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1,382,410,950,000 |
When I send myself a mail with:
echo "test" | mail -n -s "test" [email protected]
I get the following error in /var/log/exim4/mainlog:
Error in system filter: malformed numerical string ""
How can I find the error in the system filter?
if $h_X-Spam_score_int is above 49
and foranyaddress $recipients ($thisaddre... |
This command gives you the name of the system filter file:
$ /usr/sbin/exim4 -bP system_filter
It's unset by default, so if it contains something, it must be set somewhere in your Exim configuration.
| Exim: Error in system filter: malformed numerical string "" |
1,382,410,950,000 |
I have exim installed and configured as "internet site; mail is sent and received directly using SMTP". Mail is stored in /home/*user*/Maildir and it is really there. I can send and receive mail globally and internally, but my Debian Wheezy's mail program isn't showing any of it.
Does mail support Maildir format at al... |
Okay, @jordanm gave me a right direction, but information is scattered across the Net, so I think it is worth to post some kind of guide myself.
Install mailutils and heirloom-mailx packages:
sudo apt-get install mailutils heirloom-mailx
Update alternatives for mailx — choose /usr/bin/heirloom-mailx:
sudo update-alt... | Debian: exim, Maildir and mail |
1,382,410,950,000 |
My exim4 vis causing a segfault error on sending an email message whenever I use AUTH LOGIN authentication. However, sending the email using AUTH PLAIN works like a charm. Both auth methods connect to Dovecot authenticator.
Exim4 info:
Exim version 4.92 #3 built 09-Sep-2021 16:25:33
Copyright (c) University of Cambrid... |
I found that the cause of the problem was in the check_data ACL, particularly in the following snippet:
warn add_header = :at_start: ${authresults {$primary_hostname}}
Theoretically, that line should only add to the email a header with the authresults expansion item. However, on commenting it out, the segfault did not... | Exim4 segfault using AUTH LOGIN |
1,382,410,950,000 |
My setup includes a script that send a mail to a local user via the exim command line. This script is called as root (Reality is of course more complicated, but this seems to be a minimal working example).
/home/jens/send_mail:
#!/bin/sh
cat /home/jens/testmail | /usr/bin/exim -bm jens
Running this script from a root... |
This issue seems to be caused by systemd killing the spawned exim process as soon as send_mail has finished executing.
It can be solved by either waiting an appropriate time at the end of send_mail, or setting the KillMode option in the systemd unit to process or none (which the manual recommends against).
Sources:
h... | Difference between oneshot systemd unit and root command line? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I've got local_acl_check_data to reject the typical spammer tactic of using the same address as From: and To:, but since some less-spammy sources, such as Yahoo Groups, do this, I'm using a whitelist as well. Here is the ACL:
# block spammers who use the same "from" and "to" address
accept
senders = ${if exists{C... |
The "sender", as Exim sees it is the envelope-from address, and that was in domain returns.groups.yahoo.com. Once I put that domain (completely; groups.yahoo.com doesn't work, neither does yahoo.com) into my local_sender_whitelist, the ACL worked.
It had worked during testing because I had used the envelope-from addre... | exim4 on debian: why does this ACL work when testing with -bh but not in actual use? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I would like to know where to find the source code of exim4, with specific version and revision, 4.89-2+deb9u4.
I have executed apt-get source but got an error message:
apt-get source exim4=4.89-2+deb9u4
E: Can not find version '4.89-2+deb9u4' of package 'exim4'
E: Unable to find a source package for exim4
For vario... |
The source code for that particular version is available on snapshot.debian.org. If you install devscripts you can retrieve it by running
dget http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian-security/20190605T153608Z/pool/updates/main/e/exim4/exim4_4.89-2%2Bdeb9u4.dsc
You can also use the corresponding tag in the Debian pa... | Where is the source code of exim4-4.89-2+deb9u4? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I am using a Debian Jessie server and have setup exim4 to send me emails instead of postfix or sendmail.
Thats when I started getting loads of emails as follows:
First:
Title: * SECURITY information for vultr.guest *
Body: vultr.guest: Dec 7 12:13:29 : root : unable to resolve host vultr.guest
Second:
Title: Cro... |
It seems to me that VULTR's tutorial is not correct. When you configure exim4 by dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config, they tell you to choose mail sent by smarthost; no local mail, and configure it as follows:
System mail name: YOUR_HOSTNAME
IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections: 127.0.0.1 ; ::1
Other des... | Delivery Status Notification (Delay) emails from my server? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I successfully installed and configured Exim4 on my Debian/Squeeze machine, so now I am able to send outgoing emails with a command like this:
exim4 -v [email protected]
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: Test email
Body of the email
.
Is there a similar command to RETRIEVE emails into the Maildi... |
While it is quite viable to use exim to send emails, your question reads like you are using the wrong tools for what ever your overall goal is. exim cannot retrieve emails from another server, because exim is a mail transfer agent, cf. RFC 821. Accessing a users mailbox and retrieving email (what you want to do) is a ... | How do I retrieve email with Exim4? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I have suspicious log line, where someone logged in client webmail, and there is no remote or local IP logged, there just stands ::1. What does that mean?
Line is like here:
H=(webmail.domain.com) [::1]:33260
|
::1 is just the IPv6 address for localhost. Therefore, someone (probably you?) logged in to the webmail interface from the server itself.
| What does ::1 stands for in Exim mainlog in rip and lip in log? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I need to update exim on one of my servers to at least version 4.86 to use it with rspamd. But the latest version provided by the OS is 4.82.
Is there any comfortable way to get the latest version, besides of building it from sources?
Cheers
|
This is a somewhat generic answer on installing newer software on an older version of a Debian derivative.
The first thing is to make sure that you actually want a newer version. Contrary to a popular misconception, newer isn't always better. The newer version usually has bug fixes but it also has new bugs. Distributi... | Need exim >=4.86 on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS |
1,535,930,122,000 |
Can anyone know how to change default error messages generated by exim for Unrouteable address or quota exceeded?
I found this "Customizing error messages" , but I don't know how to use it...
Where to save these files?
What is the meaning of >>>>>>> .linelength 80em ? can/need I change it?
-- My exim version is 4.8... |
I was take wrong documentation version.
I set bounce_message_file to file contains template in format from this:
exim documentation 4.84 and its working perfect.
| Custom Error messages in Exim |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I am attempting to configure Exim in such a way that clients who wish to relay email through the server must supply a single passphrase. The file /etc/exim4/conf.d/auth/30_exim4-config_examples contains the following configuration lines commented out:
# plain_server:
# driver = plaintext
# public_name = PLAIN
# ... |
Leaving server_prompts as-is gives you the default (RFC compliant) behaviour, otherwise you might need to modify your clients to supply additional values.
The password is looked up in the CONFDIR/passwd file, CONFDIR is equal to /etc/exim4 on Debian.
