Datasets:

---

Recag

/

Rp_CommonC_69

like 0

ERROR: type should be string, got "https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen?locale=en\nChechen. (2018). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. Abington, UK: Helicon. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen\n\"Chechen.\" In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, edited by Helicon. Helicon, 2018. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen\nChechen. (2018). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. [Online]. Abington: Helicon. Available from: https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen [Accessed 16 July 2019].\n\"Chechen.\" The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, edited by Helicon, 2018. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen. Accessed 16 Jul. 2019.\n<iframe src=\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen.embed?institutionId=6063\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" style=\"border: 0;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n[{\"style\":\"mla\",\"pubnonperiodical\":{\"title\":\"The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide\",\"edition\":\"\",\"city\":\"Abington\",\"publisher\":\"Helicon\",\"year\":2018},\"pubtype\":{\"main\":\"pubnonperiodical\",\"suffix\":\"pubdatabase\"},\"pubdatabase\":{\"year\":\"2018\",\"month\":\"June\",\"day\":\"6\",\"yearaccessed\":\"2019\",\"monthaccessed\":\"July\",\"dayaccessed\":\"16\",\"service\":\"Credo Reference\",\"db\":\"Credo Reference\",\"searchtext\":\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen\"},\"contributors\":[{\"function\":\"editor\",\"first\":\"\",\"last\":\"Helicon\"}],\"source\":\"chapter\",\"chapter\":{\"title\":\"Chechen\",\"type\":\"essay\"}}]\nTY - CHAP T1 - Chechen T2 - The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide PY - 2018/// PB - Helicon CP - Abington, UK UR - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen L2 - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/chechen ET - DB - Credo Reference DP - Credo Reference Y2 - 2019/07/16 ED - Helicon, SN - N/A ER -\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Page: Chechen\nDefinition: Chechen from Collins English Dictionary\nn pl -chens or -chen\n1 a member of a people of Russia, speaking a Circassian language and chiefly inhabiting the Chechen Republic\nImage from: CHECHEN in Dictionary of Languages\nSummary Article: Chechen\nThe largest indigenous group of people in the northern Caucasus, numbering 957,000 (1989). Most (715,000) live in Chechnya and the remainder in other areas of the former USSR. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Chechens have lived in the region for at least 8,000 thousand years. Traditionally, the lowland Chechens grew grain which they traded for wool and eggs with the highland Chechens, who raised sheep. The Chechens are Sunni Muslims, having converted to Islam in the late 17th to early 19th centuries. Islam and honour are deeply entrenched components of their culture and ethnic identity.\nThe Chechens call themselves Nokhchi (singular Nokhcho) and their language, which is closely related to the neighbouring Ingush, belongs to the Nakh branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian, or northeast Caucasian, language family. The term Chechen is Russian and taken from the name of a lowland Chechen village. Chechen social structure rests on the principles of family and clan honour, respect for and deference to one's elders, hospitality, and formal relations between families and clans. There are no social classes and no differences of rank apart from those of age, kinship, and earned social honour. Kinship and clan structure are patriarchal, but women have full social and professional equality and prospects for financial independence are equivalent to those of men.\nHistory In 1783 Russia mounted an unsuccessful military campaign to conquer and occupy the northern Caucasus. From 1785 until his capture in 1791 resistance was led by a Chechen named Sheikh Mansur. Tsar Nicholas I of Russia continued the campaign in order to create a buffer zone against the Muslim world to the south. Resistance was led from 1824 until 1859, when Chechnya was incorporated into Russia by Imam Shamil, now a folk hero in the region.\nAfter conquering the area, the Russian government employed Cossack forces to expel the Chechens from the region and in the 1860s an estimated 400,000 Chechens were killed and about a million driven into exile in the Ottoman Empire. Many Chechens still live in Turkey and Jordan and other successor states of the empire. Intermittent outbreaks of armed resistance to Russian imperial rule continued into the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nIn May 1918, seizing the opportunity offered by the Russian Revolution, the Chechens, along with other peoples of the northern Caucasus, formed a North Caucasian Republic and declared their independence. A fierce struggle for control of the Caucasus was then waged until January 1921 when the Soviet Socialist Autonomous Mountain Republic (including the Chechens, Ingush, Ossetians, Kabardians, Balkars, and Karachai) was established. In November 1922 Chechnya was detached from the Mountain Republic and given the status of an Autonomous Oblast of the Russian Federation which was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924. In 1934 the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were merged, and in 1936 the Checheno-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic was created.\nIn 1944 nearly 80% of the Chechens, along with other ethnic groups in the Caucasus, were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia for allegedly collaborating with the Germans during World War II. An estimated quarter to half of the population died during transport or within the first year of detention. They were allowed to return in 1957. For subsequent history see Chechnya.\nSociety Before Russian conquest, Chechen society lacked formal political organization. They lived in autonomous villages with mutual defense obligations with other villages in times of war. Clans were also autonomous and had mutual support relations that linked them into larger federations. Each clan was headed by a respected elder. The ancient clan structure still persists as do blood feuds and other traditional customs. The Chechens have always, from the Russian point of view, been a troublesome element; fiercely independent and warlike, the Russians have been unable to assimilate them fully. In recent years the Russian media has depicted the Chechens as thugs and bandits responsible for organized crime and street violence.\nFull text Article CHECHEN\nDictionary of Languages\n900,000 SPEAKERS Russia Chechen belongs to the small family of Nakh languages (North Central CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES). It is the...\nFull text Article Chechnya\nThe Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism\nethnic conflict nationalism state After a brief introduction to the North Caucasus and Chechnya from a historical, ethnolinguistic and sociologica"

