas the Arctic summer loss is about 30,000 miles a year: “They certainly don’t offset each other.”
http://blogs.rgj.com/factchecker/files/2012/10/Storms_Fig20.gif
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Уроки ремонта — Рестот.ру
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While McCaffrey impressed receivers coach Luke Getsy with how quickly he picked up the offense last winter, it wasn’t an easy task. Augustine High School, Fournette trained with Eddie Compass, the former police chief of New Orleans and a strength and conditioning expert..
That his talent level, while special, also has a lot to do with how much he works at it. District Judge Amos Mazzant.Mazzant agreed with players’ union lawyers that Elliott didn’t receive a «fundamentally fair» hearing in his appeal and he granted the NFL Players’ Association request for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction blocking the league’s punishment.Elliott was suspended by Commissioner Roger Goodell in August after the league concluded he had several physical confrontations last summer with Tiffany Thompson, a former girlfriend.
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But the image that really stuck with me was t
But the image that really stuck with me was the owner of the team, Jeffrey Lurie, who was on the sideline. In the email inform us of what you require, the players name, colour, size and include your paypal email addre...
Bennett continued to discuss that theme Wedne
Bennett continued to discuss that theme Wednesday during a news conference at the Seahawks' minicamp in Renton, Wash., saying (via ESPN), "I think the league is built on middle America, and most of the middle of Ameri...
It wasn’t until 2007 that the NFL held a «con
It wasn't until 2007 that the NFL held a "concussion summit," and that was due to media and congressional pressure, the players allege. Strawberry retired in 1999 after winning three titles as a member of the Yank...
Aiello went on to say that while the NFL chose to place its flagship counseling center in the city of greatest need, pla
Aiello went on to say that while the NFL chose to place its flagship counseling center in the city of greatest need, plans are in place to soon open similar facilities in Jacksonville, Oakland, and Tampa Bay.. Joe had...
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Quang Dang's Corona dance goes viral on the Internet
The number of corona infected people has surpassed one million. Many people have fear and nervousness, so many people are not leaving dancing in this environment either. See viral corona dance on the Internet. Corona infections are on the rise every day, and there is a growing fear in the people. Somewhere people are collecting ration items in their homes. Masks and sanitizers are being purchased somewhere. But amidst all this nervousness, some people are also keeping the atmosphere lighter and happier, especially on social media.
Quang Dang, a Vietnamese dancer, has started a challenge related to corona that has spread around the world. Quang Dang is very popular in social media and has a sizeable fan following on Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram. He has created a song related to Corona that is very fond of youngsters, and the reaction is something that looked like at the time of the Kiki challenge. Where people are, there are snorts on songs with their friends. The purpose of singing is to motivate people to wash hands so that the virus can be kept away. Quang Dang has also set rules for recording videos. With his video post, he wrote:
"Show you 6 moves of washing hands described by the World Health Organization while dancing on the song 'Ghen Co Vy.' Accept this challenge or share these methods of epidemic prevention:
Wash hands with soap or antiseptic solution. Keep cleanliness in and around personal hygiene at home. Do not touch the eyes, nose, and mouth. Make yourself aware of the health of yourself, your family, and your community. Use masks when visiting public places or having an illness. Symptoms of COVID-19 include high fever, cough, difficulty in breathing.
Apart from Vietnam, Iranian videos are also going viral. South Korea and Iran have found the highest cases of corona after China. More than 4700 people have been infected, and 124 people have lost their lives in Iran so far. Iranian doctors, nurses, and patients on the Internet can be seen snorting on music. Some of these videos are coming from other countries as well. In Iran, 8 percent of lawmakers have been found to have symptoms of coronavirus. Citizens have so little confidence in the government that there are rumors that MPs are pretending to be sick. In addition to the video, the Internet also has many jokes and memes associated with the corona.
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The Feynman Technique
Food & Wine Pairing
Work With Tim
Tim Gaiser, Master Sommelier
Tasting Interview: Doug Frost, MS, MW
Good friend Doug Frost is the second among only five people in the world to have passed both the Master Sommelier and Master of Wine exams. Author of several books, including "Uncorking Wine," "On Wine," and "Far From Ordinary: The Spanish Wine Guide," he is also host of Check Please!, a weekly public TV show filmed in Kansas City and the wine and spirits consultant for United Airlines worldwide. He is a founding member of the spirits and cocktail educational organization, BAR, (Beverage Alcohol Resource).Cheers magazine selected BAR and its founders as Innovators of the Year for 2007, and Frost as Beverage Innovator of the Year 2009. He runs two wine competitions, the Mid-American Wine Competition and the Jefferson Cup Invitational, the latter which is now in its seventeenth year. He also judges in more than a dozen other competitions. In his spare time, Doug listens to his massive weird music collection and continues to try to raise two (adult) daughters.
Doug and I tasted together in June of 2012. We used the 2009 Roger Sabon Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Riedel Vinum Zinfandel/Chianti Classico glasses.
Overall Tasting Goals
TG: When you are tasting what are you trying to accomplish?
DF: It depends on the client for whom I’m tasting. The context changes per client. In tasting this wine I’m trying to decide if it’s delicious, how well made it is, what sort of ageability it has, and for whom is this wine made.
TG: By that you mean …
DF: Who is the best customer for this wine?
TG: If the context changes, if you’re just going to pick up a glass of wine and enjoy it, what are your goals then?
DF: It might be food, it might be mood as in what style am I in the mood for. There can be times where a wine is perfectly well made and even delicious, but I’m not in the mood and really don’t give a damn about it.
TG: What’s necessary for you, in terms of environment and equipment, to have a good tasting experience?
DF: Spit cup! (One is missing from the table) Smell free and smoke free and not much other than that. But I really do have to spit to concentrate.
TG: Is it more important for you to spit in order to assess vs. having a sip?
DF: The latter doesn’t work as well for me. It’s the way I’m going to assess texture and volume, the structure.
TG: And you do that better by spitting?
DF: No, I need to get a big mouthful and am just not in the habit of swallowing the wine at any hour much less this hour (9:00 am). It’s certainly part of the concentration process. It helps to provide a more concentrated environment, but I really have to mix a lot of wine with saliva in my mouth and you really can’t do that with sips.
TG: What else in terms of equipment do you need?
DF: Some kind of white background that I can look at the wine against; good lighting.
TG: What about glassware?
DF: I’ll use glasses like these on occasion (Riedel Vinum Chianti Classico/Sangiovese), but most of the time I use the INAO because it’s a pretty cruel glass.
TG: When you look at a wine, what are you trying to assess?
DF: I really just want to see its youthfulness, the volume, how much alcohol it has, how much extract it has, and what the condition of maturity is at this point. My mentality is that I’m always looking at the rim first and then my eyes will linger down into the bowl to see how much color differentiation there is. With this wine, there’s some pretty significant color differentiation, and there’s a watery meniscus and a pink rim to it. So this wine is showing a bit of age to the coloring and it looks like it has a lot of alcohol volume and extract volume to it.
TG: If I were you, how would I know how to compare the color in this wine to other wines I’ve tasted before? Is there some way that you bring up colors of previous wines to compare?
DF: I think it’s a matter of trying to decide what colors are in front of me. Is there some purple in the glass? In this wine yes, so there would appear to be some hint of a hot climate. I’m looking at a series of colors as wine shows a color gradation down into the bowl. I’m looking to see how well can I see through the bowl and with this wine there’s quite a bit of extract; but the quality of the colors and the value of the colors and what that means in terms of outcome.
TG: If I had to be you, how would you compare that to previous wines in terms of memory?
DF: Just intellectually, I’m not carrying images of other wines in my head when I do this.
TG: How do you know?
DF: I’m just not aware of that and that’s not what I’m trying to do. I’m just looking at a sheet of color and trying to decide what that sheet of color is. It’s like looking at a color chart.
TG: So is there an actual chart you see?
DF: No, I really don’t. I just look at what I would regard as a color chart like you would do when you select a font color. I look at art a lot, so I look at colors so I’m comfortable staring at colors and calling them by name.
TG: Practically everyone I’ve spoken to has some kind of visual device that they compare colors to. Do you use anything like that?
DF: I cannot say that that is happening with me because there are multiple colors. It’s not really like that for me. But I’m also not real clue into color the way some people are.
TG: How do you know when you’re done looking at a wine?
DF: When I’ve been able to draw conclusions; in this wine there’s a pretty significant amount of extract and alcohol and it looks like warmish climate; when I can draw conclusions of what I think about the wine, how young it is and what climate it is, of what grape and what extract.
TG: Great. Could you actually demonstrate how you look at wine?
DF: White background, tip the glass all the way over and get the wine almost to a 45 degree angle, get some light somewhere so I can see it.
TG: What are your goals when you smell wine?
DF: I have a set of Master Sommelier familiar goals that I take a look at. Other than that, I’m just seeing if anything else feels familiar. I’m very much of the training.
TG: So you’re trying to assess the wine for quality …
DF: Quality, character, various categories of fruit, herbs and all those things. I’m looking at all those categories.
TG: How do you know you’ve accomplished that? How do you do that?
DF: As long as I’ve filled all those boxes I’m content. Like everybody else I’m looking for some kind of conclusion. I’m also trying to figure out which of those boxes is important to me. Then I’ll spend a lot of time talking about that because it’s something I’m hanging my hat on.
TG: Is that something like an initial impression or is it something you get as you progress through the wine?
DF: It could be either one. I would love it to be an initial impression but half the times it’s not.
TG: When you smell the wine, in terms of the grid, is it something you see and periodically check in with?
DF: Sometimes I’ll imagine it as it is on the slide. Other times it’s just dialogue. I know in my mind what I’m supposed to do because the slides don’t exactly sync up with where I want to go.
TG: So how do you do that?
DF: It’s just like saying the rosary: do flowers and then do spices. That’s how you do it?
TG: OK but I’m trying to figure out how you do that. So if you smell this wine what is the first thing you check for?
DF: Whatever it smells like, in other words that first impression. The first thing I’m looking for is fruit and then probably flowers. But that’s completely contextual as I was drinking Riesling last night. Had I been drinking Bordeaux I wouldn’t have been looking for flowers.
TG: I’m just trying to get back to your seeing slides. How do you do that?
DF: Sometimes I remember the slides as they set up on the screen. But most of the time I’m just doing it again, like saying the rosary, almost automatically.
TG: If I was you, where would I see the slides?
DF: Not anywhere particularly, I just go into a memory; I just remember what that slide looks like. The only thing that would perhaps be interesting to you is that the slide I’m looking at is just as likely to be an overhead as it is anything else (laughs). It’s old school.
TG: OK, so I’m watching your eyes when you’re talking about the slides and they go pretty consistently in three places, here , here and here (the positions are literally slightly left, center and slightly right in front of his face). Where are you looking?
DF: I think I told you that one of my daughters has said since she was six years old, “watch me, I’m Dad drinking wine.” And her eyes go back and forth like mine.
TG: True because you’re processing a lot of different things. Back to the overheads. Are they out in front? To the sides? Where are they?
DF: Again, it’s a particular memory and it might well be just the screen in front of me. I’m so used to looking at the screen. But it’s not consistent. Most of the time I wouldn’t need to draw on it because I would just go in a particular order.
TG: It almost sounds like it’s auditory as well. Are you saying things to yourself?
DF: No, it’s not auditory.
TG: As you smell the wine what do you do? Your eyes consistently go several places in rapid succession. But for today it would be great just to pick out a specific fruit or other element in the wine and try figure out how you do it.
DF: My eyes do go back and forth but they settle in once I get something. The first thing is savory.
TG: Savory such as …
DF: Right now the wine is minty, basil and wet and dried leaves—some sort of herbal origin.
TG: If I had to be you, how would I do that? How do you know you’re smelling those things? What do you see?
DF: I’ll try but I really don’t get any particular images. I did read your article and thought about it, but images is not what I’m working from.
TG: I think you probably do it but at micro-speed. Your eye movements are the fastest of anyone I’ve ever seen. So if we can just slow one of them down I would be curious to see what’s there.
DF: The whole thing for me, even now as I think about the fruit in the wine I didn’t envision a black cherry. I’m more likely to see the label on a can or jar when I try to picture black cherries. I don’t necessarily see a black cherry.
TG: So there’s a label?
DF: As I call it up I can do that, but I’m not sure that’s how I’m associating aroma. But to your point, I don’t know that.
TG: But if I ask you, for instance, what does a tangerine smell like? What do you do? Do you see the color orange?
DG: Yes, definitely.
TG: Do you see a picture of the tangerine?
DF: Eventually. Let’s switch it out. For a blueberry it’s not very strong recall, I’m more likely to … It’s certainly the fruit I’m trying to imagine but it’s more like the color or a slice of that fruit. I’m trying to go through the process now in my mind to get an idea of what the process looks like. As I think about pineapple I’m more likely to think about sliced pineapple then a whole fresh pineapple—so I’m not looking at a whole pineapple.
TG: To a great extent though the content is not really that important. You do seem to bring something up.
DF: Yes, sure.
TG: So with the canned or sliced pineapple, if you get that can you show me where it is?
DF: It’s pretty much right in front of me.
TG: 2D or 3D picture?
DF: It’s three dimensional.
TG: So is this framed or just sitting there in space?
DF: I’m switching out fruit now and thinking about blueberries. It’s right in front of me and I’m looking at a close up of a blueberry.
TG: So what happens if you take the close up of the blueberry and move it right up in front of your face? Does the intensity increase?
DF: No, same.
TG: What happens if make the image tiny?
DF: The whole process doesn’t make any sense to me. Make what tiny? I know what you’re saying but …
TG: OK so make it black and white. Take the color out of it.
DF: It doesn’t have aroma then.
TG: OK, at least we know that. What happens if you make the blueberry enormous? Like a billboard.
DF: Again, that doesn’t make any sense to me. In other words, the image I’m working on doesn’t change shape, it’s the same size.
TG: Can you change the shape?
DF: That would be something different.
TG: Doug, make it a giant blueberry. What happens? Do the aromas get stronger or weaker?
DF: I understand, I’m just trying to give you legitimate answers. It doesn’t change. I suppose if we’re making it really big it becomes more two dimensional and not real.
TG: I want to go back to the idea of picking out something in the glass and how you know it’s not something else. Is there a system where you compare it to other things? I’m still trying to figure out your eye movements. I have to tell you that your eyes just go nuts when you’re smelling. Your eyes are constantly going back and forth seeing and comparing different things.
DF: (laughs) I don’t know. But certainly I was never aware of the eye movements until my daughter starting mocking it about eighteen years ago.
TG: But how could you possibly be aware of it?
DF: Because one is self-conscious at time when you taste with other people. So maybe I had been aware of it but not really until my daughter pointed it out.
TG: Right and that’s also part of how you think in terms of eye accessing cues. Your eyes move to help access parts of your brain and your memory. Go ahead and smell the wine and let me know what you pick up.
DF: It’s definitely funky. What is that? There’s also something that like olive paste mixed with black cherry goop and then there’s that savory element too.
TG: What’s that right there? That’s the first time you’ve held your eyes in one place for longer than a few seconds.
DF: Right. I’m trying to sort it out, focus on the wine and now how I’m actually doing it.
TG: Most people have a starting eye position and it seems like you have a starting sequence of about three different positions in rapid succession. Right here, here, and here. I’m just trying to figure out what you do. How do you figure out what things are? If you put your nose in the glass, how do you know it’s blackberry and not a garage door? If I had to be you, how would I do it?
DF: Well, I’m not sure and this wine is a bit funky. I’ll have to work harder to dig more out of it. So, how many people do you taste with that taste with their eyes closed?
TG: Not many, but you can still watch their eyes move with their eyes closed.
DF: Just wondered.
TG: I will tell you that almost everyone looks down when they smell wine because that’s where most of us look when we talk to ourselves. But getting back on track, let’s see if we can’t figure out more. It sounds like since we’ve been trained, you go off the grid.
DF: Right.
TG: So how do you see the grid? How do you know you haven’t forgotten anything?
DF: It’s a little bit oral.
TG: Are you talking to yourself?
DF: It’s an audible cue because I’ve said it to myself.
TG: So you’re internally saying, what about fruit, what about earth, etc.
DF: Right. With red wines I typically have to force myself to floral so at some point when I’ve stopped receiving information, or believing that I’ve stopped receiving new information that is important, I’ll say, “come one, let’s get on the grid.” Somewhere in my brain I’ve made that mental command.
TG: Once you’ve received the information, does it go somewhere so you don’t worry about it but still know it’s there?
DF: No, I try to capture it in some way. I’ll be taking notes and writing but instead I’m trying to mentally recall this. It’s almost as if it’s a Scrabble board and I put black cherry over here.
TG: Not to be a pain in the ass, but when you say “put black cherry over here,” what do you mean by that?
DF: I put the word black cherry over here (motions chest high to the left). But not an image.
TG: Interesting, so you deal with images of words and maybe not the actual thing you’re smelling.
DF: Right. I chalk it up again to being a city boy and seeing a package of black cherries and not a black cherry.
TG: But there sounds like a system where if you smell something you generate a word that represents whatever it is.
DF: Yes and I can shift the words off to the left and right as I get new information.
TG: That’s a really interesting system—it sounds as if the words hang around to the left and right of your internal field. So you can look at them again when you go to make a conclusion or to just think about the wine. True?
DF: Right, but it’s very much like speaking, as it were; like when you’re trying to give a talk and you’re trying to remember to talk about this, this, and this.
TG: So it’s like a check list.
DF: Right. To me it’s a very similar experience where I have to put the black cherry over here so I remember to say it.
TG: But it also sounds like the images of whatever you smell then become words. Is that how it works?
DF: They’re very much words.
TG: Which is why when I talk about images it sounds like Martian to you?
DF: (Laughs) Yes, it’s fairly Martian to me although color even though it is a real concept just doesn’t work that well for me. I honestly think it’s because I have a very pedantic notion of what smells are. They’re still kind of new to me.
TG: Pedantic meaning …
DF: That I’ll smell it, try to figure out what it is, give it a name and put it over here (motions to the left with his left hand about chest high). I have to dig deeper before I’ll find some kind of image. But the words are first (pauses). But you know they couldn’t all possibly be words. Some are words and some are images.
TG: I wouldn’t be surprised if they were all images initially and then they turned into words--and that’s your system for finding things.
DF: Possibly.
TG: Because maybe seeing the word triggers something else.
DF: Seeing the word is definitely part of the process. I was thinking about the olive note in the wine and probably briefly saw some olive tapenade. I wasn’t going to say tapenade but then it made me think of ground up olives. Then that turns into the words black olives.
TG: If I wanted to be really picky about it, when you see the image of black olives, is it close up or far away? Where is it? Does the location have to do with how strong the intensity is?
DF: I can’t generate any truthful answer to that. For me I’m too busy trying to figure out what these other funky smells in the glass are. There’s some kind of swamp gas going on here.
TG: I’m not sure why I picked a Rhône wine as both of these have been funky (note the first bottle opened was corked). How do you know when you’re done smelling the wine?
DF: When I find myself repeating the same things over and over. Then I’m done smelling the wine. Most of the time with a wine like this I don’t think I’m ever done. Last night with a Dönhhoff Riesling I just had one descriptor, grapefruit pie. That’s all it was with diced pineapple candies. But every time you back to a wine like that you do get more information or at least you hope you do. And if you don’t, then you get bored.
TG: Well let’s taste it.
DF: I don’t want to taste it yet because I haven’t identified everything (smells the wine again). So it’s like a black cherry, red plum; there’s a little bit a blueberry to it. Then in terms of flowers there’s nothing to worry about. There’s also nothing to worry about in the American oaky kind of a thing. I definitely do try to draw up an image surrounding a barrel; the outside of the staves and the inside of the staves. I literally try to picture that.
TG: Where’s that?
DF: Over here somewhere (points out front and slightly to the right).
TG: Does the size of the image depend on the intensity of the aroma?
DF: No, just my point of reference.
TG: Just to get some detail, is this image on some kind of screen? Is it in 3D? What’s it like?
DF: It’s just a partial image of a barrel.
TG: Flat? Three dimensional?
DF: Three dimensional.
TG: We could play with this and ask what happens if you brighten up the image or make the colors really intense. Does it change the intensity of the aroma?
DF: It just seems artificial; I can’t make any sense out of it. I’m changing something that’s supposed to be a representation of something real and it becomes not real. I don’t know what to do with that.
TG: In other words, it doesn’t make any sense and kind of screws it up. OK, what about everything else, the earthiness, and the funkiness?
DF: Just picturing herbs, grasses, and leaves; both edible and inedible. They’re kind of all over the place here (motions in front just above waist level).
TG: OK. And they’re all out in a field …
DF: No, I’m just referencing images out in front of me, like single leaves or a handful of leaves.
TG: Do they become words? Do they need to become words or are they just there?
DF: I have to name them so I guess it’s the same process with the fruit. I have to smell it, try to figure out what it is and then it becomes a word.
TG: OK and just to be picky again, when you recognize something do you internally say to yourself, “oh that’s tarragon,” and then the word happens?
DF: Yes, the word happens after the recognition.
TG: So there’s almost an auditory command like, “this is X.”
DF: Yes (after a long pause), it’s definitely auditory.
TG: And it’s your voice saying, it’s X.
DF: Yes, it’s an internal voice but it’s not necessarily mine. It’s like sometimes you’ll talk to yourself in your own voice and sometimes in a different voice.
TG: Anything else in terms of the nose of this wine you want to mention?
DF: Not really much else. There’s a little bit of a vegetal thing going on as well as the olive paste. I keep looking at various versions of the fruit now so the red cherry might be the pit. But I think I’m making a conscious effort to sort through these visual cherries in terms of what they actually look like.
TG: Is it like trying to calibrate the quality of it or the age?
DF: Yes, but the motivation and the mindset are just that I’m trying to smell and identify things and then I can understand what the conclusion can be from that. But right now I’m just trying to give myself to the wine and see what’s in it.
TG: Let’s do the palate. What are you goals when you taste the wine? For me, I’ve done 80% of the work when I smell the wine so the only thing I’m trying to do with the palate is confirm everything and then calibrate the structure.
DF: I’m anxious to get into it and see what the weight of the wine is; so it’s very much like I want to have physical contact with the wine.
TG: But you also go through everything you’ve smelled.
DF: Yes, I’m trying to decide what’s going on. I have got all the cherries in a row with the plums and the currants. There’s a little bit of cranberry juice going on but those are all real physical sensations. I don’t even drink cranberry juice.
TG: Do you need to check in with the list of words or the pictures to confirm all these things? Is that necessary or what do you do?
DF: I’m not aware of a list of words so it’s more like it’s a list of 100 questions where I’m asking, is that currant? OK, there’s currant, so is there cranberry?
TG: So it’s auditory and you’re asking yourself those things? That’s got to happen really fast.
DF: I guess so.
TG: If you’re asking yourself if there’s any cranberry, are there any images?
DF: If it’s cranberry, yes other things come up because I’m in the habit of bringing other things up. I’ll ask, why isn’t there strawberries? Or dried strawberries? It’s pretty much associative which is a sequence built on habit and not logic. Or maybe it’s built on logic but it’s not on what’s coming out of the glass. That’s because I’m one of those people who has to stay disciplined or else go off on a tangent.
TG: As in stream of consciousness?
DF: Or unconsciousness. And right now I’m getting a note of raisin maybe because I looked for it but I’m not seeing an image of it. I can call it out by saying it but the first thing that happened was a word and not an image.
TG: Does the list of words change at all when you taste the wine? Or do the words just hang out there?
DF: Hopefully but some of them are fading away. I’m trying to pull them back up again but with limited success.
TG: So you build the list of words as construct with the nose and then when you taste it and something’s not strong it just goes away or you forget about it.
DF: Yes.
TG: So when you taste it, it might confirm it and reinforce it? Or is it not that important?
DF: Well it is important but it might be an addition image of the word black cherry as opposed to the original word getting bold and big.
TG: So when you say an additional image of the word, would it be positioned somewhere else?
DF: (Motions in front and left of center) No, it would be positioned right next to the other image. Visually it’s as if there are two images of the word black cherry literally right next to each other. So I’ll go, “Wow, there’s a lot of black cherry.”
TG: Got it.
DF: I’ve had that physical sensation before that there’s five words “black cherry” in front of me. This is of course what we do when we try to grid a wine.
TG: True, if you think about it that’s exactly what we try to do. If four or five of us say one thing then we think it’s important in the wine. What about structure? What do you do when you taste for structure?
DF: I’m going to start the process over again. So I’m just tasting for sensation. I’m not even thinking about structure at this point. And then I can start physically feeling the tannins or there are literally seed tannins which I’m interpreting as more painful than fruit tannins and skin tannins. The fruit keeps coming in and there’s a little bit of an image there, some kind of juice. For me the whole structural thing is an intellectual decision. I’m just taking the information I have and saying that must be medium plus tannins.
TG: How do you know it’s not just medium tannins?
DF: Well I don’t know that it’s not medium. I have to make an intellectual assessment. I get too much physical sensation on my tongue and in the back of my tongue—in this case I think it’s more seed tannins—for it to be medium. So I’m still getting more of the physical pin prick of tannins. Certainly a very dry flavor in my mouth. And I look back at those fruits and go, well it’s moving more towards cranberry along with black cherry and raisin. It’s medium acid and it’s as if somebody has a couple of different wines in here because some of the fruit is desiccated, dehydrated, and raisinated and some of the fruit wasn’t—it’s very red cherry. It’s like somebody put a couple of different wines together.
TG: In terms of calibrating, if you have to give someone an answer about structure, just like we make our students do, how do you go about giving someone an answer?
DG: I’m medium acidity and medium plus tannins with this wine.
TG: Yes, but how do you know? How do you get precise about it?
DF: It’s just an intellectual decision that I would expect more pain with high tannins. I would expect not to be able to notice raisins with more than medium acidity. On the other hand, I would understand if somebody said that it’s medium plus acidity. I might argue with them but it’s completely intellectual for me.
TG: Not to be a pain in the ass, but what do you mean by completely intellectual?
DF: It must mean that if anything, I’m looking at the grid, really more at the slide that has the low, medium minus etc.
TG: Do you actually see these things and then point to something and say, “it’s medium.”
TG: That’s exactly the way I do it. I see almost a kind of slide rule with a red button that moves and finally stops at the right level of acid or whatever.
DF: My moves but you hope it starts in the right place and often it doesn’t.
DF: With tannin I might say that it’s not painful enough. But that’s a very intellectual decision in comparing all the other wines with high tannin I’ve had and then saying, “this one doesn’t hurt.”
TG: The scale is really interesting to me because I think most people need some kind of visual construct to be able to calibrate well; especially if a wine is acidic and tannic at the same time.
DF: Absolutely, we always struggle with that and I don’t know that we have the answer either because we are tasting pH and not acid.
TG: Home stretch. If you were going to describe to someone what you do when you taste the wine, what would it be like? You take a sip … what do you do?
DF: Very much trying to pull flavor out of it the whole time. I pull it in to try to get the physical sensation of tannin but now I’m sitting here comparing it to things. And probably comparing it to visual images than words. I definitely feel more of a black cherry paste and that was probably prompted by the vision of black cherry paste, whatever that is. Maybe in a pie. But maybe it’s not in a pie, somebody’s screwed up that fruit and I’m envisioning a mortar and pestle like fruit and sort of an olive paste image comes up as well.
TG: In going back to these images, or they jars or cans or what? Or just smears of things?
DF: More smears. Getting some black pepper and I see some peppercorns and not a pepper grinder.
TG: If you had to take any of these images and we start changing the structure of any of them, what happens? Does it make it artificial?
DF: Yes it does. It doesn’t make any sense. I tried to do it with the black peppercorns, make them bigger and my reaction is, “what the hell is that all about?”It takes me off task I guess is the more important thing there.
TG: So it changes the experience so completely that it doesn’t mean anything?
DF: I think that if there’s a value, as you’re describing it, in changing the size of the word “black pepper,” then that doesn’t alter anything at all because it’s a different process. I’ve this sort of array of words in front of me, and if you want me to make the words black pepper bigger then it’s no problem. It doesn’t seem weird or destructive at all. But if I try to make the image or the black peppercorns bigger, then I feel like I’ve been taken off task.
TG: OK, so that’s the system. Let’s finish up. How do you know when you’re finished tasting a wine?
DF: I don’t think I’m ever finished tasting a wine although there are some boring wines. There’s always information that I’ve screwed up and missed.
TG: One thing I skipped over at the very beginning that I’d still like to ask: when you make a conclusion, what are you trying to do?
DF: Describe it appropriately; describe it in a way that others would recognize the wine. That’s my conclusion and hopefully I’ve described it correctly. But as we talked about previously, I’m also trying to decide, is this wine going anywhere? Do I give a shit about this wine? It’s the first thing I do and I’m convinced that it’s because I was a salesman. I wasn’t into wine until I was selling wine. So the first thing I think about is, who would I sell this to? Who would like it? Who would get this wine? But I always think in those terms of who would get it versus who would like it. Or I guess I do. I tend to think that certain people tend to understand certain things and others don’t. We all understand different things. I get this wine we’re tasting but I don’t really care about it. Does that make sense?
TG: Sure it does. The last thing before I let you get out of here and head to the airport is, what are your beliefs about yourself as a taster?
DF: That I’ve got some skills that are very useful; that I have to be very disciplined intellectually to be consistent because consistency is my biggest fault.
TG: Does being at the level you are and being considered a great taster, does that matter when you sit down to work?
DF: Does it matter to me?
TG: Yes, does it matter?
DF: Yes, it does. It’s like I feel like I have to be more disciplined because I know the truth is that I’m not a great taster.
TG: What?
DF: No, seriously, that’s how I feel about it. I can do things because I’ve figured out some stuff.
TG: You’ve figured out, what, how to pass exams?
DF: Yes, and I figured out how to intellectually take these things apart. But I don’t consider myself a great taster at all. I just know that I’ve managed to figure it out so that I can act as if I’m a great taster.
TG: True. It’s amazing what you can do if you just pretend.
DF: Of course it’s not all pretense, but it’s definitely a little bit of a role play because I have some things that I’m good and some things I’m not. Most of the times you don’t know which is which.
Tasting Interview: Gillian Ballance, MS
Master Sommelier Gillian Balance has spent over 20 years in the hospitality industry with stints at several well-known restaurants including Picholine, Cello Restaurant, Windows on the World in New York, and the Bacara Resort in Santa Barbara. Gillian has also worked in the Bay Area as the Plumpjack Group’s wine director, the sommelier at the Pacific Union Club in San Francisco, and at the Bottega restaurant in Napa Valley.
In 2012 Gillian passed the final portion of the Master’s Examination becoming only the 19th woman to ever do so. Aside from her CMSA training, Ballance received the Higher Certificate of Distinction as well as her Diploma in Wines & Spirits from the British Wine and Spirits Education Trust. She also received a BFA from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University.
I met up with Gillian in May of 2013 when she was still the wine director at the historic lodge at Cavallo Point near the Golden Gate Bridge. We tasted the 2009 Double Bond Syrah from the Larner Vineyard in Santa Ynez Valley and used Riedel Vinum Zinfandel/Chianti glasses. I started the interview by asking her about the strategies she used to pass the three parts of the Master’s Exam.
Exam Strategies
TG: You passed the exam in 2012 in Dallas. What parts of the exam did you have to take then?
GB: I had tasting and service.
TG: So you got theory out of the way before then. Was theory the easiest for you?
GB: Yes.
TG: How was it the easiest? Did you have an academic background?
GB: I studied philosophy at NYU, but I think that it was more of completing the diploma for the WSET. I finished the diploma shortly before I sat for the MS Advanced Exam. I think it gave me the study regimen, the tools, and the approach that made theory not as impossible as most people make it out to be.
TG: If you had to give someone studying theory for the Advanced or Master’s exams, what would it be? What was your best practice? What worked for you?
GB: I would say to take a course like the WSET. The thing I see people studying for the MS theory exams doing is a lot of flashcards and Q & A. They study these questions for years without ever understanding why the questions exist. That’s what the WSET diploma program does for you. There’s no short cuts. You have to be able to write full length papers on carbonic maceration or any other topic. That forces you to study the subject in depth and find out the “whys” behind everything. I’m a very visual person as well so visual tools also helped me a lot. My study place would be filled with maps and colored pencil drawings. I also used a smart pen that allows you to record yourself asking questions. I would study a subject for a few hours and then use the smart pen to go over everything I’d just studied. Then when I was driving to work or where ever I’d listen to the recordings over and over again until it became part of me.
TG: What about service? What was challenging for you with service?
GB: I’m working on the floor now, but I think that the places I’ve worked at over the last few years haven’t really been super fine dining in terms of the detail of service, say like the French Laundry. I would get nervous because my approach to service day to day was more casual. I had to become really polished and really comfortable with more formal service. We have a gueridon here at the restaurant and Jesse Becker, MS, would come and work with me until it became second nature. Then I could focus on my demeanor and ask myself, “What is my demeanor going to be like when I approach a table of several Master Sommeliers and have to answer questions?” You really have to get the mechanics down before you can do that. I think for a couple of years beforehand I was just trying to get it all down at the same time.
TG: That’s great. What about tasting? How was it for you? Tasting was by far the hardest part of the exam for me.
GB: I worked really hard for two years on blind tasting with the group at the French Laundry once or twice a week.
TG: When you think about tasting and those two years, was there something that changed or snapped at some point where suddenly tasting became easier? Where you could get in the zone before the exam and taste really well?
GB: I think it became easier but only because of the work I did. When you’re working on tasting you don’t really step outside and see what’s changed in terms of your process. I also think that getting the opportunity to work with and listen to other tasters, especially Masters, was big. Just listening to different people’s approach was very educational. You can’t just rely on yourself, you have to collect things from everybody. But having had a support/tasting group for two years was so important. I feel for friends of mine who have tried to pass the exams but live in places where there’s no network or group like the one I had.
TG: So the group was that important?
GB: Yes it was, for support and building each other up. I can’t imagine not having that group during the process.
Tasting: Overall Goals
TG: When you’re tasting as a buyer, what are your goals? What are you trying to accomplish?
GB: First and foremost, I think of pricing and necessity; where the wine could fit in the program right now. Say if we were in need of Pinot Noirs to put on the list for $60, I’d be looking at wines in that price range and taking it from there.
TG: Makes sense but in terms of actually tasting it, what are you trying to assess?
GB: Overall quality is probably the most important thing. Any wine drinker knows quality. They may not know how to define it but they still know it. Our clientele here at the restaurant loves oaky, buttery Chardonnay, for instance. It’s our number one selling wine by the glass. Even though it may not be my personal favorite style of wine, I still need to find something that is really high quality in that category-which I believe I can do. But it takes time to learn that process.
TG: All true. What are overall important criteria for a good tasting? What do you need to have for a good tasting environment?
GB: Just wine (laughs).
TG: That’s a given. But what else do you need in terms of glassware etc.?
GB: We do a lot of tasting in the cellar because that’s where my desk is and where salespeople can lay out 20 wines if they need to. So we can’t unfortunately be that picky about the environment. But we have good quality glassware.
TG: What are your beliefs about tasting in terms of you as a taster? Is it easy for you? Difficult?
GB: I think it’s important to do every day to some degree. Maybe it’s just tasting ten wines or tasting through everything that you’re pouring by the glass or whatever. There’s no shortage around here because we have an onslaught of distributors and brokers. A lot of people in the business live in this area so we end up tasting every day. I think that’s important. It’s like singing or dancing where you have to keep your body trained. You have to keep your palate trained in the same way. I also try to take the same approach every time even though I may not be writing notes or tasting according to a grid. I still try to have the same rhythm every time.
TG: Do you think you’re a good taster?
GB: I used to think I was an awesome taster (laughs). I had a fired up period when I was working at Windows on the World with Andrea (Andrea Immer Robinson MS); we had a 150,000 bottle cellar and we could taste anything we wanted as long as we recorded what we were opening. I was younger then and at that time you couldn’t stop me with blind tasting. When I got into the Master of Wine program my tasting was even more elevated. But then I got a big job with Plump Jack that consumed all of my time so I dropped out of the MW program. Three years into that job I decided to take the Advanced Course. I was out of practice and wasn’t feeling as confident. But over the last year before the Master’s exam I started to feel that way again. So it’s like anything else; you practice and build the skills. But I also think you can be an amazing blind taster, pick up a glass, and say exactly what it is but not know why the wine is the way it is. I think that could be the most important thing.
TG: What’s interesting is that I’ve asked the question,“Do you think you’re a great taster?” to practically everyone I’ve interviewed and no one has said yes. Everyone—without exception—says that they are good tasters but have to work at it constantly—self included.
GB: That’s because we’re wrong a lot! (Laughs)
TG: True. Last question before we talk about the sight/appearance of the wine. How do you know if a wine is a great wine? What makes a wine great to you?
GB: Having all the elements in balance. Having the structure, the aromatic qualities, and everything on the palate all coming together and really resonating. I really like wines where I can see layers of flavors before I even taste the wine.
TG: It’s interesting that you use the word “see” in describing your experience of a wine.
GB: I do. I see layers of flavors in wine.
TG: We’re going to get to that.
Tasting: Sight
TG: Now let’s talk about tasting, specifically the sight. We can use the context of tasting for an MS-type exam setting. When you look at wine, what are you trying to do? What are your goals?
GB: I think it depends on what I’m trying to do. This wine (Double Bond Syrah) has a beautiful sheen to it. I’m also looking at the depth of color and concentration of color; things I can get from the wine just by looking at it. So in looking at this wine I know that it’s bright, youthful, fresh young red wine from a full-bodied grape variety.
TG: Knowing the grape variety is Syrah, do you check the color to make sure it’s appropriate for that grape?
GB: Yes, like I said there’s a sheen to it and it has a dark ruby core that fades gently to a really beautiful pinkish-purple rim.
TG: But as you look at that glass and know it’s Syrah, how do you know it’s the right color for the grape? Is there a way that you check it internally against other colors? How do you know?
GB: I don’t really know.
TG: Stop and think for a second, “this color is right for Syrah because …” How do you know it’s not Pinot Noir?
GB: (Laughs) that’s a good question. Because it’s opaque.
TG: I’m just curious, because if you stop and go inside for just a second, is there a way you compare what you’re seeing in the glass right now to other wines you’ve tasted before.
GB: I’m sure that there is but I don’t know what it is.
TG: Pause for a second and see if you can figure it out. I know what I do but we’re after your strategies.
GB: I probably flash through color memories of every Syrah I’ve ever tasted.
TG: What about colors for red wine?
GB: Yes, even colors for red wine.
TG: Think about it for a moment; if that’s what you do I’m curious to know how you do it. Are there images of colors? A color gradation? Glasses of wine?
GB: I think it’s a color gradation.
TG: Can you point to it? Can you show me where it is? In your mind’s eye? The easy way is to try to deliberately make it wrong. Say to yourself, “this is Pinot Noir,” and see what happens. Usually you’ll get a strong “no” of some kind.
GB: I guess I see a color gradation right out here (points directly out in front of her face). The left side is lighter in color and right is deeper.
TG: Where is this gradation? How far out in front of you?
GB: It’s right here (about six-eight inches directly in front of her face).
TG: How wide is it?
GB: It’s only about two inches wide.
TG: So as you look at the gradation, do you then look at the glass and try to match up the color?
TG: What happens when you find the match? Does something happen?
GB: I think a little light goes off when I find the match. Wait, it’s like I see the paint strip in back of me.
TG: You mean behind you?
GB: No, it’s still in my head.
TG: Still the same dimensions?
TG: Go ahead and find the main color of the wine and try to match it to the gradation. What happens?
GB: A little light goes off.
TG: What color is the light?
GB: its yellow (laughs). It’s like a small light bulb.
TG: Where’s the light bulb?
GB: It’s right in front of the gradation.
TG: If we’re talking about a white wine, is the color gradation in the same place or different place?
GB: Same place.
TG: Does it go light to dark, left to right like the red wine gradation?
TG: What about the yellow light? Still in the same place?
GB: Same spot.
TG: Wow. Did you know that you do that?
GB: No!
Tasting: Smell
TG: When you first smell a glass of wine, what are your goals? What are you trying to do?
GB: Like I said, I like to see layers in the aromas of the wine.
TG: OK but before we get there, what’s important in terms of goals when smelling wine?
GB: Is the wine good or not.
TG: So you’re checking the wine for quality. For hygiene?
GB: Yes, checking to see if the wine is clean or not. But also does the wine smell good.
TG: What do you mean by “good?”
GB: Delicious.
TG: That’s pretty subjective. By delicious you mean …
GB: Like something you would really want to drink, to enjoy.
TG: Got it. But also in terms of being a professional, what would your goals be in terms of smelling a wine.
GB: I want to make sure that it’s true to the varietal. I think there’s a lot of wine out there that smells good and tastes delicious but it doesn’t taste like the grape should. Then you just have to assess it for whatever it is.
TG: What could prevent a wine from tasting good or tasting like whatever the grape is?
GB: Quality of the fruit; winemaking practices.
TG: Such as …
GB: heavy oak, too long maceration on the skins giving a coarse or gritty tannic structure in a red wine. Picking fruit too soon. Picking fruit too late. You can really tell if the winemaker is still experimenting when you taste the wine (laughs). I’ve never made wine but I think that as a winemaker you have to evolve in your style. And who are you practicing on? Us!
TG: Go ahead and smell the wine.
GB: I can actually smell it from here without lifting the glass and we’re not in a specifically neutral environment.
TG: Wow, OK, pick up your glass. I’m curious, when you first pick up the glass, where do your eyes go? Is there a place that’s consistently comfortable for you?
GB: My eyes go out and over the glass.
TG: Right, they’re pretty much center and looking out at a 45° down but over the top of the glass.
TG: Just curious, smell the wine and then move your eyes to either side. What happens?
GB: It changes a little bit but it feels the most comfortable when my eyes are straight ahead.
TG: I notice your eyes also go up to the left briefly as well.
GB: Yes and I also look to the side a lot when I’m smelling.
TG: Do you say anything to yourself when you first start smelling the wine? Any kind of verbal prompt? I’m trying to figure out your sequence.
GB: I say something like, “what” or “what’s there?”
TG: What happens after you ask that question? You mentioned that you “see” layers of flavors. Does that happen then as in immediately? Or does something happen in between?
GB: Yes it does. It’s like a cake.
TG: If I had to be you, what would I see? What would I experience? What does that look like?
GB: It’s not like a physical cake. It’s just brown lines like in my brain is making layers. Then I fill them in with what I get in the wine.
TG: Is it like a wooden frame or just lines? What color of brown? Are the lines thin or thick?
GB: Just a frame and it’s tan brown with thin lines. It’s like a layer cake in between the lines (she motions to the layers about ½ inch apart).
TG: It looks like the layers are only about half an inch apart. In your mind’s eye, how far away is these layers? (Gillian motions to about 10 inches right in front of her face). How big is it?
GB: It’s about eight inches tall and it’s square.
TG: Is there a border on the square?
GB: No.
TG: Does it just fade out?
TG: What surrounds it?
GB: It’s just sort of neutral, it’s white.
TG: Just curious, what would happen if you made the square larger? Would that make it easier for you to recognize aromas? Try it and see what happens.
GB: I’ve never thought about expanding it but it would probably change what I’m smelling.
TG: Fair enough, but let’s figure out what you do first and then come back to this. To recap, you see this square that’s about eight by eight inches. Inside the square there are layers. What do you see inside the layers? Colors? Images?
GB: Brown layers with off-white in between; I fill in the layers with what I’m smelling in the wine. With this wine, in the first layer I would probably have a blueberry in my head.
TG: Can you draw that for me? Motion with your hand and draw the square and show me what it’s like.
GB: It doesn’t really have a border but here’s the first layer (motions out in front of her face about 10 inches away and slightly to the right). It’s tan brown with a thin layer of off-white or cream color in between—just like a cake.
TG: But then these layers get filled in with various things. Does it start off blank and then you fill it in, populating it with different things you smell in the wine?
TG: That’s a pretty cool system. So as you’re smelling this wine, the Syrah, what starts to populate in the layers?
GB: I look for fruit first so at the base I would see blueberry and blackberry.
TG: Does that become an image before it goes into the layer?
TG: So how does that happen? How does that get into the layer?
GB: I don’t know.
TG: Hold the glass and smell the wine for a few seconds focusing on the blueberry and blackberry. See if you can figure it out because this is one of those things you probably never thought about or were even aware of.
GB: The frame is already there and then I fill it in with an image of blueberries.
TG: In the cream-colored part?
TG: How does that happen?
GB: I just smell the wine and then it’s there.
TG: Do you say anything to yourself at that point like, “that’s blueberry.”
GB: I do and then I move on and try to build up the other layers.
TG: So you start at the bottom and build up?
TG: So as you smell the wine again what else comes up besides blueberries?
GB: Violets; crushed violet pops into my head.
TG: When you say it pops into your head does it appear in one of the layers?
GB: It came in a little higher up …
TG: Can you show me where it is? (Gillian motions out in front of her face about 10 inches away and about 10 inches off to the right of center). Hold the image of the crushed violets for a moment. What does that look like? Is it 2D or 3D?
GB: It’s flat and like dried crushed petals that are sitting right there.
TG: Once you see that image does it go into the second layer? What happens then?
GB: It actually moved up another layer because it’s more of a top note.
TG: I was just going to ask if there’s some kind of hierarchy in terms of the position in the frame of the image of the aroma as it relates to the specific kind of aroma.
GB: Yes, so floral being a more delicate aroma is higher up.
TG: As you think about this square, what would be at the top?
GB: Flowers. I would put all the fruits at the base.
TG: Where would the oak go?
GB: The oak would be somewhere right above the base, above the fruit.
TG: Let’s finish the wine. What else do you smell?
GB: Black pepper.
TG: Interesting; your eyes first went here (out front and slightly up) and then here (to the right where the layers are. Does the image first pop up here in front and then move to the layers? Is that what happened with the violets?
TG: Did you also say to yourself, “black pepper?”
TG: Is the black pepper above the fruit?
GB: Yes and it’s in the middle between the fruit and the violets.
TG: What else do you smell?
GB: Tobacco.
TG: You did the same thing with your eyes so that seems to be your system: smell the wine and the image pops up here in front and then moves into one of the layers. Is the image of tobacco flat and two dimensional?
TG: Is there a shape to the picture of the tobacco?
GB: It’s round.
TG: Where does it go in the grid?
GB: It’s in the middle; it’s where I see warmth.
TG: What do you mean by warmth?
GB: I consider tobacco to be a warming aroma.
TG: Does warming mean heat or warm feeling or…
GB: It’s a warm feeling; it’s where the sensual part gets filled in.
TG: Say more about that.
GB: Tobacco kind of strikes a sensual chord inside of you. You smell the wine and then think that at the base there’s this fresh vibrant fruit, so you see it at the base layer of the “cake.” In the middle is where all the warm sensual things are like oak, cedar, tobacco leaf, and coffee. At the top is where the floral and black pepper come into play.
TG: Smell the wine again and check for any earthiness. I’m not sure if there’s any earthiness, but go ahead and check for it.
GB: There is a faint stony mineral component. I know this vineyard.
TG: So knowing that do you get a picture of the vineyard? If so, where is it?
GB: It came up all over.
TG: Like you’re standing in the vineyard.
GB: Yes and I’m actually there right now looking at the soil. It’s very chalky and stony.
TG: Where in your “layers” does the earthiness go?
GB: It’s between the warm central part and the fruit probably because it’s the earth component and it holds everything else up.
TG: Just curious, hold it there underneath the fruit for a few moments and see if it feels right. What happens?
GB: No, it’s above the fruit.
TG: OK but what is the earth like? A picture or a texture?
GB: It’s the crushed stony soil that I see.
TG: Like a picture of the wine.
GB: Yes, this it’s literally a picture of the wine.
TG: Smell the wine one last time and see if there’s anything else.
GB: There’s vanilla; it looks like a vanilla bean suspended in air.
TG: Where does it live in the layers?
GB: It’s also in the warm layer with the tobacco.
TG: Having said all that, are there any parts of the “layer” cake that are left blank for this wine?
GB: From an aromatic stand point yes, but it will complete itself when I taste the wine.
TG: Got it. Last question about this section: how do you know when you’re finished smelling the wine and it’s time to taste it?
GB: I feel like I can always come back, so I don’t ever feel like I’m “done.”
TG: Back to your layers. Is the set up for the layers different with each wine the same?
TG: Are the layers something you’re consciously aware of what a picture of a wine actually looks like? In other words, do you have an idea of what the layers for an Alsace Riesling look like compared to those for a Rioja Gran Reserva?
TG: Have you ever thought about practicing tasting by practicing with your layers and not tasting?
GB: No, but I think it would be very interesting to do. I’ve never verbalized this before so it’s hard to explain. At the same time, it’s something that I would want to develop further. It’s funny that you mention the eye thing. When I took the theory exam, Fred (Dame) said that I kept looking up—and that’s where I kept getting my answers from.
TG: Up and to the right or left?
GB: Just generally up.
Tasting: Palate
TG: Now that you’ve smelled the wine you have a pretty good idea of what it’s about. When you finally taste the wine, what are you trying to do? What are your goals when you taste vs. smell?
GB: I think about whether everything that was pleasing aromatically is there on the palate. Does the palate match the texture in terms of what I thought it would be visually? When I think of texture I think of things like sweaters or wooly blankets.
TG: I have a feeling we’ll get back to that when we talk about calibrating the structure of the wine. Go ahead and taste the wine and I’ll do so as well. First, when you taste the wine do you say something to yourself like you do when you first smell the wine? Or do you bring the layers back in? What happens?
GB: I bring the layers back in but now they’ve gone this way, 90 degrees to the right. They’re still in layers but now it’s more what about the texture, the alcohol and the acidity are like.
TG: Do you literally ask yourself, “What’s the texture like?” or “what’s the acidity like?” Things like that?
GB: That’s when I think of a sweater or a piece of chalk.
TG: Taste the wine again. How would you describe the texture? What’s it like?
GB: It starts off kind of velvety.
TG: How do you represent that?
GB: A kind of red velvet top or something like that.
TG: Where is that?
GB: It’s here (directly in front about eye level).
TG: Is it an actual picture of it?
GB: No, it’s more like the material.
TG: Does it change as the finish goes on?
GB: It changes to a more slightly chalky feeling.
TG: After you get the chalky taste/feeling what happens to the material? Does it go away?
TG: How is the chalk represented?
GB: It’s like crushed white chalk suspended in the air.
TG: What about the layers? Do they change if the intensity of the aromas change on the palate? Or do they stay the same?
GB: They stay in the same place.
TG: Let’s talk about structure; the alcohol, acid and tannin. How do you calibrate the structure in a wine, the difference between medium and medium-plus acid, for instance.
GB: The tannin is medium-plus.
TG: How do you know it’s not medium?
GB: Because it’s slightly elevated; medium would be right here (points out in front of her).
TG: What’s right there?
GB: Medium.
TG: Where’s low? (She points down lower) Where’s high? (She points higher but in line with where medium and low are). Aha! So there’s a scale of sorts.
GB: Yes, there’s a visual scale of sorts.
TG: What does the scale look like? Does it look like a ruler? Like a dial?
GB: It looks like hash marks.
TG: It seems like they’re right out in front of you in the center about 15 inches away; medium is right at eye level with “high” up higher and low below eye level. How wide are the hash marks?
GB: About 4-5 inches wide.
TG: Are the marks on a ruler?
GB: No, they’re suspended in space.
TG: How do you use them to calibrate? Is there a button that moves?
GB: No, my eyes move up and down them. So if I’m tasting a wine that has medium-plus tannin my eyes start at medium and then move up.
TG: So there’s some kind of marker for medium-plus? Or does it light up someway so you know? I’m trying to figure out how you do it.
GB: Not sure.
TG. Try this; taste the wine and try to make the tannin medium or medium-minus. What happens?
GB: The hash mark pops up (laughs).
TG: Fair enough. What about acidity? Do you calibrate it the same way as tannin?
GB: No and this is so hard because I’ve never thought about it.
TG: Not a surprise given that you do it so fast and for so long that you’re not aware of how you actually do it. Try doing it the same way as tannin and see what happens. If it’s totally off your brain will show you how you actually do it rather quickly.
GB: The acid part is more round like a circular scale.
TG: Where is it?
GB: Right in front about a foot away. It’s about the size of a basketball.
TG: How does it work in terms of low, medium, and high? Where is low acid on the circle?
GB: Low is right in the center and high is on the outside. Medium-plus is close to the outside.
TG: So how do you calibrate a wine? Are there concentric circles? Do the inner circles move? How does it work?
GB: It’s kind of like a target.
TG: Are there different colors?
GB: No, it’s all blue—like peacock blue.
TG: OK, but how are you absolutely sure that a wine is medium-plus acidity and not medium? How do you know?
GB: I think I start in the center and then move out as the acidity elevates.
TG: As the acidity elevates do the different concentric circles light up? What happens?
GB: Yes, they light up and get more intense in color.
TG: Taste the wine again and let’s figure out what you do for alcohol. First, how much alcohol do you get in the wine?
GB: Medium-plus.
TG: Once again I have to ask, how do you know it’s not medium? Do you use the hash marks or the concentric circles? What do you do?
GB: I use the gradations—the hash marks.
TG: Do they look the same as the tannin hash marks?
TG: So “medium” is straight out in front of you, “high” is up higher, and “low” is lower?
TG: How about the length of the finish? How do you calibrate that?
GB: The finish is more like a runway and you’re on it and seeing how far you’re going on it.
TG: So if it’s a really short finish, what’s that look like?
GB: It’s right in front of me and stopped.
TG: Where’s a medium finish?
GB: Several feet out in front of me.
TG: And a long finish?
GB: A long finish really doesn’t have an end. It goes all the way to a vanishing point. I like that.
TG: Great, one more thing; back to the layers. If a flavor really changes from the nose to the palate, what happens to it in the layers? For instance, if there’s more red fruit on the palate vs. the nose, do the layers change to reflect that? What happens?
GB: I think I add layers or even take away in some cases.
TG: One more question about the layers; if you’re getting blackberry in the wine, is there literally an image of blackberries in one of the layers? Or is it 3D where you could reach out and grab the blackberries?
GB: I could reach out.
TG: Once it’s time to identify the wine what do you do? Do you bring the layers back and take a look at them again?
GB: In an exam situation structure seems to come to me first. I’m not sure if that’s because I like to get the structure out of the way to make room for the layers or if it’s because that’s how I approach a wine. I think it’s a little bit of both. Structure as in alcohol, acid, tannin, body, and finish come first for me.
TG: We didn’t talk about body. How do you calibrate something like light-bodied vs. full-bodied?
GB: I guess it’s a circle.
TG: So if it’s something light-bodied like a glass of Champagne, what’s that like?
GB: It would be a bright circle.
TG: What about something like a Chardonnay?
GB: Yellow.
TG: And this Syrah?
GB: It’s almost purple-black.
TG: What about something that’s medium-bodied?
GB: More red.
TG: It seems like this circle is right out in front of your face.
TG: What’s interesting to me is that you use all these structural visual devices, if you want to call them that, really quickly and unconsciously so you probably aren’t aware of using them at all.
GB: Yes and maybe it’s because I want to get structure out of the way so I can rearrange all the furniture if I need to.
TG: Meaning the layers?
TG: But do they stay relatively static? Or do things change a lot?
GB: It can change lot because the palate of this wine is very different from the nose.
TG: With the layers, are they all the same width? Or if something is really dominant, is it wider than the other layers?
GB: If something is really dominant it’s almost like the base of a pyramid. It’s wider.
TG: Did you know you did any of this?
GB: I knew about the layers because it’s how I “see” wine.
TG: It might be interesting to see if somehow, either visually or on paper, you could create different layers for all the classic grapes and wines.
GB: That would be really interesting.
TG: I say that because as time goes on, I tell students that they first have to figure out what strategies they use internally. Then they need to practice these strategies in terms of memory but without actually tasting wine.
Submodalities
One more thing; submodalities. Let’s play with the structural elements of your layers to see if and how they can change your experience of the wine. So let’s try a few things. First, what happens if you smell and taste the wine and then move the layers across the room and make them small?
GB: It makes the wine a little fainter. It’s like you’re trying to distance something that’s internal.
TG: Now reset and then make the layers huge—the size of a billboard. What happens?
GB: The wine expands and gets much more intense.
TG: Does it get harder to pick out the individual things?
GB: Yes! Much harder.
TG: Reset and put the layers back. Now make the image of the layers black and white. What happens?
GB: The wine becomes much more muted.
TG: OK, reset again. Now take the layers and put them over to the left side. What happens then?
GB: More muted.
TG: Put it back where it belongs and leave it! Last thing: how do you know when you’re done tasting a wine?
GB: That’s interesting because I’m still tasting this wine as we speak. I guess if I’m taking notes I’ve said everything I wanted to say. I guess that’s the point of completion.
TG: Thanks! This has been a lot of fun.
Advice for Students Taking the Certified Sommelier Examination
The Certified Sommelier Examination was introduced in December of 2005. Previously, students who passed the MS Introductory examination could apply directly to the Advanced Course after waiting the required years’ time. More often than not, first time students did poorly on the Advanced Exam for any number of reasons. Each student is unique so the three parts of the examination will always pose different challenges to different individuals. Historically the major challenge was the service exam where the combination of lack of appropriate preparation for dealing with nerves—sometimes extreme—in an audition situation doomed most first timers. Exceptions to the rule usually came in the form of students who were working the floor of upscale restaurants where they performed service to MS standards night in and night out, and who were also used to the pressure of being “on stage” in a top level venue.
Several years prior to 2005, the CMSA Board had discussed the possibility of an intermediate level between the Introductory and Advanced Courses; a level that would accomplish several goals: first, to provide the hospitality industry with a much-needed basic sommelier certification; second, to introduce students to the three-part MS examination format; third, to give us a first look at their individual service skills.
Between 2004 and 2005 a team of Masters from the CMSA created the Certified Sommelier Examination with the help of UK and European Masters. After beta-testing, the exam went live at the end of 2005. While the content has changed from year to year, the format of the exam has remained basically the same:
Theory: a 40-question written test combining multiple choice, short answer, and matching questions.
Tasting: a blind tasting of two wines, one white and one red, with the student filling out a grid based on the MS Deductive Tasting Method.
Service: sparkling wine service with students being asked questions about various beverages that might be served during the course of a meal as well as questions about food and wine pairing.
Since that first exam in 2005, the Certified Sommelier Examination has, to a great extent, accomplished its goals. With that, I’d like to offer some advice to students who are preparing to take the Certified Exam, especially those taking it for the first time.
Disclaimer! The following is my personal advice to students and in no way a reflection of the policies of the CMSA or its Board of Directors.
Theory Examination
The CMSA philosophy of theory curriculum has a lot to do with what a sommelier theoretically could be asked tableside by a guest about any beverage served in the restaurant. Emphasis is placed on wine, but beer, spirits, sake, and aperitifs are important as well. Therefore, it’s important to realize that geography is vital to a sommelier’s body of knowledge; knowing where a wine is produced down to a single vineyard (if necessary) is paramount to success in the MS program.
Example: if a guest is asking about a vintage of Savennières “Clos de la Coulée de Serrant” from the producer Nicholas Joly, the sommelier/student should know the following about the wine:
It’s a dry white wine.
It’s made from the Chenin Blanc grape.
The Coulée de Serrant vineyard is located in the Anjou region of France’s Loire Valley, specifically in the AOP of Savennières.
The Coulée de Serrant vineyard is actually an AOP itself.
Further, if the guest asks about the biodynamic symbol on the bottle, the sommelier/student should be able to explain what it means and also provide some information about the philosophy of biodynamics, how it can affect wine quality, and some growers/producers that farm biodynamically in other regions of the world—all without burying the guest in a mountain of useless and confusing verbiage.
Once again, it’s important to note that MS theory exams focus on geography and being able to connect grape varieties to styles of wines made in specific geographical locations. From there students also need to study country and regional laws, classifications, terms about grape growing and winemaking, and major producers for important wines such at prestige cuvée Champagne.
Tasting Examination
The Certified tasting examination consists of tasting a white and a red wine and filling out a written grid based on the Deductive Tasting Method, which is first taught in the Introductory Sommelier Class. The grid requires the student to input information concerning a wine’s aromas and flavors, the presence of minerality and/or earthiness, and the use of oak. Further, the grid asks that students assess the structural components of the wines; the levels of residual sugar, acidity, alcohol, the finish, and tannin in the red wine. Finally, the student is asked to deduce the best possible conclusion about the wine, which includes the climate in which the grapes were grown, Old World vs. New World style, the actual grape variety or blend of grapes, the country of origin, and the vintage of production.
It goes without saying that a good deal of practice is needed to become proficient at using the grid, not to mention tasting in general. The good news is that the grid can be downloaded for practice from the CMSA website at any time (here). The grape varieties used in the exam for both white and red wines are listed on the grid so the student can focus his or her tasting practice. Otherwise, here is further advice in preparing for the Certified tasting exam:
A word about practicing tasting: make sure you are working in a tasting group as the dynamics of a good study group are essential to learning and improvement, not to mention the camaraderie and shared experience.
Finally, I’ve written about tasting and preparing for the MS tasting exams extensively on my blog. I’ve found that smelling and tasting wine is completely based on one’s memory; not only the memory of the various aromatics and flavors in wine but the combination of these components that make up the complete profile of a grape or style of wine. If memory is the key, then students can—and absolutely should—work with their own personal memories of these components and varietal profiles apart from actually tasting wine. I strongly believe that practicing memory of the components and profiles of grapes and wines is just as important and beneficial as actually tasting them.
Service Examination
The MS title is about being a world-class sommelier and thus service and working the floor are the essence of what we do. The service component is also important to an employer in terms of wanting to know if a potential hire knows the basics of correct service and can open a bottle of sparkling wine without inflicting bodily injury to themselves or those in the immediate vicinity. Safety is key in sparkling wine service. There are any number of ways to open a bottle of bubbly incorrectly—even dangerously—but only one way to do it right. Here are some vital pointers to do just that:
Mise-en-Place—Setting Up:
Fold two—and ONLY two—serviettes for service. One will be used for opening the bottle and the other will be left on the bucket tableside if a bucket is used for service. In other words, don’t fold all the napkins on the service station.
Make sure the glassware is clean and polished.
Always line the tray with an unfolded cloth napkin; no fancy origami folds as they result in an uneven surface almost guaranteeing you’ll lose glassware in a spectacular fashion.
Place the glassware consistently at each cover; at the point of the knife is the most straight forward method.
Place glassware starting with the host or the person to the host’s left. Placing glassware is NOT gender specific so one trip around the table will suffice.
Place two under-liners or coasters to the right of the host, one for the cork and the other for the bottle, if the host decides to keep the bottle on the table.
Opening the Bottle:
Never take the top of your hand off the bottle when opening. This is utterly crucial to opening the bottle safely and properly. BEFORE loosening the cage, place a folded serviette over the top of the bottle. Then with a firm grip over the serviette and top of the bottle, loosen the wire cage and slowly remove the cage and cork at the same time by twisting the bottom of the bottle back and forth. Remember: the cage is NEVER removed before the cork.
Watch where you’re pointing the bottle when opening. Don’t point the bottle at the table or anyone else in the vicinity. Doing so is dangerous and cause for major deductions on your score.
Always place a serviette over the top of the bottle when opening. As mentioned above, use a serviette over the top of the bottle when opening to prevent spilling any wine if the cork exits the bottles suddenly and tragically.
Open the bottle as quietly as possible. A no-brainer. This is proper wine service and not the end of a Formula One race. Opening bottles of sparkling wine quietly is a matter of practice and repetition.
Wipe the bottle with your serviette after you’ve removed the cork before pouring a taste for the host.
Present the cork to the host on an underliner which is placed to the host’s right.
Serving the Bottle:
Hold the bottle with a still wine grip. Do NOT hold the bottle with your thumb in the punt of the bottle when pouring; this method does not provide enough control and stability and the odds of dropping or losing control of the bottle increase significantly.
After presenting the cork pour a 1-to-1.5 ounce taste for the host. Wait for them to approve the wine and then serve the table in the following order: serve lady guests first and then men. If there is a guest of honor seated to the right of the host, serve them first before lady guests. Serve the host last regardless of gender.
Fill the glasses at least ½ to ¾ glass full with a maximum pour of an inch below the top of the glass.
Fill the glasses one at a time with a maximum of two pours for each glass; partial pouring and/or going around the table multiple times is not allowed.
Make sure the pours are even!
Gage the pour level/amount based on glass size and number of glasses to be poured so you don’t run out of wine.
It’s not necessary to empty the entire bottle of wine; in fact, there should be a little wine left in the bottle.
General Service Points
Remember to serve from the right and to move around the table clockwise—ALWAYS—even if just returning to the service station.
Don’t reach across a guest’s space to place or clear glassware or serve wine--even if the chair is empty.
PRACTICE CARRYING A TRAY. This is the one part of service that cannot be faked. If you don’t regularly work with a tray, lots of practice will be needed for an exam setting. Odds are you will be nervous. Practice!
You should be able to carry a tray comfortably with either hand. However, proper service dictates that the tray should be carried in the left hand and glassware placed with the right hand.
Service Exam Theory:
Work on major cocktails, aperitifs, and after dinner spirits. Study cocktails and aperitifs by category, i.e., vodka cocktails, gin cocktails etc.
Food and wine pairing: Have specific wine recommendations with producer and vintage in mind.
Be able to take a specific style—be it a high acid red wine or a white with residual sugar—to multiple places in the wine world.
Above all, know why the pairing works! Be able to explain why a wine works well with a specific dish in terms of the structural components of the wine (i.e., high acidity, lack or oak or smooth tannins). It’s the entire point of selling a specific wine with a certain dish.
General Service Advice:
Taking care of the table is paramount. Even though you’re in an exam setting, remember that you are a sommelier and your job is to take care of the table—NO MATTER WHAT HAPPENS. In a real life service situation you do not have the luxury of freaking out or giving up on a table or “failing.” Your job again is to take care of the guest and give them great service. The exam should be no different. Take care of the examiner(s) as you would any guest in your restaurant. To do so will translate into success.
Tasting Interview: Thomas Price, MS
Thomas Price, MS, is the head sommelier and educator at the Metropolitan Grill, Seattle’s premier steakhouse. Price came to Seattle in 1988 from Anchorage and managed beverage programs for some of Seattle’s top restaurateurs. In 1997 Thomas and his wife Jessica opened their own restaurant, Luau Polynesian Lounge. After selling Luau in 2004 Thomas started at The Met as a banquet server by night and by day began the arduous process preparing for the Master Sommelier examinations. Price was promoted to head sommelier at The Met in June of 2008 and passed the Master’s exam on his fourth attempt in May of 2012.
I tasted with Thomas in January of 2013. We used the 2009 RDV Rendezvous Merlot blend from Virginia and Riedel Vinum Bordeaux glasses. I began the interview by asking Thomas about his strategies for the three parts of the Master’s exam. I’m always interested in what strategies different students use to prepare for the exam. Thomas’ were unique and didn’t disappoint.
TG: Let’s talk about the exams first and what worked best for you. We were talking about theory a few minutes ago. You said that you tried maps but they didn’t do it.
TP: No.
TG: Most students say that they work, but you said that working with sounds files was really good for you.
TP: That was a better method for me. I was probably overstating it when I said that maps didn’t work for me. But focusing solely on visual learning was not successful. Once I went to audio bombardment and very exhaustive note taking, it really began to work.
TG: Going to the service exam, what part of the practical was hardest for you?
TP: Something you said once when you came up to Seattle to work with my group finally got me in the right mode. Before I just couldn’t get into character. I really struggled. I’d think this (the exam) isn’t real, I’m so stiff and wooden. Then you said something like, “we just want to be taken care of like we’re at a restaurant.” And that made all the difference in the world. So when I drop a little bit of red on the table cloth or I’m less than perfect at the job, I rise above and embrace the fact that I made a mistake and get better and keep going. That was really useful for me.
The whole thing for the exam is that people worry about what’s going to happen and they think about “what wines are they going to pour me” or “what questions are they going to ask me.” If you’re thinking like that you’re just not going to be successful. I found that out the hard way as it took me four times to pass the exam. Ask me anything you want and make me do anything you want and I’ll persevere. I’ll persevere with style and class and I may not answer every question but I’ll carry myself like a Master. That’s when you know the difference.
TG: Sounds like being in what I call “game mode” for the service exam was the hardest part. Was the physical service difficult for you?
TP: Yes, because as I mentioned earlier, I get nervous. I think part of it for me too was that I never achieved any academic success. I tend to put a lot of pressure on myself. When I was successful at service my technique was extremely smooth. I think the last time I did the decant it was a magnum which I do a lot of at the restaurant. We rarely use a cradle at the Met (Metropolitan Grill in Seattle). I practiced a lot with one but it never did feel natural to me. But really it was just a combination of everything. I would get nervous to perform in that medium which I think was the most difficult and unpredictable of all for me.
TG: What again made the difference in terms of not being so nervous that you could really function well? Was it the feeling that you had to take care of the table?
TP: Yes, I got into character. I kind of channeled our colleague Shayn Bjornholm who was a trained actor in a previous life. I’m not an actor, but I was that day; I was so in character that this was my restaurant and these are my guests. They’re not Master Sommeliers who are judging me on my performance. I’m going to wait on them because that’s what I’m really good at. So that was really helpful.
TG: What about tasting? Was tasting difficult? It was by far the most difficult part of the exams for me. How was it for you?
TP: It was difficult for me because again it was about nerves. But in Aspen when I passed (May 2012) I took each wine individually. I remember working with Fred Dame MS and him saying to approach a flight like it was six different examinations. So I tasted the heck out each wine and then moved on to the next one. I think that if you can go wine by wine it’s much better. I was also not thinking, “They’re going to pour Grüner or Grigio and Chablis next to each other and I’ve got to figure it out.” For the first few exams that was my mindset. But in Aspen it was more like, “pour me anything you want. I trust my process and I’m going to evaluate the wine to the best of my ability.”
TG: That’s a big shift.
TP: (laughs) Well the other way wasn’t working!
TG: So for students in tasting, if you had advice for them what would it be?
TP: In my practice I actually got away from Court-like tasting and did a lot of comparative tastings. My group always talked about the “why” and not just the end result—almost like a metaphor for the whole exam. So I really worked on why I would confuse Grüner with Chablis. We (the group) would do that and sometimes we’d see the labels and discuss differences. All this helped me in the examination format to be able to speak to the characteristics of the wine in a much more informed way.
Tasting: Goals
TG: The next part has to do with your goals in tasting wine. First, let’s take you in the MS tasting context. What are your goals? What are you trying to achieve?
TP: I’m trying to evaluate the wine as thoroughly as I possibly can all the way down the line. But also--and this is another piece that I started to incorporate into my actual tastings--I ask myself, “Do I like it personally? Do I like the texture? Do I like the flavor?” Obviously, we all have wines that we like and wines we don’t like as much as others. I changed my tasting from just wanting to get the wine right to starting to think about if the wine would work for me or the guest in my restaurant. I let a little of that creep into my method for the exam and I think that was helpful too.
TG: What are your beliefs about tasting in general? Equipment-wise, what do you need to have a successful tasting?
TP: I think you need good light and proper glassware. For Court-specific tasting I love to keep my own time. Some people don’t like to do that. But if you get the banker Chablis of all time and blast through it in two minutes it’s good to know that have that time in case you get a wine you have no clue about. Then you have some extra time to spend on it. Otherwise, lighting is big but then so is glassware. I love specifically the Riedel Sangiovese/Riesling glass for tasting. I think from an aromatic perspective it really concentrates the aromas. Also make sure you’re hydrated, make sure you get some rest.
If I can give one piece of advice to Master’s candidates it would be “don’t taste ten wines before you go in for your tasting.” I made that mistake a couple of times. Also, don’t over-taste before you go to the exam. I was so geeked before I went to my first couple of tasting exams that I tasted too much. You’ve got to taper off and trust your ability especially right before the exam. I tried a lot of different strategies but the one I went back to was one I used for my Advanced exam. Before I went in for my tasting I tasted three wines: Vouray, Rioja and Zinfandel. I know those wines and rarely get them wrong so tasting them was just a positive thing. It’s a better calibration for me than trying to taste other wines that I might struggle with.
TG: What are your beliefs about yourself as a taster?
TP: I’m think I’m very strong. I started with some ability but with a lot of practice and some shifting of my approach I’ve become really solid. I’m think I’m really good at establishing a rhythm when I’m in the practice of doing it exactly the same way every time. Now when I work with students I tell them, “Come to the church of low, medium and high.” Not sort-of or slightly or a bit or kind of. Everything is low, medium or high. If it’s minerality sure there are gray areas because wine is a constantly morphing, changing thing. The wine you start with four minutes in may be showing some different characteristics. But low, medium, high is uber important. Then doing the wines in the same order every time. That’s a discipline because every wine has a different expression. Doing it the same way every time is an enormous part of the discipline.
TG: Finally, what do you think makes for a great wine?
TP: Great question. I have this discussion with my guests and also with my colleagues. There’s a few things: price to quality ratio is big in the real world. DRC is a dream for a lot of people, myself included. Also if the wine costs four dollars a bottle or four hundred dollars a bottle if it tastes real. I know that’s an ambiguous term but what I mean is that the wine tastes like it was made in the vineyard and not like it was genetically engineered or manipulated. That’s a huge factor for me. Something we don’t discuss a lot but I try to use in my notes is texture. How does the wine feel in your mouth? I think that we are so busy with the structure—the acid, alcohol and tannin—that mouthfeel gets left behind. When I’m tasting for the restaurant or for pleasure that’s a big factor for me. It doesn’t have to be dense and plush but it’s how the texture works with the fruit and the structure that’s a key component for me.
TG: In terms of looking at wine to evaluate it either for professional purposes for your list or the MS context what are you trying to do? What are your goals when looking at a wine?
TP: For both it’s making sure there’s no intentional flocculation whether the wine is old or however filtration or cold stabilization fits into the picture. I think you’re looking at the wine initially to try to get your feet underneath you in terms of where the wine might be, where it might come from and how it might taste. For the CMS tasting format I don’t spend a lot of time on sight. I think there are some wines like an aged Rioja or a Barolo where it can be a huge tell. But for me it’s more important to say all the things about the sight in 20 seconds tops. It’s different for everybody but certainly I would say to Advanced or Master’s candidates, if you’re 30-45 seconds into the sight you’re already behind.
TG: Any other thoughts about the sight, the appearance of wine?
TP: With this wine that I’m looking at right now, viscosity is your friend. With the color description-wise, my ruby might be your garnet might be somebody else’s red. I think those descriptions are useful but the viscosity and staining of the tears in a red can be really important clues right at the start.
TG: What color would you call this wine? (2009 RDV Rendezvous Merlot blend from Virginia)
TP: I would call that a dark purple going out to some ruby notes; holding its color with a little bit of change at the rim; moderate-plus staining of the tears and high viscosity.
TG: We’re going to get into some abstract questions, but how do you know it’s that color vs. something else? How do you know it’s not the color of Pinot Noir?
TP: That’s a great question. It goes back to thing I was talking about; having confidence anchored in because I almost see the staining of the tears and the viscosity first. In my mind, I know that this can’t be a light-skinned grape varietal.
TG: But in terms of picking out that color and being able to identify it, how do you know?
TP: I don’t know. A lot of people will look at ruby red in an art book. I just never did that.
TG: But there must be some way that you know. So as you take a look at the glass, in your mind’s eye how do you know it’s that color vs. something else?
TP: I think that is just repetition of tasting a bunch of wines.
TG: How would you represent all that experience?
TP: That’s a great question. I’m not a very visual learner or visual person.
TG: Let me ask you this: if I say think of the difference between something like Mendoza Malbec that’s purple and Rioja Gran Reserva that’s 20 years old. Do you get two images in your head?
TP: Yes.
TG: So when you pick up this glass is there some way in terms of a series of images or colors that you’re able to match the wine to a color you’ve seen before? That’s the question.
TP: I’m more abstract than that. I don’t want to sound like I’m winging it but I have a really good memory and I’m drawing on tastings that I’ve done in the past.
TG: OK but how do you represent all that? Think about other Cabernet and Merlot-based wines and how do you know?
TP: I don’t know.
TG: I think it’s more that you do it so fast that you’re not aware of how you do it. But let’s slow it down for a second. And if I had to be you, what would I do? What would I see? What happens?
TP: I think that I’m so excited to get into the wine that I do it really fast. I don’t really want to get locked in on it. It (the wine) looks ruby purple enough so we’re moving on.
TG: I have to tell you that watching in watching you, you’re looking at the glass first and then you’re looking out here at several different points (out in front and slightly to the left of center and slightly up in several places). So I’m wondering if you hold your eyes out here, what happens? Take a look at the glass first and then go there and see what happens. What feels comfortable when thinking about color?
TP: It’s almost like in this format the train is on the track.
TG: When you say the train is on the track it means …
TP: It means it’s time to start evaluating this wine and I have a visual memory of what I call purple or ruby.
TG: What are those memories like? Images of colors or images of glasses of wine?
TP: Glasses of wine. 100%.
TG: Are the images in a row?
TP: This is great. So Stevenson’s book (Sotheby’s Encyclopedia of Wine) has pictures of everything from the lightest, brightest, cleanest wine to the deepest red. That series flashes in my head.
TG: Do you have separate white images and red images? Or is it just one color gradation?
TP: It’s one.
TG: Are they separate images like the Stevenson book?
TP: They’re like little slide images in my head.
TG: So what happens? Do you take a look at the glass and then the image continuum and match it up?
TG: Does anything happen when you find the right match? Does something light up? Something happen? Does the slide change somehow?
TP: It’s almost like I go straight to it. It’s like your computer when you click on something and it gets bigger. It’s like I’m scrolling through and then match it up.
TG: So the image gets bigger?
TP: Yes, it gets bigger and I know it’s a match.
TG: Do you say something to yourself at that point?
TP: I say, “That’s it.” I also may say to myself the four or five things it could be. But some days I’m in the zone and not aware of any of this.
TG: Just curious, when you say you’re in the zone and you look at the glass, ID the color and say here are the three or four things it could be, where do those things go? Do you say those possible things to yourself? Do you see images? How does it work?
TP: It’s words.
TG: At that point is it your voice saying it or someone else’s?
TP: Mine.
TG: How do you get around the pitfall of pigeonholing the wine?
TP: Because I’ve got so much left to evaluate. Those potential things are floating through my head as I taste the wine but I really try not to force the wine into something. I think that’s something I’ve become really proficient at—really focusing on what the wine actually is and not trying to force into something it isn’t. Otherwise, there’s a lot of people living in my head at the same time.
TG: That’s right because you have to acknowledge that kind of thought but then park it to the side and get back to it at the conclusion to see if it makes sense. Otherwise, you definitely will try to make the wine into something else.
TG: Now for the nose. In terms of overall goals in smelling wine, what are you trying to do?
TP: I’m trying to get the blueprint of what the wine is which will hopefully be confirmed on the palate; what it’s going to taste like, what its age is, and if there’s minerality and the like. I’m just trying to get a snapshot of what the wine will be. We’ve all been there when you get the wine on your palate and all the things you’ve said about the nose seem really dumb. But I think for the most part, as you become a better taster, the nose is the main thing. In my experience, when I put my nose in the glass and smell it for the first time, I try to think about what it is and 95% of the time it’s right for me—I know what it is. When I was a less accomplished taster I would try to find ways to talk myself out of that. Occasionally it doesn’t work because I still need to evaluate the wine.
TG: Now it’s time to get to work. For the record we have the 2009 Rendezvous Merlot blend from RDV in Virginia as the wine we’re using today. Go ahead and smell the wine and focus and get in your zone. What I’m curious abou,t is where you’re looking when you put your nose in the glass which is almost straight down in front. Is that where you usually look when smelling a wine?
TG: Just curious about something. So as you smell the wine what happens if you move your eyes up to about horizon level? What happens? Anything change? Smell better? Worse?
TP: I get more lift, more high tones.
TG: It seems like you hold the glass at a fairly steep angle straight out in front and then look straight down. What happens if you move your eyes to the left or right? Brain-wise, does that feel better or worse?
TP: It doesn’t work. I need to be right in the middle.
TG: As you smell the wine, why don’t we start with the fruit. What do you get for fruit?
TP: Blackcurrant, black plum, and black cherry.
TG: Two questions: how do you know you’re smelling those things? And if I had to be you, what would I experience?
TP: To begin, I didn’t do a lot of “go get some gooseberries” to learn what gooseberries smell like. It’s almost a life memory. I know what blackberry and black plums smell like.
TG: Agreed. But when you put your nose in this particular glass of wine, how do you know you’re smelling those things vs. anything else? How do you know? I also notice that you’re holding the glass with both hands.
TP: Yes, that’s how I do it. A lot of times I want the temp of the wine to be warmer so it’s a way of doing that. Otherwise, it’s been my method. But that’s such a great question and it’s awesome to delve into this.
TG: Let’s go back and do it again. You put your nose in the glass and your eyes go here (middle and almost straight down). At this point do you say anything to yourself?
TG: Anything like “what’s there” or “what’s going on?”
TP: It’s like I talked about doing it the same way every time. The initial scent on this wine is new oak. I get a very plush, lush, nutmeg, vanilla sort of aroma. But of course I have to be careful to stay in my method so that’s not the first thing I would note.
TG: Having said nutmeg and vanilla, how do you know it’s those things vs. something else?
TP: Because of all the wines I’ve evaluated over the last 9-10 years.
TG: Not to be a pain, but if I had to be you what would nutmeg and vanilla be like? How would I experience them?
TP: I’m going to have to somehow convey that information to you.
TG: Exactly! But again, how would you know? If I had to be you, I would hold the glass with both hands at this angle, look straight down here, and then smell a lot of new oak influence. What would I experience for new oak? How would I remember that it’s new oak?
TP: Baking spices, apple pie, everything. I’m a cooking fanatic. It’s my favorite thing to do. Ever since I’ve been studying for the exams, every time I make something I try to identify the smells as much as possible—fruits, vegetables, or whatever. If I’m making a salad with arugula, I’ll crush some in my hands and smell it so the next time I smell Grüner Veltliner I’ll be able to recognize it. Even if I just say the word “arugula,” this memory pops into my mind. It’s mostly driven by foods I’ve worked with. I’ve never been much of an aroma wheel person either.
TG: Pick up the glass again and go to all the oak aromas. From here I’m just trying to see what your eyes do. They go down here initially but I’m looking for the other place they go when you recognize something in the glass. All of this is to say that you have to have a way of drawing on all the memories you were just talking about—memories that help you identify something. When you smell vanilla and spices in this wine, how do you represent that to yourself? That’s what we’re after.
TP: It’s all smell memories.
TG: Memories like …
TP: Like apple pie filling.
TG: So apple pie filling and you’re looking out here to the left and about chest level. What’s there at that location where you’re looking? Is that a memory of you making an apple pie as you in a movie making apple pie?
TP: Yes!
TG: So with the nutmeg and vanilla, what do you get for those?
TP: Like making béchamel and putting a little nutmeg in it.
TG: Like making the sauce?
TP: Literally me making the sauce.
TG: Great. Just so you know, this is what you did just now: when you mentioned nutmeg, you put your nose in the glass and looked down to your starting point then went very strongly out and slightly to the left to your memory of making the béchamel. Just for detail, when you see making the sauce do you see the actual ingredients or the process of actually making the sauce?
TP: I see the ingredient that I’m using and also smelling in the moment.
TG: Does the ingredient sit on something? Is it by itself? Remember this is in the context of me being you and experiencing what you are in the moment.
TP: The ragu is almost cooked down, the cream is almost cooked in and I’m grabbing a pinch of nutmeg and about ready to add it to the sauce.
TG: What about the vanilla, what’s that like?
TP: Vanilla extract. As a kid, I liked to open a bottle of vanilla extract and just smell it. To me, it’s just a beautiful smell. That’s a very powerful memory for me. But I’m not necessarily accessing this memory while I’m smelling the wine because I’m so focused on what I’m doing. But to your point, I have to get there somehow.
TG: Go ahead and smell the wine again; what about fruit? Tell me about the fruit.
TP: Black fruits: black plum, blackcurrant, and almost a kind of blue or boysenberry thing too.
TG: That’s a lot of fruit.Which one is the strongest? Let’s pick one and figure out how you got there.
TP: Black plum.
TG: So for black plum, what do you get? How is that represented to you?
TP: I’m thinking of a place where we used to toss the disc around in Seattle; on the rare occasion of warm summer day where there were plums that were so ripe they were almost rotten on the trees. You could smell them in this orchard where we played.
TG: Is this like a movie of the memory and you’re in it? Like you could reach out and grab the plums?
TP: Absolutely, and we would never eat them because they were so ripe they were almost turned. But that’s the level of intensity of the black plum on the nose of this wine—uber ripe.
TG: What other fruits to do you smell?
TP: There some blue fruit too; boysenberry, blueberry, and straight blackberry.
TG: How do you represent all those other fruits to yourself? We’ve got the movie for the black plums and what happens for the rest?
TP: This if funny because I really don’t eat very much fruit—I don’t really like it. How I access these memories is almost going back to when I was growing up in Juneau, Alaska. There wasn’t a lot of fruit growing there but we had blueberries. I remember having to eat them but not enjoying them. Now living in Seattle blackberries grow rampantly all over the place. My wife tries to get me to eat them and I still don’t particularly like them.
TG: Anything else for fruit we should mention?
TP: No, I think the wine is very expressive and straight forward.
TG: OK; pick up the glass again and think about all those fruits. Can you pick them up sequentially quickly or keep them in mind all at the same time? How does it work?
TP: It’s sequentially. But I’m thinking that when I get to the palate the intensity or the amount of each fruit will probably change. There may be more blueberry vs. more black plum or whatever. I kind of card catalogue it.
TG: When you say “card catalogue” what does that mean?
TP: In my brain I remember the three primary fruits.
TG: Are there literally cards? You’re pointing to the right side of your head by your ear.
TP: Yes, it’s right back there. It’s like the purpose of my whole process is to not only get the wine right but to also evaluate it completely. So on the palate--if my nose didn’t let me down and those fruits are still in the wine--I need to let to let whoever wants to know, be that an MS panel or a distributor, about what’s going on in the wine.
TG: OK, but what I’m trying to do here is build a sequence of what you’re doing. It seems like you smell the wine, your eyes move up here, and then you get total body memories of things in the wine. That’s at least what I’m picking up so far. But then does that information become a card that you store in your head? That seems to be where the info is going.
TP: This is interesting because I’ve never thought about it analytically. At that point, what it feels like in my head is that I do make an image because I might need it later--but then put it away. I’ve pulled the memories out, I’ve got the cards, and I don’t need the childhood stuff anymore.
TG: Not to sound silly, but what do the cards look like?
TP: Like little flashcards.
TG: Like 3 X 5 cards?
TP: No, really small. They have to fit in my head! (Laughs) It’s almost like dragging your mouse on your computer over an image and it gets bigger. I can make the images bigger if I need to. With the blue fruit thing, if I taste it then the image will get bigger automatically because it’s so intense.
TG: But these images are to the side. How can you see them?
TP: It’s inside and like a voice and an image.
TG: But you still got an image, correct?
TG: Is the image flat and two dimensional? Or is it three dimensional?
TP: Flat and two dimensional.
TG: Are the images in the order that you smelled them? Or is it whatever is the most intense?
TP: It’s whatever is the most intense is first.
TG: Does the MS grid have any bearing in terms of how you organize all this?
TP: Definitely. But right now with the nose I’m just compiling evidence. By the time I get this wine on the palate I’ll put all the evidence in a perfect linear order.
TG: When you do that it sounds like you pull everything outside and put it right in front of you. You’re going from up to down right out in front of you about a foot away.
TG: When the images are inside can you look at all of them or do you have to look at things one at a time?
TP: I look at categories of things in sequence.
TG: What about minerality? Smell the wine again and see if anything pops up for minerality. I’m curious if you use the same process that you did for fruit.
TP: Yes, I actually picture rocks inside my head.
TG: You mean rocks out here (out in front) or an image of rock inside your head?
TP: Yes, out front.
TG: Then that goes inside and becomes one of those cards that you store?
TG: What does the image of minerality look like?
TP: If it’s Chablis, it’s like the white cliffs of Dover or it’s galets for Chateauneuf. I’ve never walked the vineyards in some of these places so I have to rely on images I’ve seen in books. But the images are definitely there.
TG: The last thing is non-fruit; what do you smell in this wine?
TP: There’s a lot of purple flower-violet happening in the wine.
TG: What’s that like?
TP: It’s an image of the flowers.
TG: Is it 2D or 3D? Movie? Still image?
TP: It’s 3D and like a vase of violets. But it’s also like a flower that grows in Alaska called fireweed and it has a very similar aroma to this.
TG: Is the image like a vase with flowers in space out in front of you?
TG: It seems pretty close like you could reach out and touch it. Is it life size?
TP: Yes and yes.
TG: Once you create that image, does it get filed in your head like the rest of the images? What happens to it?
TP: They go back into the file.
TG: What does the file itself look like? It’s a collection of images but what does it look like?
TP: It’s like a box with cards in it. This if funny because this is what I was finally able to do in the Aspen exam—and what I’ve been able to do since. I’m able to empty out the box once I’m done with a wine and then refill it with the next wine.
TG: That’s brilliant. But can you get that information back if you need it?
TP: Yes and this sounds so nuts (laughs) because there’s another box—a hedge box.
TG: So the first box is in your head and at some point you empty it; but you also want to keep the information when you’re done with the wine. Does it go into the “hedge box?”
TG: Where does this hedge box live?
TP: It’s sitting right in front of me, right by the glass of wine in case I have a question about it.
TG: So it’s there and you can pull up information/images if you need it?
TG: Finally, how do you know when you’re finished smelling the wine?
TP: When I’ve filled in all my boxes; when I’ve talked about everything I feel there is to talk about.
TG: Do you actually see the MS grid when you’re tasting to make sure you’re not missing anything?
TP: Yes, very much so.
TG: Where do you see it?
TP: It’s out in front.
TG: Yes, you’re looking right out in front of you 3-5 feet away almost at eye level. So periodically, you’ll flash it up and make sure you’re getting everything?
TP: Right.
TG: So go ahead and taste the wine; in fact you should probably taste it a couple of times. First, what are your goals for tasting? Now that you’ve smelled the wine and pulled out much of the information you need, what are you trying to accomplish when you actually tasting the wine?
TP: Matching up everything—or not—that I’ve already spoken about. Now it’s time to get everything collated or assimilated or say my nose file isn’t matching up to my palate file. Most of the time when I’m tasting I can use straight sensory input. But I’ve got the theory if I need it in case things don’t match up because theory always informs tasting.
TG: Go ahead and taste the wine again. I would be interested to find out what you do with the images of things you smelled that you’ve filed internally. What do you do with them? Do you bring them out and look at them as you taste the wine to confirm things? How do you compare what you’re tasting in the moment to what you’ve already smelled? What do you do?
TP: Right now, and it’s happening pretty fast, I’m going through all the fruit I smelled and the blue fruit isn’t nearly as important—it’s all black plum all the way.
TG: What’s interesting is that you’re looking at and motioning right out in front of your face about ten inches away; it looks like you have all the images there. Is that true? Stop for a moment and check. Are all the images there? Flowers? Oak?
TP: Yes and they’re all in the grid sequence.
TG: OK and you said this time there’s more black plum. Did that image change in any way? Did it rise to the top? Get larger?
TP: Yes, it went to the top but it’s still about flash card size.
TG: Is it 3D? Can you reach out and touch it? If you can, what happens to it?
TP: No, it’s 2D because it’s the grid to me which is a piece of paper that I had on my fridge with a magnet for three years.
TG: So you have all these images out in front of you. Can they shift? Get larger? Change in any way?
TP: The more intense they are the more they go up to the top; they also get larger. The black plum image immediately got larger right when I tasted the wine.
TG: Then what happens?
TP: It goes back.
TG: Is this like the way you described dragging a computer mouse over an image and it getting larger?
TG: So what else to you taste/see?
TP: So I’ve got the grid out in front and I’m going right down it as in this wine is dry and full-bodied.
TG: So you’re working completely from the grid?
TP: Yes, so again it’s dry, full-bodied, black fruits and there’s also some ripe blue fruit in this wine as well; not much minerality.
TG: If there was a lot of minerality where would it be? Underneath the fruit where it matches the grid?
TG: What about the non-fruit?
TP: That’s the next thing because I’m sticking to my version of the grid. So this wine has lots of purple flowers, fireweed and violet.
TG: And all these are underneath the fruit?
TG: Then what about oak?
TP: My order is always fruit, earth, other oak.
TG: Just curious, is there a grid that you’re seeing as you go down that order of things; an actual grid with writing on it where you place the images?
TP: The grid is like memory tied to the images. So I don’t actually see the writing.
TG: But how do you know which order in which to do things?
TG: Just hold it there for a couple of seconds and see what happens.
TP: Actually there is—it’s a reminder for me not miss anything.
TG: So you’re reading the grid to yourself as you taste?
TP: Yes, I’m saying “fruit” and then the pictures of the fruit come up; then “earth” and the pictures come up for that.
TG: Do the pictures populate out in front of you?
TG: That’s a really elegant sequence. Now something occurs to me; pick up the wine and smell it again. Are you doing the same thing with the grid when you smell the wine as in saying parts of it to yourself then generating the images? Do you say something on the grid to yourself which generates a memory that then becomes an image?
TG: OK I think we’re putting together your strategy for tasting. From there the images go into the file box in your head. When you taste the wine you see the grid again and say the various things to yourself and then the images appear in front of you in an up/down arrangement with the most intense flavors at the top having the largest images. Does that sound right?
TG: That’s a very organized way of thinking about tasting. Fantastic. The best part is that you probably never mix things up that way.
TP: True. It’s all driven by time management because I ran out of time in the previous exam in Vegas. It was the worst feeling ever. You’re never going to pass if you run out of time.
TG: Your tasting trance wasn’t quite there …
TP: Right!
TG: Let me review your sequence. This is what I have so far: you pick up the glass with both hands and look almost straight down and to the center. As you smell the wine you see the grid out in front of you literally read it to yourself; as you recognize things they initially take the form of whole body memories but then become images on cards that move to the inside your head which you then file. When you taste the wine you again read the grid to yourself and images from your internal “file box” move out in front of you about 10 inches away from your face. The images are arranged in a strip and if something is more intense on the palate vs. the nose the image gets larger and moves to the top of the strip. Does this sound about right?
TG: Once again I have to say that this is a very elegant system for tasting. So now I’m interested in how you calibrate structure. So taste the wine again and pick something about the structure, acidity for instance. How much acidity does the wine have?
TP: Moderate.
TG: How do you know it’s moderate and not moderate-plus? For that matter, how do you know it’s not high?
TP: This is fascinating. So now a whole separate set of cards comes up.
TG: But this is just structure. You’re not trying to ID the wine.
TP: But Nebbiolo is high acid so I bring up a card for Nebbiolo and know that this wine doesn’t have the same amount of acidity. This is more like a California Cabernet or Merlot. With that I haven’t tasted many of those wines that have more than medium-plus acid so I know that this is medium acid.
TG: I agree with your call of medium acidity. But how do you know it’s not medium-minus or medium-plus? What happens if you taste the wine again and try to make it medium-plus?
TP: It’s just medium.
TP: I’m going through a file of every class wine in the world.
TG: But then does it take you a long time to get through structure? Are you flashing a series of glasses with names on them or what?
TP: No, it’s more like words.
TG: Is there a picture of an actual glass of wine?
TP: More just like a word on a card.
TG: So you read the word Nebbiolo on a card to yourself? As opposed to something with lower acidity?
TG: Are the cards in a sequence from low to high acid?
TP: No, I don’t see everything I just see what’s relevant to this wine I’m tasting.
TG: You’re also holding your right arm at arm’s length out in front of you just below eye level. Is that where you see the words? Do the words flash and say Nebbiolo or how does it work? It’s almost like search and identify as in higher-lower, higher-lower, back and forth and then you have it.
TG: So what other words might come up for this wine to identify the acid?
TP: Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot. Also at this point I’ve already tasted the wine and identified it as new world so other things don’t come into play. It’s like Nebbiolo is here (points out front), over ripe Zinfandel is down here (points lower out in front) and this wine is right in the middles.
TG: So there are locations where the words live?
TP: Exactly.
TG: Is there some kind of gradation or a sequence that all the words live in?
TP: Yes: Nebbiolo, Cabernet-Merlot and Zinfandel.
TG: So that’s acidity. What do you do for alcohol? What’s the alcohol level in this wine?
TP: Moderate-plus.
TG: Again, how do you know it’s not moderate-minus or high? Do you use the same kind of system of cards with words? Do you do something different?
TP: With a wine like this that’s either moderate-plus or high, I channel into a fortified wine kind of a scale just because of the alcohol in the retro-nasal and how the wine feels on the sides of my tongue. I’m thinking that the wine’s not port-like but it’s not Burgundy either. The wine is delicious, by the way.
TG: But is the same kind of system with words? Do you have Port over here and Burgundy over here? The middle would be something like Cabernet or Merlot?
TG: But are there any markers in and around the words on the cards that make it so you can really calibrate precisely? Or is it using wine types?
TP: It’s wine types and how the wine hits me in the moment. Part of it was born out of the desire to be timely and linear but it also the way I’ve always done it.
TG: What about tannin? Do you do it the same way?
TG: Just a bit more about this series of words. Is it a strip of words out in front of you? A white strip?
TG: Is it the same scale for all the wines or do you have different scales for different wines?
TP: Good question. I’m really focusing wine by wine so if I’ve got Clare Riesling then that’s at the top for acidity, Condrieu would be at the bottom. I’m calibrating off that.
TG: So different scales for whites and reds.
TG: What about the finish? How do you do that? Say a short finish vs. a long finish.
TP: Just mouth feel and texture.
TG: OK but how do you know? How do you calibrate it?
TP: I’m going back to the contributing factors to the finish which are tannin, alcohol and acid. I’ve already established what I believe those to be. So if I called a wine medium-plus alcohol, medium acid and medium-plus tannin, then the finish couldn’t be short. It would have to be medium-plus or long.
TG: Got it. Where you do store these words?
TP: It’s in a grid.
TG: So when you get to where it says acid and you say Cabernet, what does there? The word “medium” or just “Cabernet?” Does the answer go there too?
TP: It’s a combination of both. Again, if I called the wine medium-plus alcohol, medium acid and medium-plus tannin, I look at my grid and all the cards and know the wine has to have medium-plus complexity and a medium-plus finish.
TG: You mention complexity; what is complexity like? Think of a basic jug wine then think of a heroically complex wine; what’s the difference? How do you represent those to yourself? Do you see labels or bottles?
TP: That’s a tough one. It’s like a textural thing; if I’m falling face down on the floor it’s not a complex wine. But if I’m falling face down into a big lush pile of pillows then the wine has to have higher complexity. It’s a body-feeling type of a thing and again at this is the point during my tasting where I allow myself to ask if I like the wine or not. As for this wine, it has a velvety texture and the tannins are in balance so it’s a really good wine—and very complex. So the pleasure center for the first time might come into play. That’s always been my complexity thing: do I like it or not.
TG: So at the end of it when you have all this information on the grid in terms of images and answers, how do you identify the wine in the MS context? What do you do?
TP: I’m going all the way back everything I’ve said. So the grid is laid out and I have all my markers and evaluations. I’m reading down the grid and seeing all the various images and the structure words. At this point I have no choice but to call this a new world wine from a moderate to warm climate.
TG: Why can’t you call it old world? What stops you?
TP: Low minerality. I don’t even have a picture for minerality, literally a picture of a rock in my head. I’m not saying that the absence of minerality automatically makes it new world but in the case of this wine I’m 99% sure.
TG: Got it. So I think we pretty much have your sequence down. I have to ask you, did you know that you did any of this?
TP: No, not at all. Thanks, this has been pretty amazing.
Thoughts On Wine Reviews
Hugh Macleod from gapingvoid.com
Recently, I was listening to Michael Krasny interview wine importer extraordinaire Kermit Lynch on a local Bay Area NPR radio affiliate. At the end of the interview Kermit took calls from listeners. One of the callers complained bitterly about wine writers and how they describe wines in florid detail using terms that, according the caller, were complete nonsense. Kermit soft-pedaled his answer saying that yes, writers can sometimes go off the rails when describing wine, and that yes, everyone’s palate is different so you can’t expect to agree on everything you read in a wine review. Lynch’s response made me pause because I’ve heard this complaint all too often; that wine descriptions and reviews are in some form or other nonsense and that wine writers frankly make things up. So I’d like to address this personally, even ecumenically, if you will.
As much as you may want to believe it, wine writers are not making things up. Sure there may be the odd hallucination now and again, but usually they’re simply trying to tell you what wine X, Y, or Z smells and tastes like to them. Emphasis on THEM. Beyond that, we often hear the phrase “everybody’s different” when it comes to wine and that is correct across the board. Here’s how we’re different. In short, here’s the deal:
We all have the same hardware in the form of our brain and neurology. After that, all bets are off. What’s different? Simple answer: everyone’s memories. Your take on Meyer Lemon is going to be different than mine because my memory in the form of internal pictures, movies, sounds, and feelings associated with Meyer Lemon throughout my lifetime is unique--and it’s definitely not yours. While we may agree that there’s something sour and citrus-like in the wine we’re sharing, we’re never going to have an identical experience known as Meyer Lemon. You may think it smells more like pink grape fruit or a catcher’s mitt or a freshly painted garage door for that matter. Further, the wonderful bouquet of flowers I adore in a glass of glorious Grand Cru Alsace Gewurztraminer may utterly repel you because it’s entirely too close to your memory of a tragic drive-by at a Macy’s perfume counter at some point in the distant past. Personal likes and dislikes are important and those are based on memory too.
Context is also important. The how’s, who’s, why’s, and when’s you taste/drink a wine collectively form the trump card in any wine experience. That magic bottle of whatever you enjoyed when your boyfriend proposed will forever be your favorite wine in the entire universe. The mere thought of it will send you around the moon and back to that magic moment--until the break up. Then it becomes the most cursed s#@*&% bottle of wine in the history of mankind. Yes, friends, context is important. Remember that.
Remember also that wine tasting is marginally about actually tasting. It’s primarily about SMELLING as smell accounts for over 85% of the sense of taste. So if you’re passing by the nose on your evening glass of Cabernet going right in for the big slurp, the proverbial cow is already out of the barn. In fact, the cow is so far out of the barn that it took your car to SFO and is now headed to Fiji. On your credit card. Moo.
Olfactory memory is the most powerful form of memory we have because aromas from the glass or any other source go right up our nasal passages to be transferred directly into the cerebral cortex. That means when such-and-such wine writer rambles on about how the pepper and herbal notes in a Chateauneuf-du-Pape remind him of the cassoulet his grandmother used to make when he was a kid during the holidays, guess what; it probably does and that means you shouldn’t wig out over said writer’s musings but should instead try to get to your own memories of pepper and savory herbs to better understand what the writer is trying to express about the wine. Hopefully the next time you taste the same wine or a similar wine you might experience them too. Unless, of course, you find something completely different. Because after all, it’s what the wine smells and tastes like to you that actually counts.
As for the sense of smell, we as a culture generally suck at olfactory memory. It’s not important to us so we don’t practice it and we’re not very good at it. Other than a smack-me-on-the-side-of-the-head tsunami of cow pasture, raw garlic, or did somebody left the burner on the gas stove on, we’re generally not tuned into the olfactory world. There are definitely exceptions and those individuals tend to be in the perfume, wine, and spirits worlds or other professions where one’s expertise is largely determined by smell memory. Thus it’s not surprising when someone with a highly developed olfactory memory writing about their subject is viewed with great suspicion by the public at large.
On the other hand, it's easily understandable that the poetic meanderings and or descriptions of wine writing can sometimes leave one puzzled, forlorn, and even verklempt. Wine has no inherent vocabulary leaving us as wine professionals to borrow, often tragically, nomenclature from completely unrelated fields. Adjectives such as “murky,” “bold,” “dense,” and even something comical like “explosive” find their way into wine descriptions, not to mention any number of fruits, herbs, and spices (road tar is among my favorites). But when you read that tasting a rare old vintage made some famous wine writer start weeping you should definitely have serious misgivings. I would.
Know that wine professionals taste a lot of wine, some of them thousands of bottles a year. If someone is tasting that much odds are they’re pretty good at it and they should also be proficient at communicating about it in a meaningful way even if they are limited to nomenclature that may seem like Martian to the novice. Keep in mind that this is tasting and not drinking. A professional tasting may sound like fun to you but it’s hard work requiring a hell of a lot of focus, concentration, and inevitable palate fatigue. Still think it sounds fun? Imagine tasting 45 different coffees in 90 minutes, taking notes and then writing about the qualities of each one. I rest my case.
Finally, if the florid wine descriptions still give you agita, consider giving wine writers a break. Even with the zillions of wine blogs and everyone pretending to be a wine expert these days, there are more good writers than ever. Find one whose prose you can live with—even like—and follow them. Chances are their likes and dislikes in wine are similar to yours. But remember that your palate—and what you like to drink—is the bottom line.
Because after all, I made all this up.
Tasting Interview: Gilian Handelman
Gilian Handelman
Gilian Handelman is the current director of education and communications for Jackson Family Wines. She began her career as an assistant sommelier in 1987 at Pierce’s restaurant in the Finger Lakes region of New York. But quickly moved into the production side in 1988 in Washington State working six harvests for three different wineries. Gilian was hired in 1994 by Kendall-Jackson as Enologist, where she produced experimental wine, yeast, and barrel trials and tracked the 1,500-plus lots of wine made by the winery each year. In 2006 she was tapped to create a trade education program for the winery, where she developed training for KJ’s sales force as well as wine and food education and seminars for trade and consumers.
In 2000 she was hired by Paige Poulos at Paige Poulos Communications to be the Director of Wine Communications. Here she developed PR and education plans for winery and industry clients; plans that combined sensory evaluation, winemaking, and culinary education with public relations and marketing strategy. In 2002 Gilian was hired by Wine & Spirits Magazine as their Director of Marketing and Education. Handelman created their Best New Sommelier program, coordinated and taught scores of classes at culinary and hospitality schools around the United States, and developed their lauded event program. Eventually Gilian was lured back to Jackson Family Wines in 2007, where she currently directs education for the family’s 34 wineries around the globe. Gilian lives in Berkeley, California with her husband and two children.
I met with Gilian in May of last year. We used the 2009 RDV Rendezvous Merlot blend from Virginia and Riedel Vinum/Bordeaux glasses for the tasting. As for the session, it was clear from the outset that Gilian’s inner processing of wine is far different than most people’s strategies. She is a synesthete processing wine as a flow and shape of colors and movement. She’s created “maps” of many grape varieties and these can be found on the KJ website (http://www.kj.com/sensory-tour). Her strategy is unique--and remarkable as well.
Overall Goals
TG: What are your overall goals when tasting?
GH: I’m trying to bridge the gap between language and the abstract. For me, it’s a different exercise because I’m trying to decipher what’s going on in the glass whether it’s for a blind tasting or for quality purposes. But when I’m speaking to an audience and trying to get them to come to a shared conclusion, what I’m trying to do is to get them to consider anything whether it’s shapes, sounds, frequencies, or hard word descriptors—literally anything that will create that “aha!” for the class. It’s a language aspect.
TG: What do you think the “aha!” moment is? What does that mean?
GH: It really varies so much from person to person. What I’m looking for is the brow not to be knitted anymore. It’s like someone is thinking, “I don’t see it, I don’t see it, I don’t see it, I SEE IT!” Some people want the satisfaction that they’ve hit upon a descriptor that resonates for everybody. Other people want to understand a structural element. Some people just want answers to questions like, “what do you mean by framework?” or “What do you mean by high note?” Even if you have to resort to things like, “is it this?” (She sings high pitch) or “is it this?” (Sings low pitch); you do whatever it is to make all the brows to stop knitting.
TG: When you look at wine in the glass what are you trying to figure out about it?
GH: I’ve been spending a lot of time lately trying to unravel the 30-year mystery for me of how much bias goes into sight. This because I’ve had so many “kerthunk” moments in the last five years when I’ve been positing things to scientists and people who really taste analytically about how sight is such a huge predetermination of how people taste. What I’ve been trying to do is to open the space between my ears and think, “with this wine (glass in hand), it’s opaque so my sense is that it’s relatively low in acid and high in tannin and probably has wood on it, blah blah blah.” These are all things you get from visual cues. But now I’m trying really hard to think that maybe those things aren’t necessarily true.
TG: Why do you want to avoid doing that? I think to your point, sight, especially for red wines, builds instant expectations for fruit qualities and structural components. At least that’s a good framework to begin with. Are you trying to wipe the slate clean?
GH: A little bit. I think one of my pitfalls as a taster is that I have preconceived notions and they will drive me through things that I am missing. So something I’m really striving to do now is to stop my brain from saying, “I know what that is!”
TG: Anything else about the sight, the appearance of a wine? Anything to describe it?
GH: The other thing about sight that I really like to pay attention to, and that I also encourage people to pay attention to, is the textural element; how the wine moves in the glass. That’s something I look at pretty carefully right away. That’s different from color. It translates to sound for me.
TG: In other words when you swirl the glass and watch how the wine moves in the glass you hear sounds?
GH: Yes.
TG: If a wine is really viscous and rich what sound is that?
GH: Gloop, gloop, gloop. (Laughs)
TG: Is it just a sound? Is there anything that you see? Does the sound create any kind of pattern in your field of vision? I’m just curious.
GH: I don’t think so. I think it’s more like having observed Jell-O, jellies and candies hardening-- various things like that over the years. I just have a very firm sense of what texture means.
TG: What about something like Champagne or German Riesling that’s really light-bodied?
GH: Ffft! Ffft! Ffft! (Laughs again)
TG: What’s in between?
GH: It’s more of a gentle swishing sound, like water lapping on the edge of a lake or the sides of a boat.
TG: Do you have a predisposition to any one of those?
GH: Gloop, gloop, gloop is not attractive to me.
TG: For all wines? What about something like a dessert wine?
GH: For a Sauternes it’s OK.
TG: What about a red wine?
GH: Much less so. Personally, I want more tension and more edges on my red. Also I’ve become more predisposed to not like so much glycerin-glycerol-texture in my wines. But that’s totally personal and not qualitative.
TG: So one is about judging wine professionally and the other is personal. But it sounds like you like the higher acid, less alcohol red wines.
GH: Yes, but there are definitely exceptions. I wouldn’t kick a Huet Vouvray out of bed and it’s a gloop gloop wine.
TG: (Laughs) I agree.
Gilian Handelman: KJ Vintner's Reserve Sauvignon Blanc
TG: Go ahead and pick up your glass and smell the wine. When you really get into your zone, I’m interested in is where your eyes go; where you look. (She smells the wine) It seems your eyes go right out here (straight out and down about 15-20 degrees).
TG: Does that feel really comfortable, like it’s the best place? Try it again.
GH: Yes, that’s it. Definitely. I don’t stare into the wine.
TG: Most people do. Over 90% of the people I’ve worked with look down either center, slightly to the left, or slightly to the right. I think this is really important because it’s a starting point for your tasting sequence. It also helps to shut the world out so you can focus. Once you do that and smell this wine, what kind of fruits do you smell?
GH: Mostly dark fruit; fruit that’s not stewed but more on the compote side or on the counter for a while side.
TG: As you’re smelling the wine and telling me this, I see your eyes start here and then go out here (Straight out in front almost eye level). Question: how do you know it’s dark fruit and not something else?
GH: Tenor.
TG: Tenor meaning …
GH: I also see and hear music a lot when I taste. For me, this wine is more of a basso sound (hums) vs. a higher sound.
TG: When you say you see something, do you get images of something that’s dark fruit? I also have to note that you’re looking in exactly the same place as before.
GH: Not sure.
TG: Put your nose in the glass and hold the dark fruit and your eyes in the same place for a few seconds and see if anything pops up.
GH: No, I don’t see any dark fruit. I feel dark fruit whether it’s in the core of my body or in a smell memory.
TG: But I’m curious because feelings tend to be evaluative—they happen as a result of an image or a sound. What I want to know is if there is an image that creates all this other stuff? Because again, how do you know it’s dark fruit and not red fruit or even a catcher’s mitt for that matter? How do you know?
GH: Right as in how am I pulling it from the wine. I guess it’s just an instantaneous reaction in my brain. There’s this thought that I’ve catalogued all these smells and there’s a synapse that’s telling me this is dark fruit.
TG: But what tells the synapse?
GH: I think, although I haven’t really articulated this before, that for me it’s sort of a family tree or a logarithm. Like you, I do the same kind of thing in terms of the fruit, the floral, mineral, veggie, and the rest.
TG: As you’re saying those things, you’re going left to right just out in front of you. Is that how it works?
GH: I always go left to right.
TG: Is that a grid?
GH: It’s a like a family tree or a logarithm. If I’m starting with fruit (and I always start with fruit), then it would branch off here (points out front). It happens really quickly and there’s only two worlds for fruit for me—white and red. In red fruit there’s also only two worlds, red and black. After that, the logarithm breaks off further.
TG: If I were you, what would all that look like? Is it like a picture of a tree with branches?
GH: It’s almost like electricity. Once I make those quick decisions, say that it’s in the black fruit world I’m asking if it’s fresh black fruit or prunes or whatever.
TG: As you point to those places (out in front of her), are those images or what are they?
GH: I think they are lines of connect in my brain that are leading me to one framework or another.
TG: I’m still trying to get to how you know it’s black fruit vs. something else. So if I had to be you, what would I do? So far I know that you put your nose in the glass and some kind of tree appears quickly; but you somehow take everything into consideration and then recognize something specifically. From there, it becomes a subset of different variations of whatever it is. But what does all this look like?
GH: It’s like a family tree or an electron; almost like when you match up electrons and protons. There’s lines of yes-no, yes-no for me.
TG: Are there any pictures that have to do with all this? I’m just curious if there are images somehow in the process.
GH: I don’t think there are pictures. I think there’s a memory but it doesn’t look like an image because I’ve been smelling things for so long. I remember walking around as a kid with my Mom smelling things in markets. It’s more of an association. It’s not emotional as it it’s recognition of some kind.
TG: But how do you recognize something? That’s the question. If you recognize anything specifically, how do you do it? Say it’s something really strong in a wine such as a fruit or a rose; how do you represent that?
GH: If we really do go there, I think it’s a shape. For me round, dark fruit is sort of amorphous and blobby. Red, vivid fruit is spiky. And it’s not necessarily something like, “there’s that shape of a tear drop.” It’s not that clear cut for me. It’s more like thought flowing into shape. So round, black fruit that’s kind of stewed is amorphous; back to the gloop gloop. In fact, all the fruits I smell will go into those kind of roles. Maybe that’s what it’s like for me, a channel of shape and sound. “So (speaking in a high voice) this is a tiny channel that is bristly, high-noted, and cleaver-shaped. Then (speaking in a much lower voice) this amorphous pool of a shape.” I don’t think I see actual pictures of things.
TG: Interesting. Where does that come from? Where do these shapes come from? Inside your head? Out front?
GH: It comes from my whole body (laughs).
TG: Not only that but it seems like there are sounds that accompany all this too.
GH: Yes, inside my brain.
TG: So you project these amorphous shapes along with pitches and frequencies in terms of how rich or how acidic the fruit is.
GH: I do this all the time especially with the structure of a wine—the liquid takes a shape.
TG: We’ll get to structure in a bit. In the meantime, you mentioned dark fruits. Are there any red fruits in the wine, anything sour?
GH: Near the end there’s some plum notes like plum skin.
TG: What about things like flowers, herbs, and even earth?
GH: There’s kind of a cured leather or cured fruit leather to which then to me goes flat. It’s not amorphous anymore and that I think is just associated with fruit leather. Whenever I think of fruit leather I always think of flat.
TG: As in a flat shape?
GH: Yes, there’s also some subtle perfume in this wine but it’s more of a bass-noted or woody perfume. That’s getting into the wood world but it’s still kind of in the fruit-natural things world.
TG: Finally, what about oak? How do you know there’s oak?
GH: There’s a cocoa note which to me is a dark almost round, puffy character. Oak characters to me are more bristly.
TG: When you say bristly, what do you mean? What does that look like?
GH: It looks like a claw (laughs) because it’s “grippy.” Then there’s the spice-oak elements which I’m picking in the wine which are almost like roasted spice elements. They’re like little bits of roundness but it’s not a large puffy thing.
TG: Thinking about all those things together, what does that look like? Once you put your energy into a shape and/or color how does it appear? It seems to be almost like an arrangement. Do all the shapes happen at once and stay there or does it happen one thing at a time?
GH: It eventually all comes together so that there’s the puffiness and the roundness. But that round jam note anchors it all and then there’s stuff laid on top it.
TG: So the shape of the fruit anchors it all and everything else is around it like little satellites?
TG: In other words, there are shapes instead of actual images?
TG: A bunch of different shapes? Do the shapes have any color or any texture?
GH: No.
TG: Are they just outlines?
GH: There’s definitely texture. Now I’m also picking up some resinous notes in the wine. It’s almost like blood orange notes and dried citrus and they’re kind of curly shaped.
TG: You’re pointing to them right out in front of your face. It’s interesting that your entire field is very close to you in proximity. It’s all within 12-14 inches in front of you at eye level. What happens when you taste the wine? Does all this change? If one flavor gets stronger than it was on the nose, does anything change? Or does it all stay the same?
GH: Your right, it is all intimate for me; it’s right here in front. But what changes is that it takes off.
TG: Takes off? As in …
GH: Away from me.
TG: Just curious, smell the wine again and take your arrangement of shapes and push away from you about 10 feet. What happens to the wine? Just push it all the way.
GHY: I kind of lose control of it.
TG: Can you make sense of the wine anymore? Or does the wine smell different if you push it away?