Is your intention that all users use a common password? Then you cou... | Configuring Exim on Debian to authenticate using only a password? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
Some processes on my server send mail to various system accounts which all goes to root on the local machine. I want the root account to be an alias for my (external) email address. I'm using exim4 version 4.86_2
I have the following in /etc/aliases:
mailer-daemon: postmaster
postmaster: root
nobody: root
hostmaster:... |
It turns out that the host didn't know what the canonical name of the machine was, so was assuming all local mail was in fact remote. I've fixed it now as per this answer.
| exim4 not using /etc/aliases |
1,535,930,122,000 |
Not so long ago I have found that exim is sending mail4root emails and logs them into /var/mail/mail. Example from exim log:
2016-07-19 09:39:02 1bPOgI-000370-1Q <= [email protected] U=root P=local S=78459
2016-07-19 09:39:02 1bPOgI-000370-1Q => /var/mail/mail <[email protected]> R=mail4root T=address_file
2016-07-19 ... |
As a security measure Exim will not deliver email to root. The mail4root router is a last ditch handler to deliver mail for root to the mailbox for mail.
Normally, an alias for root would be configured in /etc/aliases to deliver to the system administrator's personal mailbox. There are a number of aliases that redi... | Exim4 sends strange emails on root |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I installed exim4 on a Debian server configured it to use Dovecot LMTP delivery and everything works nice. But I'm having problems with a bit of a spam attack right now. I installed fail2ban but it's a bit slow to catch up. Also I was looking at the actions for the exim4 jail and I saw that there can be error messages... |
You can't force a remote client to attempt to authenticate, because you don't know until the RCPT TO: whether the client is attempting to deliver an email to your server (which doesn't require authentication unless you have a very unusual configuration like only accepting mail from known mail servers) or it is trying ... | How to force valid authentication in exim before sending at all? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I want to use exim to send emails via my ISP's SMTP server. However, the Arch wiki is quite confusing (exim is much simpler on a Debian system). I followed instructions in the final section, modifying the SMTP address from mail.internode.on.net to my SMTP server, and modifying *@* [email protected] Ffr to *@* $1@my_em... |
According to the error you get, you have put the stanzas from the gmail example in the wiki in the wrong sections. The exim config is built up in distinct parts, in order:
maincontains global definitions and settings
acl
routershow to handle an address; first hit is used so order is important
transportsdefines ways t... | How can I set up exim to use my ISP's SMTP server (on a non-Debian system)? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
Summary: I have a mail server (exim 4, Debian 10) in an LXC container. The host is running Debian 11. Since yesterday evening spam traffic has been coming in that appears to come from the LXC Host. However, tcpdump logs show that it is actually remote traffic. What is going on?
This is an example of an exim4 log entry... |
I think the problem was caused by an iptables rule on the host
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o br0 -j MASQUERADE
This rule is intended for containers without an external IP to reach the internet.
What this rule does is masquerade any traffic going out through br0. It could be traffic going out from the host to a ... | Remote SMTP traffic appears to come from LXC Host to container |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I have exigrep output like this.
2019-02-02 17:03:00 1gpxky-0005ky-Mk <= [email protected] U=XXXXX P=local S=14529 [email protected] T="XXXXXXXXX" for [email protected]
2019-02-02 17:03:00 1gpxky-0005ky-Mk Sender identification U=XXXXX D=XXXXX.com [email protected]
2019-02-02 17:03:00 1gpxky-0005ky-Mk SMTP connection ... |
awk and grep use '$' for the end-of-line marker (a feature of POSIX regular expressions). \n isn't part of that, whether basic regular expressions (the default for grep) or extended regular expressions (an option with grep, standard with awk).
See 9.3.8 BRE Expression Anchoring:
A <dollar-sign> ( '$' ) shall be an a... | Exim - What's the mark of EOL in exigrep output? |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I am trying to install Postfix and remove the Exim4. How should I safely do it?
|
You can do this by using yum:
sudo yum remove exim4
| How to safely remove Exim4 on CentOS? [closed] |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I would like to configure Exim to allow SMTP AUTH logins using the same credentials as for a Dovecot IMAP server on the same machine, but I would also like to allow additional sets of credentials so I can allow network devices to send e-mails through the Exim server without giving them credentials to an IMAP mailbox.
... |
I ended up asking the Exim devs about this and the answer is unfortunately that it cannot be done directly, as although the plaintext authenticator can be extended, the dovecot one cannot.
The only solution is to move to an external authentication method like SASL that both Exim and Dovecot can use.
| How to use multiple Exim SMTP AUTH methods (dovecot and plaintext) |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I would like to enable system-wide filtering so I can define some custom spam filtering. I am using the Ubuntu/Debian split configuration for Exim but cannot see where to define the system filter.
In a normal configuration, I would just the following to the main configuration:
system_filter = /etc/mail/exim.filter
sys... |
Create a file called 30_exim4-config_system_filter in /etc/exim4/conf.d/main which contains the following:
# System wide filter:
# http://exim.org/exim-html-current/doc/html/spec_html/ch-systemwide_message_filtering.html
system_filter = /etc/mail/exim.filter
system_filter_user = Debian-exim
system_filter_group = Debi... | Exim system filter with split configuration |
1,535,930,122,000 |
I can't find a guide for this (they are old and don't work) and I can't seem to manage to install it. I can't install Postfix because of its dependencies, so I'm going with Exim, which I installed through yum install exim and it was the latest version. However, I have no idea where to go from here. I know that I need ... |
Dovecot 2.2.10 is now in the updates repo and can be installed via yum install dovecot. Horde can be obtained from remi's PHP repository, which features not only an up-to-date version of PHP but also packages for Horde and various of its modules. After enabling remi's repo, a simple yum install php-horde-imp should b... | How do I install Exim and Horde on Centos 7 with MariaDB 10? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I just formatted stuff. One disk I format as ext2. The other I want to format as ext4. I want to test how they perform.
Now, how do I know the kind of file system in a partition?
|
How do I tell what sort of data (what data format) is in a file?
→ Use the file utility.
Here, you want to know the format of data in a device file, so you need to pass the -s flag to tell file not just to say that it's a device file but look at the content. Sometimes you'll need the -L flag as well, if the device fil... | How do I know if a partition is ext2, ext3, or ext4? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Is there a way to tell the kernel to give back the free disk space now? Like a write to something in /proc/ ? Using Ubuntu 11.10 with ext4.
This is probably an old and very repeated theme.
After hitting 0 space only noticed when my editor couldn't save source code files I have open, which to my horror now have 0 byte... |
Check with lsof to see if there are files held open. Space will not be freed until they are closed.
sudo /usr/sbin/lsof | grep deleted
will tell you which deleted files are still held open.
| Tell fs to free space from deleted files NOW |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I've got a question concerning the block size and cluster size. Regarding to what I have read about that I assume the following:
The block size is the physical size of a block, mostly 512 bytes. There is no way to change this.
The cluster size is the minimal size of a block that is read and writable by the OS. If I c... |
I think you're confused, possibly because you've read several documents that use different terminology. Terms like “block size” and “cluster size” don't have a universal meaning, even within the context of filesystem literature.