ERROR: type should be string, got "https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction?locale=en\nfriction. (2018). In P. Lagasse, & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia (8th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction\n\"friction.\" In The Columbia Encyclopedia, by Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University. 8th ed. Columbia University Press, 2018. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction\nfriction. (2018). In P. Lagasse & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia. (8th ed.). [Online]. New York: Columbia University Press. Available from: https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction [Accessed 16 July 2019].\n\"friction.\" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction. Accessed 16 Jul. 2019.\n<iframe src=\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction.embed?institutionId=6063\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" style=\"border: 0;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n[{\"style\":\"mla\",\"pubnonperiodical\":{\"title\":\"The Columbia Encyclopedia\",\"edition\":\"8\",\"city\":\"New York\",\"publisher\":\"Columbia University Press\",\"year\":2018,\"state\":\"NY\"},\"pubtype\":{\"main\":\"pubnonperiodical\",\"suffix\":\"pubdatabase\"},\"pubdatabase\":{\"year\":\"2018\",\"month\":\"August\",\"day\":\"1\",\"yearaccessed\":\"2019\",\"monthaccessed\":\"July\",\"dayaccessed\":\"16\",\"service\":\"Credo Reference\",\"db\":\"Credo Reference\",\"searchtext\":\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction\"},\"contributors\":[{\"function\":\"author\",\"first\":\"\",\"last\":\"Columbia University\"},{\"function\":\"author\",\"first\":\"Paul\",\"last\":\"Lagasse\"}],\"source\":\"chapter\",\"chapter\":{\"title\":\"Friction\",\"type\":\"essay\"}}]\nTY - CHAP T1 - Friction T2 - The Columbia Encyclopedia PY - 2018/// PB - Columbia University Press CP - New York, NY, USA UR - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction L2 - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/friction ET - 8 DB - Credo Reference DP - Credo Reference Y2 - 2019/07/16 A1 - Columbia University, A2 - Lagasse, Paul SN - N/A ER -\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Page: Friction\nDefinition: friction from Philip's Encyclopedia\nResistance encountered when surfaces in contact slide or roll against each other, or when a fluid flows along a surface. Friction is directly proportional to the force pressing the surfaces together and the surface roughness. When the movement begins, it is opposed by a static friction up to a maximum 'limiting friction' and then slipping occurs. Rolling friction is friction between a wheel and the surface on which it is moving.\nSummary Article: friction\nFrom The Columbia Encyclopedia\nresistance offered to the movement of one body past another body with which it is in contact. In certain situations friction is desired. Without friction the wheels of a locomotive could not “grip” the rails nor could power be transmitted by belts. On the other hand, in the moving parts of machines a minimum of friction is desired; an excess of friction produces heat, which in turn causes expansion, the locking of the moving parts, and a consequent breakdown of the machinery. Lubrication is important in minimizing friction as are also such devices as ball and roller bearings.\nFactors Affecting Friction\nFriction depends partly on the smoothness of the contacting surfaces, a greater force being needed to move two surfaces past one another if they are rough than if they are smooth. However, friction decreases with smoothness only to a degree; friction actually increases between two extremely smooth surfaces because of increased attractive electrostatic forces between their atoms. Friction does not depend on the amount of surface area in contact between the moving bodies or (within certain limits) on the relative speed of the bodies. It does, however, depend on the magnitude of the forces holding the bodies together. When a body is moving over a horizontal surface, it presses down against the surface with a force equal to its weight, i.e., to the pull of gravity upon it; an increase in the weight of the body causes an increase in the amount of resistance offered to the relative motion of the surfaces in contact.\nThe Coefficient of Friction\nThe coefficient of friction is the quotient obtained by dividing the value of the force necessary to move one body over another at a constant speed by the weight of the body. For example, if a force of 20 newtons is needed to move a body weighing 100 newtons over another horizontal body at a constant speed, the coefficient of friction between these two materials is 20/100 or 0.2. Different materials in contact yield different results; e.g., different resistances are felt if one pushes a block of wood over surfaces of wood, steel, and plastic. A different coefficient of friction must be calculated for each different pair of materials.