GH: Yes, it smells higher noted. It’s like I pushed the bass away.
TG: Reset it. It sounds like there’s dimensionality to this as well as depth. What happens if you smell it and make the shape flat? Like two dimensional and flat right out in front of you.
GH: I lose the whole screen.
TG: But is there any part of the wine that smells stronger? Different?
GH: It’s kind of like all the left over notes like soy and fruit leather.
TG: So the major things go away?
TG: Makes sense. So reset it and let’s taste the wine.
Gilian Handelman: KJ Taylor Peak Merlot
TG: Now that you’re tasting the wine keeping all those shapes in mind, does anything change? Or do they stay in the same kind of arrangement?
GH: Now what happens is that I check the assumptions from the aromatic profile and things open up quite a bit.
TG: Meaning that the field gets larger?
GH: Yes, it gets quite a bit larger this way (pointing up) and that way (side to side). But it never, ever grows down. I don’t know why, but that’s the way it is. It grows in width, in height, and in depth.
TG: So how much larger does it get?
GH: At least a hundred percent bigger. I feel and see huge spikes.
TG: Huge spikes? What does that mean?
GH: I’m very influenced by structure in terms of my visuals and my sense of things, which is why when I’m teaching a class in front of people I’m motioning like this all the time (waves her arms).
TG: You’re literally showing them what you get out of the wine.
GH: Right! It’s really a three-dimensional model on my palate.
TG: Do the shapes stay the same? Do they get bigger?
GH: No, the big amorphous thing is still there and that’s the center of the whole structure. What’s happening elsewhere is that tannin and acid are stretching either forward, or up and out. With a tannic wine like this I’m looking very carefully at how the tannin crescendos and where it pops out. This is a little bit like those fruits that have spikes on them. I think it’s like a passion fruit because it’s fairly round. They don’t take on square shapes for me so they’re fairly round. It’s almost like this is a vision of my palate right in front of me.
TG: It’s kind of an arch right in front of you.
GH: Right, front to back. So what’s happening is that the tannins take shape on the palate.
TG: When you say, “takes shape,” what does that mean?
GH: They get spikey.
TG: Meaning that on the curve of the wine shape there are spikes that come up?
GH: Yes, there are spikes that come up through the curve.
TG: Again I have to ask, is there any color to all this? Or is it just shapes and outlines?
GH: In reds no but some whites have a color.
TG: But in red wines in terms of all these different fruits, spices, and other things, there’s only shapes with outlines? Are they filled? How does it work?
GH: They’re definitely filled. It’s like a big rubber casing that’s filled and things are shooting out the end of the casing making the rubber stretch which is what I meant by the passion fruit. Then in the back there’s this kind of roller coaster and other stuff stretching through the casing.
TG: Roller coaster meaning what?
GH: Cascade—like a cascade of what’s going on. There’s tannin and acid, and it (cascade shape) goes up (motions with hands) coming back down and then goes up again.
TG: So it’s the shape of the palate of the wine. Does the structure define the movement of the shape?
GH: Yes, the structure.
TG: How is high acid different from low acid?
GH: For me high acid definitely goes up (whistles). With acid there’s usually an up and sometimes an out.
TG: How would that be different?
GH: Because of the way I perceive acid on my palate. Whether I feel a burst at the end of the wine like fingers moving, or a turkey tail, or a slow build of acid that takes off like you’re going up a roller coaster.
TG: How about alcohol? How is that represented to you?
GH: I don’t perceive alcohol that much. The only way I’m influenced by alcohol is by retro-nasal.
TG: What about something that’s really high in alcohol like a port?
GH: If it’s really high in alcohol it’s almost like a burning or a gaseous.
TG: You’re making a motion off to the side and up.
GH: Right, it’s off to the side and up but all also through the palate. It’s constantly kind of burning in there like roiling gas.
TG: How about residual sugar? What’s that like?
GH: I don’t know because I don’t have anything like that in the glass.
TG: True, but if you had a young vintage port, what would the sweetness be like?
GH: It’s that base “mattress” again (pointing right underneath her chin). So if this is all a reflection of my palate, and I think it is, then this base mattress is a kind of soft, couchy thing going on the bottom of my palate.
TG: So you’re literally projecting all this right out in front of your palate? In front of your face?
TG: Have you ever thought about taking different grape varieties and drawing maps of what all this looks like?
GH: Yes, I did it and they’re on the Kendall Jackson website.
TG: You did? Then I have to check it out to see what all of them look like.
GH: You’ll see them on the website and in some instances, I did several maps for a single grape like Cabernet. I did maps for three different Cabernets but you’ll see that they all have a similar shape. That’s because I feel that tannin and texture work together in such an unusual way. To me, the tannin dictates a huge amount of what that shape looks like. It’s not just the grape variety because you can taste Cabernet from the Oakville bench from a big time producer at 15% alcohol and to me the shape is a lot like a Central Coast Syrah. It’s got that zauftig kind of shape. But Cabernet from Howell Mountain or Pauilliac is much more spikey. So I can’t necessarily put a shape to a specific grape.
TG: So structure is really important. Does a shape with all these aspects just keep going and changing every time you taste the wine? Or does it stop changing at some point.
GH: It does change after three to five minutes. What’s left is this kind of end of the roller coaster or like foothills or steps left by the tannin on my palate. And often for me, and this is how I pick up minerality; there’s literally pebbles or gravel.
TG: Do you see pebbles or gravel?
GH: I see different shapes of rocks on my palate at the end.
TG: You mentioned no colors for red wine but some colors for white wines.
GH: I should revise that because there’s no color for most reds. But if something is really different from what I’m tasting day to day (and that can change depending on where I am or what I’m working on), there might some color. That’s usually if something is really blue or really red in terms of the fruit. There’s also a spike or a frequency. Blue gives me a frequency that sounds like a high-pitched buzz. It’s almost musical.
TG: Do you have a music background?
TG: How does sound enter so much of what you perceive in wine? I have a formal musical background and it doesn’t really transfer over into wine.
GH: Not sure why. I’ve always been very sensitive to music and it’s affected me emotionally quite a bit and that affects me physically.
TG: What kind of music?
GH: All kinds but I particularly love classical and even reggae. I love syncopation.
TG: When you say classical, what kinds of classical music?
GH: Primarily French horn and cello. I love piano too and those are certain frequencies (sings a pitch). Things that vibrate at a middle base line frequency as opposed to more of a base frequency are less interesting to me.
TG: Just curious, are there other things in your life where these frequency and shape things come into play? I’m not sure what that would be but do different people have different frequencies for you?
GH: Frequencies definitely enter the picture around certain situations.
TG: Does it have to do with stress?
GH: Probably, but it also has to do with real happiness. So for instance my favorite time of the day is right before sunset and that is a shape that is incredibly amorphous and really generous and flowing.
TG: Is there a sound or pitch that goes with that?
GH: It sounds almost like a harp. It’s extremely gentle and sounds of water too.
TG: Really interesting. You’re very much a synesthete when it comes to tasting in that you bring in other senses to the tasting experience that don’t usually come into play. I think that pitch really help you calibrate things. If something in a wine is off then the pitch of the wine is probably off for you too. So if it’s not quite right it probably bugs the hell out of you.
GH: True.
TG: But as for shapes and pitches in tasting, not many people do that. For most of us, especially those of us trained in the MS program, tasting is very visual and locational. A lot of it has to do with pictures.
GH: It’s funny because I’m not very good at memorization of specific wines like “X” producer from 1982. But I can remember the shape of the wine. Like I can also pretty much remember any face or voice I hear but I may not be able to remember a name.
TG: What parts of you strategy do you try to teach people? Do you try to get them to hear different pitches with different kinds of wines?
GH: I encourage them to consider that there are other modes of communicating about wine which is arguably the area that trips people up the most. They can feel they’re not establishing a connection around what they’re supposed to be tasting with people. Or they can feel inferior in some way because they don’t have the language expected of them. I’m really trying to encourage people to consider that there are other modes of communication than words to discuss wine.
TG: That’s great. I want to try one more thing if only to be a pain. I want you to smell and taste the wine and as you’re smelling, what happens if you put a picture of whatever the dominant fruit up there?
GH: That does happen to me a lot in the beginning of tasting a wine before I’ve had a chance to dissect it. And this was the exact same picture I had when I first tasted the wine—which is like moss and mud.
TG: I was asking about fruit. So how does that happen?
GH: It smells like moss and mud to me. The natural world of it is a very huge aspect for me as well. It’s really important and I often see landscapes or waterways when I smell and taste.
TG: Just curious, are those landscapes or waterways life size?
GH: No, they’re very intimate; whether it’s like a river bank or a dried up gravel bed or other things like that. It’s literally like a section of earth or an overturned log or a crushed flowers or what have you. Those are the only visuals I tend to pick up.
TG: And those are like flashes?
GH: Right.
TG: So the overall impression of the wine gives you something like that?
GH: Yes and sometimes it’s kind of fecund and gross like a tide pool with rotting critters.
TG: One last question: when you teach beginners, what’s the “aha!” moment you want them to have?
GH: That their voice is relevant. I tell people that they don’t have to describe the wine. What I’m asking them to do and what other people in this community will ask to them to do is to share some sort of connection around what’s in the glass. So they can come up with any kind of entry point in terms of describing it. They can describe wine musically or as a person. They can describe it as an emotion or they can dissect it and totally take it apart. They can describe a wine as the color purple. At some point you have to have a connection to the understanding that language is bringing to two people. What you’re trying to do is to connect over something that isn’t saying anything at all. It’s like when you’re trying to connect over a piece of art. It’s just that with wine you have so many more cues than just visual. You can say a wine reminds you of a piece of velvet because that’s true for you. It’s all about finding a way to connect.
TG: I think a major disconnect for most people is that the wine is visual; that internally the experience and sequence of smelling and tasting have visual aspects to them. At the same time, someone who is a beginner and picks up a glass of wine is really intimidated because we’re using a vocabulary, a language, that’s really intended for another sense—not smelling or tasting.
GH: I agree. You just can’t expect people to come into a first tasting and start getting a lot of things right away. But your smell memory is yours and if you smell Clorox in a wine or Barbie legs it’s fine. It’s more like you’ve got all these memories logged and you can use them with wine.
Tasting and Synesthesia: the Outliers
Daniel Tammet is a remarkable man. The London born 34-year-old Tammet is both autistic and a savant. In his book, “Born on a Blue Day,” he describes his struggles with autism as a child and young adult; how through sheer force of will, the help of his family, and a multitude of others, he was able to acquire the skills to be able to function in the adult world--an extraordinary feat. But what is equally arresting about Daniel is his incredible memory for numbers; he can recite the number pi past 22,000 digits as well as multiply and divide enormous sums in his head with the accuracy and speed of a computer. There’s more. To Daniel, numbers such as arithmetic problems or days of the week are experienced as different shapes, colors, and movements—hence the title of his book. This phenomena is called “synesthesia,” a term often defined as a neurological condition where stimulating one of the senses results in an automatic, involuntary response/experience with a second sense. Tammet describes synesthesia as “cross-talk” between the senses. He and others like him are called “synesthetes.”
Over 60 kinds of synesthesia have been documented. Some of the more common forms include grapheme, or color synesthesia, where letters or numbers are perceived as colors; ordinal linquistic personification, where numbers, days of the week, and months of the year are experienced as personalities; and spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, where numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week are experienced as specific and very precise locations in space.
In thinking about Tammet, it’s tempting to put forth the idea that everyone experiences synesthesia from time to time given that our inner senses are so interdependent. Any strong memory--be it pleasant or not—is a complex package of intensely interconnected images, sounds, and feelings. But true neurological synesthesia is always involuntary thus differentiating individuals who experience it from the rest of us.
In regards to tasting and synesthesia, I’ve learned that most of the colleagues I’ve worked with in my tasting project are like me. We’re visual-dominant in our thinking and represent our internal experience of wine primarily with images in any number of different ways. However, over the last year I noticed several outliers among colleagues I’ve interviewed; professionals who taste at a world-class level but whose inner processing of the wine experience is so far outside the norm that their tasting strategies are challenging to deconstruct and code. To these few, the wine experience is not so much about using images associated with memories of aromatics and flavors, but instead experiencing wine as a flow, shape, colors, texture, and sounds often projected outward from their body. These tasters are synesthetes, the true instinctual tasters. Here are three of them.
Sur Lucero, MS
Sur Lucero, MS, describes himself as an instinctual taster who learned how to work with the MS tasting grid only after many long months of hard work in order to pass the Master’s tasting exam in the summer of 2012. Sur is also one of 16 individuals to ever receive the Remi Krug Cup for passing all three parts of the exam on his first attempt. Lucero told me that he’s never relied on the aromatic and taste profiles that most students use, but more from the “picture” of a wine in terms of how it interact texturally on his palate.
“I visualize how the wine feels on my palate,” he says; “whether it feels flat, lifted, vibrant, tense, or youthful.” When asked for an example he mentioned New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc describing it as an “intense wine with lots of energy and crisp angularity to it with shades of green, yellow, and platinum.” I asked if he saw shapes; he replied that he doesn’t necessarily see shapes, but does see colors and movement in what he described as a linear fashion out in front of him. “They move and they’re not just in one dimension. They expand on an X and a Y axis.” Further, he went on to say that the shape of a wine is largely determined by the structure. To Sur, the “intensity, the sharpness, and austerity” of a wine will create more lift on the Y axis as opposed to a wine that’s richer, fuller, and fatter which be more expansive and broader on the X axis.
I wanted to know how he was able to assess the quality of the fruit or age of a wine. He answered by saying, “The colors are generally based on the ripeness of the fruit. Leaner, tauter wines are going to have lighter shades of color. A New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is a pretty intense, almost electric green. For Chablis, it’s a very pale cream straw; almost transparent.” Further, “I get the aromatic properties in terms of the fruit composition generally from the shades of colors that I see moving within the X and Y axes. Again, I don’t necessarily see cherries or blueberries or other specific fruits, I see shades of colors on the X and Y axes. But I don’t really think of the X and y axes as being present in this picture, I just see the shapes of the colors and how they move; the richer wines have more volume and the leaner wines have more height.” I asked him where a shape comes from and he replied with the following: “It comes from my chest and my head. Whenever I smell something I can feel it coming from here (motioning from his chest up to his face), definitely the upper part of my body.”
Gilian Handelman is director of education for Kendall-Jackson. She’s long known that she doesn’t process wine the same way that most people do. During our session, I asked her how she was able to recognize a specific fruit vs. another. She replied by saying, “I guess it’s just an instantaneous reaction in my brain. There’s this thought that I’ve catalogued all these smells, and there’s a synapse that’s telling me this is dark fruit. It’s almost like electricity. Once I make those quick decisions, say that it’s in the black fruit world, I’m asking if it’s fresh black fruit or prunes or whatever.”
While saying the previous, she was motioning with her hands out in front of her face. I asked her if her hand movements corresponded to images of the aromatics she was smelling in the wine. She replied saying, “No, I think they are lines or shapes that connect in my brain leading me to one framework or another. I haven’t really articulated this before, but for me it’s sort of a family tree or a logarithm, almost like electricity.” As for the shapes, she said that the quality of the fruit and structure of a wine had a lot to do with determining the kind of shape. She described her experience of the RDV Cabernet from Virginia we were tasting as:
“It’s like a big rubber casing that’s filled and things are shooting out the end of the casing making the rubber stretch … then in the back there’s this kind of roller coaster and other stuff stretching through the casing. But there’s also like a cascade of what’s going on. There’s tannin and acid, and it (cascade shape) goes up (she motioned with her hands) coming back down and then goes up again.”
When I asked her if the shapes were consistent within a single grape variety she responded by saying, “It’s not that clear cut for me. It’s more like thought flowing into shape. So round, black fruit that’s kind of stewed like in this wine is amorphous. In fact, all the fruits I smell will go into those kind of roles. Maybe that’s what it’s like for me, a channel of shape and sound. So (speaking in a high voice) this is a tiny channel that is bristly, high-noted and cleaver-shaped. Then (speaking in a much lower voice) this amorphous pool of a shape.”
Gilian also experiences different sounds with different styles of wines. For her, a rich, round wine like the Cabernet we were tasting sounded like “gloop, gloop, gloop” vs. a lighter-bodied, high-acid wine like German Riesling, which would sound more like water lapping on the edge of a lake or pond. She describes it with the sound, “fffft, ffft, ffft.” She further said, “I see and hear music a lot when I taste. For me, wine we’re tasting is more like a basso sound (hums) vs. a higher sound.”
I asked her where a shape would come from and she replied, “It comes from my whole body. It’s really a three-dimensional model of my palate.” She went on to say that the shapes are outlines and some, but not all, have color to them.
Gilian has illustrated many of the shapes for different grapes and they can be found at the KJ website: http://www.kj.com/sensory-tour
Gilian Handelman: Kendall-Jackson Reserve Chardonnay
Gilian Handelman: Kendall-Jackson Pinot Noir
Gilian Handelman: Kendall-Jackson Highland Estates - Napa Mountain Cabernet Sauvignon
Roland Micu, MS
Like Gilian Handelman, Roland Micu, MS, has always known that the way he tastes wine is different from everyone else. As soon as we started his interview Roland said, “I smell the wine and then there’s this so-called shape or texture. Maybe it’s a type of synesthesia because if you hear a note on a keyboard, it’s going to have a kind of impact. All the notes are going to have different impacts. So the shapes or textures remind me of that.”
I asked him if the different components in a wine like a specific fruit had different shapes. He responded yes and then described the dark plum note in the Merlot blend we were tasting as having a round shape that was black in color. But his experience of the shape was more complex in that it had texture as if he were biting into the actual fruit. He went on to say that “different fruits have different textures. Raspberry is going have more angularity and be mushier. A dark cherry will be more focused and a dark plum more broad.”
I asked if images were involved in his perception of the different aromatics. He said yes but that the shapes were the initial sensation before an image of something would appear. Further, he said that the two were almost simultaneous as the process unfolds rapidly when he smells a glass of wine. He went on to describe the Merlot blend we were tasting with the following: “To me this wine is like a level. There are no sharp angles and texturally nothing shoots out. It’s not like a contact lens but more like squished elliptical shape and the edges are round.”
I asked him where the shapes come from and he said, “It’s a feeling and it comes out of me (pointing to his chest) then moves up through my chest and out through my eyes so I can see it and translate it.” In terms of assessing the kind and quality of the fruit, he said that “the shape is being formed and all these fruits are being assessed at the same time.”
Roland described any changes in the wine from the nose to the palate with the following: “I think with the nose its two dimensional, but when it gets to the palate it becomes three dimensional. It also might be more blocky or pixilated. But it’s three dimensional as opposed to the nose where it’s an image of a cherry or whatever.” As for assessing the structure in the wine we were tasting during the session, Roland used the shape to calibrate the amount of alcohol, acid, and tannin. “I don’t base structure on texture, but I’ve done some research and found that the elliptical shape in this wine typically is related to higher alcohol, riper fruit, new oak (usually barrique), and minimal minerality.”
Ultimately, the purpose of my tasting project is to model best practices by deconstructing the internal strategies used by top tasters. The end goal is to take the best strategies and be able to teach them to anyone interested in learning about wine. With that, the question of what can be taken from the strategies of Gilian, Roland, and Sur arises. At this point I’m not convinced their strategies can be easily taught. Perhaps what we can gain from them is the idea of using colors, sounds, and shapes to more intimately and personally calibrate the different aromatic and structural properties in wine. More than that, working with tasters like Sur, Gilian, and Roland makes me think about how complex and miraculous the human mind is. And though we share common “hardware” in the form of our brain and nervous system, how different we all are and how important it is that we celebrate these differences and learn from each other—on a blue day or any other.
The Music Wine Connection
Is there a connection between music and wine? I’m often asked that question and probably more than qualified to answer it, as I have two degrees in music; a BA in music history and an MM in classical trumpet. The easy answer is yes, there is a connection between music and wine due to the multitude of parallels between the two fields. Both have remarkable depth in terms of history, culture, sociology, philosophy, and more. But for me, the most important connection between music and wine for me is how they make us think; how intensive training in either or both can create complex and refined patterns of thought not necessarily acquired in other fields.
I started playing the trumpet in 4th grade. A few years later, my first job in the restaurant business, bussing tables and washing dishes in a pancake house from 6:00 PM to 4:00 AM on weekends, helped pay for my first professional trumpet. I played in concert bands, jazz bands, marching bands, (true!), and orchestras throughout high school into my undergraduate days at the University of New Mexico to graduate school at the University of Michigan. After grad school, Carla and I moved to San Francisco where I played with various Bay Area orchestras and chamber groups as well as with the San Francisco Opera Orchestra as an extra for the better part of four years. However, eventually the restaurant business and impending parenthood took over. But music has remained a vital part of my career and life and thus I can easily draw on my experience to answer the music-wine question. Further, there are more than a few things from my musical training that have mapped over to my wine career. In fact, I wouldn't hesitate to say that I would never have passed the Master Sommelier examination without my musical training. Here’s why.
I. Shutting the World Out
Playing a musical instrument (or singing) professionally requires immense focus. One’s success ultimately depends on being able to shut the world out and concentrate singularly on practicing and/or performing along with the playing of other musicians if an ensemble is involved. Tasting at a high level of proficiency also requires great focus and the ability to shut the world out in order to decipher what’s the in glass. I would argue that both are refined trance states in a manner of speaking.
II. Game Day Skills
Game day skills means the ability to bring one’s best game exactly when needed. I’ve written about it several times previously in this blog. The Master's Exam is a series of three very specialized auditions. I’m convinced that I would never have passed if it wasn’t for the trumpet auditions I took from junior high all the way to my years as a professional. As tough as the MS exam was, it wasn’t nearly as intimidating as some of the auditions I took as a professional. In one of those auditions, it was me alone on the stage of a huge empty concert hall in front of an audition jury I couldn’t see with a music stand filled with a long list of the of most difficult excerpts in the repertoire. Audition protocol requires that you start playing at the beginning of the list and when you make a mistake a voice from someone unseen in the jury calls out, “again!” Then you resume playing until you make three or four mistakes at which point the unseen voice says, “Thank you!” With those two dreaded words you're done and months and countless hours of practice are gone with no reward other than the fact you took the audition and have the experience. Want pressure? That’s pressure.
III. Unconscious Competence and Mastery
Competence as in unconscious competence of a given skill with the ultimate goal of mastery. This is the scale of competence that begins with unconscious incompetence (I’m completely oblivious to the fact that I’m a really horrible dancer), conscious incompetence (Wow! I really suck at dancing), conscious competence (I can dance OK but I really have to work at it), and finally, unconscious competence (Wow, he/she’s an amazing dancer and they make it look so easy). Music and wine are both fields where this scale definitely applies. With the trumpet, it’s all about breathing; specifically the cycle of inhalation, exhalation, and the release of a note—a cycle that has to practiced literally thousands of times to become consistent under the duress of an audition or performance. With wine, one smells and tastes in order to translate a myriad of aromas and flavors in the glass in order to connect sensory impressions to a specific grape, style, place, and even a single harvest. This too requires repetition in the form of thousands of times to gain unconscious competence and with the ultimate goal of mastery.
IV. Heightened Sensory Acuity and an Expanded Field of Awareness
This is perhaps the most important connection of all; how music and wine affect the way we think. A musician in a professional orchestra is required to have remarkable sensory acuity. I remember performing the Verdi Requiem in an orchestra of over a hundred musicians with several vocal soloists out in front of the orchestra, a chorus of over 200 singers directly behind me, and a dozen off-stage brass players positioned hundreds of feet from the orchestra up in the balcony of the hall. From moment to moment, I had to be aware of everything going on around me including my own part, watching the conductor, and listening to the other people in my section, as well as all the various instruments and singers around me. Every instant I had to adjust the volume, intonation, and timbre of my sound while playing my part in tune and in time with the rest of the trumpet section, much less the rest of the orchestra. I really can’t tell you how I did this--or how any musician does it for that matter. But I can tell you that performing at a high level requires one to keep an enormous number of things in their field of awareness either simultaneously or in rapid sequence.
Tasting is much the same. In the work I’ve done over the last several years modeling the tasting strategies of MS and MW colleagues, I’ve noticed one major pattern: tasting is a visual experience internally for most people and top tasters have unique and intricate ways of visually organizing all the information in a glass of wine. Like the musician, a professional taster can keep a great number of aromas and flavors as well as structural components from a given wine in their field of awareness either simultaneously or in rapid sequence.
V. Heightened Sensory Calibration
I’ve written many times previously of how sight is our dominant internal sense; how most of the human race thinks in pictures and movies. The accomplished musician goes one more by elevating their internal auditory sense to the level of internal sight. A trained, experienced musician calibrates pitch, volume, and timbre with as much precision as a visual artist does color, contrast, shade, and more. Likewise, a professional taster elevates the olfactory and gustatory senses by calibrating the qualities of aromatics (fresh vs. dried vs. cooked vs. stewed fruit) as well the structural components in wine including acidity, alcohol, and tannin. I’ve heard many musicians describe their experience of music and/or playing as three dimensional; I’ve heard many tasters describe their internal experience of wine as three dimensional as well--no great surprise.
VI. Importance of Theory and Accumulated Experience
It may sound lofty, but as a trumpet player sitting in the back of an orchestra I had to know the difference between playing fortissimo (loud) in a Mozart symphony vs. playing fortissimo in a Mahler symphony. Both are completely different even though they are marked identically on the page. In Mozart, the trumpet never plays above mezzo forte (medium-loud) even when the part is marked fortissimo because of the acoustical properties of the instruments that Mozart wrote for in his time. The trumpet Mahler wrote for at the end of the 19th century is almost identical to the instrument of today; it can easily bury an entire orchestra all by itself as far as volume. No surprise that he (Mahler) took full advantage of what the trumpet could do and wrote some of the greatest literature for the instrument in his nine symphonies. And when Mahler wrote fortissimo for the trumpet, he intended for the performer to play LOUD--but always maintaining a good sound.
In wine theory is also always key. In blind tasting it’s almost impossible for one to get to a conclusion such as “Spain, Tempranillo, Rioja Gran Reserva” without knowing that a classic style of Tempranillo from Spain comes from Rioja region and that the Rioja appellation has a quality hierarchy in which Gran Reserva is the highest designation (Not to mention that one can’t even get to Rioja without knowing all the markers for the Tempranillo grape).
There are other many other parallels between music and wine but I will leave you with these last few: music and wine can both create great passion and drive on the part of the student for the very subject being studied. In fact, they should do just that. Both also require a willingness on the part of the student to spend a great deal of time practicing alone to improve personal skills which include the repetition of tedious and often boring things. Finally, music and wine are two fields involving a high degree of aesthetics and beauty; in many ways they are two of the greatest things Western civilization has ever produced. Music, wine and life—it’s not a bad combination.
Tasting Interview: Emily Wines, MS
Last year as a part of my tasting project, I did a session with dear friend and fellow Master Emily Wines. Emily is the current Senior Director of Beverage for Kimpton Hotels and Restaurants in the U.S. She’s had an outstanding career in the wine industry having worked at top level restaurants in San Francisco such as Jardinierre, Elka, and Foreign Cinema. In 2000 she joined the Fifth Floor restaurant as assistant sommelier under Raj Parr. In 2005 she took over the Wine Director position for the restaurant and during her tenure the Fifth Floor list won a Grand Award from Wine Spectator as well as being nominated for the Outstanding Wine Service award by the James Beard Foundation.
In 2008, Emily became one of only 149 people in the U.S. to ever pass the Master Sommelier diploma examination—and one of only 24 women. She was also awarded the prestigious Remi Krug Cup for passing all three sections of the exam on her first attempt, one of two women to ever achieve this remarkable distinction.
We did the tasting session at her office in San Francisco. The wine used for the tasting was the 2009 Double Bond Pinot Noir from the Wolf Vineyard in Edna Valley. Riedel Wine Series Chianti Classico/Sangiovese glasses were used for the tasting. During the session, I spent the better part of two hours standing next to Emily observing her tasting. In particular, I paid close attention to her eye movements and language patterns, looking for clues as to how she processed all the information in the glass. My intent was to deconstruct her strategies, literally how she thinks about tasting, in the form of processing and organizing aromatics, flavors and structural components. In the end, we managed to map out the exact sequence of what she does internally when she tastes. The results, to say the least, are remarkable in that they provide a glimpse into the thinking and strategies of a top taster. Read on and enjoy!
Overall Goals and Beliefs about Wine
TG: What are your overall goals when you taste? What are you trying to accomplish?
EW: I’m trying to find out if the wine is, what it should be, and if it’s OK and not flawed. If it’s too wacked I don’t even bother to go further and taste it. I’m also checking for flaws to make sure it’s not too over the top. I’m also looking for varietal correctness and the “deliciousness factor,” or something that makes me want to taste more. Even if it’s an over the top Cabernet, is there something about the wine that would make me want to taste more.
TG: What does “deliciousness” mean?
EW: Does the wine have good balance and good structure? Does the wine have something intriguing about it that makes me want to taste more? The intriguing part could be, if it’s an over the top Chardonnay that’s all about oak and butter, does it taste like delicious caramel popcorn, tropical fruit, and butterscotch? Or is it just so heavy in the mouth and there’s really nothing else there. The opposite would be something really understated which also can be a problem if there’s not much there to begin with. A lot of people are now making an un-oaked or restrained style of Chardonnay and there’s really not much there.
TG: Do you have other goals for tasting if it’s a wine you’re considering for a restaurant list?
EW: I’m checking for varietal or regional correctness. I’m also asking if it’s appropriately priced. Does the wine taste like it should for the money or does it over-deliver? Ideally it should over-deliver.
TG: What are your goals as a taster?
EW: To narrow down and get an impression from the wine. At the very least, I want to come away with an impression from a wine. I’d like to have more stamina as a taster, to be able to get through more wines. Once I get beyond 50 wines my palate isn’t as fresh. But there’s not something specific that I try to do every time I sit down and taste. I’m trying to find something new that sticks or that makes an impression; I think blind tasting is like a language, so I’m looking for something that I can add to my language of senses.
TG: What is your evidence for a good tasting? What do you need? (Glassware, context, lighting, etc.)
EW: I need good light, bright enough light that I can really see the wine; it needs to be quiet. With a professional tasting, it’s really easy to blow through a ton of wines and not pay attention. I taste wine in batches so I can go back and compare if I need to. I think comparing is important because a wine can sometimes be affected by what comes before it. I also almost always taste wines at room temperature because any flaws in the wine will really show. It’s the most honest way to look at wine.
TG: What are your beliefs about tasting; about your own tasting?
EW: I think that I have a pretty unbiased palate; some people’s palates are more skewed to luxury wines vs. other people’s palates which can be more naïve. I’ve tasted so long as a buyer that I do tend to have that perspective. One of the things I have to do is find wines under $5 and that’s hard. But I don’t really think I’m a great blind taster; it’s something that I worked really hard at and focus on. It’s not something that’s inherently easy for me. Some people have really great palate memory and the ability to taste things and textures that I don’t get. But I can taste at a really high level. In the scheme of blind tasters out there, it’s not a talent that came easy to me but it’s something that I’m good at doing. I think I’m good at processing information quickly and categorizing it in my mind; visualizing through things. I learned pretty early on that I’m a visual learner with my tasting.
TG: What about the other parts of the exam?
EW: Service was easy for me because it’s what I did all the time. Theory was manageable because it was about taking all the information and making a system for memorizing the information. To memorize theory I made up a lot of acronyms. But then I also did what I’ve come learn as making memory palaces; taking names or places that didn’t really have any connection for me and then create a word association picture with it.
TG: What are your overall beliefs about wine?
EW: Wine is pleasurable, it’s enjoyable and it’s often social. It’s an artisanal thing but it’s also an industrial product; there’s a balance there and it doesn’t mean that one is necessarily better than the other.
TG: How is wine valuable to you, both personally and professionally?
EW: It’s a living, creative thing. Fine wine is like artwork that’s in a bottle and you don’t get to appreciate that artwork until you consume it. If you go to a big trade event like the Aspen Food and Wine Festival, watch the people with wine vs. spirits. There’s something about the way that people think about wine—they savor it. Most people take their time and get drawn into it. You don’t see that often with beer and spirits.
TG: What are you trying to learn/accomplish when looking at a glass of wine?
EW: I’m looking for quality. There are times when I’m looking at a Pinot Noir, for instance, and it’s purple. Then something’s wacky or not varietally correct because there could be something blended in like Syrah. So it’s not honest wine and they’re (winemaker) changing the wine from something that it should be.
TG: As you look at the color, how do you know if it’s varietally correct? How do you know that it’s the right color vs. other similar wines you’ve had in the past?
EW: I can compare it to similar wines I’ve had before; I have experience with what those wines should look like. I’m picturing the range of colors for red wine starting on the left with pale colors for a delicate young red moving across and to the right as they get more intense in color (Emily motions 12-15” in front of her, starting to her left at eye level, then going left to right ending just to the right of her face. The more intense the color, the farther right and closer to her face the color is. If it’s too intense for her it’s literally right in her face).
TG: What about wines that have age?
EW: If the wines are more orange in color with age, then it moves off to the right and farther away.
TG: So there are two color spectrums? One for age and one for intensity of color? Do they start together and then branch out separately?
EW: Yes and yes.
TG: Do you do this with all wines? What about a white wine like Chardonnay?
EW: Yes, if it’s really yellow, it’s right here close to me. If it’s a younger wine with more green, it’s over here (to her left). If it’s golden and oxidized, then it’s over here off to the right and further back.
TG: Do you literally take a look at the color of a wine and then compare it to the scales?
EW: Yes.
TG: What shape are these color scales?
EW: It’s like a strip.
TG: Do the colors change in a continuum or are they separate?
EW: It’s like a continuum or series of pantone paint swatches lined up.
TG: Are the different colors segmented?
EW: They are segmented but it’s very subtle. Like tick marks, like paint strips with very thin lines.
TG: How does it work? Do you look at the color of the wine and then match it? Does the scale move? Something else move?
EW: The scale is fixed. I look at the wine and then compare it to the scale.
TG: How do you know you have it or have accomplished it?
EW: It happens pretty quickly for me. After I match the wine to the color on the scale I’m pretty much done.
TG: How do you actually observe wine?
EW: When I look at a glass of wine, I almost always tip it away from me and roll the glass in my fingers. At the same time I’m looking at the color, I’m also watching the viscosity and the staining because the wine is moving and reflecting light. I’m also looking down at the core and then at the rim for sediment for brightness and for clarity. All that’s happening pretty much at once.
Tasting: Nose
TG: What are you trying to learn and/or accomplish when smelling a wine?
EW: The grid is a pretty important framework to hang things on. My primary goal is to get a first impression. I believe that whatever that first impression is, is really important. If I’m starting to veer off, I go back to that first impression because it’s something that can’t be ignored. The first impression can be a flaw or cherries or violets or smoke like a campfire. I ask, what can that be? Sometimes it can be really obvious like Shiraz. Sometimes not.
TG: When you say it’s obvious like the Shiraz, it’s because ...
EW: It’s because all those clues are lined up.
TG: What are the clues?
EW: I’ve already looked at it so the color’s there. Then there’s an almost painful intensity with blue-black fruit, tar, mint, and eucalyptus, herby, and exotic--all those things.
TG: Are there any other goals in smelling the wine?
EW: Once I get that primary or first impression, I usually don’t say it out loud; but if I’m blind tasting but hold it and then I try to go through the wine and find the fruit, earth, and wood.
TG: Do you use the MS tasting grid?
EW: Yes, it’s huge and in black and white right in front of me (about 5 feet away, 2D, rectangular about chest height). It looks like an Excel document and has the all information from the grid on it. The first thing I do when approaching a wine is to get a first impression, to let the wine come to me. I stop and smell the wine. It’s more of a visceral experience and I try to get an idea of what’s the very first impression. But I’m not trying to make any decisions. I just want to be with the wine because sometimes I think we do so much work with the grid that we miss out on things. You can miss the soul of the wine.
TG: What does soul of the wine mean to you?
EW: It’s the part of the wine that speaks to me.
TG: So soul and first impression are the same thing?
TG: Let’s find out how you smell wine.
EW: I smell wine twice. I first pick up the glass not disturbing it too much and take the most delicate gentle sniff and let the wine come in. To me, it’s a whole different range of smells. Then I give it a swirl and smell again.
TG: What are you looking for in that first go round?
EW: The very delicate, sort of volatile aromas that disappear when you swirl the glass. Things like floral, volatile acidity, and perfume. Sometimes it’s hard to pull things out of a wine; but when you pick up the glass like that you can get some delicate subtle aromas.
TG: Show me how you smell the wine. (Emily rests the glass under her nose on her upper lip. She holds the glass at about a 35 degree angle, head slightly down, torso very slightly down as well). When you first pick up a glass to smell the wine where do your eyes go?
EW: Straight out ahead and very slightly down.
TG: What’s happening then? Do you think about the grid?
EW: No.
TG: What’s going on?
EW: I smell roses and cherries. It’s almost like Tarot cards on a table.
TG: Cards? How do the cards appear? Where do they come from? So you smell something, ID it as “cherry,” and then what happens?
EW: It’s almost like there’s a table in front of me and there are cards on the table that have things in the wine on them.
TG: Where do the cards from?
EW: I take them out of my back pocket.
TG: When you take the card out of your pocket do you look at it and ID it as “cherries?”
TG: So when you smell something you and ID it, how do you know it’s a “cherry” and not something else? This is even before it becomes a card.
EW: I’m picturing big, luscious, almost stewed cherries right here (points chin level to the right about six inches away). There’s a cluster of cherries, they’re really ripe and almost soppy.
TG: What does the image look like?
EW: It’s a cluster of cherries in 3D with realistic bright colors and texture.
TG: What happens to the cherries once you see them and ID them?
EW: I set them aside and they become an image on a card that goes on the table. With the first impression whatever it is, the card is larger and I keep it on the table right in front of me.
TG: So you smell and then confirm with an image of the fruit or whatever; then the image becomes a 2D Tarot like card on the table in front of you.
TG: What’s the table like?
EW: It’s a dark wood conference-like table. When I taste, the table is my whole world. I can’t see the other side. I’m in my own little bubble just putting these cards out in front of me. It’s funny because I’ve never even done Tarot cards before. But that’s exactly how I picture it.
TG: What else did you smell besides the cherries?
EW: Roses (she points to almost the same place where the image of cherries was) and they’re almost to the point of almost being tossed out.
TG: Just curious, where are the cherries now?
EW: They’re both together but the roses are closer to me. They’re the same color as the cherries (deep but almost faded Burgundy).
TG: What happens to the roses then?
EW: They become a card and go on the table.
TG: How big are the cards on the table?
EW: About the same size as playing cards, although the primary, first impression card is larger and it’s right in front of me. The others not so close, so I’m always having to refer back to them. If there’s an important clue about a wine, the card could become bigger and closer to me. If I’m looking at a white wine that’s copper colored, then it’s an important clue and it would be a bigger card. It’s almost as if the sight’s here, the nose is here, and palate’s here (she motions in front of her left to right, table level, sight to the left, nose directly in front and palate to the right).
TG: With all these cards, are there different places for fruit vs. earth vs. wood?
EW: Not at all. It’s more about what are the most important clues. The more important they, are the closer they are to me.
TG: This is a pretty cool system. How do you use the grid with it? The grid that you showed me a few minutes ago was right out in front of you about chest-high and was like an Excel grid with all the information on it.
EW: Yes, it’s right here (motions out in front of her about two feet), and I’m going through it checking off things that might be in the wine.
TG: What happens there? You’re seeing something that might be on the grid and then what?
EW: Rather than checking something off, it becomes a visual clue.
TG: So you’re going down the grid checking things off and then an image is generated?
EW: I’m looking at the section of the grid on wood and now images of oak aromas are coming up; then they become cards and go down here (points to the “table”).
TG: It also seems like the images of wood are slightly to the right of center.
TG: For this wine, what representation of wood do you see?
EW: I’m looking for sweet things like in ice cream or baking spices like clove. Or maybe there’s a subtle textural thing.
TG: Are you pulling something out of the glass and then comparing to something you’ve smell before, or do you see all of those things first and then choose?
EW: It’s a scale just like the colors; from gently oxidative all the way to screaming oak.
TG: What does that scale look like? Is it colors? Images?
EW: I guess it’s kind of images. For gently oxidative I think of dried apples.
TG: Where is that? (Points over to the left about 2-3 feet from center) What’s over on this end?
EW: On this end, it’s my primary impression and I almost can’t shake it. The scale starts here (motions in front about two feet left of center) and goes over here (scale ends really close to the right side of her face).
TG: What’s over here next to your face?
EW: It’s something very sweet like vanilla and sweet spices. It’s not necessarily images, but something really sweet like you’re walking through the cologne department of a store and people are spraying things on you. While over here I really have to reach for it.
TG: That’s great, but again I’m trying to get the recipe or sequence for what you do. You put your nose in the glass and smell the wine. Then you have the Excel grid in front of you and have these continuums. Do you use them for everything? Do you use the same thing for earth and mineral?
EW: No, it’s different. With fruit, I have buckets of different kinds of fruit I’m reaching into. Is it red fruit or black fruit, or blue fruit or dried fruit? (Points to different locations out in front of her, eye level, left to right starting with red fruit).
TG: When you say buckets of fruit, are there literally buckets?
EW: No, they’re almost like giant fruit bowls with real fruits in them (both 3D). I identify the kind of fruit in the bucket and then ask what quality is the fruit. Is it fresh? Is it dry? Is it sweet? Is it sour?
TG: So you pull the fruit out of the bucket and then look at it to see if it’s dry, fresh, sour etc.? Once you’re done with it, does it becomes a card that goes on the table? If it’s really important, is the card is larger and closer to you? If it’s anything else, is there an arrangement to it?
EW: Not really, it’s more like the important things are closer to me; the things that are screaming are very close, and that first impression is always the biggest card.
TG: Do the other cards vary in size?
EW: No, it’s just in terms of how close or how far they are from me.
TG: What about earth? What do you do with earth?
EW: With earth, I smell the wine and ask if it’s there and then if it’s organic or not (Eye position is in front and down table top level).
TG: You looked here and here for organic and inorganic. What are you looking at?
EW: It’s almost like there are two buckets; a bucket full of rocks and a bucket full of soil and mushrooms.
TG: What do these buckets look like?
EW: These are more like a bucket with a handle on it.
TG: And the fruit is in a bowl?
EW: Yes, the fruits are in a bowl up here (points to just below eye level out in front), while the buckets for earth and mineral are down here (table or waist level).
TG: So you ID something, define its quality, and then as soon as you’re done with it, it becomes a card on goes on the table.
EW: Especially if it’s important. It might not be that important.
TG: How do you know if it’s important? Better question, how do you know if it’s not important?
EW: Sometimes if it’s a neutral white wine and has citrus, the citrus doesn’t tell me anything.
TG: Got it. Behind your system there’s a lot of theory and experience to back it up.
EW: Right.
TG: I have to ask if you had any idea that you did all this?
EW: I knew I did the Tarot card thing but not the rest of it.
TG: To summarize: you start by putting your nose in the glass and then you look out in front. It seems like most of your eye positions are right out here in front. Right here (out in front, straight ahead and slightly down), seems like your comfortable starting point. Does that seem right?
TG: From there, you’re looking for the first impression, whatever the strongest aroma is. If it’s fruit, it’s in the bowls out in front here; if it’s earth, it’s in the buckets here or here. What about herbs and other non-fruit things? Where are they?
EW: They fall in that same kind of middle tier out here (points directly out front, chest level and left to right). It’s almost like reaching out to find what else is there.
TG: Where are the herbs?
EW: The herbs are in bunches. I’m also asking what kind of herbs, as in fresh herbs vs. dried herbs, etc.
TG: So literally right out in front of you, chest level, with herbs left of center in bunches and then going toward center.
TG: To finish your sequence; you put your nose in the glass and then your eyes go out in front and slightly down. If fruit is the first impression, you go with the system of bowls, choose what it is, and then grab it. From there you hold it, look at it, and then assign a quality to it. Finally, that becomes a card that goes on the table.
EW: That’s right.
TG: How do you know when you’re done?
EW: Because I’ve gone through the entire grid. I’ve got my first impression and then I check off all the boxes on my Excel sheet.
TG: It also seems like that once you ID something, you pull it out and compare it against the grid as well.
EW: Right, I check it against all the boxes.
TG: When you say you check all the boxes, do you actually put marks on the sheet?
TG: To finish up, let’s talk about submodalities and the image of cherries. What happens if you make the image larger as in really large? Does the intensity of the aromas of the fruit get stronger? Less strong?
EW: If I make it larger it becomes singular, blocking out all other smells.
TG: What happens if you make the image smaller? Stronger intensity or less strong?
EW: By making the image smaller it’s less intense, almost like it's set aside.
TG: What happens if you push the image far away? Stronger intensity or less strong?
EW: Much less strong or intense; it’s what has to happen to move on to the next aroma.
TG: What happens if you make the image of the fruit black and white? Stronger intensity or less strong?
EW: It becomes much less intense. The color is very much a part of the aroma.
TG: What happens if you make the image 2 D instead of 3 D? Stronger intensity or less strong?
EW: Much less strong. This is what I describe when I say the 3D image becomes like a playing card. It is cataloged but set aside.
TG: What happens if you change the location of the image? Say put it way up or way down? Stronger intensity or less strong?
EW: It becomes less strong. It's strongest when it is right in front of my eyes.
TG: In summary, your driver submodalities are size, proximity, color vs. black and white and location. Changing any of those in an image changes the experience and sometimes dramatically.
TG: Now you have a really good idea of what the wine is about. What are your goals when actually tasting the wine? What are you trying to
learn/accomplish?
EW: To confirm the checked off things on my Excel sheet next to me, but I’m also going through this physical visceral kind of experience with the wine.
TG: What does that mean?
EW: Is it mouthwatering? Is it appealing? Is it bitter? Is it even the right temperature?
TG: We’ll get to the structure in a bit, but in the meantime, what are your goals as a taster in terms of what you’ve tasted vs. the cards on the table?
EW: I’m referring back to the cards on the table, reviewing and asking, does this taste like cherry? Like roses? Now I’m noticing that the fruit is more macerated.
TG: What it seems like you’re doing, is pointing to all the cards on the table from smelling the wine. If there’s something extra, what happens? Is it the same process where you reach for something and then it becomes another card?
EW: No, when I taste I’m looking at the cards and reviewing them. If there’s something new, then it’s almost like it’s right in front of my face.
TG: You mean an image right in front of you?
EW: Yes, but it’s like a card because I’m not reaching for it. I’ve already done that but I’ve missed whatever the new thing is.
TG: After it pops up where does it go? Is there a specific position for it?
EW: It goes on the table in the palate position to the right. If it’s something subtle, then it will go further away from me. But if it’s something screaming, then it will be closer and I’ll say, "Wow, how did I miss that much tar in the wine?" Or something like noticing that the quality of the fruit is different from what I was smelling.
TG: Do the images on the cards change, or do you get different cards?
EW: If I’m tasting a wine and the fruit is much richer or brighter than it was on the nose, then the image on the card actually gets brighter too. If it’s a wine where I’m reaching for it and can’t I really get anything out of the nose, sometimes I’ll taste something new and it can solidify the wine.
TG: Go ahead and taste the wine. I’m interested in the sequence of where your eyes go. I notice that when you taste your eyes go down here (down and straight ahead). Are you looking at cards?
EW: I’m looking at the other edge of the table. When I taste, my whole world is right out here (motions to the “table”).
TG: Are you looking at anything in particular?
EW: No, just trying to let an impression come to me.
TG: So you look out to the other edge of the table and let the whole process start?
TG: Now for structure. How do you know how much acid, alcohol, or tannin is in the wine? How do you quantify those things? Let’s talk about acidity, for instance.
EW: I’m paying attention to how tart the wine is on my tongue, how much I’m salivating—a combination of the two.
TG: Got that. But how do you calibrate just how much acidity is in the wine, as in the difference between medium-plus and high acid? How do you know?
EW: There’s a scale I see; it’s really small.
TG: So there’s some kind of visual confirmation? You put both hands out in front of you about a foot apart. What does the scale look like?
EW: It’s a ruler.
TG: A ruler with gradations? Over here to the left for low and over to the right for high?
TG: What color is it?
EW: It’s yellow and the color for medium to low is almost faded out; the color from medium to high is much deeper and brighter.
TG: Is there any marker on it that moves so you can calibrate? Or do you just point to a mark on it?
EW: There’s a motion; I point to it.
TG: What about alcohol? How do you calibrate it?
EW: Alcohol is more visceral in some way; there’s an intensity to the wine overall.
TG: How do you measure it?
EW: There’s the same kind of ruler, only it’s broader because it goes from low to high. It also doesn’t have tick marks on it. There’s almost like a bubble on it like a construction level that shifts. I have to watch it a lot closer because alcohol can be kind of nebulous for me sometimes.
TG: Is it the same color as the acid ruler?
EW: No, it’s kind of an aquamarine blue like a swimming pool.
TG: What about tannin?
EW: Tannin is kind of a wooly thing; it’s a textural thing. It’s almost like a piece of wool that’s stretched out and thin at one end and much thicker and larger at the other.
TG: I also notice that you’re going through the scale with your hand. Is that something you have to feel?
EW: It’s a textural thing: how much it is and the texture. Is it gritty? Is it silky? Where is it on the scale and how much?
TG: So it’s a combination of the amount and the texture.
EW: Right, as I’m tasting, it’s almost like I’m taking a piece of Brillo pad and rubbing it against my fingers.
TG: So if it’s a Brillo pad, it’s probably a wine that’s pretty tannic and astringent. What about a wine that’s smooth?
EW: It’s like wet velvet.
TG: It seems like you have your right arm out in front of you and you’ve moving it from left to right and feeling the texture of the wool.
TG: What about the finish? How do you calibrate that?
EW: I like the finish because I get a lot of subtle clues out of it (Her eyes move slightly up and look out over the table).
TG: I noticed that your eyes moved here (points to the location). What’s there?
EW: I guess it’s almost like I’m trying to taste the wine through my sinuses or something. I’m exhaling the finish.
TG: Like retro-nasal breathing?
EW: Yes, I’m doing that and asking, “What’s there?”
TG: OK, but twice you’ve literally looked right up here, slightly above eye level, out and straight ahead. What’s up there?
EW: I’m looking for anything that I haven’t seen in the wine.
TG: The components of the wine?
EW: Yes, sometimes I find something on the finish like, “that’s American oak.”
TG: Would that then become a card?
EW: Absolutely.
TG: Getting back to the finish. How do you know how long the finish is? How do you calibrate it? Is it another scale?
EW: Yes, it’s a kind of a scale that goes out in front of me. It’s almost like a road that goes out to the horizon. I’m looking to see how far down the road I can see.
TG: When you taste and look down the road at the finish, does anything move?
EW: No, it’s almost like how far away is the horizon.
TG: How do you know when you’re finished tasting the wine?
EW: I’ve gone through the process with all my cards. Then I sit and do a quick see, smell, and taste through of the wine to see if I’ve missed anything. From there, I ask what makes sense about the wine. I obviously already have a general idea about the wine sitting in my head.
TG: Do you use the cards on the table to match to a specific wine? How would you match the cards to this Pinot Noir we’re tasting?
EW: No, it’s like I have a Pinot Noir card in my hand (holds her left hand out in front of her) and ask if the cards on the table match the list of things on the Pinot card.
TG: So you look at the list of things on your Pinot Noir card and compare it to the cards on the table? If enough of them match, then you internally say yes, this is Pinot Noir?
TG: What happens if the Pinot card doesn’t match?
EW: Then I might set the Pinot card aside and consider other cards. But I always have my first impression card and that’s really important for the
TG: What does the Pinot Noir card look like? Is it just a list of the markers for the grape?
EW: It’s a card with a Burgundy-colored border and the center is white with the list of Pinot things typed out in terms of sight, smell, and palate. It’s literally a check list for Pinot Noir.
TG: Is it playing card size?
TG: If it’s not Pinot Noir, you pull out another card that the wine could be?
EW: Yes, at that point I have a really good idea of the cards I want to bring out to look at to consider for the wine.
TG: Where do the cards come from?
EW: (Pauses and smiles) From my back pocket! At that point, I think that I have Pinot or Gamay or something like that and ask, “Which of these match?” I’m thinking varietal as well as wine. Is it Burgundy? Is it new world?
TG: In terms of Pinot Noir, are there different cards for Central Otago and Carneros?
EW: They all have their own cards. It’s almost like Pinot Noir has a card but Pinot Noir from Beaune has its own card too.
TG: How do all these Pinot cards show up?
EW: It’s almost like a family of cards, the Pinot cards, and that set has a Burgundy border. If it’s the Malbec/Syrah cards, they have a dark purple border. It’s a family of cards.
TG: So it has to do with color.
TG: If it’s white wine, does it have to do with the color as well?
EW: Not necessarily but wines that are grassy and herbal have a green color. Aromatic wines might have a pink border since they are so distinctive and floral.
TG: How do you know you’re finished tasting the wine?
EW: I say this is the card that matches, that feels right. Then I put the card right in front of the wine and move on to the next glass. When I’m done with all the wines I’ll go back and look at all the cards to make sure.
TG: What about age and being able to assign a vintage to a wine?
EW: To me, that’s like theory. It’s about knowing what happened in a particular place, how youthful the wine is, and then matching the two together and asking if it makes sense. It’s combining the sensory thing of feeling the age of the wine with knowing about the year.
TG: Thanks, Emily, it's been amazing to taste with you and deconstruct your system for tasting.
Submodalities: the Structure of Thought -- the Fabric of Experience
www.ukmums.tv
“The future seems bright.”
“I just can’t get any distance from it.”
“He’s blowing it all out of proportion.”
“My mind went blank.”
Sound familiar? Odds are you’ve probably heard all of them at some point as they’re commonly used expressions. But they may be a lot more than just catch phrases casually tossed into conversation. In the 1970’s, a group headed by Richard Bandler at U.C. Santa Cruz were working with students trying to find patterns that would connect eye movements to various memory functions; patterns that would later come to be called eye accessing cues, or vertical and lateral eye movements in psychology speak. What Bandler and his colleagues also realized during their study, was that some of the answers given by students like the ones above were more than mere figures of speech, they were in fact literal descriptions of what the individual was experiencing inside their head at the time. So the person who couldn’t get any distance from their problem actually had a large image in their mind’s eye that was too close for comfort. Likewise, someone whose mind “went blank” literally saw a blank white screen instead of being able to bring up with the image of the desired memory.
Consider for a moment that our connection to the physical universe is our five senses: seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling and tasting. These are called modalities after “moda,” the Greek term for senses. Internally we also use our five senses, our inner modalities, to organize our experiences. But those inner modalities also have structural qualities, or “submodalities,” as noted by Bandler and colleagues. Sight alone has dozens of submodalities including size, proximity, location, brightness, depth, and more. Here’s a partial list of some of the most common submodalities:
Black & white or color*
Proximity: near or far*
Brightness*
Size of the image*
Three dimensional or flat image*
Focused or defocused
Framed or unframed
Movie or still image
Volume: loud or soft
Distance: near or far
Stereo or mono
Pitch: high or low
Verbal or tonal
Pauses
Intensity: strong or weak
Area: large or small
Weight: heavy or light
Texture: smooth, rough or other
Constant or intermittent
Temperature: hot or cold
Driver Submodalities
Another discovery for Bandler and company was that changing any one of a handful of visual submodalities completely altered the experience and any feelings connected to the experience for the subject in question. These became known as “driver” submodalities and they include size, proximity, brightness, and dimensionality, to name a few (I’ve noted the driver submodalities for visual listed above with an asterisk). I have to note that all the tasters I’ve worked with in my project have driver submodalities. For Emily Wines MS, increasing the size and proximity of the images she perceived of the aromas in a given wine increased the intensity of her experience. Decreasing the size of her images or pushing them away did the opposite—it decreased her experience of the specific aroma and also increased the intensity of the other aromas in the wine. For Doug Frost, MS, MW, changing any of the major submodalities made the entire experience unreal and he couldn’t focus on the wine. For me, changing the size, proximity, color vs. black and white, or making the image two dimensional instead of three dimensional, all change my experience of the wine, sometimes completely.
Your First Submodality Exercise
Here’s an exercise in finding out how your brain works; literally discovering how your brain codes external experience. For this first exercise, we’ll limit it to just visual submodalities. The only thing you’ll need is a pleasant memory like the beautiful sunset pictured above. So go back to a time when you experienced a gorgeous sunset. Once you’ve got the memory so that you feel like you’re really there, make the suggested changes below. Important rule: only change ONE thing at a time. If you change more than one, you’ll likely to completely muddle the experience. After you make each single change, remember to RESET your memory to the original before going to the next. As you make each change, pay close attention to how the change affects the intensity and quality of your feelings toward the memory. Remember: only change ONE thing at a time and then reset it before going to the next. Have fun! Go!
1. Color vs black and white: change your image from colors to black and white. How does that affect your memory?
2. Depth: change your memory from a three dimensional image with lots of depth to a flat picture. Does that change your memory?
3. Distance: move the image really close—right in front of your face. Changes? Now move it at least 20 feet away. Changes?
4. Size: make the image BIG—at least 20’ by 20’. Change in intensity of the memory? Now make the image really small – the size of a postage stamp. Changes?
5. Clarity: change the image from crystal clear to blurred. Changes?
Which of the preceding changes altered your experience the most? For some, changing the distance, proximity, brightness, size, or dimensionality (2D vs. 3D) completely changes the intensity of the feelings connected to the memory. Did you find your driver submodalities? Chances are it was pretty easy to do. Now for more fun.
Your Second Submodality Exercise
In the first exercise we took one memory/image and played with changing major visual submodalities one by one to get an idea of how profound the changes can be. In this second exercise, we’ll take two memories and map the differences between them. We’ll use food as the topic. The first thing you’ll need to do is pick your favorite food, something that makes you swoon at the very thought of it. Easy for me: it’s good bittersweet chocolate or chocolate truffles. Bring up a great memory of your favorite food, be it chocolate or whatever. Now choose your least favorite food, something you will absolutely NOT eat under any circumstances. If for any reason you don’t have one, just choose something that you really would rather not eat. For me this is easy once again; my least favorite food is calves liver. Can’t stand it and absolutely won’t eat it (Long story here having to do with a tragic childhood experience).
Now that you have your two foods in mind focus on your favorite. Where is the image of your favorite food located? Is it a life size memory? Is it in color? Is there movement? Sound? How bright are the colors? Is it 2D or 3D? Really be thorough in investigating the structure of your memory. Note all the different elements and write them down. Next think about your least favorite food and do the same; note the location of the image, if it’s a movie, the size, distance, color, brightness, and other things. Also write them down.
Now compare the two different foods in terms of how you represent them internally. Are the images in different locations? Different sizes? Is one image closer than the other? Is one brighter than the other? Is one a still image still while the other is a movie? For the record, I did quick inventory of both my choices. Chocolate was a large image front and center, 3D, about 4-5 feet away, life size, with bright colors, and lots of detail. In comparison, the calves liver image was down on the floor to my left just out of eye sight; it was a dark image, very dull in terms of brightness, and the colors were all faded greys and browns. It almost looked like a daguerreotype from the 19th century.
You get the picture--literally. Contrasting memories like this in terms of structure is called "contrastive analysis" and it has any number of different applications.
The only other part of this exercise I'd like you to do is this: for a moment try moving the un-liked food over to the favorite food location and make all the structural components the same. Notice if you feel any different about the un-liked food after doing so. Then put it back where it was. As the saying goes, let sleeping dogs lie and leave undesirable foods alone.
Submodalities and Language
One final--and not so trivial--thing about Bandler and company’s initial work with submodalities: during their work, their group recognized that subjects often favored one particular sensory representational system (internal sense) over others in conversation. Some would use “sight” language while others regularly chose auditory language while a small percentage used kinesthetic language. Thus one person might say “I see what you mean,” while another would say “that sounds good,” while a third might say, “that feels right.” While it may seem insignificant, Bandler's group went on to learn that matching language predicates generally led to good communication while mismatching predicates usually led to the opposite. Suffice to say that if you mismatch someone’s language predicates you will drive them absolutely crazy in a short period time. Further, it could be challenging to establish any kind of rapport or connection with them because you’re not in the same mental universe. However, match their conversational predicates and you’ll find yourself singing harmony with them in short order. Or something like that.
Tasting and Submodalities
How can we use submodalities in tasting wine? I thought you’d never ask. The answer is in a multitude of different ways, but in this post we’ll focus on improving olfactory memory. In the last post I wrote about working on one’s memory of the most common aromas in wine using what I called the “Basic Set.” If you did any work with the images, you probably improved your memory, maybe even considerably. Kudos to you! Now we’ll combine the submodalities with image work. Here are some exercises to try:
a. Images, aromas, and submodalities: bring up an image of lemons internally like the one above. Start to use the submodality changes listed above as far as changing the size of the image, its location, the brightness, 2D vs. 3D, etc. Note how you can quickly and easily increase or decrease the intensity of your memory of what a lemon smells and tastes like.
b. Expand your repertoire: now isolate what different parts of the lemon smell like—the peel, pith, rind and the oil. Once again, use images to increase or decrease the intensity of your memory of lemon and all its components.
c. Refine and calibrate: now that you’ve discovered your major driver submodality (Be it size, proximity, brightness or whatever—and there could be more than one), use it or them to decrease the intensity of your memory of lemon until you can barely detect it. Work on pushing your memory and perception until you can detect minute amounts of the lemon and any part of the lemon.
d. Quality of fruit: take your image/memory of lemon and change it from freshly sliced lemon to dried lemon to preserved lemon. Morph your images and adjust your memory of the lemon accordingly.
By now you should have a good first impression of how you can change your experience by altering submodalities. The possibilities, as it’s easy to see, are endless. While doing the exercises you probably realized—and very quickly—how important knowledge of submodalities is; how knowing about them and being able to change them consciously is like being given a keyboard to your brain along with a lot more control and choice about your experience and memories. I think submodalities could be the most profound thing I’ve ever learned. Nothing else comes close. Cheers!
Tim Gaiser
My thoughts on wine and more. I hope you enjoy.
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Home > Article
VOL. 41 | NO. 6 | Friday, February 10, 2017
GOP lawmaker resigns; Democrats demand investigation
By Sam Stockard
House Democrats are calling for a probe into the sudden resignation of first-term Rep. Mark Lovell, who denies being involved in sexual misconduct as he leaves the state Legislature after just one month.
“I stand by my statement that no improprieties happened and the allegations are completely false,” Lovell, an Eads Republican, said in a statement.
Lovell called his decision to leave the post “tremendously difficult” and issued an apology to constituents but said he realized over the last several months he was not able to meet family needs “both physically and mentally” while trying to serve constituents.
“Again, I am extremely grateful for all of the trust the great people in my district have placed in me and I apologize greatly for not being able to fulfill my campaign promises to them,” he said in the statement.
House Democrats, however, said in a statement Lovell resigned after allegations of sexual misconduct with a woman last week.
“We’re just coming off this extraordinary scandal that we had with Jeremy Durham and if reports are true, we already have another problem. We need a full investigation into that but one that protects the confidentiality of the victims,” House Minority Leader Mike Stewart, D-Nashville, said in a statement.
Democrats also want to repeal the so-called Jeremy’s Law, a bill named for former Rep. Jeremy Durham, which passed in 2016 raising barriers for state employees who are victims for sexual harassment by making them liable for attorneys’ fee is they lose in court.
Said Rep. Bo Mitchell, D-Nashville, “It was an outrage that Jeremy’s Law passed last year at the very time that the Durham scandal was unfolding. Now we are barely into the session and we have another problem – we have to accept that one reason may be that we unwisely raised unprecedented barriers to harassment victims seeking justice.”
Lovell sent a resignation letter to House Speaker Beth Harwell stating legislative work was taking more time than expected and that he would be leaving the elected position effective Tuesday, Feb. 14.
“It has been an honor to be elected and to serve in the Tennessee House of Representatives. However, the time requirements to represent my constituents are more demanding than anticipated. Thus, I do not have the time necessary to devote to my business interests and to my family. It has become evident that I cannot devote the time I need to my elected position,” the letter states.
Lovell’s letter states his immediate resignation would give Shelby County time to appoint an interim member to represent the 95th House District.
Under state law, the Shelby County Commission could appoint an interim state representative until a special election can be held, 100 days after the governor issues a schedule for primary and general elections.
The Tennessean reported Lovell resigned amid an investigation into allegations he had inappropriate contact with a woman. He said the accusations are false, according to the article.
Connie Ridley, director of Legislative Administration, which would conduct an inquiry, could not confirm any investigation is under way either. The General Assembly policy on Workplace Discrimination and Harassment contains a confidentiality clause stating no information about a complaint will be released to anyone not involved “in an investigation, lawsuit or corrective action,” Ridley said.
Neither House Speaker Beth Harwell nor Lt. Gov. Randy McNally could confirm a legislative investigation is under way.
But on the heels of Durham’s removal from the House of Representatives after an attorney general investigation found he acted inappropriately toward 22 women, Harwell said sexual and workplace harassment will not be tolerated in the House.
“Any complaint would be fully investigated and would follow the process outlined in the Tennessee General Assembly’s newly revised Workplace Discrimination Policy,” she said in a statement.
“If a complaint is filed and still in the investigation phase, the process is confidential in order to protect the identities of the victim(s) and witnesses, and so I would be unable to comment. However, if a violation is found, it will absolutely be a public record, as stated in the policy, and appropriate action would be taken.”
McNally said in a statement he would not comment on any “ongoing investigation” into sexual harassment complaint until it is complete.
“The Senate takes any and all sexual harassment complaints extremely seriously. If the complaint were deemed valid, the Senate would demand a full and public vetting of the matter immediately. The Senate is committed to taking all actions within the law and the rules to ensure a safe workplace for our Senate staff members.”
House Majority Leader Glen Casada could not confirm any sort of investigation is being conducted into Lovell. He said he received Lovell’s resignation Tuesday morning and had no reason to believe he was resigning for a different reason than stated. Anything else would be “pure speculation,” he said.
“It should raise the eyebrows of the media. But from my perspective, he turned his letter in, he wrote on here that … so I’ve got to believe that’s what it is,” Casada said.
The House Republican leader, though, said he could understand how someone would leave this soon into their first term.
“You get here, it’s different, it’s tough. You’re three and a half hours from home,” Casada said. “He’s got kids at home. The wife all of a sudden says, ‘You’re gone Monday through Thursday?’ I could see a member (thinking) like, ‘Oh, I made a mistake.’”
The Shelby County Republican defeated longtime Rep. Curry Todd in the Republican primary in 2016 after Todd was accused of pulling up Lovell’s campaign signs. Todd pleaded not guilty after being arrested, and Lovell paid his bond, according to reports.
Lovell, who runs the Delta Fair and owns apartment complexes and a golf course, won 56 percent of the votes to Todd’s 18.9 percent to capture the District 95 primary.
Sam Stockard is a Nashville-based reporter covering the Legislature for the Memphis Daily News. He can be reached at sstockard44@gmail.com.
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Home > CUNY Graduate Center > Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects > 2898
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
A Network Theoretical Approach to Real-World Problems: Application of the K-Core Algorithm to Various Systems
Kate Burleson-Lesser, The Graduate Center, City University of New YorkFollow
Date of Degree
Hernan Makse
Lucas Parra
Tobias Schaefer
Jeffrey Morris
Flaviano Morone
Physics | Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
Complex networks, k-core algorithm, thermodynamics, maximum entropy, random networkstheory, networks
The study of complex networks is, at its core, an exploration of the mechanisms that control the world in which we live at every scale, from particles no bigger than a grain of sand and amino acids that comprise proteins, to social networks, ecosystems, and even countries. Indeed, we find that, regardless of the physical size of the network's components, we may apply principles of complex network theory, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics to not only better understand these specific networks, but to formulate theories which may be applied to problems on a more general level. This thesis explores several networks at vastly different scales, ranging from the microscopic (amino acids and frictional packed particles) to the macroscopic (human subjects asked to view a set of videos) to the massive (real ecosystems and the "financial ecosystem" (Haldane 2011, May 2008) of stocks in the S&P500 stock index). The networks are discussed in chronological order of analysis. We begin with a review of k-core theory, including its applications to certain dynamical systems, as this is an important concept to understand for the next two sections. A discussion of the network structure (specifically, a k-shell decomposition) of both ecological and financial dynamic networks, and the implications of this structure for determining a network's tipping point of collapse, follows. Third, this same k-shell structure is examined for networks of frictional particles approaching a jamming transition, where it is seen that the jamming transition is a k-core transition given by random network theory. Lastly comes a thermodynamical examination of human eye-tracking networks built from data of subjects asked to watch the commercials of the 2014 Super Bowl Game; we determine, using a Maximum Entropy approach, that the collective behavior of this small sample can be used to predict population-wide preferences. The behavior of all of these networks are explained using aspects of network theoretical and statistical mechanics frameworks and can be extended beyond the specific networks analyzed herein.
Burleson-Lesser, Kate, "A Network Theoretical Approach to Real-World Problems: Application of the K-Core Algorithm to Various Systems" (2018). CUNY Academic Works.
https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2898
Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics Commons
CUNY Graduate Center
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Retinal capillary degeneration and blood-retinal barrier disruption in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease
Haoshen Shi1,
Yosef Koronyo1,
Dieu-Trang Fuchs1,
Julia Sheyn1,
Kolja Wawrowsky2,
Shouri Lahiri3,
Keith L. Black1 &
Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-84421,4
Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 8, Article number: 202 (2020) Cite this article
Extensive effort has been made studying retinal pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to improve early noninvasive diagnosis and treatment. Particularly relevant are vascular changes, which appear prominent in early brain pathogenesis and could predict cognitive decline. Recently, we identified platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) deficiency and pericyte loss associated with vascular Aβ deposition in the neurosensory retina of mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and AD patients. However, the pathological mechanisms of retinal vascular changes and their possible relationships with vascular amyloidosis, pericyte loss, and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the retinas of transgenic APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse models of AD (ADtg mice) and wild-type mice at different ages for capillary degeneration, PDGFRβ expression, vascular amyloidosis, permeability and inner BRB tight-junction molecules. Using a retinal vascular isolation technique followed by periodic acid-Schiff or immunofluorescent staining, we discovered significant retinal capillary degeneration in ADtg mice compared to age- and sex-matched wild-type mice (P < 0.0001). This small vessel degeneration reached significance in 8-month-old mice (P = 0.0035), with males more susceptible than females. Degeneration of retinal capillaries also progressively increased with age in healthy mice (P = 0.0145); however, the phenomenon was significantly worse during AD-like progression (P = 0.0001). A substantial vascular PDGFRβ deficiency (~ 50% reduction, P = 0.0017) along with prominent vascular Aβ deposition was further detected in the retina of ADtg mice, which inversely correlated with the extent of degenerated capillaries (Pearson’s r = − 0.8, P = 0.0016). Importantly, tight-junction alterations such as claudin-1 downregulation and increased BRB permeability, demonstrated in vivo by retinal fluorescein imaging and ex vivo following injection of FITC-dextran (2000 kD) and Texas Red-dextran (3 kD), were found in ADtg mice. Overall, the identification of age- and Alzheimer’s-dependent retinal capillary degeneration and compromised BRB integrity starting at early disease stages in ADtg mice could contribute to the development of novel targets for AD diagnosis and therapy.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of senile dementia, accounting for 60–80% of all dementia cases [8], in the United States [3]. Preliminary investigations of vascular complications in demented patients revealed atherosclerosis in cerebral blood vessels [5]. To date, a wide spectrum of cerebral blood vessel-related abnormalities have been described as either vascular complications or significant risk factors for AD [53]. Prominent Alzheimer’s cerebral vascular pathologies include vascular perfusion deficits [16, 18, 61], small blood vessel distortions [15, 43, 59, 69], angiogenesis [17, 34], blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown [106, 111, 118, 127, 128, 143], neurovascular unit (NVU) degeneration [26, 60, 132], vascular tau accumulation [23, 135], and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) [7, 40, 133]. The latter is thought to occur in over 85% of AD patients [133]. Moreover, for over two decades, AD-related cerebral pathology has been shown to extend beyond the brain into the retina [33, 37, 44, 58, 77, 78, 81, 125], a central nervous system (CNS) organ that directly connects to and shares many structural and functional features with the brain [41]. In particular, retinal blood vessels in patients with AD are subject to various morphological abnormalities, including disturbed blood flow dynamics, pericyte loss, and amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) deposition [1, 13, 19, 28, 44, 45, 98, 115].
The retina is recognized as the only CNS tissue that can be visually examined noninvasively. As such, retinal imaging may eventually offer a means for implementing early AD screening in large populations. To this end, research investigating Alzheimer’s manifestation in the retina has made considerable progress including demonstrating comprehensive functional decline [50, 87, 101, 107, 119] and pathological damage [1, 4, 13, 19, 28, 33, 37, 44, 45, 58, 77,78,79, 81, 98, 108, 115, 125, 126]. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies identified thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer in these patients [74, 99, 142], indicating neurodegeneration in the AD retina. Subsequently, retinal amyloidosis, tauopathy, retinal vascular damage, and reduced blood flow were further described by both histological examination and noninvasive retinal imaging [1, 13, 19, 28, 33, 37, 44, 45, 54, 58, 77,78,79, 86, 110, 115]. Although recent developments in brain imaging modalities have significantly improved differentiation between AD-related and non-AD cerebral pathologies [65], they have not provided a solution in the clinical setting for large-scale screening of at-risk populations in the preclinical or prodromal phases. Retinal imaging techniques, including amyloid or autofluorescence (AF) optical imaging, OCT, OCT angiography (OCTA), and retinal hyperspectral imaging, have already shown positive results in potentially addressing this limitation [56, 73, 77,78,79, 96, 98, 120]. Importantly, the credibility of evaluating dementia by measuring changes in retinal markers has been established by findings from multiple case studies that successfully correlated retinopathy-related neuronal and vascular pathologies with cognitive decline [10, 19, 20, 32, 38, 94, 121].
Despite the recent advances in understanding Alzheimer’s manifestation in the retina, gaps in knowledge and characterization of retinopathy-related biomarkers currently prevent the reliable diagnosis of AD via retinal imaging. Indeed, the brains of AD patients appear to share many pathological pathways with traditional retinal degenerative diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration [6, 103, 112, 124]. Similar to AD brain pathology, we recently identified an early and progressive deficiency in vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) and increased apoptosis of pericytes along with vascular amyloidosis in postmortem retinas of mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and AD patients [115]. These findings suggest a blood-retina barrier (BRB) breakdown, but the extent of BRB breakdown in the AD retina compared to that found in traditional retinal degenerative diseases—for example, in the non-proliferative stage of DR—remains unknown [30, 48]. It is important to note that methods for measuring BRB leakage have already been established. Such techniques include fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and the recently developed OCT-Leakage, which can be used to detect and quantify BRB leakage in the clinical setting [29, 31, 92]. Breakdown of the BBB in AD brains was confirmed by discoveries of leakage of vascular albumin and globulins [106, 111, 143] and by a recent study using MRI to measure BBB permeability and cerebral blood flow (CBF) [128]. Moreover, another MRI study from the same group demonstrated a correlation between global BBB leakage and cognitive decline in patients with early AD [127]. As such, the current study was designed to further evaluate the integrity of BRB in the AD retina by measuring capillary degeneration and cell–cell junction molecules in relation to AD hallmarks, ultimately contributing to the development of retinal imaging techniques for AD detection and diagnosis.
Here, we investigated retinal microvascular degeneration and BRB integrity in the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 (ADtg) mouse model as compared to the non-tg wild-type (WT) littermates. We assessed retinal vascular pathology at different mouse ages. First, retinal blood vessels from ADtg mice and WT controls were isolated and stained to quantify degenerated capillaries, a hallmark pathological feature of early-stage DR. Next, pericyte loss and vascular Aβ deposition were evaluated and correlated with capillary degeneration. We identified intensely degenerated capillaries, vascular Aβ deposition, and pericyte loss in ADtg mice, so we further measured cell–cell tight junction molecules and retinal vascular leakage to evaluate the integrity of the BRB. Overall, we demonstrated cellular and molecular BRB disruptions that were linked with retinal vascular amyloidosis in ADtg mice.
Double-transgenic B6.Cg-Tg (APPSWE/PS1∆E9)85Dbo/Mmjax hemizygous (ADtg) mice (MMRRC stock #34832-JAX|APP/PS1) and their non-tg littermates (WT control non-AD groups) were used for this experiment. All mice had the genetic background of B6. The animals were purchased from MMRRC and later bred and maintained at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. The mouse experiments were conducted in accordance with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines under an approved protocol. The first cohort of 51 mice, age- and sex- matched, were divided into several groups: 4-month-old perfused WT (n = 8), 4-month-old perfused ADtg (n = 8), 8-month-old perfused WT (n = 8), 8-month-old perfused ADtg (n = 8), 8-month-old non-perfused ADtg (n = 3), 12-month-old perfused WT (n = 8), and 12-month-old perfused ADtg (n = 8). The animals were deeply anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (40–50 mg/kg) before being euthanized by either transcardial perfusion (0.9% ice-cold sodium chloride supplemented with 0.5 mM EDTA) or cervical dislocation (non-perfused group). The animals’ eyes were dissected, and the retinas immediately isolated as previously described [115]. Following isolation, the retinas were processed differently for various purposes. For vascular isolation, retinas were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution for 7 days before proceeding to isolation and staining; for protein isolation, retinas were immediately sonicated in RIPA lysis buffer (Thermofisher Scientific, #89900) with proteinase inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor (Thermofisher Scientific, #78440); for retinal cross-section, whole eyes were fixed in 4% PFA for 30 min in PBS, then transferred to 4% PFA containing 30% sucrose for cryoprotection at 4 °C.
A second cohort of mice (n = 10; average age of 6 months old) was used to assess BBB permeability by tracer infusion: 5 WT and 5 ADtg age- and sex- matched mice received 50 µL of Texas Red-dextran 3 kD (0.25%) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran 2000 kD (0.25%) via tail vein before being euthanized by perfusion 30 min later (procedure and tissue collection as described above). Retinas were isolated immediately after mice were euthanized, and then were mounted to microscopic slides with ProLong Gold antifade reagent with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Invitrogen #P36935). For purposes of quantification, images were obtained using an Axio Imager Z1 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with ApoTome, AxioCam MRm, and AxioCam HRc cameras (for more details see Stereological quantification below).
Another set of mice (n = 8; at the age of 8, 12 and 16 months) underwent non-invasive retinal imaging after intra peritoneal (IP) injection of Fluorescein (2%; 15 µL; Ak-Fluor #17478-253-10) to assess retinal microvascular leakage. Representative live images were taken during ten to thirty minutes post-injection.
Retinal vascular isolation and immunofluorescence staining
The trypsin-induced retinal digestion and vascular network isolation technique was originally developed in 1993 and subsequently modified by replacing trypsin with commercially available elastase [129]. Our modified protocol has been previously described [115]. Briefly, retinal strips fixed in PFA were first washed in running distilled water overnight, then digested in 40 U/mL elastase solution (Merck Millipore, #324682) for 2 h at 37 °C. After initial digestion, the tissues were incubated in activation solution (Tris buffer at pH 8.5) overnight for extensive digestion. The next day, the retinas were transferred to Superfrost microscope slides with 1 × PBS, then carefully cleaned with a rat whisker tool under a dissecting microscope to remove unwanted tissue. After the nonvascular tissues had been cleaned, 1 × PBS was applied three times to wash the isolated vascular tissues. Samples of isolated retinal vasculature were then mounted differently for immunofluorescence staining or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and hematoxylin staining. For immunofluorescence staining, the tissues were mounted on slides carefully without prior dehydration, then incubated in blocking buffer (Dako #X0909) for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Tissues were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibody combinations: 4G8/lectin/PDGFRβ and 11A50-B10/lectin/PDGFRβ; for a complete list of primary and secondary antibodies as well as other labeling compounds used in this study see Table 1. Tissues were then washed three times with PBS and incubated with secondary antibodies for 2 h at RT. Tissues were further washed with PBS three times, and then vascular trees were mounted using ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (Invitrogen #P36935). For quantification, images were obtained using an Axio Imager Z1 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with ApoTome, AxioCam MRm, and AxioCam HRc cameras (for more details see Stereological quantification below). For representative images, Z-stack images were repeatedly captured at the same tissue thickness by using a Carl Zeiss 780 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) or a Leica SP 5 WLL confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems). Routine controls were processed using identical protocols while omitting the primary antibody to assess nonspecific labeling.
Table 1 List of antibodies and reagents for imaging
Periodic acid-Schiff staining of isolated retinal microvasculature
For PAS staining, samples of isolated retinal microvasculature were mounted differently after elastase digestion and clearing. Specifically, the isolated retinal microvasculature was dried overnight after being mounted on glass Superfrost Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific, #12-550-15). On the following day, the samples were first rehydrated in distilled water for 15 min. The rehydrated samples were then incubated with periodic acid (MilliporeSigma, #P7875) solution at a concentration of 35 mM at RT for 8 min, followed by a brief dipping in distilled water. Afterward, the tissues were stained with Schiff (Sigma-Aldrich, #3952016) for 15 min, followed by three separate extensive washes in running distilled water lasting 5 min each time. The tissues were then stained with hematoxylin (Richard-Allan Scientific, #7231) for 2 min, followed by three 5-minute distilled water washes. After staining, the slides were dehydrated in 70%, 85%, 90% and 100% ethanol, and finally xylene, 2 min for each reagent. Following this, the slides were mounted with Permount mounting medium (Fisher Scientific, #SP15-100). For purposes of quantification, the images were obtained using an Axio Imager Z1 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with ApoTome, AxioCam MRm, and AxioCam HRc cameras (for more details see Stereological quantification below).
Retinal cross-section, fluorescence and immunofluorescent staining
Eyes preserved in 4% PFA with 30% sucrose were first embedded in OCT compounds on dry ice. Then the retinal cross-sections (10 mm thick) were cut using a cryostat machine (Leica Biosystems) and stored at − 80 °C until use. For immunostaining, retinal cross-sections were incubated in blocking buffer (Dako #X0909) for 1 h at RT, followed by incubation with primary antibodies of rabbit anti-mouse CD31 (1:100; Abcam) and mouse anti-human 11A50-B10 (1:200, Biolegend). Sections were then washed three times in PBS and incubated with secondary antibodies (see Table 1 for details) for 2 h at RT. The sections were then briefly washed twice in PBS for 5 min, then incubated in thioflavin-S (1%, Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at RT. Finally, sections were washed with 70% ethanol three times followed by PBS, and then mounted using ProLong Glass antifade reagent (Invitrogen #P36980). Images were obtained using an Axio Imager Z1 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with ApoTome, AxioCam MRm, and AxioCam HRc cameras. Routine controls included staining of non-Tg mouse retina and ADtg mouse sections that were processed using identical protocols while omitting the primary antibody to assess nonspecific labeling.
Protein extraction and western blot analysis
Sonicated retinal lysates in RIPA buffer were first centrifuged at 13600 rpm at 4 °C. Afterward, the supernatant was transferred to fresh new tubes. Protein concentration was determined by using the BCA kit (Thermofisher, #23227) and following the standard protocol. Equal amounts of total proteins were then separated onto 4–20% Tris–glycine gels (Invitrogen, #XP04205BOX) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Then, after blocking the membranes in TBST (10 mmol/L Tris–HCl buffer, pH 8.0, 150 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) with 5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) at RT for 60 min, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with antigen-specific primary antibodies. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-ZO-1 (1:50; Thermofisher, #61-7300), anti-claudin-1 (1:75; Thermofisher, #51-9000), anti-phospho-NF-κB p65 Ser536 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, #3033S), anti-NF-κB p65 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, #8242S), and anti-β-actin (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, #sc-47778). The blots were then incubated with species-specific horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for 2 h at RT. Proteins were visualized by incubation with a chemiluminescence substrate kit (Thermofisher, #34580). Western blot images were collected (iBright imaging system; Thermofisher), and the targeted protein expression was quantified using Image Studio Lite software version 5.2 (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE) after normalizing to β-actin. One representative blot is shown for each molecule.
Stereological quantification
Degenerate capillaries were identified as acellular capillary-sized tubes and were manually counted in an average of eight microscopic fields (covering 1.8 × 104-µm2 area) per retina (see Fig. 1). Degenerate capillaries were excluded if their average diameter was < 20% the size of surrounding healthy capillaries [80].
Identification of retinal capillary degeneration in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (ADtg) mice that intensified during disease progression. ADtg mice and their age- and sex-matched wild-type (WT) littermates, males and females in equal number, were used in this study at the age of 4 (n = 16; ADtg = 8 and WT = 8), 8 (n = 16; ADtg = 8 and WT = 8) and 12 (n = 16; ADtg = 8 and WT = 8) months. a Representative images of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained, hematoxylin-counterstained isolated retinal microvasculature from ADtg and matched WT littermates. Acellular degenerated retinal capillaries are indicated by red arrows. b–c Higher magnification representative images of acellular, degenerated retinal capillaries from 8-month-old b. WT mouse and c ADtg mouse (red arrows indicate degenerated capillaries). Scale bars = 20 µm. d Count of acellular degenerated retinal capillaries (Degen Caps) in 1 mm2 microscopic fields as manually determined in ADtg and WT control mice (mean age: 8 months, 50% females for both WT and ADtg groups). e–f Numbers of degenerated retinal capillaries when mice are stratified by mouse genotypes, WT or ADtg, by either e age groups of 4, 8 and 12 months or f sex. Data from individual mice (circles) as well as group means ± SEMs are shown. Black-filled circles represent males and clear circles represent females. Fold changes are shown in red. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test or by unpaired 2-tailed Student t-test. P and F values of two-way ANOVA refer to comparisons of age groups (PA, FA), ADtg versus WT genotype groups (PG, FG), gender groups (PGe, FGe), and overall interactions (PI, FI)
For Figs. 2 and 3, which display isolated retinal blood vessels, quantification was performed using samples from six ADtg mice and six age- and sex-matched littermates. The fluorescence of specific signals was captured using the same setting and exposure time for each image and mouse, with a 10-µm-thick Z-stack by using an Axio Imager Z1 microscope (with motorized Z-drive) with AxioCam MRm monochrome camera version 3.0 (at a resolution of 1388 × 1040 pixels, 6.45 µm × 6.45 µm pixel size, and a dynamic range of > 1:2200, which delivers low-noise images due to a Peltier-cooled sensor). Images were captured at 40× objective, at a respective resolution of 0.25 µm. Fifteen images were obtained randomly from each region of central-, mid-, and far-peripheral retina (five from each region) per subject. Acquired images were converted to gray scale and standardized to baseline using a histogram-based threshold in the NIH ImageJ software program (version 1.52o). For each biomarker, the total area of immunoreactivity was determined using the same threshold percentage from the baseline in ImageJ (with the same percentage threshold setting for all diagnostic groups). The images were then subjected to particle analysis for lectin, Aβ, and PDGFRβ to determine the immunoreactive (IR) area. The ratio of Aβ or PDGFRβ to lectin was calculated by dividing the Aβ-IR or PDGFRβ-IR area by the lectin-IR area in each of the 15 images (described above) and averaging the values per mouse.
Retinal vascular PDGFRβ deficiency in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (ADtg) mice. A subset of the mouse cohort described in Fig. 1 of age- and sex-matched ADtg and wild type (WT) mice were analyzed at the age of 8 (n = 6; ADtg = 3 and WT = 3) and 12 (n = 6; ADtg = 3 and WT = 3) months. a. Representative fluorescence images of isolated retinal microvasculature stained for pericytes (PDGFRβ, red), blood vessels (lectin, green), and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in ADtg and WT littermates. Scale bars = 20 µm. b. A quantitative analysis of ratio between PDGFRβ-immunoreactive (IR) area and lectin-IR area in each microscopic field of isolated retinal microvasculature when mice are stratified by genotype of ADtg and WT. c–d Ratio of PDGFRβ-IR area to lectin-IR area in each microscopic field in the same mouse cohort when mice are stratified by genotypes of WT vs. ADtg and c age of mice by 8 month and 12 month or d sex of mice. e Pearson’s coefficient (r) correlation between retinal PDGFRβ-IR area and degenerated capillary count in the same mice cohort (n = 12). Data from individual mice (circles) as well as group means ± SEMs are shown. Black-filled circles represent males and clear circles represent females; blue-filled circles represent WT mice and pink-filled circles represent ADtg mice. Percentage decreases are shown in red. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. Two group statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired 2-tailed Student t-test. P and F values of two-way ANOVA refer to comparisons of age groups (PA, FA), ADtg versus WT genotype groups (PG, FG), gender groups (PGe, FGe), and overall interactions (PI, FI)
Retinal amyloidosis in blood vessel walls of APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (ADtg) mice. a–b Representative fluorescence images acquired using a 20 × or b 63 × microscope objectives, of isolated retinal microvasculature stained for Aβ (4G8, magenta), blood vessels (lectin, green), and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in age- and sex-matched perfused ADtg mice (n = 6) and wild-type littermates (WT; n = 6). Scale bars = 20 µm. c–d Representative fluorescence virtual cross-section images acquired using the Leica confocal microscope 63 × objective of the isolated retinal microvasculature stained for Aβ (4G8, magenta), blood vessels (lectin, green) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in an 8-month-old male ADtg mouse. Scale bar = 20 µm. Arrows indicate vascular Aβ. e Quantitative analysis of Aβ (4G8)-immunoreactive (IR) area in each microscopic field of isolated retinal microvasculature from WT vs. ADtg mice. f Quantitative analysis of the Aβ (4G8)-IR area stratified by mice age group (8 months vs. 12 months) and genotype (WT vs. ADtg) in the same cohort. g–g′. Representative fluorescence images of the isolated retinal microvasculature stained for Aβ (4G8, red), blood vessels (lectin, green) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in an 8-month-old male ADtg mouse; Aβ signals occur in retinal vessel walls and vascular cells. h–i. Representative fluorescence images of fixed retinal cross-section stained for thioflavin-S (Thio-S, green), Aβ40 (11A50-B10, red) and blood vessels (CD31, blue) in an 8-month-old male ADtg mouse showing h vertical blood vessel and i longitudinal blood vessel. Data from individual mice (circles) as well as group means ± SEMs are shown. Black-filled circles represent males and clear circles represent females. Fold changes are shown in red. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test or by an unpaired 2-tailed Student t-test. P and F values refer to comparisons of age groups (PA, FA), ADtg versus WT genotype groups (PG, FG), and interactions (PI, FI)
For Fig. 5, quantitative analysis of FITC or Texas Red area in each microscopic field of retinal flat-mount was performed based on five ADtg mice and five age- and sex-matched littermates. The fluorescence of specific signals was captured using the same setting and exposure time for each image and mouse by using an Axio Imager Z1 microscope as described above. Images were captured at 40× objective, at a respective resolution of 0.25 µm. Ten images were randomly taken throughout the whole retina, then the images were converted to gray scale and subjected to ImageJ analysis as described above. Particle analyses were performed on FITC and Texas Red signal. Finally, the IR areas were calculated by averaging the ten images per mouse.
GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0 (GraphPad Software) was used for the analyses. A comparison of three or more groups was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test of paired groups. Groups with two independent variables/factors were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test to further understand the interaction between the two independent variables. Two group comparisons were analyzed using a two-tailed unpaired Student t test. The statistical association between two or more variables was determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) test (Gaussian-distributed variables; GraphPad Prism). Pearson’s r indicates the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables. Required sample sizes for two group (differential mean) comparisons were calculated using the nQUERY t test model, assuming a two-sided α level of 0.05, 80% power, and unequal variances, with the means and common standard deviations for the different parameters. Results are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means (SEMs). A P value less than 0.05 is considered significant.
Age-dependent progressive degeneration of retinal microvessels in healthy and ADtg mice
To explore retinal microvascular degeneration in AD-model mice at ascending ages, we used an elastase-based enzymatic digestion method to isolate the retinal vascular network in 4-, 8- and 12-month-old ADtg mice as compared to their age- and sex-matched non-transgenic littermates. The method was initially developed by Laver et al. [85] and then further modified by Veenstra and colleagues [129]. Specifically, PAS staining was applied to detect polysaccharides, thereby enabling visualization of the vascular network in isolated retinal blood vessels from ADtg mice and WT controls; hematoxylin counterstaining was utilized to highlight the nuclei. We first qualitatively observed more degenerated retinal capillaries in ADtg mice than in the WT control mice, including as early as in 4-month-old mice (Fig. 1a). We determined degenerated retinal microvessels as acellular, basement membrane-only PAS staining-positive structures, which are illustrated at higher magnification microscopic images from mice at the age of 8 months (Fig. 1b–c) and 12 months (Additional file 3: Fig. S1a–b). While both genotypes displayed increasing numbers of degenerated retinal vasculature as the animals grew older, the ADtg mice exhibited an intensified vascular pathology (Fig. 1a–c and Additional file 3: Fig. S1a–b, red arrows).
To quantify retinal vascular degeneration in different mouse genotypes, ages and sex, we manually counted the degenerated retinal microvessels in pre-defined 1 mm2 area of each microscopic field (Fig. 1d–f and Additional file 3: Fig. S1c–d). We first analyzed the pooled mice groups to measure the overall AD-associated genotype effect. Regardless of animal age and sex, there was a significant 2.1-fold increase in retinal acellular capillaries in ADtg mice versus WT mice (Fig. 1d). Using two-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey’s post-test, we detected a highly significant increase in amounts of degenerated retinal microvasculature in ADtg mice when compared to WT mice at 12 months of age (Fig. 1e). Furthermore, there was significantly more vascular degeneration in 12-month than in 4-month-old ADtg mice. We also revealed an earlier significant difference in degenerated microvessels between ADtg and WT retinas in mice 8 months of age (Fig. 1e). Although both sexes showed increases in acellular capillaries, only the male mice reached statistical significance between the genotypes (Fig. 1f). Further age comparison analysis per each genotype separately uncovered progressive increases of retinal microvascular degeneration with aging in both the WT and ADtg mice (Additional file 3: Fig. S1c and d, respectively).
Downregulation of retinal vascular PDGFRβ in ADtg mice
Since pericyte loss generally precedes microvascular degeneration in retinal vascular degenerative diseases [57], we sought to further evaluate whether pericytes undergo degeneration in the retina of ADtg mice. To this end, we immunostained isolated retinal vasculature with PDGFRβ as a pericyte marker in capillaries, together with lectin for blood vessels and DAPI counterstaining for nuclei (Fig. 2a). We found a dramatic loss of PDGFRβ signal in retinal vasculature from ADtg mice compared to WT controls at 8 months of age. A further loss of PDGFRβ expression was evident in older, 12-month-old ADtg mice. Stereological quantification of PDGFRβ immunoreactive (IR) area and PDGFRβ-IR area normalized to lectin-IR area confirmed significant 49% and 52% decreases in vascular PDGFRβ signal, respectively, in ADtg compared to WT control mice (Additional file 3: Fig. S2a and b, respectively). When we separated mice per age group, either 8 or 12 months, a more significant decrease in vascular PDGFRβ signal was detected at the earlier age of 8 months in ADtg mice as compared to matched WT mice (Fig. 2c and Additional file 3: Fig. S2b). We did not notice any sex-related differences in vascular PDGFRβ expression, and significant reductions in PDGFRβ were detected in both female and male ADtg mice versus WT controls (Fig. 2d and Additional file 3: Fig. S2c). Importantly, Pearson’s (r) correlation analysis revealed that retinal vascular PDGFRβ deficiency significantly correlated with retinal microvascular degeneration (Fig. 2e). This may suggest that PDGFRβ downregulation is indeed accompanied by capillary degeneration, similar to what is known in other retinal vascular degenerative diseases such as DR [57].
Vascular Aβ deposition in ADtg mice
Next, we investigated whether Aβ accumulates in retinal blood vessels of these double-transgenic ADtg mice. To achieve this, we first immunostained isolated retinal vasculature with 4G8 to visualize Aβ, together with lectin staining for retinal blood vessels and DAPI nuclei staining (Fig. 3 and Additional file 3: Fig. S3). While 4G8+-Aβ signal was absent in perfused WT mice, in perfused ADtg mice, strong Aβ signal was present in retinal blood vessels (Fig. 3a–b). Aβ was found to accumulate in blood vessel walls, vascular cells, or attached to endothelial cells from the lumen side (Fig. 3a–d, g–g′ and Additional file 3: Fig. S3a–b, i–j). Stereological quantification of Aβ confirmed a significant increase in Aβ in ADtg mice when we analyzed all mice together (Fig. 3e; see Additional file 3: Fig. S3c for data normalized per lectin-IR area) and when we separated the animals into 8-month-old and 12-month-old groups (Fig. 3f; see Additional file 3: Fig. S3f for data normalized to lectin-IR area). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the different age groups. Similar to PDGFRβ, both 12-month-old ADtg sexes showed significant increases in vascular 4G8-Aβ burden (Additional file 3: Fig. S3d–e), with males reaching statistical significance probably due to larger sample size. No significant correlation was observed between retinal vascular 4G8-Aβ burden and capillary degeneration (Additional file 3: Fig. S3g) or vascular PDGFRβ expression (Additional file 3: Fig. S3h). Importantly, we revealed that Aβ signal in isolated retinal blood vessels often accumulated in vessel walls and colocalized with lectin (Fig. 3g–g′ and Additional file 3: Fig. S3b). Furthermore, by using 11A50-B10 staining in isolated vasculature, we demonstrated the specific accumulation of Aβ40 alloforms in retinal blood vessels of perfused ADtg mice (Additional file 3: Fig. S3i–j). On another occasion, by confocal virtual cross-section, Aβ40 deposition in retinal vasculature was detected as encored to Lectin+-vessel wall from the lumen side (Additional file 3: Fig. S3j). The localization of Aβ40 deposits in retinal blood vessels of ADtg mice is further demonstrated in two 3D-movies (Additional file 1: S1 and Additional file 2: S2 Movies). Finally, we prepared retinal cross-sections from the same mice cohort and validated abundant retinal vascular Aβ accumulation based on double-positive fluorescent staining of thioflavin-S+ fibrillar Aβ and 11A50-B10+ Aβ40 colocalized with CD31+ endothelial cells in ADtg mice as compared to WT mice (Fig. 3h–i and Additional file 3: Fig. S3k–n).
Differential expression of BRB tight junction components and increased retinal NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in ADtg mice
The discovery of exacerbated PDGFRβ loss and capillary degeneration together with vascular Aβ deposition in the retinas of ADtg mice raises the question of whether these small-vessel pathologies are related to cell-to-cell molecular BRB junction disruptions. To address this, we extracted protein homogenates from retinas obtained from ADtg mice and WT controls at 4, 8, and 12 months of age. We measured the protein levels of key tight junction components of the blood-tissue barrier, claudin-1 and zonula occludens–1 (ZO-1) [35, 52, 95, 131], by western blot (WB) analyses (Fig. 4a–b). We also assessed phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 at Ser-536 for potential activation of the relevant inflammatory cascades (Fig. 4c). Densitometric analysis of WB images showed that as compared to matched WT littermates, there were early and significant decreases of retinal claudin-1 and ZO-1 in 8- and 4-month-old ADtg mice, respectively (Fig. 4d–e). Unexpectedly, a significant increase in retinal ZO-1 was detected in 12-month-old ADtg mice. Further, in the 12-month-old ADtg mice, a substantial increase in retinal NF-κB p65 phosphorylation was observed (Fig. 4f), suggesting a heightened inflammatory response. Next, we evaluated if aging played a role in the alteration of these vascular junction molecules. In WT mice, we noticed a 37% decrease in retinal claudin-1 at 12 months of age when compared to animals 8 months old (Additional file 3: Fig. S4a). As for retinal ZO-1, we found 47–51% decreased levels in WT mice at both 8 and 12 months of age as compared with the 4-month-old WT group (Additional file 3: Fig. S4b). The opposite patterns were detected in ADtg mice, where retinal ZO-1 was increased at 12 months (Additional file 3: Fig. S4b). Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 did not appear to be affected by age (Additional file 3: Fig. S4c). When we regrouped mice by sex and genotype, no significant differences in any of the three molecules were found (Additional file 3: Fig. S4d–f). Pearson’s (r) correlation analyses revealed a moderate, positive correlation between retinal claudin-1 levels and retinal capillary PDGFRβ expression (Fig. 4g), but no correlation with retinal ZO-1 (Fig. 4h), suggesting claudin-1 is associated with retinal capillary degeneration in this mouse model. A trend of correlation was also found between NF-κB p65 phosphorylation levels and vascular PDGFRβ expression (Fig. 4i), suggesting that activation of inflammation could play a role in pericyte loss in the ADtg mice retina. Finally, we detected a highly significant inverse correlation between retinal claudin-1 levels and the extent of retinal capillary degeneration (Fig. 4j; see extended correlation analyses in Additional file 3: Fig. S4g–k).
Altered expression of endothelial cell junction molecules and increased NF-κB phosphorylation in the retinas of APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (ADtg) mice. a–c Representative Tris–glycine gel images showing western blot protein bands of claudin-1, zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1), phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit (pNF-κB p65) at serine-536, and total NF-κB p65 subunit as well as β-actin controls from retinal lysates of ADtg mice and age- and sex-matched wild type (WT) littermates (n = 8 for each age and genotype). d–f Densitometric analyses of western blot protein bands of d claudin-1, e ZO-1 and f pNF-κB p65, normalized by d–e β-actin control or f total NF-κB p65 in the same mice cohort. g–i Pearson’s coefficient (r) correlation between retinal PDGFRβ immunoreactivity and the densitometric analysis of western blot protein bands of g claudin-1, h ZO-1, or i pNF-κB p65 in a subset of this mice cohort (n = 12). j Pearson’s coefficient (r) correlation between degenerated retinal capillary count and the densitometric analysis of western blot protein bands of claudin-1. Data from individual mice (circles) as well as group means ± SEMs are shown. Black-filled circles represent males and clear circles represent females. Fold or percentage changes are shown in red. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. P and F values of two-way ANOVA refer to comparisons of age groups (PA, FA), ADtg versus WT genotype groups (PG, FG), interactions (PI, FI)
Retinal microvascular leakage in ADtg mice
So far, we have demonstrated increased degenerated capillaries, vascular amyloidosis, and altered cell–cell junctions in the retina of ADtg mice, in comparison with their age- and sex-matched WT littermates. The next question is whether such changes lead to impaired BRB permeability and retinal vascular leakage in ADtg mice. To determine this, we first injected fluorescein (~ 0.3 kD) intraperitoneally in ADtg and WT mice. Using the noninvasive Micron-III retinal imaging microscope [77,78,79], we detected no fluorescein leakage in any of the WT mice at 8, 12 or 16 months of age (Fig. 5a; a representative image from a 12-month-old WT mouse shown). However, we were able to identify fluorescein leakage in one out of three 12-month-old ADtg mice (Fig. 5c–d, dotted lines or arrows indicating spots of leakage). A representative image from a 12-month-old ADtg mouse with no clear retinal vascular leakage phenotype is shown in Fig. 5b; representative images from 8- and 16-month-old ADtg mice are included in Additional file 3: Fig. S5a–b. We further investigated BRB permeability in AD by co-injecting two compounds with larger predefined molecular weights, FITC-dextran (2000 kD) and Texas Red-dextran (3 kD), into the tail veins of ADtg mice and age- and sex-matched WT mice. Thirty minutes following i.v. injection, the perfused mice were sacrificed, eyes were extracted and whole retinas were isolated. Ex vivo retinal flat-mount imaging revealed intense FITC and Texas Red signals in retinal blood vessel walls and retinal parenchyma of ADtg mice relative to the WT littermates (Fig. 5e–f). Our stereological quantification confirmed substantial 30- to 90-fold increases in both retinal FITC and Texas Red signals, respectively, in ADtg mice (Fig. 5g–h).
Retinal microvascular leakage in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (ADtg) mice. a–d Representative images of noninvasive retinal microvascular imaging after intraperitoneal fluorescein injection in 12-month-old a wild type (WT) and b–d ADtg mice. Note: images in b showing intact retinal microvasculature and in c–d showing leaked retinal microvasculature. e–f Representative images of retinal flat-mount obtained from 7-month-old WT and ADtg mice (cohort average age is 6 month) that received intravenous tail injections of FITC-dextran and Texas Red-dextran. g–h Quantitative analysis of the FITC or Texas Red-stained area in each microscopic field of retinal flat-mounts from WT (n = 5) or ADtg (n = 5) mice. Black-filled circles represent males and clear circles represent females. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, by an unpaired 2-tailed Student t-test. Fold changes are shown in red
In the present study, we provide the first evidence for age-dependent retinal capillary degeneration that strongly associated with PDGFRβ deficiency and co-occurred with Aβ deposits in retinal blood vessels of the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mouse model. Retinal vascular changes in murine AD models were apparent at younger ages of 4 and 8 months and tightly correlated with severity of retinal pericyte biomarker (PDGFRβ) deficiency, suggesting pericyte loss occurs early in the retina of amyloidosis-derived AD models. The prominent accumulation of vascular Aβ in the retina of this AD-model mice agrees with earlier findings in a different mouse model of AD (Tg2576) [88] and with our evidence of vascular amyloidosis in postmortem retinas of MCI and AD patients [78, 81, 115]. Further assessment of tight junction-associated proteins from neural retinal lysates showed alterations in claudin-1, ZO-1, and inflammatory-related NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, which all point to an impaired BRB in Alzheimer’s-like retina. Finally, peripheral injection of molecules of increased sizes, fluorescein (~ 0.3 kD), Texas Red-dextran (3 kD) and FITC-dextran (2000 kD), revealed in vivo and ex vivo microvascular leakage in ADtg mouse retina. Taken together, our results broaden the current understanding of retinal microvascular degeneration and BRB integrity in AD murine models, providing new potential targets for AD therapy and encouraging the use of noninvasive retinal vascular imaging for AD diagnosis.
In the Alzheimer’s brain, endothelial cell death [62, 68], tight junction damage [11, 17, 75, 91], and pericyte and vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) degeneration [26, 70, 109, 111] were determined to lead to the disruption of NVUs and breakdown of the BBB. Our recent study investigated these pathologies in the retina, revealing early and substantial pericyte apoptotic cell death and PDGFRβ deficiency in postmortem retinas obtained from MCI and AD patients [115]. In agreement, our results here demonstrated capillary degeneration along with PDGFRβ downregulation, overall indicating a microvascular damage in the AD retina. Since previous studies have extensively described neurodegeneration in the AD retina [74, 99, 142], the findings of our current study support the coexistence of neuronal and vascular damage in the AD retina. Another result to note here is the significant correlation between PDGFRβ and degenerated capillaries. In fact, pericyte loss and the decreased ratio to retinal endothelial cells (1:4) is believed to foretell retinal capillary degeneration in DR [42, 105]. DR is a typical retinal vascular degenerative disease where early pathological signatures involving retinal pericyte loss and capillary degeneration are thought to lead to microaneurysm, progressive microvascular leakage, abnormal growth of blood vessels, neurodegeneration, and eventually vision loss [12, 27, 57]. However, an increasing number of studies have provided evidence to support an earlier neuronal dysfunction in the DR retina, potentially indicative of ganglion cell function loss, which predicted subsequent local micro-vasculopathy and macular edema [2, 122]. According to these and other studies, it is suggested that DR primarily affects retinal neuronal function and neurodegeneration, which in turn induce vascular complications [2, 117, 122, 123]. Similarly, our results revealing early retinal micro-vasculopathy and tight-junction molecular changes in AD may indicate a retina-specific neurovascular consequence of age-dependent disturbances between interactions of multiple cell types, such as neuronal, vascular, and perivascular cells. However, the specific mediators of such crosstalk between vascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration have not yet been identified in the AD retina. In any case, our results show that retinal microvascular degenerative pathologies are extensively implicated in the AD retina. Along with previous data showing neuronal function and neurodegeneration in ADtg mouse retina [58, 94], this study contributes to the current understanding of Alzheimer’s-related retinal NVU manifestation. Future studies should aim to investigate the potential impact of neurodegeneration on vasculopathy and further identify specific mediators linking vascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration in the AD retina.
Although retinal Aβ deposition in the APPSWE/PS1∆E9 (ADtg) mouse model has been extensively described by us and others [24, 46, 49, 55, 77, 93, 97, 102, 140], the only clear demonstration of vascular Aβ accumulation in the murine model so far was based on the Tg2576 mice model in 2009 [88]. In the same year, Dutescu et al. [39] published the first report of amyloid precursor protein overexpression in the ganglion cell layers and inner nuclear layers in retinas of APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mice. Using a curcumin-based method and confirming ex vivo with various epitope-specific anti-Aβ antibodies, our group was the first to image Aβ plaques in the retina of the same model in vivo [77,78,79], which was recently corroborated by Sidiqi et al. [116]. In the current study, by using a modified retinal microvascular isolation technique and immunofluorescence staining also in retinal cross sections, we have now provided the first illustration and quantification of retinal vascular Aβ accumulation in the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mouse model. The patterns of retinal vascular Aβ deposits in this study—in blood vessel walls, inside vascular and perivascular cells and attached to endothelial cells from the lumen side—appears similar to the CAA patterns reported in AD brains [14, 36, 76, 104]. Future studies should investigate the specific distribution of retinal vascular Aβ deposition across vascular compartments and layers in this animal model. Interestingly, no significant correlation was found here between retinal capillary degeneration and vascular Aβ burden. It is possible that the extent of retinal capillary degeneration may not be directly connected to levels of vascular Aβ but rather is affected by loss of pericytes and neurons, PDGFRβ deficiency, toxicity of abluminal retinal Aβ deposits, detrimental inflammatory reaction, or other indirect consequences of the disease. Yet, since cerebral and retinal Aβ plaques were reported to accumulate in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse before 6–7 months of age [47, 63, 77, 90], retinal vascular degeneration may be driven by this early Aβ pathology. It is important to note that our correlation analysis was limited by a smaller sample size; future studies should explore these correlations in a larger cohort as well as determine how early vascular degeneration is initiated in the AD retina.
Endothelial cell junctions are indispensable parts of the BBB and inner BRB (iBRB) in maintaining cerebral and retinal homeostasis [35, 84, 137]. Particularly, CNS tissues possess an enriched expression of tight junctions due to the need for maintenance of the blood barriers [84]. The claudins form the backbone of tight junction stands and are pivotal in their transmembrane section, while the zonula occludens are located in the cytoplasm and connect the transmembrane parts of tight junctions to the cytoskeletons [84]. Previously, significant downregulation of ZO-1, claudin-5, and occludin were described in both postmortem human cerebral capillaries with CAA and in 5xFAD transgenic mice [21, 22, 100]. Here, we found decreased levels of claudin-1 in ADtg mice at 4 and 8 months of age but increased levels of ZO-1 at 12 months of age compared to control mice. Our results revealed dysregulation of endothelial tight junctions in the iBRB of ADtg mice. Specifically, downregulation of claudin-1 can indicate damage to the transmembrane part of the retinal endothelial tight junction in mice as young as 8 months old. However, increased levels of ZO-1 in 12-month-old ADtg mice possibly represent a compensatory mechanism in the endothelial cytoplasm in response to tight junction alteration. Importantly, significant correlations were found between retinal claudin-1 and both retinal PDGFRβ and capillary degeneration. These results imply that claudin-1 may be the best biomarker for BRB breakdown in the AD retina. To date, this is the first evaluation of tight junction molecules in the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mouse model. Future studies should further investigate other important components of the BRB in the AD retina, such as occludin, claudin-5, desmosomes, and gap and adherens junctions, as well as outer BRB (oBRB) integrity.
The NF-κB protein complex plays a pivotal role in regulating host immune and inflammatory responses by regulating transcription of cytokines and other immune mediators [89]. Of the five subunits in this complex, p65 is the best characterized subunit and is crucial in activating cytokine production [51]. Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 is a prerequisite for its translocation into the nucleus and binding to target genes [25, 130]. In the current study, we uncovered an increase in phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in retinas from 12-month-old ADtg mice compared to healthy WT controls. This may indicate an upregulated inflammatory response in the diseased retina. It is important to note that an augmented NF-κB response is implicated in retinal degeneration [136, 141], retinal inflammation [113, 114, 139], as well as in the AD brain [66, 67]. Here, our results provide the first evidence of upregulated NF-κB activity in the retina of the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mouse model. Importantly, a previous study utilizing bovine retinal endothelial cells and rat retinas found that the tumor necrosis factor-α-activated NF-κB pathway led to downregulation of tight junction molecules and increased retinal endothelial permeability [9]. Thus, our results of upregulated retinal NF-κB phosphorylation may underlie the molecular mechanisms involved in increased retinal microvascular permeability and iBRB breakdown. We also observed a near significant correlation (P = 0.0650, Pearson’s r = − 0.55) between increased NF-κB phosphorylation and retinal vascular PDGFRβ deficiency, suggesting a possible relationship between NF-κB activity and pericyte loss in the AD retina.
In the present study, we revealed substantial live fluorescein leakage in the 12-month-old ADtg mice, but not in any of the 8-month or 16-month-old ADtg mice or control animals. We postulate that ADtg mice may present retinal microvascular damage and leakage, specifically related to fluorescein’s molecular structure and size, around 12 months of age. Further, these disruptions may transform into other type of BRB abnormality when animals become older. A limitation here is that we studied only 8 mice in vivo in this cohort. Interestingly, a recent study based on the C57BL/6 mouse revealed decreased plasma protein transport activity through the BBB in the aged brain, driven by transport shifting from ligand-specific receptor-mediated to non-specific caveolar transcytosis [138]. Future studies should aim to explore such ligand-specific transport versus non-specific transports in the BRB and investigate if these alterations exist in the AD human retina.
Importantly, our examination of flat-mount retinas 30 min following intravenous injections of FITC-dextran (2000 kD) and Texas Red-dextran (3 kD) demonstrated dramatic increases of permeability signals in retinal microvascular walls in ADtg mice compared to WT controls at 6–7 months of age, both for the high molecular weight and the low molecular weight compounds. In comparison, our previous study showed that Texas Red-dextran, but not FITC-dextran, was upregulated in the cerebral vasculature of the same double-transgenic ADtg mice compared to WT controls [82]. Therefore, our data here indicate that the retina in this model may be more susceptible to AD-induced microvascular leakage than the brain.
The APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice are reported to develop cerebral Aβ deposits by the age of 5–6 months and CAA at 6 months, with abundant plaques in the hippocampus and cortex by 9 months, which continue to build up with age [47, 63, 90]. This mouse model has been well-characterized for behavioral deficits across various cognitive domains, although the time of onset and degree of impairment depended on the specific behavioral tests applied [64]. Typically, spatial memory and learning performance as measured by Morris water maze or Barnes maze is considered normal at 7 months of age and comparable to the non-transgenic mice. The hippocampal-based memory and learning functions are substantially impaired by 12 months [83, 134]. Contextual memory, however, may be impaired as early as 6 months of age, as shown by freezing behavior in fear-conditioning tests [72]. Our current data reveals early changes in the ADtg mouse retina between 4 and 8 months of age, including levels of ZO-1 expression, increased capillary degeneration, PDGFRβ deficiency, as well as vascular amyloidosis and leakage. These findings suggest that retinal vascular damage in ADtg mice may precede cognitive deficits. Importantly, a recent investigation in the cerebral cortex of this mice model demonstrated early pathological changes to capillaries at 4–5 months of age, prior to the appearance of CAA and cognitive impairment [71]. Here, the lack of cognitive data or assessment of retinal vascular Aβ and vascular PDGFRβ in mice younger than 4 months limits our ability to determine how early vascular pathology occurs in the retina and its relationship to cognitive deficits. Future studies should explore if any of the biomarkers tested in this study manifest before cerebral pathology and cognitive impairment in this mouse model.
In summary, our study provides a quantitative evaluation of retinal microvascular and iBRB integrity in the double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 mouse model. We identified early and progressive degeneration of retinal capillaries, PDGFRβ loss, retinal microvascular Aβ accumulation, disrupted tight junctions, induced NF-κB inflammatory response, and retinal microvascular leakage. These results have extended our understanding of microvascular damage in the AD retina and have provided multiple new candidate retinal biomarkers. Our study provides further incentive to examine retinal capillary degeneration via OCTA and BRB leakage by fluorescein fundus imaging. Future developments allowing for retinal PDGFRβ or pericyte imaging by application of techniques such as adaptive optics and high-resolution retinal vascular amyloid imaging should facilitate the detection of more specific vascular damage in AD. Together with the recent developments of OCTA, retinal amyloid imaging, and retinal hyperspectral imaging in AD models, this study introduces novel retinal vascular imaging biomarkers that could be detected via a combined noninvasive retinal imaging approach for AD screening and disease monitoring.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
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We thank Jo Ann M Eliason and Mia Oviatt for help with manuscript editing. The authors dedicate the manuscript to the memory of Salomon Moni Hamaoui and Lillian Jones Black, who died of Alzheimer’s disease.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH)/NIA grant numbers: R01AG056478 and R01AG055865 (MK-H), as well as by The Haim Saban and Tom Gordon Private Foundations (MK-H).
Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
Haoshen Shi, Yosef Koronyo, Dieu-Trang Fuchs, Julia Sheyn, Keith L. Black & Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
Kolja Wawrowsky
Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
Shouri Lahiri
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
Haoshen Shi
Yosef Koronyo
Dieu-Trang Fuchs
Julia Sheyn
Keith L. Black
HS performed experiments, data collection and analysis, wrote and edited the manuscript. YK performed experiments, collected data, wrote and edited the manuscript. DF performed experiments, collected data, wrote and edited the manuscript. JS performed experiments. KW assisted in image acquisition and created 3D movies for retinal vascular Aβ. SL assisted in ex vivo retinal vascular leakage experiments. KLB assisted with conceptual interpretations. MKH was responsible for study conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, study supervision, and manuscript writing and editing. All authors have read and approved of this manuscript.