Filesystems
For ext2 or ext3, the situation is relatively simple: each file occupies a cer... | Difference between block size and cluster size |
1,357,727,051,000 |
For config auditing reasons, I want to be able to search my ext3 filesystem for files which have the immutable attribute set (via chattr +i). I can't find any options for find or similar that do this. At this point, I'm afraid I'll have to write my own script to parse lsattr output for each directory. Is there a st... |
Thanks to Ramesh, slm and Stéphane for pointing me in the right direction (I was missing the -R switch for lsattr). Unfortunately, none of the answers so far worked correctly for me.
I came up with the following:
lsattr -aR .//. | sed -rn '/i.+\.\/\/\./s/\.\/\///p'
This protects against newlines being used to make a... | How to search for files with immutable attribute set? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Is useful to use -T largefile flag at creating a file-system for a partition with big files like video, and audio in flac format?
I tested the same partition with that flag and without it, and using tune2fs -l [partition], I checked in "Filesystem features" that both have "large_file" enabled. So, is not necessary to ... |
The -T largefile flag adjusts the amount of inodes that are allocated at the creation of the file system. Once allocated, their number cannot be adjusted (at least for ext2/3, not fully sure about ext4). The default is one inode for every 16K of disk space. -T largefile makes it one inode for every megabyte.
Each file... | largefile feature at creating file-system |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have done many obscure system optimizations in the past, but I got rid of most of them after powertop told me I should set my USB ports to autosuspend, which forced them to an eternal sleep, and also after I realized the benefits of a higher swappiness.
But today, while looking at /etc/fstab, I noticed I had set the... |
What does commit really do?
I think one of the best explanations was given here by allquixotic.
Are there really advantages of increasing it (like responsiveness and
power savings)? May it actually cause data loss?
As per the ext4 official documentation:
Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata every ... | Advantages/disadvantages of increasing "commit" in fstab |
1,357,727,051,000 |
If you run ls -l on a file that contains one letter, it will list as 2B in size. If your file system is in 4k blocks, I thought it rounded files up to the block size? Is it because ls -l actually reads the byte count from the inode? In what circumstances do you get rounded up to block answers vs actual byte count a... |
I guess you got that one letter into the file with echo a > file or vim file, which means, you'll have that letter and an additional newline in it (two characters, thus two bytes). ls -l shows file size in bytes, not blocks (to be more specific: file length):
$ echo a > testfile
$ ls -l testfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 user use... | EXT3: If block size is 4K, why does ls -l show file sizes below that? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have an embedded setup using an initramfs for the root file system but using a custom ext3 partition mounted on a compact flash IDE drive. Because data integrity in the face of power loss is the most important factor in the entire setup, I have used the following options to mount (below is the entry from my /etc/fst... |
Don't get misled by the fact that only writeback mentions internal filesystem integrity.
With ext3, whether you use journal, ordered or writeback, file system metadata is always journalled and that means internal file system integrity.
The data modes offer a way of control over how ordinary data is written to the fi... | What mount option to use for ext3 file system to minimise data loss or corruption? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have an external HDD which I formatted as NTFS partition in Windows. Now, I formatted this HDD in my linux system using the below command.
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
It was formatted successfully. However, when I run the fdisk -l command, it gives me the system as NTFS/HPFS.
Device Boot Start End Bloc... |
When setting up a disk or partition there are 2 aspects to doing this. The first is the act of laying down a partition table scheme on the disk using typically either MBR (Master Boot Record) or GPT (GUID Partitioning Table) formats. Both of these lay down a "structure" on the disk.
MBR
If you take a look at the stru... | fdisk -l shows ext3 file system as HPFS/NTFS |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I'm trying to mount an ext3 file system from another Linux installation so that the user, not root, will have full access to all the files. (I really do need user to have access to those files, because I would like to use them from another computer via sshfs, and sshfs will only give the user's access rights to the fi... |
On an ext4 filesystem (like ext2, ext3, and most other Unix-originating filesystems), the effective file permissions don't depend on who mounted the filesystem or on mount options, only on the metadata stored within the filesystem.
If you have a removable filesystem that uses different user IDs from your system, you c... | Mounting an ext3 filesystem with user privileges |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I know that this feature dates back 20 years but I still would like to find out
What is the purpose of the reserved blocks in ext2/3/4 filesystems?
|
The man page of tune2fs gives you an explanation:
Reserving some number of filesystem blocks for use by privileged processes is done to avoid filesystem fragmentation, and to allow system daemons, such as syslogd(8), to continue to function correctly after non-privileged processes are prevented from writing to the fi... | ext2/3/4 reserved blocks percentage purpose [duplicate] |
1,357,727,051,000 |
The ext2/3/4 filesystem checker has two options that seem to be very similar, -p and -y.
Both seem to perform an automatic repair, but the manpage states that -p can exit when it encounters certain errors while for -y no such thing is mentioned. Is this the only difference?
|
There is a specific difference which when we read it twice might make more sense.
-p - Automatically repair the file system without any questions.
-y - Assume an answer of `yes' to all questions.
So fsck -p will try to fix the file system automatically without any user intervention. It is most likely to take decisio... | What is the difference between fsck options -y and -p? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
zerofree -v /dev/sda1 returned
123642/1860888/3327744.
The man page does not explain what those numbers are:
http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man8/zerofree.8.html
I found some code on github:
https://github.com/haggaie/zerofree/blob/master/zerofree.c
And there's this line:
if ( verbose ) {
printf("\r%u/%u/%... |
I have the same tool installed on Fedora 19, and I noticed in the .spec file a URL which lead to this page titled: Keeping filesystem images sparse. This page included some examples for creating test data so I ran the commands to create the corresponding files.
Example
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=fs.image bs=1024 seek=200000... | zerofree verbose returns what? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
How many bits on a linux file system is taken up for the permissions of a file?
|
To add to the other answers:
Traditional Unix permissions are broken down into:
read (r)
write (w)
execute file/access directory (x)
Each of those is stored as a bit, where 1 means permitted and 0 means not permitted.
For example, read only access, typically written r--, is stored as binary 100, or octal 4.
There ar... | How many bits is the access flags of a file? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have created an 200MB ext3 using the following commands.
dd if=/dev/zero of=./system.img bs=1000000 count=200
mkfs.ext2 ./system.img
tune2fs -j ./system.img
How can I resize it to 50MB and 300MB? The problem is I have only some binaries in my system. They are : badblocks,e2fsck, mke2fs, mke2fs.bin, parted, resize2f... |
First, run a filesystem check, e2fsck -f ./system.img. Without this, it may proceed to enlarge the raw file, but fail to make any meaningful changes to the filesystem.
