Unnamed: 0 int64 0 350k | level_0 int64 0 351k | ApplicationNumber int64 9.75M 96.1M | ArtUnit int64 1.6k 3.99k | Abstract stringlengths 1 8.37k | Claims stringlengths 3 292k | abstract-claims stringlengths 68 293k | TechCenter int64 1.6k 3.9k |
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2,500 | 2,500 | 15,101,653 | 1,762 | The invention relates to a drier composition for an autoxidizable alkyd based coating composition, comprising: a) at least one Fe complex comprising Fe and at least one nitrogen donor ligand, wherein said at least nitrogen donor ligand is selected from the group comprising tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate and hexadentate nitrogen donor ligands; b) at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the metal is selected from the group comprising: Mn, Ce, V, and Cu, preferably Mn; and c) at least one ligand comprising at least one moiety selected from the group comprising 1,4,7-tri-azacyclononanyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenantrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, porphyrinyl, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic amines. The present invention also relates to coating composition comprising the drier composition, and the uses thereof. | 1. A drier composition for an autoxidizable alkyd based coating composition, comprising:
a) at least one Fe complex comprising Fe and at least one nitrogen donor ligand, wherein said at least nitrogen donor ligand is selected from the group comprising tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate and hexadentate nitrogen donor ligands; b) at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the metal is selected from the group comprising: Mn, Ce, V, and Cu; and c) at least one ligand comprising at least one moiety selected from the group comprising 1,4,7-tri-azacyclononanyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenantrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, porphyrinyl, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic amines. 2. A drier composition according to claim 1, wherein the ligand in a) is a compound of formula (I);
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl, wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl, preferably pyriddin-2yl; wherein R1 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12alkyl, C6-10aryl, C6-10arylC1-6alkyl;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl, wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl, preferably pyriddin-2yl; wherein R2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12alkyl, C6-10aryl, C6-10arylC1-6alkyl;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-12alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR5; wherein R5 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and wherein m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein R3 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-12alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR50; wherein R50 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and wherein m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —OH, C1-6alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-12alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-12alkyl, and C1-12alkyl; wherein R6 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R7 is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —OH, C1-6alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-12alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-12alkyl, and C1-12alkyl; wherein R7 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
X1 is selected from —C(O)— or —[C(R8)2]n—; wherein n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3, and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, C1-12alkoxy and C1-12alkyl; wherein R8 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-6aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy. 3. A drier composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ligand in a) is a compound of formula (I);
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl; wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrazolyl;
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl-O—C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-8alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR5; R5 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
each R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —OH, C1-4alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-4alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyl; and,
X1 is selected from —C(O)— or —[C(R8)2]n—; wherein n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3, and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, C1-4alkoxy and C1-4alkyl; 4. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:
d) a K salt of a carboxylic acid. 5. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the metal in b) is selected from Mn or Ce, preferably, wherein the metal in b) is Mn. 6. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from branched-chain or straight-chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic and alicyclic monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 22 carbon atoms, cycloaliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or mixtures of these acids, preferably the carboxylic acid is selected from the group comprising 2-ethylbutanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, neononanoic acid, nonanoic acid, isodecanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, 2-ethyldecanoic acid, isotridecanoic acid, isotetradecanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-octanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, n-dodecanoic acid, cyclopentanoic acid, methylcyclopentanoic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, methylcyclohexanoic acid, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexanoic acid, cycloheptanoic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, erucic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, monobutyl maleate, monodecyl phthalate, naphthenic acid and mixtures thereof. 7. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one ligand in c) is a compound of formula (V), wherein
each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C6-10aryl and C6-10aryl-C1-6alkyl, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, C1-6alkoxy, phenoxy, carboxylate, carboxamide, carboxylic ester, sulfonate, amine, C1-6alkylamine and —N+(R21)3;
each R21 is selected from —H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C6-10aryl-C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl-C2-6alkenyl, C1-6alkyloxy, C2-6alkenyloxy, aminoC1-6alkyl, aminoC2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkyl ether, C3-6alkenyl ether, and —CX2 2—R22;
each X2 is independently selected from —H or C1-3alkyl and wherein each R22 is independently selected from an optionally substituted heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl; and,
wherein at least one of R21 is —C(X2)2—R22, preferably wherein the organic compound in c) is 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-tri-azacyclononane. 8. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein components (b) and (c) of the drier composition are provided as the complex defined by CAS 1381939-25-8. 9. A coating composition, comprising:
a) at least one autoxidizable alkyd based binder; and b) a drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8. 10. The coating composition according to claim 9, further comprising an oxime, preferably a ketoxime, preferably methyl ethyl ketoxime. 11. The coating composition according to claim 9 or 10, comprising at most 0.01% by weight of anti-skinning agent other than an oxime, preferably at most 0.001% by weight, preferably at most 0.0001% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating composition, preferably wherein the coating composition is essentially free of anti-skinning agents other than an oxime. 12. The coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the coating composition comprises at least 0.0001% to at most 2% by weight of the metal in b), preferably at least 0.0002% to at most 0.1% by weight of the metal in b), more preferably at least 0.0005% to at most 0.05% by weight of the metal in b), for example at least 0.001% to at most 0.02% by weight of the metal in b), considering only the amount of metal of said at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, with weight percent being based on the total weight of the alkyd binder. 13. The coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the coating composition is a solvent-borne coating composition. 14. Use of the coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 13 in a varnish, lacquer, paint, stain, enamel, printing ink or floor covering. 15. A substrate having applied thereon a coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 13. | The invention relates to a drier composition for an autoxidizable alkyd based coating composition, comprising: a) at least one Fe complex comprising Fe and at least one nitrogen donor ligand, wherein said at least nitrogen donor ligand is selected from the group comprising tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate and hexadentate nitrogen donor ligands; b) at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the metal is selected from the group comprising: Mn, Ce, V, and Cu, preferably Mn; and c) at least one ligand comprising at least one moiety selected from the group comprising 1,4,7-tri-azacyclononanyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenantrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, porphyrinyl, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic amines. The present invention also relates to coating composition comprising the drier composition, and the uses thereof.1. A drier composition for an autoxidizable alkyd based coating composition, comprising:
a) at least one Fe complex comprising Fe and at least one nitrogen donor ligand, wherein said at least nitrogen donor ligand is selected from the group comprising tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate and hexadentate nitrogen donor ligands; b) at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the metal is selected from the group comprising: Mn, Ce, V, and Cu; and c) at least one ligand comprising at least one moiety selected from the group comprising 1,4,7-tri-azacyclononanyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenantrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, porphyrinyl, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic amines. 2. A drier composition according to claim 1, wherein the ligand in a) is a compound of formula (I);
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl, wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl, preferably pyriddin-2yl; wherein R1 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12alkyl, C6-10aryl, C6-10arylC1-6alkyl;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl, wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl, preferably pyriddin-2yl; wherein R2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12alkyl, C6-10aryl, C6-10arylC1-6alkyl;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-12alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR5; wherein R5 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and wherein m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein R3 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C1-12alkyl, C1-12alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-12alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR50; wherein R50 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and wherein m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —OH, C1-6alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-12alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-12alkyl, and C1-12alkyl; wherein R6 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
R7 is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —OH, C1-6alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-12alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-12alkyl, and C1-12alkyl; wherein R7 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy;
X1 is selected from —C(O)— or —[C(R8)2]n—; wherein n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3, and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, C1-12alkoxy and C1-12alkyl; wherein R8 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C6-6aryl, halogen, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, and haloC1-6alkoxy. 3. A drier composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ligand in a) is a compound of formula (I);
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-24alkyl, C6-10aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkyl; wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrazolyl;
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl-O—C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl-O—C6-10aryl, C6-10aryl, hydroxyC1-8alkyl, and —(CH2)mC(O)OR5; R5 is selected from —H, C1-4alkyl, C6-10aryl, or C1-4alkylC6-10aryl, and m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
each R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —OH, C1-4alkoxy, —NH—C(O)—H, —NH—C(O)—C1-4alkyl, —NH2, —NH—C1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyl; and,
X1 is selected from —C(O)— or —[C(R8)2]n—; wherein n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3, and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, C1-4alkoxy and C1-4alkyl; 4. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:
d) a K salt of a carboxylic acid. 5. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the metal in b) is selected from Mn or Ce, preferably, wherein the metal in b) is Mn. 6. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from branched-chain or straight-chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic and alicyclic monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 22 carbon atoms, cycloaliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or mixtures of these acids, preferably the carboxylic acid is selected from the group comprising 2-ethylbutanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, neononanoic acid, nonanoic acid, isodecanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, 2-ethyldecanoic acid, isotridecanoic acid, isotetradecanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-octanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, n-dodecanoic acid, cyclopentanoic acid, methylcyclopentanoic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, methylcyclohexanoic acid, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexanoic acid, cycloheptanoic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, erucic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, monobutyl maleate, monodecyl phthalate, naphthenic acid and mixtures thereof. 7. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one ligand in c) is a compound of formula (V), wherein
each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C6-10aryl and C6-10aryl-C1-6alkyl, each group being optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, C1-6alkoxy, phenoxy, carboxylate, carboxamide, carboxylic ester, sulfonate, amine, C1-6alkylamine and —N+(R21)3;
each R21 is selected from —H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C6-10aryl-C1-6alkyl, C6-10aryl-C2-6alkenyl, C1-6alkyloxy, C2-6alkenyloxy, aminoC1-6alkyl, aminoC2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkyl ether, C3-6alkenyl ether, and —CX2 2—R22;
each X2 is independently selected from —H or C1-3alkyl and wherein each R22 is independently selected from an optionally substituted heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl; and,
wherein at least one of R21 is —C(X2)2—R22, preferably wherein the organic compound in c) is 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-tri-azacyclononane. 8. The drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein components (b) and (c) of the drier composition are provided as the complex defined by CAS 1381939-25-8. 9. A coating composition, comprising:
a) at least one autoxidizable alkyd based binder; and b) a drier composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8. 10. The coating composition according to claim 9, further comprising an oxime, preferably a ketoxime, preferably methyl ethyl ketoxime. 11. The coating composition according to claim 9 or 10, comprising at most 0.01% by weight of anti-skinning agent other than an oxime, preferably at most 0.001% by weight, preferably at most 0.0001% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating composition, preferably wherein the coating composition is essentially free of anti-skinning agents other than an oxime. 12. The coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the coating composition comprises at least 0.0001% to at most 2% by weight of the metal in b), preferably at least 0.0002% to at most 0.1% by weight of the metal in b), more preferably at least 0.0005% to at most 0.05% by weight of the metal in b), for example at least 0.001% to at most 0.02% by weight of the metal in b), considering only the amount of metal of said at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, with weight percent being based on the total weight of the alkyd binder. 13. The coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the coating composition is a solvent-borne coating composition. 14. Use of the coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 13 in a varnish, lacquer, paint, stain, enamel, printing ink or floor covering. 15. A substrate having applied thereon a coating composition according to any one of claims 9 to 13. | 1,700 |
2,501 | 2,501 | 12,826,019 | 1,771 | The process of the present invention is directed to the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with a membrane contactor, where sulfur compounds are concentrated in a sulfur-rich stream on a permeate side of the membrane using an extractive liquid, and a sulfur-lean stream is recovered as a retentate. The sulfur-rich stream, which has a small volume relative to the original hydrocarbon stream, is conveyed to a recovery zone to recover extractive liquid, and the remaining hydrocarbon stream having an increased concentration of sulfur compounds is passed to a downstream desulfurization apparatus or system, such as a hydrotreating system, to recover the hydrocarbons associated with the organosulfur compounds. | 1. A method of reducing the sulfur content of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream comprising:
passing the feedstream in contact with a membrane on a retentate side of a membrane separation unit; passing an extractive liquid in contact with the membrane on a permeate side of the membrane separation unit under conditions in which the extractive liquid contacts the feedstream; concentrating sulfur compounds in the extractive liquid in a permeate stream of the membrane separation unit; recovering as a retentate stream a first hydrocarbon product stream of reduced sulfur content; recovering and subjecting the permeate stream to a fractionation process step for recovery of at least a portion of the extractive liquid; and recovering a resulting sulfur-rich hydrocarbon stream from the fractionation process step. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sulfur-rich hydrocarbon stream is subjected to a hydrodesulfurization process step, and recovering a second hydrocarbon product stream of reduced sulfur content. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising mixing the first and second hydrocarbon product streams to provide a final product stream of reduced sulfur content. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstream contains a plurality of different sulfur-containing compounds and at least certain of the sulfur-containing compounds are soluble in the extractive liquid. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of fumaronitrile; maleonitrile; glyoxal; 2-nitrofuran; acetonitrile; acrylonitrile; nitramine; isoxazole; furfural; 5-methylfurfural; benzoylacetonitrile; vinyl formate; methyl formate; oxazole; sulfuric acid; diketene; benzonitrile; acrolein; dimethyl-oxalate; furan; benzaldehyde; acetic anhydride; methacrylonitrile; dimethyl sulfide; lactic acid; acetic acid; dimethyl formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; vinylacetylene; nicotinonitrile; pyridazine; methylmaleic anhydride; acetaldehyde; cis-crotonitrie; 3-nitrobenzotrifluoride; methyl phenyl ketone; vinyl acetate; p-tolualdehyde; m-tolualdehyde; o-tolualdehyde; propylene-carbonate; methanol; methanol and aqueous sodium hydroxide; dimethylsulfoxide and methanol; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate; 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; and 1-n-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise aliphatic sulfur molecules, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; dimethyl sulfoxide; acrylonitrile; benzonitrile; dimethyl formamide; aqueous sodium hydroxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; vinylacetylene; sulfuric acid; dimethylsulfoxide and methanol; furfural; and 5-methylfurfural. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise aromatic sulfur compounds including thiophenes, benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; furfural; benzonitrile; dimethyl sulfide; dimethyl formamide; methanol; lactic acid; propylene-carbonate; 5-methylfurfural; methyl formate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate; and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise alkyl derivatives of aromatic sulfur molecules including 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophenes, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; acrylonitrile; furfural; 5-methylfurfural; benzoylacetonitrile; vinyl formate; diketene; benzonitrile; acrolein; dimethyl-oxalate; benzaldehyde; acetic anhydride; methacrylonitrile; acetic acid; dimethyl formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; and 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a porous membrane. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane constitutes a controlled interface for contact between the hydrocarbon feedstream and the extractive liquid. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane constitutes a non-dispersive contact interface between the extractive liquid and the hydrocarbon feedstream. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane comprises a material which is insoluble in the hydrocarbon and the extractive liquid. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane comprises a material which undergoes minimal swelling in the hydrocarbon and the extractive liquid. 14. A liquid hydrocarbon desulfurization system comprising:
a source of extractive liquid; a membrane housing including
a porous membrane having a retentate side and a permeate side,
a retentate portion configured and dimensioned for maximizing contact between a liquid hydrocarbon feedstream and the retentate side of the membrane, and
a permeate portion configured and dimensioned for maximizing contact between the extractive liquid and the retentate side of the membrane. | The process of the present invention is directed to the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with a membrane contactor, where sulfur compounds are concentrated in a sulfur-rich stream on a permeate side of the membrane using an extractive liquid, and a sulfur-lean stream is recovered as a retentate. The sulfur-rich stream, which has a small volume relative to the original hydrocarbon stream, is conveyed to a recovery zone to recover extractive liquid, and the remaining hydrocarbon stream having an increased concentration of sulfur compounds is passed to a downstream desulfurization apparatus or system, such as a hydrotreating system, to recover the hydrocarbons associated with the organosulfur compounds.1. A method of reducing the sulfur content of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstream comprising:
passing the feedstream in contact with a membrane on a retentate side of a membrane separation unit; passing an extractive liquid in contact with the membrane on a permeate side of the membrane separation unit under conditions in which the extractive liquid contacts the feedstream; concentrating sulfur compounds in the extractive liquid in a permeate stream of the membrane separation unit; recovering as a retentate stream a first hydrocarbon product stream of reduced sulfur content; recovering and subjecting the permeate stream to a fractionation process step for recovery of at least a portion of the extractive liquid; and recovering a resulting sulfur-rich hydrocarbon stream from the fractionation process step. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sulfur-rich hydrocarbon stream is subjected to a hydrodesulfurization process step, and recovering a second hydrocarbon product stream of reduced sulfur content. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising mixing the first and second hydrocarbon product streams to provide a final product stream of reduced sulfur content. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstream contains a plurality of different sulfur-containing compounds and at least certain of the sulfur-containing compounds are soluble in the extractive liquid. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of fumaronitrile; maleonitrile; glyoxal; 2-nitrofuran; acetonitrile; acrylonitrile; nitramine; isoxazole; furfural; 5-methylfurfural; benzoylacetonitrile; vinyl formate; methyl formate; oxazole; sulfuric acid; diketene; benzonitrile; acrolein; dimethyl-oxalate; furan; benzaldehyde; acetic anhydride; methacrylonitrile; dimethyl sulfide; lactic acid; acetic acid; dimethyl formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; vinylacetylene; nicotinonitrile; pyridazine; methylmaleic anhydride; acetaldehyde; cis-crotonitrie; 3-nitrobenzotrifluoride; methyl phenyl ketone; vinyl acetate; p-tolualdehyde; m-tolualdehyde; o-tolualdehyde; propylene-carbonate; methanol; methanol and aqueous sodium hydroxide; dimethylsulfoxide and methanol; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate; 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; and 1-n-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise aliphatic sulfur molecules, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; dimethyl sulfoxide; acrylonitrile; benzonitrile; dimethyl formamide; aqueous sodium hydroxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; vinylacetylene; sulfuric acid; dimethylsulfoxide and methanol; furfural; and 5-methylfurfural. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise aromatic sulfur compounds including thiophenes, benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; furfural; benzonitrile; dimethyl sulfide; dimethyl formamide; methanol; lactic acid; propylene-carbonate; 5-methylfurfural; methyl formate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate; and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein target sulfur compounds comprise alkyl derivatives of aromatic sulfur molecules including 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophenes, and the extractive liquid is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile; acrylonitrile; furfural; 5-methylfurfural; benzoylacetonitrile; vinyl formate; diketene; benzonitrile; acrolein; dimethyl-oxalate; benzaldehyde; acetic anhydride; methacrylonitrile; acetic acid; dimethyl formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; aqueous potassium hydroxide; furfuryl alcohol; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; and 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a porous membrane. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane constitutes a controlled interface for contact between the hydrocarbon feedstream and the extractive liquid. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane constitutes a non-dispersive contact interface between the extractive liquid and the hydrocarbon feedstream. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane comprises a material which is insoluble in the hydrocarbon and the extractive liquid. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous membrane comprises a material which undergoes minimal swelling in the hydrocarbon and the extractive liquid. 14. A liquid hydrocarbon desulfurization system comprising:
a source of extractive liquid; a membrane housing including
a porous membrane having a retentate side and a permeate side,
a retentate portion configured and dimensioned for maximizing contact between a liquid hydrocarbon feedstream and the retentate side of the membrane, and
a permeate portion configured and dimensioned for maximizing contact between the extractive liquid and the retentate side of the membrane. | 1,700 |