Correspondence to Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui.
Experiments with mice were conducted in accordance with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines under an approved protocol.
YK, MKH, and KLB are co-founders and stockholders of NeuroVision Imaging, Inc., 1395 Garden Highway, Suite 250, Sacramento, CA 95833, USA. KLB is stockholder and/or officer of Arrogene Nanotechnology, Inc., 8560 West Sunset Boulevard, Suite 424, Los Angeles, CA 90069, USA.
Additional file 1. Supplementary Movie 1
: A 3-D constructed movie of isolated retinal vascular network in an ADtg mouse stained with Aβ (11A50-B10) in magenta, lectin in green and DAPI in blue.
: A Z-stack constructed movie of isolated retinal vascular network in an ADtg mouse stained with Aβ (11A50-B10) in magenta, lectin in green and DAPI in blue.
Additional file 3. Supplementary Figures 1–5
Shi, H., Koronyo, Y., Fuchs, DT. et al. Retinal capillary degeneration and blood-retinal barrier disruption in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease. acta neuropathol commun 8, 202 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-020-01076-4
Ocular pathology
Retinal blood vessels
Tight junction
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- In 1899, a man would select a fresh boutonnière in much the same way he would wear a freshly laundered shirt or a pair of polished shoes. Its glory lay in its fragility; it was picked, worn in the buttonhole and allowed to die.
- In the glory days of the Opéra-Comique, the Grand Foyer was one of the most exciting meeting points of the Parisian elite; champagne would flow with conversation, flirting and gossip.
- The existing Opéra-Comique was officially re-opened in December 1898. It saw the premieres of composers such as Massenet, Debussy, Puccini and Ravel. The beaux-art decoration of the Grand Foyer consists of frescoed walls, gilded woodwork and for the first time, electric chandeliers; the slightly smoky base of Boutonniere no.7 evokes the crowd gathered during intermission.
– Charlton, David, Grétry and the Growth of Opéra-Comique,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
– Gorrell, Lorraine, Reynaldo Hahn: Composer of Song, Mirror of an Era, The Music Review 46/4, 1985, 284-301.
– Gourret, Jean, Histoire des Salles de l’Opéra de Paris, Guy Trédaniel, Paris, 1985, 83.
– Kahan, Sylvia and Mauriac-Dyer, Nathalie, Quattre Lettres Inédites de Proust au Prince de Polignac Bulletin Marcel Proust 53 (Dec.), 2003, 9-21.
– Proust, Marcel, In Search of Time Lost, Penguin Classics, London, 2003.
– Wilde, Oscar, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
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The Saatchi Gallery Magazine
The Sinister Cat
Keiron Phelan salutes Tim Ten Yen, the all-singing, all-dancing ‘Salaryman’ and hero of the world’s unlikeliest cool genre: karaoke pop.
The last time I saw a performer swimming as deliberately against the tide as Tim Ten Yen was circa 1980, when I witnessed a performance by one Ziggy Heroe (a Yorkshire David Bowie ‘interpreter’, later immortalised in Harland Miller’s novel Slow Down, Arthur, Stick to Thirty). Admittedly Tim has it easier than poor Ziggy did — no accompanying cries of “fook off, puff-house” from psychopathic beer monsters, for a start. Nevertheless, watching a fish-out-of-water Tim, sandwiched between landfill Indie acts at Camden’s sweaty Dublin Castle, in his office-boy suit and unfashionable hair cut and armed only with his karaoke box, an an animatronic ‘Sinister’ cat (yes, that’s correct) and a big heart, I couldn’t help but think: Brave!
My first sighting of said Yen was at Notting Hill Arts Club, specifically one of Galia Durant’s gloriously eccentric Craft Nights, whose predominantly young, art-school audience (albeit a little bit Peaches around the edges) happily fiddling with glue and tinsel, created a more promising vibe for Tim. Yet even at a club renowned for idiosyncratic performances T.T.Y. proved most singular.
Slightly redolent, perhaps, of Martin Freeman’s character from The Office, the be-suited Tim sat on a chair far too low for him, propping a miniscule keyboard on tightly clenched knees. A palpable, “is this serious?” air pervaded the audience. But it was a set-up. Tim’s karaoke box kicked in and we were immediately in stonking, Travelogue-period Human League territory; Tim mercilessly jabbing out the melody to ‘Move With The Wildpalms’ on his keyboard. Then something weird happened. He threw one arm up, straight in the air, like a nine-year old schoolchild desperate to answer teacher’s question. He simply held it there and within seconds half the audience had mimicked the gesture. Not a single arm dropped until Tim dropped his. One minute into the set: audience converted.
His debut album Everything Beautiful Reminds Me Of You has perhaps unsurprisingly, received some extremely puzzled reviews. You see, Tim
belongs in an upside down world where none of the music that is currently regarded as meaningful or ‘important’ has any real purchase at all. On one level, songs such as ‘M.O.R.’, ‘Girl Number One’, and the entirely adorable ‘When The Song Applies To You’ are simply enjoyable, emotional confections of lounge-style pop, brandishing killer hooks and choruses. But there is also both surrealism (“I have an enemy/ A sea anemone, that won’t stop looming/ Even if I tell it to,” goes ‘Sea Anemone’) and an undercurrent of vaguely Kafkaesque anxiety to Tim’s lyrical world (“They called me in the lobby/ Took me to the tower/ Sat me down, told me I was lucky/ No one ever leaves, I should be pleased/ Here’s a suit, put it on/ It was me, all along, that they wanted, yes they wanted” from ‘Girl Number One’).
His romantic yearnings contrast with (and are perhaps necessitated by) the shadow of an oppressively prosaic, corporate world, creating a very modern sense of everydav tension. On stage, this mixture is brought dramatically alive by his incredibly bravura show of dancing. Apparently fuelled by pure nervous excitement, it incorporates much early ’80s retro hand movement and general jerkiness, reminiscent in effect (if not style) of the ‘nerd’s cool dance’ sequence from the film Napoleon Dynamite. The girls seemed to like it—at least the ones with me did — when not busily making little ‘craft gifts’ and press-ganging me into presenting them to ‘Tim the Star’ at the end of the evening. What a way to make an introduction.
While there is a suggestion of performance art in what Tim does and some of the trappings would appear to shade it towards irony – the overriding feel is one of genuine, even joyous, enthusiasm and sincerity. The balanced artfulness presents an edge but, fundamentally, it’s just incredibly good fun. All this and the Sinister Cat too. . .
A man who spurns a band in favour of an onstage stuffed cat. Like I said: Brave!
KEIRON PHELAN TALKS TO TIM TEN YEN
How much of Tim Ten is a constructed persona, how much is the ‘real’ you?
It’s complicated! There is a big difference between Tim onstage and off. For me, song writing is 99.99% of what I do. ‘Performer Tim’ is a lunar mountain filling the frame of a camera (stick with me…), then pull back the zoom to reveal the vast moon that is ‘songwriting Tim’. Some might say it’s a barren moon with no life, but everyone knows that beneath the surface of every moon lies a magical world of underground cities and towns that are safely hidden away. Including our own up there! I remember my first and only Glastonbury, then Tom Jones was the ‘Mystery Guest’. I was gutted to find out it wasn’t Nirvana or suchlike, but sulkily went to see what all the fuss was about. The atmosphere was something out of a dream – I felt elated for his whole set, and didn’t even really know any of the songs. It was mind-blowing! With hindsight, it was an absolutely pivotal moment for me; the power of music to just make people feel fantastic.
Why choose karaoke pop? Is it a defining part of what you do, or could you see yourself fronting a band?
It’s the most honest description of my music, and I want to be upfront. I think it fits, and sounds good, hopefully! Maybe I want to lower people’s expectations. Karaoke carries a kind of ‘fake’ connotation that means I’m not seen as a threat in any shape or form to the ‘big boys’. Then hopefully I give them a bit of a run for their money! I’d love to have a band like Elvis Presley had in the 1970s, with a great, over-the-top drummer and stuff. But that costs money. It’s all or nthing for me, I think: karaoke or 20 piece band.
Your dancing seems important. Do you practice in front of the mirror, or do you just ‘go for it’ onstage?
I just go for it, though over time I’ve kept the better moves! It probably sounds stupid, but I’m really proud of the songs; I get very terrified before I go onstage, so that all merges into a very public release of nervous euphoria!
Musically and visually you reference certain aspects of the ’80s. What draws you to that period?
I’m not necessarily drawn to the ’80s, but I think because my voice is quite low, I sit in the same range as a lot of ’80s vocalists. That seemed to be the era where that range was OK! For years I wanted to sing high – I wanted to be Art Garfunkel, and wrote songs around that kind of pitch – but I just sounded bloody terrible! Then I heard The The’s Dusk album and had a slight epiphany. I still took a while to completely accept that I’ve only got a range of about an octave, and low down but Matt Johnson saved me from a life of trying – and failing – to sing like Sting.
Does the Sinister Cat regard himself as a ‘babe magnet’?
Nothing so crude, but he’s aware of the DEEP magnetic attraction girls automatically feel for him…
On casual inspection what you do looks slightly ironic while the songs seem completely sincere? Which way round is it?
All of it is sincere – I believe 100% in what I’m doing. Make of that what you will!
Keiron Phelan
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Attack of the Giant Cult Films
By Andrew J. Sacks Last updated Jan 1, 2021
The definition of a cult film is as slippery as any eel. Around its boundaries are pure camp movies, hopelessly dated films, movies so bad they’re good, and the like.
Authorities seem never to agree on one unambiguous definition for a cult classic. There will, apparently, always be fuzzy edges and movies argued for and against being categorized as genuine cult films. Yet there are films always mentioned first when the discussion turns to the genre. Harold and Maude (1971) is perhaps the quintessential example. It is quirky to the extreme, funny as they come, and will always appeal to certain audiences and repel others.
Indeed, the true cult classic speaks to a specific group of die-hard fans and leaves all others bewildered by the appeal, if not downright offended. Although much could be said here about the glories of accepted cult classics like Reefer Madness, Plan 9 from Outer Space, Night of the Living Dead, and others almost all of us are now familiar with, my aim is to point out lesser known entries which should indeed be more widely known by connoisseurs of the genre.
These films may indeed have a small but devoted base of fans (as a true cult classic should), but the circle of admirers should be much larger.
In 1966, many discovered King of Hearts, a French comedy-drama so singularly delightful and poignant that it attained almost instant cult classic status despite its poor showing at the box office (nearly always, by the way, a mark of the only later-appreciated cult classic). But much overlooked has been that year’s Morgan!, also known as Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment. See it and you will never look at either gorillas or communist symbols in quite the same way.
Also, interestingly, it shares much of the same commentary on sanity versus insanity and on the ambiguities of what can rightly be classified as genuine true love that we find in the ever-fresh King of Hearts. Almost completely unknown seems to be Liquid Sky (1982), and that is indeed a criminal oversight. This hard-to-find rental features themes involving lesbianism and sexual ambiguity, hard drugs, and space aliens.
Now, you tell me: does that in itself say nearly enough? If it doesn’t, see it and you will soon be lobbying all your friends to follow suit. In 1984 Repo Man came and went fast, but has since been elevated in most savvy circles to its valid place as genuine cult classic. But the next year Lust in the Dust was not as fortunate. It certainly made only the tiniest of splashes, standard for later cult appreciation, but where has that recognition been? This hilarious Western parody features faces we all know, actors who before played in only serious films, and we will forever applaud them for taking part in this riotous farce if we only give it the hour and a half of viewing it so richly deserves. The director, Paul Bartel, by the way, was already on the radar at that time because of his delicious black comedy of three years prior, Eating Raoul.
In fact, all 11 of his variable low-budget films are worth a look. American independent filmmaker Jim Jarmusch is another intriguing one who has gained some fame but also tends to be underappreciated. His Stranger than Paradise (1984) can even be considered to have started the burst of American independent film making that has followed. This film, as well as his Down by Law two years later, must be savored by true lovers of cult. Dutch director Paul Verhoeven has likewise given us several delectable items—if we will only approach the table. His Turkish Delight (1973) and Spetters (1980) will provide a good introduction to his individualistic work, and remind us that before he went mainstream with popular and profitable films like Robocop and Total Recall, his was a unique and quirky vision—to which he surprisingly returned in the deserved cult favorite Showgirls in 1995. (By the way, a review of early Verhoeven films, including The Fourth Man, will make many recast their opinions on the ultimate female film sex symbol as they discover Renee Soutendijk.)
I’m tempted to run through many offerings by John Waters and Andy Warhol, but let those names simply be food for cultish thought, as nearly every film by the former, and arguably every single one by the latter falls into the genre. Better should I close with a 1945 comedy that has been gathering dust for decades now, but will reward viewing with more, and more hearty, laughs than even the Marx Brothers or Mel Brooks can deliver in a typical film. It is Murder, He Says, and it could not be more cleverly conceived and written, more well-cast, more eccentric–or more memorable.
And always remember: “To them that doesn’t know the tune, sounds like the ravings of a loon.”
[Republished from April 3, 2012 to reflect an additional item]
ArtComedyFantasy GenrePoint of ViewWellbeing
Andrew J. Sacks
English professor and freelance writer in the greater Los Angeles area. Nationally ranked chess Master.
Michael Sandifer
All Too Soon
Jack Eason says 9 years ago
Yet another thought provoking article Andrew.
From beyond America’s shores, may I suggest you add two of Jacques Tati’s films – Jour de Fete and Les Vacances de M.Hulot, both of them pure comedy.
Andrew J. Sacks says 9 years ago
Jack, I thank you–and I thank you! Will look them up. Loved all his films I have seen to date.
james sale says 9 years ago
As always, Andrew, massive erudition lightly worn – thanks, some useful stuff to watch out for, including films I have never heard of!
Thank you very much, James.
Kristin Fouquet says 9 years ago
This is great, Andrew. I can’t wait to check out a few of the unknown titles. Thanks for championing the cult films.
Kris, I thank you yet again.
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Life and love are gifts for ALL creatures to enjoy
My Thailand Elephant Trip
November 22, 2013 by Michael Lane
“Every thoughtful citizen who despairs of war and wishes to bring peace, should begin by looking inward—by examining his own attitude towards the possibilities of peace…”
—President John F. Kennedy, excerpt from speech at American University
I believe that the fundamental guiding energy of the universe is love, and that peace is a close second—if it’s not a form of love itself. I believe that when we stand up for animals we stand up for love and peace, and we stand against the destructive, nihilistic forces of the universe—I will not call them “energies” since I believe they are basically the opposite of that, they are more like energy vacuums—those of war and violence, hatred, and greed.
For this reason I believe it is important to honor the slain President John F. Kennedy, a man who ultimately stood for peace and love. He was struck down 50 years ago on November 22, 1963, a dark day for America and for the world, as well as for love and peace.
Right before President Kennedy was murdered, he delivered a commencement speech at American University that was all about peace and love. Keep in mind that this was delivered at the height of the Cold War, when the “Communist menace” engendered fear, hatred, and paranoia throughout the country, and many in Kennedy’s military and cabinet believed that war with the Soviet Union was inevitable. Here are a couple of excerpts:
“What kind of peace do I mean and what kind of a peace do we seek? Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war. Not the peace of the grave or the security of the slave. I am talking about genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living, and the kind that enables men and nations to grow, and to hope, and build a better life for their children—not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women, not merely peace in our time but peace in all time.”
“I speak of peace, therefore, as the necessary, rational end of rational men. I realize the pursuit of peace is not as dramatic as the pursuit of war, and frequently the words of the pursuers fall on deaf ears. But we have no more urgent task.”
The Warren Report, the shoddiest, most cynical document of omissions, distortions, and lies in the history of American justice, its day-to-day “investigation” led by one of President Kennedy’s greatest enemies, former head of the C.I.A. Allen Dulles—is somehow all these years later still being propagandized as the truth by the mainstream media machine.
What does this have to do with animals?
I believe that those of us who do stand for love and peace yet turn away when it comes to the truth of what is on our plates, when we close our eyes to what goes on in the factories and laboratories that are shuttered in the dark, desolate corners of our country, where beings of love and innocence are daily brutalized, tortured, and murdered in the millions, their cries of help falling on deaf ears—this is of the same stuff as our looking away from the truth of the Kennedy assassination. In both instances, love and peace are dishonored.
JFK funeral procession, Washington, D.C.
Most of us with common sense and a willingness to pursue the facts know that the assassination of President Kennedy was political and not carried out by a lone nut, and we know that factory farming and laboratory testing is savage and inhumane (not to mention bad for our collective health). Yet to look closer at these truths, to really look, then we have to look at ourselves, we have to look closely at two pillars of our very existence: what we eat and what we believe.
We must open our eyes to the consequences of not confronting violence, hatred, and greed, we must open our eyes to what rushes in to fill the vaccuum left by our apathy and fear: perpetual wars, perpetual need, perpetual division, the bleeding away of our rights, the endless suffering of both humans and animals.
We have to look at what kind of society and what kind of democracy we live in, we have to look at what our lives really mean.
And we begin by looking inward, as President Kennedy says.
I believe to live lives that truly honor love and peace we must do this. There is just no other way.
“Black Jack,” riderless horse, JFK funeral procession
Posted in animal rights, animals | Tagged animal rights, animals, Assassination of John F. Kennedy, JFK, John F Kennedy, Warren Commission | 15 Comments
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Review: Demashitaa! Powerpuff Girls Z (出ましたっ！パワパフガールズZ)
Posted by ranpha on 31st August 2008
Posted in: anime review, The Scream Painting spoof in anime. Tagged: Demashitaa! Powerpuff Girls Z (出ましたっ！パワパフガールズZ). 5 comments
Mojo ‘Abraham Lincoln’ Jojo would have been far more successful in his destiny to rule the world if he has access to this website. Then again, almost all villains in this anime need to read that website.
After seeing Wolf and Spice taking over the provisional title of Anime of the Year 2008 in the last post, now let’s see whether Demashita Powerpuff Girls Z, an anime adaptation of a Cartoon Network series, can do the same to our current Anime of the Year 2006, Chocotto Sister.
The scene where the epic rivalry starts.
Three unsuspecting middle-schoolers were turned into superheroes after they were bathed in a white light that comes out from an iceberg that was destroyed by Professor Utonium’s son with Chemical Z. After that, the three of them has to protect a futuristic Tokyo City from the threats of monsters that was spawned from the black light that comes out from the same explosion.
Do you watch the Cartoon Network version as I do? If yes, do not hope that there are many similarities between USA and Japan versions because you can safely say that this anime is basically a remake of the Cartoon Network version. For example, our heroines here are not even made with Chemical Z, but a variation of the same chemical made a long time ago by Professor Utonium’s ancestors. Chemical Z was instead used by Mojo Jojo (whose origin is completely different than the Cartoon Network version) to make the Rowdyruff Boys, thus making them immune when Him (Kare) summoned all his black particles back to him. There are extra characters not found in Cartoon Network version, and some settings are changed like where our heroines go to middle-school while the America’s versions’ went to kindergarten.
This anime STARTS VERY SLOWLY, with nearly the first third of the 52-episode anime completely dedicated to characters introductions and developments. The story primarily consists of appearances by Mojo Jojo and co. having their collective asses kicked by our protagonists, splashed by some monster-of-the-week episodes. Kare (and the plot) only appears in the middle of the series and was woely undeveloped for at least 10 episodes after that. It is only in the last third of the series did this anime comes to life with a somewhat decent story, but the ending is awful in both substance and presentation. This is the first weakness of this anime, which is uneven pacing of the flow of the storyline.
As mentioned above, the anime started slowly, then started to roll faster after Rowdyruff Boys and Kare were introduced but sped up too much during the also aforementioned awful ending, which is the second weakness of this anime. My main complaint about the ending is about the time-travel plot device used in the penultimate episode because that alone punches some holes in the overall plot of this series (like how all the white lights is supposedly needed to seal Kare when you can see as plain as daylight that the Powerpuff Girls predecessors in the distant-past Edo did not need to do so) and also how the ending’s pacing is too fast relative to the pacing of the whole series (spread across only 3 episodes, surely the director can kill some of the monster-of-the-week episodes and give it towards the presentation of the ending).
Hyper Blossom and Mojo Jojo, the best characters in this series. Both hated each other guts, acts first without thinking, extremely destructive in their actions, love sweet foods/snacks and are failures in romance. Sometime I wonder whether these two are twins separated at birth.
What saves this anime from the oblivion Hayate no Gotoku finds itself in is that the character development in this anime is excellent in most places. Two characters comes to mind; Mojo Jojo and Hyper Blossom respectively. These two awfully similar characters are completely superior compared to their Cartoon Network counterparts. Being a remake, Hyper Blossom in this anime seems to be a cross between Cartoon Networks Blossom and Buttercup, while Mojo Jojo of this anime is less serious than the American version and more like Sokka in Avatar The Last Airbender. Other characters are very well done too to a degree, but some characters are woefully underused and undeveloped, like Taka-chan and the Rowdyruff Boys.
(said by Hyper Blossom) Quoted For Truth.
Considering the target demographic, the design is very well done especially our superheroes. Monster designs can be mixed bag though and the mecha at the end of the anime is awful to say the least. Even the numerous short-lived Mojo Robo mechas looks better. The lack of black hair, except for Professor Utonium and son is acceptable considering the futuristic setting this anime is set up in.
Yet another parody of The Scream in Japanese anime. To be fair there is also Mona Lisa being featured in this anime.
In general, voice acting in this anime is good, with Mojo Jojo, Hyper Blossom, Shirogane ‘Princess’ Himeko and Kare being the best. Definitely a plus point of this anime.
A creepy near-bestiality moments in this anime.
The OST is great, but from all 6 OP/ED themes, only the 1st OP and 2nd ED themes are of any good.
This is a good parody of Darth Vader by Mojo Jojo in one of the best episodes in this series. Scenes like this are the reason why Mojo Jojo is one of the best characters in this anime.
The animation in this anime is decent for most parts, but it can be awful at times in low-area low-motion scenes. Fast-paced scenes do not seem to be affected. Unfortunately, choreography is just average with so many repetitive techniques been used by the heroines. The directing is not really that good either, for reasons mentioned in the story section.
(a monologue by Mojo Jojo) Quoted For Truth.
7 out of 10. Chocotto Sister still reigns supreme as the Best Anime of the Year 2006.
This anime could have done better with more appearances from this trio.
← Review: Wolf and Spice (狼と香辛料)
Review: Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ) S1 + S2. →
5 comments on “Review: Demashitaa! Powerpuff Girls Z (出ましたっ！パワパフガールズZ)”
mikhaela on 24th September 2009 at 5:45 pm said:
MY NAME IS MIKHAELA GENESIS CARAG NAVARRO YOU CAN CALL ME ELLA IF YOU WANT JUST TELL YOUR NAME AND I WILL UNDER STAND IT.BUT HEY MY NICK NAME IN SCHOOL IS BUBBLES AND MY 2 BEST FRIENDS IN SCHOOL DOES SOME BODY KNOWS HANZ AND HANNAHROX.IF YOU KNOW THEM YOU CAN CALL HANNAH ROX IN HER NICKNAME IN SCHOOL HER NICKNAME IS BLOSSOM AND HANZ NICKNAME IS BUTTERCUP.WHERE IN GRADE 3 WE STUDY IN METHODIST CHRISTIAN SCHOOL.I LOVE BUBBLES SHE’S CUTE
hello what Charcter are you in Powerpuff girls Z
ranpha on 25th September 2009 at 2:00 am said:
I am HIM! :)
iluvrrbz on 23rd August 2009 at 4:32 pm said:
they should have made the rrbz appear more.
alzena on 25th April 2009 at 12:04 pm said:
i like ppgz :D
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Sendak and Hoban
On 09/22/2012 08/26/2014 By Anita GuerriniIn Books, History
Within the past year, two of my favorite authors died, Maurice Sendak and Russell Hoban. Sendak was undoubtedly the better known, author of picture books such as the wonderful Where the Wild Things Are and my favorite, In the Night Kitchen, as well as an illustrator of many more books. Hoban also wrote children’s books, the wry and gentle series about Frances the Badger (mainly illustrated by the inimitable Garth Williams, who created Charlotte the spider). He wrote adult novels as well, which I have not read, and the extraordinary Riddley Walker.
Riddley Walker (1980) is a post-apocalytic story about a twelve-year-old boy who has the power to interpret myth – to riddle. He lives in southeast England some centuries after a nuclear war has ended Western civilization. Odd remnants of it remain in the form of a legend known as the Eusa story and in a traveling Punch and Judy show that serves as what government there is in the rough settlements of what used to be Kent. All of this sounds strange, and it is; but what makes this novel extraordinary is its use of language. When civilization collapsed, so did language. Riddley speaks and writes a phonetic, garbled patois. Hoban’s imagining of this shattered language gives this novel its power. I recently read Cloud Atlas and its central post-apocalyptic story is also written in its own half-collapsed language.
Like Hoban, Sendak dealt with myths and half-remembered fears. His books all have that quality of dreams which bend and distort reality. Max sails for a year and a day, and Mickey falls through the floor (and out of his clothes) into the kitchen. Goblins steal babies (I found Outside over There too dark to read to my toddlers). He too played with language, slipping in and out of meaning as his images slipped between waking and dreaming.
To Sendak, technology is toy-like and playful: Max’s boat could be folded of paper, and Mickey’s airplane is made of bread dough. Technology is much more ominous to Riddley Walker. As in Walter Miller’s A Canticle for Leibowitz (written two decades earlier), the remnants of techno-civilization are mysterious and awe-inspiring. Riddley marvels at the remains of a power plant in Cambry (Canterbury). But the awe elides to a pervasive sense of loss, as Riddley recognizes how much knowledge has disappeared. No one knows how any of this might have worked. Many seek the secret of the Little Shyning Man the Attom.
When Riddley finds a stained glass window in Canterbury Cathedral dedicated to St. Eustace, this myth mingles with the Eusa story. Hoban explores history and language, how our stories develop and change over time, and how we need stories to tell ourselves. Like Max and Mickey, Riddley reaches deeply into the half-slumbering core of ourselves to find what meaning he can.
authorsbooksillustration
Interview with Stephanie Hersh
Are trees always good?
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Category: History of science
The Skeleton Trade
On 11/16/2018 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, Crime and Punishment, History, History of science, illustration, Museums, Religion, skeletons
Although the human skeleton was well known as a symbol of mortality before 1500, the articulated skeleton does not seem to have come into its own as an object –scientific and artistic as well as symbolic – until the time of Vesalius. Curiously ubiquitous, since everyone has one, but yet largely invisible, anatomists revealed the …
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A Dwarf and his Skeleton
On 08/20/2018 08/20/2018 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, Giants and Dwarfs, History of science, illustration, London, Museums, natural history, skeletons
Last month I spent some time in Special Collections at the University of Glasgow Library, looking at the catalogues of the anatomical preparations of London anatomist and man-midwife William Hunter (1718-1783). Hunter, a Scot, left his collections to the University of Glasgow, where they still reside. Among the anatomical preparations listed in 1784 was “A …
Continue reading A Dwarf and his Skeleton
The Gruesome History of Making Human Skeletons
On 10/03/2017 10/03/2017 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, History, History of science, Medicine, skeletons, Vesalius
The fabulous online journal Atlas Obscura just published an article on some of my skeleton research. This is based on the talk, "The Whiteness of Bones," that I gave a Columbia a couple of weeks ago. Thanks to Sarah Laskow. Link here.
Discovering Brazil
On 07/26/2017 07/26/2017 By Anita GuerriniIn Animals, Books, Exploration, History, History of science, Museums, natural history
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 2017 I am sitting in the sun on the roof of my hotel in Rio, looking at the heavily forested hills to the east, the high rise hotels lining the Copacabana to the south, the elaborate rooftop garden across the Avenida de Princesa Isabel, and beyond, the rickety tin shacks …
Continue reading Discovering Brazil
Vesalius in Wonderland
On 05/31/2017 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, Books, History of science, Medicine, Vesalius
Last month, artist Lisa Temple-Cox had a residency at Oregon State for two weeks as part of the Horning Series on "The Material Body" that I organized this academic year. Among the numerous talks and demonstrations she gave was this collaborative talk with art historian Glenn Harcourt on a joint project they are calling "Vesalius …
Continue reading Vesalius in Wonderland
Demystifying the NSF Process
On 05/11/2017 05/11/2017 By Anita GuerriniIn History of science
In the latest issue of the History of Science Society Newsletter, I talked about how historians of science can, and should, apply for research grants from the National Science Foundation. You can read the essay here.
The Corpse Walk: Paris, 1660
On 09/15/2016 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, History, History of science, Medicine, Paris
[This is excerpted from the talk I gave at the New York Academy of Medicine on 13 September 2016, which was itself excerpted from my book The Courtiers' Anatomists] Under cover of night, the dead of Paris made their journey from the burial grounds to the places of dissection. In this era of recurrent plagues, …
Continue reading The Corpse Walk: Paris, 1660
Vesalius and the beheaded man
On 08/26/2016 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, History, History of science, Medicine, Museums, skeletons, Vesalius1 Comment
On the 12th of May, 1543, Jakob Karrer von Getweiler was executed in Basel, Switzerland. Reports say he was beheaded, although hanging was a more usual mode of execution. Karrer was a bigamist who attacked his legal wife with a knife after she discovered his second wife. According to a contemporary account, Karrer was a …
Continue reading Vesalius and the beheaded man
The Secret Horror of Dissection
On 05/11/2016 05/11/2016 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, History of science, Medicine, natural history, skeletons1 Comment
The eighteenth-century anatomist William Hunter (1718-1783) told his students that the practice of dissection “familiarizes the heart to a kind of necessary inhumanity.”(1) A few decades earlier, Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1800) expressed more forcefully the “secret horror” that dissection, particularly of the human corpse, elicited in most of its practitioners. His comments appeared in the “Description …
Continue reading The Secret Horror of Dissection
On 12/03/2015 By Anita GuerriniIn Anatomy, Animals, Books, History of science, Paris1 Comment
A long excerpt from The Courtiers' Anatomists has just appeared on the excellent blog The Learned Pig -- see it at: http://www.thelearnedpig.org/the-courtiers-anatomists/3067
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Mouth Trap
Darren Ithell
1989 by Mandarin Software
AndyHovine
Mouth Trap came bundled in the Games Galore pack with three other games and a utility called STOS Squasher. All the games were written in STOS, a game BASIC programming language and came with source code on the second side of the disk. Mouth Trap was written by Darren Ithell who also had a hand in the development of the Squasher utility according to the manual that came with the pack. The goal of the game is to eat all the food on a level. Insperation is aparant from games such as Bubble Bobble but parallels with popular arcade games are also present. Although later levels become frustrating and at times seem like filling the gaps, the early levels are fun, well designed and offer enough to discover to want to get that bit further. With a variety of germs, food, level graphics and layout there's a lot there to play though and the gameplay is works well with the adictive qualities needed to want to come back even if it does get frustrating at times. Well worth a look at if you've never played this game before.
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Fix the finish
Published Monday, Apr. 11, 2005, 10:56 pm
Golf Things Considered column by John Rogers
JSpencerRogers@msn.com
When working with a golfer to improve his swing, one of my favorite methods is to fix the finish. What that means is that we make the finish of the swing, the follow-through, look good. The golfer gets to pose at the end of the swing, imagining, like I tell my junior golfers, that someone is taking a picture for Sports Illustrated. Fix the finish and hold the pose.
But what good does it do to pose after the ball is gone? Isn’t it too late to help the shot? Will a magazine pose at the end of the swing make that disgusting power slice suddenly turn back towards the fairway and carry 30 extra yards? Of course not.
But my thinking is that the finish says a lot about what came before. I don’t know much about gymnastics, but imagine this: A gymnast comes running toward a vault, bounces off of it, flips, pushes off of a pommel horse, flies impressively through the air with another flip and an athletic twist, and then lands, not on two feet, but on another part of the anatomy. A part that shows the original pigmentation of one’s skin, and which, fortunately for the gymnast, has a little extra padding.
My guess is that the gymnast’s poor finish had to do with poor execution earlier in the exercise. Same thing in golf. The finish tells a story of what happened during the swing.
Here’s the thing: What happens between the backswing and the follow-through happens very quickly. The arms and club swing through impact at 100 miles per hour, give or take. It’s very difficult to feel, be aware of, or change anything that occurs during the split second of the downswing. It happens too fast.
For example, imagine a golfer named Flip. He has a habit of hinging his wrists sideways as he’s coming through the ball, making his lead wrist cup towards the target. Flip’s habit will cause the ball to roll along the ground, or possibly fly straight off to the left. And at the finish, there’s that mangled-looking, cupped wrist, the fingers falling off the club as a result of the tortured effort.
It’s easy to explain the problem to Flip, but it’s not so easy for him to stop hinging his wrists that way. It happens too fast (and maybe instinctively, as a way of fixing some other problem). We can walk through the swing in slow motion to practice, and there are learning aids that can help, but there’s another way to make the necessary change.
Here’s how it works: If Flip has the patience to fix his finish after each swing, it teaches him over time which muscles need to relax, and which need to work harder, to finish the way we want. In this case (since Flip is a right-handed player), he will need to relax the muscles in the right forearm, wrist and fingers as he comes through impact. He will need to be more secure in the left hand, and sense that the back of the left wrist stays flat during the shot.
If Flip takes the time to put the hands into better positions after every practice shot, he will train the muscles, and before long he will be able to finish properly. This means he will be coming through the ball with better technique, which means he hits better shots.
This process works for all kinds of swing ailments. If a golfer changes posture during the swing, it will show up in the finish, with the body leaning one way or another. Consistently fixing the finish will eventually force the golfer to stay in posture during the swing.
This reminds me of my friend, Jim Noel, who does a great job providing people with insurance through the company Mutual of Omaha. Jim started taking lessons last year, and has showed up again at the lesson tee this spring. A lot of the effort Jim and I have put into his swing has focused on the positions of the follow-through. Jim had a tendency to finish with his spine tilted towards the target, his wrists buckled the wrong way, and the right shoulder popped up from all the tension.
Most of these things were instinctive corrections for a flaw in Jim’s backswing, which we fixed first, and fairly easily. Then we started to fix the finish. As Jim got better at keeping his spine stable, his hands quiet, and his shoulders relaxed, his contact and ball flight began to improve dramatically. It has taken some time and patience, but Jim’s efforts are definitely paying off. With some attention to the short game, Jim will soon be too strong for his weekend golfing buddies, Scoop and Fargo. That’s a good thing.
Poor weight transfer, flying elbows, lack of rotation, arm and body connection – all of these things can be improved by paying attention to the positions at the conclusion of the swing. It takes patience and practice, but this method is a good way to make swing changes without having to think too hard during the swing.
So – like the gymnast, who gets up off his padded nether-region, assumes the position of a perfect landing, takes a bow, then waves to the crowd – golfers can benefit by fixing their finishes. Sometimes it pays to look good.
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Austria Breaking News | Top Stories | Political | Business | Entertainment | Sport
Growing calls to protect Fijian soldiers who served in UK army
Posted on December 4, 2020 by Times of News
London, United Kingdom – Campaigners are calling on the United Kingdom to protect Fijian soldiers who served in the British Army after they lost a court battle to remain in the UK.
The UK’s High Court on Tuesday rejected a request by eight Fijian soldiers, who had served in Iraq and Afghanistan, for a judicial review of their immigration cases, which could have allowed them to remain in the UK.
Fiji is part of the Commonwealth, a political association of 54 member states. Almost all, including Fiji, are former territories of the British Empire.
The eight veterans are now trapped in legal limbo after failing to apply for the right to stay in the UK when they were discharged, and face paying visa application fees of 2,389 pounds ($3,212) – an amount some cannot afford.
The decision was delivered on Tuesday by Mr Justice Graham, who said the group was too late in making their claims, adding the court was concerned with “illegality not misadministration”.
David McMullan, a 13-year veteran with the Justice for Commonwealth Veterans campaign, works alongside the Fijians’ legal team, crowdfunding legal costs to try and help them secure indefinite leave to remain in the UK.
“Everyone can see it for what it is, which it is unfair and unjust to be treated like this,” he told Al Jazeera. “It’s all part of the ‘hostile environment’ that we’re in right now, where people from other countries are treated badly in the UK.”
The Commonwealth has long been a recruiting ground for the British Army.
Commonwealth personnel serving in the armed forces are exempt from immigration controls, an exception which is removed immediately upon being discharged.
Those who serve more than four years without serious misconduct are legally entitled to apply for the right to live and work in the UK.
The Fijian veterans assumed that leave to remain was automatic, and have blamed their situation on bureaucratic errors, saying they were not properly informed of their legal rights.
Anthony Metzer QC, the lead lawyer for the claimants, said his clients were “bitterly disappointed” by Tuesday’s decision.
In a statement, he said: “We very much hope that in raising these fundamental issues within the army and the Home Office, and seeing the overwhelming support that the case has gained from members of the public, Members of Parliament and members of the wider Armed Forces community, the government will find a reasonable and fair-minded solution for these veterans, who have provided such invaluable service for this country.”
One of the veterans, Taitusi Ratucaucau, joined the British Army in 2001 and remained in the UK where he has a wife and three children. He has served for more than 10 years in the British Army.
He was forced to crowdfund almost 50,000 pounds ($67,000) for a life-saving operation on a brain tumour after he was told he was ineligible for NHS treatment because his immigration status meant he was treated as an overseas patient.
Vinita Templeton, another lawyer for the veterans, said the court case had brought to light “longstanding failures” in the treatment of foreign and Commonwealth veterans in the British Army.
“There has been ongoing, widespread public support and media interest, which has triggered the Government into saying there will be public consultations regarding the fees issue,” she told Al Jazeera.
Responding to the decision, a government spokesperson said: “The Ministry of Defence will be launching a public consultation in due course, that will consider how they can offer greater flexibility for serving personnel and their families in the future.”
Article source: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/growing-calls-to-protect-fijian-soldiers-who-served-in-uk-army
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Home » News & Features » Potential 'Purge' of Ghosn-Era Nissan Executives Sparked Amid Ongoing Income Scandal
Potential 'Purge' of Ghosn-Era Nissan Executives Sparked Amid Ongoing Income Scandal
The saga involving former Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance bigwig Carlos Ghosn has been growing for months after he was allegedly found to be underreporting his income by millions of dollars. While he remains in Japanese custody for violating the country’s Financial Instruments and Exchange Act, other top-level executives are now on their way out of Nissan, supposedly due to potential snags related the Brazilian-born businessman’s current trial.
A report from Automotive News details the resignation of Chief Performance Officer Jose Munoz, the man who assisted Nissan in achieving all-time sales records in the United States as of late. According to documents obtained by AN, Munoz told colleagues that his decision to step down came after “some period of serious contemplation.” Although withdrawing himself from his position, Munoz explained that he will assist in Nissan’s ongoing probes.
“Unfortunately, Nissan is currently involved in matters that have and will continue to divert its focus,” Munoz said. “As I have repeatedly and recently made clear to the company, I look forward to continuing to assist Nissan in its investigations.”
Munoz was well-regarded within the Japanese automaker’s executive ranks and often thought to be a possible replacement for CEO Hiroto Saikawa in the future.
Jose Munoz out as Nissan Chief Performance Officer.
Jose Munoz speaking at a
Furthermore, news of Senior Vice President Arun Bajaj taking a leave of absence has shone light on the plague-like woes initiated by Ghosn’s alleged wrongdoings. Sources reportedly familiar to the situation told AN that Bajaj will still cooperate with investigations despite his current status.
One insider hinted to AN that a “purge” may be underway within the skunkworks of Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, doing away with Ghosn-era bosses altogether.
No reasons were cited by Munoz upon his announcement to leave his post, though some believe that internal friction could’ve played a major role. Unidentified sources claimed that the Spanish native had not been cooperating fully with the company’s probes against Ghosn. This, along with awarding supposedly questionable supplier contracts, had allegedly brought heat upon Munoz that may have led to his departure.
Munoz was reportedly scheduled to appear at January’s Consumer Electronics Show as part of the Nissan Leaf e+ debut, though that was conclusively scrapped and Munoz did not attend.
This Is as Close as You Can Get to a Brand-New Land Rover Defender
1960 Chevrolet El Camino: Smooth Jazz
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Home » Racing » Formula 1 Reveals First Revised Schedule for 2021
Formula 1 Reveals First Revised Schedule for 2021
Here we go again.
Formula 1 confirmed the rumors and has postponed, due to COVID-19 concerns, both the F1 Australian and Chinese Grand Prix. Australia, which was to have kicked off the season on March 21, has been moved to November 12.
Due to travel restrictions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese GP, which had been scheduled for April 11, has also been postponed. Organizers have requested a date in the second half of the season, but F1 has yet to secure a date for that race.
The 2021 season will now start a week later with the Bahrain Grand Prix on March 28.
The series also added Imola, Italy, to the schedule on April 18, as Formula 1 continues to hold out hopes for a record 23-race season. Formula 1 originally scheduled 22 races for 2020, but the pandemic cut the final count to 17 races.
Formula 1’s lastest schedule still includes one TBA, as the series hopes to races somewhere (Portugal, maybe?) on May 2.
Updated 2021 F1 Schedule
Currently listed as postponed with no make-up date set: China
*Revisions to calendar are subject to World Motor Sport Council approval
**Subject to circuit homologation
Gavin, Bell to race Vasser Sullivan Lexus at Rolex 24
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Drupal Certified by Bitnami
By: Bitnami Latest Version: 8.9.12-1-r04 on Debian 10
Up-to-date and secure image. Drupal is one of the most versatile open source content management systems in the world. It is pre-configured with the Ctools and Views modules, Drush and Let's Encrypt auto-configuration support.
Drupal is one of the most versatile and widely adopted open source Content Management Systems in the world. It is highly modular and easy to customize with thousands of available themes and modules.
For content authors, Bitnami pre-configures Drupal with popular plugins like Ctools, Apache Solr search, Google Analytics and Views. Bitnami also includes the Pathauto and SMTP plugins for SEO URLs and email notifications. The pre-installed Drush CLI makes it easy for non-technical users to upgrade Drupal.
For developers, Bitnami provides the latest versions of Drupal, PHP, Apache, MariaDB and phpMyAdmin. It is secure by default, as all ports except HTTP, HTTPS and SSH ports are closed and DDoS prevention is enabled. HTTPS, HTTP/2, name-based vhosts with SNI and Let's Encrypt auto-configuration are all supported.
Why use Bitnami Certified Apps?
Bitnami certified images are always up-to-date, secure, and built to work right out of the box.
Bitnami packages applications following industry standards, and continuously monitors all components and libraries for vulnerabilities and application updates. When any security threat or update is identified, Bitnami automatically repackages the applications and pushes the latest versions to the cloud marketplaces.
8.9.12-1-r04 on Debian 10
Linux/Unix, Debian 10
Pre-installed Views and Ctools modules to create new data-driven page layouts
Pre-installed Drush upgrade tool and Let's Encrypt auto-configuration script
Always up to date and secure
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Atom Fliye connected hoverboard lets you zip, if not fly, around the neighborhood
Connected Objects, Personal Transportation
Hoverboards have been heavily hyped for the past year or so despite the fact that none of them that have reached the market actually do what the name implies –- namely, hover above the ground in the air, like they did in the popular “Back to the Future” movies.
Atom Fliye is a connected hoverboard that has a single, wide wheel. It promises to travel 7 ½ miles on a single charge, and can go uphill and ride down stairs, as well as travel over rocky surfaces or grass, its makers say. A companion app is being developed for Android and iOS mobile devices that can be used to start the board. It also adds anti-theft functionality. The app shows users the exact speed the board is traveling at, mileage and battery-life. It also enables users to adjust everything on the board, including its speed.
Atom Fliye ships in February at future pricing of $1,499. But early bird Indiegogo backers can order one for a pledge of $999. Its makers hope to raise $50,000 by Oct. 22.
Atom Fliye is hardly the first hoverboard to reach the market and is yet again nothing more than an advanced version of a skateboard. But it does have appealing features that include the app and water resistance. The device, however, can’t support anybody who weighs more than 250 pounds and its speed tops out at a not-very-fast 12 miles per hour.
Tags: alternative transportationappappsAtom Fliyeconnected objectshoverboardiOS/Androidskateboardskateboardingskateboardstransportationtransportation alternative
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Sleep Loss Produces False Memories
Susanne Diekelmann, Hans Peter Landolt, Olaf Lahl, Jan Born, et al
http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-loss-produces-false-memories
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{"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/apeyrache/article/4197248"}, "post_time"=>"2009-03-20 10:34:41", "tag"=>["consolidation", "sleep"], "linkout"=>[{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512"}, {"type"=>"Pubmed Central", "url"=>"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567433/"}, {"type"=>"Pubmed", "url"=>"http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946511"}, {"type"=>"Hubmed", "url"=>"http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=18946511"}], "username"=>"apeyrache", "article_id"=>"4197248"}
Mendeley 21829 Apr 13:08 UTC
{"title"=>"Sleep loss produces false memories", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Susanne", "last_name"=>"Diekelmann", "scopus_author_id"=>"16066787200"}, {"first_name"=>"Hans Peter", "last_name"=>"Landolt", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006647061"}, {"first_name"=>"Olaf", "last_name"=>"Lahl", "scopus_author_id"=>"14056035100"}, {"first_name"=>"Jan", "last_name"=>"Born", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102267849"}, {"first_name"=>"Ullrich", "last_name"=>"Wagner", "scopus_author_id"=>"7201546113"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"55849085051", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "pui"=>"352646271", "pmid"=>"18946511", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-55849085051", "issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)"}, "id"=>"702621c0-c226-3688-be0f-df6e4eeb6238", "abstract"=>"People sometimes claim with high confidence to remember events that in fact never happened, typically due to strong semantic associations with actually encoded events. Sleep is known to provide optimal neurobiological conditions for consolidation of memories for long-term storage, whereas sleep deprivation acutely impairs retrieval of stored memories. Here, focusing on the role of sleep-related memory processes, we tested whether false memories can be created (a) as enduring memory representations due to a consolidation-associated reorganization of new memory representations during post-learning sleep and/or (b) as an acute retrieval-related phenomenon induced by sleep deprivation at memory testing. According to the Deese, Roediger, McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, subjects learned lists of semantically associated words (e.g., \"night\", \"dark\", \"coal\",...), lacking the strongest common associate or theme word (here: \"black\"). Subjects either slept or stayed awake immediately after learning, and they were either sleep deprived or not at recognition testing 9, 33, or 44 hours after learning. Sleep deprivation at retrieval, but not sleep following learning, critically enhanced false memories of theme words. This effect was abolished by caffeine administration prior to retrieval, indicating that adenosinergic mechanisms can contribute to the generation of false memories associated with sleep loss.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-loss-produces-false-memories", "reader_count"=>205, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>44, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>11, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>49, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>11, "Student > Bachelor"=>39, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>44, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>11, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>49, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>11, "Student > Bachelor"=>39, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>9, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>32, "Arts and Humanities"=>2, "Computer Science"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1, "Engineering"=>2, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>30, "Neuroscience"=>16, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Psychology"=>92, "Social Sciences"=>11, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>30}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>11}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>92}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>9}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>2}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>16}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>32}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>3}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>2, "Netherlands"=>1, "Sweden"=>1, "Puerto Rico"=>1, "United States"=>3, "Japan"=>2, "Poland"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "France"=>4, "Switzerland"=>2, "Germany"=>6}, "group_count"=>13}
http://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12436
http://doi.org/10.1101/lm.046342.118
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.003
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.017
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.009
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.09.016
http://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-35
http://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.10.7
http://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3564
http://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa210
http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21448
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.05.003
http://doi.org/10.3233/THC-181350
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http://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v12i1.339
Europe PMC Citations 1720 Apr 08:32 UTC
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PubMed Central 109 May 04:31 UTC
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Scopus 6223 Dec 01:22 UTC
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Article Coverage29 Apr 13:32 UTC
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Journal Comments 223 Oct 13:09 UTC
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{"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/f9e70d1b-ed4b-4173-bde2-a81028650077", "title"=>"A question about false memories", "body"=>"Dear Professor Kiekelmann,\r\n\r\n I am a student from Taiwan and interested in memory. I have read your paper entitle \"Sleep loss produces false memories.\" That is very interesting paper and enlighten me on the issue. It presented conscientious and careful design and illustrated reasonable outcome. I really enjoy reading this article.\r\n However, I have a question about the decision of delay between learning and retrieval testing. According to the paper, the factor \"sleep or wakefulness after learning\" was manipulated in exp.3. I wondered that why this experiment set retrieval test at 3rd day evening but not at 3rd day morning? It seem equally manipulate the factor and more reasonable to compare the result of exp.2 and exp.3 in that way. Furthermore, what is the reasons to decided use 9, 33, or 44 hours interval between learning and retrieval testing? Could you kindly explain your considerations or give me some references about this question?\r\n Thank you for reading my email. I am really appreciated your time.\r\n\r\nBest regard,\r\n\r\nMargaret", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-11-19T07:50:19Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-11-19T07:50:19Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"153795"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>21999, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/2a56ce5a-53f4-4069-bf15-94da552ac03d", "title"=>"RE: A question about false memories", "body"=>"Dear Margaret,\n\nThank you very much for your interest in our work and for raising this issue. Concerning your first question, Exp. 2 and 3 were separate control experiments for Exp. 1, with different aspects being manipulated and we did not intend to directly compare these experiments. In Exp. 2 we aimed at showing that sleep deprivation at retrieval (also during the second night) enhances false memories. Retrieval testing took place in the morning so that the length of sleep deprivation was comparable to Exp. 1 (24 h). Exp. 3 was designed to manipulate sleep vs. wakefulness after learning without the confounding factors sleep deprivation at retrieval and circadian variation. Exp. 1 showed that the sleep group and day wake group did not differ in false memory rate. However, these two groups differed substantially with respect to circadian factors: encoding, consolidation and retrieval occurred during different circadian phases and circadian factors are known to have substantial impact on cognitive processing (e.g., Schmidt et al, 2007, Cogn Neuropsychol, 24(7), 755-789). To control for circadian variations we wanted to introduce learning and retrieval during the same circadian phase in Exp. 3 and therefore retrieval testing was shifted to 18:30. In this way, groups were not only comparable for encoding, consolidation and retrieval times but even within subjects, encoding and retrieval took place in the same circadian phase. \nWe further established a retention interval of 9 and 33 hours due to considerations concerning learning and retrieval times in the sleep groups. We wanted learning to take place immediately before sleep, subjects should sleep for 8 hours and retrieval testing should be done half an hour after awakening. In Exp. 3 retrieval testing was postponed to the evening phase as mentioned above, resulting in a 44 hours retention interval. \n\nI hope this helped clarifying the issue.\n\nAll the best,\n\nSusanne \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167349"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
{"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6b165a01-4986-4b35-8b3d-850ce3fa3cb9", "title"=>"Correction", "body"=>"In Experiment II, sample size was n=18 (2nd night wake group) and n=19 (2nd night sleep group) instead of n=15 and 16.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167349"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "replies"=>[]}
Nature27 May 13:15 UTC
Research Blogging 101 May 06:50 UTC
Research Blogging | Further Information
{"id"=>"543047428258009088", "text"=>"From #PLOSONE we learn that \"Sleep Loss Produces False #Memories\" http://t.co/4W5MCDPLC2 Add pain? You get garbage: http://t.co/KWgRezDEH6", "created_at"=>"2014-12-11T14:19:30Z", "user"=>"gwfrink3", "user_name"=>"George Frink", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2736627329/ae48acd871bf99b339edb60d3a634ed9_normal.png"}
{"id"=>"543048716911792128", "text"=>"Anyone who understands human memory will avoid using torture @NCPW_LegisWatch Consider the science. For example http://t.co/8asnAAtGop", "created_at"=>"2014-12-11T14:24:38Z", "user"=>"gwfrink3", "user_name"=>"George Frink", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2736627329/ae48acd871bf99b339edb60d3a634ed9_normal.png"}
{"id"=>"717083322443309056", "text"=>"Sleep Loss Produces False Memories\n\nhttps://t.co/zuZowMpYsy", "created_at"=>"2016-04-04T20:16:01Z", "user"=>"hfjm", "user_name"=>"HumanFactors BigData", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1868294982/face_II_normal.png"}
{"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2008", "pdf_views"=>"143", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"12419"}
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{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/918261"], "description"=>"<p>Under sleep deprivation at retrieval false memory rate was significantly enhanced in Experiment I (higher false memory rate in the sleep deprived “night wake” group compared to both non-deprived groups), while sleep after learning compared to wakefulness did not increase false memories (no difference between the “night sleep” and “day wake” group). Experiments II and III further strengthen these findings in showing that sleep deprivation at retrieval also enhanced false memory rate when “sleep vs. wakefulness after learning” was held constant and subjects only were or were not sleep deprived at retrieval (“2<sup>nd</sup> night wake” vs. “2<sup>nd</sup> night sleep” in Experiment II), and that sleep after learning neither enhanced false memories when retrieval was tested after a recovery night and controlling for circadian phase (“1<sup>st</sup> night wake” vs. “1<sup>st</sup> night sleep” in Experiment III). The administration of caffeine one hour before retrieval testing in Experiment IV abolished the sleep deprivation-induced enhancement in false memories. False memory rate refers to the mean proportion of the judgment “old” to 18 theme words that were not presented during learning (mean±SEM). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["memories"], "article_id"=>588718, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Susanne Diekelmann", "Hans-Peter Landolt", "Olaf Lahl", "Jan Born", "Ullrich Wagner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Proportion_of_false_memories_in_the_recognition_test_/588718", "title"=>"Proportion of false memories in the recognition test.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 07:49:37"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/918382"], "description"=>"<p>Recognition is indicated by the mean proportion of “old” judgments on theme words ( = False memories), list words ( = Hits) and distractors ( = False alarms). Mean confidence ratings (ranging from 1 = “guess” to 4 = “sure”) and proportions of Remember, Know and Guess judgments are displayed for words judged as “old”. Means±SEM are shown. <sup>*</sup> P<0.05, <sup>**</sup> P<0.01, compared to respective control groups within each experiment.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ratings"], "article_id"=>588842, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Susanne Diekelmann", "Hans-Peter Landolt", "Olaf Lahl", "Jan Born", "Ullrich Wagner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Recognition_memory_performance_confidence_ratings_and_remember_know_guess_judgments_/588842", "title"=>"Recognition memory performance, confidence ratings and remember/know/guess judgments.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 07:50:20"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/918350"], "description"=>"<p>Subjective ratings ranged from 1 = “not at all” to 5 = “very much”. <sup>*</sup> P≤0.05, <sup>**</sup> P<0.01, compared to respective control groups within each experiment.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ratings"], "article_id"=>588810, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Susanne Diekelmann", "Hans-Peter Landolt", "Olaf Lahl", "Jan Born", "Ullrich Wagner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Subjective_ratings_at_learning_and_retrieval_/588810", "title"=>"Subjective ratings at learning and retrieval.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 07:50:09"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/918185"], "description"=>"<p>Subjects either slept or stayed awake in the consolidation phase following learning, and either were or were not sleep deprived at retrieval. Black fields refer to sleep periods; blank fields represent times of wakefulness. Times of learning (L) and retrieval (R) are indicated for Experiments I to IV.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["neuroscience/behavioral neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive neuroscience", "neuroscience/psychology", "neuroscience/experimental psychology"], "article_id"=>588631, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Susanne Diekelmann", "Hans-Peter Landolt", "Olaf Lahl", "Jan Born", "Ullrich Wagner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experimental_design_/588631", "title"=>"Experimental design.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 07:49:05"}
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Home » Features
Staying Ahead of the Competition (Conclusion)
Here’s how to not come out on the losing end
Bruce Beggs
CHICAGO — Your store is established and the money is coming in at a steady clip now. It’s taken you some time but you’ve built a customer base that makes visiting your vended laundry part of its routine. You’re operating comfortably in the black.
But, wait, what’s that happening up the road? A new store is being built. You’ve got yourself a competitor. It looks to be bigger, brighter. Rumors are it’ll have all-new equipment, including larger-capacity machines that your store doesn’t have.
American Coin-Op polled several distributors about the topic of competition this month. It’s understandable if your attention is on a challenger, they say, but you really should be looking at your own operation for the keys to staying at the top in your marketplace.
PRICE WAR PERILS
In the face of a newcomer’s special pricing upon opening, you may be tempted to drop your own prices to match. The distributors polled oppose getting into “a race to the bottom.”
“I always strongly discourage it,” says Brett Nolan, director of vended laundry systems for TLC Tri-State Laundry Systems, based in Georgia. “It sends the exact wrong message to your customer base, and that message is: ‘I’ve been overcharging you and now somebody’s called me on it so I need to correct that.’ The better response is to do nothing and leave your prices where they are.”
“If you look at any industry survey, price is way down on the list for what drives people into a Laundromat,” says Bryan Maxwell, who works in sales and marketing for Western State Design, based in California. “You have to be competitive. Someone comes in and wants to be cheaper, how loyal is a price shopper? … In a capital-intensive business with ever-increasing utility costs, ever-increasing insurance costs, ever-increasing rent costs, and everything else tied into this business, why do you want to get into a price game?
“There have been exceptions but, generally speaking, I believe that a better store, long term, will outperform a cheaper store.”
“If you already know you’re going to be taking a hit, whatever percentage that is, why would you want to multiply that by also decreasing your prices?” asks Michael “Stucky” Szczotka, president of Eagle Star Equipment, based in Michigan.
“A race to the bottom is never a good idea. However, it is definitely OK to focus on new pricing or marketing techniques when a new competitor opens,” says Brad Steinberg, co-president of PWS – The Laundry Company, based in California. “If you happen to have a card store, instead of reducing machine prices, I like offering bonus dollars on their cards (spend $20 and get $5 free, or do nine washes and the 10th is free). This kind of marketing leads to customer loyalty.”
TO YOUR ADVANTAGE
While a competitor may be banking on the newness of their store, an established store has advantages of its own.
“The customer base is absolutely the biggest advantage, because they can be your biggest evangelist out in the market,” Nolan says. “If you have an established store, you’ve paid off your equipment, and the guy coming in put down the bare minimum the finance company would approve and has a huge note that he’s got to meet every month, that’s a huge advantage as well.”
In that vein, listening to and acting upon your customers’ feedback is paramount, especially when there is competition that could draw them away.
“I think it’s at the top of the list,” Szczotka says of customer feedback. “The ultimate bosses of any business is the customer base. Without them, the power of the signatures on our checks mean nothing.”
“Customer feedback is extremely important. Before a new laundry opens, get feedback from your customers, and also try new things to see what works and what doesn’t,” Steinberg says. “This is really helpful to observe before the store opens.”
“It’s essential. Without customers, you have no business,” says Brandon Hoffman, salesman for Gold Coin Laundry Equipment, based in New York. “For you not to listen to your customers’ reactions and what they’re telling you, you’d be a fool.”
“If you’re coming into a new market with a new store, you have maybe a rough concept of who you want your ideal customer to be,” Nolan says. “As the existing store owner/operator, you have the ideal customers standing there dropping quarters in your machines and telling you what they want. Your market research is bringing money to you, you’re not paying for market research.”
But Maxwell says that if you’re listening only to your current customers, you’re missing an opportunity.
“Customer feedback is critical in the sense that you need to make people who come into your store happy and resolve their concerns, but if you only listen to them, well, they’re already your customer. … But what does the marketplace need?
“It’s very important to satisfy customers and keep them happy but you need to understand global trends in the industry and find out if any of those trends make sense for you, and you need to think outside the box to attract new customers. The way you drive the business is to drive new customers into your store.”
MARKET SHARE SHAKE-UP
In competitions like these, sometimes the older store comes out on the losing end. Why is that?
“I think the biggest mistake that business owners make is not realizing … that the only constant is change,” says Szczotka. “If you’re not willing to look at the horizon and see what is changing to adapt to it, you’re not going to stay in business.”
“I see larger stores knocking out smaller, older stores,” says Steinberg.
“Where it happens, it’s because the existing store owner was not taking proper care of their business,” Nolan says. “They were not in the store regularly engaging with customers. They may have been letting machines sit out of order for extended periods of time. The place may not have been as clean as it could be. So it showed when the competitor came in.
“It’s probably a large factor in why the competitor chose to come in there: they saw this potentially ‘rundown’ location that somebody is finished investing in and is now just taking from, and they thought they could do it better … and they were right.”
Miss Part 1? You can read it HERE.
ℹ✘
From theWire (Jan 19, 2021)
Motivating Laundry Employees to Do Their Best (Part 1)
CLA Advocates for Laundromat Workers to Be Vaccinated
Crafting an Employee Handbook (Conclusion)
SLE Ready to Make Spring Blitz 2021
Tweets from https://twitter.com/AmericanCoinOp/lists/industry-chatter
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Research ArticleBIOPHYSICS
Shape remodeling and blebbing of active cytoskeletal vesicles
Etienne Loiseau1,
View ORCID ProfileJochen A. M. Schneider2,
Felix C. Keber1,
Carina Pelzl1,
Gladys Massiera3,
Guillaume Salbreux2,4 and
Andreas R. Bausch1,*
1Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany.
2Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
3Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
4The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: abausch{at}mytum.de
Science Advances 15 Apr 2016:
Vol. 2, no. 4, e1500465
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500465
Etienne Loiseau
Jochen A. M. Schneider
ORCID record for Jochen A. M. Schneider
Felix C. Keber
Carina Pelzl
Gladys Massiera
Guillaume Salbreux
Andreas R. Bausch
For correspondence: abausch@mytum.de
Morphological transformations of living cells, such as shape adaptation to external stimuli, blebbing, invagination, or tethering, result from an intricate interplay between the plasma membrane and its underlying cytoskeleton, where molecular motors generate forces. Cellular complexity defies a clear identification of the competing processes that lead to such a rich phenomenology. In a synthetic biology approach, designing a cell-like model assembled from a minimal set of purified building blocks would allow the control of all relevant parameters. We reconstruct actomyosin vesicles in which the coupling of the cytoskeleton to the membrane, the topology of the cytoskeletal network, and the contractile activity can all be precisely controlled and tuned. We demonstrate that tension generation of an encapsulated active actomyosin network suffices for global shape transformation of cell-sized lipid vesicles, which are reminiscent of morphological adaptations in living cells. The observed polymorphism of our cell-like model, such as blebbing, tether extrusion, or faceted shapes, can be qualitatively explained by the protein concentration dependencies and a force balance, taking into account the membrane tension, the density of anchoring points between the membrane and the actin network, and the forces exerted by molecular motors in the actin network. The identification of the physical mechanisms for shape transformations of active cytoskeletal vesicles sets a conceptual and quantitative benchmark for the further exploration of the adaptation mechanisms of cells.
Active matter
shape remodeling
biomimetic system
active cytoskeletal systems
actin networks
Cells need to continuously regulate their shapes to achieve vital processes such as division, motility, or intracellular transport (1–3). At the microscopic scale, the identification of the mechanisms by which cells achieve such shape changes is hampered by cellular complexity, where a huge number of components interact simultaneously. A minimal model system limited to only a few building blocks would be useful in identifying the physical mechanisms leading to these observed morphologies. Such a synthetic biology approach inspired numerous in vitro studies, ranging from the elasticity of pure lipid vesicles (4–6), to the dynamics and mechanics of the cytoskeleton (7–9), to the encapsulation of cytoskeletal components inside vesicles (10–15). From a mechanistic point of view, all cellular shape changes rely on the composite nature of the involved system: a fluid and easily deformable, but inextensible membrane is tightly coupled to a relatively rigid cytoskeleton that not only provides mechanostability against shear forces to the cell but also actively deforms because of the presence of active motors (16–22).
Membrane deformations beyond the well-studied equilibrium shapes observed in passive vesicles (4–6) are only possible in composite systems, where membrane tension and local force production, or reorganization of the cytoskeleton is directly coupled to the membrane. Experiments linking the lipid membrane to a cytoskeletal network located outside the vesicle lead either to a rupture of the cortex, followed by shrinkage around the vesicle, or to a complete crushing of the vesicle (15). In this configuration, contractility of the actin network results in a compressive force on the membrane.
Having a tension-generating network inside the vesicle should fundamentally change the situation. Stresses generated in the network result in inward pulling forces acting on the membrane, leading to an increase in membrane surface tension and, because of the law of Laplace, to an internal hydrostatic excess pressure. Such an internal overpressure tends to push water outside the vesicle; however, osmotic pressure also constrains the volume of the vesicle, such that the vesicle does not collapse, and the difference in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure across the membrane balances each other at equilibrium. The tension generated under this set of conditions should now be able to remodel the shape of the vesicles. Such an internal excess pressure is thought to underlie the phenomenon of blebbing (23) in living cells, yet a direct evidence for the mechanism can only be achieved with a bottom-up approach using purified components (24).
Control of actin network formation in passive cytoskeletal vesicles
Here, we present a minimal model system of a cytoskeletal vesicle by encapsulating actin filaments and the cross-linking protein anillin into vesicles using a modified emulsion transfer technique, continuous droplet interface crossing encapsulation (cDICE) (25, 26). To obtain stable and spherical vesicles, we adjusted the inner and outer osmotic pressures, such that the reduced volume, defined by the ratio between the volume of liquid present in the vesicle and the volume enclosed by a sphere of the same surface area as the vesicle, is only slightly lower than 1. Attachment of the actin network (10 μM) to the membrane is controlled by varying the concentrations of anillin, which has a His tag, as well as of the Ni-NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) lipids in the lipid membrane (Fig. 1; control experiments in the absence of Ni-NTA are shown in fig. S1). In cells, anillin plays a major role during cytokinesis by maintaining the stability of the cell. Thereby, anillin cross-links the actin while linking the actomyosin network to the cell membrane via a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate lipid interaction (27). Using the cDICE method to produce these biomimetic vesicles allows an efficient encapsulation of the cytoskeletal proteins and a robust reproducibility (25). In a typical experiment, we consider about 75% of the produced vesicles for the analysis. The remaining 25% of the vesicles result from the characteristic polydispersity of the method. The analyzed vesicles remain stable for over a day, at least. For a given set of experimental conditions, at least 40 vesicles with homogeneous morphology were analyzed.
Fig. 1 Reconstruction of a cytoskeleton inside vesicles.
(A) The lipid membrane contains a fraction of functionalized lipid with a Ni-NTA group. Elementary building blocks encapsulated in the vesicle consist of actin, a polyhistidine-tagged anillin cross-linker, and myosin II molecular motors. The self-organization of these bricks results in the formation of an active cytoskeletal network coupled to the lipid membrane. In the network, the myosin produces a stress σ, which is transduced to the membrane via the Ni-NTA lipid/His-anillin links. Pulling on the membrane leads to the generation of an internal overpressure, Δp, and, hence, an increase of the membrane tension. (B) Three-dimensional network coupled to the membrane (10 μM actin, 0.5 μM anillin, and 0.1% Ni-NTA lipid). (C) Intensity profile of the actin network along one diameter of the vesicle [dashed line in (B)]. a.u., arbitrary units. (D) Increasing the Ni-NTA from 0.1% to successively 1 and 10% favors the recruitment of anillin at the membrane. The bulk is depleted in anillin, which leads to thinner bundles. (E) At 10% Ni-NTA lipids, increasing the anillin concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 and 1 μM leads to a transition from a 3D network (0.1 and 0.5 μM) to a 2D cortex-like cytoskeleton (1 μM). (F) A 2D cortex-like structure is obtained for 10 μM actin, 1 μM anillin, and 10% Ni-NTA lipid. A confocal picture of the equatorial plane is shown. (G) Size distribution of the areas with a lower membrane/cortex anchoring. The size of the areas with a fluorescence intensity lower than the average intensity is extracted from the actin intensity profile plotted along the circumference of the cortex. An example of such a profile is given in the inset. (H) The intensity profile of the actin along one diameter [dashed line in (F)] of the vesicle. The two peaks show that actin is recruited at the membrane to form a 2D cortex, but some cytoskeletal material remains in the bulk of the vesicle. (I) Vesicle with a 2D cortex, 10 μM actin, 1.5 μM anillin, and 10% Ni-NTA lipid. (J) Heterogeneities in the cortex are characterized the same way as in (G). The higher anillin concentration favors the recruitment of actin at the membrane, and the heterogeneities are smaller. Scale bars, 20 μm.
At a concentration of 0.1% Ni-NTA lipids, we observe a volume-spanning actin network inside the vesicles anchored to the membrane via the Ni-NTA–anillin (0.5 μM) interaction (Fig. 1, B and C). Increasing the Ni-NTA lipid concentration to 1% results in a significantly less-bundled network that still spans the entire volume of the vesicle (Fig. 1D). A further increase of the Ni-NTA lipid concentration up to 10% results in even thinner filaments in the volume of the vesicle, yet a cortex remains to be formed. This shows that a higher ratio of Ni-NTA lipids significantly favors the recruitment of the anillin to the membrane but is not sufficient for cortex formation. This suggests that the concentration of cross-linking molecules is the limiting factor for cortex formation. At 0.5 μM anillin, a large fraction of anillin is already bound to the membrane when polymerization and cross-linking of the actin network occur, which depletes anillin from the volume and thus reduces the bundling effect in the vesicle.
Indeed, by increasing the anillin concentration by a factor of 2, we can produce a cortex network tightly coupled to the membrane when 10% Ni-NTA lipids are present (Fig. 1E). Both a high ratio of Ni-NTA lipid (10%) and a high concentration of anillin (1 μM) are required to obtain a two-dimensional (2D) cortex-like structure. Cortex formation was not achieved at a low Ni-NTA concentration of 0.1%, even after a 10-fold higher concentration of anillin was added. Actin is recruited at the membrane, as can be seen on the actin intensity profile along the diameter of a vesicle (Fig. 1H). The fraction of cortical actin depends on the anillin concentration and can be determined by computing the cortex/bulk ratio of actin fluorescence intensity. At 1 μM anillin, cortical actin accounts for 40 to 50% of the total actin. An increase of anillin concentration to 1.5 μM favors the recruitment of cortical actin up to 75%. The cortex has intrinsic heterogeneities consisting of areas of lower cortical actin, as can be observed in Fig. 1 (F and I). We characterized these heterogeneities in the case of two different anillin concentrations by measuring the size of the areas that have an actin fluorescence intensity below the mean intensity. The size distributions are reported in Fig. 1 (G and J). At 1 μM anillin, the low-intensity cortical actin areas range from 2 to 6 μm, whereas at 1.5 μM, the size of the heterogeneities drops to ~0.5 μm. This is consistent with the increase of the fraction of cortical actin previously calculated.
Switching the network geometry from a 3D network (Fig. 1B) to a 2D cortex-like structure (Fig. 1F) does not result in change of the overall vesicle shape; in all cases, the vesicles remain spherical. The fraction of bound anillin can be determined by labeling anillin with Alexa Fluor 488. By computing the ratio of intensities in the volume of the vesicle with the circumference, the absolute bound anillin concentration was determined (see figs. S2 to S4 and the Supplementary Materials for detailed calculations). By this means, the distances between the attachment points are determined and reported in the final phase diagram.
Blebbing of active cytoskeletal vesicles
Upon addition of myosin II filaments to the system, a rich morphology is observed. Blebs appear (Figs. 2 and 3) and the shapes of the vesicles change markedly (Fig. 4). Because of the coupling between the network and the membrane, the network cannot contract freely, but instead is constrained by the membrane being pulled against the liquid volume of the vesicle (Fig. 1A). This process results in the establishment of an excess internal pressure p within the fluid. The internal pressure exerts a pushing force on the membrane that is balanced by a force acting on the links joining the actin network to the membrane. This force f is related to the density of the membrane linker ρ and to internal pressure through the relationship f ~ p/ρ, because the resistance to the intracellular pressure is shared between linkers. The typical force necessary to rupture an individual Ni-NTA binding link is on the order of a few piconewtons, as determined by single-molecule experiments (28, 29): Above this critical force f*, the molecular bonds attaching the actin network to the vesicle membrane will break. When a region of the membrane detaches from the actin network, intracellular pressure can then drive the formation of a bleb by exerting a pushing force on the detached membrane region (Fig. 1A).
Fig. 2 Stability of single-bleb vesicles containing 1 μM myosin.
(A) At an anillin/myosin concentration of 0.2:1, we observe the formation of a single bleb that remains stable overtime. The internal overpressure is not strong enough to globally disrupt the coupling to the membrane. (B to E) Upon decreasing the number of membrane/cytoskeleton links (0.1:1, anillin/myosin), the contraction of the actomyosin network decreases the neck of the bleb (B) and the membrane/cytoskeleton links rupture until the vesicle recovers a spherical shape (C to E). Scale bars, 20 μm. d, diameter of the bleb; R0, radius of the spherical vesicle.
Fig. 3 Cortex heterogeneities lead to blebbing vesicles with a 2D cortex-like structure.
(A and B) Two examples of blebbing vesicles at high anillin and myosin concentration (1 μM anillin/1 μM myosin; 10% Ni-NTA). Bright-field images are shown on the left, and their corresponding epifluorescence images are shown on the right. Scale bars, 20 μm. (C) Distribution of the number of blebs observed per vesicle, for the experimental conditions detailed above. (D) Size distribution of the small blebs.
Fig. 4 Morphologies of active vesicles containing 0.5 μM myosin.
(A) Faceted vesicle with a 2D cortex. (B) Decreasing the amount of Ni-NTA lipids in the membrane down to 1% leads to the collapse of the 2D cortex. (C) At low anillin concentrations, faceted vesicles contain a 3D network. (D) At a lower Ni-NTA percentage, while contracting, the actomyosin extrudes tethers inward the vesicle. The membrane is labeled with 0.1% Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (DHPE) lipid. Vesicles are imaged in bright field and epifluorescence in (A) to (C). A confocal image at the equatorial plane is presented in (D). Scale bars, 20 μm.
At high myosin and intermediate cross-linking protein concentrations (0.2:1, anillin/myosin in micromolar), the actin network spans the whole vesicle, and a big stable bleb appears (Fig. 2A). The large bleb has a radius of curvature of about 15 μm (see fig. S5), and its volume accounts for 10 to 17% of the total vesicle volume. The stable bleb is under tension, as seen by the absence of any visible thermal fluctuations of the membrane (Fig. 2A). Because of the vesicle production method, we are not able to image the dynamics of formation of these big blebs that form within a few minutes. Nevertheless, because blebs result from membrane detachment, the growth phase should depend on the total density of linkers; at lower linker densities, bleb growth would be favored, resulting in larger final bleb sizes. Indeed, slightly decreasing the number of membrane attachment points (0.1:1, anillin/myosin in micromolar) results in the appearance of a bleb that takes up the entire vesicle, a process that lasts for more than 15 min (Fig. 2B). First, global contraction of the actin network results in membrane detachment, producing a single bleb that is under tension (Fig. 2C). Subsequently, the cytoskeletal tension becomes so sufficiently high that it ruptures most membrane attachments, allowing almost complete contraction of the network. Alternatively, localized sliding of the anchoring points could also lead to the observed tension release. While the network collapses, the vesicle recovers its spherical shape, and the membrane starts to fluctuate freely, indicating the release of the cytoskeletal-induced membrane tension (Fig. 2, C to E, and movie S1).
Blebbing due to local heterogeneties in active cytoskeletal vesicles
Upon increasing the anillin concentration to 1 μM, we produce vesicles with a 2D cortex and consequently with a much stronger membrane/cytoskeleton coupling (refer to the phase diagram for interlinker distances). In this regime (1:1, anillin/myosin), the vesicles become strongly deformed and faceted, and present multiple small blebs (Fig. 3) significantly different in nature from the blebs observed in the volume-spanning network case. Here, blebbing is a local effect occurring as a result of local heterogeneities in the cortex. We observed one to six blebs having radii of about 2 μm per vesicle (Fig. 3, C and D) and occupying about 0.4 to 2.5% of the total vesicle volume. Thereby, the local position of bleb formation correlates with the local concentration of membrane attachments, which can indeed be observed by the inhomogeneous distribution of the fluorescence intensity of the actin filaments at the circumference of the vesicles (Fig. 3, A and B). The bleb size distribution (Fig. 3D), which spans from 2 to 6 μm, correlates nicely with the size of the regions of low fluorescence intensity previously characterized (Fig. 1G).
After a further increase of anillin (1.5:1), blebbing is then completely inhibited (Fig. 5D), as the sizes of regions with a low actin concentration are effectively lowered (~0.5 μm) (Fig. 1J). Thus, even locally, myosin forces are insufficient to lead to a rupture of the anchoring points of the cortex.
Fig. 5 Experimental phase diagram.
(A and B) Internal overpressure from the actomyosin contraction results in blebs, once it overcomes the membrane/cytoskeleton binding force. We observe this regime for a myosin concentration of 1 μM and an anillin concentration lower than 1 μM. At 1 μm anillin (C), blebbing results from local heterogeneities of actin/membrane anchoring in the cortex. Blebbing can be inhibited either by increasing the density of membrane/cytoskeleton linkers [transition from (C) to (D)] or by lowering the myosin concentration to 0.5 μM [transition from (A) to (F) and from (C) to (E)]. Yet, the stress generated by the myosin contraction is strong enough to deform the vesicles. (G and H) In the absence of myosin, the vesicles remain spherical. Each experimental point results from three to five independent experiments, with up to 60 vesicles. Corresponding fluorescent images of the actin networks can be found in fig. S7. Interlinker distances are summarized in table S1. Scale bars, 20 μm.
Shape deformation of active cytoskeletal vesicles
At a lower myosin concentration (0.5 μM) (Fig. 4), we observe no more blebbing. Here, the myosin-produced intravesicle pressure decreases, and is now too small to break the links between the network and the membrane. However, in the vesicles containing a volume-spanning network, stresses generated in the network are sufficient to induce visible deformations in the vesicle contour, resulting in small deformation of vesicles (Fig. 4). While increasing the anillin concentration in the vesicle (1 μM), the network becomes cortex-like, myosin forces induce stronger deformations of the vesicle, and faceted vesicles are observed. Although the measured average circularity of the two vesicle types differs only slightly, the width of the distributions is significantly different (see fig. S6). Stresses within the cortex seem to be more effective in producing highly faceted vesicles, because elastic deformations of the cortex occur more easily than when a volume-spanning network is present. In addition, the bending rigidity of bundles parallel to the membrane in the 2D cortex might resist strongly bending deformations when the vesicle membrane is firmly attached to the network. We never observed these faceted vesicles in cytoskeletal-free or passive cytoskeletal vesicles. Nonspherical shapes can only be produced by internal cytoskeletal tensions, and are dominated by myosin-driven tension and the shear elasticity of the network, rather than by the curvature minimization required by membrane elasticity.
Tethering and vesicularization in active cytoskeletal vesicles
We now note that a range of parameters should exist where the force exerted by the actin network on linkers is too low for the linkers to detach, that is, f < f*, but high enough to deform the lipid membrane to extrude a tether inside the vesicle, f > ftube, with ftube being the force needed to pull a membrane tube;
(30), with γ being the membrane tension and κ (roughly 20 kBT) being the bending stiffness of the membrane. For small enough linker densities (3D volume-spanning network) and for an intermediate range of myosin-induced pressures, the actin network should contract by pulling tubes. Indeed, we found that by decreasing the coupling to the membrane by lowering the percentage of Ni-NTA in the membrane to 1% (anillin/myosin concentration, 0.1:0.5), the myosin-generated tensions are sufficient to produce tether formation and vesicularization inside the vesicle (Fig. 4D). This shape transformation is reminiscent of structures observed inside cells, albeit a more specific mechanism of active transport seems to play an important role in living cells (31, 32).
To summarize the findings, we mapped the observed dependencies and transitions into a phase diagram (Fig. 5). By precisely controlling the absolute concentrations of all intravesicle components, we establish that the intricate force balance inside a finite volume leads to the complex, arrested, and stable membrane shapes of active cytoskeletal vesicles reminiscent of structures found in living cells. Despite the presence of myosin motors, all observed structures were static and the shape of the deformed vesicles remained stable over several hours. Contrary to living cells, treadmilling of cross-linked actin filaments is an extremely slow process, even in the presence of cofilin (33–35). The lack of actin turnover prevents the formation of a new contractile actin cortex in the bleb and, in turn, its retraction, as reported for living cells (36). The structures that we have built and describe here differ fundamentally from previously described conventional equilibrium structures of pure lipid vesicles, as ours are dominated by the shear elasticity and plastic deformations of an active actin network. Our model system also produced the important finding that, for blebbing to occur, the tension generation mechanism must be tightly coupled to the lipid membrane, an organization that is achieved by the membrane having a sufficiently high density of anchoring points. Although the membrane surface tension sets the spherical shape of blebs, our work shows that the active deformability and the shear elasticity of the cytoskeletal network dominate the production of global shape changes in cytoskeletal vesicles. Our bottom-up approach successfully produced active vesicles in vitro that exhibit global shape remodeling driven by the myosin contractile activity. This opens up a completely new avenue for the design of more sophisticated biomimetic systems integrating, for example, actin turnover mechanism or by using proteins from the ERM family to anchor the cytoskeleton to the membrane. This would allow the mimicking of more complex biological processes and the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms that govern them.
Egg l-α-phosphatidylcholine (Egg PC) lipids were ordered from Sigma (P3556) in powder form and dissolved at 50 mg/ml in a chloroform/methanol mixture (9:1, v/v). 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (PEG2000 PE) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid)succinyl] (nickel salt) lipids (Ni-NTA) were ordered from Avanti Polar Lipids and dissolved in chloroform. The fluorescent lipid Texas Red DHPE was from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The mineral oil was from Sigma-Aldrich (M3516) and the silicone oil (viscosity, 50 cSt) was from Roth (no. 4020.1). Decane was from Sigma-Aldrich (no. D901).
Proteins were purified according to previously published protocols (37). G-actin and muscle myosin II were from rabbit skeletal muscle. The fragment of Xenopus laevis anillin spanning amino acids 1 to 428, excluding the myosin binding site, was cloned into a pET-28a vector and purified from Escherichia coli, with His tags on both termini. To quantify the fraction of anillin at the membrane and in bulk, we labeled it according to the following protocol: we dialyzed it against the labeling buffer [10 mM tris (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA (pH 9), and 2 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine]; then, we incubated it with an eightfold excess of Alexa Fluor 488 C5-maleimide (Molecular Probes) for 2 hours at 4°C and dialyzed it back to the anillin buffer.
Buffer solutions
We mixed the solution to be encapsulated on ice right before vesicle production. Anillin, myosin II, and G-actin were added to a polymerization buffer (pH 7.2). The chemical composition of the solution (including salts from protein buffers) consisted of 10 mM imidazole, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 1 mM EGTA, 30 mM KCl, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 300 mM sucrose, 0.5 μM Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin, and ATP regenerating system [20 mM creatine phosphate and creatine phosphokinase (0.1 mg/ml)]. The outside solution was made of glucose, whose osmotic pressure was adjusted 10 to 15 mosmol higher than the inside solution.
Preparation of the lipid-in-oil solution
Lipids were dissolved according to a previously published protocol (26) that we modified to be able to encapsulate proteins. Lipids dissolved in chloroform and Egg PC lipids dissolved in chloroform/methanol (9:1, v/v) were dispersed into a mineral oil/silicone oil mixture according to the following protocol. In a 20-ml glass vial, lipids were added to 600 μl of decane. Then, 9.4 ml of the mineral oil/silicone oil mixture was added to the lipids/decane solution while gently vortexing. The resulting lipid concentration was 0.5 mM and the oil composition consisted of 80% silicone oil and 20% (mineral oil + initial decane).
Vesicle production
Vesicles were produced using the cDICE method described by Abkarian et al. (25). Briefly, it consisted of a cylindrical rotating chamber, successively filled with a glucose solution to collect the vesicles, a lipid-in-oil solution to saturate the oil/water (O/W) interfaces, and decane as the continuous phase in which droplets were produced. The solution containing the cytoskeletal elements was injected from a glass capillary by inserting the capillary’s tip in the decane. Because of the centrifugal force, droplets detached from the tip. The droplets then moved through the lipid-in-oil solution where they were coated by a first lipid monolayer and then by a second lipid monolayer while crossing the O/W interface. The two monolayers zipped together to form a bilayer. Vesicles were collected in the glucose solution, which was sucked with a micropipette once the chamber was stopped. For the process to succeed, the osmolarity of the encapsulated solution has to match that of the glucose solution. The membrane was doped with 2.5% of PEG2000 PE to prevent nonspecific protein adsorption. The whole process was achieved in a cold room maintained at 5°C to prevent fast polymerization of the cytoskeleton. We produced vesicles in a span of 2 min, which allowed us to have the sample on the microscope 5 to 7 min after protein mixing. During this time, the actin already polymerized and the final state of the vesicles was reached, which prevented us from imaging the initiation of bleb formation or shape changes. Although cDICE is a high-yield method, resulting in hundreds of vesicles under most conditions, encapsulating proteins at high concentrations (10 μm of actin and up to 1 μm of anillin and myosin) resulted in a decrease of the yield. At the highest protein concentrations we reported here, a 100-μl sample contained about 50 vesicles.
Vesicles were imaged with a Leica Microscope DMI3000 B and a 63× numerical aperture (N.A.) 1.3 oil immersion objective for bright-field microscopy and epifluorescence, in combination with a Hamamatsu ORCA-ER camera. Confocal pictures were acquired with a Leica TSC SP5 and a 63× N.A. 1.4 oil immersion objective.
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/4/e1500465/DC1
Shape analysis of faceted vesicles
His-anillin binding to the actin network and to the membrane
Estimates of binding affinities
Membrane/network bound anillin
table S1. Calculated bound anilin concentration under different conditions.
fig. S1. Actin network in vesicles in the absence of Ni-NTA lipids.
fig. S2. Different contributions of anillin.
fig. S3. Controls of membrane functionalization and encapsulation.
fig. S4. Determination of the ratio of cortical anillin.
fig. S5. Size distribution of the big stable blebs.
fig. S6. Circularity of faceted vesicles containing 0.5 μM myosin.
fig. S7. Phase diagram with fluorescent images.
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Acknowledgments: Funding: Research was supported by ERC-SelfOrg (European Research Council–Self Organization in Cytoskeletal Systems) (E.L., F.C.K., and A.R.B.) and partly by the SFB863 and the Nanosystems Initiative Munich (E.L., F.C.K., and A.R.B.). A.R.B. acknowledges the hospitality of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at the University of Berkeley. Author contributions: E.L., G.S., and A.R.B. planned the experiment. J.A.M.S. and G.S. developed the theoretical model; E.L., F.C.K., and C.P. performed the experiments; E.L. and A.R.B. performed data analysis; G.M. provided important insights into the vesicle formation process; and E.L., J.A.M.S., G.S., and A.R.B. wrote the paper. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
Copyright © 2016, The Authors
Vol 2, No. 4
You are going to email the following Shape remodeling and blebbing of active cytoskeletal vesicles
By Etienne Loiseau, Jochen A. M. Schneider, Felix C. Keber, Carina Pelzl, Gladys Massiera, Guillaume Salbreux, Andreas R. Bausch
Science Advances 15 Apr 2016 : e1500465
Cell-sized biomimetic active cytoskeletal vesicles undergo blebbing and shape remodeling due to myosin contractile activity.
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Research ArticleLIFE SCIENCES
Hierarchical assembly governs TRIM5α recognition of HIV-1 and retroviral capsids
View ORCID ProfileKatarzyna A. Skorupka1,
Marcin D. Roganowicz1,
View ORCID ProfileDevin E. Christensen2,
Yueping Wan1,
View ORCID ProfileOwen Pornillos1,* and
View ORCID ProfileBarbie K. Ganser-Pornillos1,*
1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
2Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
↵*Corresponding author. Email: bpornillos{at}virginia.edu (B.K.G.-P.); opornillos{at}virginia.edu (O.P.)
Vol. 5, no. 11, eaaw3631
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3631
Katarzyna A. Skorupka
ORCID record for Katarzyna A. Skorupka
Marcin D. Roganowicz
Devin E. Christensen
ORCID record for Devin E. Christensen
Yueping Wan
Owen Pornillos
ORCID record for Owen Pornillos
For correspondence: bpornillos@virginia.edu opornillos@virginia.edu
Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
ORCID record for Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
TRIM5α is a restriction factor that senses incoming retrovirus cores through an unprecedented mechanism of nonself recognition. TRIM5α assembles a hexagonal lattice that avidly binds the capsid shell, which surrounds and protects the virus core. The extent to which the TRIM lattice can cover the capsid and how TRIM5α directly contacts the capsid surface have not been established. Here, we apply cryo–electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to determine structures of TRIM5α bound to recombinant HIV-1 capsid assemblies. Our data support a mechanism of hierarchical assembly, in which a limited number of basal interaction modes are successively organized in increasingly higher-order structures that culminate in a TRIM5α cage surrounding a retroviral capsid. We further propose that cage formation explains the mechanism of restriction and provides the structural context that links capsid recognition to ubiquitin-dependent processes that disable the retrovirus.
Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune receptors that sense the presence of invading viruses and induce defensive countermeasures. TRIM5α is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that senses incoming retroviruses by binding to the capsid coat that protects the viral core, subsequently inducing premature core dissociation and inhibiting reverse transcription of the viral genome [(1, 2) and reviewed in (3)]. TRIM5α recognizes retroviral capsids by assembling a lattice with complementary hexagonal symmetry and spacing to the capsid lattice, thereby aligning otherwise very weak interaction epitopes and enabling avid binding (4). Structural insights on the TRIM5α lattice have been derived from crystallographic studies of oligomeric subcomplexes and low-resolution cryo–electron microscopy of biochemically reconstituted TRIM5α/capsid complexes (4–8). However, the extent to which the TRIM lattice can cover the capsid and how TRIM5α directly contacts the capsid surface have not been established.
Retroviral capsids are organized as fullerene structures comprising several hundred viral CA protein hexamers and 12 CA pentamers (9, 10). These capsids display a remarkable degree of polymorphism [reviewed in (11)]. For example, a typical HIV-1 capsid is cone shaped and displays highly variable surface curvature (9, 10). These capsids can also be cylindrical, spherical, or polyhedral; the different shapes arise from differing distributions of the hexamers and pentamers (12). Individual capsids can use different numbers of CA subunits (ranging from around 1200 to around 2000), and so capsid size can also vary. Thus, there is considerable structural variation both within a single capsid particle and across different capsids, even within a single retrovirus species. To function effectively, TRIM5α must have requisite flexibility to accommodate these variations, yet the molecular basis of such flexibility is not yet fully established.
Purified recombinant HIV-1 CA proteins can assemble in vitro into long helical tubes that recapitulate the structural and functional properties of the hexagonal capsid lattice (13, 14). TRIM5α-bound HIV-1 CA tubes can also be reconstituted in vitro (7, 8). We applied cryo–electron tomography and subtomogram averaging on these complexes to obtain a series of reconstructions that collectively describe how the TRIM5α lattice recognizes and binds the HIV-1 capsid lattice. Our maps show that the TRIM5α capsid-binding domains act as dimeric units and contact the capsid surface in multiple different ways. These contacts are organized in a hierarchy of structures, which constitute a TRIM5α lattice that completely cages a retroviral capsid.
We reconstituted TRIM5α/capsid complexes by coincubating purified TRIM5α and HIV-1 CA proteins (7, 8). Cryotomograms of the resulting tubes, collected at high defocus values (high contrast), exhibited patches of clearly resolved, large hexagonal rings on the tube surface (Fig. 1A). Thus, binding of TRIM5α to the capsid-like tubes was evident in individual raw images. To visualize higher resolution, we performed subtomogram averaging (15) of seven tubes from low-defocus cryotomograms. Each CA tube belongs to a distinct helical family with differing diameter (fig. S1). Collectively, the tubes therefore sample the structural variations found within authentic capsids (but not pentamer-containing declinations).
Fig. 1 Cryotomography and subtomogram averaging of TRIM5α-coated HIV-1 capsid-like tubes.
(A) Sections from a tomogram collected at high defocus values (~9 μm), emphasizing the walls of the CA tube (central slice) and the surrounding TRIM5α lattice (peripheral slice). Scale bars, 100 nm. (B to D) Lattice maps showing the final positions and orientations of CA hexamers (B), TRIM dimers (C), and TRIM trimers (D) from a single tube. Each position is displayed on a color scale of red to green, from low to high cross-correlation value as indicated. (E) Combined lattice map with CA hexamers colored in orange, TRIM dimers in cyan, and TRIM trimers in magenta. (F to H) Close-up views.
Average structures were calculated for the CA hexamer (the repeating unit of the capsid-like tubes) (fig. S2, A and B) and the TRIM5α trimer and dimer (the repeating units of the TRIM lattice) (fig. S3, A and B). For cross-validation, we independently calculated the trimer and dimer averages (Fig. 1, C and D, and fig. S3A), which confirmed that their refined positions and orientations defined the same lattice in each tube (Fig. 1E). Both the two- and threefold positions were resolved in each of the dimer and trimer maps, and their overlapping regions show excellent agreement (fig. S3, B to D). The nominal resolutions of the individual reconstructions are 17 Å (hexamer), 26 Å (dimer), and 25 Å (trimer) (figs. S2C and S3E).
We visualized the global architecture of the TRIM5α/capsid complexes by generating lattice maps from the positions and orientations of subunit densities as determined by subtomogram averaging (Fig. 1, B to E). The tubes consist of an inner wall of CA hexamers, similar to previous helical reconstructions (Fig. 1B) (13, 14). The TRIM5α proteins make an essentially contiguous network of interactions, forming a hexagonal wire cage that completely surrounds the CA tube (Fig. 1, C to E).
Like other tripartite motif family members, TRIM5α contains an N-terminal RBCC motif—consisting of RING, B-box 2, and coiled-coil domains—followed by a SPRY domain that directly binds the capsid (Fig. 2A). The coiled-coil domain forms a long α helix that dimerizes in an antiparallel orientation, making an elongated rod that is capped at each end by the B-box 2 domain (5, 6). The B-box 2 domain makes a trimer that links dimers into a hexagonal lattice (8, 16). Although our reconstructed maps are of limited resolution, fitting the crystal structures of B-box 2/coiled-coil dimers (6) and trimers (8) resulted in an unambiguous solution (Fig. 2, B to E, and fig. S4). This is because both the B-box 2/coiled-coil trimer crystal structure (8) and our corresponding trimer reconstruction here have pronounced curvature, with the concave surface facing the capsid. In the fitted model, the N-terminal end of the B-box 2 domain is found on the cytoplasmic (convex) face of the trimer, whereas the C-terminal end of the coiled-coil domain is found on the capsid (concave) side. Our interpretation is further bolstered by an additional density feature on the cytoplasmic side of the B-box 2 trimer and adjacent to the fitted B-box N termini. This extra density becomes more pronounced at low contour levels (fig. S5A), and we established that it is due to the RING domain by comparison with reconstructions from TRIM5α/CA complexes made with a TRIM5α RING deletion mutant (fig. S5B). Our reconstructions therefore confirm the proposed organization of the TRIM5α hexagonal lattice that was deduced from isolated structures of the subcomplexes (8).
Fig. 2 The structure of TRIM5α bound to HIV-1 capsid-like tubes.
(A) Domain organization of TRIM5α. (B to E) Orthogonal views of subtomogram-averaged structures centered on the TRIM5α dimer (B and C) and trimer (D and E). Each map is shown as an isosurface, with a composite PDB model obtained by rigid-body docking of crystal structures (as described in the main text; see also fig. S5). The domains are colored as in (A): B-box 2, orange; coiled coil, green; and SPRY, blue.
After modeling the RBCC domains, the only remaining density feature projects downward from the center of the coiled coil, which we therefore assigned to the SPRY domain (Fig. 2, C and E). This assignment is consistent with previous analyses, including difference density comparisons of flattened TRIM5α lattices, which also localized SPRY to the center of the hexagon edges (4, 7). The SPRY density appears as a symmetric closed-packed dimer, even in the trimer reconstruction, which was averaged with imposed threefold (but not twofold) symmetry (fig. S3B). This observation supports the proposal that the two SPRY domains within a TRIM5α dimer act as a single bivalent unit that simultaneously engages two binding epitopes (5, 6, 8, 17). In the dimer reconstruction, the SPRY density is more clearly bilobed and flares out before joining with the capsid surface (Fig. 3, A and B). Guided by overlapping residues in separate crystal structures of the coiled-coil and SPRY domains (6, 18, 19), a computational model of the coiled-coil/SPRY substructure was generated (17). Fitting of this model positions two copies of SPRY well within the dimeric density, with only minimal adjustments (fig. S4). Although more precise details will have to await an experimentally determined higher-resolution structure, our SPRY domain positioning satisfies multiple constraints from previous studies. Each SPRY domain is packed against the coiled coil through a short helix and an amphipathic interface previously shown to be important for capsid binding and restriction (17, 20). The V1 loops are positioned at the flared regions that contact the capsid surface (magenta in Fig. 3, A and B), consistent with studies indicating that V1 directly binds the CA subunits (18, 19, 21–23). Furthermore, our model also suggests that a short segment (430IVPLSVIIC438 in rhesus TRIM5α) that includes the outermost strand of the SPRY β-sandwich fold may mediate lateral SPRY/SPRY contacts (asterisk in Fig. 3A). The V435K/I436K mutations within this segment were previously shown to disrupt capsid binding and restriction activity (24).
Fig. 3 The SPRY domain binds to the capsid surface.
(A and B) Orthogonal stereoviews of the SPRY dimer reconstruction, with modeled coiled-coil/SPRY dimer. The flexible V1 loops (magenta), which are predicted to directly contact CA are located at the flared regions that join with the capsid surface. A putative SPRY/SPRY dimer interface is indicated by an asterisk. (C) Scatter plot of SPRY dimer positions relative to the closest CA hexamers. Points are colored according to a color gradient that indicates the degree of clustering (red, highest point density and blue, lowest point density). (D) Projection of the CA hexamers in (C), shown for reference.
In the averaged CA reconstruction, the hexamers are well defined (Fig. 1B), whereas in both the TRIM dimer and trimer maps, the capsid surface is essentially featureless (Fig. 2, B to E). This indicates that the SPRY domains adopt multiple different orientations relative to the underlying CA hexamers. To examine this further, we projected the centroid SPRY dimer positions onto the same plane and analyzed their distribution relative to the nearest seven CA hexamers (with the hexamer closest to the SPRY in the center) (Fig. 3, C and D). Although the distribution showed substantial overall scatter, clustering was also evident, which appeared most pronounced above the three capsid symmetry axes (Fig. 3C). These results not only show that the SPRY dimer indeed has a degenerate set of binding modes relative to the CA hexamer but also suggest that certain binding modes are preferred. The clustering pattern has pronounced anisotropy that follows the long axis of the capsid tube. This provides further support for the notion that the assembling TRIM lattice can detect the curvature of the underlying CA lattice.
Guided by the lattice maps, we identified and extracted 550 subvolumes that each encompassed an entire TRIM hexagon. After an initial round of refinement, the resulting map had well-defined densities for the TRIM5α hexagon, and one of the helical lines for the capsid lattice was resolved (fig. S6A). This indicated to us that the average was composed of only a discrete number of configurations. The subvolumes could be classified into two subsets: Class 1 having 335 particles and Class 2 having 215 particles. The two classes differ in the relative rotation of the TRIM hexagon relative to the long axis of the CA tube (fig. S6B). In the Class 2 average, two helical lines of the capsid lattice were now visible, whereas in the Class 1 average, the CA hexamers were resolved. We therefore focused on Class 1. Two additional refinement rounds produced a map in which both the TRIM hexagon and underlying CA hexamers are resolved and interpretable (Fig. 4A and fig. S6D). In this reconstruction, the TRIM hexagon covers an area equivalent to about 11 CA hexamers. All six SPRY domain dimers in the hexagon edges and connecting densities to the CA hexamers are visible. We observed four distinct modes of SPRY/CA interactions (Fig. 4B). SPRY dimers connect two adjacent CA hexamers in edges ii, iv, and v, with edge ii having the opposite handedness as edges iv and v. In edges iii and vi, the SPRY dimer is positioned asymmetrically above a single CA hexamer. Last, in edge i, the SPRY dimer is almost directly above a CA hexamer. We therefore conclude that indeed, TRIM5α contacts the capsid surface in a degenerate manner, but the SPRY domains have preferred modes of binding to the CA subunits. Although a more accurate accounting of the actual number of SPRY/CA interaction modes and the precise details of how the SPRY V1 loops contact the CA subunits will have to await further studies, such degenerate positioning agrees very well with results from mapping studies of susceptibility and resistance determinants on CA (25–33).
Fig. 4 Structure of TRIM5α in complex with the HIV-1 capsid lattice.
(A) Average reconstruction. (B) Views of each of the six edges in the same orientation. (C) Schematic representation of the structure as a hexagon with structurally distinct edges in different colors and labeled from i to vi as shown. Legend indicates the symmetry properties of each edge, which describe the relative arrangements of SPRY and CA. (D) Tiling of a single hexagon is possible only along the iii,vi edge pair trajectory but not the i,iv or ii,v trajectories. (E) Construction of a dihexagon asymmetric unit from the hexagon unit. (F) Tessellation of the dihexagon into a planar lattice.
The Class 1 map is globally asymmetric because the two lattices are offset translationally. This is also evident from the nonsymmetric arrangement of the six hexagon edges (Fig. 4C). Therefore, the Class 1 map cannot be the repeating unit of a TRIM5α/CA superlattice (Fig. 4D). We therefore asked whether the Class 1 map represents a smaller portion of a larger asymmetric unit that can be tessellated (or tiled) into a superlattice. Because the TRIM hexagons must share edges, such a unit would require SPRY/CA contacts on opposite edges to be oriented in the same way or related by translational symmetry. This is only true for the iii,vi edge pair (Fig. 4D). However, three of the edges are formally twofold rotationally symmetric (edges ii, iv, and v), and one is pseudo-twofold symmetric (edge i) (Fig. 4, B and C). Therefore, one can generate a larger asymmetric unit—a dihexagon—of a putative TRIM5α/CA superlattice by rotating a second copy of the map around edge i and then overlapping this with the equivalent edge in the first copy (Fig. 4E). This dihexagon can now be tessellated into a planar P2 lattice (Fig. 4F).
The above analysis explains how the TRIM hexagonal lattice can undergo limited extensions beyond the initial seed by using only four distinct types of SPRY/CA contacts. But how can TRIM5α cover the entire capsid lattice? Closer examination of the Class 2 particles indicated that these can be further classified into two additional subsets, which now differ from each other by translation relative to the underlying capsid lattice (fig. S6C). Unfortunately, the reconstructions cannot be improved further because of the limited number of particles. However, it is likely that, as with the Class 1 hexagon, these Class 2 hexagon subsets are also one-half of two other dihexagon units (or each is half of a single dihexagon unit). Regardless, we surmise that the Class 2 reconstructions present distinct arrangements of the same four types of SPRY/CA contacts identified in the Class 1 reconstruction.
Lattice mapping of the Class 1 and 2 particles revealed that these form separate patches of TRIM5α/CA superlattices in the tubes (Figs. 1, G and H, and 5). The patches are small, and each comprises only a few dihexagon units (Fig. 5, A and B). Because each patch differs in the relative rotation and translation of the TRIM lattice relative to the CA lattice, adjacent patches cannot be joined without creating a seam in one of the two lattices. The capsid lattice is contiguous in the tubes, and so it is the TRIM lattice that makes the adjustments by joining the TRIM hexagon patches with TRIM pentagons and heptagons (Figs. 1F and 5). Such a phenomenon—having small discrete patches of hexagonal lattice joined together by pentagon and heptagon insertions—is well documented in single-layer paracrystalline arrays of carbon graphene; the pentagon/heptagon insertions are called grain boundaries (34, 35). We therefore conclude that just like graphene, the TRIM5 lattices assembled on the surfaces of the HIV-1 capsid tubes are paracrystalline, composed of small patches of hexagonal order joined together by pentagon- and heptagon-containing grain boundaries.
Fig. 5 Paracrystalline architecture of the TRIM5α lattice.
(A) Lattice map of a TRIM5α-coated tube. CA hexamers are not shown for simplicity. (B) Same lattice map with geometric shapes traced and colored to aid in visualization. Class 1 hexagons are colored in orange, Class 2 hexagons in green, and grain boundary pentagons and heptagons in blue. (C) Illustration of two planar hexagonal lattice patches (orange and green) connected by pentagons and heptagons.
Although the lattice-lattice matching mechanism of capsid recognition by TRIM5α is now a well-established model (3), the molecular details have been quite challenging to characterize structurally. We and others have previously used a “divide-and-conquer” approach to obtain high-resolution x-ray crystal structures of the separate repeating structural units in the HIV-1 capsid and TRIM5 lattices (6, 8, 16, 36). Our key goal in this current study is to deconstruct how conformational variations within the viral capsids are accommodated by the bound TRIM5 lattice, by using in vitro–assembled TRIM5α/HIV-1 CA complexes as a model system. Our studies also highlight the general challenge that is inherent to structural characterization of these types of systems, which arises from the fact that high-resolution structures are obtained by averaging structurally identical (or at least highly similar) particles. In this case, each tube that we examined (23 total, with 7 selected for analysis here) belongs to a different helical family and hence has a different diameter and degree of surface curvature. By using lattice mapping and subtomogram averaging (15), different structural subclasses that provide complementary structural information could be identified. Although gathering sufficient numbers of particles for high-resolution reconstruction of each subclass is significantly limiting, we nevertheless were able to generate a series of maps of sufficient resolution for meaningful interpretation, including a low-resolution map of part of an “asymmetric unit” of a putative TRIM5α/CA superlattice. By integrating the low-resolution reconstructions with previously determined x-ray crystal structures, we achieved a more sophisticated understanding of how TRIM5 proteins recognize and bind retroviral capsids.
The reconstructed maps of the TRIM5α dimer and trimer confirm the molecular architecture of the TRIM hexagonal lattice that we previously deduced from crystallographic structures of TRIM5 domain fragments (8). Our maps also provide direct experimental evidence that the two SPRY domains of a TRIM5α dimer are indeed bound to the center of the coiled-coil domain and form a close-packed dimeric unit as proposed (5, 6, 8, 17), consistent with coordinated, simultaneous binding of the two SPRYs to CA.
By definition, a key feature of avidity-driven binding is the correspondence in relative spacing of the interacting elements (37), in this case between the TRIM5α SPRY domains and as yet unknown epitopes on the CA subunits. Ideally, these spacings are strictly matched, yet it is evident that this is unlikely with retroviral capsids, because their continuously varying curvature necessarily generates varying distances between equivalent surface epitopes on CA. Furthermore, TRIM5α must accommodate not only the variations in spacings but also variations in relative rotations of these equivalent epitopes, the retroviral capsids being made of CA hexamers and pentamers. Our studies now reveal that TRIM5α accomplishes this through hierarchical assembly, in which a limited number of basal interaction modes between the SPRY and CA subunits are successively organized in increasingly higher-order structures that culminate in a cage surrounding the retroviral capsid. Specifically, we identified at least four distinct types of basal SPRY/CA interactions that allow the SPRY domain to juxtapose the HIV-1 CA hexamer in multiple different ways. At the next level, the four types of SPRY/CA contacts are mixed and matched in a limited number of higher-order arrangements, which we observed as two (perhaps three) distinct classes of TRIM dihexagon-containing asymmetric units. These dihexagon units, in turn, form distinct patches of TRIM5α/CA superlattices. The patches are small because supercrystalline order or complementarity between the two component lattices can be only sustained over short distances. Last, the patches are connected by grain boundaries made of adjacent pentagons and heptagons, analogous to paracrystalline carbon arrays.
Further studies are now required to elucidate the dynamics of TRIM5α assembly on retroviral capsid templates. We envision that the “minimal recognition unit” of TRIM5α constitutes a ditriskelion—a central TRIM5α dimer with two “arms” at each end—which forms the central scaffold of the dihexagon. A ditriskelion satisfies all three functional requirements of capsid recognition: direct binding of the SPRY domain to CA, dimerization of the coiled coil, and higher-order assembly (trimerization) of the B-box 2 domain [reviewed in (3)]. A ditriskelion can act both as a molecular ruler (by matching the spacings, in a degenerate manner, of the arrayed SPRY domain dimers and CA hexamers) and as a protractor (because binding of the flanking arms locks the central dimer in its bound position and defines the local lattice vector of the assembling TRIM lattice relative to the underlying capsid lattice). We further envision that as assembly progresses, joining and locking of each additional TRIM5α dimer within a ditriskelion effectively constitute repeated measurements of the capsid lattice. This allows the growing TRIM lattice to detect changes in capsid surface curvature and adjust accordingly. The ability of TRIM5 to form pentagons and other shapes is also likely to be an important mechanism to accommodate sharp capsid surface declinations containing CA pentamers.
Although TRIM5α restriction is associated with nonproductive, accelerated uncoating of retroviral cores (2, 38, 39), the capsid lattice is intact in our reconstructions. This indicates that, contrary to previous reports (40–42), the TRIM5α cage may not be intrinsically destabilizing to the capsid. In support of this interpretation, a variety of studies have detected stable TRIM5α/capsid complexes in the cytoplasm under conditions where the proteasome or self-ubiquitination of TRIM5α is inhibited (43–45). These observations also imply that the proteasome or some ubiquitin-dependent cellular machinery is required to accelerate uncoating. We also found that stable complexes are formed in vitro when TRIM5α assembles de novo around preformed capsid-like particles, provided that the recently described capsid stability factor—inositol hexakisphosphate (46, 47)—is present (fig. S7). Under nonrestricted infection conditions, reverse transcription inside the core is thought to induce uncoating (48–51), likely by increasing pressure from within that eventually ruptures the capsid (52). The capsid-binding inhibitor PF74 stabilizes a ruptured capsid (53, 54) and delays uncoating in vitro despite continued reverse transcription (54). We propose that TRIM5α may also stabilize the capsid lattice against rising pressure from inside the core. Recruitment of proteasomes [or autophagosomes (55)] would then destroy the entire assemblage and halt reverse transcription. Under conditions where ubiquitination is inhibited, reverse transcription can proceed to completion within the TRIM5α-bound capsid (43). Nevertheless, virus replication remains restricted, perhaps because the surrounding TRIM5α cage would interfere with other functions of the capsid, such as engagement of nuclear import and integration machinery. Thus, we propose that cage formation constitutes the restriction mechanism of TRIM5α.
TRIM5α and HIV-1 CA proteins were purified, and recombinant TRIM5α/CA complexes were prepared as described (7, 8). For this study, we used TRIM5α from African green monkey because this variant is active against HIV-1 and efficiently assembles into hexagonal lattices in vitro (7). The recombinant TRIM5α protein contained an L81F mutation in the RING domain that allows in vitro coassembly with HIV-1 CA more efficiently than wild type and does not affect the ubiquitination activity of the RING domain or overall restriction activity of the protein.
Data acquisition and processing
A 20-μl aliquot of the coassembled sample was mixed with an equal volume of 10-nm BSA Gold Tracer (Electron Microscopy Sciences); 3.5 μl was applied on glow-discharged C-flat grids (Protochips) and then plunge-frozen into liquid ethane. Cryotomograms were acquired using an FEI Titan Krios electron microscope operating at 300 kV and equipped with a Falcon II camera. Tilt series were collected using the data collection software Tomography 3.0 (FEI) with an angular range of −60° to +60°, an angular increment of 1°, defocus values of 2.5 to 4 μm, and a nominal magnification of ×29,000, which corresponds to a pixel (px) size of 2.92 Å. One dataset was collected at a defocus value of 9 μm and used to generate initial reference-free maps for the TRIM5α trimer and dimer. Tilt series were aligned by using IMOD (56). Weighted back-projection was used to reconstruct tomograms, and the contrast transfer function was applied in IMOD. Subtomogram averaging was carried out using the Dynamo software package (57).
Reconstruction of the CA hexamer
Subvolumes were extracted from 2× binned data in 100 × 100 × 100 px uniformly distributed along the length of each tube, spaced by 17 px (fig. S2A). Initial Euler angles were assigned on the basis of the centroid position of each volume relative to the tube axis [“backbone” as defined in Dynamo (57)]. Initial averaging was performed via six-dimensional search (16 iterations), applying no symmetry. The resulting average map of the tube segment was then used to determine the positions of CA hexamers throughout the length of each tube. Subvolumes of 64 × 64 × 64 px centered on these positions were then reextracted from the 2× binned tomograms and assigned initial Euler angles in reference to the tube axis. An initial hexamer search template was generated by averaging the subvolumes using only azimuthal refinement, applying sixfold symmetry. Subtomogram averaging was then performed separately for each tube, applying twofold symmetry, a low-pass filter of 30 Å, and default masks in Dynamo. Upon convergence, lattice maps were generated as described (58) and visually examined. Particles that were clearly misaligned and/or had very low cross-correlation values were discarded. After another round of averaging and examination, 9684 subvolumes were extracted from unbinned tomograms (128 × 128 × 128 px) and split into even/odd subsets. The two subsets were treated independently from this point forward. For each subset, an initial template was generated by averaging all particles according to the Euler angles and positions determined from the previous refinement. Four iterations of refinement were performed, applying a soft-edged spherical mask of 35-px radius and progressively narrower angular and positional search ranges. The final map was calculated with a low-pass filter of 20 Å.
Reconstruction of the TRIM5α dimer and trimer
Initial maps of the trimer and dimer were generated by hand-picking ~60 particles from a single tomogram (defocus value of 9 μm), assigning initial Euler angles in reference to the tube backbone as defined above, and performing one round of azimuthal refinement with three- or twofold symmetry, as appropriate. These maps were used as initial search templates for the each of the seven tubes, as described below.
For each tube, the optimized tube backbone was defined in reference to the refined CA hexamer positions. This, in turn, was used to generate a tubular mesh with a 50-px radius; this mesh oversampled the TRIM lattice by at least 25× for the dimer and 35× for the trimer. Subvolumes of 64 × 64 × 64 px whose centers were uniformly distributed on this mesh were extracted from 2× binned tomograms. Initial polar angles were assigned in reference to the tube backbone, whereas azimuthal angles were randomized. One iteration of azimuthal and positional refinement was performed, using the far-from-focus trimer and dimer models as search templates, again applying three- or twofold symmetry as appropriate and a low-pass filter of 40 Å (fig. S3A). The averaged maps from these first rounds were then used as search template in all subsequent refinements. In the first three iterations, refined positions that were within 4 px of each other were averaged, reextracted from the tomograms, and reassigned Euler angles as above. On the fourth iteration, lattice maps were examined, and particles that migrated to unrealistic positions and/or had very low cross-correlation values were discarded. Subvolumes were then reextracted (128 × 128 × 128 px) from unbinned tomograms (3204 dimers and 2108 trimers from seven tubes) and split into even/odd subsets, which were treated independently from this point forward. Refinement iterations were performed until convergence (which required six iterations for the dimer and eight for the trimer), with progressively narrower angular and positional search ranges and a low-pass filter set at 30 Å. Soft-edged tubular and ellipsoidal masks were used for the dimer and trimer, respectively.
Reconstruction of the TRIM5α/CA complex
Guided by the combined TRIM and CA lattice maps, 550 subvolumes encompassing entire TRIM hexagons were extracted (64 × 64 × 64 px) from 4× binned tomograms and assigned polar Euler angles in reference to the underlying CA lattice [which was modeled as “surface” in Dynamo (57)]. Azimuthal angles were randomized. One iteration of azimuthal refinement was performed to generate an initial model (fig. S6A). Classification was performed by multireference alignment in Dynamo, using as reference two copies of the initial model with random noise added, a cylindrical alignment mask that covered both the TRIM and CA densities, and a cylindrical classification mask that covered only the CA densities. The classification separated the particles into two classes (Classes 1 and 2) according to the rotation of the TRIM hexagon relative to the long axis of the tube (fig. S6, A and B). A second classification run was performed on the Class 2 particles, which further separated the particles into two subclasses (Classes 2a and 2b) that differed in translation of the TRIM hexagon relative to the underlying CA lattice (fig. S6, A and C). Class 1 particles from above (335 particles) were recropped from 2× binned tomograms (128 × 128 × 128 px) and refined for two additional iterations with progressively narrower angular and positional search ranges.
Fourier shell correlations
Correlations between the even/odd maps of the CA hexamer (fig. S2C), TRIM dimer (fig. S3E, blue curve), and TRIM trimer (fig. S3E, magenta curve) were calculated inside soft-edged Gaussian masks using the dfsc subroutine in Dynamo (57), and map “resolutions” were determined at the 0.143 gold standard cutoff (17.5, 25.7, and 24.9 Å for the hexamer, dimer, and trimer, respectively).
Resolution estimation for the Class 1 TRIM5α/CA complex was performed as follows. The central hexamer was aligned with the CA hexamer reconstruction as reference with Chimera (59), and the correlation between the two maps was calculated with the dfsc subroutine in Dynamo (fig. S6D, green curve) (57). The obtained 0.143 cutoff value was 23.8 Å. We also aligned each of the six hexagon edges with the TRIM dimer reconstruction as reference, which gave an average value of 31.7 ± 1.8 Å at the 0.143 cutoff (fig. S4B, blue curves).
Structural analysis and visualization
Map examination, PDB model fitting, and figure rendering were all performed with Chimera (59).
Data deposition
Maps were deposited at the EMDB with accession numbers EMD-20562 (CA hexamer), EMD-20563 (TRIM5α dimer), EMD-20564 (TRIM5α trimer), and EMD-20565 (TRIM5α/CA complex). A representative tomogram was also deposited with accession number EMD-20574.
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/5/11/eaaw3631/DC1
Fig. S1. Gallery of TRIM5α-coated HIV-1 CA tubes analyzed in this study.
Fig. S2. Subtomogram averaging of the HIV-1 CA hexamer.
Fig. S3. Subtomogram averaging of the TRIM5α dimer and trimer.
Fig. S4. Molecular fitting of the TRIM5α dimer and trimer.