To reduce the size of the file system:
resize2fs ./system.img 50M
To enlarge:
resize2fs ./system.img 300M
resize2fs automatically adjusts the file si... | How to resize ext3 image files |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have a ReadyNAS box named "storage" that I believe is based on Debian. I can ssh into it as root. I'm trying to reconfigure the webserver, but I'm running into a file permissions problem that I just don't understand. I can't do anything with /etc/frontview/apache/apache.pem even as root! It doesn't appear to ... |
I just found the problem. The "immutable" attribute was set on that file. ls doesn't show it. You need a different command to see it:
# lsattr apache.pem*
----i--------- apache.pem
-------------- apache.pem.2017-02-04
-------------- apache.pem.orig
Once I remove the immutable bit, I can edit that file:
# chattr... | Permission denied for only a single file in a directory as root user on an ext3 filesystem under RAIDiator OS |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I am building a disk image for an embedded system (to be placed on an 4GB SD card). I want the system to have two partitions. A 'Root'(200Mb), and a 'Data' partition(800Mb).
I create an empty 1GB file with dd.
Then I use parted to set up the partitions.
I mount them each in a loop device then format them; ext2 for '... |
Firstly, writing a sparse image to a disk will not result in anything but the whole of the size of that image file - holes and all - covering the disk. This is because handling of sparse files is a quality of the filesystem - and a raw device (such as the one to which you write the image) has no such thing yet. A spar... | How do I create small disk image with large partitions |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I need to detect a filesystem type from a C/C++ program using the filesystem superblock. However, I don't see much differences between superblocks for ext2 and ext4. The s_rev_level field is the same (=1), the s_minor_rev_level is the same (=0).
I could check some features from s_feature_compat (and other feature fiel... |
After looking at the code for various utilities and the kernel code for some time, it does seem that what @Hauke suggested is true - whether a filesystem is ext2/ext3/ext4 is purely defined by the options that are enabled.
From the Wikipedia page on ext4:
Backward compatibility
ext4 is backward compatible with ext3 a... | Reliable way to detect ext2 or ext3 or ext4? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I am looking for a way to fragment an existing file in order to evaluate the performance of some tools. I found a solution for NTFS file system called MyFragmenter as described in this thread. However I can't find anything for ext2/3/4... I guest I can develop my own file fragmenter but due to time constraint I would ... |
If you want to ensure fragmentation but not prevent it (so you only have partial control over what happens), and you don't care about the specifics of the fragmentation, here's a quick & dirty way of doing things.
To create a file of n blocks in at least two fragments:
Open the file with synchronous writes, write m <... | How to deliberately fragment a file |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I understand that I can list the location of a filesystem's superblocks using the following commands.
Example
First get the device handle for the current directory.
$ df -h .
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora_greeneggs-home 402G 146G 236G 39% /home
Then use thi... |
I'm not sure how you can examine any particular superblock, but you can use this command to examine the general contents that all the superblocks share like so, using dumpe2fs.
$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/mapper/fedora_greeneggs-home | less
Example
$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/mapper/fedora_greeneggs-home | less
Filesystem volume n... | How can I dump the contents of a filesystem's superblock? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Recently I installed Debian Squeeze, first using ext3 and then again using ext4 on the same machine. The automatic fsck done after a certain number of mounts is much faster using ext4 (about 1 min) than ext3 (about 5 min).
What are the reasons for this significant difference in speed? If ext4 is much faster why does t... |
That's one of the most advertised benefits of ext4 (see it mentioned in the Features on Wikipedia).
The reason? Filesystem developers worked hard to achieve this.
Here's a short summary quoted from Wikipedia:
Faster file system checking
In ext4, unallocated block groups and sections of the inode table are marked as ... | Significant difference in speed between fsck using ext3 and ext4 on Debian Squeeze |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I often need to move files between two Linux computers via USB. I use gparted to format the USB's. When I formatted the USB to use FAT32, the USB was unable to copy symlinks, so I had to recreate the symlinks on the other computer after copying the files. When I formatted the USB to use EXT3, I created a lost+found di... |
What I do is to store tarballs on the USB drive (formatted as VFAT). I'm wary of reformatting USB drives, they are build/optimized for VFAT so to level wear, and I'm afraid it will die much sooner with other filesystems. Besides, formatting another way will make it useless for ThatOtherSystem...
| What filesystem should be used when transferring files between Linux systems? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
If the block size of a file system is 4KB, then for a 1KB file, 3KB space(which is internal fragmentation) is wasted. So, under a directory, is there any command to summarize how much disk space is wasted due to internal fragmentation?
|
Except if you have sparse files, it sounds like you're looking for du -s «dir» vs. du -s --apparent-size «dir».
Or, in stat output, the difference between size and blocks × block size:
anthony@Zia:/tmp$ echo -n 1 > foo
anthony@Zia:/tmp$ stat -c '%s %b × %B' foo
1 8 × 512
And with du (which defaults to kilobyt... | Any command to view the file system internal fragmentation size under a directory? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Var is showing as full to many apps like Nagios, Puppet, and the LVM tools (pvs, vgs, etc)
df -h output
6.0G 4.3G 1.4G 77% /var
vgs output
/var/lock/lvm/V_rootvg:aux: open failed: No space left on device
Can't get lock for rootvg
Skipping volume group rootvg
lsof +L1 shows nothing under var anymore, so I don'... |
Looking at the comments others have helped you diagnose you're out of inodes. If you need to make a few available so you can get some basic access back to your system then you could delete the following files on a CentOS 5 install, assuming you can live without them.
Example
$ sudo rm -fr /var/log/*.[1-9]?(.gz)
This ... | ext3 Filesystem shows full to most apps, but only 77% full to DF |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I recently moved from a hardware RAID1 enclosure to using two eSATA drives with md. Everything seems to be working fine, except for the fact that directory traversals/listings sometimes crawl (on the order of 10s of seconds). I am using an ext3 filesystem, with the block size set to 4K.
Here is some relevant output fr... |
THIS ENDED UP BEING A HARDWARE ISSUE
Switching to the new shielded cables did not help, but replacing the old card with this one: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000NTM9SY did get rid of the error messages and the strange behavior. Will post something new if anything changes.
IMPORTANT NOTE FOR SATA ENCLOSURES:
Even... | md raid1 ext3 and 4k sectors slow with directory operations |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Is the quota approach still in use to limit the usage of disk space and/or the concurrency between users.
Quota works with aquota.user files in the concerned directories AND some settings in /etc/fstab with options like usrquota…
But some times, regarding with journalised filesystems, this options change for usrjquota... |
Is the quota approach still in use?
Yes it is. Since disks have grown in size, quotas might not be of much worth to common users, but still find their usage in multi-user environment e.g. on servers. Android uses quotas on ext4 and f2fs to clear caches and and control per-app disk usage. In-kernel implementations as... | What is the most recent technique to implement quotas? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I created two partitions on a 1.5 TB drive, the first was 1 TB, the latter was the remaining .5 TB. Both were formatted as ext3. I don't mind the automatic filesystem checks occurring every so often, so I never bother configuring the frequency of it. What I found odd was that it decided to make the automatic check occ... |
The good thing about linux is the source is always somewhere. You can download or view the base e2fsprogs sources on kernel.org. This can also depend on your specific version and distribution though...