\nThere is more than one coefficient of friction for a given pair of materials. More force is needed to start a body moving across a surface than is needed to keep it in motion once started. Thus the coefficient of static friction (describing the former case) for a pair of substances is greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction (describing the latter case) for the substances. Similarly, sliding friction is greater than rolling friction. The force of friction between two materials can be calculated by multiplying the coefficient of friction between these materials (determined experimentally and listed in engineering handbooks) by the force holding them together (e.g., the weight of the moving body).\nThe Nature of Fluid Friction\nFluid friction is observed in the flow of liquids and gases. Its causes are similar to those responsible for friction between solid surfaces, for it also depends on the chemical nature of the fluid and the nature of the surface over which the fluid is flowing. The tendency of the liquid to resist flow, i.e., its degree of viscosity, is another important factor. Fluid friction is affected by increased velocities, and the modern streamline design of airplanes and automobiles is the result of engineers' efforts to minimize fluid friction while retaining speed and protecting structure.\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia, © Columbia University Press 2018\nFull text Article FRICTION\nCondensed Encyclopedia of Polymer Engineering Terms\nThe resistance to the motion of one surface over another. The amount of friction is dependent on the smoothness of the contacting surfaces, as...\nThe Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics\nA force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact, and is encountered when an object slides on a surface or when motion...\nIllustrated Dictionary of Science, Andromeda\nResistance to motion arising at the boundary between two touching surfaces when it is attempted to slide one over the other. As the Force ...\nA force exerted at the boundary between two solids or fluids that retards motion between them. In solid friction a distinction is drawn...\nResistance encountered when surfaces in contact slide or roll against each other, or when a fluid flows along a surface. Friction is directly...\nThe Penguin Dictionary of Physics\n1. Forces opposing the sliding of one surface over another. For a given value of the normal forces of interaction, N , between the...\nCoefficient of friction\nConcise Encyclopedia of Construction Terms and Phrases\nThe coefficient of friction is a dimensionless number that represents the friction between two surfaces. Between two equal surfaces, the coefficient\ncoefficient of kinetic friction\nAcademic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology\nA constant that, when multiplied by the normal force between two bodies that are in surface contact and are in motion relative to each...\ncoefficient of friction (in Engineering science)\nDictionary of Engineering Terms, Butterworth-Heinemann\nThe ratio (m) between the frictional force and the normal reaction when two dry, flat surfaces move or tend to move across one another....\nMobile Worm-Like Robots for Pipe Inspection\nRobotics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications\nABSTRACT Worm-Like Robots (WLR) have a simple construction, and they do not need any special actuators such as wheels, caterpillars, or legs. Theref\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Mechanics\nbranch of physics concerned with motion and the forces that tend to cause it; it includes study of the mechanical properties of matter , such as\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Physics\nbranch of science traditionally defined as the study of matter , energy , and the relation between them; it was called natural philosophy until the\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Engineering\nprofession devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life. The primary\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic lubrication\nintroduction of a substance between the contact surfaces of moving parts to reduce friction and to dissipate heat. A lubricant may be oil, grease,\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Newton's laws of motion\nIn physics, three laws that form the basis of Newtonian mechanics, describing the motion of objects. (1) Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, a\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Viscosity\nresistance of a fluid to flow. This resistance acts against the motion of any solid object through the fluid and also against motion of the fluid\nTopic Pages contain an overview, definitions, biographies, related topics, images, plus links to relevant articles and other content provided by your library. Topic Energy\nA system's capacity to do work. While energy is not visible, it is essential to all daily activities and takes on several different forms. The two"