Fig. S5. Identification of the RING domain.
Fig. S6. Subtomogram averaging of the TRIM5α/CA complex.
Fig. S7. De novo assembly of TRIM5α cages around capsid-like particles in the presence of inositol hexakisphosphate.
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Acknowledgments: We thank D. Castaño-Diez, F. Schur, and J. Briggs for advice on subtomogram averaging; W. Sundquist, J. McCullough, and members of our laboratories for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank K. Dryden for expert technical assistance with cryo–electron microscopy data collection and helpful discussions. The cryo–electron microscopy imaging conducted at the Molecular Electron Microscopy Core facility at the University of Virginia was supported by the School of Medicine and built with NIH grant G20-RR31199. The Titan Krios and Falcon II direct electron detectors were obtained with NIH grants S10-RR025067 and S10-OD018149, respectively. Funding: This work was supported by NIH grants R01-GM112508/AI150479 (O.P.) and P50-GM082545/AI150464 (B.K.G.-P.). Author contributions: K.A.S., M.D.R., D.E.C., Y.W., O.P., and B.K.G.-P.: investigation, methodology, validation, and writing (review and editing); K.A.S., O.P., and B.K.G.-P.: formal analysis, visualization, and writing (original draft); O.P., and B.K.G.-P.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, and supervision. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Averaged maps and a representative tomogram are deposited in the EMDB under accession numbers EMD-20562, EMD-20563, EMD-20546, EMD-20565, and EMD-20574. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
You are going to email the following Hierarchical assembly governs TRIM5α recognition of HIV-1 and retroviral capsids
By Katarzyna A. Skorupka, Marcin D. Roganowicz, Devin E. Christensen, Yueping Wan, Owen Pornillos, Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
Science Advances 27 Nov 2019 : eaaw3631
TRIM5α combines distinct modes of binding into successively higher-order structures to recognize HIV-1 and retroviral capsids.
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Research ArticlePLANT SCIENCES
The plant cuticle regulates apoplastic transport of salicylic acid during systemic acquired resistance
View ORCID ProfileGah-Hyun Lim1,*,
View ORCID ProfileHuazhen Liu1,
Keshun Yu1,
View ORCID ProfileRuiying Liu1,
M. B. Shine1,
View ORCID ProfileJessica Fernandez2,
View ORCID ProfileTessa Burch-Smith2,
View ORCID ProfileJustin K. Mobley3,
View ORCID ProfileNicholas McLetchie4,
Aardra Kachroo1 and
View ORCID ProfilePradeep Kachroo1,†
1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
2Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, TN 37996, USA.
3Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
4Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
↵†Corresponding author. Email: pk62{at}uky.edu
↵* Present address: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea.
Science Advances 06 May 2020:
Vol. 6, no. 19, eaaz0478
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0478
Gah-Hyun Lim
ORCID record for Gah-Hyun Lim
Huazhen Liu
ORCID record for Huazhen Liu
Keshun Yu
Ruiying Liu
ORCID record for Ruiying Liu
M. B. Shine
Jessica Fernandez
ORCID record for Jessica Fernandez
Tessa Burch-Smith
ORCID record for Tessa Burch-Smith
Justin K. Mobley
ORCID record for Justin K. Mobley
Nicholas McLetchie
ORCID record for Nicholas McLetchie
Aardra Kachroo
Pradeep Kachroo
ORCID record for Pradeep Kachroo
For correspondence: pk62@uky.edu
The plant cuticle is often considered a passive barrier from the environment. We show that the cuticle regulates active transport of the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA). SA, an important regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), is preferentially transported from pathogen-infected to uninfected parts via the apoplast. Apoplastic accumulation of SA, which precedes its accumulation in the cytosol, is driven by the pH gradient and deprotonation of SA. In cuticle-defective mutants, increased transpiration and reduced water potential preferentially routes SA to cuticle wax rather than to the apoplast. This results in defective long-distance transport of SA, which in turn impairs distal accumulation of the SAR-inducer pipecolic acid. High humidity reduces transpiration to restore systemic SA transport and, thereby, SAR in cuticle-defective mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that long-distance mobility of SA is essential for SAR and that partitioning of SA between the symplast and cuticle is regulated by transpiration.
The plant cuticle is a hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial surface of plants and forms the first line of contact with the environment. The mature cuticle is composed of cutin and cuticular wax. The cuticular wax is a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) derivatives formed upon elongation of fatty acids (FAs), which are biosynthesized in the plastids [reviewed in (1, 2)]. FA biosynthesis is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex comprising β-ketoacyl–acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase (KAS), β-ketoacyl–ACP reductase, β-hydroxyacyl–ACP dehydrase, and enoyl-ACP reductase. These enzymes catalyze successive addition of two–carbon (C) units on an FA precursor, which is conjugated to the ACP backbone. The C16 and C18 FAs are important precursors of cuticular wax synthesis and are extended to form VLCFAs (C > 20). The C16 and C18 FAs are also required for biosynthesis of cutin, a polymer of C16 and C18 diacids and ω- and midchain hydroxy FAs. Because of the importance of C16 and C18 FA levels in both wax and cutin biosynthesis, reductions in the flux of these FA s impair cuticle development. This is evident in the Arabidopsis acp4 mutant, which contains reduced FA levels and, as a result, has ruptured cuticle (3).
Besides serving as a physical barrier against the environment, the cuticle is known to be important for the broad-spectrum defense signaling mechanism, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (3–5). SAR is a form of systemic immunity that protects distal uninfected parts of the plant against secondary infections. SAR involves the generation of a mobile signal in the primary infected leaves, which when translocated to distal uninfected portions, activates defense responses, resulting in systemic disease resistance (6–8). A number of chemical SAR inducers have been identified including salicylic acid (SA) (9), which accumulates in both inoculated and uninoculated leaves and is essential for SAR (9). It is generally assumed that despite the fact that SA biosynthesis in the distal tissue is absolutely essential for SAR, SA is not a translocated mobile signal during SAR (10). This assumption was derived from a study that analyzed grafts between wild-type and bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (nahG)–expressing tobacco plants. That study found that wild-type scions grafted to nahG rootstocks were SAR competent in response to primary infection in the nahG rootstocks, whereas nahG scions grafted to wild-type rootstocks were compromised for SAR. Notably, the distal SA levels in these plants only differed by ~10 ng/g fresh weight (FW) (10), which is well within variations seen in basal SA levels (10 to 100 ng/g FW).
Recent analysis has shown that translocation of SA from primary infected tissue to the distal tissue likely occurs via apoplast (space between cell wall and plasma membrane) (11); pathogen infection results in increased SA accumulation in the apoplastic compartment, and this accumulation is unaffected by defects in symplastic transport via plasmodesmata (PD) (11). In contrast, two other SAR-associated chemical signals, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AzA), are transported preferentially via PD, and defects in PD permeability interfere with their transport from infected to distal tissues (11). AzA functions upstream of G3P and the AzA-G3P branch functions in parallel to SA-derived signaling during SAR (11–15). A fourth SAR inducer, pipecolic acid (Pip), functions upstream of the AzA-G3P branch to confer SAR by inducing the biosynthesis of free radicals (14, 16–18). Pip is converted to N-hydroxy Pip (NHP) via flavin monooxygense–catalyzed reaction (19, 20). Relationship between NHP and other SAR signals remains unclear at present (21). Notably, transport of both SA and G3P is essential for Pip accumulation in the distal tissues (16). Thus, coordinated transport and feedback regulation among the various chemical signals eventually activates SAR in plants.
This study was undertaken to uncover the factors that regulate SA transport from local to distal tissues and to determine the biological consequences of impaired SA transport during SAR. We show that transport of SA from local to distal tissues is indeed essential for SAR, and this transport is governed by water potential in the infected tissue. We also find that SA is partitioned between symplast, apoplast, and cuticular waxes, and transport of SA into waxes might regulate stomatal closing in response to pathogen infection.
ACP4 and MOD1 are required for apoplastic transport of SA
Earlier, we showed that mutations in ACP4 impaired SAR (3). To determine the underlying cause, we first evaluated SA and G3P levels in these plants, because these chemicals regulate the two parallel branches of SAR pathway. The acp4 plants accumulate wild-type–like levels of SA, SA glucoside (SAG), and G3P in infected leaves (Fig. 1, A and B), suggesting that their SAR defect is not due to impaired SA or G3P biosynthesis in response to pathogen infection. We next monitored transport of SA and G3P, because distal transport of both is essential for the induction of SAR (16). The acp4 plants accumulated wild-type–like G3P levels in the petiole exudates (PEX) of both mock- and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) avrRpt2–infected leaves (Fig. 1C). This was consistent with the normal PD permeability of acp4 plants (Fig. 1D), which is the preferred route for G3P transport (11). For PD permeability, plants were bombarded with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–expressing vector using microprojectiles, and layers of cells containing trafficked GFP surrounding the transformed cells were counted. Unexpectedly, unlike G3P transport, the acp4 mutant was defective in SA transport based on the significantly reduced SA levels in their PEX after Pst avrRpt2 infection (Fig. 1E). Consistent with phloem loading of SA via the apoplast, pathogen-infected acp4 plants also accumulated reduced SA in their apoplast (fig. S1A). To determine if the impaired SA transport was associated with reduced FA flux in acp4 plants, we examined SA transport in mod1, another mutant defective in FA flux. In addition, we also examined SA transport in fad2, fad6, and fad7 fad8 mutants, which contain reduced FA levels in membrane lipids. The mod1 mutant is defective in the key FA biosynthetic enzyme enoyl-ACP reductase (fig. S1B) (22) and has reduced levels of multiple FA species and total lipids (fig. S1, C and D). Despite the essential function of enoyl-ACP reductase in FA biosynthesis, mod1 plants are viable due to the leaky nature of the mutation (22). Like acp4, mod1 plants were also impaired in SA transport into PEX (Fig. 1E) and apoplast (fig. S1A), despite wild-type–like SA levels in infected leaves (Fig. 1A). In contrast, PEX from all fad mutants contained wild-type–like levels of SA (fig. S1E), suggesting that the reduction in membrane FA species of acp4 and mod1 plants is unlikely to be responsible for their impaired SA transport into PEX. Both acp4 and mod1 plants contained wild-type–like levels of benzoic acid (BA) (fig. S1F), an aromatic carboxylic acid that is structurally similar to SA and is thought to serve as a SA precursor (fig. S1G). Notably, unlike SA, BA levels did not increase after pathogen infection, which is consistent with the fact that most of the SA in Arabidopsis is derived from isochorismate synthase (ICS; fig. S1G) catalyzed reaction (23).
Fig. 1 ACP4 and MOD1 are required for distal transport of SA.
(A) SA and SAG levels in local tissues after mock (10 mM MgCl2) and pathogen (avrRpt2) inoculations. The leaves were sampled 48 hours after treatments, and the experiment was repeated two times with similar results. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0001). Columbia (Col-0) and Nössen (Nö) are wild-type ecotypes for mod1 and acp4, respectively. (B) G3P levels in local tissues after mock and pathogen (avrRpt2) inoculations. The leaves were sampled 24 hours after treatments, and the experiment was repeated two times with similar results. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0005). (C) G3P levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– and avrRpt2 (PEXavrRpt2)–inoculated plants. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0007). (D) Size of foci measured as numbers of rings of cells containing P30-2XGFP punctae around a transformed cell 48 hours after treatment in wild-type (Col-0 or Nö) or acp4 and mod1 leaves. (E) SA levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– and avrRpt2 (PEXavrRpt2)–inoculated plants. Results are representative of four independent experiments. Single (t test, P < 0.0001) and double (t test, P < 0.004) asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples or between indicated pairs, respectively. (F) Quantification of radioactivity transported to distal tissues of mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated plants. Leaves were infiltrated with 20 μM solution of 14C-SA and sampled 48 hours after mock (MgCl2) or avrRpt2 inoculations. The error bars indicate SD. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.006). NS indicates data not significantly different. (G) Autoradiograph of TLC plate showing transport of 14C-SA from the local to distal leaves. 14C-SA (20 μM) was mixed with MgCl2 (mock) or avrRpt2 and infiltrated into the local leaves of wild type (Nö) and acp4. Both local and distal leaves were sampled 48 hours after treatment and analyzed on a silica TLC plate using toluene/methanol/acetic acid (45:8:4, by volume) solvent system. Arrowhead indicates position of the 14C-SA. Vertical arrow indicates direction of the run. Numbers below the bands indicate relative intensity of bands in mock versus avr samples quantified using ImageQuant TL image analysis software.
Like acp4, mod1 plants also contained wild type–like levels of G3P in their infected leaves, showed wild-type–like PD permeability, and were competent for G3P transport into PEX (Fig. 1, B and D). These results suggested that acp4 and mod1 plants were impaired in SA transport. To confirm this, we examined the transport of 14C-SA in these plants. The procedure involved infiltration of SA into the apoplastic space, which presumably could passively move to the distal tissue (24). Therefore, we first determined the minimal SA concentration that could be infiltrated without increasing PEX-SA levels. PEX was collected from Col-0 leaves infiltrated with 20, 100, or 500 μM SA followed by SA quantification. Infiltration of 100 and 500 μM SA resulted in SA accumulation in the PEX, whereas 20 μM SA did not (fig. S1H). We then coinfiltrated 10 mM MgCl2 + 20 μM 14C-SA (mock) or Pst avrRpt2 + 20 μM 14C-SA in wild-type and acp4 mutant plants and quantified the amount of 14C-SA in their infiltrated and distal (untreated) leaves 48 hours later. Coinfiltration of 14C-SA with Pst avrRpt2 infection of increased 14C levels in the distal leaves of wild-type plants by ~2.5-fold (Fig. 1F). In comparison, mod1 and acp4 plants did not show a similar increase (Fig. 1F and fig. S1I). Thin layer chromatographic analysis of extracts from infected and distal leaves detected a band corresponding to the SA standard (Fig. 1G), which was confirmed as SA by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of the eluted product (fig. S1J). This suggested that SA was not modified during transport and is consistent with MS-based analysis of PEX-SA (Fig. 1E). Together, these results suggested that ACP4 and MOD1 are required for apoplastic transport of SA into the distal tissue.
The mod1 plants are impaired in cuticle formation
The FA defect in acp4 plants results in defective cuticle formation (fig. S1B) (3). Like acp4 (3), mod1 plants also show reduced growth and altered morphology (Fig. 2A and fig. S2A). We tested if mod1 plants also had defects in the cuticle by staining Col-0 and mod1 leaves with toluidine blue, a hydrophilic dye that does not penetrate intact cuticle (25). Toluidine blue rapidly penetrated mod1 leaves on both the adaxial and abaxial sides, suggesting cuticular permeability (Fig. 2B and fig. S2B). This was further supported by the rapid leaching of chlorophyll from mod1 leaves (fig. S2C). Transmission electron microscopy of leaf epidermal cells showed that the cuticle of the mod1 mutant was diffuse and electron opaque versus the continuous and electron-dense osmiophilic layer outside the cell wall of wild-type leaves (Fig. 2C, marked by an arrow). Scanning electron micrographs of leaf surfaces showed stretched and highly folded epidermis in mod1 (Fig. 2D). To determine if this defect in cuticle structure was associated with alterations in the content and/or composition of cuticular waxes or cutin polyester monomers, we compared the levels of waxes and cutin monomers in wild-type and mod1 leaves. The mod1 leaves showed elevated levels of 26- and 28-carbon primary alcohols compared with wild-type plants (fig. S2D) but contained wild-type–like levels of cutin monomers (fig. S2E). Increased accumulation of cuticular components is often observed in cuticle mutants and thought to play a compensatory role contributing to the survival of these mutants (5, 26). Together, these results show that, like ACP4, MOD1 is important for cuticle development.
Fig. 2 MOD1 is required for normal cuticle development.
(A) Morphological phenotype of 4-week-old Col-0 and mod1 plants (scale, 0.5 cm). Photo credit: P.K., University of Kentucky. (B) Toluidine blue–stained leaves from 4-week-old leaves of Col-0, mod1, and acp4 plants. The leaves were stained on their adaxial surface for 5 min. Photo credit: P.K., University of Kentucky. (C) Transmission electron micrographs showing cuticle layer on adaxial surface of Col-0 and mod1 plants. Arrows indicate cuticle, which is electron dense in Col-0 leaves. Scale bars, 50 nm. (D) Scanning electron micrographs showing abaxial surface of Col-0 or mod1 leaves. Scale bars, 200 μm.
Impaired transport of SA compromises SAR
Earlier, we showed that cuticle defects were associated with compromised SAR (3–5). This was also true for mod1 plants, which were compromised in SAR (Fig. 3A). We considered the possibility that the cuticle defect in acp4 and mod1 plants might be linked to their inability to transport SA during SAR. To test this, we first evaluated the SAR phenotype and SA transport in the cuticle defective lacs2 mutant (27, 28). LACS2 catalyzes a downstream step in the cuticle biosynthesis (fig. S1B). Like mod1, the lacs2 plants showed compromised SAR (Fig. 3A) and accumulated significantly lower levels of SA in PEX as compared with wild-type plants (Fig. 3B). As an additional test, we evaluated SA transport in wild-type leaves after mechanical abrasion of the cuticle followed by pathogen infection; wild-type leaves were gently rubbed with a buffered solution containing celite and bentonite (3) followed by Pst avrRpt2 infection 12 hours after abrasion. SA levels in PEX from mechanically abraded leaves were significantly lower than those in PEX from intact leaves (Fig. 3C). Mechanical abrasion did not induce jasmonic acid (JA)– or abscisic acid (ABA)–responsive genes at 12 hours after treatment (fig. S3A), suggesting that reduced PEX-SA levels in these plants were not due to antagonism between SA and JA or ABA. Moreover, Pst inoculation itself induces JA and ABA in wild-type plant and that does not inhibit SA transport or SAR (29, 30). A reduction in PEX-SA was consistent with the result that leaf abrasion before Pst avrRpt2 inoculation compromised SAR in wild-type plants (Fig. 3D). Together, these results suggested that an intact cuticle might be important for the proper transport of SA into distal tissue, and this in turn might be necessary for the onset of SAR. To test this further, we assayed SA-mediated SAR in acp4, mod1, and lacs2 plants. Localized application of SA conferred SAR in wild-type plants but not in acp4, mod1, or lacs2 plants (Fig. 3E and fig. S3B). Next, we assayed Pip levels in local and distal tissues, since SA transport is required for de novo biosynthesis of Pip in distal leaves (16). The acp4 and mod1 plants accumulated wild-type–like levels of Pip in infected leaves but contained significantly reduced levels of Pip in their distal leaves (Fig. 3, F and G). As expected, Pip, G3P, and AzA, which function in the second branch of SAR signaling and cannot confer SAR in SA-deficient plants (14, 16), were unable to induce SAR in acp4 and mod1 (Fig. 3, H and I). Together, these results strongly indicate that transport of SA is essential for SAR.
Fig. 3 Exogenous application of SA, G3P, or Pip is unable to confer SAR on mod1 or acp4 plants.
(A) SAR response in distal leaves of Col-0, mod1, and lacs2 plants treated locally with MgCl2 or avrRpt2. The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after local treatments. CFU indicates colony forming units. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0001). (B) SA levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– and avrRpt2 (PEXavrRpt2)–inoculated Col-0 and lacs2 plants. Single and double asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0001) or indicated pair (t test, P < 0.0001), respectively. (C) SA levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– and avrRpt2 (PEXavrRpt2)–inoculated plants. The local leaves were abraded to damage the cuticle 12 hours before inoculation. Results are representative of two independent experiments. Single and double asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0006) or indicated pair (t test, P < 0.0001), respectively. (D) SAR response in distal leaves of untreated or cuticle abraded plants shown in (C). The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after mock or avr inoculations. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.0001). NS indicates “not significant.” (E) SAR response in distal leaves of wild-type (Col-0 or Nö), acp4, or mod1 plants treated locally with water or SA (500 μM). The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after local treatments. Error bars indicate SD (n = 4). Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0002). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. (F and G) Pip levels in local (F) and distal (G) tissues of wild-type (Col-0 or Nö), acp4, or mod1 plants after mock and avrRpt2 inoculations. The leaves were sampled 48 hours after treatments. Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0001). “a” denotes significant difference between avrRpt2-inoculated wild type and mutants (P < 0.0005). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. (H) SAR response in distal leaves of wild-type (Col-0 or Nö), acp4, or mod1 plants treated locally with water or Pip (1000 μM). The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after local treatments. Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0001). The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. (I) SAR response in distal leaves of wild-type (Col-0 or Nö), acp4, or mod1 plants treated locally with water, G3P (100 μM), or AzA (1000 μM). The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after local treatments. Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0005). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.
Our results supporting the mobility of SA during SAR are contrary to a previous report that concluded that SA was not a mobile SAR signal but was required for SAR induction in the distal tissues (10). That study presumed a lack of distal SA transport in the SA-deficient nahG transgenic plants (express the SA-catabolizing nahG). To test this presumption, we assayed SA levels in PEX collected from pathogen-infected nahG plants. Pst avrRpt2–infected Arabidopsis (Dijon; Di-3 ecotype) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)–infected tobacco plants were used. Pathogen infection did induce SA accumulation in the PEX of nahG plants (Arabidopsis and tobacco), albeit at significantly lower levels than in wild-type plants (Fig. 4A). Notably, the relative increase in SA levels (pathogen-responsive versus basal levels) was higher in nahG plants than in wild-type plants (fig. S3C). We then analyzed the transport of 14C-SA in wild-type and nahG Arabidopsis plants. Leaves of wild-type Di-3 or nahG transgenic plants were coinfiltrated with 20 μM 14C-SA + 10 mM MgCl2 (mock) or 20 μM 14C-SA + Pst avrRpt2 (105 cfu in 10 mM MgCl2). Amount of 14C in infected and distal leaves was quantified 48 hours later. Consistent with the nahG-derived catabolism of SA (31), nahG plants contained significantly less 14C-SA than wild-type plants in their infiltrated leaves (fig. S3D). Yet, the relative (infiltrated versus systemic) percentage of 14C in the distal leaves of nahG plants was comparable to that in wild-type plants; nearly 5% of 14C levels in infiltrated leaves were detected in distal leaves of nahG plants versus ~3% in wild-type plants (Fig. 4, B and C). In contrast, sid2 plants (mutation in ICS; fig. S1G), which are impaired in SA biosynthesis (23), did not show any SA accumulation in PEX (fig. S3E). Together, these results suggested that nahG plants are competent in SA transport. As additional bioassays to reconfirm transport of SA in nahG plants, we first quantified Pip levels in inoculated and distal tissue of wild-type and nahG plants because Pip accumulation in distal tissues is dependent on SA (16, 18). Both Arabidopsis (Fig. 4D) and tobacco (Fig. 4E) nahG plants accumulated wild-type–like levels of Pip in the inoculated leaves. Notably, although nahG plants showed statistically significant induction of Pip in distal tissue, these levels were lower than in wild-type plants (Fig. 4, D and E). Unlike nahG, sid2 plants showed significantly reduced levels of Pip in their distal leaves (16, 18). The reduced Pip accumulation in distal tissue of nahG plants could be due to their inability to maintain threshold SA levels and, thereby, initiate the SA-Pip feedback loop (16). As an additional test, we generated reciprocal grafts between wild-type and nahG tobacco plants and monitored accumulation of the SA marker protein PR-1 in scion leaves (distal tissue) in response to TMV infection in the rootstock (local). As expected, PR-1 accumulated in scions of wild-type rootstock X wild-typescion grafts but not in nahG rootstock X nahGscion grafts (Fig. 4F). Notably, TMV infection of rootstocks also induced PR-1 accumulation in the scion of nahGrootstock X wild-typescion, but not wild-typerootstock X nahGscion grafts (Fig. 4F). Together, these results suggest that nahG plants transport enough SA to induce PR-1 accumulation in the distal leaves. However, at present, we are unable to rule out an alternate possibility that a portion of SA in wild-typescion is synthesized de novo.
Fig. 4 NahG plants are competent in SA transport.
(A) SA levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– or pathogen (avrRpt2 or TMV)–infected Arabidopsis (Di-3) or tobacco (Samsung N background) wild-type and nahG plants. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences from respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.001). (B) Levels of 14C-SA in distal tissue of Arabidopsis wild-type (Di-3 ecotype) or Di-3 nahG plants. Arabidopsis leaves were coinfiltrated with 20 μM 14C-SA and MgCl2 or Pst avrRpt2. Forty-eight hours later, amount of radiolabel in SA extracts from the leaves was quantified. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Asterisks denote significant differences (t test, P < 0.004). (C) Percentage of 14C-SA transported from local to distal tissue of Di-3 and Di-3 nahG plants shown in (B). Asterisks denote significant differences (t test, P < 0.02). (D and E) Pip levels in local and distal tissue of Arabidopsis (D) or tobacco (E) plants after mock and pathogen inoculations. The Arabidopsis and tobacco distal leaves were sampled 48 or 140 hours after inoculation, respectively. Asterisks denote significant differences from mock (t test, P < 0.0001). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. (F) Protein immunoblot showing PR-1 levels in the scion (distal) of tobacco grafts that were inoculated with TMV in the rootstock (local). W and N indicate wild type and nahG. Scion leaf samples were collected 5 days after TMV inoculation. Ponceau-S staining of the immunoblot was used as the loading control. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results.
Next, we determined whether the impaired SA transport in acp4 and mod1 plants affected their ability to generate or perceive the SAR signal. For this, we collected PEX from MgCl2 (PEXMgCl2) or Pst avrRpt2 (PEXavr) preinfiltrated wild-type (PEX-Col-0 or PEX-Nö), mod1 (PEX-mod1), and acp4 (PEX-acp4) plants. These PEX were then infiltrated into a fresh set of wild-type, mod1, or acp4 plants followed by infection of distal leaves with Pst DC3000 (fig. S4). The growth of Pst DC3000 was monitored at 0 and 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The PEXavr from either Col-0 or mod1 conferred SAR on Col-0 plants, but not on mod1 plants (fig. S4A). Similarly, the PEXavr from acp4 plants induced SAR on Nö, but not acp4 plants (fig. S4B). These results suggest that PEX from acp4 and mod1 confers SAR on wild-type plants because they contain the unidentified mobile signal. However, PEX from wild-type plants is unable to confer SAR on mod1 and acp4 plants, likely because transport of both unidentified mobile signal and SA is essential for SAR.
Cuticle impairment reduces water potential and, thereby, apoplastic transport of SA
The cuticle is an important physical barrier that prevents water loss from leaves. We considered the possibility that increased transpiration in cuticle-defective mutants might alter the distal transport of SA by reducing osmotic pressure. To test this, we assayed SA transport in Nö and acp4 plants grown under high humidity. This is because high humidity has been shown to reduce transpiration without activating ABA-derived signaling (32, 33), which negatively regulates SA level and SAR (34). Humidity was increased by covering plants with a transparent dome or by placing them in a growth chamber maintained at high humidity (90% relative humidity). SA levels were quantified in PEX collected from mock- and pathogen-infected plants. The PEX-SA levels of pathogen-infected dome-covered plants were higher than in the uncovered plants (Fig. 5A). Furthermore, covered acp4 plants accumulated wild-type–like or higher SA in PEX after pathogen infection. Consistent with this result, the covered acp4 plants were SAR competent (Fig. 5B), even though the increased humidity in covered plants resulted in enhanced local susceptibility in both Nö and acp4 plants (Fig. 5B) (35). Similar results were obtained when plants were grown in a humidifying chamber (fig. S4C). These results suggested that the distal movement of SA was driven by water transpiration; increased water loss in the cuticle-defective acp4 and mod1 plants inhibited the distal transport of SA in these plants. Consistent with this notion, both acp4 and mod1 plants showed low water potential (Fig. 5C) and increased transpiration, which was associated with open stomata (Fig. 5D). The water usage efficiency (WUE) of acp4 plants was monitored by measuring gas exchange because the defective cuticle and open stomata phenotypes were likely to have an additive effect on overall transpiration rates and, thereby, WUE. As expected, the acp4 plants showed reduced WUE (Fig. 5E). Together, these results suggest that increased cuticle permeability leads to reduced water potential and WUE, which in turn was associated with impaired apoplastic transport of SA.
Fig. 5 Distal transport of SA is associated with water potential.
(A) SA levels in PEX collected from mock (PEXMgCl2)– and avrRpt2 (PEXavrRpt2)–inoculated Nö and acp4 plants. A week before inoculations, one set of plants was covered with a transparent dome to increase humidity and reduce transpiration. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Asterisks denote a significant difference with respective mock-inoculated samples (t test, P < 0.001). (B) SAR response in distal leaves of Nö and acp4 that were grown in open or covered with a transparent dome. The virulent pathogen (DC3000) was inoculated 48 hours after local treatments. Error bars indicate SD (n = 4). Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0001). The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. (C) Leaf water potential of indicated genotypes. Values are means ± SD (n = 15). Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.001). (D) Stomatal apertures of indicated genotype. Values are means ± SD (n = 20). Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.0001). (E) WUE for Nö and acp4. Values are means ± SD (n = 4). Asterisks denote a significant difference with mock (t test, P < 0.006).
SA exists in its deprotonated form at cytosolic pH and is channeled into cuticle
The pKa of COOH and phenol groups of SA are 2.98 and 13.6, respectively (36). Therefore, the COOH group of SA is expected to predominantly exist in its deprotonated form (COO−) at the neutral to slight alkaline pH (~7 to 7.5) of the cytosol and acidic pH (~4.5) of the apoplast (37). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses of pH-dependent chemical shifts in 1H showed that the COOH group of SA does indeed exist in its deprotonated form at pH 7.0 and 4.5 but remains protonated at more acidic pH (2.5; Fig. 6A). This suggests that cellular SA exists primarily as deprotonated species. We tested the membrane permeability of deprotonated SA by assaying the uptake of 14C-SA by protoplasts. Arabidopsis protoplasts incubated with 14C-SA showed ~22% uptake of 14C within 1 hour at pH 5.7 (Fig. 6B). Notably, SA transport was significantly higher (~45%) at pH 4.5 (Fig. 6B). In contrast, protoplasts that were allowed to regenerate their cell walls and accumulate callose for 24 hours before incubation with 14C-SA did not show uptake of 14C at either pH. This suggested that deprotonated SA was membrane permeable and that this permeability was influenced by the cellular pH. Thus, uptake of apoplastic SA in the distal tissue would be greatly facilitated by the acidic pH of the apoplast. This further suggested that transport of SA across the plasma membrane might involve a proton pump. We tested the possibility by assaying SA transport in the presence of sodium orthovanadate and omeprazole, which are well-known inhibitors of proton pumps (38, 39). Both chemicals did inhibit SA transport in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 6B, bottom), strongly supporting the possible involvement of proton pump(s) in SA transport. In contrast to protoplasts, 14C-SA was not taken up by intact chloroplasts at pH 7.5 (Fig. 6B). We were unable to conduct uptake experiments at pH 4.5 since chloroplasts lysed at this pH. These results suggest that cytosolic SA is not transported into chloroplasts.
Fig. 6 SA exists in a deprotonated form at cytosolic pH and is exported into cuticular waxes.
(A) NMR spectra of SA at pH 2.5, 4.5, and 7.0. The samples were made in DMSO-d6 containing 400 μl of buffered solution of SA. The transmitter offset frequency was placed at the corresponding water peak (4.506 ppm for pH 2.5 and 4.5 and 4.513 ppm for pH 7). All samples were then referenced to DMSO (2.5 ppm). (B) Top: Uptake assays showing percentage of 14C-SA transported into isolated protoplasts or chloroplasts. Fresh or 24-hour-old protoplasts (106/ml) or chloroplast (107/ml) were incubated with 2 μM 14C-SA for 1 hour, analyzed microscopically before and after four washes, and quantified for the amount of radiolabel. NC indicates data not considered since chloroplasts were damaged after 1-hour incubation at pH 4.5. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. Bottom: Uptake assays showing percentage of 14C-SA transported into isolated protoplasts in the absence (control; Cnt) or presence of proton pump inhibitors sodium orthovanadate (OV) and omeprazole (OM). The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. (C) SA levels in cuticular wax fraction of mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated leaves. Leaves were sprayed (108 CFU/ml) or infiltrated (105 CFU/ml) with avrRpt2 and sampled 48 hours after inoculation. (D) Relative SA levels in cuticular wax fraction of indicated plants. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. (E) SA levels in cuticular wax fraction of mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated leaves. Leaves were sprayed (108 CFU/ml) with avrRpt2 and sampled 48 hours after inoculation. Asterisks denote a significant difference (t test, P < 0.0015). (F) Real-time quantitative RT-PCR showing relative expression levels of PR-1 in mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated plants at 18 and 48 hours after inoculation. The error bars indicate SD (n = 3). Results are representative of two independent experiments. Single and double asterisks denote a significant difference between mock-inoculated samples or indicated pairs (t test, P < 0.003). (G) Protein immunoblot showing PR-5 levels in mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated leaves at 18 hours after infection. Ponceau-S staining of the immunoblot was used as the loading control. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.
We considered the possibility that preferential distribution of SA to the cuticle in the acp4 and mod1 mutants may be responsible for their reduced apoplastic SA. This assumption was supported by the plasma membrane permeability of deprotonated SA, the normal levels of total SA in these mutants, and the fact that higher transpiration resulting from their cuticle defect would be expected to increase water flow toward the exterior. To test this, we assayed SA levels in cuticle wax extracted from pathogen-infected leaves of wild-type and mutant plants. The absence of membrane lipids in the cuticle wax fraction (fig. S5A) increased confidence that our extraction procedure did not release cytosolic SA into the wax fraction. Wax fractions also did not contain detectable levels of Pip. Both spray and leaf infiltration of Pst avrRpt2 increased the SA content in cuticle wax by ~4.5- to 6-fold (Fig. 6C). Infection with the virulent fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum or avirulent turnip crinkle virus also increased SA levels in cuticle waxes (fig. S5B). These results suggested that increased SA accumulation in cuticle wax may not be pathogen specific. The ssi2 mutant, which is constitutively activated in pathogen defense and contains high basal SA (40), also contained more SA in cuticle wax than wild-type plants (fig. S5C, left). Likewise, transient overexpression of SID2 in Nicotiana benthamiana increased SA levels in cuticle wax (fig. S5C, right). SA was detected in the cuticle wax of numerous healthy plants including tomato, sweet potato, potato, zucchini, and pea (Fig. 6D). In contrast, BA, which was also detected in cuticle wax, did not accumulate in response to pathogen infection or the ssi2 mutation (fig. S5D). Most of the SA present in waxes was derived from the SID2-catalyzed reaction, since the sid2 mutant contained significantly reduced levels of basal and pathogen-responsive SA (fig. S5E).
Analysis of acp4 and mod1 plants showed that both contained significantly higher than wild-type levels of basal and pathogen-inducible SA in their cuticle wax (Fig. 6E). This supported the notion that increased transpiration due to high cuticle permeability promoted SA efflux into cuticle wax and in turn reduced apoplastic SA in these mutants. To test this possibility, we first quantified wax SA levels in Col-0 and mod1 plants grown at 65 or 90% relative humidity. The mod1 plants showed a significant reduction in their basal wax SA levels (fig. S6A), suggesting that export of SA into cuticle wax was likely regulated by transpiration. These results further suggest that transpirational pull may also be responsible for directing SA toward the plasma membrane. If this were true, less cytosolic SA would be available for defense signaling in cuticle defective mutants. Both PR-1 transcript and PR-5 protein were induced to a lesser extent in acp4 and mod1 plants at early time point (18 hours) after pathogen infection but accumulated at wild-type–like levels by 48 hours when SA accumulation was maximum (Figs. 1A and 6, F and G). These results further suggested that SA may be first directed outward to the apoplast before it begins accumulating in the cytoplasm. This is supported by the fact that the eds1-1 and pad4-1 mutants, which accumulate significantly reduced leaf SA (41), contain wild-type–like levels of SA in PEX after pathogen infection (fig. S6, B and C). Likewise, a significant portion of SA is transported to PEX in nahG plants, even though they contain very low levels of SA (Fig. 4, B and C, and fig. S3B). Together, these results support the notion that transport of SA into apoplast precedes its accumulation into cytosol.
SA and water potential regulate stomatal opening
To determine the biological relevance of SA in cuticle wax, we first compared the wax profiles of wild-type and sid2 plants after SA application. SA did not alter the total wax content or wax profile of wild-type or sid2 plants (Fig. 7, A and B). Furthermore, reduced wax SA did not alter the cuticle permeability of sid2 plants (fig. S7A), indicating that SA did not affect cuticle wax or permeability. Notably, however, sid2 plants did show increased stomatal aperture, reduced water potential, and reduced WUE (Fig. 7, C to F). Furthermore, exogenous SA, but not pathogen infection, restored stomatal aperture and water potential in these plants (Fig. 7, D and E). This was consistent with the result that a significant portion of exogenously applied SA was retained in the cuticle wax of wild-type plants (fig. S7B). Like SA, exogenous treatment with ABA induced stomatal closure in sid2 plants (Fig. 7D). However, SA-induced stomatal closure was likely independent of ABA because SA treatment did not induce JA or ABA levels (data not shown) or expression of JA- or ABA-responsive genes in Col-0 plants (fig. S7C) (42). On the other hand, both SA and pathogen infection resulted in reduced stomatal aperture of acp4 plants (Fig. 7, G and H). Exogenous SA also reduced stomatal aperture in mod1 plants (fig. S7D). Together, these results suggest that the relative water and SA content in the epidermis regulate stomatal closure; increased flux of SA into cuticle wax promotes stomatal closure after pathogen infection, a mechanism that may have evolved to prevent further pathogen entry through these openings.
Fig. 7 Cuticular SA regulates stomatal opening.
(A) Total wax levels in Col-0 and sid2 plants treated with water or 500 μM SA for 24 hours before wax extraction. The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. (B) Analysis of wax components from leaves of 4-week-old Col-0 and sid2 plants that were treated with water or 500 μM SA for 24 hours before wax extraction. 16:0 to 24:0 are FAs, C25 to C33 are alkanes, and C26-OH to C30-OH are primary alcohols. The experiment was repeated two times with similar results. (C) Stomatal apertures in mock- and avrRpt2-inoculated leaves of Col-0 and sid2 plants 24 hours after infection. Values are means ± SD (n = 20). Single and double asterisks denote a significant difference between Col-0 and sid2 and between indicated pairs, respectively (t test, P < 0.003). (D) Microscopic images showing representative stomata of mock-, pathogen (avrRpt2)–, SA-, or ABA-treated leaves from Col-0 and sid2 plants. (E) Leaf water potential of Col-0 and sid2 plants treated with MgCl2 (mock), SA (500 μM), or avrRpt2 for 24 hours. Values are means ± SD (n = 15). Single and double asterisks denote a significant difference between Col-0 and sid2 and between indicated pairs, respectively (t test, P < 0.0001). (F) WUE for Col-0 and sid2 plants. Values are means ± SD (n = 4). Asterisks denote a significant difference (t test, P < 0.005). (G) Stomatal apertures in mock-, avrRpt2-, or SA (500 μM)–treated leaves of Nö and acp4 plants. Values are means ± SD (n = 20). Asterisks denote a significant difference (t test, P < 0.0001). (H) Microscopic images showing representative stomata of mock-, SA (500 μM)–, or avrRpt2-inoculated leaves from Nö and acp4 plants.
Here, we report major findings related to the transport of SA during SAR and the involvement of the plant cuticle in this process. We show that SA transported out of the chloroplast is routed to the cell exterior (fig. S8) and the cuticle. We further show that the transpirational pull and water potential inside the cell regulate transport of SA through the apoplast. Consequently, cuticle impaired mutants, which exhibit increased transpiration, contain relatively more SA in cuticle wax. Three different mutants, altered in either wax (mod1) or cutin (lacs2) (27, 28) alone, or altered in both wax and cutin (acp4) (3) content, were examined, and all showed impaired SA transport. This supports the conclusion that cuticle permeability, rather than specific defects in wax or cutin biosynthesis, regulates SA transport. Although movement of SA into cuticle wax is expected to involve transport via the apoplast, the cuticle mutants acp4 and mod1 accumulated low levels of SA in their apoplast. This suggests that the transpirational force in acp4 and mod1 likely exceeds horizontal apoplastic transport and forces most of SA out of apoplast into cuticular waxes. It is possible that once transported outside, SA may be retained in the cuticle possibly due to the outward transpirational pull.
Despite its structural similarity to SA (fig. S9), BA is not transported in a transpiration- or water potential–dependent manner because acp4 and mod1 plants contain wild-type levels of BA in apoplast and cuticle. This suggests that any potential plasma membrane–associated SA transporter is specific to SA. SA has a lower pKa than BA, and, unlike in BA, an internal hydrogen bond in SA delocalizes the negative charge and increases its membrane permeability (fig. S9)(43). Thus, it is possible that the structural properties of SA together with pH differential between apoplast and symplast and overall water potential are important driving forces responsible for SA transport.
A recent study has shown that SA biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol (fig. S8) (44). As SA accumulates in response to pathogen infection, H+ levels in the cytosol are expected to rise due to deprotonation of the accumulating SA. This increase in H+ is likely to result in a proton differential across the plasma membrane, thereby facilitating transport of SA into the apoplast. Unlike the chloroplast membrane, SA is able to permeate the plasma membrane bidirectionally, and this is consistent with the initial transport of SA to the apoplast in infected leaves followed by subsequent reentry into the symplast of distal uninfected cells (fig. S8). In animals, monocarboxylate transporters, which catalyze proton-linked transport of specific monocarboxylates, facilitate SA transport across animal plasma membranes (45). Aspirin, the well-known pharmaceutical derivative of SA, is thought to be transported in a pH- and carrier protein–dependent manner (45, 46). A similar scenario has also been suggested for Ricinus (47) and supported by our results. Whether protonated and unprotonated species of SA exist in an equilibrium and if that governs transport of SA remain unknown at present.
The cuticle defect in acp4 and mod1 plants does not affect PD gating and, thereby, G3P transported through the symplast. Thus, the SAR defect of acp4 and mod1 plants can be attributed to their inability to transport SA systemically. This is supported by the fact that acp4 and mod1 plants contain reduced Pip in distal, uninfected tissue. Furthermore, locally applied exogenous SA cannot induce SAR in acp4 and mod1 plants. This correlates with the fact that SA accumulation in distal tissue is important for distal Pip accumulation and, thereby, onset of SAR. However, this is contrary to the current consensus that transport of SA from local to distal tissues is not required for SAR. This assumption was primarily based on the finding that grafts between wild-type rootstock and nahG scions were SAR compromised, whereas the reciprocal graft was SAR competent (10). The study concluded that although presence of SA in distal tissue is essential for SAR, its transport from infected to distal leaves is not. One possibility, as suggested by Vernooij et al. (10), is that an additional, as yet unknown, signal is transported to distal tissue, where it induces de novo synthesis of SA. However, both acp4 and mod1 clearly generate this potential unknown signal because PEX from acp4 or mod1 plants can induce SAR on wild-type plants. Yet, pathogen infection is unable to induce wild-type–like PR-5 accumulation in the distal tissue of these plants, contradicting the possibility of an unknown transported signal inducing distal de novo SA synthesis. On the basis of our results, we propose that accumulation of SA at threshold levels is essential for induction of SAR in the distal leaves. SA transported from the wild-type rootstock is converted to catechol in the nahG scion and is therefore unavailable to reinitiate the SA/G3P-Pip feedback loop (16). On the other hand, SA transported from nahG rootstock to wild-type scion can initiate signaling, which is sustained due to the SA biosynthetic competency of the wild-type scion, resulting in SAR. These results support the crucial role of SA as an essential mobile signal in SAR.
Plant growth conditions and genetic analysis
Plants were grown in MTPS 144 Conviron (Winnipeg, MB, Canada) walk-in chambers at 22°C, 65% relative humidity, and 14-hour light and 10-hour dark photoperiod. These chambers were equipped with cool white fluorescent bulbs (Sylvania, FO96/841/XP/ECO). The photon flux density of the day period was 106.9 μmol m−2 s−1 (measured using a digital light meter, Phytotronic Inc., MO). Plants were grown on autoclaved Pro-Mix soil (Premier Horticulture Inc., PA, USA). Soil was fertilized once using Scotts Peter’s 20:10:20 peat lite special general fertilizer that contained 8.1% ammoniacal nitrogen and 11.9% nitrate nitrogen (Scottspro.com). Plants were irrigated using deionized or tap water. The acp4 and mod1 plants used in this study are described earlier (3, 22).
Grafting between wild-type (N background) and nahG (N background) plants was carried out at the vegetative stage. A vertical slit was made in the root stalk, above the third leaf from the base, and grafted with a wedge-shaped shoot with two to three newly developing leaves. Grafts were secured in place by wrapping the graft junction with parafilm. Plants were kept in a transparent box covered with saran wrap for 3 to 4 days and inoculated with TMV 10 days after grafting.
RNA extraction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
Small-scale extraction of RNA from two or three leaves (per sample) was performed with the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, CA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quality and concentration were determined by gel electrophoresis and determination of A260 (absorbance at 260 nm). Reverse transcription (RT) and first-strand cDNA (complementary DNA) synthesis were carried out using Superscript II (Invitrogen, CA). Quantitative RT polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out as described before (48). Each sample was run in triplicates, and ACTINII (At3g18780) expression levels were used as internal control for normalization. Cycle threshold values were calculated by SDS 2.3 software.
Protein extraction and immunoblot analysis
Proteins were extracted in buffer containing 50 mM tris-HCl (pH7.5), 10% glycerol, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM dithiothreitol, and 1× protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Protein concentration was measured by the Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad, CA). For Ponceau-S staining, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes were incubated in Ponceau-S solution [40% methanol (v/v), 15% acetic acid (v/v), and 0.25% Ponceau-S]. The membranes were destained using deionized water. Proteins (~50 μg) were fractionated on a 7 to 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to immunoblot analysis using ∝-PR-1 (tobacco) or ∝-PR-5 (Arabidopsis) antibodies (Agrisera). Immunoblots were developed using ECL (enhanced chemiluminesence) detection kit (Roche) or alkaline phosphatase–based color detection.
Pathogen infection and collection of phloem exudate and apoplastic fluid
Inoculations with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 were conducted as described before (3). The bacterial cultures were grown overnight in King’s B medium containing rifampicin and/or kanamycin. For analysis of SAR, the primary leaves were inoculated with MgCl2 or the avr bacteria (106 cfu ml−1), and 24 hours later, the systemic leaves were inoculated with vir bacteria (105 cfu ml−1). Unless noted otherwise, samples from the systemic leaves were harvested at 3 dpi. Petiole exudates were collected as described earlier (12, 14). PEX was assayed for bacterial growth to ensure that it did not contain any viable bacteria. Apoplastic fluid was collected as described earlier (49). The purity of apoplastic fluid was assayed by quantifying Pip levels, which is not present in the apoplastic fluid.
SA, G3P, AzA, Pip, and ABA treatments were carried out by using 500, 100, 1000, 1000, and 100 μM solutions, respectively. AzA was prepared in methanol and diluted in water. SA, G3P, and Pip were prepared and diluted in water. Sodium orthovanadate and omeprazole stocks were prepared in water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively, and the working concentration was prepared in protoplast buffer. All dilutions were freshly prepared before performing biological experiments.
G3P, SA, Pip, JA, and ABA quantifications
G3P quantifications were carried out as described earlier (12). SA and SAG were extracted and measured from ~ 0.1 g of FW leaf tissue, as described before (50). Pip quantifications were carried out using gas chromatography (GC)–MS (16). For quantification of SA and BA levels in wax extracts, the chloroform extracts were dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas, and samples were derivatized with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) containing 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) and analyzed by GC-MS. JA and ABA were extracted from ~ 0.5 g of FW leaf tissue. The leaf tissue was ground in liquid nitrogen with 100 ng of heptadecanoic acid (17:0) (Sigma-Aldrich) and extracted into 7 ml of methanol, dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas, resuspended in 1% acetic acid, and loaded onto a 500-mg C18 reverse-phase Sep-Pak column prewashed with 5 volumes of methanol followed by 5 volumes of 1 M acetic acid. The column was then washed with 5 volumes of 1 M acetic acid, and the sample was eluted with 5 volumes of methanol. The sample was dried under a stream of nitrogen, derivatized with diazomethane, and analyzed by GC-MS using selected ion-monitoring mode.
FA and lipid analysis
FA extraction was carried out by placing leaf tissue in 2 ml of 3% H2SO4 in methanol. After 30 min of incubation at 80°C, 1 ml of hexane with 0.001% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was added. The hexane phase was then transferred to vials for GC analysis. One-microliter samples were analyzed by GC on a Varian FAME 0.25 mm by 50 m column and quantified with flame ionization detection. For quantification of FAs, leaves (50 mg) were extracted together with an internal standard 17:0 (Sigma-Aldrich), and the FA levels were calculated on the basis of the detected peak areas corresponding to the FA retention time relative to the areas of the internal standard.
For lipid extraction, six to eight leaves were incubated at 75°C in isopropanol containing 0.001% BHT for ~15 min. To this, 1.5 ml of chloroform and 0.6 ml of water were added, and the samples were agitated at room temperature for 1 hour. The lipids were reextracted in chloroform: methanol (2:1) until the leaves were bleached. The aqueous content was removed by partitioning with 1 M KCl and water. The lipid extract was dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas and redissolved in 0.5 ml of chloroform. Lipid analysis and acyl group identification were carried out using the automated electrospray ionization–tandem MS facility at Kansas Lipidomics Research Center.
Analysis of wax and cutin components
For analysis of the wax components, 500 mg of 4-week-old leaves was immersed in 10 ml of chloroform for 10 s. The leaves were rinsed once more with 10 ml of chloroform for 10 s. An internal standard (20 μg of n-tetracosane) was added, and the extract was evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The samples were derivatized using diazomethane followed by 100 μl of pyridine and 100 μl of acetic anhydride. The sealed tubes were incubated for 1 hour at 60°C. The samples were again dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen and dissolved in 0.5 ml of heptane:toluene (1:1, v/v). The solution was washed with 400 μl of 1% NaHCO3 before GC-MS analysis.
Cutin monomer composition and content were determined using the sodium methoxide–catalyzed transmethylation method followed by acetylation of the hydroxyl groups, with acetic anhydride and GC-MS slightly modified as previously described (1, 51). After methanolysis, the methylene dichloride extract of cutin monomers was washed with 0.9% potassium chloride instead of 0.5 M sodium chloride. Both wax and cutin extracts were analyzed using GC-MS analysis on an HP-5 capillary column.
SA transport assays
For SA transport, [14C] SA (1 μCi/ml; specific activity, 50 mCi/mmol; PerkinElmer Inc.) was suspended in 10 mM MgCl2 and used for infiltrations with or without avrRpt2. The resulting solution contained 20 μM SA and was injected into the abaxial surface of 4-week-old Arabidopsis leaves. Three leaves per plant were infiltrated with ~0.05 ml of 14C-SA solution. The plants were then kept in a growth chamber set at 14-hour light and 10-hour dark photoperiods. The leaf samples were extracted using the SA extraction method described before (50). The samples were quantified using a liquid scintillation counter, and extracts containing [14C] radioactivity were loaded onto a silica gel 60 thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and developed using toluene: methanol: acetic acid (45:8:4, by volume). The TLC plates were exposed in a storage phosphorimage screen (GE), and the bands were visualized by Typhoon PhosphorImager.
Measuring plasmodesmal permeability
Intact leaves of 3-week-old soil-grown Arabidopsis plants were bombarded with a plasmid for expression of GFP using microprojectile bombardment as previously described (52). Three biological replicates in duplicate were performed. Bombarded plants were kept in growth chambers for 24 hours before individual transformed cells were identified using a Leica SP8 White Light Laser confocal microscope using the 488-nm line of the argon ion laser for excitation and emission collected between 505 and 530 nm. Layers of cells containing trafficked GFP surrounding the transformed cells were counted. Images were collected with a 25× 0.95 NA water immersion lens.
Protoplast and chloroplast transport assays
Chloroplasts and protoplasts were prepared as described before (53, 54), quantified using a hemocytometer, and suspended at a concentration of 107/ml or 106/ml, respectively. For transport assays, 50 to 100 μl of chloroplasts or protoplasts was incubated with 2 μM 14C-SA for 1 hour, analyzed microscopically before and after four washes, and quantified for the amount of radiolabel using a liquid scintillation counter.
Water use efficiency and water potential
To test for WUE, we measured gas exchange (in light; 500 μmol m−2 s−1) of an open-flow system (LI-6800, Li-Cor, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) equipped with a multiphase flash fluorometer as the light source. In the sample chamber, air temperature was set to 24°C, relative humidity at 70%, airflow rate at 500 μmol s−1, and the sample CO2 at 400 μmol mol−1. Leaves that were still attached to the plants were placed in the 6-cm2 area chamber, and because the leaves were smaller than 6 cm2, normalization of WUEs was carried out. The infrared gas analyzers (sample and reference) were matched before assays of each leaf. After gas exchange equilibrated, for each leaf and at each light level, three measures were logged. These three measures were used to estimate the mean photosynthetic condition of the leaf, and this mean was used in the analysis. WUE is calculated as the assimilation and transpiration rate. Water potential was quantified using a pressure chamber (model 3000, Soilmoisture Equipment Corp., Santa Barbara, CA USA).
NMR spectra of SA at varying pH were collected using a 400-MHz Bruker Avance NEO NMR (Billerica, MA, USA). The samples were made with 300 μl of DMSO-d6 and 400 μl of sample in buffer solution of corresponding pH 2.5, 4.5, or 7.0. The pulse sequence used for NMR analysis was a Bruker standard sequence “zgesgp,” which is a water suppression sequence using excitation sculpting with gradients. The transmitter offset frequency was placed at the corresponding water peak (4.506 ppm for pH 2.5 and 4.5, 4.513 ppm for pH 7). All samples were then reference to DMSO (2.5 ppm). Assignments made via comparison of assignments as described before (55).
Statistics and reproducibility
For pathogen assays, ~16 plants/genotype/treatment were analyzed in a single experiment. At least three to four technical replicates/genotype/treatment were plated. For metabolite quantification, ~12 plants/genotype/treatment were analyzed in each experiment. Experiments were repeated at least two to three times with a different set of plants as indicated in the figure legends. Unless otherwise mentioned, error bars indicate SD.
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/19/eaaz0478/DC1
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Acknowledgments: We thank J. Li for mod1 seeds, D. Klessig for ∝-PR-1 antibody, and R.-D. Jeong for help with transmission electron microscopy. We thank S. Wolf and R. Jetter for advice, J. Johnson for help with analytical analysis, and W. Havens and A. Crume for technical help. Funding: This work was supported by grants from National Science Foundation (MCB#0421914 and IOS#051909), Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation (#1244), Kentucky Soybean Board (3084113467), and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Hatch project 1014539). Author contributions: The SAR experiments, metabolite levels, gene expression, and protein levels were analyzed by G.-H.L. K.Y., H.L., R.L., and P.K. The protoplasts transport assays were carried out by H.L. and K.Y. 14C-SA–based plant transport assays were carried out by K.Y. PD permeability assays were carried out by T.B.-S. Water potential and WUE assays were carried out by N.M., R.L., and P.K. NMR analysis was carried out by J.K.M. with help from K.Y. and H.L. P.K. conceptualized the research. P.K. and A.K. supervised the project and wrote the manuscript with help from all the authors. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
You are going to email the following The plant cuticle regulates apoplastic transport of salicylic acid during systemic acquired resistance
By Gah-Hyun Lim, Huazhen Liu, Keshun Yu, Ruiying Liu, M. B. Shine, Jessica Fernandez, Tessa Burch-Smith, Justin K. Mobley, Nicholas McLetchie, Aardra Kachroo, Pradeep Kachroo
Science Advances 06 May 2020 : eaaz0478
Transport of salicylic acid is important for systemic immunity and is regulated by osmotic pressure and cuticle permeability.
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Product Launches Launch: 1 Workout 4 Life: Personal Trainer Releases FREE Fitness App on Apple (iOS) and Android Devices
Launch: 1 Workout 4 Life: Personal Trainer Releases FREE Fitness App on Apple (iOS) and Android Devices
Carly Zed Zander
A new smartphone sports and fitness app, 1 Workout 4 Life, launched by Fitness Spark Plug, is designed to get people in shape and keep them in shape - not just for the short-term, but long-term too. This flagship program is free to download on Google Play and the Apple App Store.
To celebrate its launch, 1 Workout 4 Life is running a nationwide transformation contest with a grand prize of $3,000. The deadline to enter is February 28, 2019, and no purchase is necessary (open to U.S. residents, age 18+, only).
Matthew Jay Fogle is the app's creator as well as a certified personal trainer. He says, "1 Workout 4 Life is the most sustainable gym workout on the planet."
The app is simple to follow and takes a whole-body approach to fitness. It's a complete workout that users can cycle for their entire life - not just 21 days, 30 days and so on.
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1 Workout 4 Life is a combination of exercise routines that uses multiple rep ranges and rest intervals, a mixture of cables, dumbbells, barbells and other modalities. It also includes compound and isolated movements for enhanced progression and targets all the major muscle groups.
People can easily customize their routines based on how many times per week they exercise. There are separate workouts for men and women, and each day's routine can be accomplished in about 45 minutes.
There are more than 40 exercises in the program, and video demonstrations are available at the touch of convenient links. Nutrition and lifestyle articles are also included in the app to give users a higher chance of success.
"1 Workout 4 Life is specifically designed to not only give users better health, but to also make them more aesthetically fit," Fogle says. "Most workout routines miss the point about proportional aesthetics. Many people who work out look like they go to the gym, but that doesn't mean they look good or healthy.
"If you care about making a splash socially or at work - creating more sales, being in command while public speaking, or doing whatever it is God has called you to do - it's important to walk into a room or onto a platform with a relaxed and charismatic stature. This program is specifically designed to do that for people."
Fogle is excited about the app's launch and its greater mission which is two-fold - to spread the love of fitness around the world and to communicate his Christian faith.
"It is God's calling for me to do this," he says.
For more information: https://www.1workout4life.com/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/1Workout4Life
Facebook: https://facebook.com/1Workout4Life
* VIDEO (YouTube): https://youtu.be/JH4iPaTBuFA
Related link: https://www.1workout4life.com/
Personal Trainer Releases FREE Fitness App on Apple (iOS) and Android Devices
This version of news story was published on and is Copr. © Advertising Industry Newswire™ (AdvertisingIndustryNewswire.com) - part of the Neotrope® News Network, USA - all rights reserved. Information is believed accurate but is not guaranteed. For questions about the above news, contact the company/org/person noted in the text and NOT this website.
https://AdvertisingIndustryNewswire.com
Author Carly Zander has written for numerous publications including CrossMedia and Search Engine Intelligence, and in the music business for outfits like Neotrope® Records. She is a full-time content manager for the Neotrope® News Network.
Boxing and Weightlifting
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"The most difficult task we can have as a human being is to love others for all the reasons that make it difficult for us to do so... hatred is the way to disaster, respect and love for others outline the path to strength."
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We can build you a tour, exclusively built with your interests and community in mind.
Please contact us if you are interested in building a private tour for your community.
Previous Tours:
Memorial Ceremony Tour
Trip cost: $3200, includes all tour guides and tour fees, accommodation, transportation & most meals. Registration is currently closed, but we do have spaces available – and can register people by phone until the trip is full. Please Email Beth@afcfp.org to inquire.
A Reason for Hope
Trip cost: $2950, includes all tour guides and tour fees, accommodation, transportation & most meals.
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Category Archives: Story Room
Found again.
Of all people, it was Starbuccaneer Barista that found Spider. Ridiculously clever, she had lured him out of a Whitehead Crossing related collage in the Fal Mouth Moon with a bowl of dog food.
“Uhmmmm, yes: eat it up my precious Spider dog,” the resurrected Star said slyly. For she knew that a position of power would soon be in store for her because of this. She must speak to Baker Blinker asap; tell her of what she saw in the corridor. Share notes.
“So that’s where I come from,” said Queen Alma I from the future, peering in again. “A merger of Starbuccaneer Barista and Baker Blinker.”
“And Carrcassonnee,” Hucka Doobie added. “She was strong at the time, having just absorbed the 11th. Tasted like chicken again to her.” He smiled slyly slightly.
“But little Spider would go back into the collages to be lost again. And again. And yet again and again.”
“And again!” Hucka Doobie added again. “You see, he was mistakenly rewarded for entering the collages. Dog food, sticks, squeeze dolls. All these lured him out but also kept him going back, knowing the endpoint.”
“How did it end?” the Queen asked. “Is he still in the collages even now?”
“Yes,” came Hucka Doobie’s answer. “He eventually became All Collages.”
Cardboard Derek Jones suddenly slid his way into the room through the seams of the closed door. “My Majesty. And… um, sire. The dog has reappeared again!”
“What synchronicity!” Hucka Doobie exclaimed.
“Too much so I would say,” says a more cautious Queen Alma I, reading out of a red book that had appeared in her hands. “I’m checked the script now. Spider has learned how to traverse time.”
“Then we’re all in big, big trouble,” returned a suddenly worried Hucka. “Big big trouble.”
Cardboard Derek Jones slides quickly toward them, holding forth a picture, which turns out to be an animation as the Queen and Hucka jointly stare in disbelieve. In it, Baker Bloch and Master Shake also jointly stare in disbelieve as a giant dog turns into a horse before their very eyes.
“That’s it,” Hucka Doobie says in finality, seeing Spider being fed/rewarded from “within”. “We’ve got to speak to Story Room about the 11th.”
Filed under **VIRTUAL, collages 2d, Jeogeot^^, Noru^, Story Room
Collagesity Mysteries 01
About a week and a 1/2 ago, an avatar named Tseten Thokmey bought my Hector land for a sum I deemed just barely adequate for the transaction. I loved that land! Still do. I could live around the Rubi forest once again. But look at what Tseten has done: he’s essentially extended the forest into his farm! A bucolic existence he has carved out. More power to him, and I’ll probably have some things to say about Tseten later on. Just yesterday or the day before, land came up for sale bordering the lower part of his farm. Was I tempted to, once more, buy next to the Great Rubi Forest? Yes, a bit. But I realize that I’m committed to Noru, and the hard fought battle is now over with. Time to heal the wounds and not open them up again. Tseten would have made a fantastic neighbor, and, yes, we could have extended his farm and the forest as a whole even further…
… but, then again, I have a fantastic new neighbor in Noru now! My previous neighbor in Philudoria, Veyot, during the original incarnation of VWX Town there last summer, has decided to commit to a piece of the excitement happening in Collagesity, purchasing a 512 parcel just behind the Power Tower Gallery. Her purchase basically extends the town in a westerly direction, making Collagesity almost run the entire 256 meter east-west extent of Noru. Not quite but fairly close. I’m continually surprised how synchronicities like this work, and I view the neighbor quandry, quickly resolved mind you, as a kind of residue energy of the whole Noru-Rubi “battle”. Instead of Baker Bloch becoming the neighbor of Tseten in Rubi, Veyot becomes Baker Bloch’s neighbor in Noru. Another red-blue exchange, then.
And her parcel is very nature oriented as well. 🙂 A nice East End park for certain. And I’ll have more to say about Veyot later on as well, as things continue to develop in the new town. What up with all those things going on in the Confluence Place??
Baker also recently visited the village he created in Yeot this past spring. Presently, he has no way to further alter the strange, little burg, but he’s just come up with a name: Gong. Or Gongsity. More recently he went there to copy Edward’s Building/Gallery to place in Collagesity.
Gongsity.
Gongsity, with namesake Gong’s waters made transparent.
So, returning to Collagesity, there are many mysteries yet to be solved or even revealed, like the fact that the red and blue robots on either side of the Coolie Building (since moved) lie directly north and south of each other, and on Hi Way and Lo Way respectively. I didn’t plan this alignment; I didn’t plan a lot of Collagesity’s alignments that just *happened*.
I just received a text message that Carrcassonnee has suggested we call her home the Cardinal Place instead of the Confluence Place. I’ll add it to the original town meeting’s docket, which should be happening pretty soon.
“Red/Blue”:
http://bakerblinker.wordpress.com/2012/02/18/43270/
Along with Carrcasssonnee, we’ve already talked to ballerina Dona in this blog, apparent twin to the very similarly colored flower directly behind her as seen in the camera angle below. And we’ve actually already talked to this “flower” in the blog, as a blog spirit I mean (think: Hucka D., primary blog spirit). I wonder if Dona and/or Flower know Carrcassonnee? I would imagine so.
Looking up Tired Falls toward the heart of the village. The buildings around this falls are among its oldest, originally forming a smaller settlement called Tired Falls itself. This according to several of our blog spirits, including Hucka D., Carrcassonnee, and maybe Dona/Flower. I’ll certainly have more to say about this original settlement soon.
I’ve noticed a resemblance between Collagesity and the fairly similarly sized Lake District village of Stonethwaite, England, the latter being the subject of a good chunk of my most recent and also largest collage series called Falmouth, housed in the Fal Mouth Moon gallery in town. And, yes, I’ll have more to say about that soon as well.
Check this out: my collage reinvented Stonethwaite and Noru’s Collagesity both have blue bikes (!) Are they the *same* bike? Could be. Perhaps the super band Story Room will have some things to say about that. The blue man next to the bike is one of its 3 members that I know of, although a fourth is rumored. But I can hear Hucka D.’s talk echoing in my head, as he says, “there’s always a rumored 4th [about groups of 3].” He’s probably right.
In the largest Falmouth collage, Story Room’s red member balances out the blue one on its opposite side. But since the collage goes ’round in a big circle, the red and blue beings are also actually next to each other. Why is blue upright and red sideways? Why does “Red’s” ruby red feet impossibly project through the corner of a Stonethwaite building? More blue-red mysteries for certain!
Filed under **VIRTUAL, collages 2d, Jeogeot^^, Lake District, Noru^, Story Room, United Kingdom
February 9, 2014 · 9:21 am
“Story Room” Animation (!)
My first real animation, modest as it is. Based upon the Otoe series collages, and the way they work best with each other in my mind. Created in Windows Live Movie Maker; excited about this (!)
Filed under animation, Carrcass Artists, collages 2d, MAPS, Murmur, Qbrick, Stanley, Shining, The, Story Room, Washington
The Story Room-ish Invasion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Grief,_Idaho
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Grief,_Charlie_Brown:_A_Tribute_to_Charles_Schulz
Good Grief!
Filed under Beetles, The, collages 2d, Idaho, MAPS, Story Room
Spilling the Beans on The Residents.
http://www.texasescapes.com/They-Shoe-Horses-Dont-They/Three-Bean-Salad.htm
According to one source he had one blue and one brown eye.
Filed under MAPS, Story Room, Texas
Steptoe Series 01
The little collage series I’m presently calling Steptoe, forming *very* quickly in the last couple of days, could be over and done with except for polishing up some of the pictures. I’m going to start analyzing the results.
Collage 01
This is supposedly the band Story Room in their geometric masks, posing on a Washington state road with Steptoe Butte in the distance. Hucka D. also states that Steptoe Butte is the name of the sometimes lead singer of the band, which is a kind of play on Michael Stipe of the REMs, who figure into Carrcass-10. Already confused? I sorta am too so bear with me. The three band members of Story Room also don different colored disguises… but what I’m initially confused about is as follows. The yellow figure is most strongly established, representing Tom’s Petty High, a variant band of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers used in Carrcass-10. So let’s back up again to a *Collage 00*.
This particular collage, the actual first such creation of the new series if expanded this way, is a cartoon-ish representation of a scene in The Shining where Danny is playing with his toy vehicles on a geometric Overlook Hotel rug. Suddenly a yellow ball rolls in from the bottom of the screen (depicted as yellow-green in the cartoon). Where did it come from? Danny calls for his mother, thinking or hoping she is playing with him. The door to Room 237 down the hall, formerly locked, stands open and ready for entry. So that’s the center of the collage — Danny playing with his toys and the (yellow) ball rolling in, perhaps originating from the ultra-mysterious Room 237 itself.
But what of the tiled circle of squares and triangles surrounding this inner rug area? This has become a symbol of Carrcass-10 itself, enclosing and fixing the spacio-temporal essence of The Shining in a new way. As the movie The Shining takes as its base Stephen King’s source novel of the same name and elaborates upon it, so too does C-10 for the movie. It is a new movie in essence, smaller and leaner and cleaner perhaps. You lose something but you also gain something. This is *not* a replacement for The Shining movie, but an alternate way of looking at it.
We begin the new work, then, with not Wendy Carlos’ “Dies Irae”, a reinterpretation of a Hector Berlioz movement from his essential Symphonie Fantastique, but Petty’s “Running Down a Dream”, a popular late 1980s rock single. The opening visuals remain exactly the same, however: Jack’s yellow VW bug navigating the windy mountain roads leading to the Overlook Hotel. For the beginning of Carrcass-10, we’ve then simply substituted the original soundtrack in the movie for a different “soundtrack”. Does it work? Very much so!
Why the name change from Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers to a different, “variant” name? the reader might ask here. It’s just part of the process: every artist used in a carrcass — and these number now not only the negative valued 10 but many more *positive* valued ones — can earn a variant name as repurposed. They’re allowed that option and also maybe one could call it even an “honor”. Sometimes variant names take a while to develop. Story Room is a recent development, and one that goes so far as to mask even the original band it’s based upon. Story Room and Carrcass-10 are most linked. Story Room is represented by the red of the tiled circle in the above picture. The red aspect most defines the circle — the blue and yellow squares/triangles merely enhance an original idea. So we’re back to the beginning again: who is Story Room?
Story Room is the red figure with the sphere topped body. He’s the boss. He calls the shots. *From* him (or her) emerges two more figures: the yellow, tetahedron masked being we’ve identified with Tom’s Petty High (variant of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers), and then the blue cube topped figure identifed with REM (variant name pending) and lead singer Steptoe Butte (Michael Stipe variant). The new little collage series, also named “Steptoe”, seems to be more about attempting to structure a variant name for REM/Michael Stipe, to follow up on the seeming success of the transformation of Tom Petty and the HB to Tom’s Petty High. The chosen name for Stipe is, first and last name, Steptoe Butte. This comes directly from a very interesting landscape feature of the same name in eastern Washington state, depicted in the distance in the first collage above. Why Steptoe for Michael? Okay, so this was the lead-in: in looking up Stipe in a geographic database, only a handful of entries came up. One was Stipe Cemetery very near Steptoe Butte. So it was examining Stipe Cemetery on maps and photos that led me quickly to this butte. I found it interesting that if you replace the “o” with an “i” in the “Steptoe”, you’d have an anagram of “Stipe”.
Collage 02:
So what happens in Collage 02 of the series is that we move into Stipe Cemetery itself, prompted by a blurb on Michael Stipe uncovered in a search for “Stipe Cemetery” images? I link to this article and the related picture in this blog post below (“Stipe”). Elements of this particular image of Stipe will show up a little later in the series.
Danny of The Shining reappears on the edge of this cemetery. He’s discovered the top of the yellow figure in the preceding collage, hopefully just the tetrahedronal mask and not his whole, mostly buried body (!) Collage 02 actually comes in two parts. As Danny is staring at the golden tetrahedron, it changes, in the resulting animation, into his yellow ball from Collage 00, the one that rolls up to him apparently from the now open Room 237 and seeming to invite him into that sinister lair. What’s this ball now doing in Stipe Cemetery in Washington state?
It seems to have something to do with the fact that in the Shining movie, the hotel manager tells Jack and Wendy at one point that the hotel is built on an old Indian burial ground. In this way, the Washington cemetery of this collage becomes the grounds of the hotel itself, and Danny’s geometric rug transforms into the cemetery’s grassy turf.
The other two members of Story Room look on, blue and red. We’ve already identified the blue being more with Michael Stipe and his REMs, and so perhaps that’s why he comes to the forefront more in a collage based in Stipe Cemetery.
It’s a strange thing, but I realized early on in this collage generating that collages 01, 02, 03 actually run backwards in time, with Collage 03 representing the actual beginning of Carrcass-10/The Shining with Jack’s yellow VW, and Collage 02 a later scene with Danny and the yellow ball and the open Room 237. The two yellow objects, car and ball, become one in the process. Tom’s Petty High takes on the yellow hue because their music is playing now the whole time we see the yellow car driving through the mtns. to the hotel. Danny playing with his toy vehicles later on in the hotel and the yellow ball rolling up (after Jack is awarded the winter caretaker position during the interview he drives to), is a microcosm of the opening — toy vehicles replacing the real ones parked in the hotel lot, and of course, the yellow ball represents the arriving yellow bug or yellow VW.
So in Collage 02, the ball is the VW and the cemetery is the hotel due to the Indian burial ground reference. Why is this Stipe cemetery? Well, it’s because Stipe/REM will factor in two additional tiles of Carrcass-10, just like Tom’s Petty High “before” it. And through this usage, Stipe transforms into Steptoe, a variant name. Clear as mud now, eh?
(continue)
Filed under collages 2d, Murmur, Story Room, Tom's Petty High
Postcard from Steptoe
Story Room consists of 3 individuals who don the geometric shapes sphere, tetrahedron and cube to mask their true identities. Sometimes lead singer Steptoe Butte is from Whitman County, Washington.
From the Uncyclopedia entry on Steptoe Butte:
“He was a striking-looking guy and he also bought weird records, which not everyone in the store did”, collaborator Pete StarBuck recalled. The two became friends and eventually decided to form a band.[1] StarBuck and Steptoe started writing music together;[2] at the time Steptoe also spent time in a local group named Raid.[3] The pair were soon joined by Bill Mills and Mike Berry and named themselves Murmur, a name Steptoe selected at random from the dictionary.[4]
“Hucka D., clarify for me something. Wouldn’t Steptoe be the blue figure here?”
Is he the yellow figure as well?
The red figure is the boss.
That’s Story Room.
I’m confused. I thought the name of the band was, or is, Story Room.
It is. (pause)
Where does Tom’s Petty High fit in[ here]?
Yellow. Lemon yellow.
Each… sorry.
Each rule over their portions of The Shining that come before or after. So Tom’s Petty High rules the psychiatrist-Danny scene. What have you renamed that recently?
The Story Room. Oh, wait. That’s — I know what you’re talking about now — that’s the Bear Pillow Scene, with all the little blips and sparkles, at least a handful that seem to mean something.
Sorry as well: actually Story Room rules that scene. So that’s why you have the word “strange” highlighted spoken by the doctor, and then the Duck just afterwards. The duck is both the lemon colored VW that protagonist [sic?] Jack drives to the Overlook Hotel to start the movie, and also Duck, WV, then. The presence of The Duck demonstrates the rule of Story Room, see.
Story Room had a lot of fun with that room.
Isn’t Story Room, though, the room in the exact center of the Shining with all the rainbow colors, Hucka? Rainbow man Hallorann lies in the middle. Soon to shine. [no answer]
Circle of 12?
“So much information coming in now, Hucka D.”
Move into REM. What’s the variant name?
Unsure Hucka D. Should I check UmapS?
That it?
Story Room?
I am the manager. We put out 1-10 records, you guess. But certainly “What’s Up Doc?”. We got sued by Warner Brothers.
Did you now?
Yes. Cash. Sue. Cash. Nickel and dime. Goldberry.
bb (offering):
Macon bacon?
Denison. Denizen.
So… Story Room? What’s the deal-i-o?
Well, the sueing. Then the settlements. Settle.
What is the lemon message in The Shining?
What he said.
Murder.
Is Story Room created through the CHRO system?
Munck.
Hmmm. Is it a code? Is it like the lemon code?
Make your graphic.
“So this is how Story Room wants Carrcass-10 to be represented.” [no answer]
It makes sense. Story Room is the (red) circle, all encompassing. Tom’s Petty High is yellow, reduced or condensed into a tight triangle. REM is blue. But it’s not REM.
Filed under collages 2d, Qbrick, Stanley, Shining, The, Story Room, Tom's Petty High
C-10 02
(continued from)
So here’s C-10 in tile order, Hucka. Are you up for this. I’m kinda cold myself.
Think warmth. I’ll help.
“The Shining: Forwards and Backwards” experiment by John Fell Ryan has rainbow man Hallorann in the exact center. His powers extend fowards (blue) and backwards (red) in time. According to Icke forum poster Mata, Hallorann is seen being murdered in the 1921 black and white photo at the end of the film. It’s like Meredith Hunter at Altamont.
“That’s where he becomes totally dark, totally black (man). Just like at the beginning. Story Room knows.”
Oh, so you’re ready to speak of Story Room, then.
I’m not in this post.
We open with Tom’s Petty High playing their hit single “Runaway Beach”. No it’s Tom Petty’s “Running Down a Dream.” The cue is very very simple. Let the first guitar lick of the song fall right on the first frame of the film, where we see Wild Goose Island mirrored in St. Mary Lake. And I’ve already mentioned the cue for Petty’s second and last contribution to C-10: it’s the silvery glint from the mouth of none other than our rainbow man Halloran again, just beyond the center of the film and where he’s still laying in the same bed and starting to psychically communicate with Danny up in Colorado, apparently. This is “Don’t Come Around Here No More”, a *tile* which Hucka D. says he likes better than Petty’s own video for the song. So that’s the two Tom Petty songs. And with this inclusion Petty and his band also earn the distinction of a variant name: Tom’s Petty High. “Running Down a Dream” could be seen as a drug song — references to “flying”, for example. “DCAHNM” is also about drugs, most likely, a stronger message. In the tile this overlaps the Room 237 sequence of the film, if not its chronological center then certainly its psychological one. And it’s also not the center of C-10, Hucka D. Oh, I forgot[ he’s not here]. So Jack County, Texas highlights Jack’s VW, and the association with Petty’s “RDaD” through the Runaway reference. We’ve covered that. Petty-High somewhat east in the same state references the drug aspect. Remember White Rock-Petty/Petteway? Of course you do. Along with the only other US Petty, also in Texas and in vacuous Lynn County, near New Home, near Dune, near the county’s oldest community of Grassland founded by Enos and Thomas Seeds.
Jack drives a yellow VW Beetle up the Going-to-the-Sun Road started in 1921 to the Overlook Hotel. There both he and his son play with a yellow ball, which mysteriously seems to roll from the direction of Room 237 down the hall while Danny is playing with his trucks and cars on the hotel’s 2nd floor carpet. This mirrors Jack’s approach to the hotel and its parking lot of same in the opening sequence (accompanied by Petty’s song now). Danny thinks his mother might have playfully rolled the ball, but she seems to be in the boiler room downstairs. Jack is at his typewriter dreaming. Danny enters Room 237. He wears an Apollo sweater, which many have connected to the Apollo space program, and perhaps even faked lunar landing footage. Some just assoc. this with Apollo as a sun god, resonant with the yellow “solar” orb rolled in his direction. Sun=son. Yellow ball “caught” by a carpet [hexagon] design with south opening is also part of the Colorado flag design. This flag, almost always paired with Old Glory, is seen many times in various places around the hotel during the film. Early, Jack plays with this same yellow ball, taking his frustration out over not being able to write by hurling it against the Indian murals present in the Colorado Lounge. Some have connected Room 237 with the approx. 237000000 miles between the Earth and the Moon, and Danny rising from the floor as the launching of the Apollo mission rocket. Room 237 he then enters holds the key to the mysteries of the fake moon shootings. Mata has connected this with possible intrusions of reptilian aliens commonly known as Greys, who told the Apollo landing crew to don’t come around here no more unless receiving clearance.
And what of Hucka D.’s Lemon World from the BB Blog? Too bad he’s not here to speak further on that and other subjects.
(continued in)
Filed under Carrcass Artists, Qbrick, Stanley, Shining, The, Story Room, Tom's Petty High
Carrcass-10 Declassified (!!)
“Hucka D., I believe we might have a little time to go into this table tonight. This is not *The* Table, but it’s an excerpt, or the equivalent thereof.”
Yes. (pause)
And I believe you might be thinking that we had to declassify this section because of the Texas material.
Yes. (pause) Texas.
So Hucka, I’m so so interested in learning about Story Room (!)
Well, I can’t say I want you to wait. It’s a band within a band that’s also the band that has a band within.
And “What’s Up Doc?” is their 4th, 7th, 10th album? (smiles)
10th. Just like the carrcass.
Excellent. So… this album is manufactured on purpose to synchronize with the various illuminated parts of The Shining.
Are you, say, their *manager*?
Do you want to say more about that table above tonight?
I suppose I could. The table is The Shining front to back, dividing the movie into, let’s see, 34 sections. Each successive section takes up right where the previous one ends, with one exception.
Ex-section.
And I think I will find where this particular cue is… probably talk about it more later. Dick Hallorann begins to shine in his room in Florida, when he seems to get in contact with Danny in Colorado. The shining moment kind of *begins* when a shiny glint in his mouth occurs, Hucka D. I’m going to get a screen capture.
Take your time. I’ll be here.
And this is the cue in the movie to start a 2nd Petty song in the carrcass, “Don’t Come Around Here No More”.
Might as well include the lyrics at the end of this post, yes.
But this particular section… 22 in the Movie Order column of the table above… reverses time a bit and overlaps with section 21 before it. We have (checks) about 43 seconds reversed. And both of these sections are also *tiles* and so part of Carrcass-10. The movie is divided into 34 sections here to highlight what is tiled and what is not tiled within. The tiled parts are collaged together into Carrcass-10.
… in the order according to the Tile column.
(pause) Yes.
You see that the tiles come in order according to the movie sequence, basically speaking. But again there are exceptions.
The two Room 237 scenes are knitted together through my song “2-3-7”.
*Your* song?
Yes. Then “Black Man” knits the two final tiles together, which are separate in the film. Both near the end, true, but separate. Cube Brick liked this, and saw that I had gone beyond him just as he went beyond King. He had a source to alter and I had a source. He put a stamp of approval on it[ in other words]. I had a derivative and he had one. “Black Man” solves the problem of the gaping mouthed Wendy. It distracts. Cube Brick knew this too. In my version we simply have the kill — *CUT!* (Hucka D. shouts this very loudly here) — and then the end of the film with the black and white photo and Jack back in 1921 again.
And a point to make here, perhaps, is that *anyone* can try this at home. Start Petty’s “Don’t Come Around Here No More” at the spot already discussed where Hallorann’s tooth glints or mouth glints or whatever. I’m reminded from that table it’s 071:02 into the film. That’s 1 hour 11 minutes and 2 seconds. The glint last several frames. The test is that we should enter room 237 on the beat. Here’s the video Petty and Associates cooked up for the single, Hucka D. Which do you think is better?
Which do you think?
You haven’t read the liner notes to “What’s Up Doc?”, then.
I suppose I haven’t. Anything else tonight?
Don’t forget the lyrics.
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/tompettyandtheheartbreakers/dontcomearoundherenomore.html
“Don’t Come Around Here No More”
Whatever you’re looking for
Hey! don’t come around here no more
I’ve given up, I’ve given up
I’ve given up on waiting any longer
I’ve given up, on this love stronger
I don’t feel you any more
you darken my door
I’ve given up, you tangle my emotions
I’ve given up, honey please admit it is over
Stop walking down my street
Who do you expect to met?
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About BAPEMED
Administrative Board
Back to School for Personalized Medicine with BAPEMED and Medical University of Plovdiv
By БАПЕМЕД
Back to School for Personalized Medicine with BAPEMED and Medical University of Plovdiv2017-07-082017-09-08https://bapemed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/bapemed-eng-long-90.pngБългарска асоциация за персонализирана медицинаhttps://bapemed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/dna-pld.jpg200px200px
Personalized Medicine School – “40 Years Sequencing – a New Era in Contemporary Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine”
The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977. Forty years later, Bulgarian Association for Personalized Medicine (BAPEMED) devotes its next Personalized Medicine School to sequencing, which has become a revolution in the science and practice. The evet entitled “40 Years Sequencing – a New Era in Contemporary Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine” will take place on 3rd and 4th November 2017 in Plovdiv.
A co-organizer and a host of the second Personalized Medicine School, that is focused on sequencing and some other innovative techniques and methods in the field of personalized medicine, is Medical University of Plovdiv. In fact, in April 2017 Medical University of Plovdiv held the first in Bulgaria course called “Molecular, personalized and regenerative medicine”. Before this, in 2014, the University organized the first workshop for molecular medicine in which foreign guest-lecturers took part. Moreover, pharmacogenetics was entered in the curriculum of the students of Medicine, Dental Medicine and Pharmacy.
The event on 3-4 November 2017 is extension of the first of its kind Personalized Medicine School in Bulgaria, which was dedicated to oncohematology and had immense interest. Following one of its main priorities – the education, with the next educational forum BAPEMED aims to make available information for sequencing as a key method that is used in diagnostics and personalized medicine. The Association strives to give a chance of the participants for access to global innovations, exchange and sharing ideas, experience and good practices and for contact with leading specialist from Bulgaria and abroad.
In the first and second part of the forum Bulgarian and foreign lecturers will present to the audience some different kinds of sequencing – direct sequencing (Sanger sequencing), pyrosequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS), and their practical use and application.
The School will continue with lectures dedicated to other innovative methods and technologies in the contemporary medicine – medical simulators, 2D/ 3D in vitro cell-based bioassays, and 3D bioprinting.
The forth panel of the Personalized Medicine School will be focused on the conception for personalized medicine and the need of its integration in practice and healthcare systems. Collection, storage and analyses of great amount of data from sequencing, as well as real world data/ real world evidence and questions and problems connected with them will be an accentuation of this part of the forum. We will hear institutions/ organizations point of view.
Along with leading Bulgarian specialists – Corr. mem. Prof. Dr. Stefan Kostianev (Medical University of Plovdiv), Prof. Alexey Savov (National Genetic Laboratory, Sofia), Assoc. prof. Radka Kaneva (Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University of Sofia), Assoc. prof. Vili Stoianova (Medical University of Plovdiv), Prof. Dr. Soren Hayrabedyan (Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction), many guest-lecturers will take part in the event – Prof. Sue Hill (NHS England) and Prof. Sian Ellard (Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Bogi Eliasen (Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies), Dr. Marie-Claire Parker (Stratified Medicine Scotland Innovation Centre), Erik Söderbäck (QIAGEN), Prof. Dr. Colin McGuckin and Dr. Nicolas Forraz (CTIBIOTECH, Lyon, France), Dr. Deyan Mehandjiev (Novartis Pharma Services Inc.), Peter Ianakiev (Hera Biosciences LLC), Assist. Prof. Dr. Arseni Markov (Institute of Human Genetics, UKM Muenster), representative from LifeCodexx AG.
Except the presentational part, the School will also include an interactive session targeted to the students in order to increase their interest and active participation in the field of personalized medicine. Formation of working groups headed by specialists form different fields with possibility for active dialogue and discussion is also planned.
The access for everyone, who is interested and wishes to take part in the second Personalized Medicine School, is free.
Do not miss the chance to register for the second Personalized Medicine School!
БАПЕМЕД
Announcement of Signed Grant Contract under Operational Programme “Good Governance”
A change in the leadership of BAPEMED
Health debate on the topic: “Inovations and assessment of health technologies – advantages and challenges”
What is BAPEMED
BAPEMED is an association of scientists, patients, medical and health care professionals, health care and educational institutions, service units and commercial structures in health care which fosters the better understanding and adoption of the concepts, services, and products of personalized medicine for the benefit of patients and the health care system.
Bulgarian Association for Personalized Medicine
45 Bacho Kiro Str., Sofia 1202
tel.: +359887400863; +359884706680
office@bapemed.org
www.bapemed.org
Bulgarian Association for Personalized Medicine © 2015-2017
Споделете този материал с хората, които са важни за Вас
A change in the leadership of BAPEMEDNews
Announcement of Signed Grant Contract under Operational Programme “Good Governance”News
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Marvin Books for download They Called Us Enemy DJVU
Created by Marvin 2019-09-17
fockoghiwissuro.md
#Books for download They Called Us Enemy DJVU
They Called Us Enemy
####They Called Us Enemy George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, Harmony Becker ebook
Format: pdf / epub
Publisher: IDW Publishing
Overview A stunning graphic memoir recounting actor/author/activist George Takei's childhood imprisoned within American concentration camps during World War II. Experience the forces that shaped an American icon — and America itself — in this gripping tale of courage, country, loyalty, and love.
George Takei has captured hearts and minds worldwide with his captivating stage presence and outspoken commitment to equal rights. But long before he braved new frontiers in Star Trek, he woke up as a four-year-old boy to find his own birth country at war with his father's — and their entire family forced from their home into an uncertain future.
In 1942, at the order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, every person of Japanese descent on the west coast was rounded up and shipped to one of ten "relocation centers," hundreds or thousands of miles from home, where they would be held for years under armed guard.
They Called Us Enemy is Takei's firsthand account of those years behind barbed wire, the joys and terrors of growing up under legalized racism, his mother's hard choices, his father's faith in democracy, and the way those experiences planted the seeds for his astonishing future.
What does it mean to be American? Who gets to decide? When the world is against you, what can one person do? To answer these questions, George Takei joins co-writers Justin Eisinger & Steven Scott and artist Harmony Becker for the journey of a lifetime.
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Saweetie shares the music video for her single “Back to the Streets” featuring Jhené Aiko – Music News
Blair CaldwellSaweetie drops the video for her single “Back to the Streets” featuring Jhené Aiko.
The two West Coast natives are floating on cloud nine, or so it seems, in the Dave Meyers-directed music video, which features Saweetie in a number of colorful wigs and stunning looks and Aiko in a mystical forest.
Meanwhile, Saweetie cruises around town with her girls in a magical land of girl power where beauty, fashion, and femininity reign supreme, rapping about not entertaining the men who don’t support her.
“Ride around town till I leave / I gave that boy a round and sent him back to the streets / Like la-da-dee-da-dee-da / Yeah, I send him back to the streets,” raps Saweetie on the track that was co-produced by Timbaland.
The female empowered anthem might be next to join her successful streak of hit singles including “Tap In,” “My Type,” and “ICY GRL.”
Next up, Saweetie is set to appear on The Wendy Williams Show on November 25, where she will discuss her forthcoming debut album, Pretty B**** Music, which is set to drop soon.
By Rachel George
Top Stocks To Short Today Amid COVID Fears And Stimulus Doubts
‘On a Night Like This’: Bon Jovi to livestream performance of new album next Friday – Music News
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Morning AARP: Turn That Music Down
By Beth Carpenter, August 18, 2010 10:11 AM
(via flattop341)
No, really. Turn those headphones down, kids! They really are hurting your hearing, as it turns out.
Morning headlines: Boomers are turning 65 in 137 days, and advertisers are starting to catch on (with a bonus quote from our Facebook commenters - thanks, guys!); Lou Gehrig may not have actually had Lou Gehrig's disease, it seems; and college entrance exam scores are down across the country. States got money from the federal government to rehire those teachers they laid off - but most districts can only stanch future layoffs.
TIME on the Pakistan floods:
But for now, there's only devastation and damage. "That's where my land used to be," says Hamir Soomro, gesturing toward the expanse of water that surrounds him. For as far as the eye travels in either direction, his family's 1,200 acres of rice- and wheat-growing land have been submerged. Only the tips of rice stalks can be seen. In the distance, there are trees and the crumbling remains of brick houses. The village itself has an eerie, haunted feel of abandonment. Even the police have deserted the area. "All that's left is a nice sunset," says Soomro, raising his hand to his forehead to get a clearer view of the full, orange sun dipping down in the distance, causing small waves in the water to shimmer gently.
roundup music
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By Isabelle Kirkwood Canadian Startup News July 23, 2020
Toronto-based Crescendo forms anti-racism coalition of North American tech companies
Crescendo, a Toronto-based startup that offers curated diversity and inclusion education, is calling on North American tech companies to ensure they deliver on their anti-racism commitments year-round.
Crescendo has also introduced specific anti-racist learning tracks, co-created with Black D&I professionals and creators.
Crescendo has created a coalition of several North American tech companies that are looking to directly address and tackle issues surrounding racism. The coalition includes Indeed, Clover Health, and Remitly, among others. The businesses in the coalition are working to implement new strategies that involve challenging conversations about different cultures and integrate this work into the culture of their companies.
“Indeed is proud to partner with Crescendo to leverage their phenomenal content and expertise globally, and ease the burden often felt by marginalized employees to educate their peers,” said LaFawn Davis, vice president of diversity, inclusion, and belonging at Indeed.
“Their commitment to using data and authentic narratives to measure success and drive cultural change aligns with Indeed’s values, provides continuous learning opportunities for our employees and supports our mission to help all people get jobs,” Davis added.
In recent months, businesses have shared messages of support for Black communities amid global protests against racial injustice. Crescendo said its aim is to ensure these business’ statements outlive this “emotionally-heightened period,” and go beyond donations and solidarity statements to incorporating actionable anti-racism education and commitments in their workplaces.
According to a D&I study from Crescendo conducted earlier this year, 100 percent of surveyed D&I leaders said that their team was too small given their responsibilities, with an average of one dedicated D&I employee per 743 employees, for companies below 5,000 employees.
RELATED: Report reveals widespread impact of COVID-19 on underrepresented entrepreneurs
An April report from the Canadian Women’s Chamber of Commerce and Dream Legacy Foundation found that eighty-five percent of underrepresented entrepreneurs in Canada experienced a loss in revenue, contracts, and cash flow during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Founded in 2017, Crescendo’s platform is designed to help companies build more inclusive workplaces. The solution is integrated with Slack, Microsoft Teams, and email, and aims to help professionals learn about different cultures through “personalized learning journeys.” Crescendo’s platform also provides D&I teams with insights into the impact of their D&I program.
In tandem with the long-running effort to increase anti-racism awareness and further their commitment to supporting Black communities, Crescendo has introduced specific anti-racist learning tracks, co-created with Black D&I professionals and creators.
The proceeds from their anti-racist materials are going directly to these content partners, as well as non-profit organizations that support Black lives year-round, including Freedom Schools via Black Lives Matter Toronto, The Okra Project, and Black Voters Matter Fund.
Similar initiatives that have been launched include the Coalition of Innovation Leaders Against Racism, which is mandated to combat systemic racism in the innovation economy, and the BlackNorth Initiative, which is aimed at removing systemic barriers for Black-owned businesses across Canada.
Image source Unsplash. Photo by Christina @ wocintechchat.com.
impacttoronto
Isabelle Kirkwood
Writer, globetrotter, drone pilot & David Attenborough enthusiast
Royal Bank of Canada, Borealis AI partner with Red Hat, NVIDIA on new AI computing platform
Spring Activator launches program to help BC entrepreneurs recover from COVID-19
CareGuide raises $6 million Series A, acquires Nannies4Hire
CareGuide has closed a $6 million Series A round as the company looks to ramp up sales and marketing efforts for its portfolio of…
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Dhaka, Washington sign MoC on counternarcotics
Bangladesh and the United States of America have signed a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) for mutual cooperation in the sphere of drug control between the US Drug Enforcement Administration and Bangladesh’s Home Ministry.
Regional Attach, Michael Brown representing the Drug Enforcement Administration and Additional Secretary (Political) Dr Kamal Uddin Ahmed signed the MoC on behalf of their respective sides here on Tuesday.
This MoC is intended to increase cooperation aimed at combating organised criminal groups with national, regional, and international connections; illicit drug and precursor chemical trafficking and the prevention of drug smuggling across international borders, said a US Embassy press release.
US Ambassador in Dhaka Dan W Mozena and Senior Secretary CQK Mustaq Ahmed presided over the signing ceremony, the release added.
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13 Astrology Accounts on Instagram to Guide You Through 2020
The dearth of astrologers on Instagram nowadays reflects not only the power of astrology itself but also our apparent need for guidance and healing as we float through the pandemonium that is 2020.
This paradox of choice, however, sometimes only adds to our anxiety. In the world of Instagram astrologers, who is for real? And who is best suited to you – a unique individual who requires nuanced solutions. Witchy astrologer types are, for the most part, each more warm and nurturing than the average person, which means that while they are technically strangers to you, they're the perfect strangers to give you strength and support in times of uncertainty.
From the mantras of Amy McDermott at Sisters Village to the Tarot of the Week videos by Jerico Mandybur, and truly some of the finest creative direction happening on social media right now, here are 13 of our favourite astrology accounts on Instagram to guide you through the rest of 2020 – and beyond!
@jessica_lanyadoo
Jessica Lanyadoo is the author of Astrology For Real Relationships and also hosts astrology advice show Ghost of a Podcast. When it comes to astrologers who are active online, she's the real deal. She's been doing one-on-one consultations for 15 years and writing weekly horoscopes for 17. She's also an Animal Communicator who's partial to a good Simpsons meme. What a woman! These days, she publishes weekly audio horoscopes on her website.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CCxHMOBh6e4/
@sistersvillage
Amy McDermott of Sisters Village approaches astrology through a wellness lens. On Instagram, she posts mantras for each star sign with extended captions that allow for deep and nuanced reflection on where you're at and where you're going. Through beautiful simplicity, Amy is able to cut through the mess of Instagram and get right to the heart of you.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CC9xEPbHPm2/
@jerico.mandybur
Jerico Mandybur is not only a gifted astrologer, tarot reader and healer, she's also a brilliant curator of memes and writes Instagram captions worthy of print publication (does that still exist?). Her posts always leave you feeling lighter and more capable, and her tarot of the week videos are must-see IGTV. If Jerico's warm, inclusive style of astrology resonates with you, her book, Neo Tarot, will nurture your intuition as you learn and heal – and it comes with the most exquisite illustrated tarot deck produced in collaboration with Daiana Ruiz so you can pull your own cards at home. And if audio is more your medium, Jerico's podcast, Beyond Belief, explores everything from stigmata and satanic feminism to dolphin communicators and spirit guides.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CCRfXKynyzG/
@alizakelly
Aliza Kelly leans in to the chaotic energy of meme culture and delivers a more esoteric brand of astrology that's perfect if you're an Extremely Online person. She offers funny and relatable explanations of astrology terms we all say but might not actually understand (i.e. what even is Mercury Retrograde anyway?) as well as zodiac-specific nuggets of wisdom accompanied by pop culture motifs. 11/10, would follow.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CCbRuLQnbAk/
@nadinejane_astrology
Nadine Jane has a gentle way about her, and none of her writing is overly esoteric. This is the astrology account for you if you're looking for accessible horoscopes and empowering mantras. Nadine also produces and hosts a podcast podcast What Time Was I Born?
https://www.instagram.com/p/CCGh4GLDhgn/
@lisastardust
Lisa Stardust writes horoscopes and other words of empowerment for titles such as Teen Vogue, Girlboss, Oprah Magazine, Cosmopolitan, British Vogue – she's a bona fide writer who can craft a good sentence. Her Instagram account is full of positive, inclusive, pop-culture images that will give you a boost whenever they hit your feed.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CB2eh8oBD8l/
@thestrology
Shakirah is a powerhouse of an astrologer, a teacher, and a champion of diversity. She's the director of the Fresh Voices in Astrology summit, which also runs webinars, and the co-founder of NFLUX magazine, which centres people of colour, queer people and femmes in art activism and healing. Her captions break down the ins and outs of the technical side of astrology in a way that most rookies will understand, and her sheer commitment to the cause is in itself inspiring.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CB8sGe_HAk9/
@1meccanism
Mecca provides a unique offering in the world of Instagram astrologers in that she regularly uploads beautiful photos of her beautiful self. By sharing herself – as well as her astrology – with followers, she's able to make strong connections. So, if you resonate with her style, think of her smiling face watching over you like a guardian angel.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CAvMZ2anocQ/
@queercosmos
With @queercosmos, Colin Bedell offers a portal into the world of astrology for queer people. In 2020 especially, personal healing is inherently social, which you'll see on his account. With an eclectic mix of graphic tiles, lengthy captions, and campy videos that'll encourage you to dance it out, Colin will add good vibes to your feed.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CC6PBNlnVS9/
@alicesparklykat
Alice's distinctive visual style comprises consistently serif typography and negative space. She uses images sparingly, creating a calm atmosphere on her Instagram grid and posts that convey her unique perspective succinctly to your feed. Her account offers an especially Instagram-friendly version of astrology, with full horoscopes living on her website.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CAu-c4rjO2Z/
@lookupthestarsastro
Astrologer Julia Topaz uses colour in a highly pleasing way, so if you're a visual learner @lookupthestarsastro is the account for you. Her refined taste in memes is bolstered by considered captions that relay her interpretation of the stars and how they might relate to you.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CARKRYhHA8p/
@costarastrology
Unlike our other favourite astrology accounts on Instagram, which are all run by unique individuals who have answered the call to look to the stars for answers, this one is run by an entire content team. Co—Star is an AI-driven app that generates astrological charts based on your exact time, date and place of birth, and this is its Instagram account. The app is a lot of fun and great way to get into astrology, and the pithy lines of copy included in their almost always viral Instagram posts will definitely make you want to tag a friend in the comments. Follow @costarastrology for the social aspect, but for a more personal connection consider the other accounts on this list.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CAtBabQJjAJ/
@astrologyzone
Some consider Susan Miller the OG people's astrologer, at least in the world of 2000s fashion magazines and the blogs that idolised New York influencers before that term was even invented. On Instagram, quite wonderfully, Susan posts vivid photos of naturescapes, any of which would be perfect as your computer's new Windows desktop picture, along with brief announcements about new content on her website – horoscopes and essays. If you're after a more traditionally written horoscope from someone who is definitely not an Extremely Online person, Susan is your go-to.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CCwi5xhA_xE/
Lead image by Seeds of Spells.
Feeling meh? First, drink some water. Then, find out the best self care practice for your star sign.
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List of Workers. 1* a Eliashib the high priest and his priestly kinsmen took up the task of rebuilding the Sheep Gate. They consecrated it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars, then continued the rebuilding to the Tower of the Hundred, the Tower of Hananel. 2At their side the men of Jericho were rebuilding, and next to them was Zaccur, son of Imri. 3b The Fish Gate was rebuilt by the people of Hassenaah; they timbered it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 4At their side Meremoth, son of Uriah, son of Hakkoz, carried out the work of repair; next to him was Meshullam, son of Berechiah, son of Meshezabel; and next to him was Zadok, son of Baana. 5Next to him the Tekoites carried out the work of repair; however, some of their most powerful men would not submit to the labor asked by their masters. 6The Mishneh Gate* was repaired by Joiada, son of Paseah; and Meshullam, son of Besodeiah; they timbered it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 7At their side Melatiah the Gibeonite did the repairing, together with Jadon the Meronothite, and the men of Gibeon and of Mizpah, who were under the jurisdiction of the governor of West-of-Euphrates. 8Next to them the work of repair was carried out by Uzziel, son of Harhaiah, a member of the goldsmiths’ guild, and at his side was Hananiah, one of the perfumers’ guild. They restored Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall.* 9Next to them the work of repair was carried out by Rephaiah, son of Hur, administrator of half the district of Jerusalem, 10and at his side was Jedaiah, son of Harumaph, who repaired opposite his own house. Next to him Hattush, son of Hashabneiah, carried out the work of repair. 11The adjoining sector, as far as the Oven Tower, was repaired by Malchijah, son of Harim, and Hasshub, son of Pahath-moab. 12At their side the work of repair was carried out by Shallum, son of Hallohesh, administrator of half the district of Jerusalem, together with his daughters. 13The Valley Gate was repaired by Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah; they rebuilt it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. They also repaired a thousand cubits of the wall up to the Dung Gate. 14The Dung Gate was repaired by Malchijah, son of Rechab, administrator of the district of Beth-haccherem; he rebuilt it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 15The Fountain Gate was repaired by Shallum, son of Colhozeh, administrator of the district of Mizpah; he rebuilt it, roofed it, and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. He also repaired the wall of the Aqueduct Pool near the King’s Garden as far as the steps that lead down from the City of David. 16After him, the work of repair was carried out by Nehemiah, son of Azbuk, administrator of half the district of Beth-zur, to a place opposite the tombs of David, as far as the Artificial Pool and the barracks.
17After him, these Levites carried out the work of repair: Rehum, son of Bani, and next to him, for his own district, was Hashabiah, administrator of half the district of Keilah. 18After him, their kinsmen carried out the work of repair: Binnui, son of Henadad, administrator of half the district of Keilah; 19next to him Ezer, son of Jeshua, administrator of Mizpah, who repaired the adjoining sector, the Corner, opposite the ascent to the arsenal. 20After him, Baruch, son of Zabbai, repaired the adjoining sector from the Corner to the entrance of the house of Eliashib, the high priest. 21After him, Meremoth, son of Uriah, son of Hakkoz, repaired the adjoining sector from the entrance of Eliashib’s house to its end.
22After him, the work of repair was carried out by the priests, men of the surrounding country. 23After them, Benjamin and Hasshub carried out the repair in front of their houses; after them, Azariah, son of Maaseiah, son of Ananiah, made the repairs alongside his house. 24After him, Binnui, son of Henadad, repaired the adjoining sector from the house of Azariah to the Corner (that is, to the Angle). 25After him, Palal, son of Uzai, carried out the work of repair opposite the Corner and the tower projecting from the Upper Palace at the quarters of the guard. After him, Pedaiah, son of Parosh, carried out the work of repair 26to a point opposite the Water Gate on the east, and the projecting tower. 27After him, the Tekoites repaired the adjoining sector opposite the great projecting tower, to the wall of Ophel.
28Above the Horse Gate the priests carried out the work of repair, each opposite his own house. 29c After them Zadok, son of Immer, carried out the repair opposite his house, and after him the repair was carried out by Shemaiah, son of Shecaniah, keeper of the East Gate. 30After him, Hananiah, son of Shelemiah, and Hanun, the sixth son of Zalaph, repaired the adjoining sector; after them, Meshullam, son of Berechiah, repaired the place opposite his own lodging. 31After him, Malchijah, a member of the goldsmiths’ guild, carried out the work of repair as far as the quarters of the temple servants and the merchants, in front of the Gate of Inspection and as far as the upper chamber of the Angle. 32Between the upper chamber of the Angle and the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and the merchants carried out the work of repair.
Opposition from Judah’s Enemies. 33When Sanballat heard that we were rebuilding the wall, he became angry and very much incensed. He ridiculed the Jews, 34saying in the presence of his associates and the troops of Samaria: “What are these miserable Jews trying to do? Will they complete their restoration in a single day? Will they recover these stones, burnt as they are, from the heaps of dust?” 35Tobiah the Ammonite was beside him, and he said: “Whatever they are building—if a fox attacks it, it will breach their wall of stones!” 36Hear, our God, how we were mocked! Turn back their reproach upon their own heads and deliver them up as plunder in a land of captivity! 37d Do not hide their crime and do not let their sin be blotted out in your sight, for they insulted the builders to their faces! 38We, however, continued to build the wall, and soon it was completed up to half its height. The people worked enthusiastically.
* [3:1–32] The construction work on the gates and walls of the city is described in counterclockwise direction, beginning and ending at the Sheep Gate (to the north of the Temple). The exact locations of many of the topographical points mentioned are uncertain.
* [3:6] The Mishneh Gate: the gate leading into the second, expanded quarter of the city; cf. 2 Kgs 22:14; Zep 1:10.
* [3:8] The Broad Wall: perhaps identical with the wall, seven meters thick, discovered in the Jewish quarter of the Old City.
a. [3:1] Jer 31:38.
b. [3:3] Ezr 2:35; Zep 1:10.
c. [3:29] Ez 40:6.
d. [3:37] Neh 6:14; 13:29; Jer 18:23.
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Bidder Sign InCreate Bidder Account
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AUCTION / Remembering Disneyland presented by Van Eaton Galleries
Remembering Disneyland presented by Van Eaton Galleries
Auction CurrencyUSD Auction Location13613 Ventura Blvd, Sherman Oaks, California, 91423, United States
Van Eaton Galleries is proud to present “Remembering Disneyland”, an exhibition and auction of nearly 800 props, souvenirs, and artifacts from the park’s 60-year history. “Remembering Disneyland” tells the story of Disneyland through the memories and experiences of former Cast Members, performers, and individuals who have had a role in the legacy of the park. Highlights of this auction include a 1954 Disneyland Prospectus, a 1957 “Haunted Mansion” script, original props from California Adventure’s “Tower of Terror”, a complete set of furniture from a Grand Californian Hotel room, Guy Williams' original Zorro costume from park performances, an animatronic Fuzzball from the Captain EO attraction, and much more. With items including original wardrobe, concept art, props, vintage souvenirs, and more, “Remembering Disneyland” is sure to have something for every Disney fan. The auction is scheduled for December 16, 2017 and there will be a free exhibition of the items at Van Eaton Galleries November 21, 2017 through December 15, 2017.
CATALOGS ARE AVAILABLE FOR PRE-ORDER AT www.vegalleries.com/disneylandauction
All items are sold as is. Contact Van Eaton Galleries for condition reports and shipping information. 18% Buyers Premium for payment by Cash, Cashiers Check, Money Order, or Bank Wire. 21% Buyers premium for payments made by Credit Card, Debit Card, or PayPal.
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151 - Disneyland's 24th Annual Director Editor Party Ticket.
Van Eaton Galleries
(Disneyland, 1981) A Disneyland complimentary main gate admission ticket for the "24th Annual Director Editor Party" in 1981. The ticket h...
152 - Disneyland's Angels Baseball Fun Day Ticket.
(Disneyland, 1982) A Disneyland complimentary main gate admission ticket for the "Angels Disneyland Fun Day" in 1982. The admission stub a...
153 - Collection of (3) Disney Parks Admission Passes.
(Disneyland, 1982-85) A collection of (3) Disney Parks admission passes given to employees of Walt Disney Productions. These passes are each marked wi
154 - Collection of (11) Disney Parks Silver Passes.
(Disneyland, 1982-2010) A collection of (11) Disney Parks "Silver" admission passes given to employees of Walt Disney Productions. These p...
155 - Pair of "Celebrate America" Passport Print Tests.
(Disneyland, 1983) A pair of Disneyland passports for the "Celebrate America" events in 1983. The events celebrated the U.S. Olympic Team,...
156 - Disneyland Attraction Priority Entry Card.
(Disneyland, 1984) An extremely rare vintage Priority Entry card for Disneyland's attractions. The back of the card reads, "To: Attraction ...
157 - Disneyland Entertainment Backstage Pass.
(Disneyland, 1982) A vintage "Entertainment Backstage Pass" for Disneyland performers and entertainers. This pass features an image of Mic...
158 - Original Disneyland Admission Ticket Painting.
(Disneyland, 1985) A large original painting created for the various admission tickets and promotional materials used during Disneyland's 30th A...
159 - Disney Parks One Day "World Passport".
(Disneyland, 1986) A very rare 1-day "World Passport" which allows one guest use of the following for one day: 1) Transportation between t...
160 - Pair of Magic Kingdom Club Welcome Cards.
(Disneyland, 1986) A pair of display cards created for a Magic Kingdom Club event. The display cards read "Walt Disney's Magic Kingdom Club...
161 - Disneyland 35th Anniversary Complimentary Passport.
(Disneyland, 1990) A complimentary passport fort Disneyland's 35th Anniversary in 1990. This passport is numbered 0546 and still retains its adm...
162 - Collection of Magic Kingdom Club Editor's Art Sheets.
(Disneyland, c.1977) A collection of artwork used by the Magic Kingdom Club's Editor for Disneyland magazines, flyers, or other promotional mate...
163 - Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin World Premiere Invitation.
(Disneyland, 1994) A gorgeous invitation to the World Premiere of "Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin" at Disneyland on January 26, 1994. Th...
164 - Toon Town Grand Opening Press Event Meal Voucher.
(Disneyland, 1993) A very scarce meal voucher distributed during Disneyland's Grand Opening press events for its newest land, Toon Town, in Janu...
165 - Collection of (7) Disneyland A-E Tickets.
(Disneyland, 1956-80) A collection of (7) vintage Disneyland ticket books and loose tickets from between 1956 and 1980. The collection includes rare t
166 - Complete Complimentary Main Gate Admission Ticket Book.
(Disneyland, 1980) A complete complimentary main gate admission ticket book from 1980. This ticket book is still good for park admission today, and is
167 - 1958-B Disneyland Map.
(Disneyland, 1958) This Disneyland map was designed by Imagineer Sam McKim and was created during the first year that these large format souvenir maps
168 - 1958-C Disneyland Map.
(Disneyland, 1958) Released in late 1958, this was the third version of the first-year large format souvenir maps. Disneyland was evolving and changin
169 - 1962 Disneyland Map.
(Disneyland, 1962) This rare version of the Sam McKim souvenir Disneyland map was created for guests in 1962 and features a blue border with Disney ch
170 - 1964-A Disneyland Map.
(Disneyland, 1964) This Sam McKim designed Disneyland map was created for guests in 1964 and features a green border with Disney characters. On this e
(Disneyland, 1964) This Sam Mckim designed souvenir Disneyland map was the second version created for guests in 1964 and features a green border with
172 - Set of (10) Disneyland Display Photos.
(Disneyland, c.1955-58) An impressive collection of early Disneyland photographs from the estate of Fulton Burley. The photos contain a variety of ima
173 - Collection of (8) Pre-Opening Disneyland Construction Photos.
(Disneyland, 1955) A fantastic collection of (8) black and white photos of Disneyland during its construction in 1955. These photos feature several im
174 - Set of (5) Disneyland Aerial Photo Negatives.
(Disneyland, c.1957) A very rare set of (5) black and white photo negatives featuring early aerial photos of Disneyland. These images were from the De
175 - Pair of Tru-Vue Picture 3-D Picture Cards.
(Disneyland, 1956) A very rare pair of (2) Tru-Vue picture cards from Disneyland. This pair includes an unopened Disneyland album no.4, as well as the
176 - Set of (6) Press Photos for "Gala Day at Disneyland".
(Disneyland, 1959) A set of (6) black and white press photos for "Gala Day at Disneyland". These photos were distributed to newspapers and...
177 - Nikon "Picture Spot" Sign.
(Disneyland, c.2013) A metal sign from one of Nikon's "Picture Spots" at Disneyland. In 2013, Nikon became the official camera of Disn...
178 - Unopened Tru-Vue Projection Stories.
(Disneyland, 1963) A rare unopened collection of 10 Tru-Vue projection slides by Sawyer's. These slides feature imagery from the various lands o...
179 - Collection of (19) Disneyland Research & Publicity Photos.
(Disneyland, c.1954-62) A collection of (19) publicity photos of Disneyland as well as of concept art used in the creation of several of the park...
180 - Collection of (36) Disneyland Publicity Photos.
(Disneyland, c.1980s) An impressive collection of (36) photos from Disneyland featuring a wide variety of costumed characters and park attractions. Th
181 - The Nick Farago Postcard Collection.
(Disneyland, c.1954-1980s) This collection of over 300 postcards is Farago's personal collection, and represents some of the rarest and most sou...
Start Price : 25,000.00 | Estimates : 25,000.00 - 35,000.00
182 - Set of (5) German "Real Photo" Disneyland Postcards.
(Disneyland, 1956) An extremely rare set of (5) postcards from Disneyland. These cards were printed in Germany but sold exclusively at Disneyland duri
183 - Set of (3) Die-Cut Disneyland Postcards.
(Disneyland, c.1955) A set of (3) extremely rare die-cut Disneyland postcards from the earliest days of the park. These die-cut cards were offered in
184 - Collection of (27) Disneyland Postcards.
(Disneyland, c.1960s) A collection of (27) Disneyland postcards from around the 1960s. The postcards feature a variety of imagery of different attract
185 - Set of (5) "Colorful Scenes from Disneyland" Mailers.
(Disneyland, c.1960s) A collection of (5) photo mailers from Disneyland. The mailers feature imagery from Frontierland, Fantasyland, Tomorrowland, Adv
186 - Original Disneyland Postcard Development Art.
(Disneyland, c.1981) A rare collection of original development artwork used in the creation of Disneyland postcards. This set comes from the estate of
Start Price : 200.00 | Estimates : 200.00 - 400.00
187 - Take Me to Disneyland 16mm Film.
(Disneyland, 1963) A very rare musical number on 16mm film titled, "Take me to Disneyland". This film depicts a woman traveling on a train...
188 - Collection of (66) Disney Postcards.
(Disneyland, c.1955-90s) An impressive collection of (66) postcards from Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and EPCOT Center. The collection includes (36)
189 - 40 Pounds of Trouble Theatrical Poster & Press Book.
(Disneyland, 1962) A theatrical poster and Press Book for the 1962 feature film "40 Pounds of Trouble". This film, although produced and d...
190 - Main Street "Keystone Cop" Security Guard Outfit.
(Disneyland, 1950s-60s) An exceptionally rare outfit for Disneyland's security guards who were assigned to Main Street between the late 1950s-60...
191 - Disneyland Security Hat Badge.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A rare hat badge worn by Disneyland Security Officers. The badge features blue text over the silver decorative backing, and bear
192 - Disneyland Security Officer Badge .
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A Disneyland Security badge with the word "Officer" and the number 383. The badge features blue text on the silver d...
193 - Disneyland Security Sergeant Badge.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A Disneyland Security badge for Sergeant number "3". The badge features blue text over the silver decorative backing...
194 - Disneyland Security Captain Badge.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A Disneyland Security badge for the Security Captain. At the bottom of the badge, there are two blue stars over a silver scroll.
195 - Disneyland Security Supervisor Badge.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A Disneyland Security badge for the Security Supervisor. The badge features blue text over the gold decorative backing, and bear
196 - Disneyland Security Special Investigator Badge & Pins.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A very rare "Special Investigator" Disneyland Security badge. The badge features the Disneyland logo in the center a...
197 - Disneyland Security "Area Patrols" Binder.
(Disneyland, c.1970s) A binder used by Disneyland Security that contains information on Disneyland's area patrols and clocks. The binder feature...
198 - Disneyland Security Manual.
(Disneyland, 1985) An incredible comprehensive manual created for Disneyland's Security Division. This manual includes such sections as "Ge...
199 - Special Honorary Police Chief Costume.