2,502 | 2,502 | 14,871,870 | 1,787 | A conformal coating composition for protecting a metal surface from sulfur related corrosion includes a polymer and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, an apparatus includes an electronic component mounted on a substrate, metal conductors electronically connecting the electronic component, and a polymer conformal coating containing metal nanoparticles overlying the metal conductors. Accordingly, the metal nanoparticle-containing conformal coating is able to protect the metal conductors from corrosion caused by sulfur components (e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides) in the air. That is, the metal nanoparticles in the conformal coating react with any corrosion inducing sulfur component in the air and prevent the sulfur component from reacting with the underlying metal conductors. | 1. A conformal coating composition for protecting a metal surface from corrosion, the conformal coating composition comprising:
a polymer; and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. 2. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from a group consisting of copper nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles; and combinations thereof. 3. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles include copper nanoparticles. 4. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter within a range of 5 nm to 200 nm. 5. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. 6. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise no more than 10 wt % of the conformal coating composition. 7. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise approximately 5 wt % of the conformal coating composition. 8. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the polymer includes a room temperature-vulcanizable (RTV) silicone rubber composition. 9. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate; an electronic component mounted on the substrate; metal conductors electrically connecting the electronic component; and a conformal coating overlying the metal conductors, wherein the conformal coating comprises a polymer and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. 10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the conformal coating is exposed to, and protects the metal conductors from, a gaseous environment that includes elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides, and wherein the metal conductors comprise silver. 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein the electronic component is a gate resistor of a resistor network array, and wherein the metal conductors comprise an inner silver layer of the gate resistor. 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from a group consisting of copper nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles; and combinations thereof. 13. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles include copper nanoparticles. 14. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter within a range of 5 nm to 200 nm. 15. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise no more than 10 wt % of the conformal coating. 17. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise approximately 5 wt % of the conformal coating. 18. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the polymer includes a room temperature-vulcanizable (RTV) silicone rubber composition. | A conformal coating composition for protecting a metal surface from sulfur related corrosion includes a polymer and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, an apparatus includes an electronic component mounted on a substrate, metal conductors electronically connecting the electronic component, and a polymer conformal coating containing metal nanoparticles overlying the metal conductors. Accordingly, the metal nanoparticle-containing conformal coating is able to protect the metal conductors from corrosion caused by sulfur components (e.g., elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides) in the air. That is, the metal nanoparticles in the conformal coating react with any corrosion inducing sulfur component in the air and prevent the sulfur component from reacting with the underlying metal conductors.1. A conformal coating composition for protecting a metal surface from corrosion, the conformal coating composition comprising:
a polymer; and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. 2. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from a group consisting of copper nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles; and combinations thereof. 3. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles include copper nanoparticles. 4. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter within a range of 5 nm to 200 nm. 5. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. 6. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise no more than 10 wt % of the conformal coating composition. 7. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise approximately 5 wt % of the conformal coating composition. 8. The conformal coating composition as recited in claim 1, wherein the polymer includes a room temperature-vulcanizable (RTV) silicone rubber composition. 9. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate; an electronic component mounted on the substrate; metal conductors electrically connecting the electronic component; and a conformal coating overlying the metal conductors, wherein the conformal coating comprises a polymer and metal nanoparticles blended with the polymer. 10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the conformal coating is exposed to, and protects the metal conductors from, a gaseous environment that includes elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and/or sulfur oxides, and wherein the metal conductors comprise silver. 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein the electronic component is a gate resistor of a resistor network array, and wherein the metal conductors comprise an inner silver layer of the gate resistor. 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles are selected from a group consisting of copper nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles; and combinations thereof. 13. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles include copper nanoparticles. 14. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter within a range of 5 nm to 200 nm. 15. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise no more than 10 wt % of the conformal coating. 17. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise approximately 5 wt % of the conformal coating. 18. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the polymer includes a room temperature-vulcanizable (RTV) silicone rubber composition. | 1,700 |
2,503 | 2,503 | 14,610,001 | 1,743 | A method for disposing blocking material within an interior of a component for blocking a beam of radiation from a laser during a laser drilling operation, the method including forming one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a laser drilling process. A component for a gas turbine engine includes a surface with at least one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process, the at least one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process in communication with a cavity, a remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a laser drilling process, the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity. | 1. A method for disposing a blocking material within an interior of a component, the method comprising:
forming one of a multiple of apertures in communication with a cavity within a component via a first process; and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity within the component via a second process different than the first process. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the second process is a laser drilling process. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process and prior to forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via the second process. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the multiple of apertures are cooling holes that communicate with a single cavity within a turbine blade. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process and prior to forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via the second process. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where the blocking material is injected into the cavity. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material until the blocking material at least partially excretes through the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where a blocking material is injected into the cavity. 9. A method for disposing a blocking material within an interior of a component, the method comprising:
forming one of a multiple of apertures in communication with a cavity via a first process; filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process; and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity via a second process subsequent to filling the cavity with the blocking material. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where the blocking material is injected into the cavity. 11. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process at a location to facilitate egress of gasses from the blocking material. 12. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process at a location to provide a vent for the blocking material. 13. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the cavity is a dead end cavity. 14. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the cavity includes a multiple of chambers, each of the chambers including one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process. 15. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein forming one of the multiple of apertures is formed via the first process via an EDM process. 16. A component for a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a surface with at least one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process, the at least one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process in communication with a cavity, a remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a second process different than the first process, the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity. 17. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the component is a turbine blade. 18. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the surface includes a leading edge. 19. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the cavity is one of a multiple of chambers. 20. The component as recited in claim 19, wherein the second process is a laser drilling process. | A method for disposing blocking material within an interior of a component for blocking a beam of radiation from a laser during a laser drilling operation, the method including forming one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a laser drilling process. A component for a gas turbine engine includes a surface with at least one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process, the at least one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process in communication with a cavity, a remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a laser drilling process, the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity.1. A method for disposing a blocking material within an interior of a component, the method comprising:
forming one of a multiple of apertures in communication with a cavity within a component via a first process; and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity within the component via a second process different than the first process. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the second process is a laser drilling process. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process and prior to forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via the second process. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the multiple of apertures are cooling holes that communicate with a single cavity within a turbine blade. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process and prior to forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via the second process. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where the blocking material is injected into the cavity. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising filling the cavity with a blocking material until the blocking material at least partially excretes through the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where a blocking material is injected into the cavity. 9. A method for disposing a blocking material within an interior of a component, the method comprising:
forming one of a multiple of apertures in communication with a cavity via a first process; filling the cavity with a blocking material subsequent to forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process; and forming the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity via a second process subsequent to filling the cavity with the blocking material. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process a maximum distance from where the blocking material is injected into the cavity. 11. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process at a location to facilitate egress of gasses from the blocking material. 12. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising forming the one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process at a location to provide a vent for the blocking material. 13. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the cavity is a dead end cavity. 14. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the cavity includes a multiple of chambers, each of the chambers including one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process. 15. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein forming one of the multiple of apertures is formed via the first process via an EDM process. 16. A component for a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a surface with at least one of a multiple of apertures formed via a first process, the at least one of the multiple of apertures formed via the first process in communication with a cavity, a remainder of the multiple of apertures formed via a second process different than the first process, the remainder of the multiple of apertures in communication with the cavity. 17. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the component is a turbine blade. 18. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the surface includes a leading edge. 19. The component as recited in claim 16, wherein the cavity is one of a multiple of chambers. 20. The component as recited in claim 19, wherein the second process is a laser drilling process. | 1,700 |
2,504 | 2,504 | 13,974,097 | 1,714 | This invention combines multiple tasks associated with carpet deep cleaning. It includes a self-propelled cleaner and guide system that will dispense, brush and retrieve a dry carpet cleaning pretreatment and powder across the surface of the carpet. | 1. A carpet or rug cleaning system comprising:
(a) a self-propelled and guided robotic cleaner that includes:
(i) a powder dispensing chamber for dispensing a powder cleaning composition,
(ii) a brushing mechanism,
(iii) optionally, a retrieval chamber, and
(iv) a power source, and,
(b) a guidance system. 2. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the robotic cleaner further comprises a pretreatment dispensing chamber for dispensing an aqueous cleaning solution. 3. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 0.1% and 75% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 0.1% and 20% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 20% and 90% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 4. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the average particle size of the at least one absorbent particulate is from about 35 to about 105 microns. 5. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 6. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvant is selected the group consisting of sulfates, carbonates, borates, citrates, phosphates, metasilicates and mixtures thereof. 7. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 6, wherein the water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvant is calcium carbonate. 8. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 10% and 65% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate. 9. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 25% and 60% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate. 10. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 1% and 10% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer. 11. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 3% and 8% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer. 12. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 30% and 70% by weight of water. 13. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 40% and 60% by weight of water. 14. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and combinations thereof. 15. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 14, wherein the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant, and wherein the nonionic surfactant has the formula:
where n is 0 or 1, m is 3 to 20, R1 is OH or OCH3, R is C12 to C22 alkyl or phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted by C1 to C10 alkyl groups. 16. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 14, wherein the surfactant is an anionic surfactant, and wherein the anionic surfactant is a long chain alcohol sulfate ester or an alkylene oxide additive of C6-C10 mono and diesters of ortho-phosphoric acid. 17. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the organic liquid is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C4 aliphatic alcohols, high boiling hydrocarbon solvents and mixtures thereof. 18. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the biocide is selected from the group consisting of potassium sorbate, an isothiazolone compound and mixtures thereof. 19. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 10% and 65% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 1% and 10% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 30% and 70% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, an aerosol propellant, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 20. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 19, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 21. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 25% and 60% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 3% and 8% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 40% and 60% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, an aerosol propellant, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 22. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 21, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 23. A process for cleaning a carpet or rug comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a self-propelled and guided robotic cleaner that contains a dispensing chamber, a brushing mechanism, and optionally a retrieval chamber; (b) adding a powder cleaning composition to the dispensing chamber; (c) placing transmitter or sensing markers in an area to be cleaned; (d) activating the robotic cleaner by applying power to the cleaner; (e) allowing the cleaner to operate for a length of time in a first pass over the carpet or rug, wherein the cleaner dispenses the powder cleaning composition onto the surface of the carpet or rug; (f) allowing the cleaner to operate for a length of time in a second pass over the carpet or rug, wherein the brushing mechanism is activated to brush the cleaning composition into the surface of the carpet or rug; (g) allowing the robotic cleaner to enter a rest state for a period of time, and (h) allowing the robotic cleaner to retrieve the cleaning composition. | This invention combines multiple tasks associated with carpet deep cleaning. It includes a self-propelled cleaner and guide system that will dispense, brush and retrieve a dry carpet cleaning pretreatment and powder across the surface of the carpet.1. A carpet or rug cleaning system comprising:
(a) a self-propelled and guided robotic cleaner that includes:
(i) a powder dispensing chamber for dispensing a powder cleaning composition,
(ii) a brushing mechanism,
(iii) optionally, a retrieval chamber, and
(iv) a power source, and,
(b) a guidance system. 2. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the robotic cleaner further comprises a pretreatment dispensing chamber for dispensing an aqueous cleaning solution. 3. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 0.1% and 75% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 0.1% and 20% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 20% and 90% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 4. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the average particle size of the at least one absorbent particulate is from about 35 to about 105 microns. 5. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 6. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvant is selected the group consisting of sulfates, carbonates, borates, citrates, phosphates, metasilicates and mixtures thereof. 7. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 6, wherein the water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvant is calcium carbonate. 8. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 10% and 65% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate. 9. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 25% and 60% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate. 10. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 1% and 10% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer. 11. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 3% and 8% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer. 12. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 30% and 70% by weight of water. 13. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the powder cleaning composition comprises between 40% and 60% by weight of water. 14. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and combinations thereof. 15. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 14, wherein the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant, and wherein the nonionic surfactant has the formula:
where n is 0 or 1, m is 3 to 20, R1 is OH or OCH3, R is C12 to C22 alkyl or phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted by C1 to C10 alkyl groups. 16. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 14, wherein the surfactant is an anionic surfactant, and wherein the anionic surfactant is a long chain alcohol sulfate ester or an alkylene oxide additive of C6-C10 mono and diesters of ortho-phosphoric acid. 17. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the organic liquid is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C4 aliphatic alcohols, high boiling hydrocarbon solvents and mixtures thereof. 18. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 3, wherein the biocide is selected from the group consisting of potassium sorbate, an isothiazolone compound and mixtures thereof. 19. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 10% and 65% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 1% and 10% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 30% and 70% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, an aerosol propellant, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 20. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 19, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 21. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 1, wherein the powder cleaning composition is comprised of:
(a) between 25% and 60% by weight of at least one absorbent particulate selected from the group consisting of a urea formaldehyde polymeric material, polyurethane, polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde resin particles, water insoluble inorganic salt adjuvants, cellulosic particles, diatomaceous earth particles, wood particles, particles made from grains and other vegetable matter, inorganic particles and mixtures thereof, wherein the absorbent particulate has an average particle size of from about 10 to about 300 microns in diameter and an oil absorption value of at least 40; (b) between 3% and 8% by weight of at least one super absorbent polymer selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds; (c) between 40% and 60% by weight of water, wherein the water contains a surfactant sufficient to provide a surface tension of less than about 40 dynes per centimeter; and (d) between 0.01% and 10% by weight of at least one additive selected from an organic liquid, a stain resist agent, a pH adjuster, a biocide, an aerosol propellant, a static reducing additive, a dust suppressing additive, a vacuum retrieval additive, a metal ion chelator, and a fragrance. 22. The carpet or rug cleaning system of claim 21, wherein the at least one absorbent particulate is urea formaldehyde polymeric material. 23. A process for cleaning a carpet or rug comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a self-propelled and guided robotic cleaner that contains a dispensing chamber, a brushing mechanism, and optionally a retrieval chamber; (b) adding a powder cleaning composition to the dispensing chamber; (c) placing transmitter or sensing markers in an area to be cleaned; (d) activating the robotic cleaner by applying power to the cleaner; (e) allowing the cleaner to operate for a length of time in a first pass over the carpet or rug, wherein the cleaner dispenses the powder cleaning composition onto the surface of the carpet or rug; (f) allowing the cleaner to operate for a length of time in a second pass over the carpet or rug, wherein the brushing mechanism is activated to brush the cleaning composition into the surface of the carpet or rug; (g) allowing the robotic cleaner to enter a rest state for a period of time, and (h) allowing the robotic cleaner to retrieve the cleaning composition. | 1,700 |
2,505 | 2,505 | 12,842,741 | 1,727 | Disclosed herein is a battery module configured in a structure in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) are stacked, and a heat sink is mounted to electrical connection regions between the unit cells and/or to outsides of battery module connection members connected to the electrical connection regions. | 1. A battery module configured in a structure in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) are stacked, and a heat sink is mounted to electrical connection regions between the unit cells and/or to outsides of battery module connection members connected to the electrical connection regions. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the battery module connection members are bus bars for connecting electrode terminals of the unit cells to external input and output terminals. 3. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink includes a plurality of bar type contact parts configured to be in tight contact with outsides of the electrical connection regions between the unit cells and a connection part configured to integrally connect corresponding ends of the contact parts, the heat sink being mounted to the battery module in such a manner that the electrical connection regions between the unit cells are inserted into slits defined between the contact parts. 4. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is formed in a shape corresponding to the outsides of the battery module connection members, and the heat sink is mounted to insides or outsides of the battery module connection members excluding regions connected to the electrical connection regions. 5. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is located at a top of a sensing member for detecting voltage and/or current. 6. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is configured in a structure in which an endothermic material is contained in a sealing member. 7. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is configured in a structure in which an endothermic material is contained in a sheet member in a state in which the endothermic material is supported by an inactive material capsule, and the sheet member includes a fiber-shaped member having high thermal conductivity. 8. The battery module according to claim 6, wherein the endothermic material is a phase change material having latent heat when a phase of the endothermic material is changed at specific temperature. 9. The battery module according to claim 8, wherein the phase change material is one selected from a group consisting of paraffin, polyethylene glycol and inorganic hydrates or combinations thereof. 10. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the battery module includes a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) as unit batteries. 11. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein the battery module includes