From current code it looks like it's some value added to 20 based on the UUID of the partition, if you have enable_pe... | What makes ext3 determine how frequently to perform file system checks when no options are specified? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I wondered about some missing space on my ext3 partition and, after some googling, found that debian based ubuntu reserves 5% of the size for root.
I also found posts describing how to change that size via tune2fs utility.
Now I've got 2 questions, that I didn't find clear answers for:
should I unmount the partition... |
You don't need to unmount the partition prior to doing this. Regarding question two, it depends. As HDDs have grown in size, so has the total amount of disk space that's reserved for root. If you have a 2 TB HDD and it's totally used for /, then I would say you could quite safely tune it down to 1% by doing this:
$ su... | how much space to reserve on ext3 filesystem to prevent fragmentation issues? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I've ran fsck -c on the (unmounted) partition in question a while ago. The process was unattended and results were not stored anywhere (except badblock inode).
Now I'd like to get badblock information to know if there are any problems with the harddrive.
Unfortunately, partition is used in the production system and ca... |
Try
dumpe2fs -b /dev/<WHATEVER>
| How to view bad blocks on mounted ext3 filesystem? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
I have my /home partition formatted as ext3. Occassionally, some program that is part of GNOME is giving notifications about there only being 700mb of space left. Nautilius tells me I have 5.6GB. Disk Usage Analyzer tells me I have 10GB.
Which of these is most accurate, or is there another program that is more accura... |
Try a differfent program; maybe this will be more accurate:
df -h
| How to check accurately the remaining disk space on a partition? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
On ubuntu I'm using the following to create a ext3 filesystem image system.img.
dd if=/dev/zero of=./system.img bs=1000000 count=200
mkfs.ext3 ./system.img
I'm attempting to do the same on android platform. But the problem is I can't find a mkfs.ext3 binary for armv7 android. But I have mkfs.ext2 , mke2fs , tune2fs a... |
Actually yes. Since ext2 and ext3 are fairly similar, with the major difference being ext3 supports journalling, you should be able to:
tune2fs -j ./system.img
Which enables journalling. The conversion process is detailed here with the usual disclaimers about important information, messing with filesystems etc.
You ... | Making an ext3 filesystem image without mkfs.ext3 |
1,357,727,051,000 |
Say I want to observe how the flow from file name to cluster on hard disc goes.
I get the inode number of I file (which is mapped in a directory data):
1863 autorun.inf
So, now i know that i have to look for the inode numbered 1863 which will contain the pointers to the data on the hard disc.
Where is the inode data ... |
Inode data are usually scattered around the disk (in order to cut down seeks). Being able to tell where the inode structures are is the core functionality of a filesystem driver - check LXR for current implementation of ext3 in Linux) or e2fsprogs sources if you are interested in details.
From a user's perspective yo... | Location of inodes (ext)? |
1,357,727,051,000 |
E.g: I need to know when was the last time a pendrive was mounted. Where could I see that? The pendrive has e.g.: FAT32, EXT3 filesystem.
|
ext3 stores the last mount time and can be retrieved with:
dumpe2fs -h /dev/node
I'm not sure that FAT stores this information.
| Where can I see the last mount time? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I have a partition which contains MySQL data which is constantly growing. My LVM PV has precious little free space remaining and therefore I find I'm frequently adding additional space to my /var partition using lvextend and resize2fs in smallish increments (250-500 MB at a time) so as not to give too much space to /v... |
Beyond the wear and tear on the HDDs I can't see any reason why this would be dangerous. I've never come across a EXT3/EXT4 parameter that limits the amount of times you can do this. There isn't any counter I've seen either.
In looking through the output from tune2fs I see nothing that I would find alarming which woul... | Is there a problem using resize2fs too often? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Some preamble: I'm taking bitwise copy of disk devices (via dd command) from twin hosts (i.e. with the same virtualized hardware layout and software packages, but with different history of usage). To optimize image size I trailed all empty space on partitions with zeroes (e.g. from /dev/zero). I'm also aware of reser... |
You can purge the journal by either un-mounting, or remounting read-only (arguably a good idea when cloning). With ext4 you can also turn off the journal altogether (tune2fs -O ^has_journal), the .journal magic immutable file will be removed automatically. The journal data will still be on the underlying disk of cours... | How to clean journals in ext3/ext4 filesystem? [closed] |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Short version: ext3 root filesystem on rackspace (xen) VM detects aborted journal on boot and mounts read-only. I've attempted to repair this from a rescue environment with tune2fs and e2fsck as prescribed in many articles I read, but the error continues to happen.
UPDATE: So based on this article I added "barrier=0" ... |
At this point I'm thinking this is very likely an instance of Debian Bug 637234. As this is a cloud VM, the hypervisor kernel is outside of my control. The workaround is using barrier=0 in /etc/fstab for the root filesystem. The long-term fix is to rebuild the box as a next-gen rackspace cloud instance instead of a fi... | ext3 root filesystems goes read-only with aborted journal even after repairs |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I have an old /home partition, that dates back to former linux systems, and it is still in ext3 format. Whereas the rest of my system, / and some other mounted point are devices formated in ext4.
I have grasped some sites on the net that describes how to convert an ext3 partition to an ext4.
In this UL.SE question Can... |
Both ext3 and ext4 are journaling filesystems, in addition this list several differences, the most relevant are:
Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 16 TB
Overall maximum ext4 file system size is 1 EB (exabyte). 1 EB = 1024 PB (petabyte). 1 PB = 1024 TB (terabyte).
Directory can contain a maximum of 64,... | Convert old /home from ext3 to ext4 |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I tried looking at the difference, the main ones seem to be 4 supports more subdirectories in a file, supports larger files, has delayed write which I don't prefer as I don't want data loss. I also see timestamps are more accurate but it also mentions there is no support in glibc so no apps would use it. Also I just n... |
These days ext4 is considered the stable standard, and you should use it. Also all filesystems use delayed writing, ext4 just delays allocating where the blocks go until they are actually written, which helps reduce fragmentation. It also uses extents to track the blocks, which makes it more efficient.
| How do I choose between ext 3 and 4? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Suppose you have an ext3 partition which was unfortunately formated as ext4 partition (and where now are some but not a lot new files on it). Is there any way to recover (some) files from the old ext3 partition?
|
You can use a tool like PhotoRec to read the blocks and try to recover files. It actually recovers a lot of file types, not just images like the name may suggest.
http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec
| Recover formatted ext3 partition |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I have a ext3 filesystem on a .img file. After mounting and unmounting it, I noticed that the md5sum is changed, even if no file inside was changed!
md5sum myfilesystem.img
XXXX myfilesystem.img
mount -t ext3 myfilesystem.img temp/
umount temp/
md5sum myfilesystem.img
YYYY myfilesystem.img
Why does XXXX differs from ... |
Because, if you mount the ext3 in writable mode, there are a few things that get updated, like the last mount date. Try if this also happens when you mount with -o ro.
| md5sum change after mount? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Related to this question: having a root file system that had to be mounted read-only (say it's completely broken), can I reformat the partition or dd a older backup image on top of it (and then reboot)?