(Disneyland, 1969) This official Disneyland Main Street, U.S.A. security jacket was issued in 1969 to retiring Anaheim Chief of Police Mark Stephenson
Start Price : 3,000.00 | Estimates : 4,000.00 - 6,000.00
200 - "Disneyland Railroad" Original Drumhead with Lightbox.
(Disneyland, c.1960s) An extremely rare original drumhead from the "Disneyland Railroad". This drumhead sign reads "Santa Fe & Di...
Auction Phone: 818-788-2357
Auction Toll Free: 800-599-3693
Van Eaton Galleries | 13613 Ventura Blvd, Sherman Oaks, California, 91423, USA | All Rights Reserved - Copyright © 2021
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How Jessica Faust’s #MSWL Changed During Covid-19
Agent Jessica Faust • Apr 13, 2020 • 5 comments
Our world will never be the same after the Covid-19 Pandemic. In publishing we’re seeing lay-offs, furloughs, moved release dates and I imagine we’ll see publishers and agents close. It’s a scary and difficult time for all of us.
It seems like a lifetime ago that I wrote my last #MSWL. One for fiction and one for nonfiction. How was it only six weeks ago? As the world changes so does my #MSWL. So does everyones. While some of this will remain the same, some will have changed, especially my nonfiction list.
#MSWL Fiction
In fiction, I still have a passion for dark, emotional upmarket and literary fiction. This could be a thriller, suspense, or women’s fiction. I’m not afraid to tackle the big issues that might include loss and sadness.
I’m still seeking domestic suspense but would love something that shifts away from the traditional male/female marriage story. I’d like to see parent/child, friends, work-life, and we definitely need more LGBTQ and POC characters and stories.
I’m not afraid of a pandemic story. I know a lot of agents and editors are moving away and warning against these tales, I’m not. I’ve always had a problem following the crowd. That being said, I don’t want something typical. I’d like to see another Seven Days of Us — something that looks at the more personal nature and the toll of a pandemic. To me, there are so many stories happening inside our homes. The joke that either this will bring a baby boom or a divorce boom is all too real.
I read Dear Edward during this time and I picked that book up because it’s about a plane crash survivor–a subject I’ve long sought a book about. To me, there are so many varied stories there. The survivor lost in the wilderness, the one wanting to disappear, or the one, like Dear Edward, who just needs to survive.
And yes, that brings me to my wilderness stories. My obsession with Alaska, my desire for stories of damaged people in remote places. I don’t think I’ll ever tire of these.
Much of what I said in my last #MSWL is still true and I, like many, would like some stories that are light, easy reading. Books like those written by Abi Waxman or The Last Mrs. Parrish which I read in a night.
Also, you might notice a trend. I tend to like a lot of the same books as Reese Witherspoon. If you think your book would be a good book club fit for her, I’m probably your gal.
#MSWL Nonfiction
Nonfiction is an interesting subject to write an #MSWL on since it’s less likely to come to us and more likely something that agents seek out. That being said, some of my best clients came to me first.
My nonfiction #MSWL has probably changed the most since February’s post.
I’m still seeking books on leadership, that discuss issues of culture and society, alternative health, women’s health, and personal development. The change is in the types of books which are those that fit our new world.
It’s clear we need more remote leadership books, books that challenge the way society works and us — books like So You Want to Talk About Race. I also want more books for women and marginalized communities in business, health, and life.
I’d like books like The Vagina Bible, Essential Oils, and You are a Badass. How’s that for a random collection.
But I do really want books for this new world. Books for anxiety, home offices, leading a remote office, and anything else you can tell me I need.
The world has changed and publishing is changing with it. One reassuring thing about all of this is that there is and always will be a need for books and while my list has changed a bit, so much of it remains the same. I want books to disappear from the world in and I want books that will guide and support me through changing times.
Check out this video on the BookEnds YouTube channel to see what the agents here are looking for!
leila klasse says:
I have been reading your blog, I appreciate your sincerity. I have just completed a novel. The Book of James. James is a 20 year old boy raised by feminist women and struggling to find his voice in a world dominated by greedy and selfishness. His journey into the dark world of drug addiction and distribution is disturbing, accurate, and at times, amusing as well. Set in the world of middle class Minnesotan, the physical world turns white while the story grows darker. How does such a tale end? You will have to read that yourself.
Irene Lee says:
Thank you, Mrs. Faust, for posting this and for the videos and tweets you and all Bookends agents have been posting. They have been an invaluable resource. They answer a lot of questions during these uncertain times. Much appreciated!
Kenneth Walsh says:
First, let me say that as an aspiring writer it was very heartening to find Book Ends Literary. My intent is to submit a query in the very near future, but even if nothing comes of it, the things I have learned from following your social media presence has been quite beneficial. I, and am sure many others appreciate the lengths you go to to educate up and coming writers. Thanks for that.
My question is, I am currently working on two manuscripts, one paranormal thriller and the other thriller/fantasy. Have you ever received query’s for two books at the same time?
Kenneth, you only query one book at a time with any agent. So you could query both books but you would have to have two query letters and send them to different agents.
Jessica has talked about it here and in the comments here.
Sherry Ladd says:
Dear Ms. Faust,
I really can’t say how happy I am to read this post. The pandemic unfolding has pushed my writing in new directions, but it looks like most agents wouldn’t give my manuscript a second glance these days.
This was the sigh of relief I needed. You could be describing my book. Even if if you never represent me, I know at least one reader might pick up a domestic thriller set during the pandemic about a fraught mother/daughter relationship and the unexpected dangers of being locked away at home.
Thank you so much for the unexpected encouragement. I do hope our professional paths cross. Barring that, I hope to write something you enjoy.
Hopefully, you’ll be seeing it soon. Thanks again.
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BU Professor Hopes To Study Inexpensive Drug To Treat COVID-19A professor of medicine at Boston University asked the FDA for permission to conduct an out-patient trial here in Boston.
WBZ Midday Forecast For January 19Sarah Wroblewski has your latest weather forecast.
Bells Toll Across Country To Remember COVID VictimsThe nation paused to remember COVID victims as the race distribute vaccines continues. WBZ-TV's Anaridis Rodriguez reports.
NH Teen To Be Featured In Primetime Inauguration Day SpecialBrayden Harrington will be part of a segment introducing Joe Biden's remarks.
Biden, Harris Reflect On Pandemic Ahead Of InaugurationWBZ-TV's Ken MacLeod reports.
31 Dogs Rescued From Overcrowded Weymouth HomeMany of the dogs will be available for adoption soon. WBZ-TV's Rachel Holt reports.
WBZ Evening News Update For Jan. 19Boston-based company helping with security at inauguration; South Boston's Saint Patrick's Day parade has been cancelled again this year; Saugus students given approval by the school district to play winter sports; Latest weather forecast.
Boston Attorney Represents Victim In Jerry Sandusky Case
Filed Under:CBS Boston, Jerry Sandusky, Massachusetts Victim, Mitchell Garabedian, Penn State, Sexual Abuse Scandal, WBZ
BOSTON (CBS) – Jerry Sandusky, the former Penn State assistant football coach and convicted child sex abuser, was sentenced to at least 30 years in prison Tuesday.
The sentence means Sandusky, who is 68 years old, will be in prison at least until he’s nearly 100.
Boston attorney Mitchell Garabedian, well-known for representing victims of the Boston clergy sex abuse scandal, told WBZ NewsRadio 1030 Tuesday that he is representing one of Sandusky’s victims.
Garabedian says the man was a former star football player in Massachusetts who is now in his 40’s and wishes to remain unidentified.
“After he was sexually abused on two separate occasions by Jerry Sandusky, his life spiraled downward and he has recently been released from prison after committing serious crimes,” Garabedian told WBZ.
The man claims he was 16-years-old when he was invited to a Penn State football camp and was molested twice in one week by Sandusky, according to Garabedian.
Garabedian said his client did not testify in the recent trial but is willing to if Sandusky is tried again.
Garabedian is now looking into monetary compensation in a future civil case for his client.
“My client is more interested that Jerry Sandusky spends the rest of his life in jail and hopefully he will be prosecuted once again for additional crimes he committed against children.”
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LearnDesigning the First 8 Seconds
Ben Gremillion
writes on November 12, 2012
The adage that visitors judge a website in a second may be questioned, but the lesson is not. The first few seconds create expectations on the subject matter at hand. Businesslike or casual, helpful or self-serving — especially on sites optimized for mobile devices, visitors infer the site’s value and professionalism at first glance.
That glance, however, is not a single moment. The first thing a visitor sees influences their opinion of a site. But so do the second, third and fourth. When used well, designing a visitor’s initial experience can keep him or her on the site longer and provide a more positive experience.
Judgement at a glance is not an obstacle. It’s a starting point.
Curated experience
Last month I showed a prototype website to an unbiased reviewer. I watched her expression as she looked over the home page. Her eyes blinked at the photo, darted left-right-left while reading the headline and opening paragraph, then made wider sweeps as she took in other elements on the page. She never reached the end. But she did reach the middle.
The home page was arranged like the mockup above (albeit with real content). Her viewing experience followed a sequence of events.
She looked at the photo. Like the example here, the real photo didn’t hold attention. Distracted by the rest of the page, the reviewer quickly moved on.
The headline took moments longer to read and interpret.
She read the paragraph under the headline.
She asked, “OK, what am I looking for?” without reading the second paragraph. At that point, I knew I’d lost her interest as a visitor to the site; now she was just trying to be helpful.
A quick visual and a short phrase in large text — these two elements comprise the “hook” during which most readers decide if they want to read more. Conventional wisdom suggests that a killer hook — the photo or large headline — are keys to grabbing visitors’ attention. But when thinking about time, the dominant elements are not the most important. Designing with time in mind means making sure that each step of a visitor’s experience becomes a hook to the next part.
Above: The photo and headline vie for attention with size and placement. It’s the paragraph of text that creates a definite order of events. Regardless of whether the photo or headline get attention first, the paragraph of relatively small text will be read last. Blocks of text such as this are where both visitors and site creators lose interest.
After her initial look, my reviewer did not read the navigation, having been asked to evaluate this one page. Nor did she read the site’s title and tagline. The paragraph did not pique her interest or encourage her to want more.
Leading the Eye
The order in which people are exposed to information impacts how they perceive what they see. Sequential art, for example, uses framing and order to illustrate time.
Frame 1: By itself, an image of clasped hands conveys a gesture of affection — more emotion than fact. Visuals are open to interpretation.
Frame 2: Pull back and we’re introduced to two sisters. Additional visuals puts the first image in context.
Frame 3: Finally we see the two children taking a walk. What started as a gesture turned into a story.
People follow otherwise static visuals from point to point, taking in a bit at a time. Web design, however, is not linear. Like tour guides, design balances between leading visitors through information and letting them choose their interests — that support the site’s concept or theme.
People looking at the photo above see the people in the middle first and notice the out-of-focus road last. Likewise, web design offers viewers a path to follow.
The path design creates depends on possible destinations. In most websites, where visitors’ eyes travel is an open question. Visitors could wander anywhere. But certain elements are more likely to be noticed first, second and third.
Above: People are most likely to follow the orange arrows. After that, their attention wanes. There are too many other things to look at and no clear path to follow. People are likely to wander anyway, but design can lead them to a destination that will benefit the site — say, the “buy now” button… except that “buy now” is lost in the footer.
To understand what’s happening here, we need to make an inventory of importance.
Setting priorities
Removing elements from layout gives designers a better idea of where focus should go. The initial design set size and contrast of text and the photo depending on how they fit together — important, to be sure, but the result lets people wander aimlessly.
Above, three prominent elements compete with four lesser items. A better visual hierarchy would create more difference between major and minor information.
First, we create a definite hierarchy of visual importance. Size, contrast and location hint at where people should go. Above, the page de-emphasizes minor elements like the navigation, title, and secondary text. At the same time, it plays up three points: The photo and headline remain, but a large “buy now” button gives people a third point of visual interest. Ample space around the button gives it less competition, and its size gives it the same importance as the headline and photo.
All design can do is hint, really. Ultimately people decide what to look at. But the right visual cues can guide visitors around.
If the site has a clear goal, say, “demonstrate that Acme Corp. is reputable” or “make people believe they must sign up,” the designer’s job becomes much easier. Every avenue that a visitor may take should, eventually, lead to the conclusion.
The first eight seconds
No one stays at a website forever. But good sites provide an experience that prolongs visitors’ stays. If content and design guides people from point to point, holding their interest as they advance, then visitors will form educated judgements rather than knee-jerk reactions.
0.0 – 0.9 seconds: Impression. Visitors should learn what the site is about, intellectually and emotionally. One second is enough to absorb a color scheme and the general shapes: typography, borders, curves vs. straight lines. Clarity is paramount.
1.0 – 2.9: Elevator pitch. Visitors start reading. This is where a single sentence (or single phrase) summary of the site’s intent comes into play. Solid copywriting is critical.
3.0 – 4.9: Choice. This stretch is a transition between absorbing tone and evaluating worth. Visitors begin to decide if the site is worth their time. The decision process is ongoing. Secondary headings, keywords and informative imagery — like thumbnails that take a moment to process mentally — must keep readers interested.
5.0 – 8.0: Trust. Visitors find one part of a web page that interests or entertains them. At this point, the rest of a page actually hinders the experience by threatening to distract visitors from their tentative path.
Thinking of design as an ongoing conversation is the difference between good looks and good user experience. Understanding, from the beginning, what the main point of the site is and what you need to the visitors to focus on, will help you to design a site that keeps people engaged. The longer individuals stay on your website, the greater the chance they do what your design set out to accomplish.
Be sure to design your first 8 seconds. They could be the difference between your site becoming everything you dreamed it could be, or just another site taking up space on the web.
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Posted on November 19, 2008 July 3, 2010 by RJ Rushmore
Andrew From Ad Hoc
When art fans in New York are looking for cutting edge art, they need look no further than Ad Hoc Art in Brooklyn. Ad Hoc Art shows some of the best new street art and “low brow” art for not too much money. Their upcoming show, The Brooklyn Block Party, has work from 11 lino-block cutting artists including Swoon, Imminent Disaster, Elbowtoe, Judith Supine, and Gaia, and their new project room has upcoming shows from some of my favorite artists, C215 and Know Hope.
Ad Hoc Art is also the home of Peripheral Media Projects, probably two the most anti-authoritarian street artists working today.
Andrew Michael Ford is the director at Ad Hoc Art, and he’s been kind enough to answer a few questions about the gallery.
RJ: What is Ad Hoc Art, and how is it different from other galleries?
Ford: Ad Hoc Art is a gallery which is dedicated to showing work that is often marginalized by the larger New York art scene. We focus on the areas of street art, pop surrealism, lowbrow, illustration, comic book, tattoo, print-making, as well as the larger history of underground art, activism, and graffiti. These are the things that set us apart from other galleries.
Shadow (left) and Andrew Michael Ford (right) in front of work from Elbowtoe and Armsrock. Photo from andrewmichaelford
RJ: How did you get involved at Ad Hoc?
Ford: In 2007 I was making plans to open my own gallery near the end of 2008. A good friend and mentor of mine knew of a gallery space which was already doing great things and was looking for a director/curator to run it. Our tastes in art matched up pretty well and we were both seriously dedicated to supporting the above movements in art. It was a perfect fit and I came on board in November of 2007 as the new director. It has been one year since I got here and I guess all I can say is so far, so good!
Skewville. Photo by C-Monster
RJ: Shows at Ad Hoc Art have a rather eclectic selection of artists, from Skewville and Eine to Jenn Porreca and Amy Crehore. What makes an artist an “Ad Hoc artist?”
Ford: As stated above, we really look for artists who are marginalized by the “high brow” art world. So whether it’s the street art of Know Hope or the pop surrealism of Ewelina Ferruso, it has a home at Ad Hoc Art.
State of the Soil by Ewelina Ferruso. Photo from adhocart.org
RJ: Why do you think people are drawn to low brow art and “street art?”
Ford: I think that low brow art and street art have the ability to instantly relate to the viewer. That seems to be what people are looking for these days. I myself love art that I can feel. I don’t like reading 20 page artists statements which “explain” the work. The work should speak for itself when you look at it, for better or worse.
Robots Will Kill. Photo from veng_rwk
RJ: Who are some up and coming New York street artists that more people should know about?
Ford: I think there are some NYC street artists who have been doing stuff for a while who haven’t gotten enough props. Robots Will Kill do amazing mural work. Stikman makes some of the most clever work out there today. Of course Ellis G (or The Shadow Man, as the kids call him) has been rocking for years with his chalk outlines of every shadow he can get his hands on in the streets of NYC and beyond. Don’t forget the strong efforts of ELC, c.damage, Dark Clouds, Peru Ana Ana Peru, Thundercut and many others you may not know but should start researching on flickr.com immediately.
American Voter by Richard Mock.
RJ: What was the inspiration behind your next show, the “Brooklyn Block Party?”
Ford: One day Garrison Buxton, the co-founder/owner of Ad Hoc Art, was showing me the original hand cut blocks of an artist named Richard Mock, who has recently passed away. It turned out he had been a major influence on guys like Mike Houston and Martin Mazorra (from Cannon Ball Press) and McMutt aka Dennis McNett. These people in turn has worked with and inspired people like Swoon who in turn inspired people like Imminent Disaster and Gaia. I saw this beautiful lineage of block cutters and street art and knew there was something important that needed to be investigated. I began to speak to several of the artists in the show and decided that I wanted to put them all together in one room, showing their original hand cut blocks along side the prints pulled from the blocks. I think there has been a lot of block prints used in the recent history of street art and it’s interesting when you see where it all comes from. Also, I think the original blocks, once inked and printed, are so beautiful. It’s a shame we only see the prints. Now people will get to see the stuff that usually ends up stored in someone’s studio. To me it’s a very unique exhibition which needed to happen.
RJ: Any other shows coming up at Ad Hoc?
Ford: Well, C215 will be in our new Project Room the same month as the Block show. After that we are headed to Los Angeles, where we will curate “From The Streets of Brooklyn”, the largest survey ever done (that I know of) of Brooklyn street art and graffiti, which will take place Jan 9th at Thinkspace Gallery (almost 50 artists!). After that we head back to Brooklyn to start off our 2009 schedule with Dain in the front gallery and Know Hope in the Project Room on January 16th. If you go to the web site you can see our entire 2009 schedule, which includes shows by Cycle, Crash & Daze, Gaia, Imminent Disaster, Chris Stain, Armsrock, Logan Hicks and many more!
Work by C215. Photo by RJ
Work by Gaia. Photo by RJ
Work by Know Hope. Photo from thisislimbo (Know Hope)
Jackie O by DAIN. Photo by RJ
CategoriesFeatured Posts, Interview Tagsad hoc art, andrew michael ford
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Gay Adult DVD
Twitter (Gay Cinema)
Halloween Highlights: 50 Queer Horror Flicks We Think Are Worth a Look - Part 3
October 16, 2017 October 4, 2017 by tlagay
If you’re the same kind of scare-seeking movie geek that I am, you’ll know that October is a time to light a few candles, turn down the lights, open up the windows to let in that fresh autumn breeze… before really setting the mood with some seasonally-appropriate scary movies! Being authorities on all things gay-cinema, though, we at TLAgay.com wanted to put in a good word for some queer movies that don’t make the usual ranked horror lists. We came up with a selection of 50 different gay titles that are either direct horror movies or horror adjacent (suspense, mysteries, thrillers). Below, you’ll find part three of our ongoing list – in alphabetical order – with new lists appearing each Monday in October. Keep checking back each week for the latest additions!
We tried to limit these to films that are currently available on our site – either on DVD or Blu-ray, or available via our On-Demand service. If a movie is missing from this list, chances are good it’s just out of print or otherwise currently unavailable/hard to access. This isn’t, as you’ll see, a definitive list of the greatest gay horror – that’s not what we were going for. This is just a sampling of some offerings that usually fly under the radar. Some are good, some are great, some are delightfully campy and ridiculous, some might be downright terrible, but they’re all available to help get your into the Halloween spirit!
Into the Lion’s Den (c) Breaking Glass Pictures
Into the Lion’s Den
2011, United States
Director: Dan Lantz
Lust can be deadly. Bored with the West Hollywood gay scene, best friends Michael, Johnny and Ted have embarked on a cross-country road trip from Los Angeles to New York City. Though their friendship hits a few speed bumps along the way, the trio decides to have one final hurrah during their last night on the road. That’s when fate brings them to “The Lion’s Den”, a secluded backwoods bar where not everything is as it seems. As the three out-of-towners toast the end of their journey, someone at the bar is watching them and setting a deadly trap. Now, as closing time draws near, a night of unspeakable horrors begins. Jesse Archer (Violet Tendencies, Going Down in La-La Land, Slutty Summer) and Ronnie Kroell (Saltwater, Eating Out: Drama Camp, Bravo’s “Make Me a Super Model”) headline this bold, uncompromising thriller that plunges into the depths of human depravity. With an unpredictable plotline and raw performances, Into the Lion’s Den is a twisted nightmare that viewers won’t soon forget.
Jack & Diane (c) Magnolia Home Entertainment
Jack & Diane
Director: Bradley Rust Gray
We’re going to go out on a limb and say you’ve never seen a lesbian-themed film quite like Jack & Diane. Part dreamlike experiment, part urban romance, part horror, part fairy tale and part animation, the film creates a wholly original tale of teenage lust, fear and love. Blonde with porcelain doll-like fragility, British teenager Diane (Juno Temple) sets foot on the streets of New York in a daze. She is visiting the city to spend a summer week with her aunt. Prone to nose bleeds and easily distracted, the girl seems like a lost soul in the frantic city until she bumps into Jack (Riley Keough), a skateboard-riding, street-smart tomboy cutie. Their attraction is immediate. From the funky shops and frenzied night clubs, New York becomes their romantic playground. But forces – Diane’s impending return home, and her shocking, magical body-altering episodes – work against the emotionally charged lovers. This is a fast-paced, hip, and weird love story about two beautiful misfits that way more people need to see.
Jack Goes Home (c) E1 Entertainment
Jack Goes Home
Director: Thomas Dekker
Jack Goes Home marks the feature length directorial debut of actor Thomas Dekker, whom gay cinema lovers will know from All About Evil (see Part 1 of our list), Lost in the White City and Kaboom. After his father is killed in a car crash, Jack, our troubled young protagonist, travels home to Colorado to help nurse his mother, who was injured in the crash, back to health. There, he uncovers long buried secrets and lies within his family history, threatening his feelings about his parents, his friends and his very identity. Rory Culkin gives an excellent performance in the lead as a young man who is slowly losing his grip on reality in the face of overwhelming grief. He’s also very confused about his sexuality. Louis Hunter plays Jack’s attractive, young gay neighbor who masturbates for him through the window and ultimately seduces him. A weird little mind-fuck of a movie, Jack Goes Home is subversive in unexpected ways.
The Jeffrey Dahmer Files (c) IFC Films
The Jeffrey Dahmer Files
Director: Chris James Thompson
What drives a seemingly mundane man to commit a series of acts so heinous that it captured the attention of a horrified nation? In the summer of 1991, Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested in Milwaukee and sentenced to 957 years in prison for killing 17 people and dismembering their bodies. The Jeffrey Dahmer Files explores this Midwestern city by meeting those who knew Dahmer during and after his hidden killing spree. Recollections from Milwaukee Medical Examiner Jeffrey Jentzen, Police Detective Pat Kennedy, and neighbor Pamela Bass are interwoven with archival footage and everyday scenes from Dahmer’s life, working collectively to disassemble the facade of an ordinary man leading an ordinary existence. We have a pretty strong theory about what drove Dahmer insane and led to his murders… life in the closet. Investigate the chilling true story behind one of America’s most famous serial killers (and, of course, his particularly disturbing interest in lifeless male bodies). The Jeffrey Dahmer Files has earned a few rave reviews when it first came out in 2012. Movies.com even called it “one of the greatest serial killer movies ever made.”
Kissing Darkness (c) Kerwi
Kissing Darkness
Director: James Townsend
TLA fan favorite Sean Paul Lockhart (known to porn aficionados as the legendary Brent Corrigan) stars alongside a bunch of similarly stunningly hot young dudes! Kissing Darkness follows a group of college boys who, bored with the everyday “gay life” of LA, decide to skip pride weekend. Instead, they gear up for a camping trip in the woods. Sounds similar to Into the Lion’s Den, right? Maybe we should all just commit to staying in the city. Quickly into their trip, the boys venture into a game that ultimately unleashes the vengeful spirit of a local legend known as “Malice Valeria.” Overcome by her deadly plan of tainted love and her thirst to take back what was lost long ago, the boys must now band together before they fall victim to the poisons of a broken heart. Directed by James Townsend (Sideline Secrets, Unsolved Suburbia), this unbelievably sexy new vampire flick with softcore erotic elements doesn’t skimp on the blood or the beautiful, scantily clad young beefcake.
L.A. Zombie (c) Strand Releasing
Director: Bruce LaBruce
Intentionally provocative bad-boy director Bruce LaBruce offered up a hyper-sexual analysis of contemporary gay culture with L.A. Zombie. Starring international porn star and model Francois Sagat, the film follows an alien zombie creature as he emerges from the sea and attempts to make sense of his new home, Los Angeles. After getting picked up by a surfer in a truck, a severe accident occurs that results in the surfer lying dead in the middle of the road. The alien zombie has sex with the dead man and brings him back to life. Wandering away from the accident, he finds himself among LA’s homeless population where it becomes increasingly unclear whether he really is an alien zombie or a schizophrenic suffering from delusions. Like a kind of dark savior, the alien zombie proceeds to find various dead men in the Greater Los Angeles area and brings them back to life. It’s part porn, part horror, part art film, part critique of superficiality and ALL Bruce LaBruce at his most delightfully graphic! While the non-pornographic version of the movie does contain some pretty damn explicit sexual content, there is also a completely uncut version of the film called L.A. Zombie Hardcore – and, as you might imagine, it’s even more packed with mind-blowing (and frequently horrific) gay sex scenes.
Leeches! (c) RapidHeart Pictures
Leeches!
The Lakecrest College swim team is determined to win at all costs, even if it means taking steroids. But winning comes at a horrifying cost when harmless leeches in the campus lake, quietly feeding on the steroid-rich blood of the team’s swimmers, mutate into giant parasites with a vicious streak. No one is safe as these ferocious creatures brutally stalk the students and staff of the rural college and literally bleed them dry! Brought to us by the wonderful David DeCoteau – that means low-budget, intentionally ramshackle productions values and LOTS AND LOTS of achingly cute, shirtless boys – Leeches! is perfect for a camp-tastic late-night movie party with your snarkiest gay buddies. A few years ago, the movie was given a Special Edition DVD re-release with a director’s commentary, never-before-seen behind-the-scenes footage, a blooper reel and cast and crew interviews. Also featured is a bonus movie from DeCoteau called Speed Demon. In that movie, a mysterious driver in a muscle car with a demonic hood ornament hunts down a gang that has taken over a small town. Two campy, 1950s-throwback cult horror flicks for the price of one!
Lyle (c) Breaking Glass Pictures
Director: Stewart Thorndike
Expecting couple Leah (Gaby Hoffmann) and June (Ingrid Jungermann) move into a Brooklyn brownstone apartment with their toddler daughter Lyle. Despite the strange baby-obsessed landlady downstairs and the group of female models who live above them, the two are happy with their new apartment until a bizarre accident leads to the traumatizing death of their beloved baby girl. Months later, Leah is still grief-stricken, trying to make sense of Lyle’s death, her landlady’s odd behaviors and her attraction to one of the models upstairs. As Leah prepares for her home birth, she begins to suspect the neighbors are involved in a satanic pact and fears for her unborn baby (shades of Rosemary’s Baby with a lesbian point of view). A familiar face since she was a very little girl (Field of Dreams, anyone?) Gaby Hoffmann has grown up and become a phenomenally talented adult actress who is always willing to go the extra mile for authenticity. She’s been on a major hot streak with her roles on “Girls” and “Transparent” (also check out the criminally under-seen Chilean indie Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus). Lyle was the first feature-length films from talented, off-kilter female director Stewart Thorndike. She worked with Stanley Kubrick on Eyes Wide Shut, so you know you’re in good hands.
The Moth Diaries (c) MPI Media Group
The Moth Diaries
2011, Canada
Director: Mary Harron
There are few too many female filmmakers on this list, so we’re really glad Mary Harron is represented. The woman behind I Shot Andy Warhol and The Notorious Bettie Page, she’s maybe one of the most underrated director’s working today (in our humble opinion). She was, after all, the person who took Bret Easton Ellis’s “unfilmable” American Psycho and turned it onto a cult classic (with the help of Go Fish star and LGBT film mainstay Guinevere Turner). The Moth Diaries tells the chilling story of Rebecca (Sarah Bolger), a young girl who, haunted by her father’s suicide, enrolls in an elite boarding school for girls. Before long, Rebecca’s friendship with the popular Lucy (Sarah Gadon) is shattered by the arrival of a dark and mysterious new student named Ernessa (Lily Cole). Lucy falls under Ernessa’s spell and becomes emotionally and physically consumed by her glamorous new friend. Rebecca, whose overtures of concern are rejected by Lucy, finds herself lost and confused. She begins to develop a crush on her handsome English teacher, Mr. Davies (Scott Speedman… mmmm) and immerses herself in the Gothic vampire novel “Carilla” for his class. Rebecca starts to suspect that Ernessa is a vampire, but, despite the suspicious deaths that begin to occur, her fears are treated as simple girlish jealousy. As the bodies of young girls pile up and the line between reality and the supernatural starts to blur, Rebecca decides to take matters into her own hands and get rid of Ernessa. Who can say what is real and what is unreal to the heart consumed by passion and a mind afire with loss? Based on the bestselling novel by Rachel Klein, The Moth Diaries is an elegantly crafted story of the anxieties, lusts and adolescent fears.
A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge (c) New Line Cinema
A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge
Director: Jack Sholder
People unaware of the major gay subtext of A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge are always surprised whenever it comes up. There were so many sequels in this massive franchise that they all start to blend together. This one, though – the FIRST sequel in the series – took some bold risks in using the original film’s concept to craft a ‘coming out’ allegory. 1985 audiences looking for a follow-up to the previous year’s instant horror classic may not have stopped to give the film an in-depth analysis, but seen through today’s more enlightened lens, the intentions aren’t all that subtle. Mark Patton stars Jesse, as a seemingly normal ’80s high school boy who is hiding a dark secret. The notorious Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund) is trying to use his body for evil – possessing him and making him carry out his evil deeds outside of the dream world. The film uses Freddy as a metaphor for Jesse’s burgeoning sexuality and his fears surrounding it. There are other pretty blunt hints as well. Jesse can’t get it up for his girlfriend and runs to his best male buddy (Robert Rusler) for comfort in a fit of panic. Jesse wakes up from a nightmare and enters a leather bar where he runs into his creepy, muscle-daddy gym teacher (Marshall Bell). Christ, there’s even a nude bondage/whipping scene in a gym locker room! Interestingly, while screenwriter David Chaskin admits that all of the gay subtext was intentional – and lead actor Patton (who later came out of the closet) has stated that he noticed it loud and clear – director Jack Sholder claims he didn’t realize the depth of the story he was telling until long after the film’s release. Even if everyone was not on the same page, they managed to deliver a cheeky (literally) camp classic.
That’s it for today! Check back in with us next week for Part 4 – and visit us at TLAgay.com for your gay-themed horror/Halloween entertainment-related needs!
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← “Georgia’s makeover looks more like a decline.”
Effing balance →
Once and for all, can we please dispense with the Alabama 2007 analogy?
I know for some of you comparing the downward trajectory of this season to Saban’s first year in Tuscaloosa offers the comfort of a warm, soft blanket, but reader Bob explains why it’s a false comfort.
A lot of us are constantly reminded about what Nick inherited. I will tell you what he inherited. He inherited programs at LSU and Bama that had losing seasons when he took over. Those programs won 28 games in their previous 4 years. Alabama had been on probation. Kirby inherited a team that won 40 games the previous 4 seasons…
That’s hardly all, if you think about it. There are two other huge reasons to disabuse yourself of the notion.
2016 Kirby Smart isn’t 2007 Nick Saban. When Nick Saban took over at Alabama, it was his fifth head coaching job. He’d already won a national championship at LSU. He’d coached in the NFL and in two other conferences, too. In short, he already had his notions about how to run a football program tested and honed; he walked into his new gig knowing not only exactly what he wanted to do, but how to implement his vision from the start. None of that applies to Smart. It’s his first head coaching job. He’s getting his feet wet in college football’s toughest conference. Simply put, 2016 is on the job training for Kirby Smart, with all the hiccups that ensue.
Alabama isn’t Georgia. Duh, I know. But I’m not even thinking about the obvious administration commitment levels here. It’s more a matter of how the schools went about their business in the two seasons under comparison. Alabama was hungry to the point of desperation, but it started from the vantage point of wanting experience for its next head coach and was confident enough in its ability to provide resources to shoot the moon, first with a hot name like Rich Rodriguez and then, after he turned the Tide down, Saban. Georgia, in turn, started with little more than a belief that it was better than what Richt had delivered, and entered the job search market with a conviction that Smart was its guy. History may prove McGarity to be correct in that regard, but there is literally nothing to suggest that to date, unless you believe that greatness can be passed to an assistant coach by osmosis.
Before you go there, none of this is offered to make the case that Richt shouldn’t have been let go, or that Smart won’t deliver down the road. It’s simply that Georgia’s 2016 season is a sui generis disappointment and insisting that Alabama losing to a directional school nine years ago is some sort of evidence for thinking otherwise is… well, embarrassing. Just stop.
123 responses to “Once and for all, can we please dispense with the Alabama 2007 analogy?”
Senator, one of the best, fact-based, reasoned posts you’ve written …
Fact-based, reasonable….Good God, he’s only a blogger. (But hardly a freshman.) Thanks, boss.
Point #1 has been grossly underplayed by everyone. Kirby is a rookie head coach. It’s like we have a 15 year old trying to drive a Ferrari.
Or a Cayman …
rchris
The other part of Point #1 is that recruits weren’t relying on that first season to get a handle on what kind of coach Saban might be. They already had a track record to show that, therefore a crappy first season didn’t hurt as much. Kirby has enough momentum that he may be able to hold the 2017 class together, but if he gets off to a slow start in the regular season, recruits are going to start wondering if they will have a chance to win big during their time at UGA. Kirby’s main appeal is recruiting magic, if he loses that he loses the bulk of why we hired him.
Reinmart
Agreed. !00% nail on the head.
’07 Bama had a close loss in JAX to a meh FSU team and a OT loss at home to UGA, who ended up being awesome. Then they were leading eventual champ LSU late in the 4th quarter but blew the game.
At that point, the guys Saban didn’t bring in who were on their way out quit on the team, so you had the losing streak down the stretch, including ULM. But ’07 Bama wasn’t a bad team on paper, and when you saw the guys Saban was bringing in for the next season, you could tell they were going to be good.
This UGA team sucks. Granted, I’ll be happy to see some of the Richt leftovers (e.g., Reggie Davis. Jesus, dude.) leave, but this is still a team that doesn’t do anything particularly well, but a lot of things poorly. Hope Kirby has a way forward because I don’t outside of “cut half the players.”
LOL!….tell it, brother.
You’re right. Let’s all shit our pants. One…two…three…go!
That happened on the field yesterday.
Thank you Senator. For me it comes down to my return on investment regarding the whole experience. Saturday was Black Friday. I just hope that we are not entering “The Great Depression”.
While I would have enjoyed watching Bama eviscerate Butch Jones football team in front his moaning fans had we not lost to Vandy, Bama helped with the pain…some.
But then I realized we are, what? 50 points worse than Bama?
My physicist friend pointed out yesterday that for every action, well, most of you know the rest.
Tennessee fired Phil almost 12 years ago. The winter of the Vols’ discontent is far from over.
There is a message there.
Of their three post-Phil hires, I still argue that Kiffykins was the best in theory. He had that team generally improving – they put the nail in Willie Martinez’ coffin and nearly beat Bama. Of course, he peaced out on them, so: oops.
Dooley was a joke, and for all his sound and fury, the best Butch is going to show in four years is backing into the SECCG just to get pantsed by Bama again. Whoopee.
Um… don’t look now, but it’s Florida that’s the team that controls its destiny in the East right now.
Oh yeah. Forgot about them.
Weird that Florida has just become kinda…”there.”
UT should have given Dooley more time because he learned at the feet of Saban and, after all, Alabama lost to Louisiana Monroe.
It’s actually worse than you suggest for the Vols, Scorp. Last yearUT started out 2-3 and then played the game with Georgia. UGA led that game by 21 points at one time but caved and UT won. If Goergia had won that game UT would have been 2-4 after 6 games. UT played Bama next and lost to the Tide. At that point UT would have been 2-5 and likely Bitch Jones would have been fired. This season without the end of game screw-ups that allowed the hail mary , a Georgia victory would have put the Vols at 4-3 after 7 games and going nowhere. Georgia’s implosions saved Jones’ job–twice. The truth is the Vols suck but the rest of the SEC East (including the Dawgs) is so bad it masks their suckitude.
I’d say Bama has permanently unmasked the Vols’ suckitude. And the best part of that is that the Vols who surround me have all these excuses…oh the injuries, etc.
That makes me feel better…for a while. If Nick had just blocked one a those guys….aw fuck it.
And to twist the knife, our team over the last decade of mediocre TN and FL, has been just as mediocre. The east has been awful for 9 years, but we obviously had pretty good teams in ’07 and ’12, but sustaining the success was never even close to being on the table. Everything just sucks. Spurrier, fulmer, and corch ruled the east and the west made hires to counter, they have risen and the east has been stale. The recent hires in the east will take several years to mature and try to even up with the west.
I would suggest that team in ’13 was damn good until Gurley rolled his ankle against LSU, Marshall and the entire wide receiver corps blew out their knees on the UTK cow pasture, and Murray blew out his knee against UK.
What might have been with that team healthy for 12 games.
DaddyRichATL
The East has not sucked for a decade, Florida was a legit team under The Crier and Georgia would have killed
I don’t know how many more “off seasons” I have left in me. I would love to wake up on a beautiful Sunday morning and read articles relating to how Georgia pummeled its apponent into oblivion. This shit is getting old…
Some of you guys are really something. You almost seem happy that your fears have been substantiated and now you get to say you were right. Pathetic. I’m glad I’m not in a position where I have to count on you for anything. A bunch of our fans, think, talk, and act like losers. Watching that game yesterday made me sick. But that’s all. This existential, whoa is us, we need to fire Kirby even though we aren’t going to say those exact words crap is as bad as watching that game yesterday. There will come a day when it will be obvious to most that either the right or wrong hire was made. Until then this constant crying and wallowing in disappointment just makes being a UGA fan harder than it has to be. Schultz, as obnoxious as he is, isn’t doing anything a bunch of the fan base isn’t doing.
No one is in the mood to be lectured to this morning. We lost to Vanderbilt (mediocre by their standards), on homecoming, in a most embarrassing fashion. Ascend your high horse another day.
You make a point Mike about giving Kirby some slack in his first year but I think the bigger problem is the staff–not just Kirby. The OC and ST coach need to be replaced post-season for sure and probably several position coaches, too. It is not too early to be talking about THAT.
Blow it out your nose, sniffer. If people can cry all over themselves, act like they are almost happy about it, and run for the chicken house in fear, I can tell them what they look like doing it. Mayor I agree about some staff changes. I’m not done with Chaney yet but it definitely has to improve and soon. What is Beamer even being paid for?
Mike, when you say you are not done with Chaney yet, are you not saying the same thing as the folks you, rightly, poke in the eye?
I was not in favor of changing coaches because I had a pretty good idea that changing coaches is a very complicated process, further complicated by replacing a coach with lots of experience and a great record, with a coach who is in his first head coaching job.
So it sounds like you may have some questions, too, you just don’t like the way some folks are expressing their disappointment.
When, in fact, being disappointed or surprised at all may be unreasonable, and if someone is in favor of staff changes half way through the first year are they not unreasonable?
Good post, Senator.
So far, that’s an apples and oranges comparison. Every time you play below expectations, you can’t play the La-Monroe card.
That was the 11th game of our season. We got off to a really good start, but I think some of the early success caused some of the “bad apples” to chaff at Saban’s process. And Saban probably put up with some of the bad apples a little longer than he wanted to because of the early success and if he had it to do over again, he’d probably do it differently.
That may be going on with y’all as well, to some degree, but it’s just not the same.
How was Bama’s OL that first year? How did he fix it in year 2?
I ask because almost all our problems could be masked if we had a good OL, but I’m worried that will 2-3 years of recruiting.
Probably had a lot more to work with than y’all have. I recall Andre Smith (1st round pick) , Alonzo Ephraim (brief NFL career) and I think Mike Johnson (who later played for the Falcons) on that line, but I’m getting old and forgetful.
How many first or second team SEC players are on the Georgia roster?
Post them up I want to see them. Maybe one or two.
Not any of the defensive line or offensive line. How did that happen. Poor recruiting in 2012, 2013, and 2014 re these positions.
If you watched Bama or Florida yesterday you saw the big difference.
Bama is damn near perfection. Some of those players are Kirby’s.
We have two players yesterday that figured into the outcome. Both very small in SEC standards…81 and 16. You know what classes they came in.
Read article on Davis. He is a senior. How many coaches does he have to go thru to learn when and not when to field a kickoff near the sidelines.
Thousands of high school freshman make better decisions than that.
Sorry not on the coaching staff.
41. Want to check the play of Vandy 41 against Dawgs.
Not one player on offense could handle 41 all day. Why?
One is talent and youth.
The other is coaching. Your wine and cheese AD cripped the prep of pl;ay by sacrificing this team and coaches by being a coward to the SEC front office. Sorts of what you hear today. Pay for play. But we alums and the team are the sacrificial dawgs.
Back to coaching.
Can someone explain to me why the offensive game plan did not include packages to neutralize or take him out of the plays. He is very good and he totally dominated the offense. Where were all those highly paid analyst on this staff this past week.
Plus we have seen a tendency in past weeks for the running game to go to the edge. But it is slow. Want to check the times Vandy came backside with speed to track and follow the play.
Eason. Well I give the kid good marks for his play. Derek Mason according to ESPN and SEC Now is a fucking genius. Really dudes. A frosh lite up his damn overrated defense in the passing game. But he has to start looking to his backs more.
But I am beginning to seriously question the blocking of the running backs this year. Plus their speed.
Time for McGee and Beamer to go. 7 games in and Beamer has done nothing. Kirby send a message to your staff and fire Beamer.
Your first sentence is one that many do not want to answer…Chubb…TT 78 maybe…who am I missing? Sony maybe. I see some potential Freshmen…but you cannot win relying on a team full of freshmen
100%, totally agree with your it isn’t that KS can’t eventually get it done, or whether Richt should have been let go, UGA fans have to let that go…but so very many cannot stop getting mired in that. The issue is, we have Kirby so how do we get things corrected…now. The biggest issues are at OC and not realizing you are no longer the DC, step up to the job you were hired to do. We have lost two games in the last three weeks that we should have won, and there is nothing to suggest it won’t happen again because we look as bad as we did five weeks ago. Secondly, you are not the Alabama HC, make your own footprint in Athens. I see two areas where we have improved at this point, recruiting and eliminating the showboating/look at me that has gone on here for the last 15 years….and the recruiting is at risk if we don’ show something different in the balance of the season.
Roll your sleeves up and get involved with the totality of problems on the team, which are primarily on offense and STs, areas outside your comfort zone. You have a week and a half to make changes, and they need to be made beginning today.
Nick Saban did not start off his well at any of the big time schools.
I think you have to look at how Saban did at all 3 of his 1st seasons at the big time schools:
Mich St 6-5-1
LSU 8-4
Bama 2-6
Saban’s 1st 4 years at Mich St were not impressive.
I know it’s not comparing apples to oranges.
But, there is something that gives hope….
In 2007, all 4 of Saban’s last 4 losses were by 7 points or less, he was close.
Kirby’s 3 losses were the Ole mIss blowout, but more recently Tn by 3, Vandy by 1.
Derek Dooley as a contrast got blown out in 5 games in 2010 at Tenn for example.
If there’s any consolation, close losses in year one sometimes mean good things
It does suck though, no Bama, LSU or A & M on the schedule, opportunity in 2016 squandered.
2017’s schedule looks solid, no Bama, no LSU no A & M. Notre Dame & TN & UF only real competition.
So why are you doing it?
No 2 situations are exactly the same, but we do need context.
How you lose, scoring margin wise in your 1st year, was predictive in my example of comparing
Smart to a coach who turned out to be great, like Saban, and one who turned out t be a dud like Derek Dooley.
We have to compare to get context.
Not when the comparison is to something irrelevant.
All you’re doing is trying to make yourself feel better about a disappointing situation.
Ok, which past teams and coaches do compare to UGA in 2016?
Look up “sui generis” in the dictionary, sport.
I tell you a comparison I do like.
Mark Dantonio.
Both played DB for an SEC school.
Both had a long successful career as a def asst, including both working under Saban.
Both developed stellar reputations as defensive genius.
Both had 9 years experience as DC before taking their Head Coaching jobs.
Both won a Natl Champ as DC.
Dantonio went 7-5 in 1st season as Head Coach at Cincy, 7-6 at Mich St. Kirby is on track for 7-6 too.
Dantonio has finished in the top 10 3 out of the last 4 seasons.
Tony, I really like the Dantonio thing….I’m gonna think about that all week.
Yahoo.
Thanks, all 5 of Dantonio’s losses when he went 7-5 were by 7 or less.
Mos tor Kirby’s losses are by 2 or less.
I thought the objective was to win national championships. Dantonio has never come close to one. Fourth in line in 2015. Shit, we did better in 2002, 2007 and 2012. (What in mean is that if there was a 4 team playoff in each of those years we would have been in it.)
The post was about finding a comparison to Kirby. First I looked at DC’s who had worked under Saban, with similar college position experience, then similar years of experience as a DC, then also similar in they won a Natl Champshp as a DC, also started out with less than 8 wins in first season as Head Coaches.
Can you name a DC under Saban who has done better than Dantonio as a Head Coach?
Can you name a better comparison to Smart, if not, I’ll stick with mine.
Mke Price
I hope Kirby turns out like the Dantonio hire, but there’s a big difference IMO. Mich. State hired him AFTER he learned to be a head coach at Cincy. Kirby will have to learn on the job in Athens. So in addition to all the other factors, rebuilding the talent, changing the culture, he has to learn everything about how to even be the head coach. Not saying it’s not possible, but at least Dantonio had head coaching experience when he stepped up to a major conference job.
True, but even at Cincy, it was his first year, and Dantonio went 7-5.
7-5 is within range for Kirby, La Laf gets him to 5, then he could beat both GT & KY
to get to 7-5.
And all you’re doing is telling people what they are and are not allowed to think so there will be no alternative but say that you are right.
I’m not disappointed.
I expected us to go 5-7, 6-6 or 7-5 best case scenario.
I expected to lose to Ole Miss & Tenn.
I did not expect to beat NC, so the Vanderbilt loss offsets that.
I projected us at 3-4 at this point, losses to NC-Ole Miss & TN also
figured we’d lose a dumb one along the way.
So 4-3 means we’re as little above where I thought we’d be.
I expect us to win 1-3 more games in 2016, losing to UF & Auburn.
I expect we beat La Laf, and split or best case win the Ky/GT games.
a bonus, but I don’t expect it, is all the remaining games will be competitive, and if we lose,
it’s not by more than a TD.
“I expect us to win 1-3 more games in 2016” Wow. 5-7 would break our bowl streak.
I say our OL is a disaster that will take 2-3 years to fix.
This is my read on it. I think solving special teams is a matter of some certain players graduating – lord, I hope it is – but the OL is bad from top to bottom, left to right.
If the special teams problem is solved by certain players graduating then why can’t the coach treat those same players as if they are gone by simply not playing them?
sigh. I agree.
5 star talent and a top 3 offensive line coach fixes a lot of things.
you guys need to take the the noose off and relax. Did you really think we were winning the SEC with a freshman QB and a defensive line with one upper classman on the 3 deep, and a rookie head coach?
Kirby may or may not be the answer, but at least give it a season before you start calling for mass firings. What happens if UGA comes out to Jax and wins by 3 TD’s? all of this whining and moaning will go out the window and you people will be on here crowning Kirby the next Saban…
It’s embarrassing watching the entire bulldawg universe act like 13 year old girls on twitter after a canceled Justin Bieber concert…
Really is recruiting.
1- Kirby needs to pull in a great big 5 star line, helping the run game, and pass protection
2- Kirby needs to pull in some 5 star tall playmakers at WR who can also block
3- Some big fast physical 5 star DB’s
Next year’s wins should go up by a +1 to +2 based on that.
While recruiting can help, I don’t think it will help much with Chaney’s play-calling. 6 future NFL linemen can block, at most, 6 defensive players. If defenses stack the box with 8-9 players to stop the run, the run gets stopped.
I am not calling for firing any coaches at this time. I would rather replace McGarity before we have to hire any new coaches.
why do i have the sinking feeling that the Scowl will soon tell us we’re Rebuilding?
if you think this is a SEC east champion O line, well dudes you need to watch some other teams like Arkansas, Bama, Florida, or LSU.
If you think being a running back is making long runs and padding your stats, you might want to watch how physical those teams RBs are along with their O line.
Not big on stationary QBs. You have to have a physical running QB today against a defense, more so if they have a LB like 41 at Vandy. Ever seen a LB like that at UGA in past decade. Nope. But UGA made him world class yesterday. Bet 41 could not wait to get suited up and in the game.
He left nothing on the field…except Mckenzie and Chubb.
Top priority for Dawgs on the online. Find a center!!!!
You probably took shots at David Andrews because he didn’t play for Rush Propst
I would really like to be done with the 2007 bama comments. It’s so dumb.
Want to know why there was no targeting call on Eason early in game.
He was going down and Vandy went head gear to hear gear.
The shot Godwin took over the middle was the same that got our LB ejected at Vandy and gave them that game.
No targeting on Vandy. They are a sacred team in the SEC office. Only Georgia gets called for that.
Where is the backbone in the B-M.
Perhaps the Dawgs will get physical when the B-M gets physical.
If Bama has a “Kirby Smart-type” hire in its recent past, it would be Mike Shula, not Nick Saban. Think about it. Different circumstances, of course, as Bama was reeling from the Mike Price thing but they hired a “Bama guy” a young assistant coach who had never held a position higher than coordinator, but had a name as a former player that could unite the fan base. A few years later, they saw the error of their ways, fired Shula who was in over his head, and hired someone with not just head coaching experience, but a guy who had won a NC at a different SEC school. Shot for the moon, as the Senator said. And no, we’re not Bama, as many have pointed out, but I do think we made a mistake reflexively hiring a “Georgia guy” instead of doing a real search for the best available candidate.
Well stated absolutely agree.
You know what it was like to go from driving a Rolls Royce to a Jeep Wrangler? Well Kirby does. He lost all the luxury features and he frankly does not know what to do except try to recruit his way back to the Rolls Royce. He’s not going to fix this team this year.
If he fires his OC as many of you suggest he will be taking his first step down the Will Muschamp highway to hell. The weakness on the O staff is he hired recruiters not coaches. WR, RB and ST/TE all marginal. Only great hire is Pittman who is trying to make chicken salad from chicken shit.
Agree with you. Let Kirby find his way. We have an entirely new staff building a relationships. Some players take on their 3rd coach offensive and defense. Hopefully we use the next two weeks well.
5pointsDawg
Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!
Best post ever! Ok, maybe not, but close.
Let’s remember, Steve Spurrier had experience, but without recruits and facilities, and new coaches
installing new schemes, Spurrier got blown out in 3 games in 2005, lost 2 close ones,
ended up 7-5 in his first year
at SC.
So hiring an experienced head coach is no guarantee this season would have gone better than 7-5..
I don’t need to compare this season with Saban’s first year at Bama to understand that a new head coach, with a new staff, at a program that left holes at several key positions, is going to struggle. My only beef with Kirby right now is the piss poor special teams play (excluding the problems at PK) and substitution problems He should be expected to correct this before Florida. The shitty O-line, lack of receivers who can catch AND block, and the freshman QB who cannot run play action or get to his 3rd read? That is going to take time, so buckle up. The defense is looking better though. I joked last year that the corpse of Bear Bryant could win 8 with this schedule if they propped him up on the sidelines and put that hat back on him. I might need to rethink that. Maybe he would only win 7.
“unless you believe that greatness can be passed to an assistant coach by osmosis.”
I have a feeling that if Greg McGarity wrote a book on becoming a chess master, it would read ‘Just go find another grandmaster and steal some of his pieces, the magicals must be in there somehow!’
The consensus is Richt left UGA with a very talented team. I was watching the SEC network this morning and they didn’t seem to have the same opinion. Smart was left with a not very good WR corp. Same with the OL. As exciting as Imac is there is no way he should be the top WR on a power 5 team. Still this team isn’t playing up to it’s potential. Some of the calls leave you scratching you head, I would have preferred Sony taking the ball on that last play with a true FB in front of him.
Oh btw Rich and Miami lost to a team that the Dawgs beat by double digits. I can easily see Richt lose this game as well.
We have 4 of 5 starters from last year’s OL. Does losing one 5th round draft pick really explain Chubb’s yards/carry dropping from 8 to 5?
Yes, Richt could have lost that particular Vandy game, because it was a bizarre game. Richt would never in a million years be in danger of losing to a bad FCS team or looking up at a 45-0 scoreboard against a 3-3 team. He had over 200 opportunities to put out performances that bad, and while he had some stinkers, it was never as bad as what Smart managed in his first 4 opportunities.
I would beg to disagree. Richt lost more than a few stinkers. Just two years ago he lost to a very bad SC team and got ran out of the stadium by a very bad Florida team.
No further proof that Kirby is trying to coach this team like Bama is the defensive substitution packages for matchup purposes. How many of you believe we have 17-18 SEC first team defenders?
They held Vandy to 171 yards. Defensive substitutions aren’t the reason Georgia lost yesterday.
It’s going to take some time but isn’t that the point of ideas like process?
I guess the most perplexing thing for me is that, with the game on the line, we didn’t trust the kid has shown he has ice water in his veins twice in similar circumstances.
Did anyone else watching that game, especially in the second half, not think with absolute certainty that Skinny would have hit Nauta, TG5 or RR with a play action pass?
Damn. Trust the kid. He’s money with the game on the line.
But we needed the balance.
Makes me wonder, is it legal for skinny to go to high school games and approach WR targets on his own? I think I would if I were him. I remember visiting high schools working as teacher or coach for all kinds of band stuff, especially marching band, and I always tried to lean on the more talented kids I came across. Heck, I know it’s not NCAA athletics, but I know I told several kids “man, you’d fit in great in our trumpet section”. With twitter and stuff nowadays it’d be hard for me if I were Eason to not say anything to some of the hot seniors out there.
We got in trouble in the 1990s for that.
We look like a very poorly coached team and have for all of about 4 quarters of the season. I expected at least some progress by the halfway mark but it’s not there.
I keep seeing “the future is bright” and it’s so the Georgia Way.
It’s one thing to be like Bama when you win but doing it when you lose loses fan support and future talent.
What I’m looking for in 2016 is competitiveness.
I don’t want to see any more blowout losses like Ole Miss.
As long as you compete hard, and even lose by 7 or less, to meet that means Kirby can really coach.
Should we get blown out 2 more times in 2016, I’ll be 50/50 in Kirby, right now, Kirby is competitive like Dantonio was
his 1st year at Mich St. If that continues, even with 4 more close losses, I’m ok with it.
A bunch of close losses actually help recruiting, get the team angry, proves Kirby can compete, and resets expectations for 2017 to maybe 7 or 8 wins,
so there are a lot of pluses of losing close game games competitively in your 1st season.
This comparison to Saban’s Ist season at Bama is just feeding in false sense of hope the next season. It makes the next season with undue expectation on Kirby and the team.
The only fans disappointed in 2016 are those who had unrealistic expectations.
Students of college football history, know 1st year Head Coaches usually mean a 6-8 win season, even for good coaches.
There are lots of real reasons, not excuses:
1- new schemes/terminology for players
2- no time to recruit for scheme–so scheme personnel mismatch
3- inexperience of Head Coach–has to learn on the job
4- poor facilities hurt recruiting
5- often play young talent to set up long term success which leads to more initial losses
The only guaranteed win left is La Laf, could lose the other 4 UF/Aub/Ky/GaTech.
Looking at a 5-7 win season.
If you guys expect better in 2016, you’re dreaming & expect a lot of whining the rest of the season.
Reality matters.
Just stick with what you know. What was Eason’s QBR this week?
Very pleased with Eason’s development this week, he got a lot better.
Went from a 9 qbr, to 86.5, good for a top 15 qbr national performance this week.
Not bad for a true freshman.
I did not expect that kind of improvement, was a pleasant surprise.
Eason wasn’t bad yesterday, but he wasn’t great either. Missed a wide-open Nauta (?) on the first drive that would’ve been a sure TD. Missed a bunch of easy check-downs, especially one to Chubb on the last drive. The long pass on UGA’s last drive that ended up in the cheerleaders was…suboptimal.
Still a freshman, though. No turnovers was nice.
Made a great throw late in the 4th on 4th and 13, very clutch.
Didn’t make a single really bad decision for a change.
Qbr score was 3rd best in the SEC this week, I’ll take it.
27-40, 346 yards, 1 TD, no INT. Eason wasn’t the problem, and in fact was the only reason we were close, along with Blankenship.
Yes, and that Qbr score was put up on a team that came in ranked #1 in pass defense against conference foes.
Most of us are impressed with an improvement of 9 to 86 in Qbr in 1 week.
hey, look at the bright side. The people who were complaining about winning 9 or 10 games a year won’t have that to complain about this year. Progress!
Richt would have gone with Lambert to get to his 10 wins.
And Eason might have transferred.
To win a championship, sometimes you have to burn a year to get the young ones experience.
Kirby has a trophy on his mind long term. Richt never did.
Lars Taint
Yes, because Coach Richt never started Freshmen QBs. You’ve made some dumb posts today, but this one takes the cake.
How many years at UGA did Richt start a true freshman? Are you serious?
Startled comes to mind for some reason
He pulled in two big time quarterback recruits while he was here. Stafford and Murray. Stafford started most of the season. Murray redshirted after hurting his shoulder in fall practice. If you really think he was going to redshirt Eason, then you really aren’t worth arguing with.
“sometimes you have to burn a year to get the young ones experience”.
Examples please
Such as, Gus Malzhan in his first year as a head coach. Increased the record from the previous year.
Didn’t say all coaches, said most, the vast majority do not have big seasons their very first year as a head coach.
Vince Dooley for example, won 7 games his 1st year at UGA, 6 his second.
Butch Jones went 5-7 at TN.
McElwain went 4-8 at Col St year 1.
Saban 2-6 at Bama.
Les Miles 4-7 at Ok St
But whatever. Sure 12-2 is a realistic expectation for Kirby in 2016.
What he’s being compared to is 8-4 — his predecessor’s first year record.
He mentioned Gus in the previous post.
Gus went 12-2 his 1st season at Auburn.
That’s the exception nationally.
Most win between 6-8 games in their 1st season.
False, they took over two entirely different programs.
That’s what I’m comparing him to … of course, YMMV
Johnny Griffith was 4-5-1 in 63; Dooley was 7-3-1 in 64
Alabama was 6-7 in 06; Saban was 7-6 in 07
Derek Dooley was 5-7 in 12; Jones was 5-7 in 13
Colorado State was 3-9 in 11; McElwain was 4-8 in 12
Okie State was 3-8 in 04; Miles was 4-7
Richt was 9-3 in 15;
I detect a difference in these situations, don’t you?
Former LSU coach Charley McClendon was a former assistant of the Bear at Alabama. Never beat the Bear, ended up getting fired. He once said “Bear taught me all I know about coaching, but I don’t think he taught me all HE knows.”
Here endeth the lesson. Too early to tell about Kirby Smart, one way or the other, but the idea “Nick had a bad loss in 2007, so UGA is right on schedule” is just dumb.
With both Tennessee and Vandy we had an opportunity to win the game at the end, but small mistakes cost us both. I wish I was surprised.
Vanderbilt.
Dawg Asshole
Vandy is not UGA’s ULM.
Vandy is UGA’s Miss State, which beat Bama for the 2nd consecutive year in 2007.
UGA’s ULM is still to come.
Richt’s first year as a head coach:
Loses 3 games to ranked teams, SC, Florida, and Auburn, beats #6 Tennessee in Knoxville, loses bowl game = 8-4
Smart’s first year as head coach:
Beats an average ACC team, puts together the largest first half deficit in UGA history against Ole Miss, who is now 3-3. Almost loses to Nichols St at home, which would have been the worst loss in school history, loses to an average TN team at home, loses Homecoming game to Vandy. Currently 4-3, on pace to go 7-5 at best.
As of right now, firing Richt and hiring Smart was a mistake, thats all there is to it. Things could change, of course but, as of right now, it was a bad move.
Richt lost at home to that average ACC team.
Uhhh, no. We hadn’t played UNC since 1971.
As I said, Richt lost to SC, FL, Auburn, all ranked and to BC in the bowl game.
Richt lost at home to that average ACC team this season, I meant. In response to this:
“As of right now, firing Richt and hiring Smart was a mistake, thats all there is to it.”
I mean, if Richt can’t even beat the teams that Kirby’s beating…
Richt took over a program that is just coming out from under sanctions, and hasn’t won a bowl game in 10 years. It’s not the same.
In one bit of research I found:
70% of new Head coaches who come on after following a 9 or more win season,
win LESS games.
There are exceptions, but the vast majority (70%) would have gone less than 10 wins
following UGA’s 10 wins in 2015.
http://cfbmatrix.com/1st-year-head-coach-matrix/
To use this for truly thoughtful analysis, we would need to consider the circumstances.
It’s probably reasonable to assume in almost every case that the previous coach of a 9 win or better team moved on to pursue a better job (Chip Kelly, Chris Peterson, etc) or because the coach/program had some sort of serious rules infraction. With that in mind, it’s reasonable to accept that losing an outstanding coach would negatively impact a program, as would facing sanctions for violating NCAA rules.
UGA’s situation is almost completely unique in that it fired its 10 win coach in the belief that the new coach would exceed the win total of the previous coach.
Of that 70%, how many went on to decent coaching careers?
And the beat goes on.
Ice cream causes murder
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Cavatina (Deer Hunter Theme)
Label: Fluminum
Songs Without Words, Op. 30 Song of the Venetian Gondolier
Etude No. 3 in E Major, Op. 10, Tristesse
Gnossienne No 2
Chi Mai
The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988- Aria
Trois Nocturnes Op. 9
Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 I.Aria
Nocturnes op 37 no1 in G minor
Greensleaves
Cavalleria Rusticana
Gymnopedie
Quartet No. 15 in D Minor , K. 421- II. Andante
English Suite No. 3 in G Minor, BWV 808 II.Allemande
Consolations . 4
Consoslation No. 3 in D Flat Major, S. 172
Suite no 1 for Cello
Berecuse
Piano Concerto No. 21 - Andante
Nocturne No. 1 in B Flat Minor, Op. 9
Nocturne With No Moon
Nocturnes op 48 no 1 in C minor
Ode to Joy 9th Symphony
Ballade No. 1 in G Minor, Op. 23
Panis Angelicus
Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 27, No. 2
Piano Sonata No. 9. in A Minor, KV. 310
Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, Op. 46 I. Morning Mood
Nocturnes Op. 9 No. 1 in Bmin
Nocturnes Op.48 No. 2. in F#min
Piano Sonata in C Major, Hoboken XVI I. Allegro Moderato
Nocturnes Op.55 No. 1. in Fmin
Nocturnes, Opus 27 Lento sostenuto no 2 D flat minor
Nocturne in E-flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2
Playing Love
Sonata No. 8 D Major, KV 311 I. Allegro con Spirito
English Suite No. 2 in A minor - BWV 807 allmande
Prelude in E minor Op. 28 No. 4
Swan Lake Suite, Op. 20 Scene
Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat Minor, The Funeral March
Sonata No. 25 in G, Op. 79 I. Presto alla tedesca
Sonata No. 8 D Major, KV. 311 III. Rondo Allegro
Per Le Antiche
Sonata No. 26 in E-Flat Major for Piano, Op. 81 Les Adieux
Piano Sonata No. 11 A Major, KV. 331 III. Alla Turca Allegretto
Waltz in A-Flat Major, Lullaby
Walz of Flowers
Op. 27 Largehetto
Piano Sonata No. 5 in C Minor, II. Adagio Molto
Trionfo d'amore
Songs Without Words
Sonata No. 23 F minor - Appassionata Op. 57 I. Allegro Assai
Sonata No. 10 C major, KV 330 III. Andante cantabile
Sonata No. 12 F major, KV 332 II. Adagio
Sonata No. 16 C Major (Sonata Facile) , KV 545 II. Andante
Walzes op64 no 2 in c # minor
River Flows In You
Sonata No. 29 Bb major, Op. 106 III. Adagio Sostenuto
Arioso BWV 156
Viaggio nel terrore - l'Achille Lauro
String Quartet No. 15 in D Minor, KV. 421 I. Allegro
Double Violin Concerto, BWV 1043
Suite No. 5 in C Minor, BWV 1011
Titolo C'era un volta il west
Symphony No. 40 in G Minor
The Blue Danube, The Waltz, Op. 314
Theme for Bella
Träumerai
Consolations, S. 172- No. 3 in D Flat Major Lento Placido
English Suite No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 807 allmande
Consolations
Gabriels Oboe
Cinema Paradiso Theme
Concerto in A Major, KV. 622 II. Adagio
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The Tory Party Think North Group is now a reality – Scottish devolution to be Emasculated – Time is not on the side of Scots who desire Independence
Post author By caltonjock
6 Comments on The Tory Party Think North Group is now a reality – Scottish devolution to be Emasculated – Time is not on the side of Scots who desire Independence
Scottish Local Elections 2017
You should be prepared to be subjected to a cacophony of English voices canvassing for your vote for the Conservative party in the days leading up to 4 May. loads of Tory supporters are being bussed from the North of England to Scotland to join with and boost local Tory activists in their campaigning efforts.
This is not a new event. The Tories have been dependent on their English supporters for many-a-year. What is new is the level of coordination which makes it difficult to see the join between the two groups. But the accent is the giveaway.
Also new is the 2016 creation of a new party group called “ThinkNorth” which joins Tories in the North of England with Scotland.
It is fully intended that, having concluded a successful Brexit and seen off a second Scottish independence referendum “Think North” will be formalised, operating under the control of Ruth Davidson, possibly out of Holyrood.
More on this group follows. Scott’s be warned If you get the chance to become independent within Europe grab you chance. You will never get another.
https://www.scer.scot/database/ident-1251
“ThinkNorth” – A Centre-Right Policy Group Created Exclusively for the North and Scotland.
Founded in 2016, “ThinkNorth” was setup to develop a strong voice for the North of England, and Scotland (NE/S). We recognise that the NE/S has its own unique challenges and opportunities, and believe in you, its citizens are best placed to bring about long lasting positive change.
At “ThinkNorth” we have worked hard to develop a unique structure aimed at harnessing your collective knowledge, ideas, and creativity in order to strengthen the NE/S. The terms Connect – Shape – Empower guide our approach. We are continually striving to build the tools and offer the interactive events to enable you to connect with local politicians and decision makers. Our work has inspired over 18 individual MPs, MEPs, MSPs, and Councillors to join us as Patrons.
Our patrons (MP’s and MSP’s) want to hear your thoughts and opinions, offering you a unique opportunity to shape future policy of the North of England, and Scotland. As the “ThinkNorth” network grows, our collective voice will help empower the N/ES to address its challenges and meet its opportunities. If you believe in the potential of the NE/S and would like to share your ideas – connect with the “ThinkNorth” community, you could shape tomorrow’s politics and help us empower the North. ( http://www.thinknorthuk.com/)
25 February 2017: The Scottish Conservative & Unionist candidate for Shettleston ward, Thomas Kerr benefits from the attendance of “ThinkNorth” activists on our first Scottish action day in the Shettleston – Mount Vernon ward today. Much more blanket canvassing to follow before 4 May.
Statement Of Intent: Scottish Conservative Conference Demonstrates Confidence Of The Party North Of The Tweed – The 2017 Tory “ThinkNorth” Conference in Glasgow
A Scottish Conservative and Unionist administration, with Ruth Davidson as First Minister. That was the Scottish leader’s statement of intent when she strode on stage in blazing red for her keynote Address. Once more rejecting the notion of a referendum, she went on to give a strong indication of what that campaign would look like.
“Unlike the previous administration’s ‘Project Fear’, the PM realises that in the world of alternative facts and post the Leave EU campaign, the arguments will have to be emotional not just practical. May painted a picture of British patriotism, of “four nations but one people” and emphasised her role as UK Prime Minister. To an enthusiastic audience she hinted at more unified policies across the UK post Brexit, criticising previous Whitehall policy to “devolve and forget” and the need to “take this opportunity to bring our United Kingdom closer together.”
Of course, that is unlikely to become a reality with an SNP Government in Holyrood. Nicola Sturgeon had already called discussions on whether agricultural decision making coming from Brussels should remain at Westminster an “attack on the very foundations devolution”. So any moves, as suggested by the PM, for UK ministers to work more closely with Scottish ministers would likely only be workable under a Unionist administration.
The Silent Majority Must Be Prepared To Stand Up To The SNP Who Seek To Divide Us
The thoughts of Robert Weir (Law student at the University of Edinburgh) and co-Director of Policy for Conservative Future Scotland:
“Nationalism, if not born through the love of one’s country, is born through the hatred of another. Scottish nationalism is just as ugly as the rest, and together we must stand up against it and put forward the positive case for the United Kingdom: united by a common culture, an impenetrable bond of friendship and a desire to say No to nationalism.”
Deputy Chairman “ThinkNorth” with Ruth Davidson
“Think North”, Chairman, Richard Salt and Deputy Chairman (Scotland) Andrew Jarvie Attend This Year’s Scottish Conservatives Conference
The team had an amazing time at the Scottish Conservatives Conference. Fantastic meeting up with our Scottish patrons, Annie Wells MSP, Ross Thomson MSP, Donald Cameron MSP, Alexander Stewart MSP, Ian Duncan MEP, Oliver Mundell MSP and Adam Tomkins MSP.
Met separately with Adam Tomkins MSP, Douglas Ross MSP, Peter Chapman MSP and Donald Cameron MSP to discuss “ThinkNorth” future policy ideas formulated at our 1st Scottish Conference. Fantastic to see just how far the Scottish Conservatives have come and how they are determined to make sure that the North gets the best representation it can get. Check out Tomkins Blog: (https://notesfromnorthbritain.wordpress.com/author/conlawforum/)
Post Brexit – Another Independence Referendum – Another No Vote – Scotland Gets the Government of Ruth the “Mooth” Davidson and Her Unionist Tories – But it Can Be Avoided
No Comments on Post Brexit – Another Independence Referendum – Another No Vote – Scotland Gets the Government of Ruth the “Mooth” Davidson and Her Unionist Tories – But it Can Be Avoided
Shocks in Store for Scotland if Ruth Davidson and her Tory Yes Ma’am politicians ever gain power in Scotland
Ruth Davidson and her Westminster Unionist Tory are not seen as an immediate threat to Scots, who through their SNP devolved government at Holyrood provide health care and some social services without reference to Westminster. But another referendum is in the offing and there is need to give consideration to the impact of another “no” vote.
The fallout in Scotland would be catastrophic. It is very likely the SNP government would resign and ask the electorate to decide its future within the UK. The electoral campaigns to follow would be greatly disappointing since the SNP would most likely split into factions leaving the Tories as the only united party.
A Tory victory would allow Davidson and her Unionist party to take up the reins of government in Scotland releasing the full might of Westminster on our country. In government she would be quick off the mark passing back to Westminster any devolved power that they required and then some.
She is no supporter of the Scottish parliament. Reverting to type Davidson’s government would implement the Tory philosophy bringing in prescription charges, hospital car parking fees, University graduate charges, elderly care-home charges, tax cuts for the richest 10% and increases for the remainder of the population.
In short Scotland would be changed from a social caring society to a right wing “dog eat dog” country where the strong survive and the weak perish. Not much of an outlook for a once proud nation that has given so much to the world.
Next is an example of the Tories at work. They look after only those that vote for them. Lanarkshire, Glasgow, the West of Scotland, Fife and Dundee beware:
Residential care of the elderly in England is a privatised entity worth around £16billion to the private sector annually. There are regularity standards in place designed to provide protection to elderly residents. The Quality Care Commission routinely inspects homes in England with the purpose of monitoring the standard of care and welfare provision.
Their most recent report makes for startling reading. Homes in the South of England are doing well being adequately funded, staffed and equipped. Conversely home in the North are performing very badly due to inadequate funding, staff shortages etc. The Tory government provide more finance to the richest constituency’s in England at the expense of the poorest. That is the policy Ruth Davidson will bring to Scotland if she ever gains power. Scotland’s day of reckoning is not that far off. Hopefully Scots will see the Tories for what they are. A bunch of carpetbaggers intent on asset stripping Scotland.
11 April 2017: Tory cuts lead to shocking North-South divide in quality of care for Britain’s elderly
The Tories were last night accused of neglecting elderly people outside their heartlands by imposing bigger cuts to social care in those areas. A charity study uncovered a shocking North-South divide in the quality of council-run old folks’ homes. The North West, an area well known for its anti-Tory sentiment, has the worst performing care homes in England. In some towns, such as Stockport and Salford, families have little choice when it comes to choosing a quality spot as three in five are rated not good enough. But London, the South West and East contain the best. Labour accused Theresa May of “protecting” social care budgets in Tory areas at the expense of everywhere else.
Shadow Cabinet Minister for Social Care Barbara Keeley said: “We have a crisis in social care that has been driven by cuts to council budgets since 2010. “These cuts have hit councils in the North disproportionately when compared to many in the South, giving northern councils a much more difficult job in funding the quality of social care.”
The stark analysis of the state of social care was undertaken by the charity Independent Age. It was based on the Quality Care Commission’s inspections of homes, which rated them outstanding, good, requires improvement or inadequate. Fifteen of the 20 worst areas were in the North. Stockport was the worst performing local authority area, with 62.9% of its homes rated inadequate or requires improvement. Islington in North London, Rutland, East Midlands, and Isles of Scilly, South West were the best areas, with no poorly-rated homes.
Independent Age blamed cuts, low pay and staff shortages for the northern crisis. Director of policy Simon Bottery said: “No one should be forced to live in an unsatisfactory care home but our analysis shows this is the grim reality in some parts of the country. There is little indication local authorities or the Government are giving the problem the attention it deserves.” The care homes market is valued at £16billion. But social care faces a £2.6billion funding gap by 2019/20.
England’s worst 20 areas – Highest percentage of care homes rated ‘inadequate’ or ‘requires improvement’: (15 x worst performers are in the North of England)
1. Stockport, North West 62.9% 2. Salford, North West 61.5% 3. Tameside, North West 54.8% 4. Manchester, North West 51.3% 5. Kensington and Chelsea, London 50.0% 6. Oldham, North West 48.6% 7. Liverpool, North West 48.1% 8. Trafford, North West 47.2% 9. Hackney, London 47.1% 10. Bradford, Yorkshire & The Humber 46.3% 11. Wakefield, Yorkshire & The Humber 46.0% 12. Portsmouth, South East 44.8% 13. North Somerset, South West 44.7% 14. Calderdale, Yorkshire & The Humber 43.1% 15. Hartlepool, North East 42.9% 16. Wirral, North West 42.1% 17. Wigan, North West 42.0% 18. Westminster, London 41.7% 19. North Tyneside, North East 40.5% 20. Kirklees, Yorkshire & The Humber 39.7%
England’s best 20 areas – Lowest percentage of care homes rated ‘inadequate’ or ‘requires improvement’ (1 x Northern Region is performing satisfactory)
1. Isles of Scilly, South West, 0.0% 2. Islington, London, 0.0% 3. Rutland, East Midlands, 0.0% 4. Richmond upon Thames, London, 2.3% 5. Thurrock, East of England, 2.9% 6. Wokingham, South East, 6.3% 7. Slough, South East, 7.7% 8. Bracknell Forest, South East, 7.7% 9. Camden, London, 3% 10. Telford and Wrekin, West Midlands, 8.9% 11. Croydon, London, 9.2% 12. Blackburn with Darwen, North West, 9.4% 13. Bedford, East of England, 9.5% 14. Bournemouth, South West, 10.0% 15. Peterborough, East of England, 10.0% 16. West Berkshire, South East, 10.0% 17. Brent, London, 10.3% 18. Redbridge, London, 10.4% 19. Reading, South East, 10.5% 20. Worcestershire, West Midlands, 10.8%
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Lake Mead/Hoover Dam
Nevada Preps
Boulder City NV
>> News
Commission OKs variance for townhomes
The Boulder City Planning Commission approved a variance to adjust setbacks to build townhomes on the site of the Boulder City Mobile Home Park on Nevada Highway despite public outcry during its meeting Wednesday night.
By Max Lancaster Boulder City Review
Max Lancaster/Boulder City Review The Boulder City Mobile Home Park at 1501 Nevada Highway was purchased out of bankruptcy court in Novembe2015 by developer Randy Schams. With his daughter Jackie Schams, who has been managing the property, it will be turned into a neighborhood of townhomes.
Max Lancaster/Boulder City Review The Boulder City Mobile Home Park at 1501 Nevada Highway was purchased out of bankruptcy court in November 2015 by developer Randy Schams. With help from his daughter Jackie Schams, who has been managing the property, it will be turned into a neighborhood of townhomes.
Commissioners voted 5-2 to approve the variance for the future 65-unit townhome development at the park developer Randy Schams purchased in November 2015 in a court-ordered bankruptcy auction.
BCMHP LLC requested that setbacks be moved closer to the property line to 10 feet from the front of the property, zero feet from the side and 5 feet from the back of the property line. The request was needed because the townhomes will have shared walls.
The company also requested a reduction in the number of parking spots for recreational vehicles and boats from the required 13 to nine.
Boulder City Planner Susan Danielewicz recommended that the Planning Commission approve the variance because similar variances had been granted in the past and that the city zoning code did not adequately address the needs of townhomes.
“The zoning code is decades old and it was designed for apartments and condominiums,” Danielewicz said. “The code was imagining a project where people own a fraction of the property in the building but they don’t own the land under the property. A townhome and the land it is on will be owned by owner of the lot. We have 65 townhomes so we have 65 separate lots.”
Danielewicz was referring to the fact that if Schams were to build apartments or condominiums on the property, then a variance would not be needed since the code was intended for that use; however since each townhome is an individual piece of property a variance would be needed for each unit.
She went on to say that the property deserves a variance because it’s not the developer’s fault that city code did not adequately account for townhomes.
Residents’ opposition
However, Danielewicz’s opinion did not mesh with residents at the meeting who overwhelmingly opposed granting any form of variance on the property.
Resident Neil Siniakin said that Schams’ property did not meet the criteria for a approving a variance, stating that the parcel did not have exceptional circumstances that the builder could not overcome, and that granting the variance was setting a precedent.
“A variance is not used to change code. If there was a problem, the code should have been changed a long time ago,” Siniakin said. “This variance does not meet the criteria. It does not have something unique about the land that the builder can not work around… and you are setting a precedent by using a variance to justify a variance.”
Danielewicz countered Siniakin’s argument by stating that uniqueness is not just defined by physical issues with the land.
“Unique does not just define land issues,” Danielewicz said. “A townhome is something that the city code did not account for and the property owner should not have to create a different product just because of dimensions or setbacks.”
She went on to say that granting a variance did not create a precedent because there have only been two similar variances granted in 20 years.
“You don’t grant a variance because of past precedent, but you also don’t ignore similar variances,” Danielewicz said. “Two townhome projects in 20 years does not make a code amendment.”
Previous variance
Resident Kiernan McManus said that approving this variance would set a bad precedent citing that Schams had received the same variance for his other townhome project on Cottonwood Cove.
“This developer has asked for this same variance before and you are setting the stage for you did this for me last time, so now you have to do it again,” McManus said. “Mr. Schams has a right to maximize his profits but not at the expense of the zoning code.”
Co-owner of BCMHP LLC, Jackie Schams, who spoke in public comment in defense of the project, said that she and her father were not trying to maximize their profit because they are not planning to build apartments or design as many townhomes as previously stated or allotted for the parcel, which is zoned R3 for multifamily residences.
“I am hearing a lot of talk about maximizing my dollar and creating a dense project, but in reality we could have put many more homes in the project,” Jackie Schams said. “If I really wanted to maximize my density, I would have created apartments, but instead we wanted to build nice affordable housing.”
According to city records, the townhome project as it is currently designed is only at 30 percent of its maximum density and the original plan would have had 76 units instead of 65.
Commission member Fritz McDonald, who, along with Paul Matuska voted no on the variance, said that he felt uncomfortable voting for something that was not backed by city code.
New city code
“I feel like we are doing this by the seat of our pants and I have a big problem not waiting to create a new city code,” McDonald said. “If the developer wants to make condominiums on his property, then that is his right, But if he wants to see this project, we should do it on our terms.”
Commission member Glenn Leavitt disagreed.
“I don’t think this is flying by the seat of our pants. I think it is activity,” Leavitt said. “We can all agree that we wish the code were up to date but it is not and I don’t want to keep someone from using their property in an effective way.”
Member Cokie Booth said that the homes were an affordable upgrade to the community.
“Homes under $200,000 are affordable for single families and it is a nice layout,” Booth said.
Jackie Schams said that she hopes to keep townhome pricing under $200,000; however, she did not make any guarantees.
The Planning Commission’s yes vote caused members of the public to make claims of collusion.
“I am astounded that you think this is a property unique to our town,” resident Tracy Folda said. “Jim (Giannosa) and Cokie should have never been able to vote tonight because of their relationship with RPS homes.”
RPS Homes is a company owned by Randy Schams. Planning Commission Chairman Jim Giannosa had worked for Schams’ company as a project manager, but stepped down from the position Nov. 4.
Booth, who owns BC Real Estate, said that she has never directly worked with Schams, but had shown properties of his to clients.
She said that showing Schams’ property to her clients is not a conflict of interest because she makes the majority of her income from her clients who pick the houses they want.
“If my client wants to see a house by Mr. Schams, I will show them the house as I would do for anyone,” Booth said. “I do not work for Mr. Schams and I do not make my income from Mr. Schams. My clients are my income and they pick the house.”
Booth went on to say that she had previously showed clients houses in Our Place at Cottonwood, but had never sold one.
Giannosa closed the meeting on a fiery note after resident Ernie Koontz demanded that the chairman step down from his position for government abuse that benefited himself and RPS Homes.
“I have said I am available anytime to talk and not one person has taken me up on that offer,” Giannosa said. “Mr. Koontz you want to see my income? Come on over I will show it to you. I will even tell you why I left Mr. Schams, but before you cast dispersion about my character you should have the facts. You did not have the facts tonight Mr. Koontz. Meeting adjourned!”
Contact reporter Max Lancaster at mlancaster@bouldercityreview.com or at 702-586-9401. Follow him on Twitter @MLancasterBCR.
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By Celia Shortt Goodyear Boulder City Review
January 13, 2021 - 3:55 pm January 13, 2021 - 3:55 pm
The search for the next city manager and city attorney is a little more defined as City Council recently approved the salary range and compensation package for each position.
Purpose of proposed ballot question contested
City Council is divided on whether safety or growth is the purpose of a proposed ballot question about airport capital improvement projects and have yet to decide about moving forward with it.
Candidate filing for Boulder City’s 2021 municipal election starts in less than two weeks and three residents have already announced their intention to run for city office.
Boulder City is using temporary part-time code enforcement officers to help ensure that local businesses are complying with current health and safety guidelines for the pandemic.
Two council seats up for election
January 6, 2021 - 3:38 pm January 6, 2021 - 3:38 pm
The 2021 municipal election will see residents voting to fill two seats on City Council as well as offer guidance on some community issues.
No bail for driver charged in bicyclists’ deaths
By David Ferrara / RJ
A box truck driver accused of killing five Las Vegas bicyclists was ordered held without bail on Monday.
Old pet cemetery to remain intact
A new solar project will not infringe on the local pet cemetery put in place years ago by a longtime Boulder City resident.
Nevada’s road fatalities rose in 2020
By Mick Akers / RJ
Now that 2020 has come to a close, transportation officials hope the Las Vegas Valley can leave the “worst year ever” in its rear-view mirror.
National parks, outdoor recreation generate big bucks for Nevada
By Mike Shoro / RJ
There’s a great, big world out there just waiting for you to explore it. Data suggests you may already have.
Police raise awareness of 3-foot bicycle law to motorists
By Mya Constantino / RJ
Local law enforcement agencies joined to raise awareness of Nevada’s “3-foot rule” for motorists during an enforcement event Dec. 30 on a trio of Summerlin roads.
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Boys Baseball Cleats
baseball cleats youth boys,boys orange baseball cleats
Why Does Washington Wear 49,Players And Alumni React To The Washington Football Team’s|2020-12-02
Face Masks Become Mandatory In Washington State Starting …
He excelled on the field, in the front office and most importantly in his community where he had a tremendous impact on the lives of so many through his charitable efforts.Nothing too fancy but seriously delicious is what you will find here.Pads are necessary to absorb the many physical blows a player takes during a game and protect every part of his body.Country Living reported, during the second round of the show’s first Live Cross Battles host Carson Daly asked the judges for their takes.A productive back from the Redskins’ lean years is the best of a small field.Hong Kong Filmart Postponed Due To Coronavirus Fears; Event Moves Two Weeks Before Toronto.Last month, San Juan County became the first jurisdiction to impose a mask requirement that was enforceable by law, making it a misdemeanor for people to not wear a mask while in public.Reigning league MVP Lamar Jackson, the Ravens’ star quarterback, was one of many individuals contaminated.
Wooden Teeth Myth · George Washington’s Mount Vernon
It’s just perfect.If you’re using PowerPoint for Office 365 or PowerPoint 2019, then you can take advantage of the new “Zoom” feature, which lets you seamlessly transition to any slide in the presentation by placing it inside another slide.I am choosing not to do it.The day after Thanksgiving is also Native American Heritage Day, a day to pay tribute to Native Americans for their many contributions to the United States.Washington’s NFL team on Saturday announced that it is retiring jersey number 49, which was worn by Bobby Mitchell, the team’s first Black player. Alexandre D_: Jack Q Jia:Sending help! Keep an eye on your email inboxes.I’m focused on getting ready for camp and helping this team win some football games.I originally took the seat on 'The Voice' because it kept me in a little bit of a more grounded position for my children.Get a Legal Evaluation of Your Asbestos Claim in Washington.The hilarious responses to Peppa Pig's twitter appearance didn't stop there with one tweeter joking about a completely different situation.
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He felt that the retiring of a jersey is the ultimate recognition of an athlete.TINTON FALLS, NJ — TAPintoTV’s Brian Brodeur speaks with Kevin Watson, Manager.The myth of Washington’s wooden teeth conventionally imagines such wooden contraptions as understandably painful to wear, thus supposedly explaining Washington’s dour expression in his most well-known portraits.Coronavirus Update: Cases Surpass 10 Million Nationwide As Global Total Hits 50 Million.Many players also wear a mouth guard to protect their teeth and prevent themselves from biting their tongues.It’s about entertainment.“You can do it.They typically come in waves, getting better and worse again throughout the day.He continued: “Bobby was one of the most influential players not only in our team’s history, but in the National Football League.Blake Shelton, however, seemed skeptical of Keys’ exit from The Voice.
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Though, they do need to allow for alternatives, such as allowing you to use a face shield instead, or offering contactless pickup.The numerals, which appear on the front and back of the jersey, are 8 inches high and 4 inches wide.4 yards per carry.Unger, Harlow Giles.His name appears across the upper-back just above the numerals.Students from four different elementary schools enjoyed holiday festivities alongside several Redskins players on Dec.Jul 27, 2020"That’s why I feel like being the Washington Football Team is actually kind of a cool thing.If you are registered to vote in Washington, there is no need to request a ballot.Like most of the existing public health orders, this one is mostly dependent on people voluntarily doing the responsible thing whenever they’re able.A new name signals the start of ….Hall and Weinstein will join Senior Vice President of Media and Content Julie Donaldson as a three-person booth for the team’s game day radio broadcast and will take part in the team’s weekly television programming.
gov and click "Ballot Status.Eric Leven asked if we could send documentation that Bill Wells lived in our home and died in an accident.I still choose to wear a mask when I have to go out even if it’s more of a struggle, she said.In fact, out of the most commonly eaten foods, seaweed, soy and spinach contain the most tryptophan.Mitchell died in April at the age of 84.What did you think of the Grammy nominations? Click here to join the fierce discussion going on right now in our lively forums.He excelled on the field, in the front office and most importantly in his community where he had a tremendous impact on the lives of so many through his charitable efforts.I stole Cami because I think she is the dark horse right now, y’all.He carried the ball 90 times with Washington, scoring twice and averaging 4.George: Thank goodness you arrived just in time!.Legally speaking, there are no consequences if you don’t wear a mask for a medical reason.“And then he had the problems early in his career.
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Other sources of information about candidates and issues include local newspapers, television, libraries, political parties, and campaigns.Furthermore, Make sure to follow our Social media accounts for exclusive news.KREM viewers responded on Facebook and via email to share their experiences with mask-wearing and medical conditions.Coverage will begin at 10pm GMT and run for an hour.Community, The Redskins, its fan base and the NFL.Sandy deals with many conflicts throughout the series, such as trying to gain acceptance from his father-in-law while being financially supported by his wife, and raising two teenagers in a (sometimes) corrupt environment.In the release about the jersey number retirement, Mitchell’s wife, Gwen, said that Bobby would have been thrilled and humbled by this wonderful recognition.On the final song on his February 2020 album YHLQMDLG, named "<3", Bad Bunny included the lyric: "In nine months I'll release another, to retire calmly like Miguel Cotto.Many are requiring masks to enter, and since they’re private entities, that’s legal, regardless of whether or not you are medically exempt.
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The Beer Nut: Local GABF winners, Wally Juice on the way, Beer Mansion time
Norman Miller Daily News Staff @Norman_MillerMW
Oct 11, 2017 at 11:07 AM Oct 11, 2017 at 1:57 PM
New England breweries took home seven medals this past weekend at the Great American Beer Fest in Colorado.
In all, judges awarded medals in 97 different categories at the GABF, the largest beer festival and competition in the United States. The GABF is held by the Brewers Association, which is the trade organization for craft breweries.
The competition is west coast heavy, with California and Colorado having the most breweries taking part. Only about a dozen New England breweries participated this year.
Stony Creek Brewing Company of Connecticut was the big winner, taking home two bronze medals. They won medals for Stony Joe in the “Coffee Beer” category, as well as for Dock Time in the “Vienna Lager” category.
New England breweries took two medals in the “Classic Saison” category. Hobbs Farm & Brewing of New Hampshire took a bronze for its One Arm Farmhouse Ale, while Night Shift Brewing of Everett took the silver for Matisse.
Cambridge Brewing Company took a bronze in the “Mixed-Culture Brett Beer” category for Cor Cordium, in collaboration with Jester King of Texas.
The lone New England gold goes to Connecticut’s Back East Brewing’s Porter, which won the “Brown Porter” category.
Finally, Half Full Brewing, also of Connecticut, won the bronze medal in the “English-style Summer Ale” category for its Bright Ale.
In other news, Wachusett Brewing Company of Westminster announced the release of its newest beer, Wally Juice.
The original Wally was the brewery’s most successful beer launch ever, and Wally Juice is “hazier, juicier, more intense.”
“Our brewers deserve all the credit for making such a fantastic beer in Wally,” said Wachusett President Christian McMahan. "To go right back to Wally and push the boundaries of the style to create the next evolution of Wally Juice is amazing.”
Wally Juice, which comes in at 7 percent alcohol by volume, is available on draft now and will be available in 16 ounce cans on Nov. 1.
Finally, Brooklyn Brewery is bringing its Beer Mansion to Boston on Oct. 27 and Oct. 28 at the Center for the Arts, 539 Tremont Street.
The Beer Mansion is a beer festival like no other, described as a celebration of beer, art, music and science.
The Beer Mansion is split up into several rooms, and each one has a theme – Tart of the Tropics will feature fruity and light beers; the Forest will feature hoppy and “outdoorsy” beers; the Harvest will feature sessionable beers and the Darkness will feature porters, stouts and robust brown ales.
The final room is called the Anatomy of Beer, which is described as “a pause at the intersection of art and science.”
There will be food from Roxy’s Grilled Cheese, Pennypackers and Tenoch Mexican. Breweries participating include Allagash Brewing Company of Maine, Mayflower Brewing Company of Plymouth and Ipswich Brewing Company.
Tickets are $50 and are available at https://www.eventbrite.com/e/boston-beer-mansion-tickets-37818535257.
Norman Miller is a Daily News staff writer. Email him at nmiller@wickedlocal.com or call 508-626-3823. Check out the Beer Nut blog at http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/section/blogs01?taxid=646&start=2. Follow him on Twitter and Instagram @RealBeerNut and on Facebook at facebook.com/NormanMillerBeerNut.
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College and Career Pathways Leadership Guide
System Leaders
Site Leaders
Strong leadership is critical to successful transformation of educational practices. As Linked Learning career pathways expand, it becomes ever more important to develop and support leadership. This guide is intended to provide site and district leaders the tools and resources to re-envision and reconstruct leadership in comprehensive high schools where career pathway development is a priority.
CCASN created this guide to leadership development in collaboration with ConnectEd and many career academy and Linked Learning leaders in the field so that district, site and pathway leaders would have the tools and resources to advocate for and train leaders for their crucial role in transforming secondary education.
This online guide provides:
Historical context for the increasing importance of leadership development to Linked Learning career pathways
Guidance for developing pathway leadership in four critical areas:
as system leaders
as site leaders
as team leaders
as key connectors to industry & community partners
Resources, links and tools embedded throughout
In this document, we will use “Linked Learning Pathways” and “College & Career Academies” interchangeably, as there are many ways to refer to this reform design. Other terms used widely include “Multiple Pathways” and “Career Academies.” The common elements that all incorporate include:
A small learning community with personalized supports
A curriculum that integrates rigorous college preparatory academics with real-world applications, career technical skills and work based learning opportunities
Partnerships with employers, community members, and post-secondary institutions
Historic Expansion of College and Career Academies
Acknowlegements and Appreciations
There are great incentives to expand Linked Learning career pathways in secondary schools, as research demonstrates that, when implemented well, such programs increase student motivation, acquisition of 21st century skills, persistence in school, and success after high school (Stern 1). These are valuable outcomes in a changing global economy, where two thirds of future jobs are expected to require post-secondary education by 2018. In 2012, President Obama committed to double the number of career pathway programs, and allocated funding to do so through the Youth Career Connect grants and other federal initiatives. Nationwide, states and districts are striving to increase students’ access to college & career academy pathways, particularly in high wage, high demand fields such as STEM and health, and to align those high school pathways with post-secondary educational opportunities. Because the heart of any career pathway is an interdisciplinary team of teachers working with a cohort of students, strong teacher leadership is crucial to the success of those efforts.
In California, where California Partnership Academies (CPAs) have been developing effective model practices since the late 1980s, research has consistently demonstrated their impact on student motivation, high school performance and post-secondary earnings. In 2008 the legislature supported the expansion of CPAs to nearly 500, and mandated a release period for lead teachers. The CDE next developed Mentor Academies, then Lighthouse Academies to promote best practices. In 2009, the James Irvine Foundation provided major funding for a District Initiative to begin the process of scaling up, calling this the “Linked Learning” approach. With Irvine Foundation support, ConnectEd began developing a coaching model to work with teacher leaders on pathway development, as well as with district leaders on changing systems to support pathways. Linked Learning picked up steam as the approach moved from small schools and the margins of comprehensive high schools into a systemic reform.
Where robust, high quality programs are implemented, such as in California Partnership Academies (CPAs) and certified Linked Learning pathways, research continues to show substantial success in improving student outcomes (SRI Int. 2). The state legislature therefore approved further investment in this approach, including two $250 million California Career Pathways Trust allocations released in 2014 and 2015. With legislative support, K12 and college districts across the state began working with Workforce Investment Boards, industry partners, and community-based organizations to develop new systems to support this very different way of organizing schools. While striving to implement Common Core and Next Generation Science standards, K12 districts began wrestling with new problems, from master scheduling to credentialing, to increasing access to early college credit, as they aim to address the inequities in their current programs and to make college AND careers accessible to all.
The practical applications and interdisciplinary analytical thinking skills required by Common Core standards are a natural fit with the real world performance tasks, interdisciplinary project-based instructional practices, and outcome-based assessments common to Linked Learning pathways. However, the traditional organization of comprehensive high schools by department often means that Common Core implementation happens in one place, and pathway development in another. This guide is intended to support education leaders to unify faculty around a coherent effort to transform institutional structures, school culture and, most importantly, instructional practices.
Development of this guide was funded by the generous support of the James Irvine Foundation. From its conception, it has been an effort to build on the collaborative spirit in a field full of educators dedicated to transforming their institutions so that students can experience more just and equitable educational outcomes.
ConnectEd, with support from the James Irvine Foundation, created a training program for Linked Learning coaches to support the leadership demands of this reform effort. As developing robust Linked Learning pathways becomes an increasing priority, many districts have hired and trained such coaches to work with lead teachers, site and district leaders, in order to improve their capacity to collaboratively problem solve. ConnectEd has also developed essential resources to support teacher teams as they apply Linked Learning instructional practices such as outcome-based integrated curriculum development and assessment. CCASN has worked with ConnectEd to integrate the tools and resources developed in this effort into this guide, along with CCASN resources and many others from the field. To access many of ConnectEd’s tools and utilize them most effectively, we encourage you to follow the links to the ConnectEd website, and to explore and work with them there.
We are also grateful to the many teacher leaders and administrators who have contributed to the development of the resources and tools referenced in this guide, including from California Partnership Academies, CPA Lighthouse Academies, and Linked Learning pathways and districts.
Founded in 1998, the College & Career Academy Support Network (CCASN) is based in the Graduate School of Education at University of California Berkeley (UCB). The CCASN team involves a mix of researchers and practitioners and has worked in over 20 states to support design, development, implementation and enhancement of academies, linked learning pathways and other small learning communities as well as school-district-regional-state systems — while simultaneously assembling, developing, and documenting information, tools and resources.
Our work resulted in a series of guides now available on the CCASN website, along with other tools, templates, databases, videos, and more. CCASN continues to engage in a broad range of efforts that join research findings with practical solutions that improve the college and career readiness of youth, making school more real, and more fair.
CCASN is funded by private foundations, as well as through contracts with states, districts, and industry and community partners.
Leadership Guide for Developing College and Career Pathways Team
Annie Johnston, Coordinator of Public Programs and Principal Investigator for the College and Career Academy Support Network (CCASN) at UC Berkeley’s Graduate School of Education
Anya Gurholt, College and Career Pathway Coach, Oakland Unified School District
Tiffany Holliday, College and Career Pathways Coach, Oakland Unified School District
Sasha Kirkman, CCASN Consultant, ASK Education Consulting
Webmaster: Nimalen Sivapalan
1 Stern, D., Dayton, C., & Raby, M. (2010). Career Academies: A Proven Strategy to Prepare High School Students for College and Careers. In C. Career Academy Support Network, University of California, Berkeley (Ed.). Berkeley, CA: CASN.
2 SRI International. (2014). Taking Stock of the California Linked Learning District Initiative: Fifth-Year Evaluation Report: Executive Summary.
RESOURCES FOR THIS SECTION
Glossary of Terms Related to College & Career Academies
Key Features of College & Career Academies (chart)
Linked Learning – A Guide to Making High School Work (2013)
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Saint Dominic of Silos
Domingo of Silos
Born to a peasant family, he worked as a shepherd in his youth. Benedictine monk at San Millán de Cogolla monastery. Priest. Novice master. Prior of the house. Ordered by King Garcia III of Navarre to give him the monastery‘s lands, Dominic refused, and with two of his brother monks was driven from the house by force.
They sought protection from King Ferdinand I of Old Castile. They found a new home in the San Sebastian monastery at Silos, diocese of Burgos where Dominic was appointed abbot. Founded in 954, the house had fallen on hard times, had only six monks, and was in terrible shape physically, financially and spiritually. He turned around the house’s spiritual life, straightened out its finances, rebuilt its structure. The house was soon a spiritual center noted for book design, printed art, its gold and silver work, and charity to the local poor. The rebuilt abbey cloisters survive to today, and are considered a great architectural treasure. Reported to heal by prayer. He got wealthy patrons to endow the monastery, and raised funds to ransom Christians taken prisoner by the Moors.
One of the most beloved of Spanish saints, there were churches and monasteries dedicated to him as early as 1085, and the monastery he rebuilt is now known as Saint Dominic’s. Many miracles were attributed to his prayers after his death, especially with regard to pregnancy. Dominic’s abbatial staff was used to bless Spanish queens and was kept by their beds when they were in labour. Blessed Joan de Aza de Guzmán prayed at his shrine to conceive the child whom she called Dominic, after the abbot of Silos, and who founded the Order of Preachers (the Dominicans).
1000 in Cañas (modern Rioja), Navarre, Spain
10 December 1073 in Silos, Spain of natural causes
on 5 January 1076 his body was translated to the monastery church for veneration
against hydrophobia
against mad dogs
against rabies
abbot surrounded by the Seven Virtues
chains, referring to prisoners and slaves
mitred abbot enthroned with a book, a veil tied to his crozier
Lives of the Saints, by Father Francis Xavier Weninger
New Catholic Dictionary
American Catholic
Franciscan Media
websites in nederlandse
Heiligen 3s
“Saint Dominic of Silos“. CatholicSaints.Info. 21 August 2020. Web. 20 January 2021. <>
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Alluring Tales
Bachelor Pact
Blue Bay Crew
Boys of Beachville
Captured and Claimed
Carson Family
Dirty Rich Boys
Eternal Pleasure
Firefighter Heat
Guardian Series
Hell’s Series
Players on Ice
Pleasure Games
Pleasure Inn
Pride Trilogy
Stone Cliff
Sun Stroked
Tropical Temptation
Box Sets / Special Sales
Cat Kalen
Print List of Books
Pin Me Up Proper »
Alluring Tales: Night Moves — Laid Bare
Part of the Alluring Tales series:
Alluring Tales: Awaken the Fantasy
Alluring Tales 2: Hot Holiday Nights
When a mermaid saves a drowning man she unleashes a tidal wave of passion that could destroy her very world.
Ella, a mermaid from Dualii, a kingdom deep below the sea, has returned to the quaint coastal town of Crystal Cove, Nova Scotia, a place where she'd once saved a drowning boy. Except when she sees the teenager from her past, she knows he is anything but a boy. He is a man, one who taunts her body and heart in the most inexplicable ways and has her questioning her very future.
As he stands naked beneath the full moon Ella knows she must have him—before she returns home and succumbs to her arranged marriage. Despite the rules set in place for her kind, rules to protect the identity of her people, she decides a blatant seduction is in order. With her body beckoning his touch, Ella lays herself bare as everything inside her urges her to experience his personal brand of lovemaking—just once—before she wipes his mind of their encounter and returns to her underground world forever.
Except when the heat they generate hinders her abilities to strip his memories and everything in his touch stirs her soul, Ella knows she wants to turn fantasy into long term reality. But when she finds years of research papers, she understands that not only does his study of mythical creatures threaten their future, he is the one man who could destroy her very kind.
After replenishing her body, Ella returned to the boat house to climb back into the shorts and t-shirt she'd borrowed from a stranger's clothesline earlier that morning. Even though she hated to take things that didn't belong to her, she couldn't very well walk around town naked.
Once dressed she made her way back to the dock, to await the handsome man from her past. Nervousness invaded her stomach when she finally spotted him coming her way, returning to his ocean-side cottage after a long, hard swim out to sea. Her mind raced with questions while her skin prickled with uneasy anticipation.
Would he recognize her after all this time?
Steeling herself she stood back and observed him as he gripped the dock and lifted his long lean torso from the sea. Water dripped from his magnificent body and when his glistening eyes locked on hers, she sucked in a sharp breath, the pull between them every bit as powerful today as it was all those years ago. Ella watched him and waited, anxious to see how he'd react to her.
He slowly climbed to his feet, and when he reached his full height, towering a good foot over her, his brow furrowed in bewilderment, clearly taken aback to find someone on his dock.
He reached for his clothes. "How...who?"
"It's been too long," Ella murmured under her breath as she gazed at his nakedness. It made her want to shed her own clothes, to return to her natural form.
With his hand hovering over his pants, confusion clouded his eyes and he glanced at the houses dotting the cove. "Do I know—" then suddenly, before he even completed his sentence, his head spun back to her and awareness dawned on his face.
Ella held her breath and waited.
His stood up, his gaze darting to her legs. At first surprise registered in his eyes—then perhaps a bit of disappointment when he glimpsed her land legs instead of her sea tail—but then...well...then something else seemed to take possession of him, something that looked a lot like desire.
His eyes leisurely trailed upward again, visually caressing her body in a way that made her body tremble and her heart race. She could feel the heat in his body reaching out to her, caressing her and pulling her under like a warm, rogue wave.
"It's you," he whispered, his voice husky from both desire and amazement. "Jesus, it's really you."
As years of yearning for this man twisted her insides, she bit back a breathy moan, elated that he'd recognized her, but even more thrilled to hear the need lacing his voice. It was that need that spoke volumes and told her that he hadn't forgotten about her either.
"Yes, it's me," she returned without regard for the secrets of her people, but knowing that come morning she'd wipe his mind of her no matter how hard it would be for her to erase his memories. She realized she wanted him to remember her, wanted him to reminisce about their time together after she disappeared beneath the sea, the same way she would think about every moment of this stolen night, when she was locked in a loveless marriage.
A low tortured noise sounded in his throat and pain haunted his eyes when he asked, "Where have you been?"
Ella took a tentative step closer, craving so much from this man. "All that matters is that I'm here now."
His gaze moved over her face, assessing her. "I've been looking for you," he murmured and she didn't miss the tremor in his voice, the undeniable need lacing his words when he added, "I've been searching for so long now."
Desperate to know more—everything—about him, she rushed out, "What's your name?"
"Liam. Liam Jackson."
"Liam," Ella repeated thinking it was the most beautiful name she'd ever heard. "I'm Ella."
His smile was slow, shaky when he admitted, "I haven't been able to stop thinking about you, Ella." Just hearing him say her name for the first time and knowing he'd been thinking about her all these years filled her with a new kind of want.
"I've haven't been able to stop thinking about you either," she admitted honestly and as her body beckoned his touch, she placed her hand on his shoulder in a means to hurry along the intimacy. She wanted him, had needed him for so long now and she didn't want to waste one more glorious second of the night.
He stroked her arm and she shivered beneath his touch, the strange bond between them tremendous, even after all this time. "I never had the chance to thank you."
Ella smiled, "Seeing you alive and here today is thanks enough."
His brows furrowed and conflicting emotions passed over his eyes. "What took you so long to come back?"
Ella frowned, unsure of what to say. How could she tell him that meeting him like this was forbidden, and that after tonight, after she wiped his memory—something she should have done fifteen years ago—he'd never remember her again?
He stepped back to examine her, his gaze heartily drinking her in. She could tell by the look on his face that he was still shocked to find her standing on his dock. "You're just as beautiful as I remember," he whispered and everything in the way he studied her promised of something far more intimate. "Except now you're all grown up."
His beauty took her breath away and there was nothing she could do to stop her body from quaking, but she knew she wasn't just reacting to him physically. Even though it wasn't logical, and they were from different worlds, she wanted this man on a whole different level.
Her breath grew shallow as she looked at his nakedness. "So are you."
He studied her face and he suddenly seemed unsure. She could almost hear the wheels spinning as his mind raced with unanswered questions. "That day, that day you saved me, you took off before I had a chance—" She touched her fingertip to his mouth to silence him.
"Shhh..."
He closed his mouth, instantly understanding now was not the time for questions.
Another shiver moved through her and he must have mistaken it for something else. He stepped closer and gathered her into his arms like it was the most natural thing for him to do. Her body molded into his and she felt his blatant need as his cock pressed against her stomach.
His soft whisper covered her like a blanket and she could sense his trepidation when he asked, "Are you okay?"
As she looked up at him she feared she'd never be okay again, especially if she followed through with her plan to seduce him. But she'd come too far to back down now, and it was clear just how much—and for how long—they both wanted each other.
She moved against his hard body, letting him know why she was here, what she really wanted, no needed, from him.
"Ella," he whispered in a shaky voice, and everything in the quiet way he spoke her name brought them to a deeper level of intimacy. It was as if they'd known each other their entire lives. Then again, perhaps they had, perhaps the time they'd both spent thinking of the other helped counteract the time they'd spent apart and made this reunion feel all the more familiar to them.
Off in the distance the sound of laughter broke the silence of the night. Even though they were draped in darkness on his dock, it was still a reminder that they weren't really alone. Without concealing his erection, Liam stepped back and gathered her hand into his.
His gaze panned her face, searching for answers and the intent look in his eyes spoke of such need and desire it made her insides quiver. "Can you stay?"
"For a little while," she answered. "But then I—"
He didn't let her finish. Instead he slid his fingers through her damp hair and dropped his mouth to hers. Her body pulsed with pent-up need as his warm salty lips met hers and stole her ability to think straight.
Giving in to her baser urges, she open for him, granting him entry while she savored the incredible taste of his mouth. His kiss was so tender, so achingly gentle that it took her by surprise. His hands circled her waist to draw her in tighter, and when her body became pliable in his arms, letting him know in no uncertain terms what she wanted, a low growl of longing sounded deep in his throat.
Her nipples tightened with arousal and pressed against his bare chest, her body needing more—so much more...
Reviews:UTC BOOK BLOG wrote:
This book was mainly the reason why I found the Alluring Tales series of short stories. And let me state that they do not have the read in order, I'm just being anal about it. They're all by different authors and they are not in any way shape or form related.
Now that being said, LAID BARE is an X-Rated version of The Little Mermaid, which just happens to be my favorite Disney movie! I love Ariel.
So Ella is a mermaid and some 15 years ago she saved a teenagers life. From that day she's always remembered that boy and now that she's thirty and her father wants to marry her off, she wants to go in search for that human boy, now a man, before she has to turn her life over to duty.
Liam has been obsessed with his mermaid his whole adult life. And every night he goes out for a swim to try to find her. And now she is there, with legs nonetheless.
Ella and Liam are so hot together! Liam wants to keep her, she just wants one night to have as a memory of her love before going back to her father.
If I can complain about one thing is that it's short. I loved the world this is set in but I think we can hope that there will be another book after this one!
Do you like Foxy Fiction?
If you're interested in joining Foxy Fiction, Cathryn's street team, please send a request to: Foxy Fiction
Copyright © Cathryn Fox 2003-2015. All Rights Reserved.
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Ashwini Bhave
Lieutenant Suraj Dutt has been in the Indian army for years. It is now time for him to take a leave of absence so that he can meet his father, Retired Colonel Yashpal Dutt, and sister, Minni. He travels home, and on the way rescues some school children held hostage by a group of armed men. The media portrays him as a hero, and it is here that he meets with a young woman named Alka, and both fall in love with each other. Alka and Suraj get the approval of their respective families' and get married. Minni also gets married to a young man named Vijay Ghai. Shortly after the marriage, Suraj leaves his pregnant wife and re-joins duty at the border. His father is the first one to get the news that he is missing, believed dead. He decides to keep his news from Alka and Minni. What Yashpal does not know that both Minni and Alka have already received this devastating news - and both have decided to keep a brave front and also hide it from each other...
Sainik
Jaidev Anand is a celebrity, and lives a fairly isolated life. One day he comes to the rescue of a young woman, Vandana Acharya, and falls in love with her. Vandana respects him, but falls in love with another man, Abhimanyu. This news shatters Jaidev, but he decides not to tell Vandana anything. Then the jeep in which Abhimanyu and Vandana were traveling is attacked by an assailant named D.K., and as a result Abhimanyu gets killed. Jaidev is sorry for Vandana, but gets his hopes up enough to propose to her, and to his joy, she accepts. The plans are on for an early marriage, but before that could happen Vandana meets a single mother, Gayetri, and her son. It is then she finds out that Jaidev is already married, and also has a son. What possible reason could Jaidev have for not sharing this information with Vandana?
Zakhmi Dil
Movie starring Ashwini Bhave, Nilu Phule, Nishigandha Wad directed by Vishwash Patil
Janmathep
Former freedom fighter, Sinha, has always believed in the rule of the law over violence. He watches in disapproval as Police Inspector Dawood Durani is arrested, charged with killing his wife, Shehnaz, the daughter of Mirza Lucknowi. He also watches with despair when his pupil, Kishan Kashyap, frequently loses his temper over not getting employed, and when he does get employed as a Police Inspector, shows arrogance and contempt of the law. Sinha's views change dramatically when he watches two women being murdered by a man named Balu. When he reports this matter to Inspector Deshmukh, he is told to check his vision as Balu was somewhere else during this incident. When Sinha persists and decides to approach higher authorities, his lovely daughter, Kavita, the girlfriend of Kishan, is abducted, his Journalist son, Amrit, is killed, and his daughter-in-law, Vimladevi, may well be in league with the killers...
Kayda Kanoon
Ashaant is a story about effort made by the whole Police Force of the country, especially two police officers A.C.P. Vijay Bombay Police (Akshay Kumar) and A.C.P. Vishnu Bangalore Police (Vishnu Vardhan) to bring peace i.e. Shanti to country. The wage a war against a Mafia who deals in printing fake currency notes and have become threat to country´s and security. These Mafia dons Kaka (Jai Kalgutkar) and Rana (Punit) are operating from Bangalore city. But when the pressure of Police Officer Vishnu mounts on them, the decide to shift their roots to Borr y. As they enter Bombay, Rana is nabbed by ACP Vijay and is arrested. Vijay starts his investigation to reach the roots of this Mafia through Rana, when orders come from home ministry to shift Rana from Bombay custody to Bangalore court for many previous serious crimes.
Ashaant
An unemployed male, forced to marry a wealthy woman, is not only evicted but must also pose as her servant.
The movie is an entertaining and a cinematic journey of a morally-stricken Chief Minister who works efficiently and actively to help a beleaguered elderly singer who is yet to receive the government allotted flat applied for eight long years ago! The story line depicts originally of characters such as the CM, his wife, his PA, the Principle Secretary and many personnel from the assembly. Story revolves within the time period of afternoon 3 PM to 6 AM dawn during which it highlights the political decision making process and also gives us an insight to the unending mind games between politicians and bureaucrats within our system.
Aajcha Divas Majha
Lakshya finds a bottle, which has Gangaram trapped in it who is his lookalike. He promises to make everything possible with the sand in the bottle, but once the sand is over he will be free to go.
Dhadakebaaz
An honest and diligent inspector is murdered with his family. However, he survives the attack and is in coma for a while. When he exits coma, he takes revenge by murdering the villains one by one to avenge his loved ones who died at the hands of the villains.
Inspector Vijay Saxena and Pooja Kumari Tiwari are in love. The only obstacle is that Pooja's dad is wealthy and the Chief Minister of the state, while Vijay's background is lower middle-class. Humiliated by Tiwari, Vijay marries advocate Kiran, and together they give birth to a daughter named Bobby. Kiran represents a number of defendants who are charged by the police, and is always on hand to secure their release, and this causes some acrimony in their marriage. Then an unmarried Pooja re-enters Vijay's life, and this time she intends to stay close to this family. Tragedy strikes the Saxena family when Kiran is killed by assailants. With the police having no clues as to who her killers are, Vijay takes it upon himself to bring the culprits to justice. It is then he finds out that Bobby has been kidnapped, and the only way he can save her is by turning himself in to her kidnappers.
Jurmana
In a remote region in India there has been a tradition of settling differences by fighting a duel with pistols with only one bullet in each of them. Such was the duel fought by Shankar and Thakur Bhavani Singh, with the latter emerging as the victor. Years later, Bhavani's son, Prithvi, returns from London, meets Shankar's son, Gora and daughter, Tara, befriends them, and eventually both Tara and Prithvi fall in love with each other. When Bhavani finds this out, he wants Prithvi to marry Rajeshwari, who comes from a rich family, and will destroy Gora Shankar and his tribe of gypsies. Unable to make up his mind, Prithvi ends up marrying both women, leading to Tara giving birth to a son, Pratap. Bhavani is enraged when he this out, he has Tara and a lot of their people slain, and their homes torched. Gora himself is arrested by the police, and sentenced to several years in prison...
Parampara
Dhananjay makes Parshuram and Sudhir to act as his and his brothers wife as the landlady only wants married couples. What will happen when the landlady will come to know the truth and how will they all face her as she is very lovable to all.
Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi
Unable to bear a child, Pooja is asked to compromise with her husband's new mistress or leave the house. Pooja's brother, Raju decides to fight for his sister and reunite her with her husband.
An edge-of-the-seat thriller about family, love, deceit, and the secrets that wrench us apart. It grapples with the dilemma of 'Will You Choose Truth Over Family?', and if trust can ever really be absolute.
The Raikar Case
© 2021 Cinema One, All rights reserved.
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Zuckerberg's fortune falls $4.9 billion on data exploitation
The fortunes of Alphabet Inc. founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin each declined $1.5 billion.
Eric Schmidt stepping down as chair of Alphabet board
Larry Page replaced Schmidt as chief executive a decade later, but Schmidt remained at the head of the board of directors.
Forget flying cars, Google's Sergey Brin secretly builds an airship
The Google co-founder has reportedly been building a massive airship - which looks like a zeppelin - inside of Hangar 2 at the NASA Ames Research Center.