(a) a unit cell stack including a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) connected in series to each other in a state in which the unit cells stand in a lateral direction, (b) an upper case configured to surround one side of the unit module stack and to surround a portion of an upper end and a portion of a lower end of the unit module stack, the upper case being provided at a front thereof with external input and output terminals, (c) a lower case coupled to the upper case, the lower case configured to surround the other side of the unit module stack and to surround a portion of the upper end and a portion of the lower end of the unit module stack, the upper case being provided at a front thereof with bus bars for connecting electrode terminals of the unit cells to the external input and output terminals, (d) a sensing member including sensing frames mounted in spaces defined at a front and a rear of the lower case, sensing parts disposed in the respective sensing frames, and a conduction part for connecting the sensing parts to each other, and (e) a front cover, made of an insulative material, mounted to the front of the lower case for protecting connection regions between the electrode terminals of the unit cells and the bus bars from outside. 12. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein
the unit cell stack includes a plurality of unit modules each including plate-shaped battery cells each having electrode terminals formed at an upper end and a lower end thereof, and each of the unit modules includes two or more battery cells configured in a structure in which electrode terminals of the battery cells are connected in series to each other and connections between the electrode terminals are bent, the battery cells being stacked, and a pair of high-strength cell covers coupled to each other for surrounding outsides of the battery cells excluding the electrode terminals of the battery cells. 13. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at an inside of the front and the rear thereof with fixing grooves, into which the connections between the electrode terminals are fixedly inserted. 14. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at the front thereof with a pair of slits, through which outermost electrode terminals of the unit cell stack are inserted. 15. The battery module according to claim 14, wherein the outermost electrode terminals are bent, after being inserted through the respective slits, such that the outermost electrode terminals are connected to the bus bars provided at the front of the lower case. 16. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the bus bars are configured such that upper ends of the bus bars are formed in the shape of a depressed groove, into which the external input and output terminals provided at the front of the upper case are inserted when the upper and lower cases are coupled to each other. 17. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the front cover is coupled to the lower case in an assembly manner. 18. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the front cover is provided with a groove for fixing a power cable. 19. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at a lower end of the front and/or the rear thereof with a coupling part protruding from the lower case such that the coupling part is fixed to an external device, the coupling part having a through hole formed in a center thereof. 20. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein the battery module includes a plurality of plate-shaped battery cells mounted in a module case in a state in which the battery cells are sequentially stacked, each of the plate-shaped battery cells includes an electrode assembly of a cathode/separator/cathode structure mounted in a battery case formed of a laminate sheet including a resin layer and a metal layer, and a plurality of heat dissipation members disposed in two or more interfaces between the battery cells and a heat exchange member for integrally interconnecting the heat dissipation members are mounted at one side of the battery cell stack, whereby heat generated from the battery cells during charge and discharge of the battery cells are removed by the heat exchange member. 21. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein each of the heat dissipation members is made of a metal sheet exhibiting high thermal conductivity. 22. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein the heat exchange member is made of a metal material exhibiting high thermal conductivity. 23. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein the heat dissipation members are disposed in the interfaces between the battery cells in a state in which the heat dissipation members are at least partially exposed outward from the stacked battery cells, and the exposed portions of the heat dissipation members are bent in a lateral direction of the battery cells. 24. A battery pack including the battery module according to claim 1 as a unit body. 25. The battery pack according to claim 24, wherein the battery pack is used as a power source for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. | Disclosed herein is a battery module configured in a structure in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) are stacked, and a heat sink is mounted to electrical connection regions between the unit cells and/or to outsides of battery module connection members connected to the electrical connection regions.1. A battery module configured in a structure in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) are stacked, and a heat sink is mounted to electrical connection regions between the unit cells and/or to outsides of battery module connection members connected to the electrical connection regions. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the battery module connection members are bus bars for connecting electrode terminals of the unit cells to external input and output terminals. 3. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink includes a plurality of bar type contact parts configured to be in tight contact with outsides of the electrical connection regions between the unit cells and a connection part configured to integrally connect corresponding ends of the contact parts, the heat sink being mounted to the battery module in such a manner that the electrical connection regions between the unit cells are inserted into slits defined between the contact parts. 4. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is formed in a shape corresponding to the outsides of the battery module connection members, and the heat sink is mounted to insides or outsides of the battery module connection members excluding regions connected to the electrical connection regions. 5. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is located at a top of a sensing member for detecting voltage and/or current. 6. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is configured in a structure in which an endothermic material is contained in a sealing member. 7. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink is configured in a structure in which an endothermic material is contained in a sheet member in a state in which the endothermic material is supported by an inactive material capsule, and the sheet member includes a fiber-shaped member having high thermal conductivity. 8. The battery module according to claim 6, wherein the endothermic material is a phase change material having latent heat when a phase of the endothermic material is changed at specific temperature. 9. The battery module according to claim 8, wherein the phase change material is one selected from a group consisting of paraffin, polyethylene glycol and inorganic hydrates or combinations thereof. 10. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the battery module includes a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) as unit batteries. 11. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein the battery module includes
(a) a unit cell stack including a plurality of battery cells or unit modules (‘unit cells’) connected in series to each other in a state in which the unit cells stand in a lateral direction, (b) an upper case configured to surround one side of the unit module stack and to surround a portion of an upper end and a portion of a lower end of the unit module stack, the upper case being provided at a front thereof with external input and output terminals, (c) a lower case coupled to the upper case, the lower case configured to surround the other side of the unit module stack and to surround a portion of the upper end and a portion of the lower end of the unit module stack, the upper case being provided at a front thereof with bus bars for connecting electrode terminals of the unit cells to the external input and output terminals, (d) a sensing member including sensing frames mounted in spaces defined at a front and a rear of the lower case, sensing parts disposed in the respective sensing frames, and a conduction part for connecting the sensing parts to each other, and (e) a front cover, made of an insulative material, mounted to the front of the lower case for protecting connection regions between the electrode terminals of the unit cells and the bus bars from outside. 12. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein
the unit cell stack includes a plurality of unit modules each including plate-shaped battery cells each having electrode terminals formed at an upper end and a lower end thereof, and each of the unit modules includes two or more battery cells configured in a structure in which electrode terminals of the battery cells are connected in series to each other and connections between the electrode terminals are bent, the battery cells being stacked, and a pair of high-strength cell covers coupled to each other for surrounding outsides of the battery cells excluding the electrode terminals of the battery cells. 13. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at an inside of the front and the rear thereof with fixing grooves, into which the connections between the electrode terminals are fixedly inserted. 14. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at the front thereof with a pair of slits, through which outermost electrode terminals of the unit cell stack are inserted. 15. The battery module according to claim 14, wherein the outermost electrode terminals are bent, after being inserted through the respective slits, such that the outermost electrode terminals are connected to the bus bars provided at the front of the lower case. 16. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the bus bars are configured such that upper ends of the bus bars are formed in the shape of a depressed groove, into which the external input and output terminals provided at the front of the upper case are inserted when the upper and lower cases are coupled to each other. 17. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the front cover is coupled to the lower case in an assembly manner. 18. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the front cover is provided with a groove for fixing a power cable. 19. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the lower case is provided at a lower end of the front and/or the rear thereof with a coupling part protruding from the lower case such that the coupling part is fixed to an external device, the coupling part having a through hole formed in a center thereof. 20. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein the battery module includes a plurality of plate-shaped battery cells mounted in a module case in a state in which the battery cells are sequentially stacked, each of the plate-shaped battery cells includes an electrode assembly of a cathode/separator/cathode structure mounted in a battery case formed of a laminate sheet including a resin layer and a metal layer, and a plurality of heat dissipation members disposed in two or more interfaces between the battery cells and a heat exchange member for integrally interconnecting the heat dissipation members are mounted at one side of the battery cell stack, whereby heat generated from the battery cells during charge and discharge of the battery cells are removed by the heat exchange member. 21. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein each of the heat dissipation members is made of a metal sheet exhibiting high thermal conductivity. 22. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein the heat exchange member is made of a metal material exhibiting high thermal conductivity. 23. The battery module according to claim 20, wherein the heat dissipation members are disposed in the interfaces between the battery cells in a state in which the heat dissipation members are at least partially exposed outward from the stacked battery cells, and the exposed portions of the heat dissipation members are bent in a lateral direction of the battery cells. 24. A battery pack including the battery module according to claim 1 as a unit body. 25. The battery pack according to claim 24, wherein the battery pack is used as a power source for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. | 1,700 |
2,506 | 2,506 | 14,936,964 | 1,795 | A reagent layer of a sensor contains as a mediator a quinone compound having a hydrophilic functional group, phenanthrenequinone, and/or a phenanthrenequinone derivative. The quinone compound has a lower redox potential than a conventional mediator, so interfering substances have less effect on detection results with this sensor. | 1. A sensor for detecting or quantifying a target substance contained in a liquid sample including blood, comprising:
a phenanthrenequinone derivative as a mediator; an enzyme dehydrogenating or oxidizing the target substance; a working electrode; a counter electrode; and a reagent layer including the enzyme and the phenanthrenequinone derivative, wherein the reagent layer is disposed so as to be in contact with the working electrode and/or the counter electrode. 2. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative is a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone derivative. 3. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative has a hydrophilic functional group. 4. The sensor according to claim 3,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative has at least one type of functional group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group as the hydrophilic functional group. 5. The sensor according to claim 1,
comprising, as the phenanthrenequinone derivative, at least one type of compound selected from the group consisting of: 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-1-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-3-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-4-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2,7-disulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-carboxylic acid, and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-phosphoric acid. 6. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the enzyme is a redox enzyme. 7. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is an oxidase. 8. The sensor according to claim 7,
wherein the redox enzyme is an FAD-dependent oxidase. 9. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is a dehydrogenase. 10. The sensor according to claim 9,
comprising at least one type of enzyme selected from the group consisting of an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase, a PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase, and an FAD-dependent dehydrogenase as the redox enzyme. 11. The sensor according to claim 10,
wherein the redox enzyme is an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. 12. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is a PQQ-dependent or FAD-dependent enzyme. 13. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the amount of the phenanthrenequinone derivative contained in the sensor is 0.05 to 2500 nmol per unit of the enzyme. 14. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the amount of the phenanthrenequinone derivative contained in the sensor is 1 to 400 nmol per unit of the enzyme. 15. A sensor for detecting or quantifying a target substance contained in a liquid sample including blood, comprising:
a working electrode; a counter electrode; a quinone compound having quinone and at least one hydrophilic substituent; and a coenzyme-dependent enzyme dehydrogenating or oxidizing the target substance; wherein oxidation-reduction potential of the quinone compound is less than 0, and the oxidation reduction potential of the quinone compound is greater than oxidation reduction potential of the coenzyme. 16. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the coenzyme-dependent enzyme is a PQQ-dependent, an FAD-dependent, or an NAD-dependent enzyme. 17. The sensor according to claim 16,
wherein the PQQ-dependent, the FAD-dependent, or the NAD-dependent enzyme is a enzyme dehydrogenating the target substance. 18. The sensor according to claim 16,
wherein the FAD-dependent enzyme is a enzyme oxidizing the target substance. 19. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the substituent has a benzene ring and the hydrophilic functional group added to the benzene ring. 20. The sensor according to any of claim 15,
wherein the substituent has at least one type of functional group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group. 21. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the quinone is a phenanthrenequinone. 22. The sensor according to claim 21,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone is a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone. 23. The sensor according to claim 22,
wherein the quinone compound has at least one type of compound selected from the group consisting of: 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-1-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-3-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-4-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2,7-disulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-carboxylic acid, and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-phosphoric acid. | A reagent layer of a sensor contains as a mediator a quinone compound having a hydrophilic functional group, phenanthrenequinone, and/or a phenanthrenequinone derivative. The quinone compound has a lower redox potential than a conventional mediator, so interfering substances have less effect on detection results with this sensor.1. A sensor for detecting or quantifying a target substance contained in a liquid sample including blood, comprising:
a phenanthrenequinone derivative as a mediator; an enzyme dehydrogenating or oxidizing the target substance; a working electrode; a counter electrode; and a reagent layer including the enzyme and the phenanthrenequinone derivative, wherein the reagent layer is disposed so as to be in contact with the working electrode and/or the counter electrode. 2. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative is a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone derivative. 3. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative has a hydrophilic functional group. 4. The sensor according to claim 3,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone derivative has at least one type of functional group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group as the hydrophilic functional group. 5. The sensor according to claim 1,
comprising, as the phenanthrenequinone derivative, at least one type of compound selected from the group consisting of: 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-1-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-3-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-4-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2,7-disulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-carboxylic acid, and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-phosphoric acid. 6. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the enzyme is a redox enzyme. 7. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is an oxidase. 8. The sensor according to claim 7,
wherein the redox enzyme is an FAD-dependent oxidase. 9. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is a dehydrogenase. 10. The sensor according to claim 9,
comprising at least one type of enzyme selected from the group consisting of an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase, a PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase, and an FAD-dependent dehydrogenase as the redox enzyme. 11. The sensor according to claim 10,
wherein the redox enzyme is an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. 12. The sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the redox enzyme is a PQQ-dependent or FAD-dependent enzyme. 13. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the amount of the phenanthrenequinone derivative contained in the sensor is 0.05 to 2500 nmol per unit of the enzyme. 14. The sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the amount of the phenanthrenequinone derivative contained in the sensor is 1 to 400 nmol per unit of the enzyme. 15. A sensor for detecting or quantifying a target substance contained in a liquid sample including blood, comprising:
a working electrode; a counter electrode; a quinone compound having quinone and at least one hydrophilic substituent; and a coenzyme-dependent enzyme dehydrogenating or oxidizing the target substance; wherein oxidation-reduction potential of the quinone compound is less than 0, and the oxidation reduction potential of the quinone compound is greater than oxidation reduction potential of the coenzyme. 16. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the coenzyme-dependent enzyme is a PQQ-dependent, an FAD-dependent, or an NAD-dependent enzyme. 17. The sensor according to claim 16,
wherein the PQQ-dependent, the FAD-dependent, or the NAD-dependent enzyme is a enzyme dehydrogenating the target substance. 18. The sensor according to claim 16,
wherein the FAD-dependent enzyme is a enzyme oxidizing the target substance. 19. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the substituent has a benzene ring and the hydrophilic functional group added to the benzene ring. 20. The sensor according to any of claim 15,
wherein the substituent has at least one type of functional group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group. 21. The sensor according to claim 15,
wherein the quinone is a phenanthrenequinone. 22. The sensor according to claim 21,
wherein the phenanthrenequinone is a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone. 23. The sensor according to claim 22,
wherein the quinone compound has at least one type of compound selected from the group consisting of: 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-1-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-3-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-4-sulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2,7-disulfonic acid, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-carboxylic acid, and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-2-phosphoric acid. | 1,700 |
2,507 | 2,507 | 13,542,068 | 1,716 | The plasma processing apparatus includes a processing container, a gas supplying unit, an introducing unit, a holding member, and a focus ring. In a processing space defined by the processing container, plasma of a processing gas supplied from the gas supplying unit is generated by energy introduced from the introducing unit. The holding member for holding an object to be processed and a focus ring formed to surround a cross-section of the holding member are disposed in the processing space. A gap equal to or less than 350 μm is defined between the cross-section of the holding member and the focus ring. | 1. A plasma processing apparatus comprising:
a processing container which defines a processing space; a gas supplying unit which supplies a processing gas to the processing space; an introducing unit which introduces energy for generating plasma of the processing gas; a holding member which holds an object, has a surface formed of a dielectric material, and is provided inside the processing space; and a focus ring which is provided to surround a cross-section of the holding member, wherein a gap equal to or less than about 350 μm is defined between the cross-section of the holding member and the focus ring. 2. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the focus ring comprises a first area comprising an inner circumference of the focus ring, and a second area positioned outside of the first area, the first area is provided along a surface extending from a top surface of the holding member or is provided below the extending surface, and the second area is provided above the top surface of the holding member. | The plasma processing apparatus includes a processing container, a gas supplying unit, an introducing unit, a holding member, and a focus ring. In a processing space defined by the processing container, plasma of a processing gas supplied from the gas supplying unit is generated by energy introduced from the introducing unit. The holding member for holding an object to be processed and a focus ring formed to surround a cross-section of the holding member are disposed in the processing space. A gap equal to or less than 350 μm is defined between the cross-section of the holding member and the focus ring.1. A plasma processing apparatus comprising:
a processing container which defines a processing space; a gas supplying unit which supplies a processing gas to the processing space; an introducing unit which introduces energy for generating plasma of the processing gas; a holding member which holds an object, has a surface formed of a dielectric material, and is provided inside the processing space; and a focus ring which is provided to surround a cross-section of the holding member, wherein a gap equal to or less than about 350 μm is defined between the cross-section of the holding member and the focus ring. 2. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the focus ring comprises a first area comprising an inner circumference of the focus ring, and a second area positioned outside of the first area, the first area is provided along a surface extending from a top surface of the holding member or is provided below the extending surface, and the second area is provided above the top surface of the holding member. | 1,700 |
2,508 | 2,508 | 13,738,428 | 1,725 | Provided is a composite electrode for a lithium secondary battery for improving output and a lithium secondary battery including the composite electrode, in which, in a composite electrode having two or more active materials mixed therein, an active material having a small particle size is included in the composite electrode by being coagulated and secondarily granulated so as to allow mixed active material particles to have a uniform size, and thus, electrical conductivity is improved to have high output characteristics. | 1. A composite electrode comprising two or more active materials,
wherein particles (primary particles) of an active material (a small particle active material) having a relatively smallest particle size among the two or more active materials are coagulated and secondarily granulated (secondary particles) to have a particle size uniform with those of other mixed active materials. 2. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the primary particles of the small particle active material comprise particles having a size range of about 5 nm to about 200 nm. 3. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is included in an amount range of about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % based on a total amount of the composite electrode. 4. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the secondary particles included in the small particle active material are included in an amount range of about 30 wt % or more to less than about 100 wt % of a total amount of the small particle active material. 5. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the secondary particles of the small particle active material further comprise a conductive agent in addition to the primary particles. 6. The composite electrode of claim 5, wherein the conductive agent is included in an amount range of about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the secondary particles. 7. The composite electrode of claim 5, wherein the conductive agent is a mixture of one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black including acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or thermal black, or a material having a crystal structure of graphene or graphite. 8. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the composite electrode is a cathode. 9. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphate expressed as Chemical Formula 1 below:
LiMPO4 [Chemical Formula 1]
(where M is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Mn (manganese), and Fe (iron). 10. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is LiFePO4. 11. The composite electrode of claim 10, wherein the composite electrode further comprises ternary lithium-containing metal oxide expressed as Chemical Formula 2 in addition to LiFePO4:
LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2, 0<x<0.5, 0<y<0.5. [Chemical Formula 2] 12. The composite electrode of claim 11, wherein the ternary lithium-containing metal oxide is Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2. 13. The composite electrode of claim 12, wherein the composite electrode further comprises a mixture of one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate, and oxides having other elements substituted or doped therein, and the other elements are one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al (aluminum), Mg (magnesium), Mn (manganese), Ni (nickel), Co (cobalt), Cr (chromium), V (vanadium), and Fe (iron). 14. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the composite electrode comprises a binder and a conductive agent in an amount of about 10 wt % or less based on the total amount of the composite electrode. 15. A lithium secondary battery comprising the composite electrode of claim 1. 16. The lithium secondary battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium secondary battery is used as a unit cell of a battery module, a power source of a medium and large sized device. 17. The lithium secondary battery of claim 16, wherein the medium and large sized device is a power tool; an electric vehicle (EV) including an electric car, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV); an electric two-wheeled vehicle including an E-bike and an E-scooter; an electric golf cart; an electric truck; and an electric commercial vehicle or a power storage system. | Provided is a composite electrode for a lithium secondary battery for improving output and a lithium secondary battery including the composite electrode, in which, in a composite electrode having two or more active materials mixed therein, an active material having a small particle size is included in the composite electrode by being coagulated and secondarily granulated so as to allow mixed active material particles to have a uniform size, and thus, electrical conductivity is improved to have high output characteristics.1. A composite electrode comprising two or more active materials,
wherein particles (primary particles) of an active material (a small particle active material) having a relatively smallest particle size among the two or more active materials are coagulated and secondarily granulated (secondary particles) to have a particle size uniform with those of other mixed active materials. 2. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the primary particles of the small particle active material comprise particles having a size range of about 5 nm to about 200 nm. 3. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is included in an amount range of about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % based on a total amount of the composite electrode. 4. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the secondary particles included in the small particle active material are included in an amount range of about 30 wt % or more to less than about 100 wt % of a total amount of the small particle active material. 5. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the secondary particles of the small particle active material further comprise a conductive agent in addition to the primary particles. 6. The composite electrode of claim 5, wherein the conductive agent is included in an amount range of about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the secondary particles. 7. The composite electrode of claim 5, wherein the conductive agent is a mixture of one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black including acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or thermal black, or a material having a crystal structure of graphene or graphite. 8. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the composite electrode is a cathode. 9. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphate expressed as Chemical Formula 1 below:
LiMPO4 [Chemical Formula 1]
(where M is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Mn (manganese), and Fe (iron). 10. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the small particle active material is LiFePO4. 11. The composite electrode of claim 10, wherein the composite electrode further comprises ternary lithium-containing metal oxide expressed as Chemical Formula 2 in addition to LiFePO4:
LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2, 0<x<0.5, 0<y<0.5. [Chemical Formula 2] 12. The composite electrode of claim 11, wherein the ternary lithium-containing metal oxide is Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2. 13. The composite electrode of claim 12, wherein the composite electrode further comprises a mixture of one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate, and oxides having other elements substituted or doped therein, and the other elements are one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al (aluminum), Mg (magnesium), Mn (manganese), Ni (nickel), Co (cobalt), Cr (chromium), V (vanadium), and Fe (iron). 14. The composite electrode of claim 1, wherein the composite electrode comprises a binder and a conductive agent in an amount of about 10 wt % or less based on the total amount of the composite electrode. 15. A lithium secondary battery comprising the composite electrode of claim 1. 16. The lithium secondary battery of claim 15, wherein the lithium secondary battery is used as a unit cell of a battery module, a power source of a medium and large sized device. 17. The lithium secondary battery of claim 16, wherein the medium and large sized device is a power tool; an electric vehicle (EV) including an electric car, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV); an electric two-wheeled vehicle including an E-bike and an E-scooter; an electric golf cart; an electric truck; and an electric commercial vehicle or a power storage system. | 1,700 |
2,509 | 2,509 | 14,909,978 | 1,736 | A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: not more than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.0-7.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3.0 mass %, sol. Al: 0.0001-3.5 mass %, P: 0.01-0.2 mass %, S: not more than 0.010 mass %, N: not more than 0.010 mass % and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein a ratio (P 120 /Fe 700 ) of a peak-peak height P 120 of P near to an electronic energy of 120 eV to a peak-peak height Fe 700 of Fe near to an electronic energy of 700 eV in an Auger differential spectrum obtained by analyzing a broken surface of a grain boundary through Auger electron spectroscopy is not less than 0.1 and a sheet thickness is 0.10-0.50 mm, and a motor using such a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as an iron core. | 1. A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising
C: not more than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.0-7.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3.0 mass %, sol. Al: 0.0001-3.5 mass %, P: 0.01-0.2 mass %, S: not more than 0.010 mass %, N: not more than 0.010 mass % and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein a ratio (P120/Fe700) of a peak-peak height P120 of P near to an electronic energy of 120 eV to a peak-peak height Fe700 of Fe near to an electronic energy of 700 eV in an Auger differential spectrum obtained by analyzing a broken surface of a grain boundary through Auger electron spectroscopy is not less than 0.1 and a sheet thickness is 0.10-0.50 mm. 2. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein sol. Al is 0.0001-0.01 mass % in the chemical composition. 3. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which contains at least one group of chemical components among Groups A-C below in addition to the chemical composition:
Group A: one or more selected from Sn: 0.01-0.1 mass %, and Sb: 0.01-0.1 mass, Group B: one or more selected from Ca: 0.001-0.05 mass %, REM: 0.001-0.05 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.05 mass %, and Group C: one or more selected from Ni: 0.01-0.5 mass %, Co: 0.01-0.5 mass % and Cr: 0.01-0.5 mass %. 4. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, contains at least one group of chemical components among Groups A-C below in addition to the chemical composition:
Group A: one or more selected from Sn: 0.01-0.1 mass % and Sb: 0.01-0.1 mass % Group B: one or more selected from Ca: 0.001-0.05 mass %, REM: 0.001-0.05 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.05 mass %, and Group C: one or more selected from Ni: 0.01-0.5 mass %, Cu: 0.01-0.5 mass % and Cr: 0.01-0.5 mass %. 5. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 1 as an iron core. 6. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 2 as an iron core. 7. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 3 as an iron core. 8. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 4 as an iron core. | A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising C: not more than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.0-7.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3.0 mass %, sol. Al: 0.0001-3.5 mass %, P: 0.01-0.2 mass %, S: not more than 0.010 mass %, N: not more than 0.010 mass % and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein a ratio (P 120 /Fe 700 ) of a peak-peak height P 120 of P near to an electronic energy of 120 eV to a peak-peak height Fe 700 of Fe near to an electronic energy of 700 eV in an Auger differential spectrum obtained by analyzing a broken surface of a grain boundary through Auger electron spectroscopy is not less than 0.1 and a sheet thickness is 0.10-0.50 mm, and a motor using such a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as an iron core.1. A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition comprising
C: not more than 0.010 mass %, Si: 1.0-7.0 mass %, Mn: 0.001-3.0 mass %, sol. Al: 0.0001-3.5 mass %, P: 0.01-0.2 mass %, S: not more than 0.010 mass %, N: not more than 0.010 mass % and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein a ratio (P120/Fe700) of a peak-peak height P120 of P near to an electronic energy of 120 eV to a peak-peak height Fe700 of Fe near to an electronic energy of 700 eV in an Auger differential spectrum obtained by analyzing a broken surface of a grain boundary through Auger electron spectroscopy is not less than 0.1 and a sheet thickness is 0.10-0.50 mm. 2. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein sol. Al is 0.0001-0.01 mass % in the chemical composition. 3. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 1, which contains at least one group of chemical components among Groups A-C below in addition to the chemical composition:
Group A: one or more selected from Sn: 0.01-0.1 mass %, and Sb: 0.01-0.1 mass, Group B: one or more selected from Ca: 0.001-0.05 mass %, REM: 0.001-0.05 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.05 mass %, and Group C: one or more selected from Ni: 0.01-0.5 mass %, Co: 0.01-0.5 mass % and Cr: 0.01-0.5 mass %. 4. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 2, contains at least one group of chemical components among Groups A-C below in addition to the chemical composition:
Group A: one or more selected from Sn: 0.01-0.1 mass % and Sb: 0.01-0.1 mass % Group B: one or more selected from Ca: 0.001-0.05 mass %, REM: 0.001-0.05 mass % and Mg: 0.001-0.05 mass %, and Group C: one or more selected from Ni: 0.01-0.5 mass %, Cu: 0.01-0.5 mass % and Cr: 0.01-0.5 mass %. 5. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 1 as an iron core. 6. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 2 as an iron core. 7. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 3 as an iron core. 8. A motor using a non-oriented electrical steel sheet as claimed in claim 4 as an iron core. | 1,700 |
2,510 | 2,510 | 14,378,145 | 1,785 | Disclosed are polymer compositions, comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; (b) 5 to 25 weight percent of a hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; (c) 0 to 10 weight percent of a polybutene; (d) 30 to 60 weight percent of magnesium hydroxide; (e) 0 to 10 weight percent of an anti-UV agent; (f) 1 to 40 weight percent of a copolymer of ethylene and a C 3 -C 12 alpha-olefin; and (g) 0 to 30 weight percent of a polyolefin homopolymer. | 1. A polymer composition, comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer is a mixture of a poly(phenylene ether) homopolymer and a poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; (b) 5 to 25 weight percent of a hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; (c) 0 to 10 weight percent of a polybutene; (d) 30 to 60 weight percent of magnesium hydroxide; (e) 0 to 10 weight percent of an anti-UV agent; (f) 1 to 40 weight percent of a copolymer of ethylene and a C3-C12 alpha-olefin; and (g) 0 to 30 weight percent of a polyolefin homopolymer. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.385-0.425 dL/g and 4-6 percent siloxane incorporation. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene units having the structure
and a polysiloxane block having the structure 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-UV agent is present and selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole-type UV absorber, a triazine-type UV absorber, a hindered amine light stabilizer, and combinations thereof. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnesium hydroxide is a high purity magnesium hydroxide that has been surface treated with an amino polysiloxane. 7. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprise a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene units having the structure
and a polysiloxane block having the structure
and wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.385-0.425 dL/g and 4-6 percent siloxane incorporation;
wherein the magnesium hydroxide is a high purity magnesium hydroxide that has been surface treated with an amino polysiloxane; and
wherein the anti-UV agent is present and selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole-type UV absorber, a triazine-type UV absorber, a hindered amine light stabilizer, and combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the composition comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; wherein the composition comprises 10 to 25 weight percent of the hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; wherein the composition comprises 3 to 8 weight percent of the polybutene; wherein the composition comprises 30 to 45 weight percent of the magnesium hydroxide; wherein the composition comprises 2 to 5 weight percent of the anti-UV agent; wherein the composition comprises 1 to 10 weight percent of the copolymer of ethylene and a C3-C12 alpha-olefin; and wherein the composition comprises 1 to 30 weight percent of the polyolefin homopolymer. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the anti-UV agent is selected from the group consisting of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, poly(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine ethanol-alt-1,4-butanedioic acid), 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy)phenol, and mixtures thereof; 10. The composition of claim 9 comprising 2 to 6 weight percent of the polyolefin homopolymer, 11. The composition of claim 10, further comprising 4 to 8 weight percent of a colorant. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the colorant comprises TiO2. 13. An extrusion coated article comprising the composition of claim 1 14. The extrusion coated article of claim 13, wherein the article is an electrical wire jacketed with the composition of claim 1. 15. A process for jacketing an electrical cable or plug, comprising extrusion coating an electrical cable or plug with the composition of claim 1. 16. An injection molded article comprising the composition of claim 1. | Disclosed are polymer compositions, comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; (b) 5 to 25 weight percent of a hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; (c) 0 to 10 weight percent of a polybutene; (d) 30 to 60 weight percent of magnesium hydroxide; (e) 0 to 10 weight percent of an anti-UV agent; (f) 1 to 40 weight percent of a copolymer of ethylene and a C 3 -C 12 alpha-olefin; and (g) 0 to 30 weight percent of a polyolefin homopolymer.1. A polymer composition, comprising:
(a) 10 to 40 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer is a mixture of a poly(phenylene ether) homopolymer and a poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer; (b) 5 to 25 weight percent of a hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; (c) 0 to 10 weight percent of a polybutene; (d) 30 to 60 weight percent of magnesium hydroxide; (e) 0 to 10 weight percent of an anti-UV agent; (f) 1 to 40 weight percent of a copolymer of ethylene and a C3-C12 alpha-olefin; and (g) 0 to 30 weight percent of a polyolefin homopolymer. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.385-0.425 dL/g and 4-6 percent siloxane incorporation. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene units having the structure
and a polysiloxane block having the structure 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-UV agent is present and selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole-type UV absorber, a triazine-type UV absorber, a hindered amine light stabilizer, and combinations thereof. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnesium hydroxide is a high purity magnesium hydroxide that has been surface treated with an amino polysiloxane. 7. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprise a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene units having the structure
and a polysiloxane block having the structure
and wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.385-0.425 dL/g and 4-6 percent siloxane incorporation;
wherein the magnesium hydroxide is a high purity magnesium hydroxide that has been surface treated with an amino polysiloxane; and
wherein the anti-UV agent is present and selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole-type UV absorber, a triazine-type UV absorber, a hindered amine light stabilizer, and combinations thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the composition comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane copolymer; wherein the composition comprises 10 to 25 weight percent of the hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene; wherein the composition comprises 3 to 8 weight percent of the polybutene; wherein the composition comprises 30 to 45 weight percent of the magnesium hydroxide; wherein the composition comprises 2 to 5 weight percent of the anti-UV agent; wherein the composition comprises 1 to 10 weight percent of the copolymer of ethylene and a C3-C12 alpha-olefin; and wherein the composition comprises 1 to 30 weight percent of the polyolefin homopolymer. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the anti-UV agent is selected from the group consisting of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, poly(4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine ethanol-alt-1,4-butanedioic acid), 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy)phenol, and mixtures thereof; 10. The composition of claim 9 comprising 2 to 6 weight percent of the polyolefin homopolymer, 11. The composition of claim 10, further comprising 4 to 8 weight percent of a colorant. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the colorant comprises TiO2. 13. An extrusion coated article comprising the composition of claim 1 14. The extrusion coated article of claim 13, wherein the article is an electrical wire jacketed with the composition of claim 1. 15. A process for jacketing an electrical cable or plug, comprising extrusion coating an electrical cable or plug with the composition of claim 1. 16. An injection molded article comprising the composition of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,511 | 2,511 | 14,092,348 | 1,793 | A method for processing tripe includes refining tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material to improve tripe appearance, and contacting the treated tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of about 110° F. to 160° F. Tripe may be rinsed with cold water before packaging. The methods of processing tripe may provide tripe with enhanced appearance appealing to consumers, while increasing margin profits to meat packing plants due to higher tripe yield and lower operation cost. | 1. A method for processing tripe, comprising:
contacting the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material for a period of time sufficient to bleach the tripe; contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of at least about 110° F.; and contacting the tripe with cold water having a temperature below about 40° F. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of at least about 110° F. comprises contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of from about 110° F. to about 160° F. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder comprises contacting the tripe for a sufficient period of time to raise the surface pH of the tripe to from about 12.2 to about 12.8. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising:
contacting the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material at a temperature of about 120° F. to about 145° F. for a period of time sufficient to bleach the tripe to desired tripe whiteness; and contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder for a sufficient period of time to raise a surface pH of the tripe to about at least 12.5. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bleaching agent is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.5% on an active available oxygen basis based on tripe weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bleaching agent is present in an amount from about 0.2% to about 0.3% on an active available oxygen basis based on tripe weight. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material is in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.2% alkaline material reported as equivalent to Na2O active basis based on tripe weight. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material includes a member selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium metasilicate, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline builder includes a member selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium metasilicate, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder further comprises contacting the tripe with a bleaching agent. 11. The method of claim 1, where the cold water has a temperature of about 32° F. to 35° F. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water for about 1 to about 2 minutes. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the tripe includes at least one of scalded tripe and honeycomb tripe. 14. The method of claim 1, comprising contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder is performed for a duration of from about 2 minutes to about 7 minutes. 15. The method of claim 1, characterized by an automatic process. 16. A method for processing tripe, comprising:
washing the tripe with water at a temperature of at least 120° F.; treating the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material to bleach the tripe to desired tripe whiteness; contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder to raise a surface pH of the tripe to about 12.5; and contacting the tripe with cold water before packaging. 17. The method of claim 16, where the cold water has a temperature below about 40° F. 18. The method of claim 16, where the cold water has a temperature of from about 32° F. to 35° F. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water for about 1 to about 2 minutes. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder further comprises contacting the tripe with a bleaching agent. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the tripe is contacted with an alkaline builder for about 1 to about 5 minutes. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water until the temperature of the tripe is less than 65° F. | A method for processing tripe includes refining tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material to improve tripe appearance, and contacting the treated tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of about 110° F. to 160° F. Tripe may be rinsed with cold water before packaging. The methods of processing tripe may provide tripe with enhanced appearance appealing to consumers, while increasing margin profits to meat packing plants due to higher tripe yield and lower operation cost.1. A method for processing tripe, comprising:
contacting the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material for a period of time sufficient to bleach the tripe; contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of at least about 110° F.; and contacting the tripe with cold water having a temperature below about 40° F. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of at least about 110° F. comprises contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder at a temperature of from about 110° F. to about 160° F. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder comprises contacting the tripe for a sufficient period of time to raise the surface pH of the tripe to from about 12.2 to about 12.8. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising:
contacting the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material at a temperature of about 120° F. to about 145° F. for a period of time sufficient to bleach the tripe to desired tripe whiteness; and contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder for a sufficient period of time to raise a surface pH of the tripe to about at least 12.5. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bleaching agent is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.5% on an active available oxygen basis based on tripe weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bleaching agent is present in an amount from about 0.2% to about 0.3% on an active available oxygen basis based on tripe weight. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material is in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.2% alkaline material reported as equivalent to Na2O active basis based on tripe weight. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline material includes a member selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium metasilicate, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkaline builder includes a member selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium metasilicate, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder further comprises contacting the tripe with a bleaching agent. 11. The method of claim 1, where the cold water has a temperature of about 32° F. to 35° F. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water for about 1 to about 2 minutes. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the tripe includes at least one of scalded tripe and honeycomb tripe. 14. The method of claim 1, comprising contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder is performed for a duration of from about 2 minutes to about 7 minutes. 15. The method of claim 1, characterized by an automatic process. 16. A method for processing tripe, comprising:
washing the tripe with water at a temperature of at least 120° F.; treating the tripe with at least one bleaching agent and at least one alkaline material to bleach the tripe to desired tripe whiteness; contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder to raise a surface pH of the tripe to about 12.5; and contacting the tripe with cold water before packaging. 17. The method of claim 16, where the cold water has a temperature below about 40° F. 18. The method of claim 16, where the cold water has a temperature of from about 32° F. to 35° F. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water for about 1 to about 2 minutes. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with an alkaline builder further comprises contacting the tripe with a bleaching agent. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the tripe is contacted with an alkaline builder for about 1 to about 5 minutes. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein contacting the tripe with the cold water comprises contacting the tripe with cold water until the temperature of the tripe is less than 65° F. | 1,700 |
2,512 | 2,512 | 13,878,714 | 1,787 | The present invention provides a highly thermally conductive resin molded article that satisfies all demands of a high thermal conductivity, an insulation property, a low density, a mechanical strength, a high flowability of a thin-walled molded article, less abrasion on a die used for manufacturing, and high whiteness. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article at least includes (A) thermoplastic polyester resin, (B) platy talc particles, and (C) a fiber reinforcement, and (B) platy talc particle content falls within a range between 10% by volume and 60% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, a number average particle size of the platy talc particles falls within a range between 20 μm and 80 μm, and the (B) platy talc particles are oriented in a surface direction of the highly thermally conductive resin molded article. | 1. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article at least comprising:
(A) thermoplastic polyester resin; (B) platy talc particles; and (C) a fiber reinforcement, (B) platy talc particle content falling within a range between 10% by volume and 60% by volume, where an entire composition is 100% by volume, a number average particle size of the (B) platy talc particles falling within a range between 20 μm and 80 μm, and the (B) platy talc particles being oriented in a surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article. 2. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