I guess the file system won't like those radical changes while mounted (even if readonly).
Or, as a similar question... |
Well, other than run interactively, you can try fsck -y like my answer in the other question :-P
If you want to dd an image on top of the rootfs, your best bet is going to be to do that from your initramfs before mounting the rootfs.
You can do it with the system booted to that rootfs, but this is one of those things ... | Can I make low-level changes on a root fs mounted RO? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Let's say I want to set one or more attributes (in the chattr sense) on every file created in a given directory.
Is there a way to achieve this automatically, like umask does for file permissions ?
In other words, is there a way to omit the chattr step in :
$ copy file /path/to/backup/
$ chattr +i /path/to/backup/fil... |
You can run inoticoming to watch for files placed in the directory and automatically run any command, in this case chattr. (note linux specific)
| Automatically set file attributes in a given directory |
1,386,093,579,000 |
For benchmark and testing purposes I need to be able to allocate a file at a specific offset from the start of the partition. When I create a new file normally, its blocks are placed wherever the file system decides, but I want to control that. In other words, I want to manually pick which blocks are assigned to a fil... |
I have managed to find a way to do this. It uses a python script which first uses debugfs to find the necesssary number of blocks (including indirect blocks) that the file will need. It then manually writes the indirect blocks to the disk, and invokes debugfs again to mark the blocks as used and to update the file's i... | Allocate file at a specific offset in ext3/4 |
1,386,093,579,000 |
This is actually a ctf game: Enigma 2017 practice at hackcenter.com
We have to recover a deleted file on ext3.
I am following this tutorial.
The inode is 1036.
istat gives Group 0
fsstat undelete.img
Group: 0:
Inode Range: 1 - 1280
...
Inode Table: 24 - 183
...
From here the node table has a size of 160 bloc... |
You conveniently forgot to mention the URL of the filesystem image, but after registering on hackcenter.com it wasn't that hard to find. (I'm not going to repeat the URL here).
Instead of blindly following a recipe, let's look at the image and figure out what happens. fls shows that there's lots of files named filler-... | Recovering a file on ext3 |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Why does it show 0 in the available column?
[root@server log]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 4128448 4096484 0 100% /
It's an ext3 filesystem.
|
df reports the percentage of used blocks relative to the blocks not reserved for root use (by default I think it's 5% of the drive in ext3). It can be changed by using the -m option of tune2fs e.g. to set it to 2%
tune2fs -m 2 /dev/sdXY
The reserved blocks allow system daemons to keep going even when the disk is full... | Why does df show Available 0 when 1K-blocks minus Used is greater than 0? [duplicate] |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I just saw an answer question about filesystems for embedded hardware on another Stack Exchange site. The question was "What file system format should I use on flash memory?" and the answer suggested the ext2 filesystem, or the ext3 filesystem with journaling disabled a'la tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sdbX
This made m... |
The journal is the difference. You can not have an ext3 filesystem without a journal. If you disable the journal, it becomes an ext2 filesystem again.
ext4 has a number of beneficial features and can run without a journal, making it a much better choice.
| Besides the journal, what are the differences between ext2 and ext3? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I have a large, frequently read, ext3 file system mounted read-only on a system that is generally always hard power cycled about 2-3 times per day.
Because the device is usually powered off by cutting the power, fsck runs on boot on that file system, but for this application fast boot times are important (to the secon... |
From the mount manpage,
-r, --read-only
Mount the filesystem read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
Note that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel
behavior, the system may still write to the device. For example,
Ext3 or ext4 will replay its journal if the filesyste... | Safe to disable boot fsck on read-only ext3 file system? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I'm trying to install Debian Squeeze 6.0.5 on a new HP Proliant Microserver N40L with 4 GB RAM and 1.5 GHZ and 2 new Seagate BARRACUDA 2TB HDD (delivered yesterday).
The installation stuck at the point of formatting the 2 TB HDD at 33%. I gave him 16 hours, then I aborted the formatting and started the SEATOOLS HDD U... |
Thank you very much for your answers.
The solution was to prepare the installation for raid 1, but just mount one hdd in the raid.
(Active devices: 2, reserved devices: 0, but just SDA and not SDA + SDB)
This solved the problem with resync and the installer worked normally.
After the installation of debian, I simply a... | Debian stucks at formatting 33% |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I had an hard-drive with two partitions: one was 460GB NTFS and the other was 5GB ext3 Ubuntu 10.10.
I wanted to extend the Ubuntu partition, so I was going to shrink the NTFS partition by 15GB, but I accidentally right-clicked the NTFS partition and chose "Make Partition Active".
It actually made all the ext3 partiti... |
The program calling the Linux partition "unallocated" sounds like the Windows Disk Management tool. Microsoft could make it recognize non-Microsoft partition types, but they haven't. It may be that your Ubuntu partition is still there and unharmed.
If that is the case, you may just have to mark the Ubuntu /boot partit... | How can I restore my linux? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I'm curious, what is the smallest size a file can really be on Linux? (Assuming Ext3 fs, so why not ext4 fs as well).
Sure you can write a file that only contains one byte, or maybe even less; but surely that'll allocates a minimum, and reasonable amount of data for convenience.
So what is the minimum allocation / blo... |
The smallest possible allocation size for a file in ext3/ext4 is 0 (none at all) because of inline data: files with sizes smaller than 60 bytes can be stores completely inside the inode itself.
Of course, every file, whether it's a regular file, symlink, directory (which can contain data), or character device or block... | Smallest file block size (ext 3, 4) |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I just read this article about the virtually non-existent disk fragmentation on *nix filesystems.
It was mentioned that due to the way ext handles writing data to the disks, fragmentation may only begin manifesting on hard drives that are at least 80%, where the free space between the files starts to run out.
On how t... |
What you have read is true. File systems become fragmented over time - as you write more of your epic screenplay, or add to your music collection, or upload more photos, etc, so free space runs low and the system has to split files up to fit on the disk. In the process described in the excerpt you posted, the final st... | How to fix a fragmented ext disk - myth or truth? |
1,386,093,579,000 |
Leaving out many details, I need to create a read/write file system on a device with the following main goals:
Eliminate all writes while data is not being explicitly written.
Reduce all indirect writes when data is written.
Run fsck on boot after unclean unmount.
Currently I am using ext3, mounted with noatime. I a... |
You don't need to switch to ext2, you can tune ext3.
You can change fsck requirements of a filesystem using tune2fs. A quick look tells me the correct command is tune2fs -c <mount-count>, but see the man page for the details.