If you don't fail sometimes, you are not being ambitious enough: Google's Sundar Pichai
While Google has near-total dominance in search, its social media initiatives, including Wave, Buzz and Google+ haven't done too well.
Alphabet is unlikely to break up: Eric Schmidt
Schmidt said Alphabet, the company that owns Google and other businesses like Nest and Fiber, will never break up and its job is to seek out transformative solutions.
Google is building an in-house startup incubator called 'Area 120'
Google is creating an in-house startup incubator to help keep its entrepreneurial talent closer to home, according to The Information.
Meet the power players at Alphabet, the new parent company of Google
Here's a quick recap of all of Alphabet's subsidiary companies and who is leading each one:
How Google got its hilarious first name BackRub and the story behind it
Back in 1996, before Google even existed as an entity, Page and Brin were already making up nerdy names for search engines.
Hackers appear to have stolen credit card data from numerous Hilton Hotel properties
The Hilton Hotel franchise appears to be the victim of cyberhacking that led to a pattern of credit card fraud dating back to November 2014.
Four Indians in MIT’s 'Innovators Under 35' list
Previous winners for the award include Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Google co founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page.
Google knew Glass 'wasn't even close to ready,' but Sergey Brin pushed it out
We're learning more about why Google Glass failed, thanks to a report by The New York Times' Nick Bilton.
Facebook to use drones to beam internet from the sky: Mark Zuckerberg
"In our effort to connect the whole world with Internet.org, we've been working on ways to beam internet to people from the sky," Zuckerberg wrote on Facebook. On Thursday, he announced that Internet.org, an organisation that Facebook started in partnership with a few other technology companies, is experimenting with drones that are capable of beaming internet in an area from the sky.
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Engineering Students Eat Like Soldiers
Through a presentation by Shannon Wagner, a U.S. Army educator, and several Army personnel, students taking the Project Lead the Way Introduction to Engineering Design class with teacher Brad Kassner learned about the history and development of U.S. Army MREs – Meals, Ready-to-Eat.
The meals have experienced many changes and improvements since their introduction during the Revolutionary War, all of which were designed by engineers at a lab in Natick, Mass. Metal can packaging changed to plastic bags during World War II when air surveillance became more prevalent, as enemies could detect metal on the ground.
Today, MRE menu selections have broadened greatly, encompassing vegetarian, Kosher, and Halal options. Meals now even include such “luxuries” as M&M and Skittles candy. The food is designed to have a shelf life of up to three years, and can be eaten at room temperature; however, a flameless heater — an engineering application of the heat-generating chemical reaction that results from mixing magnesium and water — is included for hot meals.
CJ students got to sample three different MREs during period 8 on Wednesday, Dec. 7 and found them to be not too bad, but not quite up to par with “mom’s cooking.”
After school, 7th and 8th grade students from Bishop Leibold and St. Chris had the opportunity to sample the Army’s combat cuisine during a CJ STEMM Scholar program on campus. All seventeen grade school participants had a chance to taste the MREs, and were also introduced to a free Web-based nationwide STEM competition for students in grades six through nine called eCYBERMISSION.
Story and photos provided by Meg Draeger, CJ STEMM coordinator. For more information and opportunities to get involved, browse the STEMM Web pages at cjeagles.org or contact Mrs. Draeger via email or by phone at 937.461.3740 x487.
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CLAIRE AHO
Finland in 1950´s Colours
Helsinki in 1950s colours
Essay by Prof Merja Salo
PHOTO LONDON 2020
PHOTO LA 2020
Liljevalchs Stockholm
Liljevalchs introduction
Academic Bookstore 2015
Helsinki Airport Finland
ICA London 26-29 May 2013
TPG London 2013
Design Museum 2012
Film - Splinters/Lastuja
Kunsthalle Helsinki 2011
Helsinki City Hall 2010
Cotton Rhapsody Catalogue
Cotton Rhapsody Photos
HELSINKI 1968 - BOOK
MAKUPALOJA - BOOK
HELSINKI in 1950s & 1960s
HANKO in 1960´s
FASHION in 1960´s
New Post Cards
CV - Curriculum Vitae
Aho & Soldan
Jubileum years
http://www.dn.se/blogg/epstein/2017/06/10/finskt-foto-i-hogklassig-utstallning-pa-liljevalchs-pa-armemuseum/
http://www.stockholmsfria.se/artikel/129292
http://www.armemuseum.se/en/utstallningar/fokus-finland/
http://www.finlandun.org/public/default.aspx?contentid=358110&nodeid=35879&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
http://www.finlandmission.ch/public/default.aspx?contentid=361824&nodeid=35469&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI
http://www.finlandun.org/public/default.aspx?contentid=358152&nodeid=35879&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI
https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/finland-firar-i-new-york-2/
Claire Aho 90 vuotta 2.11.2015
HELSINGIN SANOMAT KULTTUURI S 1-3, 17.10.2015
Helsingin Sanomat 17.11.2015 - Claire Aho on suomalaisen valokuvauksen grand old lady
http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/a1444968367107
Helsingin Sanomat 17.11.2015 - Tunnistatko nämä tytöt? - 1950-luvun katukuvaajan malleista moni on jäänyt tunnistamatta
CNN, April 6, 2013
Claire Aho YLE:n Elävässä arkistossa
Claire Aho in YLE´s Living Archive (Yle is Finland's national public service broadcasting company
http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/artikkelit/valokuvataiteilija_claire_aho_36883.html#media=36893
City Magazine, Hong Kong, September 2015
City Magazine, Hong Kong, September 2015 - New Finnish Lifestyle - CLAIRE AHO
Suomen Kuvalehti 24, 2015 - Kuvaustaito geeneissä
Suomen Kuvalehti 24, 2015 - Kuvaustaito geeneissä. Taiteilijaperheen tytär Claire Aho uudisti suomalaisen valokuvauksen
Claire Aho´s Christmas greeting from 1950 on YouTube:
Season's Greetings from around the world - 1950's
This documentary newsreel from Warner-Pathe in 1950 shows, perhaps for the first and only time, some of the newsreel cameramen and reporters behind the stories from around the world wishing everyone Season's Greetings.
Documentary filmmakers and reporters include Crawling Hand cinematographer Willard Van der Veer in Hollywood, Chicago sports cameraman Tony Caputo, news producer/director George A. Dorsey with ABC News presidential cameraman Murray Alvey, San Francisco filmmaker Frank W. Vail, granddaughter of Finnish writer Juhani Aho's and author in-her-own-right Claire Aho, and Flipper cinematographer Cliff Poland.
The video is 4 minutes and 46 seconds long. The sequence with Claire Aho starts at 2 min. 39 sec. and ends at 2 min. 48 sec.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH-Ba8fLIUg
CLAIRE AHO - STUDIO WORKS - PRESS COVERAGE REPORT
Video interview with Claire Aho at The Photographers´ Gallery
”I took my fathers´ Rollei and it said CLICK – and there the picture was, and since then I have taken pictures”
Claire Aho’s career was defined by her pioneering editorial photography and innovative colour techniques.
In the early 1950s, at a highpoint in Finnish design culture, Aho (b. 1925, Finland) established a Helsinki-based photography studio under her own name. Her prolific output covered advertising, editorial, reportage and fashion for a range of commercial applications. She dealt with all aspects of the creative process, from casting models, set- making, styling and lighting to developing and printing her own images.
The photographs, spanning her career from 1950 to 1970, illustrate Aho’s trademark vibrancy and humour, through formally inventive compositions and scenarios constantly re-imagined.
Scan Magazine, July 2013
”Brightly coloured, formally inventive and full of wit. Claire Aho´s photographs capture a distinctive era in Finland´s history while maintaining contemporary vitaly and relevance”
London Planner, May 2013
”Cutting edge photographs from the worlds of fashion, editorial and advertising are brought together in this vibrant show of Claire Aho´s work from 1950-1970”
10 Magazine, June 2013
”Claire Aho:Studio Works recognises the brilliance of a photographer largely unsung outside her native Finland”
Wall Street International, May 23, 2013
AGENDA - United Kingdom, Arts
Claire Aho. Studio Works
"Her prolific, quality output across a broad range of industries created a demand for her services among leading commercial brands and publications, making her one of the most prominent photographers of the period".
http://www.wsimagazine.com/uk/diaries/agenda/arts/claire-aho-studio-works_20130517095459.html
GLORIA 21.5.2013
CLAIRE AHON KADONNUT SUOMI
"Claire oli omaa luokkaansa ja edellä aikaansa. Hän ei ottanut vaikutteita keneltäkään vaan loi tyylinsä itse", sanoo Clairen luottomalli Carita Järvinen"
Claire Aho on suomalaisen muoti- ja mainoskuvauksen Grand Old Lady. Hänen värikkäissä ja humoristisissa valokuvissaan elää 1950- ja 60-luvun Suomi - viattomuuden aika. Sen muistaa myös huippumalli Carita Järvinen, joka teki yllätysvierailun rakkaan työtoverinsa luokse Tukholmaan.
"Carita sai kansainvälisille markkinoille lähdettyään työskennellä maailman kuuluisimpien muotikuvaajien, kuten David Baileyn ja Terence Donovanin kanssa, mutta kukaan heistä ei ole vetänyt vertoja Clairelle".
http://www.gloria.fi/artikkeli/lehdet/uusimmat_lehdet/kesakuun_gloria_1
Lataa GLORIAn artikkeli täältä - Download the article in GLORIA here
SCOUT, May 21, 2013
Claire Aho: Studio Works
http://www.scout.com.au/Blog/Claire-Aho--Studio-Works
Photoexhibitions
19.04.2013 - 21.07.2013: Claire Aho ‘Studio Works’ @ The Photographers Gallery, London
http://www.photoexhibitions.org/photoexhibitions/category/uk/
The Guardian, May 18, 2013
This week´s film events
Aho & Soldan, London
Ever wondered about industrial paper-making processes in 1930s Finland? Then your luck's in. This brief season pays tribute to Finnish brothers Heikki Aho and Björn Soldan and their ability to make any subject look interesting on the big screen. Between 1924 and 1961, they produced around 400 documentaries, chronicling Finnish life with the latest equipment and a refined aesthetic eye informed by European avant garde film-making. As a result, their work still stands up. Best known is Juha, their only feature, a country v city parable based on their father's novel. Also playing are some of their bracingly modern industrial and information shorts, plus films featuring Heikki's daughter Claire (a renowned photographer; her retrospective is on at The Photographer's Gallery) and Splinters, a doc on the whole illustrious Aho-Soldan family.
ICA, Fri to 29 May
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2013/may/18/this-weeks-new-film-events
http://ica.org.uk/37498/Seasons/Aho-Soldan.html
WordPress, May 17, 2013
Claire Aho and 1950s Finnish Photography
"The photos are from the 1950s to the 1970s and show a mastery of the sparse use of colour and design that we have come to associate with Scandinavia"
I have been a fan of the Finnish photographer Arno Minkkinen‘s surreal self-portraits for some years, so I was curious to see what other Finnish photographers’ work is like. Claire Aho has an exhibition at the Photographers’ Gallery, London, at the moment (ends 21 July 2013) so I went along. The photos are from the 1950s to the 1970s and show a mastery of the sparse use of colour and design that we have come to associate with Scandinavia. And yet they also have an international twist – they are reminiscent of the modernist-influenced work of Beaton and Parkinson. There are individual images and a short video interview on the gallery Web site. They also have a very good quality blog: well researched and written. Check out the entry for Claire Aho and 1950s Finnish Photography. http://thephotographersgalleryblog.org.uk/2013/04/23/claire-aho-and-1950s-finnish-photography/
19 April - 21 July 2013 at The Photographers' Gallery, London
Kortarsonline, May 17, 2013
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578/claire_aho_untitled__1957-copy
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578/figura_bra_campaign_claire_aho_1950s-copy
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578/claireaho1-copy
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578/claire_aho_works2-copy
http://www.kortarsonline.hu/2013/05/kepzo-tpg/15578/claire_aho_works-copy
Shutter 47 - Claire Aho: Studio Works, May 15, 2013
Claire Aho’s career is defined by her pioneering editorial photography and innovative colour techniques.
In the early 1950s, at a highpoint in Finnish design culture, Aho (b. 1925, Finland) established a Helsinki-based photography studio under her own name. Her prolific output spanned advertising, editorial, reportage and fashion for a range of commercial applications. She dealt with all aspects of the creative process, from casting models, set-making, styling and lighting to developing and printing her own images.
http://www.shutter47.co.uk/event/claire-aho-studio-works/
Self Service UK, May 11, 2013
If you’re in town this weekend and are looking for something to do, pay a visit to the Photographers’ Gallery in Soho, to look at Claire Aho’s work that is currently on display until 21st July.
"All elements of her photographs point to a modern aesthetic that is ahead of its time: from the use of colour, pattern and form, to the way in which she arranged her subjects and objects in these stylised shots"
Upon entering the room in which Aho’s studio work is displayed, one is immediately struck by the compelling look of the photographs that span from her studio work between 1950 and 1970. All elements of her photographs point to a modern aesthetic that is ahead of its time: from the use of colour, pattern and form, to the way in which she arranged her subjects and objects in these stylised shots. There is the odd 50s doll pose that comes across humorous, rather than prim. Or perhaps it is the other way round, and many of today’s photographs appeal to a nostalgic quality that nods to 20th century photographers.
Claire Aho, who was born in 1925 in Finland and set up a photography studio in the early 50s to produce editorial and commercial images across news, lifestyle, fashion and design, was not just a pioneer in her field but also a woman operating in a man’s world. She took the shoot from the initial planning to the production and the finished product of a photograph into her own hands. Her background as a cinematographer (she filmed the 1952 summer Olympics in Helsinki) is evident within her work. Many of the pictures within the exhibition show the colour charts that Aho created, often making for an even more striking look.
http://selfserviceuk.wordpress.com/2013/05/11/claire-aho/
http://selfserviceuk.wordpress.com/
Because, Culture News May 9, 2013
Claire Aho: Studio Works - Fashion photography´s best kept secret in her first solo London show at The Photographers´ Gallery
"It´s an aesthetic that looks imitative, except that it´s not. This is the stunning work of a true original, rarely seen outside of her homeland. Make sure it´s on your list"
Claire Aho is renowned in her native Finland for (at least) two things: her pioneering fashion editorial photography and her innovative color techniques. Now, as Aho´s 88th birthday approaches, The Photographers´ Gallery celebrate a life through pictures with their lates show Claire Aho: Studio Works.
The 1950s were a pinnacle of Finnish design culture. It was in this environment that Aho founded her own photography studio in Helsinki. She photographed for magazines, editoria, reportage, fashion and advertising, dealing with all aspects of the creative process herself: a true auteur, as it were.
The pictures on display at The Photographers´ Gallery demonstrate some of the finest of Aho´s trademark work, and we see evidence of symmetry, use of block colour and exquisite framing and cropping. It´s an aesthetic that looks imitative, except that it´s not. This is the stunning work of a true original, rarely seen outside of her homeland. Make sure it´s on your list.
Claire Aho: Studio Works is at The Photographers´ Gallery until 21 July.
http://becauselondon.com/culture/2013/05/claire-aho-studio-works.aspx
Nordic Style Magazine, May 2013
Event: Claire Aho - Studio Works at The Photographers´ Gallery in London
"Now it is possible to see Aho’s magnificent works at The Photographers’ Gallery in London"
Claire Aho, 87, is considered the pioneer of Finnish editorial photography. Now it is possible to see Aho’s magnificent works at The Photographers’ Gallery in London. The exhibition focuses on Aho’s studio works from 1950s till 1970s.
Aho was born in Finland in 1925 and got her first camera at the age of ten. This very talented, visionary woman is a grand daughter of another two talented Finnish artists: famous writer Juhani Aho and painter Venny Soldan-Brofeldt.
Aho started her career in 1940s. She was known as a very innovative photographer and the colorful, lively and sometimes even amusing poses she captured were new in the field of editorial photographing at the time. Not to mention the fact that the photographer was a woman. Most of her works Aho did for leading Finnish lifestyle magazines, such as Suomen Kuvalehti and Avotakka.
Aho currently lives in Stockholm, Sweden. She’s retired but still continues photographing.
Claire Aho: Studio Works exhibition is available at The Photographers’ Gallery until 21st of July.
- Johanna Rämö
http://www.nordicstylemag.com/2013/05/event-claire-aho-studio-works-at-the-photographers-gallery-in-london/
Aesthetica Magazine, May 1, 2013
Claire Aho: Studio Works, The Photographers’ Gallery, London
"--- the composition of the various scenarios is extremely inventive"
"The focal dynamism and balance of the composition, taken with the intensity of the colour, grabs the attention of the viewer"
"--- Aho employs ingenious methods for displaying complex, patterned materials with extra geometrical complexity"
Claire Aho has produced a prolific output, covering editorial, advertising, fashion photography and reportage. From this substantial body of work the selection of photographs exhibited at The Photographers’ Gallery were taken between 1950 and the late 1960s. In the early 1950s, Aho opened a commercial studio in Helsinki. Here she undertook every aspect of the image making process: casting, styling, lighting and developing. This exhibition focuses on her studio work.
When inherited feelings about culture and commerce in those with an industrial heritage are put aside, the composition of the various scenarios is extremely inventive. These compositions when considered outside a commercial context at least hint at the surreal, especially taking into consideration the form of the compositions. An almost overwhelming continuity throughout the work is the intensity of colour. Another is the arrangement of pattern.
Use of intense colour is exemplified in Untitled. (c. mid 1950s) – a photograph that focuses on a bunch of flowers. Pink and purple here are so intense that they glow against the plain background. Owing to this intensity, the entire composition has an unreal quality. This hints at three qualities imparted by all of the work on display: health, opulence and elegance. Paula Coffee and Erikois Beer (c. mid 1950s) speak of these qualities through the use of intense colour and the beauty of the models. Particularly striking here is the form of the compositions, which is finely balanced. Against black backgrounds the female models are captured from surprising but balanced angles holding trays with the items advertised.
Intense colour and female beauty impart unreal health, opulence and elegance in Untitled (1960). Here, a female model looks directly to camera. She wears an elegant, aquamarine ball gown. She seems to be situated in a forest. Here, the unlikely nature of the situation coupled with the intense colour generates the unreal opulence desired.
The same intensity of colour is employed to impart opulence in the photographs in which items of food are captured. In National Eggs at Breakfast campaign (c. mid 1960s) the form of the composition is most striking. A dinner gong stands on the table top in focus and in the foreground to the left. Out of focus, in the background and to the right stands an egg in a cup and crockery on a placemat. The focal dynamism and balance of the composition, taken with the intensity of the colour, grabs the attention of the viewer. Valio Ice Cream (c. late 1950s) features four photographs of ice cream sweets. Again, the use of intense colour seems to make sweets glow with unreal perfection.
In From Cotton Rhapsody catalogue images (1958), Aho employs ingenious methods for displaying complex, patterned materials with extra geometrical complexity. The use of striped material, both in garments, and then as interrelated visual context, comes across with balance and grace. Such comes from the arrangement of the compositions. Outside of this fashion catalogue, this method is employed to the effect of fascination in Fayer Chocolate (c. early 1960s). Here, a female model is shown wearing a black and white striped dress with elegance. She is seated and holds up a wrapped chocolate bar, the wrapping of which is of similar black and white stripes. The unnatural, unreal uniformity of the pattern in both cases is balanced by the curvature of the human form.
Claire Aho: Studio Works, until 21 July, The Photographer’s Gallery, 16 – 18 Ramillies Street, London W1F 7LW.
- Daniel Potts
http://www.aestheticamagazine.com/blog/claire-aho-studio-works-the-photographers-gallery-london/
The Women´s Room - Daily life and style inspiration, April 30, 2013
Go See This: Claire Aho at the Photographers’ Gallery
"She is particularly admired for her work with pattern, form and colour and the dialogue she creates between them in her images"
http://www.thewomensroomblog.com/2013/04/30/go-see-this-claire-aho-at-the-photographers-gallery/
Photomonitor, April 29, 2013
Review: Claire Aho - Studio Works
The Photographers' Gallery / London / England
"The clinical, yet adoring minimalism brings to mind Irving Penn advertising photography for Clinique, which he began later on in the same decade".
"Aho disorders the traditional passive glamour shot with visuals echoing Horst P. Horst’s famous corsets and disembodied limbs".
This exhibition explores the early career of Claire Aho (born 1925 in Finland), focusing on her work from 1950 to 1970. Aho established herself as a successful photographer during a period when new design culture was flourishing after the ravages of the war. She pioneered the use of colour photography, made films and worked as a film reporter for Warner Bros. The exhibition is a combination of original magazines and studio photography for adverts and publications.
In her studio work, Aho had complete creative control, taking responsibility for all aspects of image creation, including model casting, sets, lights, styling and printing the pictures. Although this is considerably more than the equivalent photographers would perhaps undertake today, it is worth remembering that the other, related professions such as stylists are relatively new. Former models tell stories of doing their own make up and bringing their own clothes to shoots during the 1960s.
The initial impression of this exhibition is one of rosy nostalgia, with pretty full-skirted models posing among pastel colours. A closer look reveals more modern approach, playful and at times almost edgy in its use of the studio space. Unlike the stiff mannequins of the 1940s and early 1950s, the relaxed models seem like contemporary girls. The exhibition certainly demonstrates Aho’s incredible use of colour: typical 50s pastel shades are punctuated by Technicolor cerise, turquoise and mustard yellow. The models’ make up forms a part of this colour palette with bright blue eyes contrasting with poppy red lips.
Around the edges, the traditional studio set ups are disrupted by paint pots and studio lights, the visible image-making equipment drawing attention to the artificiality of the image and the creative process behind it. These are more than just quirky touches, as they disrupt the conventional images being created.
Adverts for coffee, fabrics, beer, chocolate and the less glamorous tinned meats encapsulate the new, emerging post-war culture. Aho’s advert for a fridge shows an American-style one, filled to the brim with meats, vegetables and Coca-Cola, suggests a new aspirational consumerism, particularly notable as food rationing in Finland had only ended completely in 1954.
Some of the product shots are organised into formal still lives, for example the advert for Stainless Finland (c. mid-1960s) which shows a neatly ordered set of gleaming cutlery, almost fetishised as objects of desire. The clinical, yet adoring minimalism brings to mind Irving Penn advertising photography for Clinique, which he began later on in the same decade.
Elsewhere, an undercurrent of Surrealism emerges. A model on a magazine cover turns into a giant posing next to a tiny doll’s house chair. A mid-1950s advertising campaign for Figura, with the strapline “Be Younger than Yesterday”, fills a corset with ripe red roses, instead of the female body. When the model is shown, her head is cut off and she is stretching away from the camera’s gaze. Aho disorders the traditional passive glamour shot with visuals echoing Horst P. Horst’s famous corsets and disembodied limbs.
Aho’s light touch belies her skill and thought behind the image-making practice. Perhaps an apt comparison to her advertising imagery is the old Hollywood studio system, where dynamic creativity flourished under strict, commercial briefs. The boundaries of Aho’s commissions were stretched – and surpassed – by her innovative imagination.
- Riikka Kuittinen
http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2013/04/7803/
WeHeart, April 29, 2013
50s, But No Shades of Grey - Finnish photographer brought a dour time to life...
"She had been taking pictures ever since her father gave her a camera aged 10, when she would gain an understanding of composition by snapping her granny's paintings.
"Her colour work was at the forefront of Finnish photography, and often used humour to bring her scenes to life..."
The 1950s is not an especially fondly remembered decade, still feeling the effects of the Second World War through rationing and looked on as a grey and cheerless time. Forget everything you thought you knew about the decade that colour forgot – here is The Photographer’s Gallery in London with a retrospective of the work of live-wire Finnish photographer Claire Aho in the period between 1950 and 1970.
Aho began making her professional life making documentary films before making the switch to still images and setting up her own commercial studio. However, she had been taking pictures ever since her father gave her a camera aged 10, when she would gain an understanding of composition by snapping her granny’s paintings. Her colour work was at the forefront of Finnish photography, and often used humour to bring her scenes to life. Claire Aho: Studio Works, looking back across a 20 year period, can be seen until 21st July.
- Rob Wilkes, Executive Editor
http://www.weheart.co.uk/2013/04/29/claire-aho-studio-works/
OPTIO 21.4.2013 - CLAIRE AHO, VÄRIKUVAN URANUURTAJA
"Claire Ahon suuri lahja oli tehdä tavalliset tilaustyöt niin, että ne jäivät kiinni aikaan ja muuttuivat samalla todisteiksi, kulttuuriksi ja historiaksi"
OPTIO 21.4.2013 - Claire Aho VÄRIKUVAN URANUURTAJA
Nordic Odyssey, Aril 23, 2013
Playful Claire Aho in London´s Photographer´s Gallery
Who would have thought that I could enjoy a flash back in time to my childhood years during a Saturday afternoon stroll through London’s Soho? “Claire Aho: Studio Works” is the first solo exhibition by the Finnish photographer and is placed in the newly revamped Photographers’ Gallery, just seconds away from the hustle and bustle of Oxford Circus.
There I found, staring in front of my eyes, an array of colourful pictures by Claire Aho, who is, you could even say, a Finnish cultural icon. Strangely familiar settings of children’s tea party next to a compression refrigerator UPO, magazine covers from lifestyle publications such as “Me Naiset” and “Viikko” and commercials showcasing Finnish soft drink Jaffa or chocolate brand Fazer. These images from outfits to brands to moods are so ingrained in my memory that it’s almost scary. At the same time, I can’t stop smiling at the innocence of these photographs in comparison to the commercial shots of today.
Claire Aho’s work portrays in pastel colour settings how economic and technological upheaval took over the small backward country of Finland, and turned its citizens to models of modernism. Happy smiley faces reflect in the pictures optimism and content derived from consumerism. In my opinion the exhibition provides an interesting snapshot to the history of Finland for those interested. It is on show until 30 June 2013 and it’s free, so perhaps worth a visit for you too.
http://nordicodyssey.wordpress.com/2013/04/23/playful-claire-aho-in-londons-photographers-gallery/
Aesthetica Magazine, April 2013
Kulttuuriviennin tukiverkko 19.4.2013
"Suomalaisen värivalokuvan mestari Claire Aho Lontoossa"
Lontoon Photographers' Galleryssä on esillä suomalaisen valokuvaajan ja värivalokuvauksen uranuurtajan Claire Ahon ensimmäinen yksityisnäyttely 19.4.-21.7.2013.
Kekseliäänä ja vahvana Suomi-brändin rakentajana tunnetun valokuvataiteilijan näyttely koostuu lehti-, mainos- ja muotikuvatuotannosta vuosilta 1950-70. Ahon edelleen ajankohtaiset ja inspiroivat työt, ikoniset kansikuvat ja mainoskampanjat kertovat tarinoita värikkäästä ja leikkimielisestä Suomesta.
Lisätietoa: http://www.thephotographersgallery.org.uk/cla ire-aho-studio-works-3
http://www.kulttuurivienti.fi/uutiset.php?aid=16284
CASSONE - The International Online Magazine of Arts and Books, April 2013
Claire Aho's witty and inventive photography
"Claire Aho's pioneering vision and innovative approach to colour re-energized editorial and fashion photography in Europe during the mid-50s and late ’60s"
The Photographers’ Gallery, London presents ‘Claire Aho: Studio Works’, the first solo international showcase of Aho’s photographs. She is a pioneer of Finnish colour photography and a key cultural figure in her homeland. This exhibition will focus on Aho’s 1950–70 studio-based works, displaying images from the world of advertising, editorial and fashion, alongside original Finnish lifestyle magazines featuring her cover pictures. Brightly coloured, formally inventive and full of wit, Claire Aho’s photographs capture a distinctive era in Finland’s history while maintaining contemporary vitality and relevance.
Aho started her career as a documentary filmmaker before eventually setting up her own commercial studio in the 1950s – a formative time in Finnish design. Whether capturing her models in amusing poses or meticulously composing still-life scenes, Aho’s cutting-edge approach to image making was a reflection of the bold and lively atmosphere prevalent in the creative sector in Helsinki at the time. Her prolific, quality output across a broad range of industries created a demand for her services among leading commercial brands and publications, making her one of the most prominent photographers of the period.
While running her own studio, Aho remained in complete control of the space, commanding every stage of the production from casting, styling and construction of sets to liaising with designers, manufacturers, magazines and advertising agencies. This exhibition will look at Aho’s inventive working methods and practices within the studio environment as well as her relationship with the models, objects, forms and patterns depicted. Photographs will be hung in loosely themed groups complemented by vintage publications, placing them in the broader context of how they were disseminated and used. Occasional glimpses in the pictures of the machinations of the studio – lighting gear, colour charts, the casual artist portrait –will further enhance the photograph’s journey from initial conception to its various commercial applications.
Brett Rogers, Director, The Photographers’ Gallery said:
We are delighted to be able to introduce the work of Claire Aho to a new audience outside her native Finland. Claire Aho's pioneering vision and innovative approach to colour re-energized editorial and fashion photography in Europe during the mid-50s and late ’60s. Her work resonates with contemporary artists such as Roe Ethridge, Michele Abeles, Owen Kydd and Bryan Dooley, whose staging of the image serves to re-examine the language of editorial and advertising photography.
http://www.cassone-art.com/art-news/2013/04/claire-ahos-witty-and-inventive-photography/
Helsingin Sanomat 19.4.2013
Helsingin Sanomat 19.4.2013 - Maailmanvalloittaja
Claire Ahon valokuvia Lontoon tärkeimmässä galleriassa
http://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/#kulttuuri/Claire+Ahon+valokuvia+Lontoon+t%C3%A4rkeimm%C3%A4ss%C3% A4+galleriassa/a1366262632739
BEIGE - beigeuk.com
"I could see shades of Cindy Sherman’s ideology in Aho’s image construction – or that should probably be the other way around"
Dazzling colours, a touch of kitsch and playful use of patterns are the hallmarks of Finnish photographer Claire Aho.
It takes you back to the days when there was a sweetness and gentleness to photography, and in particular, the advertising world. This is not a harsh assault on the senses a la the brutalist movement.
Rather, there’s a deftness of touch, particularly in the first image of the show – a simple bunch of flowers.
But look again and you see it’s riot of colour, a vivid arrangement in which the reds, pinks and deep purple tones sing out. A rose on the left turns its head from the bunch, a rogue bloom that is striking in profile.
The Photographers’ Gallery exhibition focuses on Aho’s studio-based work in the areas of advertising, fashion, editorial photography and magazine covers.
Aho has had a unique career. She was hired by Warner Pathe News, New York, as the only female photographer among 400 men, and she was practically the only woman photographer working in the commercial sector during the 1950s and 1960s.
When I chatted with her after seeing the show, I asked if she felt there was a reason why she was the only woman photographer at the time. She just shook her head and shrugged her shoulders.
She just refuses to see any difference between herself and other photographers because of her gender.
And yet I can sense a difference. What I see in the images is a sense of humour; the woman is aware of being the object of the gaze – the model meets your gaze with a wry look, as if to say, ‘Yes, this is really a strange thing to be doing, holding up a typewriter like its a tea tray.
’I could see shades of Cindy Sherman’s ideology in Aho’s image construction – or that should probably be the other way around. The models look slightly ill at ease, with splayed out legs as if they have been caught in awkward poses. If you’ve ever tried to replicate a Cindy Sherman pose (as I have, and don’t ask why), it’s really very uncomfortable and painful to hold for longer than a few seconds.
But the poses do look good. Because they are not natural poses, they catch the viewer’s eye and you need to stop and look to figure out what’s odd about the composition.
What Aho does is very difficult to achieve. She brings together a sense of mischief, fun, and surrealism as well as authenticity to her images.
There’s a marvellous image of a buxom redhead in an emerald green sweater, with her breasts proudly standing out, which is more to do with upholstery than breast implants. Once you tear your eyes off her breasts, your eyes are drawn to the equally prominent bottle of Erikois beer – which is the selling point of the image. Beer and breasts – a double whammy you just can’t beat.
Now a sprightly 88, Aho is in demand and receiving the recognition as a pioneering photographer she richly deserves. She is giving a talk on Saturday 20 April and there are screenings of her documentary films on 24, 25, 26 & 29 May at the ICA.Claire Aho: Studio Works is at the Photographers’ Gallery until 21 July 2013.
Words: Fiona Keating
http://www.beigeuk.com/2013/04/claire-aho-studio-works/480877_10151516761568614_582093843_n/
undo.net - Two Exhibitions, April 19, 2013
Claire Aho's solo exhibition features photographs spanning her career from 1950 to 1970, with her trademark vibrancy and humour.
http://www.undo.net/it/mostra/158224
Wallpaper, April 2013
In focus: photography shows in London's Soho-Fitzrovia triangle
"A solo show of vintage studio photographs by the Finnish commercial photographer Claire Aho manages to seem considerably more modern with her masterful manipulation of colour in the name of advertising"
"Her inspired layering of fabrics and backdrops and her talent for bringing out a model’s personality are still being emulated today"
A solo show of vintage studio photographs by the Finnish commercial photographer Claire Aho manages to seem considerably more modern with her masterful manipulation of colour in the name of advertising. Aho was a one-woman entourage in the 1950s and 1960s, taking control of booking, lighting, styling, set design and printing, at a time when Finland was emerging from the war freshly focused on textiles and design. Her inspired layering of fabrics and backdrops and her talent for bringing out a model’s personality are still being emulated today.
http://www.wallpaper.com/art/in-focus-photography-shows-in-londons-soho-fitzrovia-triangle/6467/79733
The Cultural Exposë, April 18, 2013
Something you should see… Claire Aho: Studio Works at The Photographers’ Gallery
"If colour is thematic in the work of Aho, so is humour and audiences will definitely get a sense of that at the show"
Artist Claire Aho began her career as a photographer during a time when men dominated the industry. A cultural icon in her native Finland, British audiences now have the chance to see the images that made Aho’s name at London’s Photographers’ Gallery. The exhibition concentrates on Aho’s career from 1950 to 1970 – a period where her use of colour and inventive style made her a leading name in the world of advertising, editorial and fashion photography. Studio Works is the first solo exhibition of Aho’s work in the UK and will include the original Finnish lifestyle magazines featuring Aho’s cover pictures, as well as images from her archive.
Considered a pioneer of Finnish colour photography, Aho started her career in film before establishing her own commercial studio in the 1950s. Aho’s photographs from this era depicted domestic life around Finland and many of these images will be on view. Aho’s pictures are saturated with colour and contrasting palettes usually appear side by side. It was the quality of Aho’s colour photography that created a commercial demand for her services across a range of industries. If colour is thematic in the work of Aho, so is humour and audiences will definitely get a sense of that at the show. Photographs such as Compressor Refrigerator, which depicts a children’s tea party wouldn’t feel out of place in a current ad run for Ikea. The fun and playful quality that underscores much of Aho’s images at the show should connect with audiences.
Claire Aho says she never saw her work as pioneering during the 1950s, she ‘just worked hard’. But you need only watch the travails of Peggy Olson from the fictional show Mad Men to realise just how hard that must have been.
Words: Eri Otite
Claire Aho: Studio Works is on at The Photographers’ Gallery, from 19 April -21 July. For more info, visit
ThePop
POP 1200 Weekend, April 19-21, 2013
"It seems unheard of: a female photographer (of fashion & advertising) during the 50's"
Today's POP is Stephanie at the Photographer's Gallery checking out Claire Aho's 1950's repertoire…
It seems unheard of: a female photographer (of fashion & advertising) during the 50's.
The Photographer's Gallery is currently displaying Finnish photographer Claire Aho's repertoire of portraits and campaigns during that period. We especially loved her Figura Bra Campaign 'Strapline, Be Younger Today than Yesterday'…
If you're around, it's definitely worth a peek.
Claire Aho: Studio Works is on until 21 July.
http://thepop.com/2013/04/19/pop-1200/
Sample media and other coverage since April 19, 2013
http://info.mark.fi/markinfo_artikkeli?issue=32922126&id=32922140
http://thephotographersgalleryblog.org.uk/2013/04/23/claire-aho-and-1950s-finnish-photography/
http://www.theglassmagazine.com/forum/blog_post.asp?TID=5497
http://www.artstrada.com/2013/04/claire-aho.html
http://www.finn-guild.org/en/content/claire-aho-exhibition
http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/Claire+Aho+87+on+suomalaisen+v%C3%A4rivalokuvan+pioneeri/a1366334598774
http://www.finemb.org.uk/Public/default.aspx?contentid=273873&nodeid=35864&culture=fi-FI
http://www.finemb.org.uk/Public/default.aspx?contentid=273775&nodeid=35864&culture=en-GB
http://www.finnish-institute.org.uk/en/articles/609-the-grand-old-lady-of-finnish-photography-arrives-to-london
http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/Claire+Aho+87+on+suomalaisen+v%C3%A4rivalokuvan+pioneeri/a1366334598774?ref=hs-hitaat-e-2
CNN online, 6 April 2013
Woman photographer in a "Mad Men" world
"The elements of movements and color are part of what make her work iconic"
Claire Aho worked as a photographer during an age when the advertising and photography world was dominated by men, as depicted in the popular TV show "Mad Men" "They are ively. Alive!" photographer Claire Aho says about her photographs.
Aho is considered a pioneer in Finnish color photography. She started taking photos in 1935 at age 10, following in the footsteps of her father, Heikki Aho, a renowned Finnish filmmaker. She was one of a very few women who were producing color photos in the 1950s in Finland.
"I believe I was the first female photographer who photographed in color", she tells CNN.
She worked as a photographer during an age when teh advertising and photography world was dominated by men, as depicted in the current popular television show, "Mad Men".
"In the 1950s I never thoufht I did pioneering work. I just worked hard" she says. "The expression "pioneer" was affixed to me lager".
Aho´s work runs the gamut from magazine and editorial images to advertisements and fashion. This breadth of high-quality color photography put her in high demand, making her one of the most prominent figures in her field at the time.
The elements of movements and color are part of what make her work iconic. She, like her father, began her career as a documentary filmmaker.
"Many of my photographs include an element of movement" she says.
A daring exploration of color is thematic in Aho´s work, with a preference of contrasting colors side by side, and the hopes of displaying the idea of her "inner eye". She makes the camera work for her to get the perfect look.
For her photo shoots she often played music to help the models relax and aimed to create a fund and playful environment.
"I look for those expressions which seem to be very characteristic for (the subjects), and try to take the photo at the exactly right moment".
In her commercial work, she tried to portray women as strong and independent, with models posing in elegant and fashionable clothes. Aho looked to create a humoruous and a positive mindset in each photo. The models believed she could take a good photo of them and it shows in her work, she says.
Two of her grandchildren, ages 5 and 7, seem to have creative traits and may follow in her footsteps into photography.
The exhibition of her photos at The Photographers´ Gallery in London will open on April 19.
- Callie Carmichael, CNN
http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/world/photography
http://cnnphotos.blogs.cnn.com/category/claire-aho/
http://cnnphotos.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/06/woman-photographer-in-a-mad-men-world/
Rooms Magazine, 2 April 2013
Deutsche Börse & Aho - The Photographers´ Gallery, featuring Finnish artist Claire Aho, presents the much awaited Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2013.
"Her innovative approach to color and inventive style have made her a leading name in the world of advertising, fashion and editorial, areas on which the exhibition focuses on"
The second exhibition the Photographer’s Gallery is proud to present the studio works of renowned Finnish filmmaker and photographer Claire Aho. A key cultural figure in her homeland, she is one of the pioneers of Finnish color photography, and as the only female cinematographer in her field, filmed the 1952 Olympics. Having sold her first photograph at age 15, she was later on hired by Warner Pathé News, New York as the only female photographer among 400 men. Her innovative approach to color and inventive style have made her a leading name in the world of advertising, fashion and editorial, areas on which the exhibition focuses on.
http://www.roomsmagazine.com/index.php/2013/04/deutsche-borse-aho/
Finnish Cultural Events in London, Spring 2013
Download Finnish Culture Events Spring 2013 - flyer
Horisontti Magazine, Spring 2013
ABOUT CLAIRE AHO
GLORIA, April 2013 - Mainoskuvan pioneeri
http://www.claireaho.com/images/Gloria_03_2013_Claire-Aho.pdf
Horisontti journal, 101 spring 2013 - Celebrating the cultural AHO family
http://www.claireaho.com/images/HORISONTTI_-_magazine_spring_2013.pdf
Blue Wings, April 2013 - Lady behind the lens
http://www.claireaho.com/images/Blue_Wings_Travel_Art_14.3.2013_Claire_Aho_-_Lady_behind_the_lens.pdf
Helsingin Sanomat, Kulttuuri B2 26.6.2012
http://claireaho.com/images/Claire_Aho_HS_artikkeli_26.6.2012.pdf
Finnish Broadcasting Company, YLE
Pixel 4.5.2011
http://pixel.kulturen.fi/?s=claire+aho
News / article April 28, 2011
http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri/2011/04/claire_ahon_muotikuvia_esilla_taidehallissa_2548185.html
Internet, television and radio interviews 2005, 2010
http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=4&ag=24&t=&a=6685
Radio interview 8, February 2010
http://areena.yle.fi/audio/737217
Suomen Kuvalehti.fi 28.4.2011
http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/kuvat/2011/04/28/claire-aho-j281743v
http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/kuvat/2011/04/28/taidehallin-info
http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/kuvat/2011/04/28/claire-aho
MTV3.fi 28.4.2011 Uutiset, kulttuuri
http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri.shtml/2011/04/1319818/taidehallissa-esilla-claire-ahon-suomalaista-muotiglamouria
Hufvudstadsbladet 30.4.2011
http://wsm.ezsitedesigner.com/share/scrapbook/39/396141/Hufvudstadsbladet_30.4.2011_Claire_Aho_g_r_comeback.pdf
Suomen Kuvalehti no 16-17, 2011 sivut 46-53
http://www.claireaho.com/images/Suomen_Kuvalehti_16-17_2011_s._46-53.pdf
Otavalainen 1, 2011 sivut 18-19
http://wsm.ezsitedesigner.com/share/scrapbook/39/396141/Otavalainen_1_2011_Claire_Aho.pdf
Kauppalehti 22.11.2010 sivu 22
http://www.kauppalehti.fi/5/i/talous/uutiset/plehti/ijuttu.jsp?oid=2010/11/22/4012236
Apu-lehti no 43/2010 sivut 44-48
http://wsm.ezsitedesigner.com/share/scrapbook/39/396141/ap4310_claire_aho.pdf
Books from Finland, Bright lights, small city - Claire Aho & Kjell Westö - August 26, 2010
http://www.booksfromfinland.fi/2010/08/bright-lights-small-city/#more-8114
Kotiliesi no 15/2010 sivut 78-79
http://wsm.ezsitedesigner.com/share/scrapbook/39/396141/KO1510_Claire_Aho_KOTILIESI.pdf
Ilta-Sanomat 5.6.2010
http://www.iltasanomat.fi/matkailu/uutinen.asp?id=2190122&p.s.=hl-ur-3
Helsingin Sanomat Kulttuuri C 4 4.6.2010
http://www.claireaho.com/images/claireaho.pdf
Helsingin Sanomat Kulttuuri C 4 2.11.2005 - "Kun silmät näkevät väriä kaikkialla" (HS:n digiarkisto)
Hufvudstadsbladet 4.6.2010
http://www.hbl.fi/text/kultur/2010/6/4/d47867.php
Helsinki Info-lehti 31.5.2010 (pages 1 and 28)
http://primapaper.fi/helsinki-info/2010/03/primapaper
DocPoint Film Festival 2010
http://www.docpoint.info/node/1555
National Audiovisual Archive, KAVA
http://www.kava.fi/esitys/aho-soldan-2-claire-aho/3044/year/2010/month/1/week/4
http://anttialanenfilmdiary.blogspot.com/2010/01/aho-soldan-2-claire-aho.html
Claire Aho´s exhibitions 2010-2011
Virka Gallery at Helsinki City Hall
“Helsinki 1968” – 50 black and white photographs from her exhibition in Kiel, Germany. At Helsinki City Hall, Virka Gallery 4 June – 5 September, 2010
http://artinfo.fi/index.php?article_id=4762&__from_id__=4157&Pic_id=57355&start=0
http://www.virka.fi/fi/virka-galleria/claire-aho-2013-helsinki-1968-4-6-5-9.2010
http://www.virka.fi/en/virka-gallery/claire-aho-2013-helsinki-1968-4th-june-2013-5th-september-2010
Helsingin Taidehalli - Kunsthalle Helsinki
"Fashion photographs from 1950´s and 1960´s". At Kunsthalle Helsinki (Taidehalli) 29 April - 29 May, 2011
http://taidehalli.fi/english/exhibition/61/
Books by and about Claire Aho 2010
“Helsinki 1968” – published on May 17, 2010 by WSOY
http://www.wsoy.fi/kirjailijat/-/author/name/AhoClaire
"Claire Aho - Makupaloja" – published October 2010 by WSOY
http://www.wsoy.fi/kirjat/-/product/no/9789510362815
claire.aho@ahosoldan.com
KAMERA-LEHTI 5 2011 CLICK TO OPEN!
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MSP CONGRATULATES PUPILS AT CATHKIN HIGH AFTER CUP WIN
Rutherglen MSP Clare Haughey visited Cathkin High on Friday to join in a celebration ceremony which was organised to mark the schools win at the Scottish Schools Senior Shield last month.
As we reported in May, Cathkin’s senior team beat St Ninian’s High School 4-2 on penalties at Hampden Park to be crowned Scottish champions. To mark this tremendous achievement, Clare Haughey MSP tabled a motion to the Scottish Parliament which she presented to each of the players and the school at a presentation last week.
The Rutherglen MSP’s motion namechecked the squad as well as coaches Mr Lindsay and Mr Haldane, and has been signed by a number of different Labour, Conservative and SNP MSPs.
Commenting, Clare Haughey MSP said:
“I am incredibly grateful to Cathkin High for organising Friday’s event. It was great occasion to mark the team’s achievement, and I hope the entire squad and coaches are proud of their efforts.
“Winning the Scottish Schools senior shield is no mean feat, and it is certainly a cause for celebration.
“With Scotland’s absence at the World Cup, I’m sure Cathkin’s success can give the people of Cambuslang something to cheer about instead.”
Below is a picture of Clare Haughey MSP with the squad and coaches at Cathkin High School.
Online article highlighting Cathkin’s victory in the Reformer, written by Murray Spooner, can be found below:
https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/cathkin-high-school-football-team-12502199
A link to Clare Haughey MSP’s motion can be found below:
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/28877.aspx?SearchType=Advance&MSPId=5618&SearchFor=AllMotions&DateChoice=3&SortBy=DateSubmitted
Date published: 15th June 2018
COMMENT – BURIAL FEES
RUTHERGLEN MSP HIGHLIGHTS INVESTMENT IN CLYDE GATEWAY
Constituency (15)
Newspaper Columns (42)
Scottish Parliament (109)
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The American Gem Society Launches GoTo Guilds
Virtual Guild open to all members of the trade.
Jul 1, 2014 1:48 AM By AGS
Press Release: The American Gem Society (AGS) recently launched a virtual Guild open not just to AGS members, but to any members of the trade interested in coming together—virtually. Peter Yantzer, the executive director of AGS Laboratories, will kick off the first GoTo Guilds meeting with his presentation, “Light Performance 101,” an in-depth primer on the American Gem Society’s ground breaking Light Performance Cut Grade.
The first GoTo Guilds meeting will be held on July 8 at 9 a.m. PST.
“GoTo Guilds is not meant to replace our traditional guild meetings that the society has around the country,” said the chair of the International Guilds, Laura Stanley, CGA. “Originally, the intention of the Guilds was a way for our members in remote areas to have a meeting, albeit virtually. We quickly realized that with the breadth of educational topics we can offer, though, members of our traditional guilds might also want to attend these virtual meetings.”
To register for Yantzer’s “Light Performance 101” webinar on July 8, register here or for questions, contact the membership department at AGS at 866.805.6500, extension 1031.
The Society currently has 32 Guilds — including an international Commonwealth Guild, which also meets virtually, and will also be presenting Yantzer’s webinar on July 7. The AGS Guilds bring the spirit of the society’s international conclave to their local jewelry communities with quarterly meetings, featuring networking and educational speakers covering a range of topics, from gemology to store security to digital marketing.
About The American Gem Society
The American Gem Society (AGS), founded in 1934 by Robert M. Shipley, is a not-for-profit trade association dedicated to proven ethics, knowledge and consumer protection within the jewelry industry. The AGS is an international professional organization awarding credentials for its members, who are held to the highest ethical and professional standards in the industry and must pass annual re-certification examinations to maintain their titles. Only one in twenty jewelers in the country have met the exacting requirements necessary for membership.
Rapaport News is not responsible for, and does not endorse, the content of any third-party press release. This is not a Rapaport Press Release. It has been provided as additional information for our clients.
Tags: AGS
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Hazard Communication Program
To ensure information about the dangers of all hazardous chemicals used by Central Methodist University (CMU), are known by all affected employees and students, all affected employees and students of CMU will participate in the hazard communication program.
Container Labeling
The supervisor responsible for ordering for each section will verify all containers received for use will be clearly labeled as to the contents, note the appropriate hazard warning and list the name and address of the manufacturer.
In addition, the supervisor in each section will ensure all secondary containers are labeled with either an extra copy of the original manufacturer's label or with labels that have the identity and the appropriate hazard warning. For assistance with labeling, contact CMU Plant Operations/Safety.
CMU Plant Operations/Safety will review the CMU labeling procedures semiannually and will ensure labels are updated as required.
CMU Plant Operations/Safety is responsible for establishing and monitoring the CMU Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) (formally known as Material Safety Data Sheets) program. CMU Plant Operations/Safety will make sure procedures are developed to obtain the necessary SDSs and will review incoming SDSs for new or significant health and safety information. CMU Plant Operations/Safety will ensure any new information is communicated to affected employees. The procedure below will be followed when an SDS is not received at the time of initial shipment:
Request a copy from the manufacture. If a copy is not made available, contact CMU Plant Operations/Safety for assistance in obtaining a copy through MSDS Online.
Copies of SDSs for all hazardous chemicals to which employees and students are exposed or are potentially exposed will be made available with MSDS Online.
Steps to locate a SDS with MSDS Online:
Enter product information in the Search under MSDS Search/All Products. If the product has not been added to the CMU master list, MSDS Online will begin a search to find the SDS. To narrow the search, provide as much information as possible about the product. This is the same process used to obtain a SDS through MSDS Online for a new product shipped with NO SDS.
Search by Product name starts with: A-Z/0-9/#+=.
By Location; Campus 1 contains all SDSs in CMU master list. Fresh Ideas, Science and Stockroom contain SDSs specific to those work areas.
Search all products by scrolling down under the All Products Tab.
In the event an employee/student is unable to access MSDS Online, one hard copy of all SDSs for chemicals used by CMU will be made available at Plant Operations during normal business hours of operation and with Security located at the front desk in McMurry Hall during after hours and holidays.
SDSs will be readily available to all employees and students during each work shift or lab. If an SDS is not available, contact CMU Plant Operations/Safety at 660-248-5298.
MSDS Online updates the SDSs as they are updated by the manufacture and send a notification to the CMU Plant Operations/Safety. When an update is received by the CMU Plant Operations/Safety, the SDS will be reviewed, replace the old copy with the updated copy in the SDS book located at Plant Operations or Security (depending on time of day or holiday hours) and a notification will be sent to employees/students affected notifying them to review the updated section(s) of the SDS.
Employee Training and Information
CMU Plant Operations/Safety is responsible for the Hazard Communications Program. CMU Plant Operations/Safety will ensure all program elements specified below are carried out.
Prior to starting work, each new employee will attend a health and safety orientation program. Prior to starting any lab work with chemicals, students will receive the same health and safety orientation program as the new employee. The program will include the following information and training:
An overview of the requirements contained in the Hazard Communication Standard.
The hazardous chemicals present at his/her work area.
The physical and health risks of the hazardous chemicals.
Symptoms of overexposure.
How to determine the presence or release of hazardous chemicals through use of control procedures, work practices and personal protective equipment.
Steps CMU has taken to reduce or prevent exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Procedures to follow if employees are overexposed to hazardous chemicals.
How to read labels and SDSs to obtain hazard information.
Location of the SDS file and written hazard communication program.
Prior to introducing a new chemical hazard into any section/class of CMU, each employee/student in the section will be given information and training as outlined above for the new chemical hazard.
Hazardous Non-Routine Tasks
Periodically, employees are required to perform non-routine tasks which are hazardous. Some examples of non-routine tasks are: confined space entry, tank cleaning, and painting. Prior to starting work on such projects, each affected employee will be given information by their supervisor about the hazardous chemicals he or she may encounter during such activity. This information will include specific chemical hazards, protective and safety measures the employee may use, and steps CMU is taking to reduce the hazards, including ventilation, respirators, the presence of another employee (buddy system), and emergency procedures.
Informing other Employers
It is the responsibility of the Plant Operations/Safety to provide other employers with information about hazardous chemicals their employees may be exposed to on a job site and suggested precautions for employees. It is the responsibility of the CMU Plant Operations/Safety to obtain information about hazardous chemicals used by other employers to which employees of CMU may be exposed.
Other employers will be provided with SDSs using MSDS Online and briefed on the location of the SDS book, for hazardous chemicals used by CMU operations.
In addition to providing a copy of an SDS to other employers, other employers will be informed of precautionary measures needed to be taken to protect their employees who are exposed to operations performed by CMU.
Also, other employers will be informed of the hazard labels used by CMU and will be provided with information to understand the labels used for hazardous chemicals for which their employees may have exposure.
List of Hazardous Chemicals
A list of all known hazardous chemicals used by CMU employees/students and the storage location of chemicals is located on MSDS Online. The full SDS may be obtained from MSDS Online by locating the chemical, opening the SDS and view/print the SDS.
Chemicals and Unlabeled Pipes
Work/lab activities are sometimes performed by employees/students in areas where chemicals are transferred through unlabeled pipes. Prior to starting work in these areas, the employee shall contact Plant Operations/Safety and the students will be instructed by the professor for information regarding:
The chemical in the pipes.
Potential Hazards.
Safety precautions to be taken.
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A Learning Experience 17-01
“There are Heretics who leave this school and never again cast a single spell for the entirety of their careers.” Professor Carfried (who I swore still looked like he should be attending the school rather than teaching at it) spoke loudly over the sound of the ocean waves and a flock of tropical birds that were screeching while flying overhead as our Introduction to Heretical Magic class stood out on the beach.
It was Monday, the eleventh of December. A few days had passed since Gaia offered to train me. I hadn’t actually had any special sessions with her just yet, since she said that there were things that she needed to prepare. But it was supposed to start the next evening, which obviously had me nervous and a bit distracted. I had to keep telling myself to focus on the classes I was actually in. Which shouldn’t have been hard, because… well, duh. Magic. But if anything had the right to distract me from the things that we were learning at this place, it was the idea of Gaia Sinclaire personally teaching me.
Carfried was slightly in front of the class, standing about shin deep in the water while his gaze moved over the entire class one student at a time before he continued. “Either they find the act of magic too difficult and slow for the benefit it provides, or they simply believe the powers they’ve taken from the things that they’ve killed are enough. Either way, what do we call these kind of people, Miss Fellows?”
A few feet away, Koren looked up and hesitated only for a second before offering a simple, “Idiots?”
“Of course not,” Carfried retorted, prompting a few snickers. “They’re fully-trained Heretics, you lunatic. They’ll take your head off if you call them idiots. Call them sir or ma’am as they require.”
Straightening, he cleared his throat before pressing on pointedly. “You don’t call them anything. It’s their choice. It may be short-sighted and they may be cutting themselves off from a powerful resource, but that is their prerogative. We are here to ensure that as many of you as possible don’t end up with that same opinion. Which means you will come to understand magic rather than fear its complexity.”
“Professor?” Another voice spoke up, and I glanced that way to see one of Roxa’s old teammates, Gordon. As usual, his expression was flat. I was pretty sure I’d never actually seen the dark-skinned boy smile since we’d arrived at this school. Which wasn’t to say he moped around or anything. He seemed to be… well, happy enough. It was just that he was always serious about absolutely everything.
When Carfried nodded to him, he asked in a careful, measured tone, “Why exactly are we out here?”
“A fine question, Mr. Kuhn!” Smiling broadly, the young teacher reached into his jacket pocket and withdrew a bag… which was larger than the pocket itself and just kept emerging as he pulled. And the fact that someone managing to haul what was essentially a full garbage bag out of a jacket pocket wasn’t even on the top… hundred list of weird things I’d seen that semester said a lot about this school.
“Last time we met,” the man continued while reaching into the bag to pull out a round metal disc about the size of a dinner plate, “I had each of you make one of these.” Leaning down, he touched his own disc to the water he was standing in, and murmured the words to activate the spell. A second later, the water turned a bright neon green for several feet around him. It was the same thing he’d done in the classroom when he showed us what to do, except then it had been in an aquarium instead of the ocean.
“Now,” Carfried held the bag out to us. “I’ve checked everyone’s work and they should be just fine so far. Which means we can move on to the next part. So, everyone come up and find your disc. Your names should be on them, so just grab the right one and go back to where you were. Let’s try to hurry.”
One by one, we all made our way up there and found the discs that we had enchanted before going back to where we were. Sands nudged me with her disc on the way. “What color did you make yours?”
“Purple,” I replied while looking down at the disc to trace my fingers over the symbol that I had drawn on the disc. It looked like two equals signs side by side with a very thin diamond-like shape in between them, while a parentheses-like half-circle lay on the opposite side of each equals sign, facing outward.
I could understand, in some ways, why there were Heretics that would avoid using magic. Powers were quicker, and you didn’t have to remember (or carry around a book reminding you of) the different spells that you could use and exactly how to make them. Apparently it wasn’t easy to just use the directed or shapeless magic to get any effect you wanted. Even making up the effect, you still had to know the basics. It was sort of like trying to do trigonometry without understanding addition. If you didn’t know what the established magic phrase, gesture, and symbol was for making fire appear, you couldn’t just use shapeless magic to make a stick give off a fireball. It was a lot to remember and keep track of. Some Heretics carried books with reminders of the different spells, while others simply remembered everything they could. And then there were those like Carfried had mentioned, who didn’t bother at all.
“Now,” Carfried continued once we all had our discs, “You all know how this works. Touch the enchanted disc to any liquid and activate the spell to turn the liquid the color you prepared it for. Simple enough. But we want to move beyond simple. Because sometimes, you don’t have time to consciously activate a spell. It may only take a couple of seconds once everything’s prepared, but with Strangers, those couple of seconds can mean the difference between life and death. Or lots of deaths.”
Looking around at us, the man paused before asking, “So, who can give me an example of a Heretic enchantment whose effect is not consciously triggered? Besides Vanessa,” he added with a smile.
The brilliant girl’s hand went down while her brother and a couple others snickered. Then Koren’s hand went up. Once Carfried nodded to her, she glanced sidelong at Vanessa before answering, “The um, the line around the Pathmaker building. It triggers if you pass it, no manual activation needed.” Even as she was reciting that, the brunette’s face was reddening a little, obviously thinking back to that first day.
“Yes, indeed!” Carfried grinned, head bobbing. “An excellent example. The defensive line surrounding the Pathmaker building is activated by a person without permission crossing it. Very good, Miss Fellows. And today, we are going to learn how to adjust enchantments so that they are triggered by a specific criteria rather than by manual activation. In this case,” he reached into the bag and took out another disc. “The activation will be contact with water.” To demonstrate, the young teacher tossed the disc into the ocean a few feet away. That time, the water turned hot pink the second the disc touched it.
“Yes,” Carfried went on once everyone reacted, “making an enchantment that activates from outside stimuli rather than doing so manually is more complicated than the other way. But it is also incredibly useful. So, let’s get started. Once everyone has a chance to make their disc react to the water, we’ll split up into partners, and each pair will research another spell that can be given an outside trigger.
“And just to shake things up, we’ll use assigned partners from outside your teams. Won’t that be fun?”
The answer to Carfried’s question was no. No, it was not fun to be assigned partners from outside the team. Not in this particular case, anyway. Because as it turned out, the person I was assigned as a partner for this little ‘external stimulus magic’ project was none other than Zeke Leven. Yeah, lucky me.
Not that he seemed any happier about it. I’d seen him arguing with the teacher just after class ended, but Carfried wouldn’t budge. He wanted us to work together, and nothing would change his mind.
Now it was later that afternoon, shortly after our last class of the day (trig, in my case), and I had just met up with the boy himself down in one of those shielded magical training rooms where spells could be thrown around without worrying about accidentally hitting anyone or causing any actual damage.
“Great,” the boy announced as I came through the heavily reinforced metal door. “You made it. Now let’s get this over with. I already know what spell we should work on, so we can jump right into it and be done with this crap. So go stand over there and I’ll show you how this thing is supposed to work.”
“Aw, that’s adorable,” I retorted in spite of myself, annoyed at his trying to take charge and give orders. “You think you’ve traveled back in time to when you get to make all the decisions.” Clearing my throat, I asked pointedly, “What spell do you think we should work on? And do you know how to make it?”
Zeke squinted, clearly also annoyed. “You’re a Silverstone.” He said the word the way certain people used derogatory terms for people who weren’t Caucasian. “Just let me get us a good grade, all right?”
“That’s funny,” I pretended to muse with confusion, “I don’t remember hearing about any rule that said students who were born into this automatically get to be in charge.” Straightening, I faced the boy. “Look, I’m not saying that your idea isn’t good. Maybe it is. But I don’t know because you haven’t told me anything about it. Maybe that’s the one we should use. But just tell me what it is so I can give input and we can decide together whether we should use that spell. You know, together, like actual partners?”
Heaving a sigh, Zeke took a moment before waving his hand dismissively. “Fine, whatever. You’re the one that wants to stretch this whole thing out.” From his pocket, the boy withdrew a leather-bound book with a blank cover and waved it at me. “This is my mother’s. So, you know, kind of important.”
“It is?” I asked, a little blankly at that. “I mean, I’m sure it’s great and all, but who’s your mother?”
“You know, my mother?” The boy squinted at me before realizing. “Oh, right, newbie. My mom’s on the Committee.” Taking on a tone that was only slightly patronizing, he started to explain, “That’s the-”
“I know what the Committee is,” I interrupted, trying not to sound annoyed. “Your mom’s a part of it?”
Zeke gave a quick nod, clearly supremely proud. “She’s the one that’s in charge of the tourist-busters.”
Blinking uncertainly, I hesitated before asking, “Okay, so what exactly does ‘tourist-buster’ mean?”
He looked like his eagerness to brag was at war with his annoyance about how little I knew. “You know, Heretics assigned to train stations, airports, that kind of thing?” When I gave him nothing but a blank look, he rolled his eyes. “Okay, so Strangers like to lurk around places where a lot of Bystanders are. Plus they have to travel too, and not all of them have magic teleportation powers. So: airports, bus and train stations, places like that are all hotbeds for lots of Strangers. My mom’s in charge of assigning Heretics to protect those places.” He grinned. “She says it’s like shooting fish in a barrel sometimes.”
Translation: Heretics lurk around airports watching for Alters were just trying to travel, then hunt them down and slaughter them. The thought made me sick to my stomach. Sure, there were obviously bad ones that were stalking innocent humans. And stopping them was important. But the Heretics obviously didn’t care if the non-humans they found were actually hurting anyone or not. They just killed them.
Apparently, Zeke took my silence as invitation to continue explaining. “Thing is, Strangers recognize Heretics too. And we don’t always get to see them first. So we can’t just stand around the airport or wherever looking for them, because as soon as one of the little bastards notices a Heretic, they’ll spread the word and all the rats’ll flee back to their holes.” He sounded annoyed about Alters wanting to live.
Coughing, I forced myself to keep my expression flat rather than letting Zeke know exactly what I thought of all that. Instead, I just asked in as mild a tone as I could, “So what do they do about it?”
That cocky smirk of his grew. “That’s the spell we’re gonna work on. It’s the one my mother invented.”
Waving the book at me again, he went on. “It’s a proximity spell, like the one by the Pathmaker building. Basically, it detects any Stranger that comes near it. When it notices them, it does two things. First, it sends an alert to the Heretic that made it. And it makes the Strangers uh, need to evacuate their bowels. So they go to the restroom. And there is where the Heretics wait, just out of sight. When they get the signal that the spell was tripped, they move out and watch the entrance to the restroom until the Stranger shows up. Then they head in and take care of the threat nice and quietly, so no one notices.”
Honestly, it sounded more like horror movie stalker-type tactics than heroic guardians, but I wasn’t going to tell Zeke that. Instead, I swallowed back the bitter vitriol I desperately wanted to spit at him. “Wow.” My voice managed to avoid cracking. “Sounds like your mom’s really figured out how to protect all those travelers.” As long as they’re suitably human, I heroically resisted the urge to add.
“Of course, that’s her job.” The boy lifted his chin with obvious pride before pushing on. “So, I figured maybe ‘make have to go to the bathroom’ is probably a bit… gross. But Mom made a weaker version for testing purposes that just makes the person who triggers it have to sneeze. That good, or do you… have a better idea?”
His tone could not have sounded more doubtful, which instinctively made me want to refuse his plan right out of the gate. Never mind the fact that I thought anything to do with a spell that made Alters walk to their doom like sheep when they were just trying to get through the airport like anyone else was utterly barbaric and sick. But saying anything to that effect to him was a flat out terrible idea. Plus, knowing the spell was obviously going to be important, even if I didn’t like how they happened to use it.
So, I made myself nod. “Sure. Let’s work on your mom’s spell then, if you think we can pull it off.”
His answering smirk was infuriating. “Oh, don’t worry. I’ll make sure you get up to the level to use it.”
Okay, would it really be so wrong of me to use my enhanced strength to see if I could make the spoiled ass fit inside the container for my staff?
The next day in Stranger Truths, Nevada was teaching us about goblins. She had drawn a picture of a short, ugly creature with a long, fat nose that covered most of the bottom half of its face, and warts over yellow-green skin.
“This,” she announced, “is a type of goblin that we call a Trow. Most of them are—well, probably about the same size as this picture. Maybe even smaller. They’re little things, and really shy most of the time.”
“Shy?” Jazz echoed. “Don’t you mean sneaky and devious cowards? They don’t fight fair, they hide and kill people that can’t fight back. Just like most Strangers.”
Nevada just gave the dazzling smile, like a cheerleader about to welcome someone onto the team. “What I mean,” she replied, “is that while there are Strangers who stalk and kill humans for anything from food to sport, most Trow don’t outright attack humans. There are exceptions, of course. First of all, the Trow are… well, pranksters is sort of like a… mild term for it. They might not outright kill people usually, but they love to humiliate them. Their pranks are like… you know, kinda mean-spirited. They’ll do anything from screw up a big presentation so the victim looks stupid in front of everyone, to making the victim end up naked in front of a big group. Some people think the Trow live off that kind of shame and embarrassment, but they just enjoy it
“They’re also obsessed with music,” Nevada went on. “So sometimes a group of the Trow will get it into their head to go out and kidnap a singer or a musician and take them back to their burrows to uh, perform for them. They keep them down there for day, a week, or even a year or so. If the performer does good, they usually let them go once they’ve had enough. Not always. Like I said, there’s some nasty ones out there. But usually as long as the ahh, singer or whatever does what they’re told, they’ll be released.”
She went on then, while the rest of us were still trying to comprehend the idea that there were creatures like that out there. Alters that wanted to kill and eat humans I understood, but just humiliating them for the fun of it? Why? What was the point? Could it just be simple amusement?
As I was thinking about that, the feeling of being watched came over me. My eyes blinked up and around, and I barely caught sight of Douglas turning his attention back to the front. He’d obviously been staring again. I’d caught the boy doing that several times already, but he never said what he wanted. He’d just quickly turn away and pretend nothing happened.
At some point, he and I were going to have to have a talk. Too much had happened already to let me think his staring was just a coincidence.
Before long, however, class was over and Nevada was telling us what to read in our books before we came back on Thursday. Which meant I had one more class to go to (Professor Dare’s Bystander History). Shortly after that, I would be attending my very first private tutoring session with Gaia.
I could hardly wait. Not just for my time with Gaia, but for Dare’s class too. In the latter case, I wasn’t alone. Most of our class was actually hurrying to get to the room.
Why were we so eager today? Simple, today was the day that we’d been waiting for a long time, the day that Dare had promised was coming every time someone asked about who she was.
Today was the day that Professor Dare was going to tell us about her history, and what had actually happened to the missing colony.
Posted in Uncategorized and tagged Douglas Frey, Felicity Chambers, Flick, Gordon Kuhn, If You Think 'Embarrassment Goblins' Are Bad - Flick - Wait Til You Hear About The 'Whisper-Bad-Things-About-You-In-Your-Mother-In-Laws-Ear Goblins., Koren Fellows, Nevada, Professor Carfried, Sands, Three And A Half Days Have Passed Without Anything Going Horribly Wrong! New Record?, Tristan Moon, Vanessa Moon, Zeke Leven on December 19, 2016 by Cerulean. 29 Comments
← Interlude 16 – Tribald Kine
A Learning Experience 17-02 →
Time for a new arc!
Welcome back, guys and girls. As promised, we’ll be seeing a lot more learning and character interaction spread out over the next week leading up to Flick’s Christmas break. So that should be fun, huh? Then we’ll have the holidays themselves before moving into the new semester.
That’s upcoming, anyway. Also upcoming (and speaking of holidays), the next mini-interlude will be focused on Asenath and Shiori bonding over Thanksgiving. As always, if you’d like to see what’s been commissioned for that sort of thing, you can do so by checking the donations page right here
And speaking of support, you guys are awesome at doing it on Top Web Fiction! Seriously, anyone who clicks right here to vote for this story, feel free to give yourself a pat on the back from me.
Anyway, thanks for reading, everyone. Hope you’re ready for the new arc, and we’ll see you back here next time. Today’s tags are: Douglas Frey, Felicity Chambers, Flick, Gordon Kuhn, If You Think ‘Embarrassment Goblins’ Are Bad – Flick – Wait Til You Hear About The ‘Whisper-Bad-Things-About-You-In-Your-Mother-In-Laws-Ear Goblins., Koren Fellows, Nevada, Professor Carfried, Sands, Three And A Half Days Have Passed Without Anything Going Horribly Wrong! New Record?, Tristan Moon, Vanessa Moon, Zeke Leven
Okay, so we finally have details on another member of the Committee. One who does some seriously effed up things and probably sometimes necessary things. Do the others have specific areas of responsibility like that? Also, what is Mama Leven’s name? I want to add her to the character page.
Aaaaaand I was right about Flick having to spend time with Zeke. Though the way he was set up and the focus he occasionally receives makes that inevitable. Also, I really hope he didn’t pick up that anti-Bystander bigotry from his mom. I also have a sneaking suspicion that Mama Leven was one of the people who voted to let Flick in specifically to keep Eden’s Garden from recruiting her.
Okay, so we finally have details on another member of the Committee.
lol, yeah I figured it was about time to start revealing information about more than just Ruthers. Originally, it was Zeke’s father, but I wanted to mix things up and make it his mother instead.
Do the others have specific areas of responsibility like that?
Yes. Ruthers’ is education and training. Which is why he’s so focused on the school.
Also, what is Mama Leven’s name? I want to add her to the character page.
I suppose that choice is a sign of Intrepid/Atonement being on your mind.
So, what else falls under his jurisdiction other than the school? Specialized training facilities? Apprenticeships in Crossroads equivalent cases to Abigail’s situation?
lol, believe it or not I hadn’t actually made that connection. I took the name from Jerusalem Delivered.
Indeed. He also tends to focus more on the fourth year students and the ones that have just graduated in order to help place them in the right program that fully utilizes their skills. In the former case, he matches fourth year students with their Heretic mentor.
In-universe, is that a coincidence or is she the same Sophronia from the poem?
I hope I’m not a psyckic but I’m seeing 3 people going to the restroom : Shiori Vanessa and Tristan
I hope I’m rong
Sorry for the mistakes I’m not native inglish
Same one. Well, that part of the fictional poem is based on her, anyway.
Me: I had actually half-forgotten about directed/shapeless magic. I do agree with the overall goal of the professor’s lesson in adaptability and quick reactions that make such useful.
Me: Yeah, that “kill them all and let them be sorted out never” attitude rears its ugly head once again.
“And there is where the Heretics wait, just out of sight. When they get the signal that the spell was tripped, they move out and watch the entrance to the restroom until the Stranger shows up. Then they head in and take care of the threat nice and quietly, so no one notices.””
Me: Yikes. A rather juvenile effect adapted into making a victim waltz right into a prepped killzone. Admittedly clever.
Me Another teaser! *grumbles* I will say am interested in what facts will be revealed next time.
I figured it had been awhile since magic was explained.
It does tend to put a damper on things.
It doesn’t help that relieving oneself is one of our most vulnerable times.
Because as it turned out, the person I was assigned as a partner for this little ‘external stimulus magic’ project was none other than Zeke Levin. Yeah, lucky me.
Spelled Leven with an i.
So, we get to see how some of Flick’s classes go, with magic first up. Interesting that there are some Heretics who don’t choose to avail themselves of their magical skills because they feel that it’s too slow or awkward to use, and Koren finds another way to stick her foot in her mouth when she expresses her opinion of those Heretics.
Though the assignment with random partners to research a new kind of magic is an interesting experience, if not one Flick’s likely to enjoy. Have to say that Zeke sounds like he can be a real ass at times, such as this- getting the impression that in another reality, he’d be the sort who’d be griping about having to work with those ‘mudbloods’ because they’re all second-stringers at best.
And not only is Mother Leven a member of the committee, but she’s come up with a pretty nasty trick to catch Strangers by staking out places like airports & bus terminals, use spell fields to make them sick, and then ambush them in the bathroom. Like Flick, have to wonder just how many Alters who weren’t causing any trouble have been killed like that. And pretty sure the Levens are firmly in the ‘all Strangers are evil’ camp & thus likely to be unsympathetic to Flick’s desire to change things when the time comes.
Those goblins who like to play embarrassing pranks on people & kidnap artists for private shows are an interesting little addition to the world. Though do have to wonder just how many of the weird benders & short-term disappearances celebs go on are the result of them having attracted the interest of some Trows?
Though even if this is supposed to be an arc of relative downtime, there’s still cliffhangers, as not only is what sort of special training Gaia’s going to be giving Flick, but also left us right before Dare tells the class what really happened to the Roanoke colony & how she managed to survive that.
Well, as far as I’m concerned, it wouldn’t, and I’m even thinking of a different configuration involving the staff, her super-strength, & his spolied ass that’d work better, but I’d think that the faculty would disagree there.
Three And A Half Days Have Passed Without Anything Going Horribly Wrong! New Record?
Hmm, could be, as it sounds about right, though without a timeline to lay everything out…
What’s a Silverstone?
From Orientation 1-03:
Looking disappointed that he hadn’t managed to catch a student playing hooky after all, Wyatt mumbled a greeting to me before addressing the professor. “Kinda late getting here though, isn’t she? I thought you picked up all the Silverstones yesterday.”
“Uh, Silverstones?” I interrupted with a confused frown while waving my hand. “What’s that?”
“You know,” Wyatt waved a golden gauntlet at me. “First name Alicia? The actress. Clueless. You were raised as a Bystander, so you’re clueless. That makes you a Silverstone. That’s how it works.”
After considering that for a second, I shrugged. “Eh, I’ve been called worse.”
As Hendy said, it’s a slang term for a Bystander/Bystander-kin. Silverstone – Alicia Silverstone – Clueless. It’s been used a few times since that first explanation, the last time being… 10-03.
Zeke and Flick are going to be working on a spell that detects Alters and makes them sneeze – one that can be set up around an area.
While they’re at a school that has Tristan, Vanessa, and Shiori as students.
I’ll give you *one guess* how that’s going to end.
(Our only hopes are that whatever magic actually lets the three of them attend, since the Edge was messed with to allow them to access it, also conceals their Alter heritage, or that it won’t work on them because it’s designed to detect full Alters and they’re not)
Nah, no worries on that front. They won’t set it to detect alters. After all, there’s no way (as far as Zeke knows) to get hold of an Alter and have them cross the line to set it off, so there’d be no way to test it to make sure it worked. They’ll adapt it to something like ‘have brown hair.’
Plus, if the shield surrounding the school doesn’t pick up those three as being Alters, a detection enchantment made by a couple first years wouldn’t either. 😉
I wonder- when Flick figures out how to make the Alter-detection spell, could she reverse it so that alters can’t be detected? After all, we know it can be done.
“…Some people think the Trow live off that kind of shame and embarrassment, but they just enjoy it.”
“They’re also obsessed with music,” Nevada went on. So sometimes a group the Trow…”
Shouldn’t be a closing quote after “enjoy it”, and that should probably be “group of” instead of “group the”
Right on both counts, thank you!
Powers were quicker, and you didn’t have to remember (or carry around a book reminding you) of the different spells that you could use and exactly how to make them.
^the ‘of’ should be inside the (). ‘you didn’t have to remember of the different’ otherwise.^
Thanks for the catch!
I know I’ve already commented on this chapter a lot, but I need to point this out:
The scene right before this was Zeke explaining that a standard Heretic tactic is to make Alters have to take a dump and then hide in the bathroom and kill them when they can’t fight back.
Jazz wasn’t present for that conversation, but her statement exemplifies the utter hypocrisy of Crossroads Heretics. I can’t let it pass without commenting.
I mean, she’s not necessarily wrong. After all, Heretics are Strangers.
Thanks for pointing that out! Yeah, the connection between those two moments wasn’t an accident. 😉
Erica Shur says:
So, Zeke’s mom is apart of the committee that explains his spoiled attitude.
Also that the method that was mentioned was creepy and I can’t wait for next chapter.
Thanks for updating. 🙂
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Evilsbane says:
This chapter felt a little too heavy handed to me. Too much focus on how fucked it was without any acknowledgment that the character doesn’t know better. Literally every other time a character acts this way you usually throw a line in about “They were raised to think this way, or that they didn’t know better” but here is just disgust.
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Pediatric Infusion Center: A space to heal and learn
By uclahealth • July 11, 2017
Back row, left to right: Nancy Freeman, RN, Lorraine Rodriguez, RN, Charlotte Zweifel, RN, and Isidro Urbano, RN. Front row, left to right: Melody Wright, RN, Katie Kolbeck, child life specialist, and Maria Santua, RN.
The boat is the first thing kids notice when they come to the Pediatric Infusion Center at UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital. Dina’s Beach, as the front-desk area is known, is named for a former patient whose family donated funds to make the infusion center a more enjoyable place for kids and parents. The tropical theme, complete with a boat-shaped reception desk that has portholes, helps take kids’ minds off of the fact that they’re at the center to receive medically necessary infusions.
“Our six registered nurses care for 24 to 36 children every day,” says Nancy Freeman, RN, nurse manager of the Pediatric Infusion Center. “These children need treatment for a variety of health conditions, including cancer, organ transplants and chronic conditions that require intravenous therapies.”
The Pediatric Infusion Center is the only facility at UCLA that exclusively performs outpatient infusions and central-line blood draws for children from birth to 21 years. Infusion services include chemotherapy, blood transfusions, biologic therapies and antibiotics.
The center can provide infusion services for up to nine patients at a time. When the center gets really busy, Freeman gets help from pediatric nurses at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica. “The nurses love coming here because they get to see how some of their former patients are doing outside of the hospital,” she says. “It also gives us an opportunity to exchange best practices about what’s happening in the hospitals’ pediatric units and our infusion center. For instance, we might share strategies for helping a child who has a fear of needles.” The infusion center nurses also work one-on-one with nurses from other departments who are learning how to administer infusion therapies to children.
Depending on the treatment, children may be at the center for as little as 30 minutes or all day. “Specialists from the UCLA Chase Child Life Program do an amazing job helping children cope with their medical therapies,” says Freeman. “Families can watch movies together, play games on iPads, play board games or make crafts. Often, parents know one another from the time their children spent in the hospital. They reconnect and socialize at the center.”
Freeman says the families who come to the center always speak highly of the care their children receive. “We help alleviate some of the fear and make the experience as pleasant as possible for both child and parent,” she says.
Tags: antibiotics, biologic therapies, blood transfusions, Cancer, cancer, central-line blood draws, chemotherapy, child life specialist, chronic conditions, Dina’s Beach, Employee News, infusion center, intravenous therapies, nursing, organ transplants, outpatient infusions, Pediatric Cancer, pediatric infusion center, Pediatric Infusion Center at UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Pediatrics, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Transplant, UCLA Chase Child Life Program, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital
Video visits vs. in-person medical appointments: Which is better and when?
6 health care professionals offer tips for getting the most out of telemedicine.
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Sea Turtle Tracking: Gulf Islands National Seashore Loggerhead Tracking Project
Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) obtained funding from the Washington Office of the National Park Service to conduct a 3 year study, tagging several sea turtles per summer in the Florida District of GUIS. This work is being completed by Park Biologist Mark Nicholas and the Resource Management Division of GUIS. This work simulates other satellite telemetry work done by Schroeder, Foley, Balazs, Hickerson and others. GUIS has about 40 marine turtle nests each year in the park. Park Resource Management staff are also responsible to oversee and assist with the turtle nesting program on Pensaocla Beach, where there are an additional 10-15 nests a year.
GUIS is attempting to learn the post-nesting migration routes used by female loggerhead turtles of NW Florida. It is hoped that the transmitters will function long enough to learn the location of the feeding grounds of the turtles. These feeding grounds are where these turtles most likely spend the vast majority of their lives. Currently, we have very little data on where the turtles go after they nest on the beaches of GUIS and Pensacola Beach. Other data will be obtained from the transmitters as well, such as the number and duration of dives completed by the turtles.
For more information on sea turtles, check out the Sea Turtles Information section of our website.
Click on the turtle’s name to see a map of its movements.
Tagged in 2003:
AMIE – Amie is an adult female loggerhead turtle that was 91.2 cm carapace length. She was flipper tagged with XXT 413 on the front left flipper and XXT 416 on her front right flipper. She was located at 2:15 AM while on a false crawl on Pensacola Beach, just outside the Fort Pickens Area of the national seashore. She was outfitted with a Telonics ST-14 transmitter and released by 5:00 AM. She nested the next night about 3 miles west of where she was tagged. She had a shark bite scar on the back left side of her carapace.
Amie Update 11/25/03: Data indicates that Amie nested the night following her tagging in Gulf Islands National Seashore’s Fort Pickens Area. She then moved offshore and to the west. Data indicates she may then have nested in Alabama just outside of Bon Secour National Wildlife refuge on the morning of August 6th, 2003. She then moved just offshore and transmissions continued until August 9th, 2003. Then no further transmissions were received. Staff and volunteers were disappointed and speculated why transmissions had stopped. Then on October 20th, 2003 at the Celia Reef (an artificial reef that is made of metal and tetrahedral in shape) Amie’s transmitter was located by an Escambia County diver on an inspection dive. The transmitter was found on the sand bottom immediately adjacent to the structure and was in close proximity to the remains of a marine turtle, which were within the reef. It is speculated that the turtle gained entrance to the structure through a space between the sand bottom and the bottom of the metal framework. This tetrahedral shaped framework is open in appearance and allows a view of the surrounding waters. However, the spaces in the framework were not large enough for a turtle to escape.
Researcher Mark Nicholas was able to obtain a video of the artifical reef. It turns out there was a turtle under one of the artificaial structures, but it may not have been Amie. It appears to have been a large loggerhead, but Amie had a shark bite out of her carapace/plastron and from what we can tell in the video, this turtle had an intact carapace/plastron. Seems Amie must have been trying to get under the same artificial cage as well, and knocked her transmitter off. Hopefully she is out there somewhere. Researchers flipper tagged her so maybe someday she will turn up.
A good news side note: Amie’s nest that was laid at Fort Pickens hatched on 9/25/03 and 115 of the 120 eggs that were laid produced hatchlings. Staff/volunteers witnessed (due to light pollution most nests are watched closely) 113 of the 115 hatchlings enter the Gulf of Mexico. Escambia County will be reviewing the dimensions of artificial reefs to ensure current and future reefs will not act as traps for turtles.
KELSEA – On June 24th, 2002 at about 10 PM a female Loggerhead Sea Turtle was spotted nesting on Santa Rosa Island, Gulf Islands National Seashore’s Santa Rosa unit. It was June 24th at about 10 PM. After she finished nesting, she was outfitted with a Telonics ST-14 satellite transmitter. She was named Kelsea after the daughter of one of the park’s long time volunteers, Gigi Naggatz. Kelsea was also flipper tagged that night and now has tag XXT 409 on her left front flipper and XXT 410 on her right front flipper.
HALIE – The Fort Pickens area of Gulf Islands National Seashore had been having a green sea turtle nest on a 10-11 day cycle since June 20, 2002. Patrols were conducted on the 10th night after the 3rd nest. No turtle was found. However, on the 11th night, a Green Sea Turtle was encountered on a false crawl by the patrol. It was about 2:45 am, July 21, 2002. She was outfitted with a Telonics ST-14 transmitter. She was also flipper tagged with tag XXT 411 on her front left flipper and XXT 412 on her front right flipper. She measured 111 cm curved carapace (shell) length. She was released at about 6 am as the sun was rising. She is believed to have nested for the 4th time the next night about 5 miles from where she was tagged. Halie was a sea nymph in Greek Mythology and her name means “salty.”
BEROE – Beroe was named by Mrs. Stewart’s 2000-01 3rd grade class of Weaver Elementary School, Calhoun County, Alabama. “Beroe” is originally a Greek word. Beroe was the daughter of Aphrodite and part of the Oceanides, and the name means “she who brings eggs”.
Due to a slow turtle nesting season, and some bad luck, park biologists and volunteers spent 20 nights searching for “Beroe”. She was tagged on July 14, 2001 in the Santa Rosa Area of Gulf Islands National Seashore. She was found nesting just after midnight. Tagging procedures commenced at 0200 hours and she was released at 0445 hours. She was out fitted with a Telonics ST-14 satellite transmitter and was also flipper tagged with tag “XXT 401” on the left front flipper and “XXT 402” on the right front flipper. She measured 102.9 cm curved carapace (shell) length. (Beroe photo credit – Andrew Diller).
KENDI – A Kendi is a female loggerhead turtle that was found nesting on Pensacola Beach on July 27, 2001 by Kendi Arredondo. Kendi was on vacation with her family on Pensacola Beach. While walking to their beach site from the house at around 9 PM, she found the turtle nesting. She let her family know about the nesting turtle. At that point, Jeri Davis, on vacation with Kendi, called park dispatch. They had observed the phone number on a light switch sticker in the beach house. The sticker was designed to remind residents and vacationers to turn off their out door lights so as to lessen turtle/hatchling disorientation. The stickers were designed and paid for by the National Park Service, Santa Rosa Island Authority and Gulf Power.
Biologists and volunteers from the park arrived just in time to detain the turtle before she finished the nesting process and entered the Gulf of Mexico. Tagging procedures commenced at 2200 hours and she was released just after midnight. Kendi was out fitted with a Telonics ST-14 transmitter. She was flipper tagged with tag XXT 403 on her left front flipper and XXT 404 on her right front flipper. Many thanks goes out to the whole family on vacation from Texas for their quick thinking and responsible actions.
SANDY – “Sandy” was named by the Pensacola Beach Elementary Kindergarten class of 1999. She is also named after a certain wife that has put up with a lot of late night calls regarding turtles. Sandy measured 103.9 cm long curved carapace (shell) length and was tagged after she nested on the beach at the Santa Rosa Area of GUIS on the 28th of June, 2000 at about 3:00 AM Central time. (Photo by Mark Nicholas)
SHELLY – “Shelly” was named by the 1999 2nd and 4th grade classes of Pensacola Beach Elementary School. measured 99.8 cm ong curved carapace (shell) length and was outfitted with the transmitter after she nested in the Perdido Key Area of GUIS on July 13th, around 4 AM Central time.
(Photo by Andrew Diller)
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Spitzer/IRAC+MIPS View of the Trifid Nebula
Image Source: http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1369-ssc2005-02a2-Spitzer-IRAC-MIPS-View-of-the-Trifid-Nebula
The glowing Trifid Nebula is revealed with near- and mid-infrared views from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. The Trifid Nebula is a giant star-forming cloud of gas and dust located 5,400 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.The false-color Spitzer image reveals a different side of the Trifid Nebula. Where dark lanes of dust are visible trisecting the nebula in a visible-light picture, bright regions of star-forming activity are seen in the Spitzer picture. All together, Spitzer uncovered 30 massive embryonic stars and 120 smaller newborn stars throughout the Trifid Nebula, in both its dark lanes and luminous clouds. These stars are visible in the Spitzer image, mainly as yellow or red spots. Embryonic stars are developing stars about to burst into existence. Ten of the 30 massive embryos discovered by Spitzer were found in four dark cores, or stellar "incubators," where stars are born. Astronomers using data from the Institute of Radioastronomy millimeter telescope in Spain had previously identified these cores but thought they were not quite ripe for stars. Spitzer's highly sensitive infrared eyes were able to penetrate all four cores to reveal rapidly growing embryos.Astronomers can actually count the individual embryos tucked inside the cores by looking closely at the Spitzer image taken by its infrared array camera (IRAC). This instrument has the highest spatial resolution of Spitzer's imaging cameras. The Spitzer image from the multiband imaging photometer (MIPS), on the other hand, specializes in detecting cooler materials. Its view highlights the relatively cool core material falling onto the Trifid's growing embryos. This image is a combination of Spitzer data from both of these instruments.The embryos are thought to have been triggered by a massive "type O" star, which can be seen as a white spot at the center of the nebula. Type O stars are the most massive stars, ending their brief lives in explosive supernovas. The small ne
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Pima County Recorder Refuses to Reopen Voting Center for Pascua Yaqui Tribe
Calah Schlabach
Originally Published September 21, 2020 10:32 am MST
Image courtesy the National Congress of American Indians
“It’s not for her to say that they don’t need the voting site. They’re a sovereign nation.”
What was a showdown between the Pascua Yaqui tribe, the Pima County Board of Supervisors, and the county’s recorder has now turned into a stalemate.
The supervisors voted 3-2 Tuesday to authorize an emergency voting site to replace a polling place that the tribe has been trying to get restored for the last two years. While the board cannot order the site opened, Supervisor Betty Villegas said she hoped the resolution would pressure the recorder to “do the right thing.”
Pima Recorder F. Ann Rodriguez did not appear to feel the pressure.
In a brief letter Wednesday to Pascua Yaqui Tribal Chairman Peter Yucupicio, Rodriguez advised the tribe to contact the supervisors who voted for the resolution “to determine exactly how THEY plan on implementing THEIR resolution.”
Voting rights activist Alex Gulotta criticized the “unprofessional, almost childlike” tone of the letter.
“It’s just inappropriate for a governmental official to act to anyone that way,” said Gulotta, Arizona state director for All Voting is Local. “But let alone like, respond to an official correspondence from a sovereign nation with the kind of letter she responded with—it’s, it’s offensive.”
But Rodriguez has consistently defended her decision to close the little-used Pascua Yaqui polling place before the 2018 elections, pushing back against tribal allegations that she removed the site with little warning.
In a Sept. 3 letter to the supervisors, Rodriguez detailed the extensive efforts she took to decide whether to keep an early voting location on tribal land after the Department of Homeland Security increased voting security requirements after the 2016 election.
“I do not make these decisions lightly and I do not make them arbitrarily,” she wrote then.
Rodriguez cited instances when, she said, the tribe did not fully cooperate with her efforts, and outlined ways in a Sept. 1 press release the tribe could work to register and turn out more tribal voters. Her office said she stands by the Sept. 3 letter in which she said it is “far too late into the cycle to make a change now.”
Gulotta disagrees, saying other counties are still adding voting locations and that Rodriguez just “wants to use ‘it’s too late’ as an excuse. This is not something that just like came up out of the blue.”
And Secretary of State Katie Hobbs said in a statement Friday her office has funds to support any expenses needed to grant the tribe’s request, adding that she supports “any increase in early voting statewide, including the request by Pascua Yaqui tribal leaders.”
Tribal leaders insist the site is still needed, particularly in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many elderly tribal members don’t have cars to reach the closest early voting site, which takes two hours round-trip by bus to reach.
The supervisors’ resolution authorized emergency voting on the Saturday and Monday before Election Day and early voting throughout the two weeks before then. The 3-2 vote included two supervisors saying they did not think it was appropriate for the board to override Rodriguez’s decision.
But while the board can authorize emergency voting, Rodriguez would have to implement the new location and only she could approve additional early voting days.
Pima County Administrator Chuck Huckelberry made clear in a Sept. 8 memo that it would be difficult – if not impossible – for the site to be run without Rodriguez’s blessing and resources, since elections officials would need access to the recorder’s database and a ballot machine.
Villegas concedes that the resolution is largely symbolic.
“We’re authorizing her but there’s no real authority to make her do that,” said Villegas, whose district includes the Pascua Yaqui lands. “But it does put some pressure on her to do the right thing.”
“Even though Rodriguez is the head of elections,” Villegas said Tuesday, “it’s not for her to say that they don’t need the voting site. They’re a sovereign nation.”
Villegas said the tribe has collected hundreds of signatures and she has received over 200 emails in support of the tribe’s request.
Pascua Yaqui Tribal Councilwoman Herminia Frias said the tribe is willing to work with Rodriguez and is hopeful a meeting can be set up next week.
The tribal council is also scheduled to meet next week and a lawsuit is “not off the table, and is something that we have discussed,” Frias said Friday. But nothing official has been decided and “we don’t want to resort to that.”
“We’re hopeful we can still resolve this,” she said.
Even after Rodriguez’s Wednesday letter, Villegas said she does not plan to give up. She said she emailed Rodriguez Thursday to set up a time to discuss the situation, hoping to at least get the two days of emergency voting the weekend before the election.
“I’m not going to stop until I hit the wall,” Villegas said.
Continue Reading: The Copper Courier’s Guide to Voting in Arizona in 2020
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Calah Schlabach Calah is a reporter covering Indian Country, environment, and the US juvenile justice system.
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Ride The Pain (Al6um Version)
Muistojen Joulu - Tom Krause - Muistojeni Joulu (CD, Album), Novalis (3) - Novalis (Vinyl, LP, Album), Why We Sing - Choir Of Hard Knocks* - The Voice Of Reclink (CD), Kerry OShea - William Alwyn - Shake Hands With The Devil (Vinyl, LP), Souvenir - Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark - The Best Of OMD (Cassette), Quédate - Nek - Entre Tú Y Yo (Cassette, Album), Be Prepared - Tom Lehrer - Songs By Tom Lehrer (Vinyl, LP), Yeats Grave - The Cranberries - MP3 (CD), White Room - Cream (2) - Farewell Concert Royal Albert Hall (DVD), I Shall Return - Trust (2) - Live - Paris By Night (Vinyl, LP, Album), Purity Kiss - Girlhood - Surfs Pure Hearts (Cassette), Bohemian Rhapsody - Queen - We Will Rock You (Vol. 3) / Live World Tour 1985 (CD, Album), Jethro Tull - War Child (Vinyl, LP, Album)
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8 thoughts on “ Ride The Pain (Al6um Version) ”
Kajisida says:
Rehab - Chest Pain - Album Version (Edited) Lyrics. I don't feel so good where am I This is not where I laid down Who are these people, who's home is this Where's my clothes and where's my car The phone is off and I need a ride None of these people are my friends Fell off of the wagon coughin' and draggin' the vice boy.
Goltijinn says:
Jeremih Felton (born July 17, in Sherman, Texas) is an American R&B singer signed to Def Jam Recordings. With guidance from his cousin Willie Taylor, of Day26 fame, he released his debut single Birthday Sex in March , and it ended up peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot His self-titled debut album was released in June of , and debuted at number six on the Billboard
Majind says:
Steppenwolf is a rock band which formed in Los Angeles, California, United States in The band originally consisted of John Kay (vocals, guitar), Michael Monarch (guitar), Rushton Moreve (bass), Goldie McJohn (keyboards) and Jerry Edmonton (drums). The band is best known for their hit singles "Born to be Wild" and "Magic Carpet Ride".They were named after the novel Der Steppenwolf by.
Goltijar says:
Ride the Pain Lyrics: Repeat and rewind / I'm not going there this time / If I could make a plan / I wouldn't go there again / Hold it up, let it out / Life won't ever stop it's time / Give it up.
Yogul says:
Lost in a Roman wilderness of pain And all the children are insane All the children are insane Waiting for the summer rain, yeah There's danger on the edge of town Ride the king's highway, baby Weird scenes inside the gold mine Ride the highway west, baby Ride the snake, ride the snake To the lake The ancient lake Baby The snake is long, seven.
Tygonris says:
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"Low" is the debut single by American rapper Flo Rida, featured on his debut studio album Mail on Sunday and also featured on the soundtrack to the film Step Up 2: The Streets. The song features and was co-written by fellow American rapper T-Pain. There is also a remix in which the hook is sung by Nelly rather than T-Pain.
Vokora says:
Enjoy the Ride (Acoustic Campfire Version) Download for free by joining the mailing list to receive news and offers from Noble Jacks. You can unsubscribe at any time. We’ll also ask you to confirm your location in order to help with future event planning. Album PLUS T-Shirt Bundle.
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Changes - Various - True House Music (CD)
Hot Like Rockn Roll - Los Bad Mongos - Shoot The Bullet (CD, Album)
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Maugore on Ride The Pain (Al6um Version)
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/ DC
DC Future State: The Next Batman, Wonder Woman, & More to Get Second Printings
By Jenna Anderson - January 7, 2021 07:04 pm EST
It's only been a few days since the official launch of Future State, but the DC Comics event is already making a pretty profound impact. The two-month-long publishing initiative has already been met with critical and fan acclaim, with readers eager to check out what the next new era of the DC Comics universe entails. On Thursday, DC announced the extent of the event's success, revealing that multiple Future State titles are heading back to press for a second printing. This includes multiple titles that were released this week - including Future State: Wonder Woman #1 and Future State: The Next Batman #1 - as well as titles that have already sold out ahead of their initial publication. You can check out the full list of titles below.
Future State: Dark Detective #1
Future State: The Next Batman #1
Future State: Wonder Woman #1
Future State: Harley Quinn #1
Future State: Swamp Thing #1
These reprints will be adorned with "character portrait" style covers, which feature the main characters of their respective books drawn by some of the hottest artists in comics, including Nick Derington, Joelle Jones, Dan Mora, Jen Bartel, and Mike Perkins. The second printings will be available in participating comic stores beginning Tuesday, February 2nd.
Keep scrolling to check out some of the Future State second printing covers, and share your thoughts with us in the comments below!
(Photo: DC Entertainment)
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Stony Brook Involvement Fair Woos Students into Campus Fold — Virtually
Stony Brook University in New York has introduced a virtual version of its "involvement fair," intended to help students on and off campus partake in club activities and meet other students, even if they can't do it in person.
Each club and organization is given video time to pitch its case and create meetings and events. Then students can browse the profiles of each.
For students who are unsure about what club to join, the university posted a quiz on BuzzFeed to help nudge the undecided one way or another. The quiz asks students questions about which school tradition is their favorite, how they like to spend their weekends, where they like to hang out on campus, what they're passionate about and which group during the involvement fair most piques their interest.
The university is also putting together other virtual events to help newbies and returning students build the campus bond. That includes plans for a virtual job and internship fair as well, to prepare students for next steps.
"We're planning lots of large virtual and small in-person events to keep our campus community connected and engaged," said Rick Gatteau, vice president of student affairs, in a statement.
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Funeral Wake Venues in London
Find and book a funeral wake reception venue in London
We know planning a wake during such a difficult time is stressful enough without the added pressure of finding the perfect venue. So let us help. We have many tasteful venue suggestions on where to hold a wake that will also be able to take care of you catering needs too.
Top Recommended Funeral Wake Venues in London
A Grade II* listed baroque chapel hidden in a London square
Sparkling with a ceiling of golden stars, marble walls and precious mosaics, this jewel-like building, once the chapel of the Middlesex Hospital, is now a fabulously unique events venue. This gorgeous Grade II*-listed building, just minutes from Oxford Street and in the heart of Fitzrovia, can be hired for occasions such as weddings, art exhibitions, fashion shows and shoots, product launches, corporate celebrations and filming. Artist Grayson Perry called it 'This jewel-box of a building' and The Telegraph dubbed it 'The most beautiful room in London you probably didn't know about.'
Standing 80
Dining 30
St Martin-in-the-Fields
St Martin’s has a series of stunning spaces available for hire. With our enviable Trafalgar Square location and profits that support our charitable work, St Martin’s ticks all the venue hire boxes. Our beautiful Crypt and Gallery both have stunning 18th century architecture. Combined they can hold up to 500 guests standing. St. Martins Hall & Lightwell feature neutral, modern, architectural design and three meeting rooms full of natural daylight. Our in-house catering team offers a range of options from canapés to a full sit down meal for up to 200 guests, or canape for up to 500. Whether you are looking for a quick meeting, a full company wide AGM, a dinner or maybe considering filming in our historic venue, get in touch.
Standing 500
Dining 200
Multiple Rooms
The City Thames
The Oyster Shed
The Oyster Shed is one of the City’s finest venues. With an abundance of bookable space during the week and panoramic sun drenched views across the Thames - it is ideal for any event. Offering exclusive hire at weekends, you can happily let all your dreams come true in this beautiful space.
An outstanding versatile event space which is carefully spaced in compliance with government social distancing guidelines. The venue as a whole consists of; The largest covered terrace in the heart of Hackney Central alongside a beautiful garden, 10 m cocktail bar and full fitted kitchen with a 150 seated capacity. A blank canvas space under the arch, equipped with a Funktion One Sound System, ambient lighting and a 10 m cocktail bar. (Due to Government restrictions currently not available for hire until further notice.) Our venue makes for an extraordinary and unique space, perfect for: Drink receptions, Wedding celebrations, Summer & Christmas parties, Corporate celebrations, Networking events, Brand activations & product launches, Talks & presentations, Theater & comedy, Live music, Creative, Film & photo shoots
Cabaret 80
Omeara London
Omeara is an ode to the late night escapade, inspired by the undiscovered haunts of Central America. The bar serves an array of cocktails, craft beers and wine – with our unparalleled collection of tequila leading the charge. Street food vendors directly next door can provide amazing events catering and the space has a very impressive late license. Included in the hire is the main bar downstairs as well as mezzanine bar, terrace & Omeara Live (our state of the art music venue). If you're looking for more space then The Siding can be tagged on brining capacity to 750.
Based in an iconic building with a rich history, Battersea Arts Centre is a unique venue with a number of flexible spaces for events of all sizes. With an eclectic mix of historical architecture and theatrical flair, the venue provides everything you need to make your event last long in the memory. Battersea Arts Centre hosts a wide variety of events; from weddings, award ceremonies, parties, location filming and conferences. Capacities of largest rooms in the venue (multiple spaces available): Grand Hall: Event Seating: 600 Cabaret: 500 Dining: 350 Standing: 800 Council Chamber: Event Seating: 160 Cabaret: 150 Dining: 120 Standing: 200 Boardroom: 40
fast responder venues on average will respond to you within 4 hours of receiving your enquiry
Beaufort House Chelsea
Our venue for hire in London is located in on the Kings Road, Chelsea & is ideal for event organisers looking to host the perfect business event in a unique venue in London. With several versatile spaces & a range of facilities, Beaufort House Chelsea is the perfect corporate & conference venue in London. We are also a popular private dinner party venue with 3 stylish rooms to choose from. Finally Beaufort House Chelsea is a renowned Wedding Venue in London, close to Chelsea Old Town Hall.
Central London's most versatile, multi-faceted venue, supporting Grassroots music. 229 is a multi-purpose entertainments venue which hosts gigs, club nights, awards ceremonies, comedy and fashion events, gala dinners and weekend festivals. The venue includes 2 event spaces and a Green Room. Some of the acts to have played at 229 include Kings of Leon, Paul Weller, Pet Shop Boys, Florence and the Machine, Biffy Clyro, Seasick Steve and Foals to name but a few. Managed under the umbrella of the charity, International Students House (ISH), 100% of the profit made by 229 goes directly back support our mission. We believe every young person should have the opportunity to succeed whatever their background. Together with our university partners and supporters, we provide scholarships opportunities, a home and a social programme to enable students to succeed while giving them a place to belong.
SEE MORE TOP RECOMMENDED FUNERAL WAKE VENUES
Most Popular Funeral Wake Venues in London
Gabeto
Gabeto is The Cuban Spirit of Camden Market. This recently refurbished restaurant and bar combines class and cool with amazing interior design that’s perfect for Instagram! From high-level dining booths to eclectic retro furniture fused with naturally elegant period features and funky, local inspired art – Gabeto is Camden’s trendiest events venue. Set over 2 floors with outdoor terrace space ,Gabeto is one of the most flexible and highly sought after events spaces in the market. From product and car launches to fashion shows and intimate high-end dinners, our expert team can create your bespoke event and be on hand to make sure it goes exactly to plan.
Six Storeys on Soho
Six Storeys is a unique and prestigious building situated at 11 Soho Square in the heart of Soho and London's West End, covering six unique and exquisitely designed floors. Book a private floor and relax in the knowledge that your guests or delegates will be looked after to a very high standard in unparalleled surroundings. At Six Storeys you can make your stay as public or as private as you like, pairing your affair with exquisite menus presented by our chefs, and the very best service.
Strand, Central London
Urban chic vaults in historic venue
The Vaults at RSA House are ideal for large standing receptions, unique celebrations and evening parties. Originally designed as river-front warehouses, these fully restored Vaults offer a striking contrast to the splendour of the rooms above. The Durham Street Auditorium is a purpose built theatre ideal for screenings, conferences and meeting. It was built on the last remaining stretch of 18th century cobbled roadway which was part of a tunnel beneath the House leading down to the Thames. The DSA can accommodate up to 70 people. The RSA is an enlightenment organisation that seeks to understand and enhance human potential located in the heart of the West End. Throughout its history, the RSA has extended a welcome to others looking for a place to discuss their ideas. This tradition continues, with the Great Room, Durham Street Auditorium and Benjamin Franklin Room and our more intimate rooms providing the perfect backdrop to dinners, conferences and workshops. Recently awarded Best Historic Venue or Livery Hall at the London Venue Awards, 2018.
Beautifully distressed old chapel & event space
A beautifully distressed chapel, Asylum is a grade II listed building built in 1826, bombed in WWII. The present use of the chapel is as a flexible space which can be hired for photographic and film shoots, exhibitions, theater, weddings and funerals. A unique venue in South East London for weddings, corporate events, press shows and private dinner parties.
Eaton Square Bar
A stylish and contemporary bar in the heart of Belgravia, Eaton Square Bar & Kitchen serves up some of the best cocktails in the capital. You’ll also find a knockout wine list, great food, live music during the week, and DJs gracing the wheels of steel at the weekend. Available for private hire, whether it be a corporate event, a birthday party, a wedding, a meal, or just a massive get together with friends.
Modern venue and terrace with unique layout
ONLY TAKING BOOKINGS FROM OCTOBER 2020 ONWARDS**NEW TO MARKET RIVER THAMES TERRACE EVENT VENUE** Riverfront Terrace is a brand new, hidden gem venue on the Southbank.. A 3 minutes walk from Waterloo and with unique views of London on our custom built terrace overlooking the Thames.. The perfect venue for summer parties, press events, product launches, as well wedding receptions and private events. The setting cannot be bettered, especially on a sunny day when the light plays on the Thames and the crowds pass by on the embankment.. Book to impress and improve your life NOW! x
Tap and Bottle
Tap & Bottle is an idyllic two story wine bar sitting in a beautiful grade II listed building, above the bustling Flat Iron Square. For parties up to 90 guests you can private hire the whole space inclusive of smoking terrace with plenty of seating or for max 30 guests the top floor private room is perfect. For larger events we can host up to 150 guests with the extension of our Flat Iron Square mezzanine (please enquire for image of mezzanine).
Sumptuous and unforgettable private dining room with natural light
Make any occasion unforgettable with Private Dining by Roux, a unique dining concept within the sumptuous settings of The Langham, London. Private Dining by Roux offers the Chez Roux hallmarks of classic French cuisine interpreted with a modern twist, with the same level of service experienced in fine dining as at Roux at The Landau restaurant. Postillion, our beautiful private dining space, was designed by David Collins Studio and is flooded with natural daylight, with its floor to ceiling windows overlooking the charming Georgian architecture of All Souls Church.
Boardroom 20
SEE MORE MOST POPULAR FUNERAL WAKE VENUES
Organising a Wake Reception
Having to organise a funeral reception isn’t a task that anyone would wish to do. At a time of grief, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed when you suddenly have to plan an event. Everyone’s family has their own way of doing things, and the wishes of the deceased must also be respected. If you are unsure where to even begin when it comes to planning this, we hope that this guide can help you to get everything sorted in a quick and stress-free way.
What Type of Wake Reception Are You Having?
This is the most important question you have to ask yourself. You will need to take into consideration the wishes and traditions of family, as well as any wishes the deceased may have communicated previously. Wakes can be broadly split into two main types, private and public. A private wake is where only immediate family and friends attend, and people are usually personally invited. This is a small affair and can happen either in the family home or at an outside venue. It might be immediately after the funeral or a few hours later. A public wake is open to anyone who attended the funeral and gives them a chance to talk to the family, give their condolences, and also celebrate the person’s life. If you are having a public wake reception, it’s important that you print where it will be in the death notice. There may be some that can’t make the funeral service, or for whatever reason choose to only go to the wake. Notices can be put out in local newspapers but are also increasingly found online so that people who live further away have easy access to all the relevant information.
Where Are you Having the Reception?
Venue will be the next thing that you will need to consider. Depending on how many people you are expecting, you may need to hire out a sizable venue to accommodate everyone. Many wakes happen in church halls, but they aren’t to everyone’s liking and so hotels and even pubs are also popular choices of venue. While numbers will help you to decide, knowing whether you are going to serve food or have any entertainment can also affect your venue choice. Wake receptions are now much more common as a way to celebrate a person’s life rather than mourning them. Depending on your needs, you are sure to be able to find a wake reception venue for hire in London that will suit the type of event you wish to hold.
Are You Serving Food?
This will all depend on preferences and family traditions. At some wake receptions, everyone provides food themselves, with attendees bringing plates of sandwiches and deserts for everyone to share. There are venues who won’t allow this however so it’s not as common if you are hosting outside of the home. Other wakes will provide food in a buffet style for people to grab and snack on while talking to the people they know. Still others organise a sit-down meal at the hotel they are hosting from. This is a more formal affair but also allows members of the family to say a few words and thank everyone for attending. If you are looking to serve food of any type, talk first with your venue. They may cater in-house which means that there’s one less thing for you to worry about. This is the best course of action if you require food. When looking for venues, enquire if they can also cater so you can go down this route.
Can You Have Entertainment at a Wake Reception?
The answer is yes. You can have anything that you feel is appropriate to have. This may be musicians, a slideshow of pictures, or even people taking to a mic and telling their favourite stories of the deceased. Anything is permitted. Many people now wish for their funeral to be a celebration of life, and so encourage entertainment and laughter. Depending on your culture, having a drink at a wake reception will also be part of this as a toast to the memory of the deceased. Wakes no longer need to be a sombre affair, and so if you feel that you would like songs to be played and stories shared, then you should go ahead and organise this entertainment. There may be some who are surprised, but everyone will soon get into the spirit of the event.
Other Ideas to Remember the Deceased
If you are looking to do something to memorialise the deceased at the funeral reception, then there are lots of ideas out there that allow the guests to get involved. These include having a memory jar, tree, or book where people can write down their favourite moments and things that they learnt from the person. This is a great memento for the family to have and seeing how loved their family member was can greatly help with the grieving process. If you are playing music, have a list of the deceased favourite songs as well. You can also decorate the venue with photographs of the person and items of special significance to them. This all can help to lift the mood and make the event once that is more focused on remembrance than on sorrow.
No matter what type of reception you go for, be it private or public, in a sports hall or in a hotel, it’s always going to be a difficult thing to have to organise. The main things to remember is to consider not what other people expect, but what you and other family members want from the day. Perhaps you’ve been left instructions from the deceased to follow? If this is the case, then honour them by following their final wishes and giving them the wake reception that they envisioned.
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When it comes to brand identity few manufacturers can rival Porsche for a singular dedication to speed and style. Although recent years has seen an increase in more family friendly concepts and adaptations, a mere glimpse of the famous Stuttgart coat of arms elicits memories of favorite models and iconic images. Despite financial hardship in other areas of the economy, Porsche have continued to register improved sales year on year- transactions in 2011 were more than double those rec [...]
911 Turbo, Auto Brokerage Agency, Auto Brokers, Auto Buying, More Tags
Motor Trend: Tesla quicker than Ferrari, Bugatti
The new Tesla Model S P90D, a seven-seat electric car, accelerates faster than sports cars from Ferrari, Lamborghini and Bugatti, according to tests by the car enthusiast magazine Motor Trend. The all-wheel-drive P90D went from a dead stop to 60 miles an hour in a mind-warping 2.6 seconds, according to the magazine. The average family sedan today takes about 8 seconds to do the same.
Among the cars that would take longer to reach highway speeds, according to Motor Trend, are the $400,000 Lamborghini Aventador and the $2 million Bugatti V [...]
Auto Brokerage Agency, Auto Brokers, CarGeeks, Electric Cars, More Tags
2016 Lexus NX Vs. 2016 BMW X3: Which Is Better?
If you’re interested in buying a compact luxury crossove [...]
Top 10 Fastest Cars In The World 2015 – 2016
Do you know the fastest car in the world to be the desire of all lovers of racing cars. The fastest car in the world that first occupied by Hennessey Venom GT because the car has been recognized and can beat Bugatti they both produce the fastest car in the world. For more details you can see the 10 fastest cars in the world below. Hennessey Venom GT
Speed cars 270 mph (435 km/h), 0-60 mph in 2.5 seconds, has a 7.0 liter LS7 Turbocharged V8 Twin Turbo V8 Engine producing 1244 hp, with a Hennessey Venom GT [...]
9FF GT9-R, Auto Brokerage Agency, Auto Brokers, Auto Buying, More Tags
Best Minivans & SUVs For Hauling The Family (7 Great Choices)
Best All-Around: Toyota Highlander
If an SUV is more your style than a minivan is, there’s no better choice than our top-rated Toyota Highlander. Family-friendly and spacious, the Highlander offers a comfortable and quiet ride, with seating for up to eight, and a third row that’s roomy enough for three small kids. You can choose a bench seat or captain’s chairs in the second row. Controls feature big knobs and large instruments. Our tested V6 version was smooth and powerful, and returned 20 mpg overall. A 25-mpg hybrid is also available. Reliability has consistently been stellar. Seats eight.
Van-tastic! Toyota Sienna
Auto Brokers, Auto Buying, Auto Customization, Auto Leasing, More Tags
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About CLIA CLIA Annual Report About The Program Policy Priorities Advocacy Cruise Industry Regulation Environmental Stewardship Safety At Sea Security At Sea Student Design Competition Health Cruise Ship Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities Cruise Industry Policies
Cruise Industry Regulation
Security At Sea
Cruise Ship Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities
Cruise Industry Policies
While cruise ships comprise far less than 1 percent of the global maritime community, [1] cruise lines are at the forefront in developing responsible environmental practices and innovative technologies that lead in environmental stewardship. Insert video on cruise industry environmental efforts:
Cruise lines work with scientists and engineers to develop cutting edge, sustainable environmental innovations and practices, investing $1 billion in new technologies and cleaner fuels. Among these advancements, the industry designed and installed exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) on ships to reduce emissions by as much as 98 percent the level of sulfur oxides in a ship's exhaust. In addition, cruise lines have announced plans to build ships powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG), a clean source of fuel, with the first one expected in service in 2019. Cruise lines will also implement Ship Energy Management Plans for route planning and maintenance to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Energy efficient design standards will reduce CO2 emissions by 30 percent by 2025.
Cruise lines place a high priority on energy efficiency as part of their environmental protection programs. Innovative investments include energy-efficient engines and hull coatings that reduce friction and fuel consumption, as well as energy-saving LED lights and higher efficiency appliances. Cruise lines recycle hot water to heat passenger cabins and use special evaporators to distill the water used to cool engines into fresh water for shipboard air conditioning systems – while special window coatings keep cabins and passageways cool with less air conditioning. By switching to low-energy LED lights, newer cruise ships can improve lighting energy efficiency by nearly 80 percent.
Ocean Planning:
The cruise industry participates in regional ocean planning efforts with maritime stakeholders and provides direct input and feedback to address ocean management challenges and the sustainable use of oceans.
Each cruise ship receives dozens of inspections each year from the ports they visit, countries where they are registered and other independent agencies — including checks of equipment and practices for waste management, emission reduction and water treatment. In U.S. waters, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Coast Guard enforce rigorous requirements on air, water, power, and waste, including provisions of the Clean Water Act. The cruise industry also participates in International Maritime Organization (IMO) working groups and committees to develop global regulations to protect the environment. Environmental performance information is widely available on government websites, and CLIA Member Cruise Lines routinely post online sustainability reports with environmental performance and goals.
Waste Management:
Cruise lines carefully follow waste management and recycling practices (link to Waste Management Policy) to prevent waste in oceans. Due to the efforts of highly trained waste management professionals onboard, some cruise ships repurpose 100 percent of the waste generated onboard — by reducing, reusing, donating, recycling and converting waste into energy. Cruise ship waste management professionals recycle 60 percent more waste per person than the average person recycles on shore each day. Cruise lines recycle 80,000 tons of paper, plastic, aluminum and glass each year.
Industry Environmental Technologies and Practices
Combating Wildlife Trafficking
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Cunnan:Village pump
Revision as of 21:46, 16 January 2013 by Yvesdelyle (talk | contribs) (→Added a note about the wiki been up & running again)
In Medieval villages people would gather at the Village Pump to discuss those items that were important to their lives. On Cunnan the Village Pump serves a similar purpose: Giving users a place to meet and discuss current events, policy and content.