said highly thermally conductive resin molded article has been molded by an injection molding method. 3. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a volume ratio of the (B) platy talc particles is higher than that of the (C) fiber reinforcement. 4. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a melt flow rate falls within a range between 5 g/10 min and 200 g/10 min under a condition that a temperature is 280° C. and a load is 100 kgf. 5. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a tap density of the (B) platy talc particles is 0.60 g/ml or higher. 6. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
an aspect ratio of a cross section of the (B) platy talc particles falls within a range between 5 and 30. 7. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
(D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder, (D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder content falling within a range between 1% by volume and 40% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, and a number average particle size of the (D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder being 15 μm or larger. 8. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
(E) titanium oxide, (E) titanium oxide content falling within a range between 0.1% by volume and 5% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, and a number average particle size of the (E) titanium oxide being 5 μm or smaller. 9. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
whiteness of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article is 80 or higher. 10. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
(A) thermoplastic polyester resin content falls within a range between 35% by volume and 55% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume. 11. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
(C) fiber reinforcement content falls within a range between 5% by volume and 35% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume. 12. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a surface direction thermal diffusivity, which is a thermal diffusivity in the surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article, is at least 1.6 times as high as a thickness direction thermal diffusivity which is a thermal diffusivity in a thickness direction that is perpendicular to the surface direction; and the surface direction thermal diffusivity is 0.5 mm2/sec or higher. 13. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a surface direction thermal diffusivity, which is a thermal diffusivity in the surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article, is at least 1.7 times as high as a thickness direction thermal diffusivity which is a thermal diffusivity in a thickness direction that is perpendicular to the surface direction; and the surface direction thermal diffusivity is 0.5 mm2/sec or higher. 14. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a volume resistivity value of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article is 1010 Ω·cm or greater. 15. A method for manufacturing a highly thermally conductive resin molded article recited in claim 2, said method comprising the step of:
carrying out injection molding, in the step of carrying out injection molding, the (B) platy talc particles being oriented in the surface direction of the highly thermally conductive resin molded article. | The present invention provides a highly thermally conductive resin molded article that satisfies all demands of a high thermal conductivity, an insulation property, a low density, a mechanical strength, a high flowability of a thin-walled molded article, less abrasion on a die used for manufacturing, and high whiteness. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article at least includes (A) thermoplastic polyester resin, (B) platy talc particles, and (C) a fiber reinforcement, and (B) platy talc particle content falls within a range between 10% by volume and 60% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, a number average particle size of the platy talc particles falls within a range between 20 μm and 80 μm, and the (B) platy talc particles are oriented in a surface direction of the highly thermally conductive resin molded article.1. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article at least comprising:
(A) thermoplastic polyester resin; (B) platy talc particles; and (C) a fiber reinforcement, (B) platy talc particle content falling within a range between 10% by volume and 60% by volume, where an entire composition is 100% by volume, a number average particle size of the (B) platy talc particles falling within a range between 20 μm and 80 μm, and the (B) platy talc particles being oriented in a surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article. 2. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
said highly thermally conductive resin molded article has been molded by an injection molding method. 3. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a volume ratio of the (B) platy talc particles is higher than that of the (C) fiber reinforcement. 4. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a melt flow rate falls within a range between 5 g/10 min and 200 g/10 min under a condition that a temperature is 280° C. and a load is 100 kgf. 5. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a tap density of the (B) platy talc particles is 0.60 g/ml or higher. 6. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
an aspect ratio of a cross section of the (B) platy talc particles falls within a range between 5 and 30. 7. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
(D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder, (D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder content falling within a range between 1% by volume and 40% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, and a number average particle size of the (D) plate-like hexagonal boron nitride powder being 15 μm or larger. 8. A highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
(E) titanium oxide, (E) titanium oxide content falling within a range between 0.1% by volume and 5% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume, and a number average particle size of the (E) titanium oxide being 5 μm or smaller. 9. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
whiteness of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article is 80 or higher. 10. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
(A) thermoplastic polyester resin content falls within a range between 35% by volume and 55% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume. 11. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
(C) fiber reinforcement content falls within a range between 5% by volume and 35% by volume, where the entire composition is 100% by volume. 12. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a surface direction thermal diffusivity, which is a thermal diffusivity in the surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article, is at least 1.6 times as high as a thickness direction thermal diffusivity which is a thermal diffusivity in a thickness direction that is perpendicular to the surface direction; and the surface direction thermal diffusivity is 0.5 mm2/sec or higher. 13. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a surface direction thermal diffusivity, which is a thermal diffusivity in the surface direction of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article, is at least 1.7 times as high as a thickness direction thermal diffusivity which is a thermal diffusivity in a thickness direction that is perpendicular to the surface direction; and the surface direction thermal diffusivity is 0.5 mm2/sec or higher. 14. The highly thermally conductive resin molded article as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a volume resistivity value of said highly thermally conductive resin molded article is 1010 Ω·cm or greater. 15. A method for manufacturing a highly thermally conductive resin molded article recited in claim 2, said method comprising the step of:
carrying out injection molding, in the step of carrying out injection molding, the (B) platy talc particles being oriented in the surface direction of the highly thermally conductive resin molded article. | 1,700 |
2,513 | 2,513 | 15,260,119 | 1,717 | A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item from paint on a surface that is being painted. The protective collar is formed as a band having a convex surface and a concave surface. The band has a uniform thickness between the convex surface and the concave surface in the primary areas that are not tapered. The band embodies a spring bias that biases the band into a circular configuration. The first end and the second end of the band are tapered. Additionally, the band is tapered along its length adjacent a first long edge. This causes the first long edge to be thinner than the opposite second long edge. The tapered regions minimize the footprint of the spring collar on a surface. | 1. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied, said protective collar including:
a band having a convex surface and a concave surface that both extend along a first long edge and a second long edge between a first end to an opposite second end, wherein said band has a maximum thickness between said convex surface and said concave surface, wherein said band embodies a spring bias that biases said band into a circular configuration where said first end and said second end of said band overlap in an overlap region; wherein said first end and said second end are tapered so that a combined thickness of said first end and said second end in said overlap region is no more than fifty percent thicker than said maximum thickness. 2. The protective collar according to claim 1, further including a tapered region that extends along said band proximate said first long edge, wherein said first long edge tapers and is thinner than said maximum thickness. 3. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band has a length between ten inches and twenty-five inches. 4. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said maximum thickness is no greater than 1/16th of an inch. 5. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said circular configuration has a diameter of between four inches and eight inches. 6. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 7. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. 8. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied to said surface, said protective collar including:
a band having a convex surface and a concave surface that both extend along a first long edge and a second long edge from a first end to an opposite second end, wherein said band has a tapered region adjacent said first long edge that tapers toward said first long edge, therein causing said first long edge to be thinner than said second long edge; wherein said band embodies a spring bias that biases said band into a circular configuration where said first end and said second end of said band overlap in an overlap region. 9. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said first end and said second end of said band are tapered so that a combined thickness of said first end and said second end in said overlap region is no more than fifty percent thicker than a maximum thickness for said band. 10. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band has a length between ten inches and twenty-five inches. 11. The protective collar according to claim 9, wherein said maximum thickness is no greater than 1/16th of an inch. 12. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said circular configuration has a diameter of between four inches and eight inches. 13. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 14. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. 15. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied, said protective collar including:
a band having two tapered ends, wherein said band is spring biased into a circular configuration wherein said two tapered ends overlap; and a protective bag attached to said band. 16. The protective collar according to claim 15, further including an adhesive coating on said band, wherein said adhesive coating is contacted by said bag, therein joining said bag to said band. 17. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band has a first long edge and a second long edge that run in parallel between said two tapered ends, wherein said band has a tapered region adjacent said first long edge that tapers toward said first long edge, therein causing said first long edge to be thinner than said second long edge. 18. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 19. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. | A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item from paint on a surface that is being painted. The protective collar is formed as a band having a convex surface and a concave surface. The band has a uniform thickness between the convex surface and the concave surface in the primary areas that are not tapered. The band embodies a spring bias that biases the band into a circular configuration. The first end and the second end of the band are tapered. Additionally, the band is tapered along its length adjacent a first long edge. This causes the first long edge to be thinner than the opposite second long edge. The tapered regions minimize the footprint of the spring collar on a surface.1. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied, said protective collar including:
a band having a convex surface and a concave surface that both extend along a first long edge and a second long edge between a first end to an opposite second end, wherein said band has a maximum thickness between said convex surface and said concave surface, wherein said band embodies a spring bias that biases said band into a circular configuration where said first end and said second end of said band overlap in an overlap region; wherein said first end and said second end are tapered so that a combined thickness of said first end and said second end in said overlap region is no more than fifty percent thicker than said maximum thickness. 2. The protective collar according to claim 1, further including a tapered region that extends along said band proximate said first long edge, wherein said first long edge tapers and is thinner than said maximum thickness. 3. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band has a length between ten inches and twenty-five inches. 4. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said maximum thickness is no greater than 1/16th of an inch. 5. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said circular configuration has a diameter of between four inches and eight inches. 6. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 7. The protective collar according to claim 1, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. 8. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied to said surface, said protective collar including:
a band having a convex surface and a concave surface that both extend along a first long edge and a second long edge from a first end to an opposite second end, wherein said band has a tapered region adjacent said first long edge that tapers toward said first long edge, therein causing said first long edge to be thinner than said second long edge; wherein said band embodies a spring bias that biases said band into a circular configuration where said first end and said second end of said band overlap in an overlap region. 9. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said first end and said second end of said band are tapered so that a combined thickness of said first end and said second end in said overlap region is no more than fifty percent thicker than a maximum thickness for said band. 10. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band has a length between ten inches and twenty-five inches. 11. The protective collar according to claim 9, wherein said maximum thickness is no greater than 1/16th of an inch. 12. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said circular configuration has a diameter of between four inches and eight inches. 13. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 14. The protective collar according to claim 8, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. 15. A protective collar for temporarily protecting an item on a surface from paint that is being applied, said protective collar including:
a band having two tapered ends, wherein said band is spring biased into a circular configuration wherein said two tapered ends overlap; and a protective bag attached to said band. 16. The protective collar according to claim 15, further including an adhesive coating on said band, wherein said adhesive coating is contacted by said bag, therein joining said bag to said band. 17. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band has a first long edge and a second long edge that run in parallel between said two tapered ends, wherein said band has a tapered region adjacent said first long edge that tapers toward said first long edge, therein causing said first long edge to be thinner than said second long edge. 18. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band has a width of between one inch and three inches between said first long edge and said second long edge. 19. The protective collar according to claim 15, wherein said band is molded from polypropylene. | 1,700 |
2,514 | 2,514 | 14,005,357 | 1,725 | A method for manufacturing an active material, capable of improving the discharge capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery is provided. The method for manufacturing an active material according to the present invention includes a first step of heating a mixture solution including a lithium source, a phosphate source, a vanadium source, and water under pressure to generate a precursor in the mixture solution, and adjusting the pH of the mixture solution including the precursor to be 6 to 8; and a second step of heating the precursor at 425 to 650° C. after the first step to generate an active material. | 1. A method for manufacturing an active material, comprising:
a first step of heating a mixture solution including a lithium source, a phosphate source, a vanadium source, and water under pressure to generate a precursor in the mixture solution, and adjusting the pH of the mixture solution including the precursor to be 6 to 8; and a second step of heating the precursor at 425 to 650° C. after the first step to generate an active material. 2. A method for manufacturing a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising a step of applying a coating including the active material obtained by the manufacturing method according to claim 1, a binder, a solvent, and a conductive auxiliary agent on a current collector, and forming an electrode including the current collector and an active material layer stacked on the current collector. 3. An active material comprising β-type crystal of LiVOPO4, wherein distortion in <100> direction in the β-type crystal is 1.2% or less. 4. An electrode comprising a current collector and an active material layer stacked on the current collector, wherein the active material layer includes the active material according to claim 3. 5. The electrode according to claim 4, wherein the active material layer further includes carbon with a tap density of 0.03 to 0.09 g/ml and carbon with a tap density of 0.1 to 0.3 g/ml. 6. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the electrode according to claim 4. 7. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the electrode according to claim 5. | A method for manufacturing an active material, capable of improving the discharge capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery is provided. The method for manufacturing an active material according to the present invention includes a first step of heating a mixture solution including a lithium source, a phosphate source, a vanadium source, and water under pressure to generate a precursor in the mixture solution, and adjusting the pH of the mixture solution including the precursor to be 6 to 8; and a second step of heating the precursor at 425 to 650° C. after the first step to generate an active material.1. A method for manufacturing an active material, comprising:
a first step of heating a mixture solution including a lithium source, a phosphate source, a vanadium source, and water under pressure to generate a precursor in the mixture solution, and adjusting the pH of the mixture solution including the precursor to be 6 to 8; and a second step of heating the precursor at 425 to 650° C. after the first step to generate an active material. 2. A method for manufacturing a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising a step of applying a coating including the active material obtained by the manufacturing method according to claim 1, a binder, a solvent, and a conductive auxiliary agent on a current collector, and forming an electrode including the current collector and an active material layer stacked on the current collector. 3. An active material comprising β-type crystal of LiVOPO4, wherein distortion in <100> direction in the β-type crystal is 1.2% or less. 4. An electrode comprising a current collector and an active material layer stacked on the current collector, wherein the active material layer includes the active material according to claim 3. 5. The electrode according to claim 4, wherein the active material layer further includes carbon with a tap density of 0.03 to 0.09 g/ml and carbon with a tap density of 0.1 to 0.3 g/ml. 6. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the electrode according to claim 4. 7. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the electrode according to claim 5. | 1,700 |
2,515 | 2,515 | 14,707,514 | 1,786 | A biscarbazole derivative having a specific group, which is represented by formula (1);
and an organic electroluminescence device in which a plurality of organic thin-film layers including a light emitting layer are disposed between a cathode and an anode, and at least one of the organic thin-film layers include the biscarbazole derivative. The organic electroluminescence device exhibits high emission efficiency and has a long lifetime. In formula (1), each of A 1 and A 2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms; each of Y 1 to Y 16 independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom; each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, etc.; and each of L 1 and L 2 independently represents a single bond, etc.; provided that at least one of A 1 , A 2 and R represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, etc. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A biscarbazole derivative of formula (1):
wherein:
each of A1 and A2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms;
each of Y1 to Y16 independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton; and
each of L1 and L2 independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms,
provided that:
at least one of A1, A2 and R represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group, or a naphthyl group; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 22. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y2 and Y3 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 23. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y3 and Y4 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 24. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y1 and Y2 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 25. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein one of adjacent pairs of Y1 to Y8 represent C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms; and Y9 to Y16 represent C(R) wherein at least one of adjacent pairs of R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 26. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of A1 and A2 of the formula (1) represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group. 27. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein said biscarbazole derivative is represented by formula (2), (3), or (4): 28. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein -L1-A1 and -L2-A2 are different from each other. 29. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 30. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 31. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a single bond. 32. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group; and A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 33. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group. 34. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted terphenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl group. 35. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents an unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, an unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, an unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or an unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group; A2 represents an unsubstituted phenyl group, an unsubstituted biphenyl group, an unsubstituted terphenyl group, or an unsubstituted naphthyl group; at least one of L1 and L2 represents an unsubstituted, divalent phenyl group, an unsubstituted, divalent naphthyl group, or an unsubstituted, divalent phenanthrenyl group; and Y1 to Y16 all represent C(R) wherein one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms and each of the other R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton. 36. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents an unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, an unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, an unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or an unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group; A2 represents an unsubstituted phenyl group, an unsubstituted biphenyl group, an unsubstituted terphenyl group, or an unsubstituted naphthyl group; L1 and L2 represent a single bond; and Y1 to Y16 all represent C(R) wherein one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms and each of the other R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton. 37. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein the ring structure represents a benzene ring. 38. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein the biscarbazole derivative is a compound selected from the group consisting of: 39. A biscarbazole derivative represented by formula (1a):
wherein:
one of A1a and A2a represents a group represented by formula (a) and the other of A1a and A2a represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group;
each of Y1a to Y16a independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton;
each of L1a and L2a independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms:
wherein each of Y21 and Y25 independently represents C(Ra) or a nitrogen atom, and each of Ra groups independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. 40. A material for an organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
the biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21. 41. An organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
a plurality of organic thin-film layers between a cathode and an anode, wherein the plurality of organic thin-film layers comprise a light emitting layer and at least one layer of the organic thin-film layers comprises the biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21. 42. An organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
a plurality of organic thin-film layers between a cathode and an anode, wherein the plurality of organic thin-film layers comprise a light emitting layer and at least one layer of the organic thin-film layers comprises a biscarbazole derivative represented by formula (10):
wherein:
one of A1′ and A2′ represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluorenyl group and the other of A1′ and A2′ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms;
each of Y1′ to Y16′ independently represents C(R′) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R′ groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton; and
each of L1′ and L2′ independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 43. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 41,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative as a host material. 44. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 43,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises a phosphorescent material. 45. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 44,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises the host material and the phosphorescent material which is an ortho-metallated complex of a metal atom selected from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), and platinum (Pt). 46. An organic electroluminescence device according to claim 45,