You can change how data will be written to the ext3 filesystem during mounting. You want eit... | Minimizing "idle" writes on a file system |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I have created a Virtual ext3 partition on a armv7 machine with:
dd if=/dev/zero of=./system.img bs=1000000 count=200
mkfs.ext2 ./system.img
tune2fs -j ./system.img
Now I need to get info about this fs like total space, free space and used space. How can I do this without mounting the fs. Is it possible?
|
tune2fs will display filesystem information with the -l option.
> /sbin/tune2fs -l ./tmpfile
tune2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: da61d942-4e9f-4c29-9f20-ab809fb90fbf
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 ... | Getting info about a Virtual file system |
1,386,093,579,000 |
I am just trying to salvage files off the disk I pulled from a dying Maxtor Shared Storage enclosure (failed to come back up after powering it off, presumably because the OS image on the disk got corrupted, no files on shares were in use at the time). The firmware of the MSS is Linux-based.
I took out the disk, placed... |
After trying everything else (mounting the drive on a different machine, restoring old backups), I eventually decided to risk it and fsck the partition.
fsck -Dfp complained about errors and requested to be run again without the -p option.
fsck -Df then found a couple of errors:
Pass 2 (directory structure) found a fe... | No such file or directory for files with accented characters |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I recently partitioned a new drive in windows to NTFS. I want to make it ext3 so that I can transfer a WUBI Ubuntu installation onto it. I don't care about the data on this partition.
Is there a simple way to do this in either ubuntu or windows 7?
|
You can't convert, but can reformat the partition. Boot into Ubuntu or from a live CD and format the partition from there. Be careful not to format the wrong partition.
mkfs.ext3 /dev/hdx1
| Converting NTFS to Ext3 |
1,412,342,467,000 |
In Windows, when a file/folder is created, it is associated with an FRN (a unique number which is like an Index into the MFT). All the file metadata is stored in the MFT which occupies a reserved size of 12.5 % of the disk size.
How and where is the metadata stored on Unix filesystems like ext2, ext3 etc... ?
An inod... |
What Windows (or more precisely NTFS) calls MFT is what typical Unix filesystems call the inode table, and what Windows calls FRN is the inode number. It contains the metadata for a file (permissions, timestamps, etc.), but not the file name (that's part of the directory entries). It also contains the address of the f... | How much space does an inode occupy? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
What's the command to format my external 2.5 Tb USB hdd to ext3? Using mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1 works, but only gives me 300 Gb of space allocated -- where am I failing?
|
Run parted:
parted /dev/sdc
and do the following in it:
mklabel gpt
mkpart primary ext3 4MiB -1MiB
quit
Only then try to format it:
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1
As a side note: fsck on a 2.5TB partition will take a long long time, use ext4 if you can, jfs or xfs otherwise.
| Formatting hdd to ext3 fails? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
We have servers which have been running for a long time. When they reboot, we see this message:
kernel: EXT4-fs (sda3): warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended
My question is: what if you never ever run e2fsck? Man page does not shed enough light. The warning message says "is recommended" -... |
An ext* filesystem has a couple of values in the metadata; how many times a filesystem can be mounted before it should be checked, and how long between checks should be allowed.
These values can be checked with the dumpe2fs command;
eg
% sudo dumpe2fs -h /dev/vdb | egrep -i 'check|mount count'
dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-... | What happens if you never ever run e2fsck? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I use partimage to backup my ext4 partition, but during backup, the partition was detected as an ext3 partition. So I'm wondering if this can cause something bad.
|
http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page
Limitations - Partimage does not support ext4 or btrfs filesystems.
It is unwise to use it for ext4 as long as that message is on their website.
| is it safe to backup ext4 partition with partimage , which is detected as a ext3 partition |
1,412,342,467,000 |
anyfs-tools promises to convert a ntfs partition into ext3. That's what I want to do. (I have backed up what was necessary).
But when I try to compile anyfs-tools I get a make compilation error complaining about the ext2fs library. So I suppose I do not have the good version that makes this executable compile.
What s... |
Looking here - https://launchpad.net/~develop7/+archive/ppa/+build/1545234 - looks like anyfs-tools failed to build for them as well. The manual is a recommended read (http://anyfs-tools.sourceforge.net/), especially this snippet: "anyfs-tools anyfs-tools allows a user to convert filesystems. There is only one require... | Cannot make anyfs-tools. My e2fslibs package seems not to be the compatible version |
1,412,342,467,000 |
My Debian vmware image has run out of space. I've expanded the disk image but now need to increase my root partition to see the additional space. My volume is setup as follows
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (l... |
UPDATE - I found this answer, and the others, to be quite helpful. You may want to compare those too.
You need to do like this:
swapoff, thus "freeing" the swap partition
fdisk, and delete both the extended partition and the physical partition.
You are now left with just /dev/sda1.
You can now enlarge the image usin... | How to resize root ext3 file system without LVM |
1,412,342,467,000 |
Is it possible to convert / and /boot file system from ext3 to btrfs? I have not experienced converting previously but I seen that filesystem from ext3 needs to be unmounted.
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_system-lv_root ext3 4.8G 3.6G 1.1G 78% /
/dev/sda1 ... |
Yes, it's possible to convert an ext3 filesystem to BTRFS. Use btrfs-convert.
Yes, the filesystem needs to be unmounted; btrfs-convert uses the filesystem's free space to perform the conversion, so you can't have the free space being modified (by ext3) during this process.
WARNING about LVM
I see you're using LVM to c... | Convert / and /boot from ext3 to btrfs |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I have a volume group, which has a size of approximately 30 TByte. It has an EXT3 File System on it:
SERVER:/home/usfman # dumpe2fs -h /dev/mapper/datavg-foolv
dumpe2fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: censored
Filesystem magic n... |
This gives you an overview of maximum file size https://access.redhat.com/solutions/1532 . You may want to think about upgrading ext3 to ext4 https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Storage_Administration_Guide/ext4converting.html . So 13 TB should go fine if your kernel is not too old, e.g. you are runnin... | Are there any size restrictions when increasing an EXT3 File System? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I was creating a new file system in my external HDD. While formatting, I had to format this partition to the remaining available partition which is somewhere around 850GB. Now, I created an ext3 file system in this partition. This is the output of my mkfs.ext3 command.
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
... |
First, let us use the bytes notation to understand the concepts. Now, the actual size of the external HDD was 850GB which translates to 912680550400 bytes.
Block size and fragment size
The block size specifies the size that the file-system will use to read and write data. Here the default block size of 4096 bytes is ... | debug mkfs.ext3 command output |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I understand that any files being written to during power loss can get corrupted, but is it possible for an entire ext3 filesystem to become corrupted during a power loss event? If so, how?
Thanks!
|
TL;DR: it is not likely with the default mount options but it still may happen. If you tune the mount options and set unsafe flags, yes it is possible.
ext3 is a journaled filesystem meaning that it is less likely to be corrupted by a hard power-off than ext2 for instance which is not using journaling.