2.1 Up and Running again
2.2 See Also / External Links
2.3 Laurel Sovereign of Arms
2.4 The Illegible Vandals
2.5 A Note on Vandals and Newcomers
2.6 Registration is now required for edits
2.7 Personal details
2.8 Applicability Question
2.9 Templates
2.10 Personas and households
2.11 Wine
2.12 Herbs
2.13 Problems Uploading images - Fixed
2.14 Spam spam lovely spam
2.15 Enable CAPTCHA?
Some of the old Village pump articles have been moved to save space:
Moved during 2003
Up and Running again
It appears that Cunnan has been down for awhile, but is now up and running again. If you discover any errors, faults or such with the software. Please message myself. If it is an error in the text of the wiki, then by all means edit and correct the oversight. Yves de Lyle 21:46, 16 Jan 2013 (EST)
See Also / External Links
In terms of standard style I have been putting "See Also" as a heading and "External Links" as a subheading of that, unless there is no "See Also" heading, in which case it is simply a heading on its own. This makes sense to me in terms of how it relates to a Table of Contents. Does this seem reasonable to adopt as a standard style? Conrad Leviston 12:53, 31 July 2011 (EST)
Laurel Sovereign of Arms
I was looking at the page that redirects for Laurel and noticed that the Laurel Sovereign of Arms is in a page bound with the College of Arms. Might it be more beneficial to do a dedicated page for Laurel instead of being tied in with the College? Donngal 16:37, 22 July 2010 (EST)
Sure, since the Principal Herald page is now more substantive. I would make sure that Laurel redirects to Order of the Laurel with a disambiguation at the top for Laurel Sovereign of Arms. The page for LSofA should mention the SCA College of Arms. One of the pages should mention any historical links to similar ranks/titles in the RL Colleges, e.g. Garter King of Arms, Lyons King of Arms
- Cian Gillebhrath 10:35, 23 July 2010 (EST)
The Illegible Vandals
First it was the Ampersand Bandits. Now we have new class of vandals with a different MO - the Illegible Vandals! We have been getting unknown people adding just one word consisting of 8-10 characters to a range of pages. I believe the choice of characters is random because I don't recognise anything that I would find in any of my dictionaries. So the vandalism is pretty pointless. As far as I can work out, the same "user" has never struck more than once. Wierd. - Cian Gillebhrath 13:39, 27 September 2007 (EST)
Alas, we're now seeing several articles vandalized by a single IP. It's the sheer volume of IPs involved that concerns me -- we've been hit pretty hard over the last week. Kudos on everyone helping to stem the tide! Paul Matisz 19:05EDT 02 Oct 07
Yeah, I have since noticed repeat offenders. The thing that gets me is the fact that there seems to be no reason for these attacks. If they were all concentrated at particular times, then I could believe that it is was just an attempt at "denial of service" but there aren't enough of them at any one time for that. Other than restricting editing to logged in members, I can't see how any system can automatically prevent the Illegible Vandals. - Cian Gillebhrath 09:19, 3 October 2007 (EST)
On 04 Oct between 10:39 and 17:08 some twenty articles were vandalized by these jerks. In some cases, the same article was vandalized numerous times. Given the randomness I suspect this may be some kind of bot or virus... is there any way to defend against them? Paul Matisz 17:15EDT 04 Oct 07
Attacks today from three different IP addresses from 87.101.244.* . I think we might be able to put a filter on that for a few months. Tobin? Unfortunately, there seems no clear pattern to any of the other addresses. - Cian Gillebhrath 13:09, 9 October 2007 (EST)
A Note on Vandals and Newcomers
I despise vandals. Vandalism to Cunnan articles will be quickly corrected and the vandal's IP outright banned for a an appropriate length of time. Be aware that my definition of "an appropriate length of time" is inversely proportional to the amount of caffeine in my bloodstream.
I encourage anyone interested in making legitimate changes to Cunnan articles to make a user profile -- it's always nice to have new people in our community, and it makes it a lot easier to weed out the vandalism. Paul Matisz 09:51EDT 28 Sept 07
Registration is now required for edits
Hello all, I've been away from Cunnan for a long time as I've been busy with uni. I've read everyone's comments regarding the vandals and have looked at the mess they've been making recently.
Anonymous edits are no longer allowed. Hopefully they can be enabled again later after I've looked at other possible solutions.
There will also be a software upgrade in the next few weeks.
Tobin 12:17, 25 November 2007 (EST)
Thanks for that Tobin. It's a shame that this has been needed, but all that rolling back was getting quite tiresome, and I wasn't one of those who was doing most of the work. Conrad Leviston 23:25, 25 November 2007 (EST)
I concur: thank you for taking the (hard) decision -- it hurt me to the heart to see our good work mangled in this way. -- Simoncursitor 19:43, 26 November 2007 (EST)
Putting in my 2 cents/pence, I noticed that on other wiki's that made this tough choice, those inspired enough to contribute didn't mind signing in, and that usually less than 10% of anonymous edits are valid. This may not have been the case here, but this step does greatly reduce the vandalism and, in my opinion at least, makes Cunan a better place. --Thorgrimr of Dragonsspine 09:50, 16 December 2007 (EST)
It's a shame this had to be done. I would think SCA folk would be better than that. CsikosLo 00:59, 10 July 2008 (EST)
Pages have been created for SCA Contacts for various areas of Europe. While I prefer the information to be on the country's or kingdom's page, I have concerns about the address and phone details being put anywhere on Cunnan. They are far less likely to be updated regularly and I would much prefer this sort of personal data to be on the group's homepage outside of Cunnan. What do you guys think? - Cian Gillebhrath 13:12, 6 June 2008 (EST)
Good observation. I would think (knowing most of the people involved) that they posted it there themselves. If so, I have no problem with it. If not, that info should be deleted. Not sure how we can find out the truth though. CsikosLo 01:01, 10 July 2008 (EST)
Applicability Question
See these Caidan Tourney results: http://wiki.caid-commons.org/index.php/Results
Has Cunnan evolved so far away from its St Monica/Lochac roots that setting up a section under Kingdom of Lochac to support something like the above (but for Lochac) would be a no-go these days? I refer to Village pump discussions mid-2007 on culling some SCA-specific stuff that was seen mainly as ego-boo.
Or would it be fair enough? A wiki is a very good way to maintain this sort of thing; the question is whether we need to set up a whole new one, or use the resource that already exists, but which may no longer be appropriate. (Or, indeed, whether Cunnan would be open to any Kingdoms which wished to use it so).
- Bartholomew 15:02, 9 June 2008 (EST)
Greetings all. I have been working with learning the language of templates in MediaWiki and have copied one over from Wikipedia, Template:Information for image files. However, there seems to be a bit of markup that isn't working correctly, as can be seen in Image:Thomas_Hawley_Clarenceux_King_of_Arms.jpg. If someone can fix this and explain in detail how they went about fixing it, I'd like to be able to fix broken templates myself. Thanks! --Tobias Morgan 13:45, 24 September 2008 (EST)
I'm sorry but I don't know what error you are talking about. How about you use the Cunnan:sandbox to set up some examples and describe what you were expecting to happen and what has happened. I suspect it might be that Cunnan's MediaWiki version hasn't been updated for 3 or more months. - Cian Gillebhrath 09:14, 25 September 2008 (EST)
The problem using the sandbox is that the template is primarily used in the Image namespace. If you clickthrough to the Image page listed above then go down to the information section, you can see that it looks odd and cluttered, with bad markup. Whereas if you go to the original image on Wikipedia and look at the information section, it's much cleaner. --Tobias Morgan 12:10, 25 September 2008 (EST)
Personas and households
This year has been a quiet one for Cunnan but an old issue has had to enforced by me as a moderator a few times - that Cunnan is not an archive of pages describing SCA personas (see Village Pump 2007), but we do allow pages on SCA groups like households. Unfortunately, sometimes the household pages contain a lot of details on their members and things that are more specific to the individual than the household.
Sorry to those whose pages I mention here but I need examples. Firstly, House Fettered Fleur. I have editted this page a few times to makes its format match those of other pages. It had a paragraph on one of the leading members which mainly discussed and promoted her SCA-related business interests. Since I could not see how this related to the household, I treated it as advertising and deleted the text. A page had also been created for another of the household's leaders Menken but I changed that to [[User:Menken]] since he was the one had just edited it.
More recently, a page was created for the Natt Sang household. This includes a descriptive paragraph for each member that mentions their general character, how they like to participate in the SCA and their musical skills, but no more. I have reformatted that but not deleted any content.
My question to the community (and especially the mods) is whether Natt Sang is saying too much. Small households sometimes say a little about the roles and habits of their members, but generally as appendages to a list, e.g. House Reverie, like a standard SCA regnum. Sometimes little is said about memebers at all e.g. House Awesome. Bigger households have simply too many members to list them all.
So should Natt Sang's member details be abbreviated to something like the following?
Lady Rhyslyn of Soundstream:
Instruments: celtic flute, Irish whistle, celtic harp, guitar, bass, singing.
Roles: Husmor, Emmisarian, seamstress.
If not, then should it be editted in any other way?
- Cian Gillebhrath 18:25, 1 November 2009 (EST)
Recent editting has brought to light two more persona pages that do not seem to qualify for inclusion: Randal Sinclair Hawkins and Kari Kyst. While they seem to have been great people and have been duly recognised in awards for their contribution to the SCA, nothing in their description indicates that they have played a extremely significant role in the development or history of the SCA or their kingdom. All edits so far have been done by Rohesia and Donngal and I don't know whether these editors are also Randal and Kari. If so, then these descriptions should be moved to their User pages.
If there are no objections in the coming weeks, I will delete those two pages.
I have since also noted Logan Ebonwoulfe. He certainly seems moreso a person of great note if he is included in an outside publication, but I know nothing about this Warlords card game. What do others think about keeping a page active on him?
- Cian Gillebhrath 10:37, 20 November 2009 (EST)
A new one to consider - Michael of Bedford. 10 times a king, first King of Atlantia, Laurel, Pelican, Knight. But is that enough to qualify him for inclusion? Did he introduce something that is widely used in the SCA? Is he known to all in the Society? Is he known outside of the society? - Cian Gillebhrath 10:18, 23 November 2009 (EST)
I've been thinking on this subject a bit and trying to figure out a good rule of thumb. As a first pass: if the page consists of a simple list of awards, or even a few simple lists, that's probably not enough. An explanation should be needed. For example, the page for Cariadoc of the Bow doesn't list his awards, rather it gives his accomplishments with appropriate explanation and links. (Full disclosure - I created the page so I like the format, but I don't actually know His Grace.) With respect to Michael of Bedford's page, it's just a list of awards, which I'd suggest is inadequate. There may be other information which could be added to the page to make it clear that the page should remain, but as written I don't think the page works. AlexandreDavigne 00:14, 24 November 2009 (EST)
That sounds fair enough. Then it would just be down to us to decide whether the accomplishments are sufficient. Anyone else have a view? - Cian Gillebhrath 10:13, 30 November 2009 (EST)
Sorry about that, I did not realize till reading here today that general persons were not eligeable for inclusion in Cunnan, feel free to delete the page I created on Duke Valharic, just trying to add content Donngal mac Ronain
I want to make my own home made wine ,, were do I start ??? this will be my first time and I want to know how to start from being to end with fruits - gilpaulrod@yahoo.com, 12 Nov 2005
Try C.J. Berry's books available from any good wine making shop or online. - Bcholley, 14 June 2010
Would it be possible to merge the herb pages (e.g. borage) with their page of historical quotes (e.g. borage (Maplet))? I think having all those extra pages is superfluous especially seeing as most of the quote pages are only a few lines long. Could they be added to the end of the original herb page with a new heading instead?
The idea with these entries is that they can be accessed either via the herb, or through the book title, so that one can browse the entries as one would a book. If you look at A Greene Forest and Askham's Herbal you will realise that merging these pages involves an awful lot of work for dubious benefit.
Problems Uploading images - Fixed
I'm trying to upload a .png image and keep getting an error message: The upload directory (public) is not writable by the webserver. Is anyone aware of this issue and able to fix it? -- Paul Matisz 16:00EDT 29May11
I also have the issue. After a 5 year absence in image uploads, I can't correct my Calontir one, lol. Thorgrimr of Dragonsspine 11:17, 7 June 2011 (EST)
Is this problem going to be fixed by any chance? -- Kirstyn 7:04, 19 Sept, 2011 (CST)
Most of us administrators don't have access to the software side of Cunnan, just extra interface pages - Cian Gillebhrath 14:32, 10 November 2011 (EST)
This has now been fixed, by the Lochac Masony team! - Yves de Lyle 21:46, 24 November 2011 (EST)
Spam spam lovely spam
I know we have all been busier at removing spam than we have been adding proper content. If Tobin or anyone who can access the software could do anything, could you? One thing that might help is if you can prevent the creation of any pages that end in digits (and possibly new member names ending in digits). That is where all the spam is ending up. A simple regular expression filter should do it, but I don't know whether the software has that capability. - Cian Gillebhrath 14:32, 10 November 2011 (EST)
Okay, 27 spam accounts removed and their pages plus their images. That is not how I really want to spend my night. Time for a message to the Masonry team. We really need some way of getting around this. Rolling back would be much easier so perhaps stopping people making new pages until they have editted three other pages. - Cian Gillebhrath 00:02, 5 December 2011 (EST)
Requiring approval to create an account would/should solve the problem, or a decent captcha check might do it. I agree, it's gotten out of hand - AlexandreDavigne 23:50, 7 December 2011 (EST)
Sent another email to the Lochac masonry and webmaster, having received no response to the first one. - Cian Gillebhrath 10:56, 3 January 2012 (EST)
Enable CAPTCHA?
It looks like MediaWiki ships with a captcha extension, enabling it for account creation would solve a lot of the spam problems. Is there some reason not to do this? AlexandreDavigne 00:13, 21 December 2011 (EST)
http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Combating_spam#CAPTCHA
Yeah, I am happy to try anything. The problem is that none of us have access to the system, so we can't change the settings. I am still yet to hear from the Lochac webmaster or Lochac Masonry officers. - Cian Gillebhrath 10:29, 21 December 2011 (EST)
Pity that. Here's hoping for a response ... AlexandreDavigne 01:02, 5 January 2012 (EST)
I have got a response, but it wasn't quite relevant to the situation we have here. We have mods, but we have no Admin/SysOp available! - Cian Gillebhrath 11:08, 5 January 2012 (EST)
As can be seen in http://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges, most of us don't have time to fully moderate this wiki anymore. If any moderator does have the time, I recommend going to the following log pages and doing lots of deleting and blocking: http://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/wiki/Special:Log/upload , http://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/wiki/Special:Log/newusers . I would also check the user pages for all the new users and delete them. The remainder of the pages are only in the recent changes page it seems. There is no log for them. - Cian Gillebhrath 09:11, 17 January 2012 (EST)
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Home/Politics/FTSE 100 closes in red as ECB fails to cheer and markets fear second coronavirus wave
FTSE 100 closes in red as ECB fails to cheer and markets fear second coronavirus wave
Current AffairsJune 4, 2020
8 16 minutes read
FTSE 100 closes 41 points lower
ECB beefs up its bond-buying programme by €600bn
US benchmarks in red
5.00pm: FTSE 100 closes lower
FTSE 100 index closed in the red on Thursday despite the European Central Bank's (ECB) bid to ride to the rescue.
Footsie closed the afternoon session down almost 41 points at 6,341 as fears off a second wave of coronavirus deaths are also circulating.
FTSE 250 was also off, shedding over 71 points at 17,825.
The UK's death toll from the virus hit 39,843 on Thursday after 115 more deaths were recorded in the last 24 hours.
The ECB ramped up its Pandemic Emergency Purchase Plan (PEPP) by €600 billion, so it now stands at €1.35 trillion, which was over and above market expectations and helped to propel the Euro higher.
On Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell nearly 18 points to 26,252, while the S&P 500 lost over 11 at 3,111.
4.00pm: Bulls take a breather
Even stock market bulls have to take a day off occasionally and today was that day.
The FTSE 100 was down 33 points (0.5%) at 6,351, with Intermediate Capital Group PLC (LON:ICP) the worst-performing blue-chip.
The fund managers shares slid 6.2% to 1,300p after it revealed profit before tax fell by 37% to £114.5mln from the year before, although assets under management at the end of March stood 22% higher than a year earlier at €45.3bn.
3.10pm: US indices open mixed
US indices dipped as expected before recovering to be little changed.
The Dow Jones industrial average was up 5 points (0.0%) at 26,274 while the S&P 500 was off a couple of points (0.1%) at 3,121.
“US initial jobless claims fell to 1.9m but the key continuing claims number rose 650k from last week to 21.5m, which was ahead of expectations. Its a worry that we are not seeing this number coming down as it suggests employers are not calling their staff back as quickly as had been hoped. Tomorrow is nonfarm payrolls day, of course, with expectations for the headline print to come in at –8m jobs but we note the ADP number yesterday was just –2.76m vs –9m expected,” said Neil Wilson at markets.com.
Roiana Reid at Berenberg Capital Markets reckons the non-farm payrolls number will have declined by 6mln in May, while the unemployment rate is tipped to rise to 18.7% from 14.7% in April.
“As the economy reopens, employment will jump initially as businesses rehire furloughed and laid-off workers, but it will take years for employment to return to pre-crisis levels as some firms permanently close and as others operate at reduced capacity. We expect the unemployment rate to fall to 9.6% at the end of 2021, which would be almost three times the pre-crisis rate,” Reid said.
“High unemployment and slack in labour markets will put downward pressure on wages, despite pockets of wage increases,” Reid added.
In European, its all about the European Central Bank (ECB), which has thrown the kitchen sink at the Eurozone economy with a near doubling of its quantitative easing programme.
Claus Vistesen, the chief Eurozone economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, does us all a favour by telling us not to bother watching the recording of the press conference that followed the ECBs big fiscal stimulus move.
“Ms. Lagarde [the ECB governor] didnt say anything in terms of actual policy that wasnt already covered in the initial announcement. As for the new staff projections—released on the ECB website as we type—they contain significant downward revisions of both GDP and inflation forecasts through 2022, as expected,” Vistesen said.
In London, the Footsie went into a funk following the ECBs announcement, which sent forex markets doolally for a while, but the index of leading shares has now recovered some equilibrium at 6,362, down 20 points.
2.00pm: ECB gets out the bazooka
“Finally the ECB has taken off the inflationary brakes,” was the reaction of one trader to the European Central Banks (ECB) big move on quantitative easing.
The ECB has boosted the size of its QE bond purchase programme by €600bn to €1350bn and extended its operation until at least June 2021.
“The Banks decision to nearly double the size of its emergency funding programme for the battered Eurozone is a case of better late than never,” griped Ulas Akincilar, the head of trading at INFINOX.
“Pumping well over a trillion Euros into the Eurozone economy, over and above its ongoing money-printing programme, risks stoking runaway inflation – something the influential Germans have traditionally been allergic to but the Banks monetary policy grandees have clearly decided that worries about inflation must wait for another day. Now their focus is entirely on seeing off the existential crisis that Europes looming depression poses,” he added.
Carsten Brzeski, the chief economist covering the Eurozone at ING, said todays move by the central bank “should dent any future speculation about whether or not the ECB is willing to play its role as the lender of last resort for the Eurozone”.
All eyes and ears are now on the banks press conference, which started at 1.30pm.
In London, the Footsie reversed course sharply after the announcement and only now is it beginning to recover some of its composure, down 53 points at 6,330.
1.35pm: European Central Bank earmarks another €600bn for QE
US indices were expected to take a small step back today in the wake of the latest US weekly jobless claims.
Spread betting quotes point to the Dow opening at around 26,200, down 70 points, and the S&P 500 kicking off at 3,109, down 14 points.
US initial jobless claims eased to 1.88mln last week from 2.12mln the week before; economists had expected a figure of around 1.83mln.
Continuing jobless claims rose to 21.5mln million from 21.1mln the previous week.
US Weekly Initial Jobless Claims Report – DOLhttps://t.co/tRHpu7676z pic.twitter.com/vBiB2dNa21
— LiveSquawk (@LiveSquawk) June 4, 2020
In London, the Footsie had fought its way back almost to 6,400 before falling back to 6,344, down 38 points (0.6%) after the European Central Bank (ECB) expanded its bond buying programme (quantitative easing).
The ECB announced an expansion of €600bn in the programme, which was larger than the €500bn the market had expected.
12.35pm: "Huge number of job losses are still on the way"
Londons blue-chips were little changed despite a slew of economic data released today that laid bare the impact the coronavirus has had on the economy.
The FTSE 100 was off 24 points (0.4%) at 6,359.
Commenting on todays Bank of England survey of chief financial officers, Sarah Coles, a personal finance analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, warned that government schemes have only held back a wave of redundancies.
“At the moment, with a third of the workforce furloughed, jobs are only 6% down on the levels wed usually expect at this time of year – a month earlier businesses had worried they could fall as much as 18%.
“However, a huge number of job losses are still on the way, and after the furlough scheme ends in October, employment is expected to be down 10%.
“The information and communications industry is taking a big hit at the moment. Employers were already battling to manage changes in the way we consume information, and the crisis brought about a fall in sales and a collapse in advertising which was the final straw for some. It has meant an awful lot of restructuring and job losses,” she said.
“The accommodation and food industry, by contrast, was in full flood when the crisis hit, and the furlough scheme allowed businesses to hit pause rather than stop. Its problems will come later down the line as the furlough scheme is gradually withdrawn, and they struggle with running a business based on social interaction at a time of social distancing,” she suggested.
11.35am: BoE survey suggests leisurely recovery in investment levels
The Bank of Englands survey of chief financial officers indicates UK PLC is expecting a severe hit to second-quarter sales from the coronavirus (COVID-19).
In the May “Decision Maker Panel” (DMP) survey, businesses expected their sales in the second quarter to be 42% lower than they would otherwise have been, employment to be 6% lower and investment to be 43% lower.
The second-quarter sales and investment impacts were similar to the April survey, but the employment impact was materially smaller than the 18% expected in April, probably reflecting the extension of the furlough scheme, the Bank of England (BoE) said.
Sales were expected to recover only gradually over the next year with the negative impact from COVID-19 lessening from 42% in the second quarter to 30% in the third quarter, 18% in in the fourth and 10% in the first quarter of 2021.
The impact on employment was expected to be more persistent and to be larger in the second half of the year than it was in the second quarter, peaking at 10% in the fourth quarter.
Investment was expected to recover somewhat more slowly than sales, the BoE said. The reduction in investment due to COVID-19 was expected to be 43% in the second quarter (Q2), 37% in Q3, 28% in Q4 and 18% in 2020 Q1.
The FTSE 100 was down 16 points (0.2%) at 6,367.
10.30am: Car sales plunge 89% year-on-year in May
If the construction sector is in a bad way, things are not much better in the motor trade.
Private new car registrations fell 83.8% in May from a year earlier, which at least represented an improvement on Aprils 98.7% plummet.
Total registrations, including fleet and business sales, fell 89.0% in May.
“Car dealerships remained closed throughout May, making it operationally difficult for customers to receive cars they ordered earlier this year. Registrations likely will spike this month, now that dealerships have reopened to the public and a backlog of orders has to be worked through,” said Samuel Tombs, the chief UK economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics.
“Nonetheless, car sales will be well below pre-virus levels in the second half of this year. The volume of people searching online for one of the top five bestselling cars rebounded last month, but still was down 14% year-over-year in the final week of May. In addition, consumers confidence remained consistent in May with a 20% shortfall in new car sales relative to last year,” Tombs noted.
“Even if confidence recovers later this year, it will be a while before car sales recover, given that buyers can defer purchases easily, and they represent a big, long-lasting financial outlay. Interest rates for car finance packages also might rise, as lenders price-in a higher chance of default. And so far, the government is showing no sign of caving in to industry lobbying for another scrappage scheme, similar to that seen in the 2008-to-09 recession,” Tombs said.
Car dealer Lookers PLC (LON:LOOK) picked an interesting day to release a trading and operational update but judging by the 8.6% increase in the share price to 25.3p.
The company revealed plans to lower its headcount by 1,500 as the company intends to close 12 dealerships.
“Keep in mind the company announced the closure of 15 sites in late 2019. The group said that it has resumed trading across all areas of the business, but not surprisingly, the capacity levels are far lower. The restructuring plan that was revealed today will incur a one-off cost of approximately £9 million, but it will equate to payrolls savings of £50 million,” reported CMCs David Madden.
For perspective the previous years sales even for the number 10 spot of other vehicles were 3xhttps://t.co/JfdP0HT7Ey pic.twitter.com/msWIJ9LQFp
— Dee (@DeeJ722) June 4, 2020
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYvp9QrBVos]
10.10am: "Job losses will follow without a strong pipeline of work waiting in the wings"
Londons index of leading shares reacted phlegmatically to the release of another grim temperature reading of the UK construction activity.
The FTSE 100 index was down 13 points (0.2%) at 6,370, despite some support for airline stocks easyJet PLC (LON:EZJ) and British Airways owner International Consolidated Airlines (LON:IAG). The former was up 4.5% at 819.4p and the latter was 3.3% better at 288.4p.
The IHS Markit/CIPS UK Construction Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) for May recovered to 28.9 in May from 8.2 in April, which was a bit of a no-score draw for the sector.
“A gradual restart of work on site helped to alleviate the downturn in total UK construction output during May, but the latest survey highlighted that ongoing business closures and disruptions across the supply chain held back the extent of recovery,” said Tim Moore, the economics director at IHS Markit.
"It seems likely that construction activity will rebound in the near-term, as adaptations to social distancing measures become more widespread and the staggered return to work takes effect; however, latest PMI data pointed to another steep reduction in new orders received by UK construction companies, with the pace of decline exceeding the equivalent measures seen in the manufacturing and service sectors,” he added.
Duncan Brock, the group director at the Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply, said building work continued to be grounded by the pandemic and lockdown measures in May.
"Spending was slashed as clients continued to stonewall building firms and put new projects on hold. With furloughed staff across the supply chain, companies saw their capacity leak away and the construction sector now faces the most challenging environment for generations. Building materials were in constrained supply as vendors gradually reopened in May, while items such as personal safety equipment were difficult to source.
"As the sector staggers back to work, and builders put their heads above the parapet, they face a number of obstacles. New safer working practices will ensure operations can continue but client confidence to place new orders is harder to predict. As the furlough scheme is unravelled towards the end of the summer, the floodgates preventing redundancies may also fly open and job losses will follow without a strong pipeline of work waiting in the wings. It will take a long time for the sector to build strength from the ruins of COVID-19,” he predicted.
Purchasing managers report #UK #construction activity contracted markedly in May but at much reduced rate from April record drop as some sites resumed activity. #PMI up to 29.9 from just 8.2 in April. Activity off lows in all sectors: housebuilding, commercial & civil engineering
— Howard Archer (@HowardArcherUK) June 4, 2020
9.45am: Construction sector remains down in the dumps
The IHS Markit/CIPS UK Construction Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) recovered to 28.9 in May from 8.2 in April.
That being said, the index was still the second-lowest reading since February 2009, when the credit crunch was at its crunchiest.
A PMI reading below 50 indicates a contraction in activity.
Around 64% of the survey panel reported a drop in construction activity during May, while only 21% signalled an expansion, said IHS Markit, which compiles the survey.
“Where growth was reported, this was mostly attributed to a limited return to work on-site following shutdowns in April,” it added.
The FTSE 100 was down 9 points (0.2%) at 6,373.
8.35am: Mild profit-taking
The FTSE 100 index endured a minor case of the collywobbles in early trade on Thursday ahead of a meeting of the European Central Bank and US weekly jobs data later.
The index of UK blue-chips opened 30 points lower at 6,352.75.
After a triple-digit gain on Wednesday, it was perhaps to be expected that traders would look to book a little profit.
Following better than expected ADP employment numbers in the US, the Dow Jones Industrials Average closed more than 500 points to the good and is now at levels last seen in early March.
James Hughes, chief market analysts at Scope Markets commented: "Thursday will see a continuation of the jobs theme in the US as we get the all-important weekly jobless claims. Expectations are for a further 1.8mln Americans to have sought unemployment benefit this week. Although bad this figure is way off the drastic readings at the height of the pandemic.
"The better than expected data only shows that the picture may finally be hitting its peak, and doesnt give any indication of how the US government plans to get the over 40mln people in the US back into employment."
The profit-taking theme continued at the individual stocks level, with the recent good run for Rolls Royce (LON:RR.) ending in a 4.8% fall.
Similarly, shares in British Airways owner IAG (LON:IAG) were off 4.6%, as were those of cruise operator Carnival (LON:CCL).
AstraZenecas (LON:AZN) collaboration with Accent Therapeutics was greeted with a 2% rise in the share price. Given drug buddy Hikma (LON:HIK) was also up, the move was probably more suggestive of a drift towards defensive equity investments.
Proactive news headlines:
Open Orphan PLC (LON:ORPH) has announced the launch of hVIVO's COVID Clear Test, its antibody testing service, following the successful completion of the installation, testing and training for the coronavirus (COVID-19) test, The service will be offered to large employer groups and partners including GP networks, nursing care businesses, health clinics and private hospitals. Samples will be tested in the company's London lab with results returned within 48 hours.
Gfinity PLC (LON:GFIN) said it has signed a five-year deal with Abu Dhabi Motorsport Management (ADMM) to design, develop and deliver an esports racing championship (ERC). The AIM-listed firm said the ERC concept is based on a “unique format not seen in virtual racing before” and will feature professional simulation racing drivers and a roster of teams from digital motorsport. The championship will have two seasons each calendar year, with the first to take place in 2020 and be hosted by Gfinity.
Sativa Group PLC (LON:SATI) has received a takeover bid from Canadian-listed cannabinoid (CBD) extraction and agriculture specialist Stillcanna Inc. The offer, which was unveiled after Wednesdays London close, will see Stillcanna offer 0.33507 new shares for each Sativa share, valuing the Aquis Exchange-listed companys entire share capital at around £10.66mln. The offer represents a 28.6% discount to Sativa's middle market closing price of 2.6p per share on April 21, when a deal was first mooted, and the group noted that following the deal its shareholders will own around 65% of the combined entity. In a separate announcement, also after yesterdays close, Sativa reported its results for the year ended December 31, 2019, which saw its revenues increase more than five-fold to £1.45mln from £0.26mln while its gross margins improved to 52% from 42% due to a decrease in the cost of CBD extract and production efficiencies. Sativa also reported figures for the first quarter of 2020, posting revenues of £0.36mln, 49% higher than the prior-year and gross profit of £0.21mln with a 59% margin, ahead of management expectations.
Oncimmune Holdings PLC (LON:ONC) said it is expecting further strong growth in the top-line in the current fiscal year. In a trading update covering the 12 months to the end of May 2020, the immunodiagnostics specialist noted that its revenue was in line with market expectations. Meanwhile, it said, the next 18 months are expected to create substantial revenues within the EarlyCDT lung cancer test business. while the pipeline of contracts within the ImmunoINSIGHTS services business is building. Oncimmune also noted that its board has been streamlined, as a result of which Geoffrey Hamilton-Fairley, the non-executive vice-chairman and co-founder of the company, plus two other non-executive directors – Julian Hirst and Carsten Schroeder – have stepped down from the board with immediate effect.
Tiziana Life Sciences PLC (LON:TILS) (NASDAQ:TLSA) said the chairman of its scientific advisory board has received a research grant from the National Institutes of Health in the US to investigate the companys nasal anti-CD3 drug, Foralumab, for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. The NIH award provides third-party validation of the work of Dr Howard Weiner in an area of great unmet medical need. He believes the nasal administration of Foralumab is a “potentially revolutionary approach” to treat patients with Alzheimers.
Oracle Power PLC (LON:ORCP) has said it continues to receive support for the development of its Thar project in Pakistan. As announced in March, Oracle has submitted an application to the Private Power and Infrastructure Board for a letter of intent (LOI) on behalf of the consortium developing the project. The issuance of the LOI will be a major step in the development of Thar Block VI and would confirm the Government of Pakistan's commitment to purchase power from Thar Block VI. Oracle has now paid the US$50,000 evaluation fee that became due under the terms of the LOI and has received a payment of US$7,491 from Sheikh Ahmed Dalmook Al Maktoums private office in respect of the offices share of the evaluation fee.
Personal Group PLC (LON:PGH) chairman, Mark Winlow will tell shareholders at Thursdays annual general meeting that, given the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic environment, the leading provider of employee services has made an encouraging start to the year. In the AGM statement, Winlow said: “We continue to engage with clients, existing and new and I am pleased to announce that we are negotiating significant potential new Let's Connect and Insurance clients which are on-going despite the challenges of COVID-19." In a separate statement, Personal Group on also announced that its CFO Mike Dugdale has confirmed his intention to retire on September 30, 2020. The company said Sarah Mace, the group financial controller and company secretary, will be appointed as Interim CFO on September 30, Dugdales departure date allowing an orderly handover and transition time.
Impax Asset Management Group PLC (LON:IPX) has increased its interim dividend saying it is good financial health while inflows and the performance of its funds saw a rebound in April. Inflows into its funds were a record £1.8bn in the half-year to March 31, 2020, Impax said, but assets under management were affected by coronavirus volatility and dropped by 4% to £14.4bn. In April, net inflows were almost £300mln, it added, and at the end of the month assets under management had rebounded to £15.8bn.
Strategic Minerals PLC (LON:SML) said it has raised £1.1mln through a placing and subscription of around 244.4mln new shares to help pay the remaining balance of £990,000 for the acquisition of New Age Explorations interest in Cornwall Resources, holder of the Redmoor Tin/Tungsten project. The AIM-listed company said the shares had been issued at a price of 0.45p each, a 28.6% discount to its closing price on Wednesday, adding that it is also allowing existing shareholders to subscribe for up to 22.2mln new shares at the same price through a broker option. "The company continues to limit equity raisings to only fund projects it believes will value add over time. Today's raise not only achieves this, through securing the balance of the Redmoor acquisition, but the board considers that it will also remove a perceived market overhang associated with the need to fund this liability”, Strategic Minerals chairman Alan Broome said in a statement.
Curzon Energy PLC (LON:CZN) has raised £166,066 by placing shares at a penny a pop. The placing shares came with warrants attached that can be exercised at 1.5p a share. In all, 16.6mln shares were issued along with 17.6mln warrants. The funds raised will be used to advance and complete negotiations with the Sun Seven Stars Investment Group (SSSIG) on a transaction involving the London Critical Metals Market (LCMM).
Keywords Studios PLC (LON:KWS), the international technical services provider to the global video games industry, has announced that Andrew Day, its chief executive officer, yesterday exercised 150,095 options over ordinary shares dating from the time of the company's IPO in 2013. Of these 150,095 options, 86,593 were awards granted on 8 July 2013 under the terms of the company's long term incentive plan and were Read More – Source
[contf] [contfnew]
Proactiveinvestors
Russias Kadyrov Foundation provides aid to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh
Ken Starr on House Impeachment Tactics: This Is Just Wrong
SCB Group to provide biofuels and ethanol prices via Barchart’s cmdty network
Boris Johnson ‘planning early election’ to hit Corbyn’s Labour Party — ‘poll day released’
Barr Says DOJ Reviewing Information on Ukraine, Including From Giuliani
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Massive ‘yes’ vote in Iraqi Kurd independence referendum
Iraqi Kurds wave the Kurdish flag as they celebrate in the streets of the northern city of Arbil on September 25, 2017 following a referendum on independence. Iraq’s Kurds defied widespread opposition to vote in a historic independence referendum, sparking fresh tensions with Baghdad, threats from Turkey and fears of unrest. / AFP PHOTO / Safin HAMED
Iraq’s Kurds announced a massive “yes” vote for independence on Wednesday following a referendum that has incensed Baghdad and sparked international concern.
Official results showed 92.73 percent of voters backing statehood in Monday’s non-binding referendum, which Iraq’s central government rejected as illegal. Turnout was put at 72.61 percent.
Read Also: Catalonia’s leader wants new independence referendum against Spain
Longtime Iraqi Kurd leader Massud Barzani said the vote would not lead to an immediate declaration of independence and should instead open the door to negotiations.
But Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi told lawmakers on Wednesday there was no question of using its results as the basis for talks.
“The referendum must be annulled and dialogue initiated in the framework of the constitution. We will never hold talks based on the results of the referendum,” Abadi said.
“We will impose Iraqi law in the entire region of Kurdistan under the constitution,” he said.
Pressure has been mounting on the Kurds since the vote, not just from Baghdad but also from Ankara, with Turkey threatening a range of measures including cutting off key export routes for the region.
An overwhelming “yes” vote had been widely expected.
Pursuing a long-cherished dream of statehood, the Kurds went ahead with the referendum in defiance of widespread objections, including from the United Nations and United States.
It has raised fears of unrest and the possibility of a military confrontation involving the Kurds, who are key allies in internationally backed offensives against the jihadists of the Islamic State group.
In a televised address late on Tuesday, Barzani had urged Abadi “not to close the door to dialogue because it is dialogue that will solve problems”.
“We assure the international community of our willingness to engage in dialogue with Baghdad,” he said, insisting the referendum was not meant “to delimit the border (between Kurdistan and Iraq), nor to impose it de facto.”
Airlines cancel flights
Baghdad has steadily pushed back against the vote.
Lawmakers on Wednesday passed a resolution calling on Abadi to “take all necessary measures to maintain Iraq’s unity” including by deploying security forces to disputed areas.
The resolution also called for the closure of border posts with Turkey and Iran that are outside central government control.
Abadi said Tuesday he would ban all international flights to and from Kurdistan in three days unless airports in its main cities Arbil and Sulaimaniyah were placed under his government’s control.
Lebanon’s Middle East Airlines and EgyptAir both said Wednesday they would halt flights to Arbil this week at the request of Baghdad.
Turkey fears the vote will stoke the separatist ambitions of its own sizeable Kurdish minority and on Tuesday President Recep Tayyip Erdogan warned that Iraq’s Kurds risked sparking an “ethnic war”.
“If Barzani and the Kurdistan Regional Government do not go back on this mistake as soon as possible, they will go down in history with the shame of having dragged the region into an ethnic and sectarian war,” he said.
Erdogan had earlier warned that Turkey would shut its border with Iraqi Kurdistan and threatened to block oil exports from the region through Turkey.
Erdogan even suggested the possibility of a cross-border incursion similar to the one Turkey carried out against IS and Kurdish fighters in Syria.
Monday’s vote took place across the three northern provinces of autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan — Arbil, Sulaimaniyah and Dohuk — and in disputed border zones such as the oil-rich province of Kirkuk.
Opponents have accused Barzani of seeking to empower himself through the vote, and said he should have accepted a UN-backed plan to postpone the referendum in favour of negotiations with Baghdad.
Iran, which also has a large Kurdish minority, condemned the vote as well and on Sunday stopped all flights from its territory to and from Iraqi Kurdistan.
Analysts say that despite their threats, Baghdad, Ankara and Tehran are proceeding cautiously in reacting to the vote, wary of sparking a serious confrontation with the Kurds that would further destabilise an already volatile region.
Closing their borders with Iraqi Kurdistan would also hurt Turkey, which exports more than $8 billion worth of goods every year to the region, and Iran, which exports about $6 billion.
Left without a state of their own when the borders of the Middle East were redrawn after World War I, the Kurds see themselves as the world’s largest stateless people.
The non-Arab ethnic group of between 25 and 35 million is spread across Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria.
More supplies needed as villagers flee Vanuatu volcano
Ireland to hold abortion referendum in 2018
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David Seek
How to write a poker bot in SwiftUI
As some of my followers, and most of my friends know, I love poker. As an engineer, efficiency and automation are always at the forefront of my mind. Therefore, when playing online poker, I always ask myself: How could I make this more efficient?
Obviously, as a lover of the game, I know that cheating, and especially defrauding my opponents is highly unethical, and simply wrong. I would never use, nor would I provide a full tutorial on how to build one.
Yet whenever I played, this inner anxiousness coupled with curiosity continued to resurface. …
LeetCode #700 — Search in a Binary Search Tree
LeetCode’s challenge of the day on June 15, 2020 (#700) asks us to search a Binary Search Tree and return the node where node.val equals the target value.
To understand why the search in a Binary Search Tree (BST) is so highly efficient, we first need to understand the characteristics of it. A BST consists of nodes that each contain either one, two, or zero children. A node that contains zero children is called a Leaf.
Each node’s left child’s value is smaller than the node’s value, and the right node’s value is larger than the node’s value. …
LeetCode #380 — Insert Delete GetRandom O(1)
LeetCode’s challenge of the day on June 12, 2020 (#380) asks us to create an API wrapper around the standard Swift Set implementation. The only given requirement is that all operations must operate in constant time. We will use a Set as underlying data structure because there is no mentioning of duplication and all operations of a Set are constant by default.
insert(val) will forward to Set.insert and return a boolean indicating whether or not the given value has already been present in the underlying Set.
remove(val) will forward to Set.remove and return a boolean indicating whether or not the given value was inside the Set. …
LeetCode #231 — Power of Two
LeetCode’s challenge of the day on June 8, 2020 (#231) asks us to write a function that determines if the given Integer n is a power of two. In other words: If we multiply the number 2 any amount of times, will we end up with n?
This is a typical dynamic programming problem. We could solve it with recursion. Using a helper function, we would pass n and the current multiplication. …
LeetCode #102 — Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
LeetCode’s challenge #102 asks us to traverse a Binary Search Tree in level order. Level order traversal is the key to solve a multitude of tech challenges and comes up in many different varieties within numerous questions on LeetCode.
The idea is: We enqueue the root of the tree into a queue. Within a while loop, we dequeue the root and enqueue each child while maintaining the current level.
LeetCode #344 — Reverse String
LeetCode’s challenge of June 4, 2020 (#344) asks us to reverse a String. This task can be achieved with 1 line of code, yet it’s worth exploring the different options. Interviewers will want you to show that you can explain different approaches.
Two Pointer Approach
Interviewers very often ask about two pointer approaches, and it’s very likely that you may be asked not to rely on built in functions, which make this solution viable.
LeetCode #237 — Delete Node in a Linked List
LeetCode’s challenge of June 2, 2020 (#237) asks us to delete a Node from a LinkedList. The tricky part is that we only have access to the Node itself, not to the head or parent Node.
Given the Node 5, as part of the LinkedList (4->5->1->9), we're expected to return (4->1->9) with the Node 5 cut out of the list.
LeetCode #2 — Adding Two Linked Lists
LeetCode’s challenge #2 asks us to sum up two Linked Lists and return one singly Linked List. The given lists are (2 -> 4 -> 3) and (5 -> 6 -> 4), and the expected return list is (7 -> 0 -> 8).
The Brute Force Solution
The brute force solution for this problem is not really worse than the optimized solution. Both have a space and time complexity of O(n) where n is the combined nodes in both lists.
The difference between the approaches is the unnecessary overhead of the first one. Swift does not come with a native LinkedList, therefore one would have to implement the traversal, then traverse both lists to get two integer arrays and then sum up the elements. …
LeetCode #1 — Solving the Two Sum Problem
The two sum problem is a classic coding challenge required in many tech interviews, and the #1 challenge on leetcode.com.
Usually, one is given an unsorted array of integers and a target integer. In this scenario, your goal is to write an efficient algorithm that returns if there are two elements in the array that add up to the target. You are required to either return the indices or the integers themselves.
The example in this post assumes that there will be an answer and there will only be one pair that sums up to the target.
In your potential interview, it is important that you specifically ask your interviewer if they would like you to return all pairs, only the first pair, or what they want you to return if there is no pair at all. …
Published in Swift2Go
Swift 101. Convert coordinates to city names and back
In this article I will explain how to get the names of the city, country, zip code, etc from a geo location object and the other way around.
The first thing we need to do is to set the needed permissions into the Info.plist file to be able to ask the User to access the GPS module of this phone. Open the Info.plist and set the following.
Read more in Swift2Go · 5 min read
Software Engineer at Amazon (Alexa Mobile)
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Bradley Cooper To Produce ‘Stand Up To Cancer’ Special
By Denise Petski
Denise Petski
Senior Managing Editor
More Stories By Denise
‘Head Of The Class’: Jorge Diaz, Christa Miller Among 5 Cast In HBO Max Reboot Pilot
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Bradley Cooper has been tapped as executive producer of the fifth biennial Stand Up To Cancer fundraising special set to air live on September 9.
Cooper will exec produce along with event producers Done + Dusted. Additional stars and performers will be announced in the coming weeks.
The hourlong telecast will broadcast live from The Music Center’s Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles on 45-plus broadcast and cable networks who donate an hour of simultaneous commercial-gree primetime for the broadcast. Participating networks are: ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC, along with American Forces Network, ASPiRE, AUDIENCE Network, Bloomberg TV, Bravo, Comedy Central, Discovery Life, EPIX, ESPNEWS, FM, FS2, FXM, Great American Country, HBO, HBO Latino, HLN, ION Television, LMN, Logo, MLB Network, National Geographic, Pivot, RLTV, SHOWTIME, Smithsonian Channel, Starz, Starz Encore, Starz Encore Espanol, TBS, Tr3s, VH1, and WGN America. In addition, the show will stream live on Yahoo and MLB.com, and will be available on Hulu.
No one is ever fully prepared to deal with the overwhelming and complex journey that comes with a cancer diagnosis,” said Cooper, who lost his father, Charles Cooper, to lung cancer in 2011. “Stand Up To Cancer works tirelessly to support those at the forefront of the fight against cancer. SU2C’s mission, to ensure that all cancer patients become cancer survivors, is one that is very close to my heart. I am proud to join forces to make this vision a reality and to be part of this movement that is dedicated to getting lifesaving treatments to cancer patients faster.”
James Corden, Stephen Colbert Celebrate Trump's Last Day In Office With Final Jokes, Musical Numbers
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Dennis Rodman Accused Of Stealing, Destroying Yoga Studio's 400-Pound Amethyst Crystal
Having personally brokered peace for all time between the U.S. government and North Korea, basketball Hall of Famer and all-around goof Dennis Rodman spends his time nowadays, among other things, being accused of stealing 400-pound amethyst crystals from Orange County, California yoga studios.
According to a report from Los Angeles Times, Ali and Ariana Shah, owners of the Vibes Hot Yoga studio in Newport Beach, say Rodman on two occasions entered their business and, along with a couple associates, ripped off $3,500 in merchandise, including a “ginormous geode amethyst crystal” the group hauled out of there after accidentally smashing it to bits.
Shah said a man whom he identified as Rodman walked into the shop with a former Vibes employee and another man and woman just before the shop was scheduled to close at 1:30 p.m. Tuesday.
“It’s clear as daylight,” Shah said of the security footage.
Vibes claims the four worked in coordination to distract an employee so they could steal clothes from displays.
Here, for your enjoyment, is nine minutes of Dennis Rodman moseying around a Yoga retailer in blue track pants. By all means, stick around for the entire thing, but the very best part happens just 30 seconds in, when a man lifts the enormous crystal off the check-out desk, takes two steps toward a waiting dolly, and then just dumps the crystal on the ground, where it explodes. At the four-minute mark, you can watch them sweeping up a huge spray of crystal smithereens:
It’s a video that rewards close viewing. If you can drag your eyes away from the sight of the man fumbling and destroying a $2,500 crystal, for example, you will see the alleged coordinated maneuver in action, as a woman in the foreground at that very moment hastily jams an article of clothing into her purse.
Rodman told TMZ that he and his pals were in fact there to help move the crystal, and that they were given permission by the staff on hand to treat themselves to “a couple gifts” as a token of gratitude. This will ring true to anyone who’s familiar with the standard retail policy, posted in shops across the land: “You break it, you please accept our gratitude and help yourself to a thousand bucks worth of free stuff.”
Rodman and an associate apparently returned the following afternoon, whereupon they allegedly shoplifted more merchandise from the store. Per the Times report:
On Wednesday, a different employee arrived to open the studio at 4:30 p.m. for afternoon and evening yoga classes and found two people outside.
Shah said surveillance video shows Rodman, whom the employee didn’t recognize, again trying to distract the employee as a woman, whom Shah said also was there the day before, grabbed three or four articles of merchandise, hangers and all. The two were in the studio for about 10 minutes, Shah said.
In addition to the destruction of the huge rock and the theft of many pairs of expensive leggings, Rodman and his alleged collaborators are accused of causing $5,000 worth of damage to the studio’s floor.
Staff Writer, Deadspin
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Artist A – Z
decibelROGUE
Gig Reviews and Music News
Extreme Pornograffitti Live 25 Review
Available 14 October
Extreme celebrated the 25th anniversary of the release of their multi-platinum selling, grammy nominated Pornograffitti by playing the album in it’s entirety during a concert at the Hard Rock Casino in Las Vegas. Although the gig took place last year, the full show will be released on CD, DVD and BLU-RAY in the UK on 14 October as part of the Metal Meltdown series.
First things first. Am I the only one kinda freaked out that it’s been over a quarter of a century since Get The Funk Out first blasted it’s way into our consciousness? In fact, I think I first heard the song on BBC Radio 1 during Steve Wright’s afternoon show. Actually, now I think about it, whatever happened to the likes of Mr Angry and Gervais the Hairdresser after the show ended? Where are they now???
Sorry, I digress…
Despite having formed over 30 years ago, the band’s lineup remains pretty much the same as it was then. Gary Cherone is still up front on vocals, Nuno Bettencourt continues to mesmerise on guitar and Pat Badger still drives the band along on bass. Paul Geary replaced original drummer Kevin Figueiredo back in ’06. So there’s no doubt that this is very definitely the REAL Extreme we’re watching here.
From a music point of view Pornograffitti Live 25 doesn’t contain any surprises, obviously! If, like me you bought the original album back in the day, listening to Pornograffitti 25 Live is like slipping on an old pair of shoes. Instantly familiar, comfortable and timeless. The funny thing is though, the band themselves had to step outside their comfort zone for this performance, because there are songs on the album that they had never played live before.
“It was a great thrill to perform Pornograffitti in its entirety. Some of these songs were never played live before so we had to go back and relearn them for the tour. The album was a watershed moment in the bands career…it’s when we came in to our own and it will always be special.” – Gary Cherone
So given the need to go back and learn some of their own songs, what we have here is a performance which is anything but a band just going through the motions. From opening track Decadence Dance, Garry Cherone and the guys grab the audience by the scruff of the neck to lead them on a 76 minute blast through the album which defined their career. And they seemed to revel in the occasion as much as the Vegas audience.
There are obviously some pretty big highlights in the performance. Get the Funk Out, More Than Words and the awesome Hole Hearted are songs which comfortably sit in the ‘rock classic’ category. But the concert as a whole is full of the energy and passion you’d expect from a band in their prime. If you love rock music it’s worth watching just to see Nuno Bettencourt alone. Virtuoso is a term used all too loosely to describe musicians, but is perfectly apt for this man. Oh to have a tenth of his talent…
Which brings me to this galling reality – I WASN’T THERE. Just another gig in a long line of gigs that I couldn’t attend. So I guess you could say that since I couldn’t be there, this recording is a pretty darned good consolation prize. Extreme were the last of the great hair metal bands, and Pornograffitti kinda marked the end of that era as grunge changed rock music forever. But what a way to go. What a way to go…
Pornograffitti is available to buy on CD, DVD and BLU-RAY from 14 October. We suggest you do!
1 Decadence Dance
2 Li’l Jack Horny
3 When I’m President
4 Get the Funk Out
5 More Than Words
6 Money (In God We Trust)
7 It (‘s a Monster)
8 Pornograffitti
9 When I First Kissed You
10 Suzi (Wants Her All Day What?)
11 Flight of the Wounded Bumble Bee
12 He-Man Woman Hater
13 Song For Love
14 Hole Hearted
15 Play With Me*
16 Cupid’s Dead*
* Songs do not appear on the audio CD
You can follow Extreme on Facebook HERE
You can pre-order Pornograffitti Live 25 HERE
Category : Music News
Tags : extreme, extreme pornograffitti live 25, extreme pornograffitti live 25 review
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Tag Archives: Care Bill 2013-14
Update on the Dementia Tax: £21,000 Per Year (BBC News / Alzheimer’s Society)
Summary A new report, commissioned from the London School of Economics and Kings College London, re-visits the issue of the so-called “dementia tax”. It exposes how dementia patients (with their families and carers) in the UK are often forced to … Continue reading →
Posted in Alzheimer's Society, BBC News, Charitable Bodies, Commissioning, Community Care, For Carers (mostly), For Doctors (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Researchers (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), In the News, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, Mental Health, Models of Dementia Care, National, Non-Pharmacological Treatments, Patient Care Pathway, Person-Centred Care, Quick Insights, Standards, Statistics, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Adult Social Care, Adult Social Care Funding, Age of Dementia Onset, Alignment in Entitlements to Health and Social Care, Barriers to Integration, BBC Health News, Better Care Fund (BCF), Burden of Dementia, Burden on Caregivers, CANE, Cap on Care Costs, Capping Care Costs, Care Account, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Costs: Cap and Means Test, Care Tax (So-Called Dementia Tax), Caregiving (Carers), Carer Burden in Dementia, Carer Support, Carer's Needs, Carers, Carers’ Health and Wellbeing, Caring and Family Finances, Caring for Our Future, Caring For Our Future: Implementing Funding Reform, Charging Framework, Costs of Dementia Care, DADE, Delphi Consensus, Dementia 2014 Infographic, Dementia Across the UK: Regional Statistics, Dementia Care Tax, Dementia Care: Dementia Tax (Estimated), Dementia Care: NHS Care, Dementia Care: Paid For By Councils, Dementia Care: Paid For By Individual, Dementia Care: Unpaid Care Contribution, Dementia Statistics (UK), Dementia Statistics: By Age and Gender, Dementia Tax, Dementia Tax (Alzheimer's Society), Dementia UK (2007) Report, Dementia UK: Second Edition (Alzheimer’s Society), Dilnot Commission Report on Funding of Care and Support, DOMINO Trial, Early-Onset Dementia, Eligible Needs, Evidence-Based Interventions in Dementia (EVIDEM), Families, Family Caregivers, Family Carers, Fees for Accommodation, Financial Assessment, Financial Issues, Financial Planning, Funding of Care and Support (Dilnot Commission), Funding Reform, Health and Social Care Costs, Health and 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Care Bill Implementation Grant (Department of Health)
Posted on June 8, 2014 by Dementia and Elderly Care News
Summary The Care Bill implementation grant is a one-off grant available from the Department of Health to support local authorities in the implementation of the Care Bill (now the Care Act), from May 2014 to 2015. The grant has an … Continue reading →
Posted in Commissioning, Community Care, Department of Health, For Doctors (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Researchers (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), Integrated Care, Local Interest, Management of Condition, National, Quick Insights, Standards, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged ADASS Regional Networks, Association of Director of Adult Social Services (ADASS), Barking and Dagenham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Barnet: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Barnsley: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bath & North East Somerset: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bedford: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bexley: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Birmingham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Blackburn with Darwen: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Blackpool: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bolton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bournemouth: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bracknell Forest: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bradford: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Brent: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Brighton & Hove: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bristol: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bromley: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Buckinghamshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Bury: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Calderdale: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Cambridgeshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Camden: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Care Act, Care Act 2014, Care Bill, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Bill Implementation Grant, Care Bill Implementation Grant (Department of Health), Care Bill Implementation Grant: Memorandum of Understanding, Central Bedfordshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Cheshire East: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Cheshire West and Chester: Care Bill Implementation Grant, City of London: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Cornwall: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Coventry: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Croydon: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Cumbria: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Darlington: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Derby: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Derbyshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Devon: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Doncaster: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Dorset: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Dudley: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Durham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Ealing: Care Bill Implementation Grant, East Riding of Yorkshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, East Sussex: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Enfield: Care Bill Implementation Grant, English Local Authorities, Essex: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Financial Incentives, Gateshead: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Gloucestershire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Greenwich: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Hackney: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Halton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Hammersmith and Fulham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Hampshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Haringey: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Harrow: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Hartlepool: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Havering: 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Implementation Grant, Liverpool: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Local Authorities, Local Authorities (LAs), Local Authorities with Adult Social Care Responsibilities (LA ASCRs), Local Authority and Social Care, Local Authority Commissioners, Local Government Association: LGA, Luton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Manchester: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Medway: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Merton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Middlesbrough: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Milton Keynes: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Newcastle upon Tyne: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Newham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Norfolk: Care Bill Implementation Grant, North East Lincolnshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, North Lincolnshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, North Somerset: Care Bill Implementation Grant, North Tyneside: Care Bill Implementation Grant, North Yorkshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Northamptonshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Northumberland: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Nottingham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Nottinghamshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Oldham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Oxfordshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Payment Mechanisms, Payment Systems, Payment Systems and Incentives, Performance Incentives, Peterborough: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Plymouth: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Poole: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Portsmouth: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Reading: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Redbridge: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Redcar and Cleveland: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Richmond upon Thames: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Rochdale: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Rotherham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Rutland: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Salford: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Sandwell: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Sebastian Habibi: Social Care Strategic Policy and Finance, Sefton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Sheffield: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Shropshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Slough: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Social Care: Local Government and Care Partnerships Directorate (Department of Health), Solihull: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Somerset: Care Bill Implementation Grant, South Gloucestershire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, South Tyneside: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Southampton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Southend-on-Sea: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Southwark: Care Bill Implementation Grant, St Helens: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Staffordshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Stockport: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Stockton-on-Tees: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Stoke-on-Trent: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Suffolk: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Sunderland: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Surrey: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Sutton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Swindon: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Tameside: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Telford and the Wrekin: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Thurrock: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Torbay: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Tower Hamlets: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Trafford: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wakefield: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Walsall: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Waltham Forest: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wandsworth: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Warrington: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Warwickshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, West Berkshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, West Sussex: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Westminster: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wigan: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wiltshire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Windsor and Maidenhead: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wirral: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wokingham: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Wolverhampton: Care Bill Implementation Grant, Worcestershire: Care Bill Implementation Grant, York: Care Bill Implementation Grant | 2 Comments
Care Bill Becomes Care Act 2014 (Department of Health)
Summary The Care and Support Minister Norman Lamb has written about the impact of the Care Act 2014, which introduces the biggest change to social care for 60 years. This online article summarises the provisions of the Care Act and … Continue reading →
Posted in Community Care, Department of Health, For Carers (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), In the News, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, National, Patient Care Pathway, Person-Centred Care, Personalisation, Quick Insights, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Ageing and Society, Ageing Population, Autonomy and Choice, Better Care Fund (BCF), Care Act 2014, Care and Support, Care and Support Funding Reforms, Care and Support Planning, Care and Support Statutory Guidance, Care Bill, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Costs: Cap and Means Test, Carer Support, Chief Inspector of Social Care and Support, Choice and Control Over Decisions, Consequences of the Francis Inquiry Report, Direct Payment, Direct Payments, Eligibility Criteria for Social Care, Future of Residential Care, Government Response to Francis Inquiry Report, Implications of the Francis Inquiry Report, Information and Advice, Information and Advice Services, Informed Choices About Health and Social Care, Integrating Health and Social Care Personal Budgets, Integration, Local Authorities, Local Authorities (LAs), Local Care Providers, Local Service Providers, Maintaining Independence, Means Test, National Minimum Eligibility Criteria, National Minimum Eligibility Threshold, National Minimum Eligibility Threshold for Adult Care and Support, Needs Analysis, Needs Assessments, Needs of Carers, NHS Continuing Care, Norman Lamb (Former Care Minister), Norman Lamb MP (Former Minister of State for Care and Support), Openness and Transparency, Parliament, Personal Budget, Personal Budgets (PBs), Personal Well-Being, Pre-Legislative Scrutiny, Preventative Care, Preventative Services, Prevention, Protecting Adults from Abuse or Neglect, Provider Failure, Providers, Reform, Reforming Social Care, Residential Care, Residential Care Homes, Social Care, Social Care Funding, Social Care Reform, Support for Carers, Voice Choice and Control, Wellbeing | Leave a comment
Healthcare Providers Supplying Misleading Information: Consultation (Department of Health)
Summary The Care Bill 2014 will make it a criminal offence for healthcare providers to supply or publish false or misleading information. The offence in the Care Bill is wide in its areas of potential interpretation, so may be limited by … Continue reading →
Posted in Commissioning, Department of Health, In the News, Local Interest, National, NHS, Quick Insights, Standards, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Accuracy of Public Information, Ambulance Response Rate Times, Applying FOMI to Quality Accounts, C.difficile Rates, Cancer Outcomes Dataset, Candour, Care Bill 2013-14, Commissioning Data Sets (CDS) and Quality Accounts, Consequences of the Francis Inquiry Report, Culture Change, Data Errors, False or Misleading Information, False or Misleading Information (FOMI), FOMI Offence, Friends and Family Test (FFT), Government Response to Francis Inquiry Report, Hard Truths, Healthcare Providers Supplying Misleading Information: Consultation, Honesty, Hospital and Community Health Services (HCHS) Complaints, Hospital Mortality Rates, Hospital Standardised Mortality Ratios (HSMRs), Implications of the Francis Inquiry Report, Improving Patient Safety, Incentivising Candour, Inspections by CQC, Liberating the NHS: Transparency in Outcomes, Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust, Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Inquiry, Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, Misleading Information, Myocardial Infarction, National Cancer Waiting Times Dataset, National Maternity Services Dataset (NMDS), NHS Culture, NHS Managerial Self-Interest, NHS Trusts and Foundation Trusts, Open Culture, Openness, Openness and Transparency, Organisational and Professional Cultures, Organisational Culture and Climate, Patient Safety Incident Reporting, Patient-Centred Culture, Positive Culture, Provider Registration with CQC, Reporting Culture, Risk Assessment for Venous Thrombo-Embolism, Stroke, Summary Hospital-level Mortality indicator (SHMI), Transparency, Transparency and Accountability, Transparency and Open Data, Transparency and Public Trust | Leave a comment
Vulnerable Elderly People Unable to Access Care? (BBC News / Age UK)
Summary Age UK estimates that growing numbers of vulnerable elderly people are unable to access social care. Over 800,000 older people are thought to lack vital help, whether in their homes or in care homes. Age UK’s analysis indicates that … Continue reading →
Posted in Age UK, BBC News, Charitable Bodies, Community Care, For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Researchers (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), In the News, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, National, National Audit Office, Patient Care Pathway, Practical Advice, Quick Insights, Standards, Statistics, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Adult Social Care, Adult Social Care Eligibility Threshold, Adult Social Care Funding, Adult Social Care Services, Assessments and Eligibility, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services (ADASS), BBC Health News, Better Care Fund, Cap on Care Costs, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Co-ordination, Care Costs: Cap and Means Test, Care Funding, Care in Crisis 2014 Report (Age UK), Caregiver Support, Carer Support, Cost of Social Care for Older People, Council-Funded Services, Deferred Payment Agreements, Deferred Payments, Dementia Tax (Alzheimer's Society), Dilnot Commission Recommendations, Dilnot Commission Report on Funding of Care and Support, Eligibility, Eligibility Criteria for Social Care, Eligibility for Care, Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) Eligibility Criteria, Former Minister of Care Services Norman Lamb, Funding of Care and Support (Dilnot Commission), Government Spending Review (UK 2013), Health and Social Care Integration Fund, Health and Social Care Services, Health and Social Care: Integration Transformation Fund, Home and Community Care Services, Home Care, House of Care Model, Independence, Independent Living, Integrated and Community-Based Care, Integrated Care and Support, Integrated Home and Community Care Services, Integrated Services, Integrated Teams, Integration, Integration of Health and Social Care, Integration Transformation Fund, Integration Transformation Fund (ITF), Local Authorities (LAs), Local Government Association, National Audit Office (NAO), National Eligibility Threshold, Norman Lamb MP (Former Minister of State for Care and Support), Paying for Care, Paying for Care and Support, Personal Social Services: Expenditure and Unit Costs, Spending Review, Spending Review 2015/16 | Leave a comment
Transitions Between Health and Social Care (NICE)
Summary The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is developing a social care guideline on coordinated transitions between health and social care, for use in England. The draft scope of this guideline on integrated care defines the aspects … Continue reading →
Posted in Acute Hospitals, Commissioning, Community Care, Department of Health, For Carers (mostly), For Doctors (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), Housing, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, National, NICE Guidelines, Patient Care Pathway, Person-Centred Care, Personalisation, Quick Insights, Standards, Telecare, Telehealth, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Accountability in Health and Social Care, Adult Social Care, Adult Social Care for People with Complex Needs, Adult Social Care Services, Avoidable Rehospitalisations, Barriers to Integration, Birmingham and Solihull LINks, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Pathways (NICE), Care Planning, Care Transitions, Care Transitions of Older People, Collaboration, Collaborative Commissioning, Collaborative Working, Community Care (Delayed Discharges etc.) Act (Qualifying Services), Community Care (Delayed Discharges) Act (CCDDA, Cross Sector Working, Cross-Sector Partnerships, Delayed Discharges, Delayed Transfers of Care, Discharge Planning, Emergency Hospital Treatment, Emergency Readmissions, Extra Care Housing, Guidance Development Group (NICE GDG), Health and Social Care, Health and Social Care Act (2012), Health and Social Care Delivery Models, Health and Social Care Integration, Health and Social Care Reform, Health and Social Care Services, Health and Social Care: Integration Transformation Fund, Hospital / Care and Support Interface, Hospital Discharge, Hospital Discharge and Transfers, Independence, Inpatient Health Settings, Integrated Care and Support, Integrated Care and Support: Our Shared Commitment, Integrating Health and Social Care, Integration of Health and Social Care, Integration Transformation Fund (ITF), Intermediate Care and Rehabilitation Units, Joined-Up Care, Length of Stay (LoS), Local Authorities, Managing Transitions, Mental Wellbeing, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), NHS Health and Social Care Act (2012), Nursing Homes, Nutrition Support, Occupational Therapy, Older People: Independence and Mental Wellbeing, Personal Budgets, Personalised Care Planning, Physiotherapy, Post-Discharge Support, Readmissions, Reducing Re-Admissions NHS Hospitals, Reducing Unnecessary Transitions, Referral and Assessment, Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Care Pathways, Rehabilitation Services, Residential Care Homes, Self-Directed Support, Self-Directed Support for Long Term Conditions, Social Care Guidance Manual (NICE), Social Care Guidelines, Step-Down and Supported Housing, Telemonitoring, Therapeutic Services, Transition Planning, Transitions, Transitions Between Health and Social Care, Transitions into Care Home, Unnecessary Hospital Admissions, Using Telecare Effectively, Voluntary and Community Sector | Leave a comment
Factsheets Explaining the Care Bill (Department of Health)
Posted on January 8, 2014 by Dementia and Elderly Care News
Summary Eighteen factsheets and a glossary have been produced by the Department of Health to accompany the Care Bill. “The Care Bill was introduced into Parliament on 9 May 2013, and published on 10 May 2013. Factsheets have been produced … Continue reading →
Posted in Commissioning, Community Care, Department of Health, For Carers (mostly), For Doctors (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), Health Education England (HEE), In the News, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, National, Non-Pharmacological Treatments, Patient Care Pathway, Person-Centred Care, Personalisation, Quick Insights, Standards, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged Abuse, Assessment, Assessments and Eligibility, Care and Support, Care and Support Bill, Care and Support Funding Reforms, Care and Support Planning, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Bill Glossary, Care Costs: Cap and Means Test, Care Homes. Nursing Homes, Carers, Charging and Financial Assessments, Chief Inspectors, Clause, Clause 119 in the Care Bill, Commissioners, Continuity of Care, Direct Payment, Direct Payments, Domiciliary Care, Duty, Eligibility, False or Misleading Information, Family Carers, Glossary of Social Care, Health and Social Care Ratings, Health Research Authority (HRA), Healthcare Providers, Home Care, Independence, Independence of the Care Quality Commission, Independent Personal Budget, Introduction of the Care Bill (May 2013), Law for Carers, Local Authorities, Local Care Providers, Local Service Providers, Maintaining Independence, Market Oversight, Market Shaping and Oversight, Means Test, Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, Neglect, NHS Foundation Trusts, NHS Trusts, Non Departmental Public Body (NDPB), Non-Residential Care, Nursing Homes, Personal Budget, Personal Budgets (PBs), Pre-Legislative Scrutiny, Prevention, Primary Legislation, Protecting Adults from Abuse or Neglect, Provider Failure, Providers, Provisions, Regulations (Secondary Legislation), Residential Care, Residential Care Homes, Royal Assent, Secondary Legislation, Single Failure Regime, Social Care Providers, Special Health Authority (SpHA), Staying Independent, Trust Special Administration, Trust Special Administrators, Unpaid Caregivers (Carers), Unpaid Carers | Leave a comment
Call to Ban 15-Minute Home Care Visits (BBC News / Leonard Cheshire Disability)
Posted on October 8, 2013 by Dementia and Elderly Care News
Summary The charity Leonard Cheshire Disability has discovered that short care visits to elderly and disabled people are becoming more common. Their report shows that 60% of councils in England use 15-minute visits, which are more often than not too short to provide adequate … Continue reading →
Posted in BBC News, Charitable Bodies, Commissioning, Community Care, For Carers (mostly), For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), In the News, Integrated Care, Management of Condition, National, Person-Centred Care, Quick Insights, Standards, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged 15-Minute Home Care Visits, Adult Social Care, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services, BBC Health News, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Bill [HL] 2013-14: Progress of the Bill - Timeline., Care Funding, Commissioning of Domiciliary Care, Community Care Assessments, ComRes Polling, Domiciliary Care, English Local Authorities, Former Minister of Care Services Norman Lamb, Funding of Care and Support, Holistic Care Assessments, Home Care, Home Care Packages (HCP), Home Care Standards, Home Care Support, Home Care Workers, Local Authorities, Local Government Association: LGA, Norman Lamb (Former Care Minister), Service User Experience, Short Care Visits, Social Care Assessments, Social Care Funding, UK Homecare Association, UKHCA: UK Homecare Association, Unison, User Experience | Leave a comment
Consultation on Paying for Care and Support (Department of Health)
Summary The Department of Health wants to know people’s views on the practicalities of planned changes to care funding, particularly about topics including: Implementation of the capped costs system. Administration of deferred payments. Helping people to make informed choices about … Continue reading →
Posted in BBC News, Community Care, Department of Health, For Carers (mostly), For Researchers (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), In the News, Integrated Care, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Management of Condition, National, Patient Care Pathway, Person-Centred Care, Personalisation, Quick Insights, Standards, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged 12 Week Property Disregard, Accommodation Fees, ADASS Workforce Development Network, Additional Payments, Adult Social Care, Adult Social Care Funding, Barriers to Integration, BBC Health News, Cap on Care Costs, Capping Care Costs, Care Account, Care Bill 2013-14, Care Costs: Cap and Means Test, Caring for Our Future, Caring For Our Future: Implementing Funding Reform, Charging Framework, Choice, Control, Daily Living Costs, Deferred Payment Agreements, Deferred Payments, Dementia Tax (Alzheimer's Society), Dilnot Commission Report on Funding of Care and Support, Direct Payments, Disposable Income, Domiciliary Care, Eligible Needs, Fees for Accommodation, Financial Assessment, Financial Planning, Funding of Care and Support (Dilnot Commission), Funding Reform, Future Long-Term Care Costs, Health and Social Care Costs, Homecare, Hotel Costs: Accommodation Food and Bills, House of Commons Library, Independent Personal Budget, Information and Advice, Informed Choice, Integrated Care and Support, Joint Assessments, JRF Programme Paper: Paying for Long-Term Care, Local Authority Support, Long-Term Care (LTC), Market Shaping and Oversight, Means Test, National Minimum Eligibility Criteria, National Minimum Eligibility Threshold, National Minimum Eligibility Threshold for Adult Care and Support, Needs Assessments, New Charging Arrangements, Non-Residential Care, Ordinary Residence, Paying for Care, Paying for Care and Support, Paying for Long-Term Care, Personal Budgets, Personal Budgets (PBs), Personal Independence Payment (PIP), Personal Independence Payments, Personal Independent Payment (PIP), Progress Report on Funding Reform, Protecting Your Home, Recovering Local Authority Costs, Residential Care Costs, Resource Allocation System, Rowntree Foundation, Staying Independent, Tariff Income, Top-Ups (Additional Payments), Universal Deferred Payments | Leave a comment
Government Funded Assistive Technology Research and Development Projects (Department of Health)
Summary This Department of Health report gives an overview of government-funded projects to support the development, introduction and evaluation of assistive technology. Assistive technologies are intended to broaden the activities, independence and / or wellbeing of disabled and older people. This … Continue reading →
Posted in Assistive Technology, Commissioning, Community Care, Department of Health, Falls, For Nurses and Therapists (mostly), For Researchers (mostly), For Social Workers (mostly), Housing, Integrated Care, International, Management of Condition, Models of Dementia Care, National, NIHR, Non-Pharmacological Treatments, Parkinson's Disease, Person-Centred Care, Personalisation, Quick Insights, Stroke, Telecare, Telehealth, UK, Universal Interest | Tagged AAC Services, AAL-WELL: Ambient Assisted Living technologies for Wellness Engagement and Long Life, ABC: Adaptive Brain Computations Initial Training Network, ACCOMPANY: Acceptable robotiCs COMPanions for AgeiNg Years, Adaptive Technologies, Adaptive Technologies for Enhancing the Accessibility of Digital TV, Advanced FES Rehabilitation Tool, AEGIS: Open Accessibility Everywhere: Groundwork Infrastructure Standards, AKTIVE: Advancing Knowledge of Telecare for Independence and Vitality in Later Life, ALICE: Assistance for Better Mobility and Improved Cognition of Elderly Blind and Visually Impaired, All Party Parliamentary Group on Housing and Care for Older People Inquiry, Any Qualified Provider (AQP), Any Qualified Provider (AQP) Programme, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Assessing and Suppressing Upper Limb Tremor to Enable Independence, ASSISTANT: Aiding SuStainable Independent Senior TrAvellers to Navigate in Towns, Assistive Technology and Telecare to Maintain Independent Living At Home for People with Dementia: ATTILA Trial, ASTERICS: ASsistive TEchnology Rapid Integration and Construction Set, ASTUTE: Acute Stroke Telemedicine: Utility Training and Evaluation, ATHENE: Assistive Technologies for Healthy living in Elders: Needs Assessment by Ethnography, ATIS4all: Assistive Technologies and Inclusive Solutions for All, ATRAS, ATRAS: Assistive Technologies for Rehabilitation of the Arm Following Stroke, ATTILA Trial: Assistive Technology and Telecare to Maintain Independent Living At Home, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Services, Bath Institute of Medical Engineering (BIME), BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Brain Plasticity: Exercise-Induced, Brain-Neural Computer Interfaces (BNCI), Care Bill 2013-14, CARE@HOME: CARE AT HOME, Carer+ Ageing Well in the Community and At Home, Caring for Our Future: Reforming Care and Support, CCE: Connected Care for Elderly Persons Suffering from Dementia, CCmI Project, CELS Business Services, Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Health (CATCH), Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, CHRONICLES: Providing Access to Life Stories for Adults with Communication and Language Impairment, Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), COBALT: Challenging Obstacles and Barriers to Assisted Living Technology, COGWATCH, Collaborative Cross Modal Interfaces, Commissioning Specialised Assistive Technology Services, Communication, Communication Matters, Communication-Friendly Communities, Community Stroke Care, Constraint Induced Therapy Following Stroke (LifeCIT), CSO: Chief Scientist Office, CuPiD, D4D HTC: Devices for Dignity Healthcare Technology Cooperative, DALi: Devices for Assisted Living, DAP Connect: Toolkits for Assisted Living, Dementia Care and Support Compact, Digital First (Formerly Digital by Default), Digital Technology, eCaalyx Project, Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Emerging Technology, Enabling Technology, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), EPSRC: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, ESRC: Economic and Social Research Council, EU AAL: European Union Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme, EU Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Programme, EU CIP: European Union Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme, EU Erasmus Mundus: European Union Erasmus Mundus, EU FP7: European Union Framework Programme 7, EU Health Programme: European Union Health Programme, EU ICT PSP: European Union ICT Policy Support Programme, EU Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP), EU LLP: European Union Lifelong Learning Programme, EU Marie Curie: European Union Marie Curie Programme, EU Northern Periphery: European Union Northern Periphery Programme, FAST, Foundation for Assistive Technology (FAST), Foundations Independent Living Trust (FILT) Warm Homes Service, Freedom to Roam, Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Rehab Tool, Golden-Oldies Charitable Trust, GUIDE: Gentle User Interfaces for Disabled and Elderly Citizens, HAPTIMAP, Health Channel on Smart TVs, Health Information Technology, Health Technologies, Healthy Communities, Hear It Project, Hopes Project, Housing Adaptations, Housing and Care for Older People, Inclusion, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Information Technology, Integrated Care and Support, Integrating Health and Social Care Personal Budgets, INTERREG IVA 2 Seas: Inter-Regional 2 Seas Programme, INTERREG IVB NWE: Inter-Regional North West Europe Programme, INTERREG IVC: Innovation and environment regions of Europe sharing solutions – financed by European Regional Development Fund, inTouch Project, inTouch: Video Link System for Inclusion for People with Dementia, JISC: Joint Information Systems Committee, LLHW: Lifelong Health and Wellbeing., Long Term Care Revolution, Mandate to NHS England, MATCH, MATCH: Mobilising Advanced Technologies for Care at Home, Medical Research Council (MRC), Mobile Technology, MRC (Medical Research Council) and AHRC (Arts and Humanities Research Council), MRC: Medical Research Council, MyDocStore Project by iANSYST Ltd, MyLife, MyLife Project, MyUI Project, National Stroke Quality Strategy Quality Marker, NDA: New Dynamics of Ageing programme. A collaboration between 5 UK Research Councils: ESRC, New Dynamics of Ageing (NDA), New Technology, NHS England (Formerly the NHS Commissioning Board), NHS Mandate, NIHR CLAHRC: Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, NIHR HS&DR: Health Services and Delivery Research, NIHR HTA: Health Technology Assessment Programme, NIHR HTD: Health Technology Devices programme, NIHR i4i: Invention for Innovation programme, NIHR PGAR: Programme Grants for Applied Research, NIHR PHR: Public Health Research, NIHR RfPB: Research for Patient Benefit, NIHR: National Institute for Health Research, Nottinghamshire Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), Office of the Communication Champion, Personal Budgets, Personal Budgets (PBs), Personal Health Budgets, Portrait System for Care Staff of People with Dementia, Poststroke Care, Poststroke Rehabilitation, Prime Minister’s Dementia Challenge, RCUK Digital Economy: Research Councils UK Digital Economy Programme, Reablement, Reach112 Total Conversation Project, Ready for Ageing, Recall Project, Rehabilitation, Release Project, Research and Development, Route Mate, SeniorEngage Project, SFC: Scottish Funding Council, SilverGame Project, Sir David Nicholson, Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI), Smart TV, Social Inclusion, Social Networks, SomnIA, South Yorkshire CLAHRC: Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Stroke Rehabilitation, Telecommunications, TSB ALIP dallas: Delivering Assisted Living Lifestyles at Scale Programme, TSB ALIP: Assisted Living Innovation Platform, TSB Assisted Living Innovation Programme (ALIP), TSB SBRI: Small Business Research Initiative, TSB: Technology Strategy Board, Vivoca2 Project, VOCA, Welfare Reform Act 2012, Welsh Government A4B: Academic Expertise for Business, Whole System Demonstrator (WSD), Wii STAR, WSD: Whole System Demonstrator Programme | Leave a comment
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What is CI/CD?
What happens to your apps and games after canceling Google Play Pass?
Mario Kart Tour: You must complete the Yoshi Cup to unlock ranking
The best leather cases for the Google Pixel 3
The GRID launch trailer shows off plentiful different tracks and cars
Facebook faces call to halt end-to-end encryption rollout
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Everything you need to know about Disintegration
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Home /Facebooks Libra is facing an EU antitrust investigation
MobilesAugust 23, 2019
Facebooks Libra is facing an EU antitrust investigation
Caring Is Sharing
According to reports, antitrust regulators at the European Commission have launched an investigation into Facebook’s ‘cryptocurrency’, Libra. The EU has previously expressed concerns that Libra would monopolize payments and unfairly shut out competition.
Colleagues at Bloomberg claim to have seen a document that confirms EU antitrust regulators have already begun “investigating potential anti-competitive behavior”. The main concern appears to be the potential to create competition restrictions concerning the information that will be exchanged with Libra and the use of consumer data.
The investigation, which is reported to still be an early-stage inquiry at the time of writing, follows a questionnaire sent out by EU officials last month which revealed concerns about the potential for a Facebook-run monopoly of the proposed payment system.
Libra, revealed for the first time earlier this year, has some big-name backers including MasterCard, PayPal, Visa, eBay, Spotify, and Uber. Mark Zuckerberg’s team call it a cryptocurrency, but it’s not quite the same as Bitcoin or other popular blockchain products.
The Libra Association, an independent, not-for-profit membership organization put together to oversee the new digital currency from Facebook, is based in Geneva, Switzerland. According to Reuters, the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC), Switzerland‘s privacy regulator, is expecting more details on Libra by the end of the month.
It’s not just in Europe that Libra is attracting the attention of regulators, either. The US Treasury has also expressed concerns regarding how the digital currency has the potential to be used for money laundering and funding terrorism. Facebook has promised not to go live with Libra until the authorities are satisfied.
The Libra wallet, Calibra, should look like this / © Calibra/Facebook
It will be years before you can use Libra to pay for anything
Let’s just say that eyebrows were raised when we first heard about Libra in the AP office, as I’m sure was the case for many worldwide. The problem here is that Zuckerberg and his gang of all-conquering data harvesting buddies have not really recovered from the Cambridge Analytica scandal in terms of public trust, at least with those who care about things like privacy and data protection.
I think that Facebook has a long, long way to go before it can convince regulators in both the US and Europe to give Libra the green light. The EU Commission, in particular, is not going to just let this one quietly slip through. Brussels has already slapped both Google and Apple with record-breaking fines, and has shown little fear of the big tech giants who’d rather play by their own rules.
Cryptocurrency, in general, is also under some scrutiny by authorities worldwide for the same reasons the US Treasury is concerned about Libra. When you throw data protection into the mix, a Facebook ‘crypto’ payment system is like a cocktail of all of the nasty things we find in the shady back alleys of the internet.
When do you think you’ll be able to pay with Libra? Never? Let us know.
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Characters, Disney characters, 101 Dalmatians characters,
TV Animation characters
Characters Under Spells
Elderly characters
Judge Dimsdale De Vil
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.
Ruthless, cunning
Typical De Vil skull-shaped face and black-and-white hair. Has a mustache and goatee, also black-and-white
Birthday clown
Dog catcher
Comedy driving
Lord Mayor of De Vil Ville
To escape De Vil Ville (failed)
De Vil Ville
Cruella De Vil, Lucky, Rolly, Cadpig and Spot, Rebecca, Roger Dearly, Anita Dearly
Being cruel, money
Still trapped in De Vil Ville
"You drive like a feeble old goat! back to the stable with you. I have business with the local fools."
Judge Dimsdale De Vil is the main antagonist of the 101 Dalmatians: The Series episode "DeVil-Age Elder". He is an ancestor of Cruella De Vil born in 1631, and still alive because of a curse.
Dimsdale was appointed the tax collector of De Vil Ville over 300 years before the series. Because he was so ruthless, he soon gained more titles, including the sheriff, notary public, judge, bail bondsman, birthday clown, dog catcher, comedy driving, school, and Lord Mayor. Like a true De Vil, he ran the town with an iron fist, and (literally) squeezed every bit of money out of the locals. Sometime after (exactly three-hundred years before the episode took place), Hester Hen, the town witch, showed up and, realizing that the judge will not rest until he owns the whole world, casts a spell over Dimsdale and the whole town, so that it would disappear from the earth, to return for one day every 100 years, to keep the world safe from De Vil's evil. The curse also bound De Vil to the town, on the risk of death, and made the townspeople bewitched and mindlessly happy, to make him all the more miserable in comparison. The only exception to this spell was chickens (which is to avoid cursing Hester Hen's: Katrina).
The third day after Hester Hen's curse was cast (i.e. 300 years later for the rest of the world), Roger and Anita Dearly, along with Lucky, Rolly, Cadpig, and Spot, wandered into De Vil Ville. All except Spot fell under Hester's curse. Cruella De Vil, Dimsdale's great-great-great-great-great-great-granddaughter, found her way into De Vil Ville as well. She persuaded Dimsdale to lock the Dearlys in the town jail so that when she returned to Grutely, they'd disappear for the next 100 years, so she could claim their farm. Dimsdale, however, as he realized that, when Hester had cursed the town, she had just said "The evil De Vil will be bound within the town's borders" and hadn't specified which evil De Vil. Seeing that Cruella was just as evil as he was, he locked her in stocks and made to leave the town.
While he was collecting his gold, Spot kissed the puppies and the Dearlys, breaking the curse, and, in turn, allowing Anita to free Cruella. Cruella tackled Dimsdale as he headed for the town's exit, and they fought. When Cruella saw the sun setting, she ran for the exit, but Dimsdale grabbed her legs and pulled her back. Roger and Anita tried to pull Cruella free, but all three started to get pulled back in. Remembering that chickens were invulnerable to Hester's curse, Spot flew at Dimsdale and caused him to let go of Cruellla. When the village vanished, Spot was left behind, as she protected, and Dimsdale was still trapped within the town.
Much like Malevola De Vil, Dimsdale was featured only in one episode in which he is the main antagonist. However, he is far more ruthless than Malevola did not care to make Cruella suffer the curse in his place.
Assuming The Series takes place between 1997 and 1998 (the two years it was originally aired), Dimsdale is 366 or 367 years old, but because of the curse, his body and conscience are of 66 or 67 years old.
Retrieved from "https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Judge_Dimsdale_De_Vil?oldid=4165733"
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Home News International
Joe Biden to have an all-women communications team
US president-elect Joe Biden, who will take charge in January, has announced his to-be communications team. What is intriguing about the news is the fact that Biden has chosen an all women team to look after his communications.
Joe Biden’s pick as press secretary: Jennifer Psaki
Even as his move was lauded, White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany pointed out that President Donald Trump already has an all female senior White House Press team. However, journalists and media in the US were quick to point out that Trump’s team had two men who served as deputy secretaries.
In what can be seen as a huge boost to woman power in the US and to aspiring women around the world, Joe Biden has kept to his word that he will have an office with diverse representation and an administration that “looked like America”.
“Communicating directly and truthfully to the American people is one of the most important duties of a President, and this team will be entrusted with the tremendous responsibility of connecting the American people to the White House,” Biden said in a statement.
He picked Jennifer Psaki as his press secretary. It has to be observed that the entire team are either former campaign aides of Biden or Obama administration alums.
administration that looked like America
campaign aides
diverse America
Jennifer Psaki
US president-elect Joe Biden
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Navigating H1B visas in the post-Trump world: Immigration attorney Cyrus Mehta explains
The Donald Trump-led skewering of foreign worker visas can’t be undone in a hurry when the Trump lame-duck ends. The easier task will be...
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The World is Flat - Elliot says so!
The Church of Masie (term invented by Clive Shepherd on his excellent e-learning blog) has emailed me with their programme for November 2006 – it looks woeful.
Main theme ‘Learning in a Flatter World”. I assume this is a reference to Thomas Friedman’s book on globalisation. (Always ready to jump on a bandwagon after it's passed by.) If this is so, then the fact that every named speaker in the email is American also seems to have passed them by.
Stephen Covey – remember The 7 Habits of Highly…..well vaguely. Also crazy fundamentalist.
Marshall Goldsmith – sort of new age Buddhist coach!
Ken Blanchard – yawn.
Wal-Mart is to receive an award – presumably for low pay and becoming one of the most hated brands in the world.
BBC also up for award – say no more – see previous post.
A host of other stars including Micky Mouse, Goofy …… yip every year.
There is some good news - the excellent Jay Cross will also be there.
at July 28, 2006 3 comments:
BBC Bitesize: Warning – may damage your child’s mind!
End of the year and my kids are doing some homework – in this case the BBC KS3 (11-14) bitesize science tests in biology, chemistry and physics. Three sets of short tests and they’re howling with laughter. “This is just a load of crappola, dad” says Callum, then called me over every time he hit a howler, and that was pretty often.
JUST PLAIN WRONG
Let’s start with the stuff that’s simply WRONG.
Q The products of photosynthesis are:
carbon dioxide and water (right according to Beeb!)
glucose and oxygen
Initially Callum thought he had learnt this the wrong way round, but no, the Beeb clearly have no idea what the ‘products’ of photosynthesis are – right answer is ‘glucose and oxygen’.
OK, to err is human, we all make mistakes, but it doesn’t get much better in chemistry.
Q A liquid has a pH of 1 – what does this mean?
it must be sodium hydroxide solution
it is strongly acidic
it is weakly acidic (right according to Beeb!)
Wrong again, the right answer is that ‘it is strongly acidic’.
Q Which state is shown in this diagram? Diagram shows particles all touching each other in a beaker.
liquid (right according to Beeb!)
Completely wrong, ‘solid’ should be the right answer. The particles are tightly packed and all touching each other.
Q Which ammeter will have the biggest reading
Series circuit showing: ammeter – bulb - bulb – ammeter. ammeter 1 ammeter 2 (right according to Beeb!) they will read the same
To quote the Beeb’s own words in the revision section, “It doesn't matter whether you connect the ammeter on the left or right of the lamp, it will still give the same reading".
Q The diagram shows the waveform of two notes played on a musical instrument. Which sound is louder, A or B?
Two waves (A & B) are shown. A has a higher amplitude but same frequency as B. A B (right according to Beeb!)
WRONG – it is A.
TWO RIGHT ANSWERS Then there’s the questions with two possible right answers.
Q What natural process breaks large rocks into smaller ones?
weathering (right according to Beeb!)
Erosion involves movement, and often results in the breaking down of large rocks into smaller ones, e.g. in river beds, cliff erosion etc.
Q Which of the following is NOT an effect of burning fossil fuels?
smog fog (right according to Beeb!)
Ozone depletion is also correct as the result of CFCs which are completely artificial (they did not exist in nature prior to synthesis by humans). They were used in air conditioning/cooling units, as aersol spray propellants prior to the 1980s, and in the cleaning processes of delicate electronic equipment. They are not the result of burning fossil fuels.
Q What needs to be done to this circuit so that the lamp lights up?
Series circuit shown open switch and a bulb. close the switch add another lamp add a cell (right according to Beeb!)
Again the first answer is also correct, and as it appears first, many choose it before reading on.
SPELLING, CAPITALISATION and MISSING WORDS
Q Which part of the skelton protects the lungs? Skelton?
Q What is the main reason why need protein in our diet? Missing word.
Q influenza, flu, is caused by? No capital at start of sentence.
Q Which of the following is not a use of artificial satellites?? Double punctuation.
Q Click the diagram that shows correctly how light beams and is reflected by a convex mirror. Sentence doesn’t make sense.
STUPID OPTIONS This one is annoying as it makes the already awful tests invalid by giving the learner stupid and obviously wrong options.
Q Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?
velociraptor (STUPID OPTION)
Q What is magma?
a chocolate ice cream (STUPID OPTION)
molten rock
bubbles of gas
Q What can happen to a plant growing in soil without minerals?
it grows really well
it grows poorly if at all
it leaves to find somewhere else to grow (STUPID OPTION)
Q What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
ravioli (STUPID OPTION)
bronchioles
alveoli
Then there’s one that is so stupid you can’t get it wrong.
Q What does the hazard symbol mean? Sign with word ‘CORROSIVE’ on it!
corrosive (IMPOSSIBLE TO GET WRONG)
TOO ADVANCED OR JUST CONFUSING To give KS3 kids questions that are too advanced or plain confusing is another all-too-common fault. Then there’s the downright confusing.
Q Which of the following is not a way that we can reduce the use of fossil fuels?
leaving the TV on standby all night
walking instead of going in a car,
turning the lights off when we leave a room
This becomes an exercise in logic for the learner with its double negative in the question and, in option 3, a triple negative!
Q What does the heat energy supplied to an ice cube do when the ice is melting?
it warms it up
it makes the ice particles expand it breaks some of the bonds in the ice *
The first option is arguably correct, it does warm it up, and as it is the first option, many go for it.
Q Which contains more heat energy,
100 grams of water at 0 degrees C
100 grams of ice at the same temperature?
Strange question – absolutely designed to confuse at this level. They claim the water but a curious learner may question whether water can be water at 0 degrees C.
Can it get any worse? Yes it does. This question is actually impossible to answer:
Q What is the value of the clockwise moment on the wooden bar in N/cm, if each coin As half the question is missing, it is impossible! I kid you not. I could go on, as there’s lots of other errors, but I’ve already shown that the content is full of wrong answers, confusing (at times impossible) questions and poor English.
The writers show a lack of basic science, as well as a lack of assessment design skills. Should these people be allowed near our children? You can go through the BBC learning content and find this slapdash approach in almost everything they do. Forget the idea that BBC=QUALITY. As a licence payer it makes me mildly annoyed, as an educator it makes me furious.
at July 20, 2006 149 comments:
Future memory and learning
Future memories
Been researching memory theory (the real psychological key to learning) and came across a strange but massively relevant concept for learning – prospective memory – where you remember to do something in the future. It is tempting to see memory wholly in terms of the past, but we all have to remember to do things in the future. Learning works when it is applied.
We all have to remember to attend meetings, watch a TV programme or take a pill at times in the future. To do this our brains need cues to remind us. This is terribly important in the application of learning, where what we have learnt has to be applied in the real world.
Pop-in effect
The curious thing about such ‘memories’ is that they seem to just ‘pop’ into your mind. One school of thought (attention is necessary) claims that we need to be attentive, constantly monitoring to recall the intention. Another school (multiprocess) claims that attention and monitoring is not necessary. Whatever the mechanism, an understanding of what we need to do to encourage prospective memory is important in learning. We need to know how to store learning experiences so that prospective memory is used to best effect. It would seem that deliberately designed ‘representations’ to aide prospective memory really do work and that these need to be part of the learning process.
So don't forget to remember this idea next time you’re learning, teaching or training.
Winograd, E. (1988). Some observations on prospective remembering. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues (Vol. 2, pp. 348-353). Chichester: Wiley.
Dozy learners
Scientific American has published a paper in which learning was tested comparing those who learn then 'sleep on it' overnight, compared to normal '9-5' daytime learners.
Sleepers 76%, others 32%
They forced subjects in two groups to learn a new set of word pairs 12 minutes prior to testing--the well-rested radically outperformed those who had not slept; 76 percent of sleepers accurately recalled the initial pair compared to just 32 percent of their peers who had gone without shut-eye. "Memories after sleep are resilient to disruption," the researchers conclude in the paper outlining the finding published yesterday in Current Biology.
This would suggest that the timimg of most education and training is not optimal. Evening homework for school kids, evening library study for students and late night reading seem to lead to much higher levels of retention.
Stop press - extortionist hits e-learning company!
Strange events down in Brighton's e-learning community......read on.....
Futuremedia Announces Legal Actions Against Attempted Extortion
BRIGHTON, England/PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Futuremedia plc(Nasdaq: FMDAY), a leading European learning communications provider, today announced that it has taken legal actions against Mr. Maas van Dusschoten. Mr. van Dusschoten, an individual residing in the Netherlands, has attempted since February 2005 to extort cash and shares from the Company and has distributed inaccurate and defamatory information about the Company and its past and present management and directors. Futuremedia is taking these actions on behalf of the Company and its shareholders. Mr. van Dusschoten's activities have been reported to the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD"), the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and the appropriate authorities in the Netherlands. In addition, the Company has instituted civil actions against Mr. van Dusschoten in theNetherlands where he resides.
Leonard M. Fertig, CEO of Futuremedia stated, "Mr. van Dusschoten has deliberately misled shareholders in attempting to achieve his own criminal purposes, and the Company feels it is important to make shareholders aware of these activities and the resolute efforts of the Company to put an end to them. We have ignored this individual's extortion demands for payment but need to protect the reputation of Futuremedia from these malicious falsehoods." Mr. van Dusschoten posts on the Yahoo! Finance message board under several pseudonyms, including "dickie_dickk", "Dick_I_Dick" and "fmday victims", and has posted bogus press releases and impersonated the Company's CEO, Leonard M. Fertig. He has attempted such extortion by demanding cash and shares from the Company in faxes, letters and e-mails to Futuremedia management in return for ceasing his activities, which have included misleading, incorrect, defamatory and untrue statements about the Company through posts on the Yahoo! Finance message board. Mr. Van Dusschoten has stated in his correspondence and threats that he has deliberately and intentionally caused the share price of the Company todecline through his efforts. The Company has consistently refused to succumb to these attempts at extortion.
Wasted youth - it's official!
Interesting article on home schooling in The Sunday Times this week. One paragraph really did knock me off my chair. Imagine a study in any walk of business or life that shows people simply waiting for 50-60% of their time for something to happen. That’s exactly what two researchers have found in both the US and UK. American anthropologist Philip Jackson, showed that children in school spent 50% of their time waiting. When Roland Meighan took a stopwatch into a primary school to conduct the same research with his students, he found they spent as much as 60% of their time waiting for something to happen.
I recently went into a school for a morning and saw how true this was. This was an advanced school that had eliminated unnecessary movements by hundreds of kids between classes by having only 3 periods a day. But even here it was obvious that most of the time, most of the kids were simply waiting to go into school, waiting or wandering about in corridors, sitting waiting on lessons to start, waiting on the teacher to check their work or waiting as they had finished their work. And why does the entire population of kids have to stand up ate the end of every hour and move classroom? What a massive waste of productive time, as well as providing ideal opportunities for bullying. Why don’t the relatively tiny number of teachers move?
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2099-2240330.html
Diversity training - More harm than good?
Further to my post on hopeless compliance training, I was told that a major financial company, with revenues of $14 billion worldwide, did some interesting diversity training in their London office earlier this month – they took the budget and invited people along to watch the England V Trinidad & Tobago match, with some spicy chicken thrown in! They, like many others, treat much of this stuff as a waste of time, and who can blame them.
At a recent conference on the subject, there was a long list of (I kid you not) Heads of Cohesion & Faith as well as Heads of Diversity, Heads of Inclusion and Heads of Equality. Few would argue that the laws; Equal Pay Act, Sex Discrimination Act, Race Relations Act, Disiability Discrimination Act, Part Time Workers regulations and more recent Employment Equality legislation on sexual orientation, race, religious belief or age, are sensible, but there is a sensible debate to be had about the crude training that attempts to effect behavioural change.
Louise Pendry of Exeter University claims that there’s no evaluative evidence showing that these programmes work. Even worse, many may do more harm than good. Tracie Stewart, a professor at Georgia University, has identified "backlash" or "victim blame", after some courses, where the learners, harbour resentment against other minority groups for the way they are made to feel. Rather than bringing people together, it may be reinforcing differences. Ethnic minorities may become over-sensitive, and doing as the Americans have done, policing it through legal cases, is hardly sensible. The social case may be strong but the business case is weak.
Munira Mirza investigated diversity training for the BBC and uncovered some awful training, including the popular Jane Elliot’s ‘blue eyes/brown eyes’ classroom courses. What was interesting were the comments posted after the broadcast:
When I was about 12 we had a policeman come in to school to talk about racism. He showed us a photo of a white man in police uniform running after a black man in jeans. He asked us what we thought was going on. Everyone- including a black child that he pointedly asked -said that it was a criminal being chased by a policeman. We were then told that we had made a "racist assumption" as actually the black bloke was a plain-clothes police officer. No-one raised the point that we would have probably said the exact same thing if the plain clothes officer had been white and a load of 12 year olds were told that they were racist. How helpful was that?
Hannah, Peterborough
'Diversity training' will lead to resentment, simply because grown men and women don't like being told how to behave. The whole business is superfluous. I suggest a straightforward mandatory clause attached to every employment contract in the country, reading 'You will treat all colleagues fairly and kindly'
al, UK
You cannot over-estimate the damage to race relations that "diversity awareness" training is causing in this country. It's having the opposite effect to that intended, causing divisions, resentment, and an increase in judgements based on race, where previously such things were actually quite rare. How do I know this? I was involved in putting together a diversity "toolkit" for a government department, and saw first-hand the effect it had as it was rammed down the throats of the staff.
Michael, Brighton UK
This is an example of companies trying to see if two wrongs really do make a right. I don't doubt that some people are racist in the workplace, but punishing many because of the actions of a few is ludicrous.
Andy Thorley, Crewe, Cheshire
at July 04, 2006 1 comment:
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Does CIPD CEO deserve £87K bonus? Personnel Today survey NO 94%, YES 6%!
Personnel Today picked up on my Jackie Orme story and laid out the case with a link to my blog along with an official response from the CIPD.
"There is an element of Jackie's package which is performance-related, and which is linked to a scorecard of clear objectives. The main point is that against that scorecard, the Institute has had a successful year….. That level of detail is between the remuneration committee and Jackie Orme.”
Let me translate: ‘It’s none of your business. We decide and that’s that!’
Listen, we all understand that the Remuneration Committee technically decides on these things, but it is not enough to simply state you’ve had a successful year with not a single word of support, especially as the stated facts suggest the opposite.
You can see from the annual report that the CIPD have had an annus horrbilis:
Jackie Orme’s bonus up by 49% to £87,000, BUT:
Commercial income down by 23%
Research down by 57% and ridiculed (report pulled and CEO apology)
Magazine imploded (down 83%)
Revenues from the branches down by 45.6%,
Investment returns bombed (down 74.7%)
And don’t forget that there was also a dramatic 50% increase in the number of staff on £60k plus from 14 in 2009 to 21 in 2010.
Devastating survey
The comments on the Personnel Today website were mostly negative, so they launched a survey. These are the results so far:
Do you think the CIPD’s performance in 2009-10 justifies CEO Jackie Orme’s bonus?
So far YES 6%, NO 94%
The poll ends on December 7th, so get your vote in now.
An overwhelming rebuke I’d say.
Credibility at stake
But there’s a wider issue at stake here, which is the very credibility of the CIPD. By failing to explain the £400k salary, and in particular the huge increase in her bonus to £87,000, the CIPD are in no position to offer advice and guidance on pay to others.
Their paper on bonuses on the public sector (recommending them strongly) was seen by many as a rather odd and idiosyncratic message in these times of austerity, especially as it was published close to the disastrous ‘Quango’ paper, attacking organisations that weren’t quangos, but charities, just like the CIPD. The paper had to be pulled and an apology issued by Jackie Orme, when the CEOs of those charities rounded on the CIPD for their amateurism.
If the CIPD was a large organisation with a large number of employees, I’d have some sympathy with a total package of £400k, but it is a charity and technically a SME, as it has less than 250 employees. Jackie Orme, in accepted this package from a weak remuneration committee of just three board members.
New President’s murky past
Let me add another warning. Gill Rider, the incoming President, was the Head of HR across Whitehall. To put it another way, Head of Civil Service Capability Group (widely seen as inefficient and incapable) and Head of Profession for Civil Service HR, widely criticised as being responsible for the excessive salaries and bonuses for top Civil Servants. You may not know much about Gill Rider, but she was subject to a severe mauling from the press after the government awarded a £400 million contract to De La Rue Printers for passports. Turns out she’s a Director of de La Rue, and although resigned briefly, returned as a Director the very day the contract was awarded. She was also accused of nepotism by appointing colleagues of hers to top Government posts. The whole murky story is here. The CIPD is turning into a second-rate dictatorship lurching from one incompetent leader to another.
Skype learning – 7 great benefits
You can always spot a fabulous technology when it can be used as a verb, like email, text, tweet. I’ll ‘Skype’ you, is one of those wonderful verbs. Over the last two years I’ve been doing voluntary Maths and Science tuition for kids that find these subjects difficult. It’s been a mix of face-to-face and Skype. So what follows is a short comparison between these two techniques.
Skype is one of the wonders of the web, mainly because it’s free. Who would have thought that videoconferencing would cost nothing and that any old Joe from any old computer, and many phones, could do it for free? In these frugal times that’s a gift from the heavens.
Skype is a classic ‘death of distance’ technology. It quite simply frees us from the tyranny of location and cost. Both teacher and student can be literally anywhere. There’s nothing worse for a young person than having to trek round to a tutor’s house in the dark to do some ‘learning’. Booting up Skype is so much quicker and easier.
Increased focus
Skype forces both teacher and student to focus. This may be because you feel that you’re using up valuable online resource, even though it’s free. In any case, there is real sustained attention, which I think is better than a one-to-one face-to-face session. You are far less likely to drift off-task, as either teacher or learner. That means more learning in less time.
True dialogue
The fact that you’re not sitting next to them, and leaning into them, gives them time to breath, think, reflect and respond in their own time. It’s far more measured, with properly paced, dialogue, as the teacher is less likely to talk over the student and more likely to wait until they give a thoughtful response. Dylan William has shown that teachers tend to ask questions then jump in too early when the student fails to respond. I’ve found his 3 second rule (wait 3 secs before saying anything) much easier when online. Both sides take greater care to participate in a structured and constructive dialogue. Of course, you can be even more structured using the message service, which forces you to wait until the other person has responded with a written (and therefore considered) answer.
Prevents peer problems
But it’s the subtler issue of peer distance that really surprised me. Let’s face it, adults and teachers are not the peers of teenagers. We’re the opposite of peers, in the sense that whatever’s cool for us is the opposite of cool for them. I’ve found that being online, brings with it a healthy form of psychological distance that prevents peer problems. It’s more of an adult to adult conversation in the sense that the technology is a leveller. It puts you both on the same psychological plane.
Shared learning resources
When it comes to doing things, like setting a problem, responding with an answer, illustrating a point with a diagram or downloading a past paper or online resource such as BBC Bitesize, you can do so while keeping the Skype channel open. No need to have the video on, just have the new window full screen and the audio dialogue can continue. This is great as you both have your full attention on the content, not the psychological noise you get in face-to-face sessions.
You can record your Skype sessions for free, integrate with outlook, create alerts, use whiteboards, tutoring tools (just click on ‘Conversation’ then ‘Extras)’. There’s literally dozens of tools that allow do anything from customise to the sharing of files and resources.
Some of these virtues are simple and clear; it’s free and frees you from the tyranny of location. Others advantages are more psychological; increased attention, better dialogue and levelling out of peer effects. Lastly, there’s the practical advantages around shared online resources. Bottom line: Skype’s a vastly underused tool that’s made for learning.
at November 24, 2010 10 comments:
NLP: scientific paper suggests it’s a “pseudoscience” that should be “mothballed”
NLP is one of those topics that has been abandoned by academia and psychology but still soldiers on in the training world. To be fair, the NLPers have retreated to a position of 'science and evidence is irrelevant'. However, as Christopher Hitchins often says, "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence." I was pleased, therefore, to receive a pre-publication paper from Tomasz Witkowski that takes all of the current academic work on NLP, including that which purports to support its theory, and puts it to the test. The paper’s title is, 'Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?'
Why is NLP completely absent from psychology textbooks?
Despite its aggressive marketing and application in training, Witkowski asks; ‘Why is NLP completely absent from psychology textbooks?’ Rather conveniently, Bandler didn't think that empirical testing was necessary and is openly contemptuous of such an approach. However, it is important to look at the theory from a perspective that is free from the biases of its practitioners (as they believe the theory and make money from the practice) and the patients (who may be subject to manipulation and false belief).
Neuro-Linguistic Programming Research Data Base
Witkowski starts on NLPs home territory with the Neuro-Linguistic Programming Research Data Base found on the web pages of NLP Community. It is the largest of such databases and includes hundreds of empirical studies from 1974-2009, and is often used by NLP proponents to defend the empirical nature of their theory and practice. First, he applied a credibility filter to the database (the respected Master Journal List of the Institute for Scientific Information in Philadelphia) to identify the reliable journals. This took the 315 down to 63.
A qualitative analysis of these 63 articles showed; 33 relevant empirical studies, 14 that were of little or scientific significance and 16 that appear to have been included in the database by accident, as they weren’t relevant. Of the 33 relevant papers; 18 were non-supportive of the NLP tenets and the tenets-derived hypotheses (54.5%), 9 supported NLP tenets and the tenets-derived hypotheses (27.3%), and 6 had uncertain outcomes (18.2%).
He then applied a national test, based on relevance and impact, to find that the papers NOT supporting NLP had more status in the academic and professional world. He concludes that, "The numbers indicate unequivocally that the NLP concept has not been developed on solid empirical foundations". His point is that the numbers alone don't tell the whole story, what matters is the weight of the evidence. A problem uncovered in the supporting papers was the common absence of a control group, and trials that could not be seen as scientifically valid. The non-supportive papers, that showed no evidence for the eye movement hypothesis (Thomason, Arbuckle & Cady, 1980; Farmer, Rooney & Cunningham, 1985; Poffel & Cross, 1985; Burke et al., 2003) and preferred modalities (Gumm, Walker and Day (1982), and also Coe and Scharcoff (1985)), were much more rigorous. Elich, Thompson and Miller (1985) tested claims that eye movement direction and spoken predicates are indicative of sensory modality of imagery and showed no evidence for the NLP-derived hypotheses. Graunke and Roberts (1985) tested the impact of imagery tasks on sensory predicate usage, again showing no evidence for NLP theory. By this point the case was clear, the case for the defence was baseless.
Sharpley, Einsprach & Forman and Heap
Witkowski builds on the metastudies of Sharpley, Einspruch & Forman and Heap published in the 80s, to show that NLP claims are still unproven. Interestingly 11 of the original Sharpley studies (1984) are not in the NLP database. Not surprising, as Sharpley in his first review dismissed claims of PRS, eye movements, self-reporting, predicate matching and the ability of NLP to change clients. In his second review, building on the results of Einspruch & Forman (1985), Sharpley (1987) he went even further, dismissing the claims made for its therapeutic benefits, namely anxiety, pacing and metaphor. Finally, NLP is dismissed as a method for improving performance by the US Army (Swets & Bjork, 1990). “The conclusion was that little if any evidence exists either to support NLP’s assumptions or to indicate that it is effective as a strategy for social influence.” Heap (1988) drew similar conclusions, after examining 63 empirical studies. PRs, eye movements, predicate matching and their role in counseling, were dismissed as baseless. This is exactly what Witowski confirms, when considering subsequent research.
Bifurcation from academia
Witkowski’s discussion is particularly relevant. He makes the point that much of the research in the 80s was designed to test NLP on the back of its popularity. The file drawer effect would suggest that many non-supporting studies were quietly dropped. What is clear is that there was a stark bifurcation between theory and practice. The NLP community went on to aggressively market its wares, while serious academia ignored the whole field as irrelevant and unworthy of research. This is similar to the difference between astrology and astronomy. No one is interested in testing astrology, as it is so patently weak in its hypotheses and predictive ability.
Conclusion: pseudoscience that should be mothballed
What is so powerful about this paper is the fact that he climbs into NLPs back yard to expose their so-called supporting evidence, and found it wanting. A damning statement is made about the status of the evidence invoked by NLP theorists and practitioners, “The base (NLP database) is commonly invoked by NLP followers and indicated as evidence for the existence of solid empirical grounds of their preferred concept. It is most likely that most of them have never looked through the base. Otherwise they might have come to the conclusion that it provides evidence to the contrary – for the lack of any empirical underpinnings” This is pretty damning. The paper asks a key question: “Is using and selling something non-existent and ineffective ethical?” Witkowski’s answer is clear: that is “pseudoscience” and should be “mothballed”.
Fees: blame 'clubby' Universities
What role have the Universities themselves played in the recent brouhaha over fees? Peter Scott, himself a Vice Chancellor blames the university 'clubs' for the mess. Thinly disguised vice-chancellor clubs such as the Russell Group (see Wendy Piatt left), 1994 Group, Alliance Group and Million+ Group have turned from being discussion groups to campaigning groups. As Universities are represented by Mickey-Mouse unions, these so-called clubs have stepped into the breach and started firing off some very odd salvos.
Self-serving hierarchy
The Russell Group’s hideous harridan Wendy Piatt has been campaigning hard for higher, uncapped student fees, way beyond any fiscal or social sense. Rather than club together to reform themselves, they decided to group themselves into a self-serving hierarchy. Rather than question their profligate capital spending, low occupancy rates, agricultural calendar, dull lectures and failure to tap into alumni donations, they simply became groups with begging bowls. This lobbying fell on deaf ears, as the politicians simply saw them as a divided mob, vying with each other for funds, rather than building the future.
With the notable exception of Martin Bean of the OU, who has fought hard for an alternative model in HE; more support for part-time students, private capital, new teaching methods etc. and Peter Scott of Kingston, Vice-Chancellors have fallen into line, queuing up for their MBEs, CBEs and knighthoods (by not rocking the boat).
Myth of managerialism
Of course, it’s wrong to blame Vice Chancellors alone, as Universities are largely run by Councils and Senates, which are largely run by academics. Few layman, and in fact few academics, really know how and who runs Universities, as most are not interested. Despite common claims of managerialism (litmus test for woolly thought), few private sector types exist in these structures and fewer still have any real power and influence. It’s academics and ex-academics who fuel the fire. If students want to occupy buildings they could do worse than the HQ of the Russell Group; 1 Northumberland Avenue, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5BW.
CIPD: CEO Jackie Orme on £400k salary, £85k bonus for failure
Jackie Orme is fast becoming the Fred Goodwin of personnel and development. Just released accounts see her pocket a 400k salary. Her £85,000 bonus, is up by 49% from £57,000 last year. Not bad for an organisation whose commercial revenue has plummeted (down 23%), research down and ridiculed (down 57% & report pulled), magazine imploded (down 83%), investment returns bombed (down 74.7%) and membership angry and alienated about a command and control culture that leaves them with less services and starved of cash. A curious position for the supposed leader of the Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development, the main professional body for HR and training!
Poor leadership
Forever twittering on about ‘leadership’, the CIPD is a rock-solid case study in poor leadership. All Orme has achieved is fiscal failure, while awarding herself a £400,000 salary and obscene bonus. This is a manager whose rewards are truly in inverse proportion to achievement and performance. On top of this she’s awarded herself a nice little 6k on top of her base salary, and don’t forget the 13k of benefits in kind – whatever that means. Then there’s the pension. She’s also creating a culture of greed through a dramatic 50% increase in the number of staff on £60k plus from 14 in 2009 to 21 in 2010. There’s no end to this gravy train. What are the remuneration committee playing at?
Collapsing commercial revenues
From her written text in the Annual Report you'd think the CIPD had had a bumper year. Despite its aggressive push into commercial activities, using an acquisition and its brand to squash commercial competition, its revenues are down by 20%. This is all the more surprising as they bought a consultancy i.e. bought income this year. Take away this acquired income and you have a drop in commercial revenues of 23.7%. Revenues from the branches are down by 45.6%, revenue from investments down by 74.7%. Of course, this all means that there’s been a lot less spent on membership services, education, research and branches. So much for measurable KPIs!
Bridge Communications: a bridge too far
Then there’s the odd acquisition of a consultancy, something that has been widely criticised by members. Surely the CIPD, as a charity, is in the business of supporting its members, not competing against them for business. The sum paid (£3.8 million plus a £900,000 earnout) seems massively overpriced. In any case, it’s not right to buy an advantage in the market which you’re supposed to serve. If I had a HR consultancy, I’d be none too pleased that my subscriptions have gone into buying my competitor.
People Management: managed to collapse
The CIPDs house magazine (a dull, bi-weekly recruitment rag) has gone into almost terminal decline under her watch, with an 83% decline in revenues - yes 83%. Feedback suggested that almost everything was wrong with the magazine; low on features, lack of innovation etc. It's going to be relaunched, apparently but you can't relaunch a shipwreck.
Research: a calamitous year
Much is also made, by Jackie Orme, of the CIPDs research activities. What she didn't mention was the huge PR disaster, when they published a research report attacking the spend on Quangos in Education and Skills (seen as a thinly veiled attack on rivals). Tom Richards, the young researcher responsible for the report had nowhere near the depth and experience to do this type of report, so it was sketchy and wildly inaccurate, so factually wrong that several CEOs wrote public letters decrying the document, eliciting a groveling apology from the CIPD and it was pulled from their website. Then there’s the opinion pieces, that are overtly political, promoting, for example, a bonus culture in the public sector (wonder why?). Oh, and by the way, revenues in this area plummeted by 57%. Success - I think not.
Conclusion – fiscal failure
Under Jackie Orme, the CIPD has managed something quite unique; collapsing commercial revenues, an expensive acquisition, reduced services to members, disastrous magazine performance and poor quality research. Serious questions were asked about her qualifications and ability when she was appointed. Those questions have now been answered. The AGM is at 13:15 on Tuesday 7 December 2010 at the Royal College of Physicianson, open to all members. Go along and ask a few scary questions.
E-learning Age Awards - dressed to skill!
First, a big congratulations to Mark Harrison. I worked with Mark for years at Epic and can confirm the judges' views that he's positive, personable and gets things done.
Congratulations also to the E-learning Age guys for a full house and a fun night out. The Marriot on Grovenor Square was packed to the guddles with well scrubbed e-learning types. Necklines wer lower and heels higher. Our hostess for the evening was dressed in a 'Spartacus: Blood and Sand' affair (I mean this as a compliment) in a low cut, lime green, silky piece that matched perfectly the E-learning Age brand pantone. What planning! The guys were tuxed up; although it was more Moss Bros than Saville row. The women had pushed the fashion boat out; some in racy speedboats, others in sleek, expensive yachts and just a few tugboats. Prize for best dressed man goes to Donald Taylor, the James Bond of e-learning (checkout his twitterpic). Good to see the man who runs Learning Technologies 'Dressed to Skill'. You've also got to love Clive Shepherd, this man can do no wrong and was his usual urbane self, urging us all to enjoy our night out and put aside any scepticism around awards. Clive has reached that enlightened state of Buddhist baldness. He will, forever, look the same age.
Brighton Rocks
Brighton was easily the top source of award winners, with Epic, Kineo, Brightwave and Edvantage all winning awards. Epic hit the jackpot with a programme for BA, Kineo for Marks & Spencer (well done Stephen Walsh) and of course Mark Harrison, Brightwave for PWC (well done Virginia Bader) and Edvantage got a well deserved Silver for Production Company of the Year (well done to the irrepressible Andrea).
MP for a day
Amused to hear that Lightbox had won the game/simulation award for Parliament's Education Department, called 'MP for a day'. The game, apparently, is packed full of cheats, where you vote for personal advancement, collect lobbyists, rack up your expenses score, while keeping the rioting populace at bay.
Open U & Open Learn
The Open University won the Social media Award for Open Learn. I'm not wholly convinced that this is Social Media, as it's a bunch of largely text documents online; actually a bit of a disappointment given the millions spent on it. However, not to quibble, I love the OU.
Death Award
Not good to see BAT win the Corporate Distance Learning Award. Since when did learning how to kill people through cancinogenic products become a worthy, award-winning pursuit. I wonder if the shameless mob who went up to collect the award sneaked out for a sly ciggie afterwards?
Food was superb but one disappointment was the distinct lack of irreverence and rowdiness. Gone are the days when champagne was drunk from client's shoes, buns thrown when drunken comperes told tasteless jokes and comedians who gave awards, clueless about the very idea of e-learning (all true). It was all very polite, too polite.
FULL LIST OF AWARDS
Meeting the needs of compliance for an external regulator or an internal workforce
Gold Winner: PricewaterhouseCoopers and Brightwave
Silver Winner: Atlas Interactive
Bronze Winner: SAI Global/AstraZeneca
Best use of mobile learning
Winner: Learnosity
Best use of rapid e-learning content
Gold winner: Bupa Health and Wellbeing UK and Brightwave
Silver Winner: Everything Everywhere
Bronze Winner: ispeakuspeak
Best use of synchronous e-learning
Winner: Hibernia College
Best use of social media for learning
Gold Winner: OpenLearn, The Open University
Silver Winner: GradeGuru, by McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Best learning game, simulation or virtual environment
Gold Winner: Lightbox Education and Parliament’s Education Service
Silver Winner: St George's University of London
Bronze Winner: Market Class
Most innovative new product or tool in e-learning
Gold Winner: MyWorkSearch
Silver Winner: AiSolve in partnership with Train4trade Skills
Bronze Winner:TAG Developments
Best e-learning project securing widespread adoption
Gold Winner: SEI – The Romanian IT-based Education System
Silver Winner: GlobalEnglish Corporation and ArcelorMittal
Bronze Winner: e-Learning for Healthcare: e-Learning Anaesthesia
Best online or distance learning programme – Not for profit
Winner: IMC (UK) Learning and the Fire Service College
Best online or distance learning programme – Corporate learning
Winner: Infinity Learning and British American Tobacco
Best online or distance learning programme – Education
Gold Winner: University of Edinburgh and Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Silver Winner: EF Englishtown
Bronze Winner: Hibernia College
Excellence in the production of learning content – Not for profit sector
Winner: One Plus One and Nelson Croom
Excellence in the production of learning content – Public sector
Gold Winner: Gloucester Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and e2train
Silver Winner: e-Learning for Healthcare: e-GP
Bronze Winner: Screenmedia: The Big Plus – Work Skills Academy
Excellence in the production of learning content – Private sector
Gold winner: Epic and British Airways
Gold Winner: Marks and Spencer and Kineo
Silver Winner: Autonomy e-learning and Volkswagen Group
E-learning internal project team of the year – Public sector
Winner: Capita National Strategies
E-learning internal project team of the year – Private sector
Winner: Home Retail Group
E-learning industry award for outstanding achievement – Corporate
Winner: Fusion Universal
E-learning industry award for outstanding achievement – Individual
Winner: Mark Harrison – Kineo
E-learning development company of the year
Gold Winner: Nelson Croom
Silver Winner: Edvantage Group
Does CIPD CEO deserve £87K bonus? Personnel Today ...
NLP: scientific paper suggests it’s a “pseudoscien...
CIPD: CEO Jackie Orme on £400k salary, £85k bonus ...
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Home Health & Beauty Why single payer health care is a terrible option
Why single payer health care is a terrible option
(CNN) The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is failing. Without regard for consequences, the law expanded government insurance programs and imposed considerable federal authority over US health care via new mandates, regulations and taxes. Insurance premiums skyrocketed even as deductibles rose; consumer choices of insurance on state marketplaces have rapidly vanished; and for those with ACA coverage, doctor and hospital choices have narrowed dramatically. Meanwhile, consolidation across the health care sector has accelerated at a record pace, portending further harm to consumers, including higher prices of medical care.
Almost inexplicably, even more top-down control — single-payer health care, a system in which the government provides nationalized health insurance, sets all fees for medical care and pays those fees to doctors and hospitals — has found new support from the left. And this despite its decades of documented failures in other countries to provide timely, quality medical care, and in the face of similar problems in our own single-payer Veterans Affairs system.
Clearly, this moment cries out for the truth about single-payer health care — conclusions from historical evidence and data.
Single-payer health care is proven to be consistently plagued by these characteristics:
Massive waiting lists and dangerous delays for medical appointments
In those countries with the longest experience of single-payer government insurance, published data demonstrates massive waiting lists and unconscionable delays that are unheard of in the United States. In England alone, approximately 3.9 million patients are on NHS waiting lists; over 362,000 patients waited longer than 18 weeks for hospital treatment in March 2017, an increase of almost 64,000 on the previous year; and 95,252 have been waiting more than six months for treatment — all after already waiting for and receiving initial diagnosis and referral.
In Canada’s single-payer system, the 2016 median wait for a referral from a general practitioner appointment to the specialist appointment was 9.4 weeks; when added to the median wait of 10.6 weeks from specialist to first treatment, the median wait after seeing a doctor to start treatment was 20 weeks, or about 4.5 months.
Ironically, US media outrage was widespread when pre-ACA 2009 data showed that time-to-appointment for Americans averaged 20.5 days for five common specialties. That selective reporting failed to note that those waits were for healthy check-ups in almost all cases, by definition the lowest medical priority. Even for simple physical exams and purely elective, routine appointments, US wait times before ACA were shorter than for seriously ill patients in countries with nationalized, single-payer insurance.
Life-threatening delays for treatment, even for patients requiring urgent cancer treatment or critical brain surgery
Those same insured patients in single-payer systems are dying while waiting for the most critical care, including those referred by doctors for “urgent treatment” for already diagnosed cancer (almost 19% wait more than two months) and brain surgery (17% wait more than four months). In Canada’s single-payer system, the median wait for neurosurgery after already seeing the doctor was a shocking 46.9 weeks — about 10 months. And in Canada, if you needed life-changing orthopedic surgery, like hip or knee replacement, you would wait a startling 38 weeks — about the same time it takes from fertilization to a full-term human life.
Delayed availability of life-saving drugs
Americans enjoy the world’s quickest access to the newest prescription drugs, in stark contrast to patients in single-payer systems. In Joshua Cohen’s 2006 study of patient access to 71 drugs, between 1999 and 2005 the UK government’s guidelines board, NICE, had been slower than the United States to authorize 64 of these. Before the ACA, the United States was by far the most frequent country where new cancer drugs were first launched — by a factor of at least four — compared to any country studied in the previous decade, including Germany, Japan, Switzerland, France, Canada, Italy and the UK, according to the Annals of Oncology in 2007.
In a 2011 Health Affairs study, of 35 new cancer drugs submitted from 2000-2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had approved 32 while the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved only 26. Median time to approval in the United States was about half of that in Europe. All 23 drugs approved by both were available to US patients first. Even in the most recent data, two-thirds of the novel drugs approved in 2015 (29 of 45, 64%) were approved in the United States before any other country. And yet, only months ago, NHS in England introduced a new “Budget Impact Test” to cap drug prices, a measure that is specifically designed to further restrict drug access even though the delays will break their own NHS Constitution pledges to its citizens.
Worse availability of screening tests
Despite what some might suppose about a likely strength of a government-centralized system, the facts show that single-payer systems cannot even outperform our system in something as scheduled and routine as cancer screening tests. Confirming numerous prior OECD studies, a Health Affairs study reported in 2009, before any Affordable Care Act screening requirements, that the United States had superior screening rates to all 10 European countries with nationalized systems for all cancers. Likewise, the single payer system of Canada fails to deliver screening tests for the most common cancers as broadly as the US system, including PAP smears and colonoscopies. And Americans are more likely to be screened younger for cancer than in Europe, when the expected benefit is greatest. Not surprisingly, US patients have had less advanced disease at diagnosis than in Europe for almost all cancers.
Significantly worse outcomes from serious diseases
It might be said that the bottom line about a health care system is the data on outcomes from treatable illnesses. To no one’s surprise, the consequences of delayed access to medications, diagnosis and treatment are significantly worse outcomes from virtually all serious diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes compared to Americans.
And while some studies have noted that Canadians and Germans, for example, have longer life expectancies and lower infant mortality rates than Americans do, they are misleading. Those statistics are extremely coarse and depend on a wide array of complex inputs having little to do with health care, including differences in lifestyle (smoking, obesity, hygiene, safe sex), population heterogeneity, environmental conditions, incidence of suicide and homicide and even differences in what counts as a live birth.
The truth is that the UK, Canada and other European countries for decades have used wait lists for surgery, diagnostic procedures and doctor appointments specifically as a means of rationing care. And long waits for needed care are not simply inconvenient. Research (for example, here) has consistently shown that waiting for medical care has serious consequences, including pain and suffering, worse medical outcomes and significant costs to individuals in foregone wages and to the overall economy. In contrast to countries with single-payer health systems, it is broadly acknowledged that “waiting lists are not a feature in the United States” for medical care, as stated by Dr. Sharon Wilcox in her study comparing strategies to measure and reduce this important failure of centralized health systems.
What has been the response to the public outcry about unacceptable waits for care in single-payer systems? First, a growing list of European governments have issued dozens of “guarantees” with intentionally lax targets, and even those targets continue to be missed. Second, many single-payer systems now funnel taxpayer money to private care to solve their systems’ inadequacies, just as we now do in our own Veteran Affairs system, and even use taxpayer money for care in other countries.
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Instead of judging health system reforms by the number of people classified as “insured,” reforms should focus on making excellent medical care more broadly available and affordable without restricting its use or creating obstacles to future innovation. Reducing the cost of medical care requires creating conditions long proven to bring down prices while improving quality: increasing the supply of medical care, stimulating competition among providers and incentivizing empowered consumers to consider price.
Single-payer systems in countries with decades of experience have been proven in numerous peer-reviewed scientific journals to be inferior to the US system in terms of both access and quality. Americans enjoy superior access to health care — whether defined by access to screening; wait-times for diagnosis, treatment, or specialists; timeliness of surgery; or availability of technology and drugs. As those countries turn to privatization to solve their systems’ failures, progressives here illogically pursue that failed model.
And make no mistake about it — America’s most vulnerable, the poor, as well as the middle class, will undoubtedly suffer the most if the system turns to single-payer health care, because they will be unable to circumvent that system.
Read more: www.cnn.com
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September 29 coronavirus news
By James Griffiths, Adam Renton, Mike Hayes, Meg Wagner, Melissa Mahtani, Zamira Rahim and Ed Upright, CNN
Updated 12:00 a.m. ET, September 30, 2020
More than 1 million people across the world have died since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, according to Johns Hopkins University's tally.
President Trump formally announced a plan to disperse the 150 million rapid coronavirus tests first promoted by the White House in August.
The United States could see an explosion in Covid-19 cases as fall and winter set in, health experts warn. The country surpassed 7 million coronavirus cases on Friday.
Our live coverage of the coronavirus pandemic has moved here.
Sort by LatestOldest Dropdown arrow
2:06 a.m. ET, September 29, 2020
Boston's "Salt Bae" restaurant fails Covid-19 safety regulations and must close, city says
From CNN's Anna Sturla
An unidentified man parks and takes a selfie next to the restaurant Nusr-Et, in Boston on Sept. 27. Pat Greenhouse/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
A popular Instagram star is catching flak after Boston's Licensing Board ordered his latest restaurant venture to close for failing to meet Covid-19 public safety standards, a city spokesperson told CNN.
The restaurant, Nusr-Et Boston, is part of a chain of steakhouses headed by Turkish celebrity chef Nusret Gökçe.
"Salt Bae," as he is better known, became famous on social media for the dramatic flair he added when butchering and salting his meat.
Violations listed on the city's website included patrons and employees not wearing masks, along with blocked fire exits. Multiple complaints on the city's 311 website also described cramped quarters, with many customers and employees going maskless. Video Gökçe posted to Instagram last week showed people closely lined up outside the restaurant, most in masks but some without, as crowds cheered the chef.
The city responded to the violations by ordering the restaurant to immediately cease operations, and indefinitely suspended its alcohol beverages license.
An emergency hearing has been scheduled for Sept. 29, a city spokesperson told CNN.
The restaurant chain did not immediately respond to CNN's requests for comment.
US reports more than 33,000 new Covid-19 cases
From CNN's Joe Sutton
The United States recorded 33,037 new coronavirus infections and 316 virus-related deaths on Monday, according to Johns Hopkins University.
The nationwide totals now stand at 7,148,045 cases, including 205,072 fatalities, per JHU's tally.
The totals include cases from all 50 states, the District of Columbia and other US territories, as well as repatriated cases.
CNN is tracking the cases:
12:53 a.m. ET, September 29, 2020
UK students locked down in university dorms as coronavirus cases rise
From CNN's Emma Reynolds, Niamh Kennedy and Amy Cassidy
Thousands of students across the UK have been forced into isolation within weeks of arriving for the start of the academic year after mass coronavirus outbreaks were confirmed at university campuses.
Officials linked the hundreds of confirmed cases to illicit parties, but students said it was unfair to blame them when they had received little support from their schools or the government.
Students in Scotland were banned from visiting pubs, bars and restaurants over the weekend and were told there must be no parties or socializing outside their households.
Around 1,700 students at Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) in northern England were ordered to self-isolate or risk facing "disciplinary action" after 127 Covid-19 cases were confirmed on campus, according to the university and local authorities.
A statement from Manchester City Council on Friday said a decision had been taken with the university and Public Health England to "implement a local lockdown for student accommodation at the Birley campus and Cambridge Halls" in a bid to "stop the transmission of the virus among students and prevent it getting into the wider community."
Students living in two main dorms were asked via email on Friday night to self-isolate in their residences for 14 days regardless of whether or not they have symptoms.
Levins Solicitors, a law firm representing nine students, said it had seen recordings showing security and accommodation staff stopping students from leaving.
After lawyers raised questions over the legality of enforcing the quarantine, MMU said in a statement: "We are unable to prevent our students from leaving the halls, but our students are bright young adults and we trust that they will do the right thing."
It said it was "developing an additional package of care and financial support to assist students." The university also apologized after reports of students being told via email to remove protest signs from their windows. It said the email "didn't reflect the University's view" and it respected "the rights of students to express themselves," although it said "the posters must not break the law or they'll have to be removed."
Greater Manchester Police said no unlawful posters had been reported.
Read the full story:
Employees at 150 New York City school buildings have tested positive for Covid-19
From CNN’s Mirna Alsharif
In this March 17 file photo, a school hallway is empty in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Michael Loccisano/Getty Images
Staffers have tested positive for coronavirus in 150 New York City school buildings, including 106 where employees came into contact with their colleagues, according to the Department of Education.
The school buildings include early education centers, which are independent, community-based organizations that partner with the New York City Department of Education to provide free full-day high quality pre-K, a city official previously told CNN.
The employees who tested positive are inclusive of all school staff, said DOE spokeswoman Miranda Barbot.
“While we continue to navigate the realities of a pandemic, there will be positive cases-- we are putting people’s health above everything else by quickly identifying and isolating positive cases to prevent further transmission," Barbot said. "Beginning in October, all schools will have mandatory monthly random testing to continue to keep transmission low and our communities safe.”
10:53 p.m. ET, September 28, 2020
Covid-19 has killed 1 million people worldwide. Experts fear the toll may double before a vaccine is ready
From CNN's Laura Smith-Spark
More than 1 million people have died from the coronavirus worldwide, marking another milestone in the pandemic's brief but devastating history.
The death toll from the coronavirus, which causes Covid-19, now stands at 1,000,555, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.
The grim tally has been reached in less than nine months since the first death caused by the coronavirus was confirmed by Chinese authorities in the city of Wuhan.
Since then, the virus has disrupted the everyday lives of billions of people around the globe and caused widespread economic damage. More than 33 million cases have been confirmed worldwide and outbreaks continue to plague many countries.
Europe, which became the second epicenter for the virus after China, imposed widespread restrictions on people's movements in the spring in an effort to curb its spread. While the measures had some success, a number of countries that were badly affected early on -- such as France, Spain and the United Kingdom -- are now battling to rein in a second wave.
The United States, with more than 7 million cases and more than 205,000 deaths according to Johns Hopkins University data, has been the worst-affected nation overall.
President Donald Trump is widely viewed as having mishandled the federal response to the pandemic and, despite the country's wealth and advanced health care systems, it has struggled to bring infections under control. Now, some experts fear Trump could pressure scientists into authorizing or approving a Covid-19 vaccine without a full formal review process for political gain.
Trump has repeatedly defended his handling of the pandemic. But he and the White House have been widely criticized for flouting government guidelines designed to limit the transmission of Covid-19, including social distancing and wearing a mask.
Coronavirus has killed 1 million people worldwide. Experts fear the toll may double before a vaccine is ready
One million dead: How Covid-19 tore us apart
A Chinese doctor who tried to sound the alarm. A father of six who emigrated from Pakistan to the United States to give his family a better life. A 15-year-old boy who left his remote home in the Amazon to study. They all died from Covid-19.
In eight months, more than 33 million people have been diagnosed with coronavirus, across nearly every country. The disease has taken lives on every continent except Antarctica -- and more than one million people have died.
That’s four times as many people who died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 16 times as many people killed by the common flu in the US last winter, and more than 335 times the number of people who perished in the 9/11 attacks.
But the tragedy of coronavirus isn’t just in the death toll. It’s also in the grim truths it has revealed about who we are and how we treat our most vulnerable. The pandemic has exposed shocking failures of governance, worsened deep-rooted inequalities in access to healthcare, and inflamed a long-waged war on facts preventing scientists from conveying information that could save lives.
Almost every person in the world has been affected by the pandemic. But it hasn’t drawn us closer -- in many ways, it’s tearing us further apart.
Read more about the victims of coronavirus:
Global coronavirus deaths surpass 1 million
From CNN’s Sugam Pokharel in Atlanta
More than 1 million people worldwide have died from Covid-19, according to Johns Hopkins University's data.
As of Monday, September 28, at 8:43 pm ET, the global death toll is 1,000,555.
The United States has the highest fatality count, having so far recorded 205,131 deaths, according to JHU.
The first coronavirus-related death recorded was in the Chinese city of Wuhan on January 9.
The world recorded half a million deaths more than 24 weeks later, on June 28, and it took just a little over 13 weeks to double the figure.
The university’s tally shows the US, Brazil, India, and Mexico account for more than 50% of the total deaths globally.
CNN is tracking the cases and deaths:
Tracking coronavirus' global spread
Pelosi and Mnuchin push for pre-Election Day stimulus deal as Democrats prepare new $2.2 trillion plan
From CNN's Manu Raju
Nancy Pelosi leaves the Russell Building on Monday, September 28. Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call/AP Images
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, who have cut several major deals during the coronavirus pandemic, are trying one final time to ease a bitter standoff on Capitol Hill over a pre-Election Day package to provide relief to millions of Americans reeling from the damaging economic crisis.
Pelosi and Mnuchin have spoken several times in recent days, including Monday night and plan to again on Tuesday. And while most on Capitol Hill are deeply skeptical a deal can be reached, both Pelosi and Mnuchin have aligned interests: The speaker is facing growing pressure from vulnerable House Democrats, particularly freshman, to cut a deal immediately while President Donald Trump wants a legislative accomplishment to tout in the final weeks of the intensely fought campaign.
But the House speaker has made contingency plans in case the effort falls apart: She and her top lieutenants on Monday night unveiled a $2.2 trillion plan, down from the $3.4 trillion measure that passed the House largely along party lines in May and has since been ignored by the GOP-led Senate.
That price tag for the bill is still far too high for the White House and Senate Republicans, who tried to advance a $500 billion plan this month that was blocked by Democrats over concerns it didn't go far enough.
Trump announces plan to deploy 150 million Covid rapid tests previously touted
From CNN's Maegan Vazquez
US President Donald Trump formally announced a plan on Monday to disperse the 150 million rapid coronavirus tests first promoted by the White House in August.
The White House originally billed the deal to obtain tests, which are made by Abbott Laboratories, as a potential game-changer to battle the coronavirus pandemic. But without detailed federal guidance on how to distribute the tests, states and cities remained divided, and some of them stifled, on how to best to use those types of rapid tests and others for the testing technique known as "screening" -- which involves routinely testing people whether or not they have symptoms.
Announcing the distribution plan Monday afternoon in the White House Rose Garden, Trump claimed the testing effort would "allow every state on a very regular basis test every teacher who needs it."
"I'm pleased to report we're announcing our plan to distribute 150 million Abbott point of care tests in the coming weeks," Trump said in the Rose Garden on Monday.
Of course, many schools across the country have already been opened for weeks without comprehensive testing access amid the Trump administration's ongoing push to reopen schools and businesses despite the ongoing pandemic.
And the plan marks a pivot by the Trump administration and by the President, who has repeatedly and inaccurately claimed that more coronavirus testing in the US would lead to more coronavirus cases.
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Decibel Open Air Returns To Florence In 2021
In a world where large cities are now fully accustomed to outdoor events, Decibel Open Air is set…
Beirut Fundraiser Tomorrow Featuring Carl Cox, Amelie Lens, & More!
Tomorrow kicks off a twelve-hour livestream series Electronic Labor Day in an effort to raise money for Beirut.…
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After months of lockdowns and quarantines, Europe’s strict adherence to recommended coronavirus protocol has finally paid off. For some…
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Miami Music Week
Ultra Miami Announces Stacked Phase Two Lineup
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RESISTANCE Reveals Stacked Phase One Lineup For Ultra Miami 2020
Last year, Ultra Miami debuted the widely acclaimed RESISTANCE Island in the takeover of a small island at…
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Server takes glass to the face after Edmonton pub customer reminded of mask bylaw
Dan Grummett CTV News Edmonton
@DGrummettCTV Contact
EDMONTON -- WARNING: This story contains imagery some viewers might find disturbing.
An Edmonton pub server needed 14 stitches on her face following a fight with a customer.
The incident, captured on a security camera, happened during closing hour at Crown & Anchor Pub & Grill in north Edmonton on Saturday night.
“I’m going to have a helluva scar on my face,” employee Erin Shaw told CTV News Edmonton.
“And it all started over a stupid mask.”
INCIDENT CAUGHT ON CAMERA
Shaw said her injury -- a deep vertical cut between the eyes -- was the result of escalating tensions that began when a woman was asked to wear a mask while walking around the pub.
After arguing with employees and a fellow customer, the woman put a mask on, according to Shaw.
But things didn’t end there.
Surveillance video shows the masked female patron and Shaw exchanging words several feet away from the patron’s table. According to Shaw, whose family owns the pub, the security's timestamp is off several hours.
Minutes later, Shaw can then be seen standing in the middle of the bar, directing her attention towards the table the female is at and motioning towards the exit. The female patron then approaches Shaw, who also takes a couple steps forward.
The argument then turns physical.
“She stood on her tippy toes and got right in my face and I pushed her back and I said, ‘Please do not touch me. You need to leave. Have a good night. You are not welcome,'” recounted Shaw.
“But she came up and went right for my throat. When her hands touched me like this,” said Shaw, gesturing with her own hand around her throat, “I said, ‘Do not effing touch me,' pushed her back into the corner and said, ‘You need to leave.’”
Video shows a struggle between the two. Shaw said it was during the struggle when the woman grabbed a glass and smashed it against her face. Shaw then threw the woman to the ground.
“I didn’t notice until after she got up and ran out that I was bleeding,” said Shaw, who proceeded to seek medical attention for the cut.
Shaw detailed her version of the altercation in a Nov. 29 Facebook post.
“I wanted people to know this is happening and I wanted the government to take note of it and make sure that the workers who are working are safe,” said Shaw.
Edmonton police are investigating the incident and have obtained the same surveillance video shown to CTV News Edmonton.
“We're examining it closely, obviously to try to identify the suspect,” said EPS spokesperson Scott Pattison.
“It's an assault causing bodily harm charge, at the minimum,” he said.
'IT ALL STARTED OVER A STUPID MASK'
Less than an hour before the glass incident, the same female tried repeatedly in vain to order alcohol after Alberta's 10 p.m. cutoff, according to Shaw, who said the female got up from her table and approached a coworker at the bar without a mask.
The coworker told the woman she needed to wear a mask but the woman claimed she did not have one.
“I heard this and I said, ‘Yes, you do, hon. I gave you a mask when you came in,’” said Shaw, adding the woman first entered the pub shortly after last call and was not served any alcohol.
In Edmonton, it is mandatory to wear masks in restaurants and pubs unless eating or drinking in a designated seating area.
READ MORE: Alberta bans indoor gatherings; introduces new restrictions for schools and businesses
A different customer then openly questioned how a person could not know the mask regulations. Shaw said that prompted the woman to approach and begin yelling at that customer.
“She got into a regular’s face, calling her the b-word and the c-word and all this and saying how she’s a young Black woman with rights.”
That is when Shaw intervened. A verbal exchange ensued during which Shaw said the female accused her of being racist.
“No one brought up race but her.”
CTV News Edmonton was not shown video of that exchange.
The woman continued to cause disruption from her table, Shaw said, until the group was reminded they would need to leave by 11 p.m., as per provincial health restrictions.
“I was like, ‘You need to leave. Have a good night. These are the laws.' And her friends even said the same thing.”
Before the fight, the woman’s friends can be seen trying to calm her down and talking with staff.
Despite her injury, Shaw is already back at work, but said she is experiencing headaches.
“I’ve had people saying my guardian angels were there,” said Shaw, wiping away tears and wincing.
“She didn’t break my nose, she didn’t give me a concussion, and she didn’t hurt my eye.”
Shaw said she is also worried about continually trying to help enforce provincial health restrictions.
“If the government wants me to keep policing people still and doing this, then they’re going to need to start paying me.” said Shaw.
There have been other incidents in Edmonton where customers have become unruly when asked to abide by the city’s mask bylaw, but few, if any, have resulted in violence, according to EPS.
“I think this is the first situation where somebody has resorted to violence,” said Pattison.
READ MORE: Assault charge laid after racist tirade in Edmonton liquor store
READ MORE: Arrest at Edmonton Costco after man refuses to wear mask
With a report from CTV News Edmonton's Bill Fortier
Erin Shaw says she took a glass to the face after enforcing Alberta's COVID-19 mask rules at her family's Crown & Anchor Pub & Grill in north Edmonton on Nov. 28.
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Laughingthrushes
(Redirected from Laughingthrush)
Family of birds
White-crested laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)
Superfamily: Sylvioidea
Family: Leiothrichidae
Swainson, 1832
Dozens; see article text
Grammatoptila
Laniellus
Trochalopteron
Montecincla
Actinodura
Minla
Leioptila
Leiothrix
Liocichla
Heterophasia
Argya
Turdoides
Garrulax
Ianthocincla
Pterorhinus
Cladogram based on Cibois et al. 2018.[1]
The laughingthrushes are a family of Old World passerine birds. They are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The entire family used to be included in the Timaliidae.
2 Taxonomy
3 List of genera
They are small to medium-sized birds. They have strong legs, and many are quite terrestrial. They typically have generalised bills, similar to those of a thrush. Most have predominantly brown plumage, with minimal difference between the sexes, but many more brightly coloured species also exist.[2]
This group is not strongly migratory, and most species have short rounded wings, and a weak flight. They live in lightly wooded or scrubland environments, ranging from swamp to near-desert. They are primarily insectivorous, although many will also take berries, and the larger species will even eat small lizards and other vertebrates.[2]
Taxonomy[edit]
The family Leiothrichidae was introduced (as a subfamily Leiotrichanae) by the English naturalist William Swainson in 1832.[3] A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the family published in 2018 led to substantial revision of the taxonomic classification.[1] The laughingthrushes in the genus Garrulax were found to belong to three separate clades that had diverged in the Miocene 7-9 million year ago. The genus was therefore split with Garrulax restricted to one clade and the genera Pterorhinus and Ianthocincla resurrected for the other two clades. The genus Turdoides was also split and species moved into the resurrected genus Argya.[1][4]
In a separate change, the crocias were moved to the genus Laniellus Swainson, 1832 which has priority over Crocias Temminck, 1836.[4][5][6]
List of genera[edit]
The family contains 133 species divided into 16 genera:[4]
Grammatoptila – monotypic, Striated laughingthrush
Cutia (2 species) – cutias
Laniellus (2 species) – crocias
Trochalopteron (19 species) – laughingthrushes
Actinodura (9 species) – barwings and minlas
Montecincla (4 species) – laughingthrushes
Minla – monotypic, Red-tailed minla
Leioptila – monotypic, Rufous-backed sibia
Leiothrix (2 species)
Liocichla (5 species) - liocichlas
Heterophasia (7 species) - sibias
Argya (16 species) – species previous placed in Turdoides – mainly babblers
Turdoides (19 species) – babblers
Garrulax (14 species) – laughingthrushes
Ianthocincla (8 species) – species previously placed in Garrulax – laughingthrushes
Pterorhinus (23 species) – species previously placed in Garrulax – laughingthrushes and babaxes
^ a b c Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296.
^ a b Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 188–190. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Swainson, William John; Richardson, J. (1831). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 2. The Birds. London: J. Murray. p. 490. The title page bears the year 1831 but the volume did not appear until 1832.
^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Gregory, S.M.S.; Dickinson, E. (2012). "An assessment of three little‐noticed papers on avian nomenclature by G.N. Kashin during 1978‐1982". Zootaxa. 3340: 44-58 [51].
^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leiothrichidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Laughingthrushes
Cibois, A. (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of babblers (Timaliidae)". Auk. 120: 35–54. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0035:MDPOBT]2.0.CO;2.
Collar, N. J., and C. Robson. 2007. Family Timaliidae (babblers). Pages 70–291 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D.A. Christie (editors), Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Gelang, M., A. Cibois, E. Pasquet, U. Olsson, P. Alström and P.G.P. Ericson. 2009. Phylogeny of babblers (Aves, Passeriformes): major lineages, family limits and classification. Zoologica Scripta 38: 225–236.
Taxon identifiers
Wikispecies: Leiothrichidae
EoL: 19365880
iNaturalist: 200985
NBN: NHMSYS0021254169
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laughingthrushes&oldid=1001109568"
Leiothrichidae
Bird families
Sylvioidea
Birds of Asia
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Where to go for more help and advice
There are many sources of advice and support available from community and voluntary sector organisations nationally. Some useful sources of advice that are currently available are listed here.
How to look after your mental health during the coronavirus outbreak
Infectious disease outbreaks like the current coronavirus (COVID-19), can affect our mental health and wellbeing. There are many things we can do to look after our mental health and wellbeing during these times. The Mental health Foundation has some useful resources and MIND has advice about Coronavirus and your wellbeing.
Worried about sexual or domestic abuse and isolated at home
For those worried about sexual or domestic abuse who are feeling isolated at home because of coronavirus, the SOLACE advocacy and support service is available to anyone aged 16 or over who lives in Barnet. You can call for help on 020 3874 5003 or get help online.
Cancer and coronavirus
If you have cancer, you might be worried about how coronavirus affects you. The most important thing is to follow the advice of your healthcare team. You can also get further advice from Macmillan Cancer Support.
If you are a carer and worried about coronavirus
As the situation with coronavirus evolves, it's important to know what support is available to you as a carer and those you look after. If you are worried that you or someone you look after may be at risk, NHS 111 can offer direct support as they have set up an online coronavirus helpline. Call 111 if your symptoms become severe, and let them know you are a carer. Carers UK have more advice.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) advice for people with asthma
When people with asthma get respiratory infections, it can set off their asthma symptoms. Asthma UK have some helpful advice.
Coronavirus if you’re affected by terminal illness
If you’re living with a terminal illness, or a family member or friend is, you may be worried about coronavirus (COVID-19). Some people living with a terminal illness may be at higher risk of experiencing more serious complications from coronavirus. Marie Curie have some general information that you might find helpful.
If you are a person with a disability and worried about coronavirus
SCOPE the disability equality charity has advice for people with disabilities.
Coronavirus and feeling lonely and isolated
As coronavirus (COVID-19) spreads, it will be harder for people to maintain their social connections. The Campaign to end loneliness has some advice.
Older People and coronavirus
Age UK provide support for millions of older people across the UK. Age UK have guidance and advice on Coronavirus.
Children and coronavirus
Barnet 0-19 Children's Services - Health Visitors & School Health Team Duty Line
The Health Visiting team provide support on all aspects of child health, development and parenting including: infant feeding, introduction to solids, management of minor Illness, behaviour and sleep
The School Nursing Team can offer health promotion advice on: allergies, bedwetting, nutrition, growth and development, physical activity, behaviour, relationships and more.
Their advice line is open Monday to Sunday 9am to 5pm (including Bank Holidays)
Please telephone 020 8200 2500 or email CLCHT.childhealthinformationhub@nhs.net for a confidential telephone health advice.
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children has advice for children, their families and carers. Save the Children UK has some useful advice and information for those worried about coronavirus particularly where their child has a long-term health condition available on their website.
We will continue to update the information held here so please come back for more information.
Click here to return to the Community Help Hub home page.
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No coronavirus cases recorded among Umrah pilgrims so far: Officials
Muslims perform Umrah at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. (Reuters)
Tamara Abueish, Al Arabiya English Thursday 08 October 2020
There have been no reported cases of the novel coronavirus among Umrah pilgrims in Saudi Arabia so far, Saudi Press Agency (SPA) cited the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques as saying on Wednesday.
“On the fourth day of the pilgrimage, we received some 24,000 worshipers, none of whom showed symptoms of the virus,” the presidency’s spokesperson said.
The Umrah pilgrimage gradually resumed in the Kingdom on October 4 almost seven months after it was suspended in mid-March as part of precautionary measures against the novel coronavirus.
Citizens and residents are allowed to perform Umrah at a 30 percent capacity, which means the hundreds of thousands of visitors who normally perform the ritual will be limited to only 6,000 people a day.
The number of people who will be allowed to perform Umrah will be reviewed periodically, according to the presidency.
“The presidency coordinated with the Health Ministry in preparing four health isolation centers for any pilgrim who shows any symptoms of the virus or who is suspected of contracting it,” the spokesperson added.
Watch: First group of pilgrims perform Umrah in Mecca amid coronavirus precautions
Saudi Arabia allows Umrah in different stages amid COVID-19 pandemic
Last Update: Thursday, 08 October 2020 KSA 08:53 - GMT 05:53
Coronavirus: Thermal cameras installed in Mecca’s Grand Mosque ahead of Umrah
Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia allows Umrah gradually from October 4
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Connie Settle
By Michael Purdy
EPC Members Commended at the CEHHS Faculty & Staff Recognition Ceremony
Nineteen members of EPC were commended at the College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences Faculty and Staff Recognition Ceremony on April 27, 2016.
To see photos from the event, please go to the “CEHHS Faculty & Staff Recognition Ceremony 4.27.16” album on our EPC Facebook page.
College Senate Departmental Staff Award
Recognizes a departmental-level non-exempt staff person who has provided exceptional contributions to his/her department (going above & beyond job expectations to accomodate students and faculty, contributing to a positive and supportive work culture and environment.
Synthia Clark
Administrative Specialist I
“I am so lucky to work in a department with such caring, supportive, and appreciative individuals!”
The Helen B. Watson Faculty/Student Award for Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation
Awarded to a student and the faculty member who directed the outstanding doctoral dissertation within the departments of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies; Educational Psychology and Counseling; Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies; or Theory and Practice in Teacher Education.
Elizabeth Hays
“It is such an honor to have my dissertation recognized by the college. I am so grateful for the support and expertise of my chair, Steve McCallum, and my other committee members who made this study a possibility.”
R. Steve McCallum
“It was a pleasure to chair Elizabeth’s dissertation. Her work has been extremely strong throughout her time at UT, in the classroom, in applied settings, and as a researcher; her dissertation is just one more example of her ability to conceptualize, conduct, and disseminate research. I consider her among the strongest students whom I have worked with during my 30+ years in higher education, and I’m happy the college was able to recognize and reward her work!”
CEHHS Board of Advisors Faculty Support Award
Awarded to recognize current/past accomplishments or future projects of one outstanding faculty member for teaching/research/service efforts in any area within CEHHS.
Professor in School Psychology
“I want to take this opportunity to thank the CEHHS Board of Advisors for their recognition and support of my work. Over the years I have worked closely with board members and know firsthand of their many contributions to the college!”
Casey A. Barrio Minton
Associate Professor in Counselor Education
– Recognized under Editors/Co-Editors of Peer Reviewed Publications for being Editor of Journal of Counselor Leadership & Advocacy
– Recognized under Authors/Editors of Books and Assessments for Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes in Counselor Education. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association
– Recognized under Recipients of National/International Professional Awards for Outstanding Research Award from Chi Sigma Iota International
Bonnie Bull
Administrative Support Assistant III
– Recognized under University of Tennessee Support Staff Service Awards for five years of service
Stephanie Cowherd
Associate Director of Corporate Connections for Center for Literacy, Education & Employment
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the Tennessee DHS/Division of Rehabilitation Services/UT CLEE from the Tennessee Department of Human Services, $788,443
Joel F. Diambra
Associate Department Head & Director of Graduate Studies
– Recognized under Recipients of National/International Professional Awards for Outstanding Counselor Educator of the Year from the Tennessee Association for Counselor Education and Supervision
Patrick L. Dunn
Program Co-Coordinator for Rehabilitation Counseling
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the Long-Term Training: Rehabilitation Counselors for the Deaf from the US Department of Education – Office of Special Education & Rehabilitative Services, $148,492
Sandra Fugate
Center for Literacy, Education & Employment
– Recognized under 2014-15 Faculty & Staff Retirements (2000-2015)
Melinda Gibbons
Program Coordinator for Counselor Education/School Counseling
– Recognized under Editors/Co-Editors of Peer Reviewed Publications for being Associate Editor of Professional School Counseling Journal
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the PIPES: Possibilities in Postsecondary Education and Science among Rural Appalachian Youth from the Office of Research Infrastructure Program, $209,136
Aaron Kohring
Director for Center for Literacy, Education & Employment
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the LINCS Regional Professional Development Centers Program from the US Department of Education, $284,750 and the Transition & Self Determination Support from the Tennessee Department of Education, $549,105
Robert Kronick
Professor for School Counseling & Cultural Studies of Educational Foundations
– Recognized under Chancellor’s Honors Awards for the Alumni Public Service Award
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the University-Assisted Community School from the Catholic Charities of East Tennessee, Inc., $100,000
Professor for School Psychology
– Recognized under Editors/Co-Editors of Peer Reviewed Publications for being Co-Founder & Consulting Editor of Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
– Recognized under Authors/Editors of Books and Assessments for Handbook of Reading Assessment: A One-Stop Resource for Prospective and Practicing Educators. Routledge: Taylor and Francis
– Recognized under Authors/Editors of Books and Assessments for Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test 2. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed Publishing Company
– Recognized under Chancellor’s Honors Awards for the Research & Creative Achievement Award
Merilee McCurdy
Program Coordinator for School Psychology
– Recognized under Presidents of National/International Professional Organizations for being Chair of Council for Directors of School Psychology Programs
Program Coordinator for Evaluation, Statistics & Measurement
– Recognized under Chancellor’s Honors Awards for the Excellence in Teaching Award
Roma Powis
Stephanie Robinson
Institute for Assessment & Evaluation
Barbara Thayer-Bacon
Program Coordinator for Learning Environments & Educational Studies/Cultural Studies of Educational Foundations
– Recognized under Editors/Co-Editors of Peer Reviewed Publications for being Editor-in-Chief of Studies in Philosophy and Education
Connie White
Associate Director of School & Family Programs for Center for Literacy, Education & Employment
– Recognized under Grants and Contracts Recipients for the Tennessee Teachers’ Professional Development Event Support from the Tennessee Department of Education, $2,214,746 and the Tennessee Teachers’ Professional Development Event Support from the Tennessee Department of Education, $877,092
CEHHS Faculty & Staff Recognition Ceremony
Institute for Assessment and Evaluation
Cultural Studies of Educational Foundations MS
Rehabilitation Counseling MS
University-Assisted Community Schools
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URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECRETARIAT
NOTIFICATION-I
No. UDD 14 TTP 2017(P-3), Bengaluru, Date: 11.07.2017
The draft of the Karnat aka Municipalities Model Building Bye- Laws 2017 which the Government of Karnataka proposes to make in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 325 of the Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 (Karnataka Act 22 of 1964) is hereby published as required by sub-sec tion (1) of section 325 of the said Act, for th e information of all the persons likely to be affected thereby and notice is hereby given that the said draft will be taken into consideration after one month from the date of its publication in the Official G azette.
Any objection or suggestion which may be received by the State Government from any person with respect to the said draft before the expiry of the period specified above will be considered by the State Government. Objections an d suggestions may be addressed to the Direc tor, Town and Country Planning Department, M.S. Building, Gate-04, Bengaluru-560001.
1. Title, commencement and application-
(1) These bye laws may be called the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Model Building Bye-Laws 2017.
(2) They shall come into force from the date of their final publication in the official Gazette.
(3) All mandatory Master Plan or Zonal Regulations regarding use, land use, coverage, FAR, setback or open space, height, number of stories, number of dwelling units, parking standards etc. for various categories of buildings including modification therein made from time to time shall be applicable mutatis mutandis in these Bye-Laws under this clause. All amendments or modifications made in the aforesaid regulations shall automatically stand deemed to have been included as part of these Bye-laws.
1. ‘Access’ – means a clear approach to a plot or a building.
2. ‘Act’- means the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1975 (Karnataka Act 14 of 1977);.
3. ‘Addition and/or Alteration’- means a structural change including an addition to the area or change in height or the removal of part of building, or any change to the structure, such as the construction or removal or cutting of any wall or part of a wall, partition, column, beam, joist, floor including a mezzanine floor or other support, or a change to or closing of any required means of access ingress or egress or a change to fixtures or equipment as provided in these Bye laws.
4. ‘Agriculture’ includes horticulture, farming, growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, grass, fodder, trees of any kind or any kind of cultivation of soil, breeding and keeping of livestock including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, fish, poultry and bees, the use of land which is ancillary to the farming of land or any purpose aforesaid but shall not include the use of any land attached to a building for the purpose of garden to be used along with such building; and ‘agriculture’ shall be construed accordingly.
5. ‘Air-conditioning’- The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity, distribution and air movement and pressure to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
6. ‘Amalgamation’ means clubbing of two or more properties as a single property.
7. ‘Amenity’ includes roads, street, open spaces, parks, recreational grounds, play grounds, gardens, water supply, electric supply, street lighting, sewerage, drainage, public works and other utilities, services and conveniences.
8. ‘Annexure’ means the Annexure appended to these bye-laws;
9. ‘Apartment’ means suite of rooms, which are occupied or which is intended or designed to be occupied by one family for living purpose in an Apartment building. This word is synonymous with residential flat.
10. ‘Apartment Building/Group Housing’ means one or more buildings, each containing more than four Apartments.
11. ‘Appendix’ means Appendix appended to these bye-laws;
12. ‘Application’ means an application made in such form as may be prescribed by the Authority from time to time.
13. ‘Applicant’ means any person who applies to the Authority with an intention to develop building as per these bye-laws. The Applicant shall be the owner of the property or his authorised representative or a promoter authorised by the owner.
14. ‘Approved’ means as approved/sanctioned by the Authority under applicable Bye-Laws
15. ‘Architect’- means a person holding a graduate degree in Bachelor of Architecture from any institute recognized by the Council of Architecture (COA) and has his/her name entered in the register of COA for the time being, with a valid COA Registration number.
16. ‘Architect/Professional on record’- means an architect/Competent professional who is brought on record to represent his/her client for a construction project, to act on their behalf regarding building licenses and process of construction (Qualification, experience &competence as notified by the Government). He / She may be registered with the Authority for the cause (Registration procedure as per Appendix-I).
17. ‘Auditorium’ means Premises having an enclosed space to seat audience and stage for various performances such as concerts, plays, music etc.
18. ‘Authority’- means the Local Authority which has been created by a statute and which, for the purpose of administering / undertaking the various functions specified in these Byelaws, , may authorize a committee or the Commissioner or any other designated officer of Local Body to act on its behalf; hereinafter called the ‘Authority’.
19. ‘Balcony’ means a horizontal projection with a handrail or balustrade, to serve as passage or sit out place.
20. ‘Basement storey or cellar’ means any storey, which is partly / wholly below the average ground level contiguous to the building, with one or more than one level. The basement height should not project more than 1.2m above the average ground level.
21. ‘Bifurcation’ means as defined in the KTCP (Approval of Plot) Rules 2017
22. ‘Building’- means a structure constructed with any materials whatsoever for any purpose, whether used for human habitation or not, and includes: -
i) a house, out-house, stable, privy, shed, hut, wall, verandah, fixed platform, plinth, doorstep and any other such structure, whether of masonry, bricks, wood, mud, metal or any other material whatsoever;
ii) a structure on wheels simply resting in the ground without foundation;
iii) a ship, vessel, boat, tent and any other structure used for human habitation or used for keeping or storing any article or goods;
iv) Foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platforms etc.
v)Verandahs, balconies, cornices, projections etc. vi)Parts of a building or anything affixed thereto
vii)Any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space, sign and outdoor display structures; etc.,
viii)Tanks constructed or fixed for storage of chemicals or chemicals in liquid form and for storage of water, effluent, swimming pool, ponds etc.,
ix) All types of buildings as defined in (a) to (k) below, except tents, shamianas and tarpaulin shelters erected temporarily for temporary purposes and ceremonial occasions, shall be considered to be ‘building’.
Types of Buildings based on use of premises or activity:
a. ‘Residential Building’- includes a building in which sleeping and living accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes, with cooking facilities and includes one or more family dwellings, apartments/flats, and private garages of such buildings.
b. ‘Educational Building’- Includes a building exclusively used for a school or college, recognized by the appropriate Board or University, or any other Competent Authority involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation incidental to educational use, and including a building for such other uses as research institution. It shall also include quarters for essential staff required to reside in the premises, and building used as a hostel captive to an educational institution whether situated in its campus or outside.
c. ‘Institutional Building’- Includes a building constructed by Government, Semi Government Organizations or Registered Trusts and used for medical or other treatment, or for an auditorium or complex for cultural and allied activities or for an hospice, care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, handicap, disease or infirmity, care of orphans, abandoned women, children and infants, convalescents, destitute or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention with restricted liberty of the inmates ordinarily providing sleeping accommodation and includes dharamshalas, hospitals, sanatoria, custodial and penal institutions such as jails, prisons, mental hospitals, houses of correction, detention and reformatories etc.
d. ‘Assembly Building’- means a building or part thereof, where groups of people (not <50) congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes and this includes buildings of drama and cinemas theatres, drive-in theatres, assembly halls, city halls, town halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, ‘mangal karyalayas’, skating rinks, gymnasia, restaurants, eating or boarding houses, places of worship, dance halls, clubs, gymkhanas and road, railways, air, sea or other public transportation stations and recreation piers.
e. ‘Business Building’- Includes any building or part thereof used principally for transaction of business and/or keeping of accounts and records including offices, banks, professional establishments, court houses etc., if their principal function is transaction of business and/or keeping of books and records.
f. ‘Commercial/Mercantile Building’- Includes a building or part thereof used as shops, stores or markets for display and sale of wholesale and or retail goods or merchandise, including office, storage and service facilities incidental thereto and located in the same building
g. ‘Industrial Building’- Includes a building or part thereof wherein products or material are fabricated, assembled or processed, such as assembly plants, laboratories, power plants, refineries, gas plants, mills, dairies and factories etc.
h. ‘Storage Building’- means a building or part thereof used primarily for storage or shelter of goods, wares, merchandise and includes a building used as a warehouse, cold storage, freight depot, transit shed, store house, public garage, hanger, truck terminal, grain elevator, barn and stables.
i. ‘Hazardous Building’- Includes a building or part thereof used for i. Storage, handling, manufacture of processing of radioactive substances or highly combustible or explosive materials or of products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and/or producing poisonous fumes or explosive emanations. and ii. Storage, handling, manufacture or processing of which involves highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis, acids, or other liquids, gases or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive mixtures etc. or which result in division of matter into fine particles capable of spontaneous ignition.
j. ‘Mixed Land Use Building’- means a building partly used for non-residential activities and partly for residential purpose. k. ‘Wholesale Establishment’- means an establishment wholly or partly engaged in wholesale trade and manufacture, wholesale outlets, including related storage facilities, warehouses and establishments engaged in truck transport, including truck transport booking agencies.
Types of building based on design:
a. ‘Detached Building’- means a building with walls and roofs independent of any other building and with open spaces on all sides within the same plot.
b. ‘Semi-detached Building’- means two buildings, together having not more than 4 dwelling units with a maximum of G+1 floor, attached to each other with a common wall and each building having setbacks only on three sides.
c. ‘Row Housing’ – means two or more dwelling units with a maximum of G+1 floor, in a row attached to each other, where the intermediate dwelling units have only front and rear setbacks and the dwelling units on the extreme ends have setbacks on three sides.
Types of building based on height:
a. B1- means residential buildings of G+1floors upto 4 dwelling units
b. B2- means all buildings upto G+2 floors other than B1 buildings and Industrial buildings
c. B3- means all low-rise buildings other than B1 & B2 buildings and Industrial buildings.
d. B4- means all high-rise buildings (multi storey buildings) other than Industrial buildings.
e. B5- means all Industrial buildings
Types of building based on other features:
a. ‘Multi-Level Car parking’- means a building partly below ground level having two or more basements or above ground level with two or more floors, primarily to be used for parking of cars, scooters or any other type of light motorized vehicle.
b. ‘Unsafe Building’- Includes a building which:
i) Is structurally unsafe, or
ii) Is insanitary, or
iii) Is not provided with adequate means of ingress or egress or
iv) Constitutes a fire hazard or
v) Is dangerous to human life or
vi) In relation to its existing use, constitutes a hazard to safety or health or public welfare by maintenance, dilapidation or abandonment.
Note: All unsafe buildings /structure will require be restoring by repairs, demolition or dealing with as directed by the Authority. The relevant provisions of the Act shall apply for procedure to be followed by the Authority in taking action against such buildings
23. ‘Building line’ means the line upto which the plinth of building may lawfully extend within the plot on a street or an extension of a street and includes the line prescribed, if any in the Master Plan or Town Planning scheme. No portion of the building may extend beyond this line.
24. ‘Building Site’ means a plot held for building purposes, approved as per the rules framed under Section 17 of KTCP Act.
25. ‘Bus Depot’ means a premise used by public transport agency or any other agency for parking, maintenance and repair of buses. These may include the workshop.
26. ‘Bus Terminal’ means a premise used by public transport agency to park the buses for short duration to serve the public. It may include the related facilities for passengers.
27. ‘Canopy’- shall mean a cantilevered projection from the face of the wall over an entry to the building at the lintel or slab level provided that:
i) It shall not project beyond the plot line.
ii) It shall not be lower than 2.3 m. or 7’- 6’ when measured from the ground.
iii) There shall be no structure on it and the top shall remain open to sky
28. ‘Carpet Area’ means the net usable floor area of an apartment or commercial premises, excluding the area covered by the external walls, areas under services shafts, exclusive balcony or verandah area and exclusive open terrace area, but includes the area covered by the internal partition walls of the apartment/ commercial premises.
29. ‘Chajja’ means a continuous sloping or horizontal cantilever projection provided over an opening or external wall to provide protection from sun and rain.
30. ‘Chimney’ means a structure usually vertical containing a passage or flue by which the smoke, gas, etc. of a fire or furnace are carried off by means of which a draught is created
31. ‘Common wall’ means; a wall built on land belonging to two adjoining owners, the wall being the joint property of both owners.
a) If two adjoining owners build a dividing wall on their property, they are not common walls and no part of the footings of either wall shall project on to the land of the adjoining owner, except by legal agreement between the owners. and
b) Any such ‘common’ or ‘dividing’ wall shall be considered for the purpose of these byelaws, as being equivalent to an external wall as far as the thickness and height are concerned.
32. ‘Community Hall’ means congregational place to be developed by government or local bodies, trust, society, etc., having a maximum of 300m2 carpet area of hall without separate kitchen and dining. No upper floor shall be permitted.
33. ‘Construction’ means; Any erection of a structure or a building, including any addition or extension thereto either vertically or horizontally, but does not include any repair and renovation of an existing structure or building, or, construction, maintenance and cleansing of drains and drainage works and of public latrines, urinals and similar conveniences, or, the construction and maintenance of works meant for providing supply of water for public, or, the construction or maintenance, extension, management for supply and distribution of electricity to the public; or provision for similar facilities for publicity.
34. ‘Conversion of Occupancy’- means the change from one occupancy to other occupancy or any change in building structure or part thereof resulting in a change of space and use requiring additional occupancy certificate.
35. ‘Corner Plot’ means a plot facing two or more intersecting streets / roads.
36. ‘Corridor’ means a common passage or circulation space connecting separate rooms or different parts of the same building including a common entrance hall.
37. ‘Cornice’- means a sloping or horizontal structural overhang usually provided over openings or external walls to provide protection from sun and rain.
38. ‘Courtyard’ means a space permanently open to sky, enclosed fully or partially by buildings and maybe at ground level or any other level either in the interior or exterior of a building within the site.
39. ‘Cultural buildings’ means a building built by a Trust, Society, Government or Local body for cultural activities.
40. ‘Damp Proof Course’- means a course consisting of some appropriate water proofing material provided to prevent penetration of dampness or moisture.
41. ‘Density of Households’ means number of dwelling units per hectare
42. ‘Density of Population’ means concentration of population expressed in terms of number of persons per hectare in a particular area.
43. ‘Development’ with its grammatical variations means the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, or over or under land or water, or the making of any material change in any building or land (including compound wall) or in the use of any building or land and includes sub-division of any land.
44. ‘DR/T.D.R.’ – means Development Rights orTransfer of Development Rights available for plots as prescribed under Section 14B of KTCP Act and the Rules framed thereof.
45. ‘Drains’ means natural valleys intended for flow of storm water /rain water
46. ‘Drainage system’ – means a system or a line of pipes, with their fittings and accessories, such as manholes, inspection chambers, traps, gullies, floor traps used for drainage of building or yards appurtenant to the buildings within the same cartilage for conveying surface water or a system for the removal of any waste water.
47. ‘Duplex’ means a dwelling unit in two levels connected with an internal staircase.
48. ‘Dwelling’- means a building or a portion thereof which is designed or used wholly or principally for residential purposes for one family.
49. ‘Empanelled Professional’ means professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Structural consultants, MEP consultants, Environment consultants etc., who are empanelled by the Authority as per the provisions of these bye-laws as authorised persons to inspect the plots before, during, and after construction, as the case may be, to certify the constructions made as per the provisions of the approved plans and report to the Authority and also to sanction building plans of certain buildings as notified by the government.
50. ‘Encroachment’- means an act to enter into the possession or rights either of permanent or temporary nature on a land or built up area of a private property or local body or state/central Government.
51. ‘Existing development’ means all developments (including buildings) which existed before coming into force of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act 1976, and all approved developments thereafter (including building) and which are completed or under development at the time of commencement of these bye-laws.
52. ‘Existing Use’- means use of a building or structure existing before the commencement of these Bye-Laws.
53. ‘Exit’- means a passage channel or means of egress from the building, its storey or floor to a street or, other open space of safety; whether horizontal, outside and vertical exits meaning as under: -
i) Horizontal exit means an exit, which is a protected opening through or around afire well or bridge connecting two or more buildings.
ii) Outside exit mean an exit from building to a public way to an open area leading to a public way or to an enclosed fire-resistant passage leading to a public way, and
iii) Vertical exit means an exit used for ascending or descending between two or more levels including stairway, fire towers, ramps and fire escapes.
54. ‘External Wall’ means the outer wall of the building not being a partition wall, even though an adjoining wall of another building and also a wall abutting on an interior open space of any building. External wall of an apartment or commercial premises means the outer wall of the apartment or commercial premises, even though an adjoining wall of another apartment or commercial premises.
55. ‘First floor’ means the floor immediately above the ground floor or stilt, on which second and other floors follow subsequently
56. ‘Flatted factory’ ‘means premises having group of non-hazardous small industrial units which are permissible under the Zonal Regulations and these units may be located in multistoried industrial buildings.
57. ‘Floor’ means the lower surface in a storey on which one normally walks in a building
58. ‘Floor Area Ratio (FAR)’ means the quotient of the ratio of the combined gross floor area of all the floors, excepting areas specifically, exempted under the Zonal Regulations, to the total area of the plot. Viz.
Floor Area Ratio = Total floor area of all the floors/Plot Area
60. ‘Fire Hazard Industries’-59. ‘Fire and/or Emergency Alarm System’- means Fire alarm system comprises of components for manually or automatically detecting a fire, initiating an alarm of fire and initiating other actions as appropriate.
i) ‘Low Fire Hazard Industries’ includes engineering industries using/processing or assembling non-combustible materials i.e. lathe machines, steel works, steel components etc.
ii) ‘Moderate Fire Hazard Industries’ includes industries using / processing combustible materials but not flammable liquid etc., plastic industries, rubber, and PVC industries, textile, paper, furniture, flour mills etc.
iii) ‘High Fire Hazard Industries’ includes industries using/processing flammable liquids, gases, chemicals petroleum products, plastic or thermo setting group etc.
61. ‘Fire Lift’- Means a special lift designed for the use of fire service personnel in the event of fire or any other emergency.
62. ‘Fire Proof Door’- Means a door or shutter fitted to a wall opening, and constructed and erected with the requirement to check the transmission of heat and fire for a period.
63. ‘Fire Pump’- Means a machine, driven by external power for transmitting energy to fluids by coupling the pump to a suitable engine or motor, which may have varying outputs/capacity but shall be capable of having a pressure of 3.2 kg/ cm2 at the topmost level of multi-storey or high-rise building.
64. ‘Fire Pump-Booster Fire Pump’- Means a mechanical/electrical device that boots up the water pressure at the top level of a multi-storey / high-rise building and which is capable of a pressure of 3.2 kg/cm2 at the nearest point.
65. ‘Fire Resistance’-means Fire resistance is a property of an element of building construction and is the measure of its ability to satisfy for a stated period some or all of the following criteria:
a. resistance to collapse,
b. resistance to penetration of flame and hot gases, and
c. Resistance to temperature rise on the unexposed face up to a maximum of 180°C and/or average temperature of 150°C.
66. Fire Resistance Rating- The time that a material or construction will withstand the standard fire exposure as determined by fire test done in accordance with the standard methods of fire tests of materials orstructures.
67. ‘Fire Separation’- Means the distance in meters measured from any other building on the site or from another site, or from the opposite side of a street or other public space to the building.
68. ‘Fire Service Inlet’- Means a connection provided at the base of a building for pumping up water through in-built fire-fighting arrangements by fire service pumps in accordance; with the recommendation of the Chief Fire Officer.
69. ‘Fire Tower’- Means an enclosed staircase that can only be approached from the various floors through landings or lobbies separated from both the floor area and the staircase by fire resistant doors and open to the outer air.
70. ‘Fire Resisting Building’- means a building in which material, which has, appropriate degree of fire resistance is used.
71. ‘Footing’- means a foundation unit constructed in stone masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a larger area.
72. 'Form' means a Form appended these bye-laws;
73. ‘Foundation’ means that part of structure which is below the lowest floor and which provides support for the superstructure and which transmits the load of the superstructure to the bearing strata.
74. ‘Frontage’ means the width of the site/land abutting the access/public road.
75. ‘Gal1ery’- means an intermediate floor or platform projecting from a wall of an auditorium or a hall providing extra floor area, and or additional seating accommodation and includes the structures provided for seating in stadia.
76. ‘Garage-Private’- means a building or a portion thereof designed and used for the parking of vehicle.
77. ‘Garage-Public’ – means a building or portion thereof, designed other than as a private garage, operated for gain, designed and/or used for repairing, servicing, using, selling or storing or parking motor driven or other vehicles.
78. ‘Gas Go down’ means premises where LPG cylinders are stored.
79. ‘Government’ means the Government of Karnataka.
80. ‘Ground Floor’ means the Floor immediately above the level of the adjoining average ground level on all sides having approach directly from the road or above the basement floor.
81. ‘Ground Coverage’ means area covered by the building immediately above the ground level contiguous to the building. Covered area does not include the space covered by ramps around the building, roof of basement floor beyond the plinth of the building projecting above the ground level, structures for services permitted in the setback area, garden, rocky area, well and well structures, plant, nursery, water pool, swimming pool (if uncovered) platform around a tree, tank, fountain, bench with open top and unenclosed sides by walls cut outs and ducts which are open to sky and the like drainage, culvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully-pit, chamber gutter and the like, within the site, compound or boundary wall, gate, unstoreyed porch and portico, chejja, slide, swing, uncovered staircase, watchman booth, pump house and the like within the site.
Ground Coverage in hilly areas shall be as prescribed in the Zonal Regulations.
82. ‘Habitable Room’ means a room occupied or designed for occupancy by one or more persons for study, living, sleeping, Eating, cooking but does not include bathrooms water closet compartments, laundries serving and storage pantries, corridors, cellars, and spaces that are not used frequently or during extended periods.
83. ‘Head room’ means the clear space between the finished floor level and ceiling/ beam bottom. Minimum headroom shall be 2.4m.
84. ‘Heritage building’ means a building possessing architectural aesthetic, historic cultural values, which are declared as heritage building by the competent authority or government within whose jurisdiction such building is situated.
85. ‘Heritage Precinct’ means an area comprising heritage building or buildings and precincts there of or related places which is declared as such by the competent authority or government within whose jurisdiction such building is situated
86. ‘High-rise Building’ means a building having height of 15 m and above.
87. ‘Height of Building’ means the vertical distance measured from the average level of the ground around and contiguous to the building to the top of the roof in case of flat roofs and in the case of sloped roofs up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects a finished surface of the sloping roof at the eave level In hilly areas, if the average level of the ground around and contiguous to the building is below the road level (road for which FAR is considered), then the height of the building shall be measured from such road level and not from the average ground level. The formed level made by filling of natural ground, if considered for the height of the building, shall not be more than 2.0m. above the road level.
88. Hospital: means a premise providing medical facilities of general or specialized nature for treatment of in-patient and out-patients.
89. Hotel: means Premises used for lodging with payment, with or without boarding facilities.
90. ‘Illuminated Exit Signs’- means a device for indicating the means of escape during normal circumstances and power failure.
91. ‘Land use’ includes the purpose to which the site or part of the site or the building or part of the building is in use or permitted to be used by the Authority. Land use includes zoning of land use as stipulated in the Master Plan and the Zonal Regulations.
92. ‘Licence’ means a valid permission or authorization in writing by the Authority to carryout development of building or a work regulated by these Bye- Laws.
93. ‘Licensed Professional’’ means Qualified professionals who have been registered with the Urban Local Body as per the Qualification and competence notified by the Government and therefore possess the license to provide professional services in Building construction. Only licensed professionals would be allowed to be professionals on record.
94. ‘Lift’ means an appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or more levels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car platform. The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously used for ‘lift’.
95. ‘Lobby’- means a covered space in which all the adjoining rooms open.
96. ‘Lodging House’ means a premise used for lodging on payment. This is synonymous to Hotel
97. ‘Loft’ means a residual space above normal floor level which may be constructed or adopted for storage purposes.
98. ‘Market value’ means the guideline value of the land notified under section 45B of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957
99. ‘Master Plan’ means Master Plan prepared for the local planning area approved by the government under the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961.
100. ‘Means of Escape’- means an escape route provided in a building for safe evacuation of occupants.
101. ‘Mezzanine Floor’- means an intermediate floor between Ground floor and First floor only, with area of mezzanine floor restricted to one third of the area of that floor and with a minimum height of 2.20m. Mezzanine floor is permitted for non-residential uses only. Such Mezzanine floor shall be accessible only from the Ground floor.
102. ‘Multilevel Car Parking (MLCP)’ means multilevel structure used for car parking connected to all floors by means of ramps / mechanical elevators. MLCP can be an independent structure or part of a building with other land uses. However, in the portion used for parking, no other land uses shall be permitted.
103. ‘Multiplex complex’ means a building housing an entertainment and cultural centre including cinema theatres, restaurants, food courts and shops as defined in Karnataka Cinema Regulations Act 1964. The development of such buildings shall be governed as per the provisions of Karnataka Cinema Regulations Act 1964.
104. ‘MCB/ELCB’ means Devices for tripping of electrical circuits in event of any fault in the circuit or installation.
105. ‘Non-Combustible Material’- means a material which is not liable to burn or add heat to a fire when tested for combustibility in accordance with the latest code of Bureau of Indian Standards Method of Test for combustibility of Building Materials.
106. Nursing home means A premises having medical facility for in-patients and out patients, having up to 30 beds, it shall be managed by a doctor or a group of doctors
107. ‘Occupancy or use’-means the principal occupancy or use for which a building or a part of a building is intended to be used. For the purposes of classification of a building according to occupancy, occupancy shall be deemed to include the subsidiary occupancies which are contingent upon it. ‘Mixed occupancy’ buildings being those in which more than one occupancy is present in different portions of the buildings.
108. ‘Open space in a plot’ means an area forming an integral part of the plot, left open to sky.
109. ‘Owner’ means a person who for the time being is receiving or is entitled to receive, whether on his own account or as agent, trustee, guardian, manager or receiver for another person or for any religious or charitable purpose, the rent or profit of the property in connection with which the word is used and in whose name the approval for development is issued.
110. ‘Parapet’ means a low wall or railing built along the edge of a roof or a balcony.
111. ‘Parking space’ means an area enclosed or unenclosed, covered or open sufficient in size to park vehicles together with a drive-way connecting the parking space with a public street or any public area and permitting the ingress and egress of the vehicles.
112. ‘Partition’ means an interior non-load bearing barrier, one storey or part-storey in height.
113. ‘Partition Wall’ includes
(i)A wall forming part of a building and being used or constructed to be used in any part of the height or length of such wall for separation of adjoining buildings belonging to different owners or constructed or adopted to be occupied by different persons; or
ii) A wall forming part of a building and standing in any part of the length of such wall, to a greater extent than the projection of the footing on one side or ground of different owners.
114. ‘Plinth’ means the portion of a structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor immediately above the ground.
115. ‘Plinth Area’ means the built up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement or of any storey including balconies but excluding ducts/ services and lift shaft ( except in the lowermost floor of lift shaft) and open cutout areas.
116. ‘Plinth Level’ means the level of the floor of a building immediately above the surrounding ground.
117. ‘Plot / Site’ means a parcel of land enclosed by definite boundaries having a means of access.
118. ‘Porch or Portico’ means a roof cover supported on pillars or cantilevered projection for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach to a building without any structure above.
119. ‘Premium F.A.R. means the FAR over and above the permissible FAR allowed, on collection of additional fee as prescribed in the Zoning Regulations.
120. ‘Prohibited area’ means any area specified or declared to be a prohibited area under section 20A of the Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (Central Act 24 of 1958).
121. ‘Promoter’ means –
(i) A person who constructs or causes to be constructed an independent building or a building consisting of Apartments, or converts an existing building or a part thereof into Apartments, for the purpose of selling all or some of the Apartments to other persons and includes his assignees; or
(ii) A person who develops land into a project, whether or not the person also constructs structures on any of the plots, for the purpose of selling to other persons all or some of the plots in the said project, whether with or without structures thereon; or
(iii) Any development Authority or any other Public body in respect of Allottees of –
a. Buildings or Apartments, as the case may be, constructed by such Authority or body on lands owned by them or placed at their disposal by the Government; or
b. plots owned by such Authority or body or placed at their disposal by the Government; for the purpose of selling all or some of the Apartments or plots, or
(iv) An Apex State level co-operative housing finance society and a primary co-operative housing society which constructs Apartments or buildings for its members or in respect of the Allottees of such Apartments or buildings; or
(v) Any other persons who acts himself as a builder, coloniser, contractor, developer, estate developer or by any other name or claims to be acting as the holder of a power of attorney from the owner of the land on which the building or apartment is constructed or plot is developed for sale; or
(vi) such other person who constructs any building or apartment for sale to the general public
Explanation – For the purpose of this clause, where the person who constructs or converts a building into apartments or develops a plot for sale and the persons who sells apartments or plots are different persons, both of them shall be deemed to be the promoters and shall be jointly liable as such for the functions and responsibilities specified, under this Act or the rules and regulations made there under; For the purpose of this clause, Apartment, whether called block, chamber, dwelling unit, flat, office, showroom, shop, go down, premises, suit, tenement, unit or by any other name, means a separate and self-contained part or an immovable property, including one or more rooms or enclosed spaces, located on one or more floors or any part thereof, in a building or on a plot of land, used or intended to be used for any residential or commercial use such as residence, office, shop, showroom or go down or for carrying on any business, occupation, profession or trade or for any other type of use ancillary to the purpose specified; This is synonymous to Developer.
122. ‘Protected monument’ means an ancient monument which is declared to be of national importance by or under the Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (Central Act 24 of 1958).
123. ‘Public and semi-public building’ means a building used or intended to be used either ordinarily or occasionally by the public such as offices of state or central government or local authorities, law courts, jails, Police Station, a church, temple, chapel, mosque or any place of public worship, Educational, cultural and religious institutions, medical and health institutions, cultural institutions like theatres, opera houses etc., of a predominantly non- commercial nature.
124. ‘Pump room’ means the room provided below ground level adjacent to the sump tank to house various types of pumps with self-priming mechanism. However, the entrance shaft of the pump room of maximum 2 m x 2 m may be permitted above the ground level.
125. ‘Recreational Club’ means a premise used for assembly of a group of persons for social and recreational purposes with all related facilities.
126. ‘Regulated area’ means any area specified or declared under section 20B under the Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (Central Act 24 of 1958).
127. ‘Repair Shop’ means a premise similar to retail shop for carrying out repair of house hold goods, electronic gadgets, automobiles, cycles etc.,
128. ‘Restaurant’ means a premise used for serving food items on commercial basis including cooking facilities, with covered or open space or both having seating facilities.
129. ‘Retail Shop’ means a premise for sale of commodities directly to the consumer with necessary storage.
130. ‘Retention Activity’ means an activity or use which is allowed to continue, notwithstanding its non-conforming nature in relation to the use permitted in the adjoining or surrounding area.
131. ‘Road/Street’ means any street, road, square, Court, alley, passage or riding path over which the public have a right of way and includes: -
(a) The roadway over any public bridge or causeway;
(b) The footway attached to any such street, public bridge or causeway; and
(c) The drains attached to any such street, public bridge or causeway and the land, whether covered or not by any pavement verandah or other structure which lies on either side of the roadway up to the boundaries of the adjacent property, whether that property is private property or property belonging to the Government or the Corporation.
132. ‘Road/Street Level or Grade’ means the officially established elevation or grade of the centerline of street upon which a plot fronts, and if there is no officially established grade, the existing elevation or grade of street at its mid-point, at the center of the plot.
133. ‘Road/Street Line’ means the line defining the side limits of a road/street, where existing road width is considered and the road widening line where proposed road width is considered.
134. ‘Road Width or Width of Road/Street’ means the right of way/distance between the boundaries of the property on either side of the road including, carriageway, footways, service road at same level or at different level and storm water drains as laid down in the city survey or Master Plan or the prescribed road lines by any act of law and measured at right angles to the course or intended course of direction of such road.
135. ‘Room Height’ means the vertical distance measured from the finished floor surface to the finished ceiling surface. Where a finished ceiling is not provided, the underside of the joists or beams or tie beams shall determine the upper point of measurement.
136. ‘Service Apartments’ means fully furnished room or suite or rooms with kitchen, which is intended to be used on rental basis.
137. ‘Service Road’ means a road / lane provided adjacent to a plot for access or service purposes as the case may be and shall be parallel to the main road and may or may not be at grade with the main road and shall be partly or fully falling within the proposed road width of the main road.
138. ‘Setback’ means the distance prescribed under the Zonal Regulations of respective LPAs between the plot boundary and the plinth of the building or the covered Cantilever projection of the building in any floor. If cantilever projection of the building is proposed, the prescribed setback shall be provided between the plot boundary and such covered cantilever projection.
139. ‘Set-back Line’ means a line drawn at the setback distance, parallel to the plot boundaries or road widening line as prescribed in the Master Plan / Zonal Regulations, or as decided by the Authority (only road widening line), beyond which nothing can be constructed towards the plot boundaries except as prescribed in the Zonal Regulations.
140. ‘Site Plan’ means a detailed Plan showing the proposed placement of structures, parking areas, open space, landscaping, and other development features, on the plot as required by specific sections of these Bye laws.
141. ‘Spiral Staircase’ means a staircase forming continuous winding curve round a central point or axis provided in an open space having tread without risers.
142. ‘Staircase room’ means a room accommodating the stair and for purpose of providing protection from weather and not used for human habitation.
143. ‘Stair Cover’ means a structure with a covering roof over a staircase and its landing built to enclose only the stairs for the purpose of providing protection from weather and not used for human habitation.
144. ‘Stilt floor’ means open parking area provided at ground level. The height of the stilt floor shall be a minimum of 2.4 m. & maximum of 2.7m height (floor to beam bottom or ceiling whichever is less). The height shall be considered for calculating the total height of the building. In case of mechanical or multi-level parking the maximum height of the stilt floor shall be 3.75m.
145. ‘Storey’ means the space between the surface of one floor and the surface of the other floor vertically above or below. The minimum floor to floor height shall not be less than 2.9m. 146. ‘To Erect’- in relation to a building means:
i) To erect a new building on any plot whether previously built upon or not;
ii) To re-erect any building of which portions above the plinth level have been pulled down, burnt or dismantled.
147. ‘Un-authorised Development’- means the erection or re-erection, addition or alternations which is not approved or sanctioned by the Competent Authority or as defined under Section 76 FF of KTCP Act.
148. ‘Underground/Overhead Tank’ means an installation constructed or placed for storage of water.
149. ‘Utility Area’ means a covered area with at least one side open to the outside with the exception of 1m high parapet on the upper floors to be provided on the open side.
150. ‘Ventilation’- means Supply of outside air into, or the removal of inside air from an enclosed space.
a. Natural Ventilation – means Supply of outside air into a building through window or other openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapor pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building.
b. Positive Ventilation – means the supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device, such as a fan,
c. Mechanical Ventilation – means supply of outside air either by positive ventilation or by infiltration by reduction of pressure inside due to exhaust of air, or by a combination of positive ventilation and exhaust of air.
151. ‘Water Closet (W.C)’- means a water flushed plumbing fixture designed to receive human excrement directly from the user of the fixture. The term is used sometimes to designate the room or compartment in which the fixture is placed.
152. ‘Window’- means an opening to the outside other than a door, which provides all or part of the required natural light or ventilation or both to an interior space and not used as a means of egress/ingress.
153. ‘Zonal Regulations’ means the regulations of the Master Plan governing land use and developments.
3. JURISDICTION ANDAPPLICABILITY AND PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING BUILDING LICENCE
3.1 Jurisdiction of Building Bye Laws
These Building Bye-Laws shall apply to the building activity in the State for all Corporation Cities.
3.2 Applicability of Building Bye Laws
These building byelaws shall be applicable to all building activities undertaken by private or Government agencies and read in conjunction with the Master plan /Metropolitan development plan or any other statutory plan in force, if any, and notifications, if any, with regard to the same and as amended from time to time and these building bye-laws may be reviewed after five years. Till such time the reviewed building byelaws are notified, these building byelaws will continue to be in force.
3.3 Applicability of Bye-Laws for all types of building developments
Except hereinafter or otherwise provided, these Bye-Laws shall apply to all development, redevelopment, erection and/or re-erection of a building whether temporary or permanent as well as to the design, construction of, or reconstruction and additions and alterations to a building.
3.4 Applicability of Bye-Laws for Part construction
Where the whole or part of a building is demolished or altered or reconstructed, except where otherwise specifically stipulated, these Building Bye-Laws shall apply only to the extent of the work involved.
3.5 Change of use or occupancy
Where use of a building is changed, except where otherwise specifically stipulated, these Building Bye-Laws shall apply to all parts of the building affected by the change.
3.6 Requirement in respect of building sites
3.6.1 Damp Sites
Wherever the dampness of a site or the nature of the soil renders such precautions necessary, the ground surface of the site between the walls of any building erected thereon shall be rendered damp-proof to the satisfaction of the Authority.
3.6.2 Minimum Size of Site
The minimum size of sites for the construction of different types of building or different use groups shall be in accordance with provisions of the Master Plan, Zonal Regulations and the Rules framed under Section 17 of KTCP Act 1961.
3.6.3 Sanction for Building Sites
The Building sites which are not located in the approved layouts of the Competent Authority shall have sanction under section 17 of the KTCP Act, 1961, from the Planning Authority before sanction is accorded under these Bye-laws in such sites.
3.6.4 Restrictions on use of land for construction of buildings
No piece of land shall be used as a site for the construction of buildings under the following circumstances:
a) if the site is not drained properly or is incapable of being well drained;
b) if the Authority considers that the site is insanitary or it is dangerous to construct a building on it;
c) if the building is proposed on any area filled up with filthy and offensive matter without a certificate from the Health Officer and Corporation Engineer to the effect that it is fit to be built upon from health and sanitary point of view;
d) if the owner of the building has not shown to the satisfaction of the Authority that all the measures required to safeguard the construction from constantly getting damp are being taken;
e) if the building is for an office or public building including school, theatre or assembly on a site which has not been previously approved by the Authority;
f) if it violates any provisions of and Zonal Regulations and g) if the plot is a revenue site for which permission under the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 is not obtained under section 95 thereof.
Note: If the proposed use of the building on the plot does not conform to the land use proposals of the Master plan or Zonal Regulations, permission from the Planning Authority for the change of land use has to be furnished.
3.7 Reconstruction
The reconstruction in whole or part of a building which has ceased to operate due to fire, natural collapse or demolition having been declared unsafe, or which is likely to be demolished by or under an order of the Authority as the case may be and for which the necessary certificate has been given by the Authority.
3.8 Existing approved building
Nothing in these Bye-Laws shall require the removal, alteration or abandonment nor prevent continuance of the lawfully established use or occupancy of an existing approved building unless, in the opinion of the Authority such a building is unsafe or constitutes a hazard to the safety of adjacent property or to the occupants of the building itself.
3.9 Development of Buildings
3.9.1 Building Licence:
No person shall erect, re-erect or make addition/ alterations in any building or cause the same to be done without, first obtaining a separate building license for each such building from the Authority.
3.9.2 Building Licence obtained before these bye-laws:
Where any building licence which has been issued by the Authority before the commencement of these Building Bye-Laws and where construction is in progress and has not been completed within the specified period from the date of such licence, the said permission shall be deemed to be sanctioned under these Bye-Laws and shall only be eligible for revalidation there under. Accordingly, where the validity of sanction has expired and construction has not commenced, construction shall be governed by the provisions of these Building Bye-Laws.
3.10 Procedure for obtaining building licence
3.10.1 Registration of Stake Holders
The following Stake Holders involved in the development activities in the ULB shall register themselves with the Authority, as per the procedure prescribed in Appendix-I
a. Promoters/ Developers who intend to undertake developments within the jurisdiction of the Authority.
b. Land owners who intend to undertake any building activity as per these bye-laws
c. Professionals for preparing plans and details for obtaining sanction from the Authority (as detailed in Appendix-II) and NOCs from different departments (as detailed in Appendix-IV), referred as professionals for drawings.
d. Professionals who intend to supervise the implementation of various components specified in the plans sanctioned by the Authority, referred as professionals for supervision.
e. Professionals who are empanelled by the Authority (as detailed in Appendix-I) to certify the constructions / implementations as per the provisions of the approved plans and also to sanction building plans as notified by the Government. and
f. Contractors or Agencies implementing major components of the developments.
3.10.2 Application for building plan approval:
Every person (Owner or his authorised representative, including Promoter / Developer ) who intends to erect, re-erect or make alteration in any place in a building or demolish any building, shall apply in Form-I along with the required documents (as detailed in AppendixVI) and payment of necessary fees (as detailed in Appendix-VII) along with all the drawings and details for obtaining building licence prepared by the professionals on record to prepare plans and details for obtaining licence from the Authority (as detailed in Appendix- II) and obtaining NOCs from other departments as applicable (as detailed in Appendix-IV). The Applicant shall also submit the application in Form-II, as applicable, for obtaining the required NOCs, along with payment of necessary fees.
3.10.3 Verification of documents submitted:
The CEO of the Authority shall verify the documents submitted along with the application and if found in order, will accept the application. In case of any discrepancy, an endorsement shall be issued in Form III to the applicant stating the discrepancy and the applicant may rectify the same and resubmit to the Authority.
3.10.4 Evaluation of Technical details submitted:
(1) If the application is accepted after finding that the documents submitted along with the application are in order, the TPO of the Authority or the empanelled professional or the designated officer notified by the Government shall evaluate the Technical drawing and details submitted by the Applicant, for compliance with the provisions of the Master plan, ZR and Bye-laws and compliance of the conditions incorporated for obtaining NOCs from different departments and submit the evaluation report to the CEO of the Authority, with noting of discrepancy, if any. The CEO shall approve the evaluation report with or without accepting the noting of discrepancy.
(2)In case the noting of discrepancy is accepted by the CEO, an endorsement shall be issued in Form IV to the applicant stating the discrepancy and the concerned professionals on record for drawings may rectify the same and resubmit to the Authority.
3.10.5 Forwarding details to obtain NOCs and issuing NOCs:
(1) If the Technical drawing and details submitted are complying with the provisions of the Master Plan, ZR and Bye-laws and the requirements for obtaining NOCs from different departments, the CEO of the Authority shall forward the application, technical drawings and details submitted for NOCs to the concerned departments stating the timelines within which the NOCs have to be issued, (as detailed in Appendix-VIII), failing which the NOCs would be deemed to have been issued.
(2)All the respective departments shall verify the drawing and details submitted along with the application of the NOC and if found in order shall issue NOC within the time lines specified in Appendix-VIII, with or without site inspection, as required and forward the NOC to the Authority.
(3)In case of any discrepancy, the concerned department shall issue endorsement to the applicant stating the discrepancy and the concerned professionals on record for preparing the plans for NOC may rectify the same and resubmit to the concerned Department.
3.10.6 Submission of Site Inspection Report
(1)If the Technical drawings and details submitted are accepted by the CEO, CEO of the Authority shall select the Empanelled professional (based on the qualification and competence notified by the Government and the procedure specified in Appendix-V) and inform the Empanelled professional in Form-V to inspect the site and submit Site Inspection Report for approval of site plan.
(2)On receipt of intimation from the Authority, the selected Empanelled professional shall inspect the site and submit site inspection report (as detailed in Appendix-IX) in Form-VI to the Authority, with noting of discrepancy, if any. The CEO of the Authority shall approve the site inspection report.
3.10.7 Action in case of discrepancy in site inspection report.
If the noting of discrepancy in the Site Inspection Report submitted by the Empanelled professional, is accepted by the CEO, an endorsement in Form-VII to the applicant stating the discrepancy and the concerned professionals on record for drawings may rectify the same and resubmit to the Authority. The TPO of the Authority shall verify the resubmitted drawings and details for compliance of the noting of discrepancy accepted by the CEO and forward the same to the CEO and the CEO shall accept the same.
3.10.8 Sanctioning of Building Licence
(1)On receipt of all the required NOCs from the concerned departments, or deemed NOCs issued by the Authority (in case NOCs are not issued by the concerned departments within the timelines specified in Appendix-VIII) and all the technical drawings and details accepted by the Authority and the Site Inspection Report being consistent with the details submitted by the applicant, the CEO of the Authority shall sanction the Building Licence within the timelines specified in Appendix-VIII.
(2)The Authority shall intimate the Applicant to pay the required fees (as specified in Appendix-VII for the various NOCs as well as the Building Licence.
(3) The CEO of the Authority shall issue the various NOCs received from the concerned departments and sanction building licence after receiving the required fees from the Applicant.
3.11 Plans for Sanction
All Building plans submitted to the authority shall be prepared as per the Jurisdictional Master Plan, Zonal Regulations and Building Bye-laws.
3.11.1 Key Plan:
The key plan to be submitted along with the application shall be the related portion of the approved road map of the Authority on which the plot (on which Building sanction is applied for) is located (As detailed in Appendix-IIA).
3.11.2 Site Plan: (As detailed in Appendix-IIB)
3.11.3 Floor Plan of parking areas (As detailed in Appendix-II C)
3.11.4 Floor Plan of other uses (As detailed in Appendix-II D)
3.11.5 Sections of buildings (As detailed in Appendix-II E)
3.11.6 Elevations of buildings (As detailed in Appendix-II F)
3.11.7 Drawings for all services provided
a) Electrical system including energy saving measures and use of renewable energy (As detailed in Appendix II-Ga)
b) Water supply system including water conservation measures (As detailed in Appendix IIGb)
c) Rain water harvesting and ground water recharging systems (As detailed in Appendix IIGc)
d) Sewerage system including STP and usage of treated water (As detailed in Appendix IIGd)
e) HVAC System (As detailed in Appendix II-Ge)
3.11.8 Landscape plan(As detailed in Appendix-II-H)
3.11.9 Circulation Plan indicating vehicular and pedestrian movement and parking facilities including traffic impact study and report (As detailed in Appendix-II-I)
3.11.10 Structural Drawings and details (As detailed in Appendix-II-J)
3.11.11 Green Building drawings and details (As detailed in Appendix-II-K)
3.12 Signing of plans
3.12.1 Signing the Building Plans:
All plans for submission to the Authority shall be signed by the owner(s) and by the competent professionals on record (to prepare the required plans for sanction) for the building.
3.12.2 Signing of plans for NOC:
All plans for submission to different departments for NOC, shall be signed by the owner(s) and by the Competent professionals on record (to prepare the required plans for NOCs) for the construction project.
3.13 Alteration / Modification / Addition in Plans
The concerned professional on record for preparing the particular plan which has to be altered, modified or added, shall make the necessary changes and submit to the Authority with joint validation of applicant along with an application in Form-I and payment of required fees.
3.13.1 Alterations exempted from obtaining building licence
No building licence is necessary for the following alterations, which donot otherwise violate any provisions regarding general building requirements, structural stability and fire safety requirements of these Bye-Laws;
a) Plastering and patch repairs;
b) Re-roofing or renewals of roof including roof of intermediate floors at the same height;
c) Flooring and re-flooring;
d) Opening and closing of windows, ventilators and doors not opening towards other properties and / or public road/property;
e) Replacing fallen bricks, stones, pillars, beams etc.
f) Construction or re-construction of sunshade not more than 75cm in width within one’s land and not overhanging over a public street;
g) Construction or re-construction of parapet not more than 1.5 m. in height and also construction or re-construction of boundary wall as permissible under these Bye-Laws;
h) White-washing, painting, etc. including erection of false ceiling in any floor at the permissible clear height provided the false ceiling in no way can be put to use as a loft etc.;
i) Reconstruction of portions of buildings damaged by storm, rains, fire, earthquake or any other natural calamity to the same extent and specification as existed prior to the damage provided the use conforms to provisions of Master Plan/Zonal Regulations;
j) Erection or re-erection of internal partitions provided the same are within the purview of the Bye-Laws.
3.14 Fees for sanction of Building licence
Every person intending to construct or reconstruct or alter any building shall pay to the Authority fund, the various fees prescribed in Appendix-VII. The Authority or the Government shall prescribe the rate of fees, time to time.
3.15 Sanction
3.15.1 Sanction by the Authority
The Authority shall sanction the building plan by signing the Building Licence in Form-VIII and the drawings.
3.15.2 Sanction by Empanelled Professionals:
Competent Professionals empanelled with the Authority, shall be authorized to issue building licence as notified by the Government.
3.15.3 Grant of Licence or Refusal
a) The Authority shall either sanction or refuse sanction to the plans and specifications or may sanction them with such modification or directions as it may deem necessary as per these Byelaws.
b) In case where the building scheme requires the clearance of an Urban Art Commission, if constituted for the city then the Authority shall issue the building license only after getting the clearance from the Urban Art Commission.
c) The licence shall be issued by the Authority for the different types of buildings within the timelines prescribed in Appendix-VIII, failing which the sanction shall be deemed to have been accorded, provided that the failure to sanction the licence by the Authority within the timelines is immediately brought to the notice of the Authority in writing by the person who has applied for licence. Nothing shall be construed to authorize any person to do anything in contravention or against the terms of the lease or title of the land or against any regulations, Bye-Laws or ordinance operating at the time of execution of the work at site.
d) It is further clarified that:
i) The above provision of deemed sanction shall be applicable only in those cases where the building plan are in conformity with the Master Plan/Zonal Regulations/Bye-laws.
ii) No application under Clause3.10.2 shall be valid unless the information required by the Authority under these Bye-Laws or any further information which may be required has been furnished to the satisfaction of the Authority. and
iii) The Owner/ Competent Professional on record (for drawings and supervision) and the Empanelled professionals certifying the works at site shall be fully responsible for any violation of Master Plan/Zonal Regulations/ Building Bye-Laws, etc. In case of any default they shall be liable for action as per the provisions of Rules framed under Section 73 and Section 76 FFF of KTCP Act, 1961. Any construction so raised shall be liable for action as per the provisions of Rules framed under Section 76 F of KTCP Act, 1961.
3.15.4 Duration of Sanction, Revalidation and revised Sanction
Once a building license is sanctioned, it shall remain valid for a period of two years from the date of sanction for residential, industrial and commercial buildings for commencement of work at site.
The project shall be completed within the timelines prescribed in Appendix-VIII. The validity period of sanction shall be extended as specified in Appendix-X in case of additions / alterations proposed in the project. If multiple blocks / buildings are proposed in the sanctioned plan, a schedule of executing the blocks in sequence has to be specified and the validity of sanction shall be extended accordingly as specified in Appendix-X.
If the Applicant intends to avail extension for the validity period of the sanction, he shall make an application stating the reason for not completing the project within the validity period and the validity of sanction shall be extended for the requested period after paying the revalidation fees prescribed in Appendix-VII. Revalidation shall not be permitted if the construction has not commenced within the validation period of two years from the date of sanction. In such cases the Applicant has to apply for revised sanction as per the Master Plan / Zonal Regulation and Building Bye-laws as in force at the time of application of revised sanction.
3.15.5 Revocation of Licence:
The Authority shall revoke any building licence issued under the provisions of these Bye-Laws, wherever there has been any false statement, misrepresentation of material facts in the application on which the building licence was based or if during construction it is found that the Owner has violated any of the provisions of these Building Bye-Laws or sanctioned plan or compoundable limits. Fresh sanction of building plans and occupancy certificate shall be taken from the Authority after bringing the building within the framework of Master Plan/ Zonal Regulations/Building Bye-Laws.
3.15.6 Qualification and Competence
Qualification and competence of all professionals registered for preparing the various plans / drawings and details for Sanction and NOC, to supervise the execution of the various components of different types of projects and the professionals empanelled by the Authority to certify the various components of the building executed at site and to sanction licence for buildings shall be as notified by the government.
3.16 Execution of works at site
3.16.1 Construction to be in Conformity with Bye-Laws Owners’ liability:
Neither the granting of the permission nor the approval of the drawing and specification, nor inspection by the Authority or the empanelled professional during erection of the building shall in any way relieve the Owner of the building or the promoter on behalf of the owner, from full responsibility for carrying out work in accordance with these Bye-Laws.
3.16.2 Commencement of work:
The owner, within the validity period of the building plan sanction given, shall start the construction work at the site for which building license has been granted under the supervision of the professionals on record as per the competence given notified by the Government. The owner and the professionals on record for supervising the works at site shall be required to follow the procedure during construction work as prescribed in these bye-laws.
3.16.3 Appointment of professionals on record for supervision
The owner, to whom a licence is issued, shall appoint the required number of professionals on record as notified by the Government, to supervise the construction of the various components of the building, before the commencement of works at site and also specify the principal professional on record for supervision of works who shall issue the completion certificate.
3.16.4 Intimation of commencement of work at site
(1)The applicant and the principal professional on record for supervising the works executed at site (and in the absence of appointment of such professional on record, the professional on record for preparing the Architectural drawings for sanction), shall intimate the Authority within the 5th day of every month from the date of sanctioning the building licence, that the construction work has not commenced at site, along with the letter of undertaking in that the work has not commenced at site.
(2)The Applicant and the principal professional on record for supervising the works, shall intimate the Authority at least one day before the commencement of works at site.
3.16.5 Documents at Site:
(1)The person to whom a licence is issued shall, during construction, display in a conspicuous place on the exterior wall / fence near the entrance gate to the site, in Form-IX.
(2)The details specified in Appendix-XI shall be maintained in the site office throughout the period of construction, until occupation certificate is issued by the Authority and shall be available for verification of the Authority or the empanelled professional appointed by the Authority for certification of works.
3.16.6 Preparatory works at site that need not be intimated
The following works may be carried out in the site without intimation to the Authority
a) Temporary fencing of the boundaries of the site with required number of gates.
b) Temporary site office, stores, toilets, laboratory, medical facilities for workers etc.
c) Temporary accommodation, dining, kitchen and toilets for workers
d) Day care facilities for the children of workers, etc.
e) Foundation and other temporary structures for erecting of plant and machinery, water tanks etc. Such other temporary structures to facilitate the construction of the sanctioned building but not part of the sanctioned building.
3.16.7 Procedure during construction
a) The Applicant and the principal professional of record for supervision of works shall intimate the Authority in, the completion of various stages of construction prescribed in AppendixXII, for certification by Empanelled professional.
b) On receiving the intimation from the Applicant, the Authority shall inform the selected Empanelled professional to certify the stage of completion of work intimated.
c) The Empanelled professional shall inspect the site and after checking the work completed as indicated, certify the same in Form-X within three days of receiving intimation.
d) During inspection, according to the Empanelled professional, if the work executed by the Applicant is not as per the approved plans, specifications and other provisions of these Byelaws, he shall intimate the Authority in Form-X, stating the defects in the works executed, along with the photos of such defective works.
e) On receiving intimation from the Empanelled professional regarding the defects in the works executed at site, the CEO of the Authority shall issue endorsement to the Applicant in FormXI, to rectify the defects, as indicated by the Empanelled professional.
f) On receiving the endorsement from the Authority, the Applicant shall rectify the defects and intimate the Authority.
g) According to the Applicant or the concerned professional on record for supervision of work (for which endorsement is received from the Authority), if the defects mentioned in the endorsement is incorrect, the Applicant may file objection, to the Authority, stating the correctness of the works executed, along with the photos to prove the correctness, if required.
h) If objection is received from the Applicant, the CEO of the Authority shall conduct joint inspection along with the Applicant, the concerned professional on record and the Empanelled professional by giving notice to all, to conduct joint inspection within seven days of receiving objection.
i) During the joint inspection, the CEO of the Authority, after hearing the views of both the parties, shall either accept or reject the objection raised by the Applicant and instruct the Applicant accordingly after making his inspection report in Form-XII and the Applicant shall abide by the decision of the Authority and rectify the defects mentioned in Form-XII, if any and intimate the Authority.
j) On receiving the intimation of defect rectification by the Applicant, the Authority shall inform the Empanelled professional to inspect and certify the rectified work.
k) The Empanelled professional shall inspect the site and after checking the work rectified as indicated in Form-XII, certify the same within three days of receiving intimation and inform the CEO.
3.16.8 Inability of Empanelled professional to certify the works and selection of alternate professional
(a)If the Empanelled professional selected by the Authority, to certify the execution of any component of the building, is unable to inspect the site within 3 days from the date of receiving the intimation, he may request for additional time of maximum 3 days. If the selected empanelled professional is unable to inspect the site and certify the works within 6 days of receiving the intimation, he may intimate the same stating the reason for his inability to inspect the site for certification.
(b)On receiving intimation from the selected empanelled professional, the Authority shall select alternate empanelled professional and inform to inspect the site and certify the work intimated by the applicant.
3.16.9 Action against works executed without intimation and works not rectified
(1)Any works executed in the building without the certification of the preceding works specified in Appendix-XII and the works not rectified as intimated in Form-X, shall be liable for penalty as per the rules framed under Section 76F of KTCP Act, 1961.
(2)In such cases, the owner or the promoter, as the case may be, and the professional on record for supervising such works shall also be liable for action as per the rules framed under Section 73 and Section 76FFF of KTCP Act, 1961.
3.16.10 Changes to be made in the approved plans, during the execution of works:
If the Applicant intends to make any changes / deviations in the building from the sanctioned plan, the concerned Professional on record for preparing the particular plan, which has to be altered, modified or added, shall make the necessary changes and submit to the Authority with joint validation of applicant along with an Application in Form-I and payment of required fees. Any such proposed changes from the sanctioned plans shall be as per the provisions of the Master Plan and its Zonal Regulations, these Byelaws or any other relevant laws. The proposed changes shall be executed at site only after the same is submitted to the Authority.
3.17 Completion of project and issuing Completion Certificate
3.17.1 Issuing completion certificate
On completion of all works at site that have been certified by the empanelled professionals as specified in Appendix-XII, as per the specifications and other provisions of these Bye-laws, the principal professional on record for supervising the works, shall issue Completion Certificate in Form-XIII, endorsed by all other concerned professionals on record for supervising various components of the building along with the certification of Structural design and safety in Form-XV.
3.17.2 Application for approval of works from other departments
a) The professional on record for preparing drawings and details for all the applicable NOCs from other departments, for the project, shall submit the required applications in Form-II (any or all of a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i and j, as applicable),for approvals from other departments for the construction done at site as per the NOCs issued.
b) On receiving the Completion Certificate and the application to various departments for approving the works executed at sites as per the NOCs issued, the Authority shall intimate all the concerned departments which have issued NOCs, along with the certification done by the empanelled professional, for issuing the prescribed certificate of approval for the construction done at site, wherever applicable.
c) On receiving the intimation from the Authority, the concerned departments which had issued NOCs, shall issue the required certificates of approval for the construction done at site, wherever applicable, with or without site inspection.
d) During the site inspection, according to the designated officer of the concerned department, if any of the works executed at site is not as per the conditions/specifications of the NOC issued, he shall issue endorsement through the Authority, to the applicant, along with the photographs of the defective works, to rectify the defects.
e) On receiving the endorsement from such departments through the Authority, the applicant shall rectify the defects and intimate the concerned department.
f) According to the Applicant or the concerned professional on record for supervision of work (for which endorsement is received from the concerned department), if the defects mentioned in the endorsement is incorrect, the Applicant may file objection, to the concerned department and the Authority, stating the correctness of the works executed, along with the photos to prove the correctness, if required.
g) If objection is received from the Applicant, the CEO of the Authority shall conduct joint inspection along with the Applicant, the concerned professional on record, the Empanelled professional and the designated officer of the concerned Department who has issued the endorsement for defective work, by giving notice to all, to conduct joint inspection within seven days of receiving objection.
h)During the joint inspection, the CEO of the Authority, after hearing the views of both the parties, shall either accept or reject the objection raised and instruct the Applicant accordingly after making his inspection report in Form-XII and the decision of the CEO shall be final. The Applicant shall abide by the decision of the Authority and rectify the defects mentioned in Form-XII, if any and intimate the Authority.
i) On receiving the intimation of defect rectification by the Applicant, the Authority shall inform the Empanelled professional to inspect and certify the rectified work.
j) The Empanelled professional shall inspect the site and after checking the work rectified as indicated in Form- XII, certify the same in Form- X within three days of receiving intimation.
k) The Authority shall forward the certification issued by in Form-X by the empanelled professional, to the concerned department and the concerned shall issue the required certificated of approval for the construction done at site, with or without site inspection.
3.18 Occupancy Certificate
On receiving the completion certificate in Form-XIII and certificates of approval from the concerned departments or as certified by the Authority as specified in Clause 3.17.2(h), (i) and (k), the Authority shall issue Occupancy Certificate in Form-XIV to the building constructed as per these Bye-laws.
3.18.1 Occupancy or letting of the new buildings–
No person shall occupy or allow any other person to occupy any new building or part of a new building for any purpose whatsoever until occupancy certificate to such buildings or part thereof has been granted.
3.18.2 Occupancy/ Part Occupancy Certificate for Phased Project
In such cases where a project has not been completed at one stretch but constructed in different stages, part occupancy certificate for the building otherwise complete in all respects, may be issued subject to the condition that such a part occupancy certificate would apply to an independent block/building of the sanctioned project. In case of a residential house part occupancy certificate may be issued for an independent floor. The remaining construction shall be completed in the validity period.
3.19 Connection to the municipal sewer / water mains
a) Temporary connection for water, electricity or sewer, permitted for the purpose of facilitating the construction, shall not be allowed to continue in the premises without obtaining completion/occupancy certificate.
b) No connection to the Municipal water mains or to the Municipal sewer line with a building shall be made without the prior permission of the Authority and without obtaining occupancy certificate.
c) In case the use is changed or unauthorized construction is made, the Authority is authorized to discontinue such services or cause discontinuance of such services.
4. DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS
The provisions contained in Master Plan/Zonal Regulations shall apply and where these are silent on such issues or which require interpretation the norms as decidedly the Authority, shall apply. The provisions include but are not limited to the use/activity of premises, ground coverage, FAR, setbacks, open space, height and parking standards for Residential premises on plotted development, Group housing, Resettlement colonies, Slums, In-situ up gradation, Nonresidential premises. The permission of uses/use activities in use premises shall be permitted in accordance with provisions of Master Plan and Zonal Regulations. The object of these regulations is to provide control for building/buildings within use premises excluding the internal arrangement, which is covered and controlled by Building Bye-Laws.
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About Evelyn
Evelyn Leite, MHR, LPC, is a family counselor, relationships therapist, addiction therapist, author, and trainer with over 35 years of professional experience. Evelyn is highly regarded for her seminars in multicultural counseling and education. Understanding the vulnerability for people who need help in her areas of expertise, Evelyn offers various ways people can get the help they need.
Whether she presents information through public speaking, small intimate workshops, group sessions for different families or single-family sessions, in person or telephone counseling, Evelyn provides expert information for healing trauma, mending broken families, family dynamics and relationships, communication, and overcoming addictions. Also, watch for her private online, self-help group allowing people to participate from the privacy of their own home and anonymously if desired, opening up help for people on weekends.
She is the author of 12 self-help books, with additional books yet to come. Evelyn Leite has been widely published beginning in 1979 when she wrote the first book ever written on the family perspective of what it is like to live with an alcoholic, titled To Be Somebody, which is the first book in her Blood, Sex, and Tears series. Her book Detachment remained on the best seller list for 10 years. Evelyn was an inductee with the South Dakota Hall of Fame, for the Legacy of Achievement award—a most prestigious honor, details available at Champions for Excellence, South Dakota Hall of Fame.
Published books include:
To Be Somebody: a tale of love, heartbreak and hope (Hazelden Educational Center City, Min. 1979 & 1982. Reprinted January 1982. Revised third edition, Living With Solutions, 2019). First book in the Blood, Sex, and Tears series.
Women: What Do We Want? Changing Your Life is Easier Than You Think (Leite Press, 2014, 2nd Edition, 2016. Revised third edition, Living With Solutions 2019). Second book in the Blood, Sex, and Tears series.
A Fix for the Family Rift Caused by Addiction, (Living With Solutions, 2018). Third in the Blood, Sex, and Tears series.
When Daddy is a Drunk: what do you tell the children? (Hazelden 1981 Newcomers to Alanon)
Detachment (Johnson Institute 1985. Republished Hazeldon, 1998)
How it Feels to be Chemically Dependent (Johnson Institute 1988. Republished Hazelden 1998)
Different Like Me (Johnson Institute 1988. Republished Hazelden 1998)
Saving Face through Surrender and Grace (Community Intervention, MN. 1988)
Mending Family Relationships (Community Intervention, MN. 1988)
If you would like to arrange counseling or invite Evelyn to speak for your organization, please use our Contact page.
Evelyn Leite's New Book
"Just Fine, Thank You."
Growing up with family SECRETSOrder Now!
Praise for Evelyn's Work
"Here at last is the honest to goodness truth, the real lowdown on Joe Blow." How many times have we read these words as an introduction to a book? However, Leite [in her book Women: What Do We Want?] has researched hundreds of facts and interviewed dozens of both women and men in order to understand the heart of what women truly want: their feelings and desires. We the readers will no doubt find ourselves nodding in agreement as we read along. Totally enjoyable!
~ Reverend Lin Jennewein
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Lookin For That 1 23 Rochester Minnesota 23 Register Login Contact Us
What does compatible mean in a relationship
Life Advice That Doesn't Suck Compatibility and Chemistry comatible Relationships Having chemistry in relationships and being compatible with someone are not always the same thing. We kind of assume we know what compatibility and chemistry mean and whether we have them or not. Instead, most dating advice focuses on the nuts and bolts of dating: what to say, when to say it, how to not look like an ass-face. A lot of people use the words loosely to try to define that thing which exists in the space between two people — the unspeakable and unseen connection or lack thereof. Compatibility is the natural alignment of lifestyle choices and values of two people.
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What is compatibility in a relationship?
Compatible partners feel safe enough to splash in the puddles with one another. We odes be drawn to someone for unconscious reasons based on adaptations from our childhood. About the Author Lisa Firestone, Ph. You're very in-sync but tend to act more like friends or friends with benefits, than two people who are actually in love.
Compatibility and chemistry in relationships
If you feel like something is missing, maybe there is. Although too many ups and downs can be a that your relationship is unhealthyyour relationship should make relaationship feel both good and not-so-great emotions that ify you are moving past your comfort-zone. But at least that psycho is fucking gone even though you still kinda miss them. However, we can simply consider that sexual compatibility, in other words, short-term compatibility.
Hedonists usually date other hedonists. On the other hand, some couples lack that fiery passion of being in love but compatibility can keep them together.
People who are orderly and intense planners sometimes work best with people who are spontaneous and unorganized. Who works for you? There is always something but as long you have love and good will, you can dhat through this if you want to.
For the most part, matchmakers agree that you don't have to be completely compatible to be with someone in order for your relationship to z. The chemistry is off the charts. However, I think they can be used positively when they encourage people to take chances on relationships or to be open to love.
Generally speaking, educated liberal people usually date other educated and liberal people. Healthy couples are great playmates and enjoy being active together. That scene still haunts me, because it's so eerily accurate. Aaron Zhu is a writer who believes life is all about transforming your negatives into positives.
When Opposites Attract Some couples find differences intriguing and they appreciate each other for them.
Although you can have differing world views, it's important to appreciate and understand your partner's. You can opt out at any time. Even couples who are super in love have their doubts too. Below, nine s you and your partner are compatible.
What compatibility really means (because it has nothing to do with love)
Inn may or may not agree on everything, but you will cherish the person for who he or she is and respect his or her differences. Suddenly, you realize how fucking offensive you find each other, but getting out of such a relationship is easier said than done. The experience is vicious yet thrilling, and will never let you forget that we are, after all, animals.
When you finally do find someone who checks all the boxes, it's only natural to feel like maybe this could be "The One. I regularly find myself seeing teachers, nurses, social workers, volunteer workers, etc.
Understanding relationship compatibility factors
Mea an unconscious level, we are often looking for people who are not ideal for us. However, on the flip side, people can use any input to limit themselves, to think negatively about themselves or potential partners. In a compatible relationship, both partners can be very different personality wise, but will tend to agree on several core factors that dictate how they both want to build their lives together.
When doew has a similar upbringing, there tends to be a more intimate understanding, enhanced familiarity and comfort in a relationship. However there are many potential partners you may be compatible with and with whom you could develop your ability to be a loving person.
Follow Dr. You live different lives.
It may take a few dates or even asking a few relationship compatibility questions to find someone you mesh with the way you want to, but in time, you will find a compatible soul mate. High levels of chemistry usually come from opposite yet complementary qualities in people.
A lack of chemistry will mean boring, emotionless sex. Do I think I will be able to happily coexist with this person as time goes on? According to experts, knowing the difference can prevent you from staying in a relationship that isn't built on actual love.
Shared beliefs can be valuable to achieving relationship compatibility, but separate interests are also to be expected. Instead, we should pick people who challenge us and help us evolve. You're probably aware of what that looks like.
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By Anorak on September 8, 2014
TV & Radio 1960s bbc Dalek Dr Who
Meeting Dr Who’s Daleks In The 1960s (19 Photos)
Verity Lambert, producer of the BBC TV series Dr Who, with a robot Dalek in the Planetarium, Baker Street, during location shooting for a new series.
Children meeting robot Daleks outside the Planetarium, Baker Street, during location shooting for a new series.
DALEK 1966: Jill Corzon has turned the tables and captivated a Dalek! She is pictured at Shepperton Studios where production begins on Jan. 31st of the film ‘Daleks Invade the Earth 2150AD’. Jill, 24, plays the feminine lead to Peter Cushing’s Dr Who.
Members of the Cambridge crew, away from training, get a close-up of a Dalek, from Dr Who, during an eve of the Boat Race visit to the BBC’s Television Centre, Shepherd’s Bush
A couple of Daleks tried to board a London Transport Routemaster at Shepherd’s Bush Green to the dismay of the conductor and an inspector.
It’s all very well being encouraged to “Hop on a Bus” but it seems to be attracting all sorts of odd types.
Dr Who – Dalek toy at Gamage Store, London
Carole Ann Ford, who plays Susan in Dr WHo, autographs a copy of the Dalek Book for some children. She is also demonstrating a child-powered Dalek toy.
Television – BBC TV – Dr Who – Belle Vue Circus, Manchester
The Daleks of the BBC television series “Dr Who” take to the ring with elephants at Belle Vue circus.
Television – BBC TV -“Dr Who” – Dalek Slippers
2 year old David Furman of Hull, whose father owns a shoe shop, wearing the latest thing in slippers – decorated with a Dalek motif, from the BBC television programme “Dr Who”.
Swinging on a Dalek at Shepperton Studios are Roy Castle and Jennie Linden, seen practising a dance routine for “Dr Who and the Daleks”, a film based on the BBC television science fiction serial and now being made at Shepperton. Roy Castle plays Ian and 22 year old Jennie plays his girlfriend Barbara, Dr Who’s granddaughter. Dr Who is played by Peter Cushing.
A Dalek confronting a flame-belching Mechanoid at Ealing Studios, London.
A lorry-load of Daleks at Shepperton Studios, near London, before leaving by Dover en route for the Cannes Film Festival. They are the stars in “Dr Who and the Daleks”.
Nadezhda Volchenko, Deputy Chief of the International Department of the Soviet Star Film Industry Committee, surrounded by Daleks on a set at Shepperton Studios, near London. The Daleks have just finished the main shooting for “Daleks Invade Earth, 2150 AD
Oblivious of the drama that was going on, a small bow hiding his identity under a Dalek suit, was among the very few spectators as John Edward Witney was ushered out of the West London Magistrate’s Court. The boys just went on playing their games.
Andrew Tuttner (8) meets two Daleks on Westminister Bridge, London. The robots were on location for the new BBC series of “Dr Who”. 5/2/99: The Daleks will appear on Millennium stamps due to be issued Summer 1999 by the Royal Mail. * The other three stamps in the entertainers series are expected to feature Bobby Moore holding the World Cup aloft, Charlie Chaplin and former rock legend Freddie Mercury.
Verity Lambert lighting a cigarette from one of the mechanoid flame guns from the new Dalek series.
Fabulous Kodachrome Snapshots from a Day Trip to London in 1962
The Communist Party of Great Britain And The Red Menace 1920-1991
Landscape and Memory: Vintage holiday snaps placed in their original settings
Just a Daughter and her Father: Photographs of Vivian Kubrick’s life with Stanley
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What Is HGH
Treatment For Low Testosterone
What Are The Benefits Of Testosterone Injections
What Is Low Testosterone
Where Can I Get Testosterone Injections
HGH Therapy Benefits
What Are The Benefits Of HGH Injections
Testosterone Therapy Benefits
What Is The Cost Of Testosterone Therapy
How To Get HGH & Testosterone
How to Get HGH Prescribed by a Doctor in West Palm Beach FL
High Quality Injectable HGH for Sale in West Palm Beach FL
How to Get Prescribed Human Growth Hormone Therapy in West Palm Beach FL
How to Find Human Growth Hormone Clinics in West Palm Beach FL
Where to Get HGH Therapy in West Palm Beach FL
Where to Buy HGH Injections in West Palm Beach FL
What Kind of Doctor Can Prescribe HGH Injections in West Palm Beach FL
Doctors in West Palm Beach Who Treat Low Testosterone Levels
Low Testosterone Replacement Therapy Doctors in West Palm Beach FL
Growth Hormone Deficiency Lab Test in West Palm Beach FL
West Palm Beach ›
Lab Test For Growth Hormone Deficiency In West Palm Beach FL
If a person is deficient in growth hormone, they are treated with HGH injections to replace the missing natural compound. Balancing this is a precise science, and requires accurate measurement of a person’s levels before any prescription HGH can be introduced to the bloodstream.
It is the growth hormone deficiency lab test in West Palm Beach FL that is what first acknowledges a person’s need for medical treatment and then guides the physician in his assessment of the exact dose amount of HGH needed that will restore hormonal balance without tipping the scales in the other direction.
A deficiency will slow the rate of cellular metabolism and cell regeneration; this impacts how well most of the body’s physical and mental operations perform. Basically, when cellular function slows, so does the body.
The deficiency will show itself in a lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL and with the following symptoms:
Constant fatigue requiring naps
Sleep issues like insomnia and nighttime disturbances
Lack of strong immune function
Incapacity to exercise
Longer periods of recovery, from injury, exercise and illness
Undesirable blood pressure and cholesterol levels
Unexplainable weight gain
Lack of lean muscle mass
Weaker bones
Impaired vision and hearing
Loose, dry, wrinkled skin
Slower cognition
Poor joint health.
Proper use of HGH injectable medication will reverse these symptoms, erase any damage caused, and restore natural, optimal function.
The lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL measures the amount of available growth hormone, letting the physician know if the person’s body is functioning with an adequate supply.
Different Methods of Measuring Growth Hormone in the Blood
Growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland of the brain and released in bursts over the course of the day in varying amounts. It is produced at its most during the deepest stages of sleep and then during periods of exercise or physical exertion.
Because it is not produced in a steady amount and does not remain for too long in the blood, it is impossible to just take one blood sample and know how much GH is there, so physicians needed to find a back door way to get an accurate count.
Two options of lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL involve injecting a substance like insulin or arginine into the blood to manipulate either the stimulation or suppression of growth hormone and taking multiple blood samples before and after the introduction of the substance to get an average amount. Not only are these tests long and involved, they may not be accurate if the patient has a specific preexisting medical condition or is taking a certain medication that would interfere with the body’s reception of the substance.
The test that is least intrusive, most accurate, and favorite of the majority of our specialists is the test that measures Insulin-like growth factor 1. IGF-1 is secreted by the liver as a response to the presence of growth hormone; it remains in the blood constantly, and its secreted amounts are comparable to the amount of GH.
This IGF-1 test is the preferred lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL by the physicians at Kingsberg Medical, however there may be certain aspects of a patient’s health condition that may cause the choosing of one of the other tests. Our physicians take the testing of the patient very seriously and will take care to ensure that their readings are accurate.
The Benefits of Properly Dosing Treatment of a Growth Hormone Deficiency
Hormone replacement therapy is exactly what it sounds like: replacement therapy, the use of lab-created hormones to replace what the body is no longer making. It is not a medication that fights anything in or adds any special qualities to the system; it restores optimal function, giving the body back its ability to maintain itself optimally, the way it did before the hormonal decline.
The first thing determined by the lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL is whether or not the GH levels are considered low enough to require medical intervention with HGH injections.
Afterwards, these measurements assist the doctor in evaluating what amount needs to be added to bring the measurements back up to where they should be. Blood test results are taken into account with the patient’s sex, age, weight, lifestyle, physical condition, past medical history, and list of any and all medications being taken.
Each patient is treated uniquely. There is no set standard dose schedule for people of the same age, weight or gender. Chemical makeup is as different as fingerprints; no two people have the exact same body chemistry.
Individual chemical differences are what make the lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL so necessary for accurate diagnosing. People can share the same set of symptoms, but not the same level of deficiency or the same amount needed for full replenishment.
How Does One Qualify for Treatment with HGH?
HGH treatment is not the addition of anything new to the body system to enhance normal function; it is the replacement of what should already be there to restore normal system function. This is what these injections are legally indicated for use for, and can only be prescribed for this purpose. It is the lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL that determines whether or not a person qualifies for treatment.
Professional athletes and body builders will not be provided medication; the type of treatment they are looking for is extra enhancement above and beyond normal function as a competitive edge in their sport, and with the attention they put on their physical health, a clinical deficiency is unlikely. This type of use is illegal over-use and abuse. Kingsberg Medical does not participate in prescribing HGH for athletic enhancement of any kind; prescribing HGH for this reason is both unethical and unsafe. Kingsberg Medical is a legitimate medical establishment that works to improve the lives of older adults with therapeutic programs designed to maintain overall health as each person ages, while preventing the many age-related diseases of decline.
If the lab test for growth hormone deficiency in West Palm Beach FL indicates that a person’s levels of natural growth hormone have gone down too low to provide optimal body function, a prescription for HGH can be written.
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