That being said... | Can an entire ext3 filesystem be corrupted if the system loses power? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I know that it isn't possible to change the inode count of an ext filesystem after its creation, but I haven't been able to find any explanation on why it isn't.
Can anyone enlighten me?
|
Why? Because no one has written a tool that does it. And that's probably because it's a not entirely trivial change to the filesystem metadata.
There are other issues like this; for example you can't resize ext4 to >16TB. That needs 64bit structures which aren't used by default.
Same with other filesystems, for exampl... | Why is it impossible to change the inode count of an ext filesystem? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I am installing crunchbang linux (#!) to my eeePC and it is unable to start the disk partitioner. I traced the problem to partman and partman-lvm that states
No volume groups found.
So I have done some snooping, and I can get around that part of the installer (that just hangs) if I can mount my future root partitio... |
You're doing it the right way. It may be that the device /dev/sda1 doesn't exist yet. You also probably don't need to specify -t ext3 since that should be default. I don't expect having it would cause any problem though.
| mount root fs to /target |
1,412,342,467,000 |
uname -a gives:
Linux devuan 4.9.0-6-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.88-1 (2018-04-29) x86_64 GNU/Linux
All filesystems on all disks in this box are ext3 (~15T worth over six disks)
ps -A gives:
...
14684 ? 00:00:00 jbd2/sdc1-8
14685 ? 00:00:00 ext4-rsv-conver
14688 ? 00:00:00 jbd2/sdc2-8
14689 ? 0... |
Since version 4.3 of the kernel, Ext3 file systems are handled by the Ext4 driver. That driver uses workqueues named ext4-rsv-conversion, one per file system; there is no way to get rid of them.
| Can I get rid of "ext4-rsv-conversion" process? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
I am in need of a tool that would run on an Ubuntu system that would be able to report the following:
Bad physical locations on a disk (cylinders, sectors)
Files that are affected by these bad locations.
Filesystem I currently have is NTFS but it would be good to have for ext2/3/4 as well.
|
Won't work nowadays. Modern disks "hide" bad blocks (even the most carefully manufactured new disks have them, they are unavoidable with current data densites) by remapping them to spares. You'll "see" bad blocks only when the disk runs out of spares, and in my experience that means that 99% of the time the disk has h... | Tool to create a bad physical location report on disk |
1,412,342,467,000 |
Possible Duplicate:
Recover formatted ext3 partition
I have a folder of about 5GB that suddenly disappeared. When I checked its hard disk, I found out it has bad sector for about 2-3MB on this folder. Maybe it is on the folder's pointer.
The partition is EXT3 , and operating system is Debian.
I tried the fsck comm... |
Maybe testdisk will handle this.
| Recover ext3 files from hard disk with bad sector [duplicate] |
1,412,342,467,000 |
This USB driver has two partitions, one is ext3 and another NTFS. Now I want to convert the ext3 partition to ext2, is it possible?
The partition has around 200G data and I have no spare disk or space to temporarily store that.
|
Simply remove journaling:
# tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sdbX
# fsck.ext2 /dev/sdbX
Then you can simply remove .journal file.
| How to convert USB driver from ext3 to ext2 without losing data? |
1,412,342,467,000 |
Earlier I encountered this error.
lv_root: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY
Which may be caused by the constant power failure here in our office.
I fixed it by inserting a centos 6.4 disc and running e2fsck from there.
I followed this blog post to fix it.
It worked but after rebooting I encountered another ... |
To verify everything in the kernel package that might be missing or damaged, run
# rpm -V kernel-2.6.32-431.20.3.el6.i686
missing /lib/modules/2.6.32-431.20.3.el6.i686/kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko
The missing file may be in /lost+found. Run modinfo /lost+found/* and look for a file with fields
vermagic: 2.6.32-431.20... | Centos missing ext3.ko |
1,303,114,106,000 |
According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, /opt is for "the installation of add-on application software packages". /usr/local is "for use by the system administrator when installing software locally". These use cases seem pretty similar. Software not included with distributions usually is configured by default... |
While both are designed to contain files not belonging to the operating system, /opt and /usr/local are not intended to contain the same set of files.
/usr/local is a place to install files built by the administrator, typically by using the make command (e.g., ./configure; make; make install). The idea is to avoid cla... | What is the difference between /opt and /usr/local? |
1,303,114,106,000 |
On most FHS systems, there is a /tmp folder as well as a /var/tmp folder. What is the functional difference between the two?
|
/tmp is meant as fast (possibly small) storage with a short lifetime. Many systems clean /tmp very fast - on some systems it is even mounted as RAM-disk. /var/tmp is normally located on a physical disk, is larger and can hold temporary files for a longer time. Some systems also clean /var/tmp, but less often.
Also not... | What is the difference between /tmp and /var/tmp? |
1,303,114,106,000 |
I have an executable for the perforce version control client (p4). I can't place it in /opt/local because I don't have root privileges. Is there a standard location where it needs to be placed under $HOME?
Does the File System Hierarchy have a convention that says that local executables/binaries need to be placed in $... |
In general, if a non-system installed and maintained binary needs to be accessible system-wide to multiple users, it should be placed by an administrator into /usr/local/bin. There is a complete hierarchy under /usr/local that is generally used for locally compiled and installed software packages.
If you are the only ... | Where should a local user executable be placed (under $HOME)? |
1,303,114,106,000 |
I know many directories with .d in their name:
init.d
yum.repos.d
conf.d
Does it mean directory? If yes, from what does this disambiguate?
UPDATE: I've had many interesting answers about what the .d means, but the title of my question was not well chosen. I changed "mean" to "stand for".
|
The .d suffix here means directory. Of course, this would be unnecessary as Unix doesn't require a suffix to denote a file type but in that specific case, something was necessary to disambiguate the commands (/etc/init, /etc/rc0, /etc/rc1 and so on) and the directories they use (/etc/init.d, /etc/rc0.d, /etc/rc1.d, ..... | What does the .d stand for in directory names? |
1,303,114,106,000 |
I need to compile some software on my Fedora machine. Where's the best place to put it so not to interfere with the packaged software?
|
Rule of thumb, at least on Debian-flavoured systems:
/usr/local for stuff which is "system-wide"—i.e. /usr/local tends to be in a distro's default $PATH, and follows a standard UNIX directory hierarchy with /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.
/opt for stuff you don't trust to make system-wide, with per-app prefixes—... | Where should I put software I compile myself? |
1,303,114,106,000 |
Or: where can I put files belonging to a group?
Suppose there are two users on a Unix system: joe and sarah. They are both members of the movies-enthusiast group. Where should I put their movie files?
/home/{joe,sarah}/movies are not appropriate because those directories belongs to joe / sarah, not to their group;
/h... |
Don't use
/usr is for sharable read-only data. Data here should only change for administrative reasons (e.g. the installation of new packages.)
/opt is generally for programs that are self-contained or need to be isolated from the rest of the system for some reason (low and medium interaction honeypot programs, for e... | What's the most appropriate directory where to place files shared between users? |
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