further comprising: an electron injecting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer, wherein the electron injecting layer comprises a nitrogen-containing ring derivative. 47. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 46,
further comprising: an electron transporting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer, wherein the electron transporting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative. 48. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 47,
further comprising: a hole transporting layer between the anode and the light emitting layer, wherein the hole transporting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative. 49. A lighting device, comprising:
the organic electroluminescence device according to claim 40. 50. A display device, comprising:
the organic electroluminescence device according to claim 40. | A biscarbazole derivative having a specific group, which is represented by formula (1);
and an organic electroluminescence device in which a plurality of organic thin-film layers including a light emitting layer are disposed between a cathode and an anode, and at least one of the organic thin-film layers include the biscarbazole derivative. The organic electroluminescence device exhibits high emission efficiency and has a long lifetime. In formula (1), each of A 1 and A 2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms; each of Y 1 to Y 16 independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom; each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, etc.; and each of L 1 and L 2 independently represents a single bond, etc.; provided that at least one of A 1 , A 2 and R represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, etc.1-20. (canceled) 21. A biscarbazole derivative of formula (1):
wherein:
each of A1 and A2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms;
each of Y1 to Y16 independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton; and
each of L1 and L2 independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms,
provided that:
at least one of A1, A2 and R represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group, or a naphthyl group; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 22. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y2 and Y3 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 23. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y3 and Y4 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 24. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein each of Y1 and Y2 represents C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 25. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein one of adjacent pairs of Y1 to Y8 represent C(R) wherein R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms; and Y9 to Y16 represent C(R) wherein at least one of adjacent pairs of R groups are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 26. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of A1 and A2 of the formula (1) represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group. 27. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein said biscarbazole derivative is represented by formula (2), (3), or (4): 28. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein -L1-A1 and -L2-A2 are different from each other. 29. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 30. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 31. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21, wherein at least one of L1 and L2 represents a single bond. 32. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzotriphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzochrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group; and A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 33. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group. 34. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted terphenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl group. 35. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents an unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, an unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, an unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or an unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group; A2 represents an unsubstituted phenyl group, an unsubstituted biphenyl group, an unsubstituted terphenyl group, or an unsubstituted naphthyl group; at least one of L1 and L2 represents an unsubstituted, divalent phenyl group, an unsubstituted, divalent naphthyl group, or an unsubstituted, divalent phenanthrenyl group; and Y1 to Y16 all represent C(R) wherein one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms and each of the other R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton. 36. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein A1 represents an unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, an unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, an unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, or an unsubstituted benzotriphenylenyl group; A2 represents an unsubstituted phenyl group, an unsubstituted biphenyl group, an unsubstituted terphenyl group, or an unsubstituted naphthyl group; L1 and L2 represent a single bond; and Y1 to Y16 all represent C(R) wherein one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms and each of the other R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton. 37. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein the ring structure represents a benzene ring. 38. The biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21,
wherein the biscarbazole derivative is a compound selected from the group consisting of: 39. A biscarbazole derivative represented by formula (1a):
wherein:
one of A1a and A2a represents a group represented by formula (a) and the other of A1a and A2a represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted picenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[b]fluoranthenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzophenanthrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthotriphenylenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group;
each of Y1a to Y16a independently represents C(R) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton;
each of L1a and L2a independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms:
wherein each of Y21 and Y25 independently represents C(Ra) or a nitrogen atom, and each of Ra groups independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. 40. A material for an organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
the biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21. 41. An organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
a plurality of organic thin-film layers between a cathode and an anode, wherein the plurality of organic thin-film layers comprise a light emitting layer and at least one layer of the organic thin-film layers comprises the biscarbazole derivative according to claim 21. 42. An organic electroluminescence device, comprising:
a plurality of organic thin-film layers between a cathode and an anode, wherein the plurality of organic thin-film layers comprise a light emitting layer and at least one layer of the organic thin-film layers comprises a biscarbazole derivative represented by formula (10):
wherein:
one of A1′ and A2′ represents a substituted or unsubstituted fluorenyl group and the other of A1′ and A2′ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms;
each of Y1′ to Y16′ independently represents C(R′) or a nitrogen atom, and each of R′ groups independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a valence bonded to a carbazole skeleton; and
each of L1′ and L2′ independently represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 30 ring carbon atoms; and
at least one pair of R groups on adjacent ring carbon atoms are bonded to each other to form a ring structure together with the ring carbon atoms. 43. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 41,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative as a host material. 44. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 43,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises a phosphorescent material. 45. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 44,
wherein the light emitting layer comprises the host material and the phosphorescent material which is an ortho-metallated complex of a metal atom selected from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), and platinum (Pt). 46. An organic electroluminescence device according to claim 45,
further comprising: an electron injecting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer, wherein the electron injecting layer comprises a nitrogen-containing ring derivative. 47. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 46,
further comprising: an electron transporting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer, wherein the electron transporting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative. 48. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 47,
further comprising: a hole transporting layer between the anode and the light emitting layer, wherein the hole transporting layer comprises the biscarbazole derivative. 49. A lighting device, comprising:
the organic electroluminescence device according to claim 40. 50. A display device, comprising:
the organic electroluminescence device according to claim 40. | 1,700 |
2,516 | 2,516 | 14,937,425 | 1,761 | Methods of enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent can include manufacturing a personal care composition comprising the high viscosity benefit agent and a low viscosity benefit agent by adding the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent separately to a cleansing phase. | 1. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a cleansing phase; a high viscosity benefit agent; and a low viscosity benefit agent; comprising adding the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent separately to the cleansing phase of the personal care composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low and high viscosity benefit agents occupy separate physical domains of the personal care composition. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; and an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 4. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a high viscosity benefit agent and a low viscosity benefit agent comprising, formulating a personal care composition with a cleansing phase; a first benefit phase having an average particle size of about 50 μm to about 500 μm and comprising a high viscosity benefit agent; and a second benefit phase having an average particle size of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm and comprising a low viscosity benefit agent. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the low and high viscosity benefit agents occupy separate physical domains of the personal care composition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; and an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cleansing phase is structured. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the cleansing phase further comprises a structuring system comprising from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an associative polymer; and from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of a non-associative polymer. 9. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a cleansing phase, a high viscosity benefit agent, and a low viscosity benefit agent, comprising formulating the personal care composition so that the high viscosity benefit agent and low viscosity benefit agent are in separate physical domains within the personal care composition. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent are added separately to the cleansing phase. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent is in a first benefit phase comprising an average particle size of about 50 μm to about 500 μm; and the low viscosity benefit agent is in a second benefit phase comprising an average particle size of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises:
i) from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; ii) an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the personal care composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 20%, by the weight of the personal care composition, of the high viscosity benefit agent; and from about 0.1% to about 20%, by the weight of the personal care composition, of the low viscosity benefit agent. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cleansing phase further comprises a structuring system comprising from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an associative polymer and from about 0.01% to about 5.0%, by weight of the personal care composition, of a non-associative polymer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the associative polymer comprises a polyacrylate, a hydrophobically-modified polysaccharide, a hydrophobically-modified urethane, or a mixture thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the associative polymer comprises an acrylate/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-associative polymer is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, synthetic hydrocarbon polymers, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of petrolatum, microcrystalline wax/mineral oil blends, paraffin wax/mineral oil blends, wax/oil blends, glyceryl oleate, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the low viscosity benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of soy bean oil, sunflower seed oil, or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first benefit phase is free of surfactant. | Methods of enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent can include manufacturing a personal care composition comprising the high viscosity benefit agent and a low viscosity benefit agent by adding the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent separately to a cleansing phase.1. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a cleansing phase; a high viscosity benefit agent; and a low viscosity benefit agent; comprising adding the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent separately to the cleansing phase of the personal care composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low and high viscosity benefit agents occupy separate physical domains of the personal care composition. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; and an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 4. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a high viscosity benefit agent and a low viscosity benefit agent comprising, formulating a personal care composition with a cleansing phase; a first benefit phase having an average particle size of about 50 μm to about 500 μm and comprising a high viscosity benefit agent; and a second benefit phase having an average particle size of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm and comprising a low viscosity benefit agent. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the low and high viscosity benefit agents occupy separate physical domains of the personal care composition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; and an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cleansing phase is structured. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the cleansing phase further comprises a structuring system comprising from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an associative polymer; and from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of a non-associative polymer. 9. A method for enhancing deposition of a high viscosity benefit agent in a personal care composition, comprising a cleansing phase, a high viscosity benefit agent, and a low viscosity benefit agent, comprising formulating the personal care composition so that the high viscosity benefit agent and low viscosity benefit agent are in separate physical domains within the personal care composition. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent and the low viscosity benefit agent are added separately to the cleansing phase. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent is in a first benefit phase comprising an average particle size of about 50 μm to about 500 μm; and the low viscosity benefit agent is in a second benefit phase comprising an average particle size of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cleansing phase is structured and comprises:
i) from about 5% to about 20%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an anionic surfactant; ii) an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the personal care composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 20%, by the weight of the personal care composition, of the high viscosity benefit agent; and from about 0.1% to about 20%, by the weight of the personal care composition, of the low viscosity benefit agent. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cleansing phase further comprises a structuring system comprising from about 0.001% to about 5%, by weight of the personal care composition, of an associative polymer and from about 0.01% to about 5.0%, by weight of the personal care composition, of a non-associative polymer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the associative polymer comprises a polyacrylate, a hydrophobically-modified polysaccharide, a hydrophobically-modified urethane, or a mixture thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the associative polymer comprises an acrylate/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-associative polymer is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, synthetic hydrocarbon polymers, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the high viscosity benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of petrolatum, microcrystalline wax/mineral oil blends, paraffin wax/mineral oil blends, wax/oil blends, glyceryl oleate, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the low viscosity benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of soy bean oil, sunflower seed oil, or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first benefit phase is free of surfactant. | 1,700 |
2,517 | 2,517 | 14,138,325 | 1,782 | A sustainable thermoplastic composition made by forming a mixture of virgin polypropylene and post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). The PIR may include a thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer and a spunbond component. The mixture is melt-blended in an extruder. Extruded materials made from the mixture demonstrate little variance in the results of the IZOD Impact Test of materials containing 30 to 70 percent PIR, and a material containing 100 percent virgin polypropylene. In addition, the extruded materials containing 30 to 70 percent PIR demonstrate a substantially constant strain at yield, that strain at yield being substantially equal to that demonstrated by a material containing 100 percent virgin polypropylene. | 1. A method for forming a sustainable thermoplastic composition for injection molding, the method comprising:
forming a mixture by supplying a virgin polymer and a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR) to a feed section of an extruder, wherein the PIR comprises a thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer and a spunbond component; and melt processing the mixture within the extruder to form the thermoplastic composition. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer is a styrenic, thermoplastic, block-copolymer. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polystyrene/poly(ethylenebutylene)/polystyrene) block copolymer; a linear tri-block copolymer based on styrene, ethylene/butylene and polystyrene; a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers and a combination thereof. 4. The method claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic elastomeric-polymer has an average molecular weight of from about 65,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises 5% to 90% PIR. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises 20% to 80% PIR. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the virgin polymers are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of melt processing is performed at temperatures ranging from 160° C. to 240° C. 9. A thermoplastic material comprising:
30 to 70 parts by weight of 100% virgin polymer selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof; and the remaining parts by weight of a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). 10. The material of claim 9 wherein the PIR comprises a styrenic, thermoplastic, block-copolymer. 11. The material of claim 9 wherein the PIR comprises a thermoplastc polyurethane, a thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer and combinations thereof. 12. The material of claim 9 having a 2 ft-lb hammer capacity impact-strength between 10 and 11 ft-lbf/in, according to an Izod Impact Strength Test Method described herein. 13. The material of claim 19 wherein the 100% virgin polymer has a 2 ft-lb hammer capacity impact-strength between 10 and 11 ft-lbf/in, according to an Izod Impact Strength Test Method described herein. 14. The material of claim 9 having a constant strain at yield regardless of the parts by weight of the PIR. 15. The material of claim 9 wherein the virgin polymer is polypropylene. 16. A thermoplastic extruded article comprising:
a core layer of material, the core layer comprising 30 to 70 parts by weight of 100% virgin polymer selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof; and the remaining parts by weight of a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is a package for wet wipes. 18. The article of claim 16, further comprising two skin layers comprised of at least one virgin polymer, wherein the core layer is sandwiched between the two skin layers, and wherein the core layer and the skin layers together define an article thickness. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the layer of material comprises 51% to 90% of the article thickness, and the two skin layers each comprise 5% to 24.5% of the article thickness. 20. The article of claim 16, wherein the core layer is formed by melt processing the virgin polymer and PIR at temperatures ranging from 160° C. to 240° C. | A sustainable thermoplastic composition made by forming a mixture of virgin polypropylene and post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). The PIR may include a thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer and a spunbond component. The mixture is melt-blended in an extruder. Extruded materials made from the mixture demonstrate little variance in the results of the IZOD Impact Test of materials containing 30 to 70 percent PIR, and a material containing 100 percent virgin polypropylene. In addition, the extruded materials containing 30 to 70 percent PIR demonstrate a substantially constant strain at yield, that strain at yield being substantially equal to that demonstrated by a material containing 100 percent virgin polypropylene.1. A method for forming a sustainable thermoplastic composition for injection molding, the method comprising:
forming a mixture by supplying a virgin polymer and a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR) to a feed section of an extruder, wherein the PIR comprises a thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer and a spunbond component; and melt processing the mixture within the extruder to form the thermoplastic composition. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer is a styrenic, thermoplastic, block-copolymer. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic, elastomeric-polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polystyrene/poly(ethylenebutylene)/polystyrene) block copolymer; a linear tri-block copolymer based on styrene, ethylene/butylene and polystyrene; a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers and a combination thereof. 4. The method claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic elastomeric-polymer has an average molecular weight of from about 65,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises 5% to 90% PIR. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises 20% to 80% PIR. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the virgin polymers are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of melt processing is performed at temperatures ranging from 160° C. to 240° C. 9. A thermoplastic material comprising:
30 to 70 parts by weight of 100% virgin polymer selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof; and the remaining parts by weight of a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). 10. The material of claim 9 wherein the PIR comprises a styrenic, thermoplastic, block-copolymer. 11. The material of claim 9 wherein the PIR comprises a thermoplastc polyurethane, a thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer and combinations thereof. 12. The material of claim 9 having a 2 ft-lb hammer capacity impact-strength between 10 and 11 ft-lbf/in, according to an Izod Impact Strength Test Method described herein. 13. The material of claim 19 wherein the 100% virgin polymer has a 2 ft-lb hammer capacity impact-strength between 10 and 11 ft-lbf/in, according to an Izod Impact Strength Test Method described herein. 14. The material of claim 9 having a constant strain at yield regardless of the parts by weight of the PIR. 15. The material of claim 9 wherein the virgin polymer is polypropylene. 16. A thermoplastic extruded article comprising:
a core layer of material, the core layer comprising 30 to 70 parts by weight of 100% virgin polymer selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polylactic acid, blends of polylactic acid and polyolefins and combinations thereof; and the remaining parts by weight of a post-industrial-recycled material (PIR). 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the article is a package for wet wipes. 18. The article of claim 16, further comprising two skin layers comprised of at least one virgin polymer, wherein the core layer is sandwiched between the two skin layers, and wherein the core layer and the skin layers together define an article thickness. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the layer of material comprises 51% to 90% of the article thickness, and the two skin layers each comprise 5% to 24.5% of the article thickness. 20. The article of claim 16, wherein the core layer is formed by melt processing the virgin polymer and PIR at temperatures ranging from 160° C. to 240° C. | 1,700 |
2,518 | 2,518 | 14,328,613 | 1,794 | A electrolytic process for continuous production of lithium metal from lithium carbonate or other lithium salts by use of an aqueous acid electrolyte and a lithium producing cell structure which includes: a cell body with a cathode within the cell body; an electrolyte aqueous solution within the cell body, the solution containing lithium ion and an anion; and a composite layer intercalated between the cathode and the electrolyte aqueous solution, the composite layer comprising a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) and a lithium ion conductive barrier film (LI-BF) that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the electrolyte aqueous solution. | 1. A lithium producing cell structure, comprising:
a cell body with a cathode within the cell body; a sulfuric acid solution within the cell body, the solution containing lithium ion and an anion; and a composite layer intercalated between the cathode and the electrolyte aqueous solution, the composite layer comprising a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) and a lithium ion conductive barrier film (LI-BF) that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the electrolyte aqueous solution. 2. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer is characterized by high lithium metal ion conductivity and is nonreactive to both lithium metal and the LI-GC material. 3. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises a physical organogel electrolyte. 4. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises an organogel product of an in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single ion-predominant conduction. 5. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer comprises a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic and a lithium ion conductive barrier film. 6. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the substantially impervious ionically conductive polymeric separator layer comprises a glass-ceramic active metal ion conductor. 7. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition in mol percent: P2O5 26-55%; SiO2 0-15%; GeO2+TiO2 25-50%; in which GeO2 0-50%; TiO2 0-50%; ZrO2 0-10%; M2O3 0-10%; Al2O3 0-15%; Ga2O3 0-15%; Li2O 3-25% and containing a predominant crystalline phase comprising Li1+x(M, Al, Ga)x(Ge1-yTiy)2-x(PO4)3 where X≦0.8 and 0≦Y≦1 and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, and/or Li1+x+yQxTi2-xSi3P3-yO12 where 0<X≦0.4 and 0<Y≦0.6, and where Q is AI or Ga. 8. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer has an ionic conductivity of at least 10−4 S/cm. 9. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a catholyte selected from the group consisting of non-aqueous electrolyte 10. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode further comprises electrochemically active material selected from the group consisting of solid, liquid and gaseous oxidizers. 11. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the catholyte comprises an ionic liquid. 12. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer comprises a substantially impervious protective ceramic composite layer and the lithium ion conductive barrier film. 13. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein cathode is movable along an axis of the cell. 14. A process for producing lithium, comprising:
providing a lithium ion source in a sulfuric acid solvent wherein lithium anion is dissolved in the solvent to form a lithium feed solution; providing an anode in contact with the solution; providing a cathode suitable for electrolysis of lithium, wherein the cathode in contact with the solution through a composite ion-conducting barrier forms an electrolysis cell; providing an ionizing electric current to the electrolysis cell thereby producing lithium metal at the cathode; and providing a composite layer transecting an axis of the cell body, the composite layer, comprising a lithium ion glass ceramic and lithium, ion conductive barrier film that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the anion-containing solution as lithium metal is formed. 15. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein the composite layer is characterized by high lithium metal ion conductivity and is nonreactive to both lithium metal and the LI-GC material 16. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein the cathode is drivable along a cell axis away from anode as lithium metal is deposited on the cathode. 17. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein, the cell is postured with upper moving cathode and lower cell containing electrolyte to drive the cathode away from the composite ion conducting layer as lithium metal is deposited on the cathode. 18. The lithium producing cell of claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises a physical organogel electrolyte. 19. The lithium producing cell of claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises an organogel product of an in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single ion-predominant conduction. 20. The process of claim 14 where the lithium ion source is lithium carbonate 21. The process of claim 14 where the lithium ion source is another lithium salt which dissociates in an acid solvent placing the lithium ions into solution and releasing the non-lithium portion of the salt as a gas. 22. The process of claim 14 where the acid is other than sulfuric acid but dissociates the lithium source in the same manner, placing lithium ions into solution while releasing the non-lithium portion of the source as a gas. | A electrolytic process for continuous production of lithium metal from lithium carbonate or other lithium salts by use of an aqueous acid electrolyte and a lithium producing cell structure which includes: a cell body with a cathode within the cell body; an electrolyte aqueous solution within the cell body, the solution containing lithium ion and an anion; and a composite layer intercalated between the cathode and the electrolyte aqueous solution, the composite layer comprising a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) and a lithium ion conductive barrier film (LI-BF) that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the electrolyte aqueous solution.1. A lithium producing cell structure, comprising:
a cell body with a cathode within the cell body; a sulfuric acid solution within the cell body, the solution containing lithium ion and an anion; and a composite layer intercalated between the cathode and the electrolyte aqueous solution, the composite layer comprising a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) and a lithium ion conductive barrier film (LI-BF) that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the electrolyte aqueous solution. 2. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer is characterized by high lithium metal ion conductivity and is nonreactive to both lithium metal and the LI-GC material. 3. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises a physical organogel electrolyte. 4. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises an organogel product of an in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single ion-predominant conduction. 5. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer comprises a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic and a lithium ion conductive barrier film. 6. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the substantially impervious ionically conductive polymeric separator layer comprises a glass-ceramic active metal ion conductor. 7. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic (LI-GC) is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition in mol percent: P2O5 26-55%; SiO2 0-15%; GeO2+TiO2 25-50%; in which GeO2 0-50%; TiO2 0-50%; ZrO2 0-10%; M2O3 0-10%; Al2O3 0-15%; Ga2O3 0-15%; Li2O 3-25% and containing a predominant crystalline phase comprising Li1+x(M, Al, Ga)x(Ge1-yTiy)2-x(PO4)3 where X≦0.8 and 0≦Y≦1 and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, and/or Li1+x+yQxTi2-xSi3P3-yO12 where 0<X≦0.4 and 0<Y≦0.6, and where Q is AI or Ga. 8. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer has an ionic conductivity of at least 10−4 S/cm. 9. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a catholyte selected from the group consisting of non-aqueous electrolyte 10. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode further comprises electrochemically active material selected from the group consisting of solid, liquid and gaseous oxidizers. 11. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the catholyte comprises an ionic liquid. 12. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein the composite layer comprises a substantially impervious protective ceramic composite layer and the lithium ion conductive barrier film. 13. The lithium producing cell of claim 1, wherein cathode is movable along an axis of the cell. 14. A process for producing lithium, comprising:
providing a lithium ion source in a sulfuric acid solvent wherein lithium anion is dissolved in the solvent to form a lithium feed solution; providing an anode in contact with the solution; providing a cathode suitable for electrolysis of lithium, wherein the cathode in contact with the solution through a composite ion-conducting barrier forms an electrolysis cell; providing an ionizing electric current to the electrolysis cell thereby producing lithium metal at the cathode; and providing a composite layer transecting an axis of the cell body, the composite layer, comprising a lithium ion glass ceramic and lithium, ion conductive barrier film that isolates cathode-forming lithium from the anion-containing solution as lithium metal is formed. 15. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein the composite layer is characterized by high lithium metal ion conductivity and is nonreactive to both lithium metal and the LI-GC material 16. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein the cathode is drivable along a cell axis away from anode as lithium metal is deposited on the cathode. 17. The process for producing lithium of claim 14, wherein, the cell is postured with upper moving cathode and lower cell containing electrolyte to drive the cathode away from the composite ion conducting layer as lithium metal is deposited on the cathode. 18. The lithium producing cell of claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises a physical organogel electrolyte. 19. The lithium producing cell of claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductive barrier film of the composite layer comprises an organogel product of an in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single ion-predominant conduction. 20. The process of claim 14 where the lithium ion source is lithium carbonate 21. The process of claim 14 where the lithium ion source is another lithium salt which dissociates in an acid solvent placing the lithium ions into solution and releasing the non-lithium portion of the salt as a gas. 22. The process of claim 14 where the acid is other than sulfuric acid but dissociates the lithium source in the same manner, placing lithium ions into solution while releasing the non-lithium portion of the source as a gas. | 1,700 |
2,519 | 2,519 | 12,345,215 | 1,789 | A structure for use in a compressible resilient pad. The structure contains both axially elastomeric yarns and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load. | 1. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of parallel warp yarns; a plurality of parallel shute yarns; wherein either or both of shute direction yarns or warp yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 2. The pad as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the warp or the shute direction; a second layer of the parallel yarns on one side of the first layer, the second layer's yarns running in the warp or shute direction different from that of the first layer and comprising the elastomeric yarns; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn. 4. The pad of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The pad of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The pad of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The pad of claim 6 wherein the yarns are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the second layer, the yarns comprising the elastomeric material; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a hooked loop yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 10. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 11. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The pad as claimed in claim 11, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 13. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 14. The pad of claim 13 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 15. The pad of claim 13 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers. 16. The pad of claim 3 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 17. The pad of claim 3 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the warp. 18. The pad of claim 17 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns are inside a double layer construction. 19. The pad of claim 17 wherein the structure includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 20. The pad of claim 17 wherein the structure comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the warp; the shute yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 21. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes over to a two-layer binder; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and goes over to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 22. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 23. The pad of claim 1 wherein structure is either a final product or the structure can be a component of another structure. 24. The pad of claim 1 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 25. The pad of claims 1 and 24 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 26. The pad of claim 24 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 27. The pad of claim 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the elastic material. 28. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of warp yarns; a plurality of shute yarns; wherein any number of the shute yarns and warp yarns are interwoven to form a woven structure; and wherein any number of the yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 29. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure further comprises:
a binder yarn. 30. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 31. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 32. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 33. The pad as claimed in claim 32, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 34. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the structure comprises
a 2-8-shed pattern. 35. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 36. The pad of claim 35 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 37. The pad of claim 35 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 38. The pad of claim 28 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 39. The pad of claim 38 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the warp. 40. The pad of claim 38 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 41. The pad of claim 39 wherein the structure includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 42. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the warp; the shute yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 43. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 44. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 45. The pad of claim 28 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 46. The pad of claims 1 and 28 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 47. The pad of claim 25 wherein the material is A hooked loop yarn. 48. The pad of claim 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the elastic material. | A structure for use in a compressible resilient pad. The structure contains both axially elastomeric yarns and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load.1. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of parallel warp yarns; a plurality of parallel shute yarns; wherein either or both of shute direction yarns or warp yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 2. The pad as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the warp or the shute direction; a second layer of the parallel yarns on one side of the first layer, the second layer's yarns running in the warp or shute direction different from that of the first layer and comprising the elastomeric yarns; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn. 4. The pad of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The pad of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The pad of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The pad of claim 6 wherein the yarns are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the second layer, the yarns comprising the elastomeric material; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a hooked loop yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 10. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 11. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The pad as claimed in claim 11, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 13. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 14. The pad of claim 13 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 15. The pad of claim 13 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers. 16. The pad of claim 3 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 17. The pad of claim 3 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the warp. 18. The pad of claim 17 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns are inside a double layer construction. 19. The pad of claim 17 wherein the structure includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 20. The pad of claim 17 wherein the structure comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the warp; the shute yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 21. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes over to a two-layer binder; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and goes over to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 22. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 23. The pad of claim 1 wherein structure is either a final product or the structure can be a component of another structure. 24. The pad of claim 1 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 25. The pad of claims 1 and 24 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 26. The pad of claim 24 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 27. The pad of claim 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the elastic material. 28. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of warp yarns; a plurality of shute yarns; wherein any number of the shute yarns and warp yarns are interwoven to form a woven structure; and wherein any number of the yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 29. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure further comprises:
a binder yarn. 30. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 31. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 32. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 33. The pad as claimed in claim 32, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 34. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the structure comprises
a 2-8-shed pattern. 35. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 36. The pad of claim 35 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 37. The pad of claim 35 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 38. The pad of claim 28 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 39. The pad of claim 38 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the warp. 40. The pad of claim 38 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 41. The pad of claim 39 wherein the structure includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 42. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the warp; the shute yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 43. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 44. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 45. The pad of claim 28 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 46. The pad of claims 1 and 28 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 47. The pad of claim 25 wherein the material is A hooked loop yarn. 48. The pad of claim 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the elastic material. | 1,700 |
2,520 | 2,520 | 14,307,127 | 1,783 | Paint film of the invention of the invention comprises: at least one adhesive layer; at least one polymer layer adjacent a portion of the at least one adhesive layer; and a non-adhering gripping portion along at least one edge of the paint film. Paint film can be shaped to facilitate wrapping thereof around an object so that the gripping portion is positioned on a first side of the object opposite to a second side of the object to which adherence of the paint film is desired. | 1. A paint film comprising:
at least one adhesive layer; at least one polymer layer adjacent a portion of the at least one adhesive layer; and a non-adhering gripping portion along at least one edge of the paint film. 2. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the paint film is shaped to facilitate wrapping of the paint film around an object so that the gripping portion is positioned on a first side of the object opposite to a second side of the object to which adherence of the paint film is desired. 3. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the gripping portion comprises an uninterrupted extension of the polymer layer of the paint film, but without the adhesive layer adjacent thereto. 4. The paint film of claim 1, wherein width of the gripping portion is at least about 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch). 5. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the paint film comprises at least one cut-out positioned therein and corresponding to a feature on a surface of an object to which adherence of the paint film is generally desired. 6. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 7. An object comprising a surface on which the paint film of claim 1 is adhered to at least a portion thereof. 8. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises a motorized vehicle. 9. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises a fuselage of an aircraft. 10. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises an access panel on an aircraft fuselage. 11. The object of claim 7, wherein the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on a side of the object that is not outwardly exposed. 12. The object of claim 7, further comprising a clearcoat on at least a portion of an outwardly exposed surface of the object. 13. The object of claim 7, wherein the surface comprises a fiber-reinforced composite material. 14. A method of applying paint to a surface, the method comprising:
adhering the paint film of claim 1 to at least a portion of at least one exterior surface of an object, wherein the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on a side of the object that is not outwardly exposed; and applying a clearcoat to essentially the entire outwardly exposed surface of the object, except for those portions of the outwardly exposed surface where the clearcoat would detract from function of an underlying feature on the object. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises a motorized vehicle. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises a fuselage of an aircraft. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises an access panel on an aircraft fuselage and the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on an interior of the access panel. 18. A method of removing paint from a surface on an object, the method comprising:
providing the object of claim 7; and grasping the gripping portion of the paint film to peel the paint film from the surface. | Paint film of the invention of the invention comprises: at least one adhesive layer; at least one polymer layer adjacent a portion of the at least one adhesive layer; and a non-adhering gripping portion along at least one edge of the paint film. Paint film can be shaped to facilitate wrapping thereof around an object so that the gripping portion is positioned on a first side of the object opposite to a second side of the object to which adherence of the paint film is desired.1. A paint film comprising:
at least one adhesive layer; at least one polymer layer adjacent a portion of the at least one adhesive layer; and a non-adhering gripping portion along at least one edge of the paint film. 2. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the paint film is shaped to facilitate wrapping of the paint film around an object so that the gripping portion is positioned on a first side of the object opposite to a second side of the object to which adherence of the paint film is desired. 3. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the gripping portion comprises an uninterrupted extension of the polymer layer of the paint film, but without the adhesive layer adjacent thereto. 4. The paint film of claim 1, wherein width of the gripping portion is at least about 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch). 5. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the paint film comprises at least one cut-out positioned therein and corresponding to a feature on a surface of an object to which adherence of the paint film is generally desired. 6. The paint film of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 7. An object comprising a surface on which the paint film of claim 1 is adhered to at least a portion thereof. 8. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises a motorized vehicle. 9. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises a fuselage of an aircraft. 10. The object of claim 7, wherein the object comprises an access panel on an aircraft fuselage. 11. The object of claim 7, wherein the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on a side of the object that is not outwardly exposed. 12. The object of claim 7, further comprising a clearcoat on at least a portion of an outwardly exposed surface of the object. 13. The object of claim 7, wherein the surface comprises a fiber-reinforced composite material. 14. A method of applying paint to a surface, the method comprising:
adhering the paint film of claim 1 to at least a portion of at least one exterior surface of an object, wherein the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on a side of the object that is not outwardly exposed; and applying a clearcoat to essentially the entire outwardly exposed surface of the object, except for those portions of the outwardly exposed surface where the clearcoat would detract from function of an underlying feature on the object. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises a motorized vehicle. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises a fuselage of an aircraft. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the object comprises an access panel on an aircraft fuselage and the gripping portion of the paint film is positioned on an interior of the access panel. 18. A method of removing paint from a surface on an object, the method comprising:
providing the object of claim 7; and grasping the gripping portion of the paint film to peel the paint film from the surface. | 1,700 |
2,521 | 2,521 | 13,260,173 | 1,795 | Composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one suppressing agent obtainable by reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least three active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from C3 and C4 alkylene oxides. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A composition, comprising:
a source of at least one metal ion; and at least one suppressing agent obtained by a method comprising reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least three active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide, wherein a content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the at least one suppressing agent is from 30 to 70 wt %. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a formula (I):
wherein
R1 radicals are each independently a copolymer of ethylene oxide and at least one selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide,
wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer;
R2 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of R1 radicals and an alkylene;
X and Y are spacer groups independently and X for each repeating unit independently is selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, a C6 alkylene and a Z—(O—Z)m, wherein each of a Z radical is independently selected from the group consisting of a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, and a C6 alkylene;
n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; and
m is an integer equal to or greater than 1. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein X and Y independently, and X for each repeating unit independently, are selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene and a C4 alkylene. 20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of a diethylene triamine, a 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N ‘-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 21. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is 6000 g/mol or more. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 24. The composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 25. The composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one leveling agent. 26. A method of depositing a metal on a substrate, the method comprising:
contacting the substrate with a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 16, wherein the substrate comprises at least one feature having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less. 27. A process, depositing a metal layer on a substrate, the process comprising:
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising a composition of claim 16 with the substrate; and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit the metal layer onto the substrate. 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the substrate comprises at least one submicrometer sized feature and the deposition is performed to fill the at least one submicrometer sized feature. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the at least one submicrometer-sized feature has at least one selected from the group consisting of an aperture size from 1 to 30 nm and an aspect ratio of 4 or more. 30. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of a diethylene triamine, a 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 31. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 32. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is 6000 g/mol or more. 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 34. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 35. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one leveling agent. | Composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one suppressing agent obtainable by reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least three active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from C3 and C4 alkylene oxides.1-15. (canceled) 16. A composition, comprising:
a source of at least one metal ion; and at least one suppressing agent obtained by a method comprising reacting a) an amine compound comprising at least three active amino functional groups with b) a mixture of ethylene oxide and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide, wherein a content of ethylene oxide and any C3 to C4 alkylene oxide in the at least one suppressing agent is from 30 to 70 wt %. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one metal ion comprises copper ions. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one suppressing agent has a formula (I):
wherein
R1 radicals are each independently a copolymer of ethylene oxide and at least one selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide,
wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer;
R2 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of R1 radicals and an alkylene;
X and Y are spacer groups independently and X for each repeating unit independently is selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, a C6 alkylene and a Z—(O—Z)m, wherein each of a Z radical is independently selected from the group consisting of a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene, a C4 alkylene, a C5 alkylene, and a C6 alkylene;
n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; and
m is an integer equal to or greater than 1. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein X and Y independently, and X for each repeating unit independently, are selected from the group consisting of a C1 alkylene, a C2 alkylene, a C3 alkylene and a C4 alkylene. 20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of a diethylene triamine, a 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N ‘-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 21. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is 6000 g/mol or more. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 24. The composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 25. The composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one leveling agent. 26. A method of depositing a metal on a substrate, the method comprising:
contacting the substrate with a metal plating bath comprising the composition of claim 16, wherein the substrate comprises at least one feature having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less. 27. A process, depositing a metal layer on a substrate, the process comprising:
a) contacting a metal plating bath comprising a composition of claim 16 with the substrate; and b) applying a current density to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit the metal layer onto the substrate. 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the substrate comprises at least one submicrometer sized feature and the deposition is performed to fill the at least one submicrometer sized feature. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the at least one submicrometer-sized feature has at least one selected from the group consisting of an aperture size from 1 to 30 nm and an aspect ratio of 4 or more. 30. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of a diethylene triamine, a 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, a 3,3′-iminodi(propylamine), a N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, a bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, a triethylenetetraamine and a N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine. 31. The composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a C3 alkylene oxide and a C4 alkylene oxide is a propylene oxide. 32. The composition of claim 17, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is 6000 g/mol or more. 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the molecular weight Mw of the at least one suppressing agent is from 7000 to 19000 g/mol. 34. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one accelerating agent. 35. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one leveling agent. | 1,700 |
2,522 | 2,522 | 14,840,694 | 1,726 | A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor employing a formaldehyde sensitive assembly of formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene in fluid communication with a source of NAD + , and a method of measuring formaldehyde utilizing the sensor. | 1. A formaldehyde sensitive assembly suitable for use in the manufacture of a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, comprising formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene. 2. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of claim 1 wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is attached to the graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent. 3. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of claim 2 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent is polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. 4. A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor having a formaldehyde interactive material located between and in electrical communication with a working electrode and a counter electrode, the formaldehyde interactive material comprising a layer of graphene at least partially coated with immobilized formaldehyde dehydrogenase which is in fluid communication with a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. 5. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 further comprising measurement circuitry in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes operable for detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material and generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of detected formaldehyde. 6. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 5 wherein the measured electrical property is a shift in resistance. 7. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the sensor is supported upon a major surface of a structural substrate. 8. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 7 wherein the structural substrate is a wafer. 9. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is immobilized upon the layer of graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent. 10. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 9 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent is polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. 11. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an aqueous buffered solution of β-NAD+. 12. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 11 wherein the aqueous buffered solution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a phosphate buffered saline solution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. 13. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the graphene layer is layer-by-layer self-assembled on a wafer. 14. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 9 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent and the formaldehyde dehydrogenase are assembled layer-by-layer on the layer of graphene. 15. A method of measuring formaldehyde concentration within a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor in accordance with claim 5, (b) placing the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor into sensible fluid communication with the sample, and (c) ascertaining a formaldehyde concentration within the sample by detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in the sample with the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of formaldehyde detected in the sample, and converting the electrical signal to a formaldehyde concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the sample is a gaseous sample. 17. A method of measuring formaldehyde concentration within a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a voltage to a working electrode of a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor comprising at least:
(i) a working electrode and a counter electrode,
(ii) a formaldehyde interactive material comprising at least a layer of graphene at least partially coated with immobilized formaldehyde dehydrogenase, located between and in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes,
(iii) a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material, and
(iv) measurement circuitry in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes operable for detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material and generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of detected formaldehyde,
(b) measuring an electrical signal generated by the electrodes with the formaldehyde interactive material in sensing communication with the sample, and (c) determining a formaldehyde concentration within the sample by converting the electrical signal to a formaldehyde concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the sample is a gaseous sample. | A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor employing a formaldehyde sensitive assembly of formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene in fluid communication with a source of NAD + , and a method of measuring formaldehyde utilizing the sensor.1. A formaldehyde sensitive assembly suitable for use in the manufacture of a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, comprising formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene. 2. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of claim 1 wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is attached to the graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent. 3. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of claim 2 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent is polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. 4. A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor having a formaldehyde interactive material located between and in electrical communication with a working electrode and a counter electrode, the formaldehyde interactive material comprising a layer of graphene at least partially coated with immobilized formaldehyde dehydrogenase which is in fluid communication with a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. 5. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 further comprising measurement circuitry in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes operable for detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material and generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of detected formaldehyde. 6. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 5 wherein the measured electrical property is a shift in resistance. 7. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the sensor is supported upon a major surface of a structural substrate. 8. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 7 wherein the structural substrate is a wafer. 9. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is immobilized upon the layer of graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent. 10. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 9 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent is polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. 11. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an aqueous buffered solution of β-NAD+. 12. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 11 wherein the aqueous buffered solution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a phosphate buffered saline solution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. 13. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 4 wherein the graphene layer is layer-by-layer self-assembled on a wafer. 14. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of claim 9 wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent and the formaldehyde dehydrogenase are assembled layer-by-layer on the layer of graphene. 15. A method of measuring formaldehyde concentration within a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor in accordance with claim 5, (b) placing the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor into sensible fluid communication with the sample, and (c) ascertaining a formaldehyde concentration within the sample by detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in the sample with the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of formaldehyde detected in the sample, and converting the electrical signal to a formaldehyde concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the sample is a gaseous sample. 17. A method of measuring formaldehyde concentration within a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a voltage to a working electrode of a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor, the formaldehyde electrochemical sensor comprising at least:
(i) a working electrode and a counter electrode,
(ii) a formaldehyde interactive material comprising at least a layer of graphene at least partially coated with immobilized formaldehyde dehydrogenase, located between and in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes,
(iii) a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material, and
(iv) measurement circuitry in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes operable for detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material and generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of detected formaldehyde,
(b) measuring an electrical signal generated by the electrodes with the formaldehyde interactive material in sensing communication with the sample, and (c) determining a formaldehyde concentration within the sample by converting the electrical signal to a formaldehyde concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the sample is a gaseous sample. | 1,700 |
2,523 | 2,523 | 14,314,428 | 1,783 | A tool head capable of introducing deep recesses into hard and brittle material such as glass and glass ceramics is provided. The tool head includes a hollow cylindrical abrasive body merging into a hollow shank. The hollow cylindrical abrasive body has an end face with a central abrasive area at the location of a cylinder axis. The central abrasive area is connected with the inner wall surface of the hollow cylindrical abrasive body by at least one web. The end face of the abrasive body, the web, and at least a portion of the outer wall surface of the abrasive body are covered with abrasive. The hollow shank has at least one opening to the interior between the at least one web and the inner wall surface of the abrasive body. | 1. A tool head for drilling and milling of recesses into glass or glass ceramics, comprising:
a hollow shank; a hollow cylindrical abrasive body which merges into the hollow shank, the abrasive body having a central abrasive area provided at an end face of the abrasive body at a cylinder axis of the abrasive body, wherein the central abrasive area is connected with an inner wall surface of the abrasive body by at least one web, wherein the end face, the at least one web, and at least a portion of an outer wall surface of the abrasive body are covered with abrasive, and wherein the abrasive body has at least one opening to an interior of the abrasive body, the at least one opening being between the at least one web and the inner wall surface of the abrasive body. 2. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the central abrasive area and the at least one web are at the same level as the end face, so that the end face, the at least one web, and the central abrasive area form an abrasive surface in a plane defined by the end face and interrupted by the at least one opening. 3. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive comprises abrasive grits embedded in a matrix. 4. The tool head as in claim 3, wherein the abrasive grits are embedded in a sintered metal matrix. 5. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive comprises diamond abrasive grits embedded in a matrix. 6. The tool head as in claim 5, wherein the diamond abrasive grits are embedded in a sintered metal matrix. 7. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the at least one web is covered with abrasive throughout its radial extension. 8. The tool head as in claim 7, wherein the abrasive is abrasive grits. 9. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the at least one web comprises a plurality of webs arranged in rotationally symmetric manner with respect to the cylinder axis of the abrasive body and connecting the central abrasive area with the inner wall surface of the abrasive body. 10. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive body has a diameter from 5 to 60 millimeters. 11. The tool head as in claim 1, further comprising a total surface area of the at least one web and the central abrasive area combined that is less than a total area of the one or more opening interrupting the abrasive surface. 12. A glass or glass ceramic element, comprising:
an open end at a surface; a bottom; and at least one ground-in recess that extends rectilinearly from the open end to the bottom, and wherein the at least one ground-in recess has a lateral wall surface with a minimum radius of at least 6 millimeters and a ratio of a depth of the ground-in recess to the minimum radius is greater than 10:1. 13. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the lateral wall surface of the ground-in recess has a mean roughness value of smaller than 6 μm. 14. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the ground-in recess has a planar bottom. 15. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the ground-in recess has a uniform cross-sectional area along a longitudinal extension thereof. 16. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, further comprising at least one feature selected from the group consisting of: a minimum distance of the lateral wall surface to the surface of not more than 15 mm; a minimum distance of the lateral wall surface to the surface of not more than 10 mm; a circular cross section; the depth at least five times as great as a diameter thereof; and the depth at least ten times as great as a diameter thereof. 17. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, further comprising a plurality of ground-in recesses that extend side-by-side and having a minimum distance between the wall surfaces of adjacent recesses is not more than 15 mm. 18. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 16, wherein the minimum distance is not more than 10 millimeters. 19. A method for producing a glass or glass ceramic element, comprising:
providing a glass or glass ceramic element having an open end at a surface thereof; and grinding a recess into the glass or glass ceramic element using a tool head having a radius of at least 6 millimeters so that the recess extends rectilinearly into the glass or glass ceramic element from the open end, wherein the step of grinding comprises: driving the tool head to rotate around its cylinder axis; and axially advancing, while driving the tool head to rotate, the tool head into the glass or glass ceramic element, incrementally or continuously, and thereby removing material of the glass or glass ceramic element by an abrasive body of the tool head. | A tool head capable of introducing deep recesses into hard and brittle material such as glass and glass ceramics is provided. The tool head includes a hollow cylindrical abrasive body merging into a hollow shank. The hollow cylindrical abrasive body has an end face with a central abrasive area at the location of a cylinder axis. The central abrasive area is connected with the inner wall surface of the hollow cylindrical abrasive body by at least one web. The end face of the abrasive body, the web, and at least a portion of the outer wall surface of the abrasive body are covered with abrasive. The hollow shank has at least one opening to the interior between the at least one web and the inner wall surface of the abrasive body.1. A tool head for drilling and milling of recesses into glass or glass ceramics, comprising:
a hollow shank; a hollow cylindrical abrasive body which merges into the hollow shank, the abrasive body having a central abrasive area provided at an end face of the abrasive body at a cylinder axis of the abrasive body, wherein the central abrasive area is connected with an inner wall surface of the abrasive body by at least one web, wherein the end face, the at least one web, and at least a portion of an outer wall surface of the abrasive body are covered with abrasive, and wherein the abrasive body has at least one opening to an interior of the abrasive body, the at least one opening being between the at least one web and the inner wall surface of the abrasive body. 2. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the central abrasive area and the at least one web are at the same level as the end face, so that the end face, the at least one web, and the central abrasive area form an abrasive surface in a plane defined by the end face and interrupted by the at least one opening. 3. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive comprises abrasive grits embedded in a matrix. 4. The tool head as in claim 3, wherein the abrasive grits are embedded in a sintered metal matrix. 5. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive comprises diamond abrasive grits embedded in a matrix. 6. The tool head as in claim 5, wherein the diamond abrasive grits are embedded in a sintered metal matrix. 7. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the at least one web is covered with abrasive throughout its radial extension. 8. The tool head as in claim 7, wherein the abrasive is abrasive grits. 9. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the at least one web comprises a plurality of webs arranged in rotationally symmetric manner with respect to the cylinder axis of the abrasive body and connecting the central abrasive area with the inner wall surface of the abrasive body. 10. The tool head as in claim 1, wherein the abrasive body has a diameter from 5 to 60 millimeters. 11. The tool head as in claim 1, further comprising a total surface area of the at least one web and the central abrasive area combined that is less than a total area of the one or more opening interrupting the abrasive surface. 12. A glass or glass ceramic element, comprising:
an open end at a surface; a bottom; and at least one ground-in recess that extends rectilinearly from the open end to the bottom, and wherein the at least one ground-in recess has a lateral wall surface with a minimum radius of at least 6 millimeters and a ratio of a depth of the ground-in recess to the minimum radius is greater than 10:1. 13. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the lateral wall surface of the ground-in recess has a mean roughness value of smaller than 6 μm. 14. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the ground-in recess has a planar bottom. 15. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, wherein the ground-in recess has a uniform cross-sectional area along a longitudinal extension thereof. 16. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, further comprising at least one feature selected from the group consisting of: a minimum distance of the lateral wall surface to the surface of not more than 15 mm; a minimum distance of the lateral wall surface to the surface of not more than 10 mm; a circular cross section; the depth at least five times as great as a diameter thereof; and the depth at least ten times as great as a diameter thereof. 17. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 12, further comprising a plurality of ground-in recesses that extend side-by-side and having a minimum distance between the wall surfaces of adjacent recesses is not more than 15 mm. 18. The glass or glass ceramic element as in claim 16, wherein the minimum distance is not more than 10 millimeters. 19. A method for producing a glass or glass ceramic element, comprising:
providing a glass or glass ceramic element having an open end at a surface thereof; and grinding a recess into the glass or glass ceramic element using a tool head having a radius of at least 6 millimeters so that the recess extends rectilinearly into the glass or glass ceramic element from the open end, wherein the step of grinding comprises: driving the tool head to rotate around its cylinder axis; and axially advancing, while driving the tool head to rotate, the tool head into the glass or glass ceramic element, incrementally or continuously, and thereby removing material of the glass or glass ceramic element by an abrasive body of the tool head. | 1,700 |
2,524 | 2,524 | 14,771,940 | 1,783 | Provided are an insulator core, a method of manufacturing the same, and a slim insulator using the same, in which the insulator core is provided with a plurality of fine pores of a three-dimensional structure capable of trapping air by using, as a core member, a multi-layered laminate of nanowebs made of nanofibers that are obtained by electrospinning a polymer material with a low thermal conductivity, and has excellent heat insulating performance even with a thin film. Accordingly, the insulator core includes porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of 3 μm or less to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure. | 1. An insulator core comprising porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure. 2. The insulator core according to claim 1, further comprising a porous substrate on one or both sides of which the porous nanowebs are formed, and acting as a support role. 3. The insulator core according to claim 2, wherein the porous substrate comprises a nonwoven fabric made of a polyolefin-based resin. 4. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises a mixture polymer of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a heat-resistant polymer. 5. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein each of the porous nanowebs comprises a structure of a laminate of a first nanoweb layer made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a second nanoweb layer made of a heat-resistant polymer or a polymer having an excellent adhesiveness. 6. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein each of the porous nanowebs a structure that is obtained by spinning a first nanoweb layer made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a second nanoweb layer made of a heat-resistant polymer or a polymer having an excellent adhesiveness in a crosslink way. 7. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the fine pores of each of the porous nanowebs are set in a range of 100 nm to 3 μm. 8. The insulator core according to claim 7, wherein the fine pores of each of the porous nanowebs are set in a range of 600 nm to 800 nm. 9. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the polymer having a low thermal conductivity is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyurethane (PU), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, cellulose acetate, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyimide. 10. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the thermal conductivity of the polymer is set to less than 0.1 W/mK. 11. The insulator core according to claim 1, further comprising the inorganic particles that are spun together with the nanofibers. 12. An insulator comprising a core that is encapsulated inside a shell, wherein the core is made of porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure. 13. The insulator according to claim 12, wherein the core has a structure of folding the porous nanowebs a number of times in a plate-like form or winding the porous nanowebs in a plate-like form by a winding machine, or cutting a plurality of the porous nanowebs to have a desired shape and then laminating the porous nanowebs in multiple layers. 14. An insulator comprising a core and a getter member that are encapsulated inside a shell member, wherein the core is made of porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure, and the inside of the shell member is formed in the state of a vacuum or a reduced pressure. 15. A method of manufacturing an insulator core, the method comprising the steps of:
dissolving a polymer with a low thermal conductivity in a solvent to thus form a spinning solution; forming porous nanowebs made of nanofibers and having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure by spinning the spinning solution; and laminating a plurality of layers of the porous nanowebs to thereby form the core. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming the porous nanowebs comprises the step of spinning the spinning solution on one or both surfaces of a porous substrate playing a support role, to thus form the porous nanowebs. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of laminating the porous nanowebs on one or both sides of the porous substrate playing a support role, before the step of laminating a plurality of layers of the porous nanowebs thereby forming the core. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming the porous nanowebs comprises the step of spinning the spinning solution on a transfer sheet to thus form the porous nanowebs on the transfer sheet, and further comprises the step of laminating the porous nanowebs on one or both sides of the porous substrate playing a support role, to then remove the transfer sheet. | Provided are an insulator core, a method of manufacturing the same, and a slim insulator using the same, in which the insulator core is provided with a plurality of fine pores of a three-dimensional structure capable of trapping air by using, as a core member, a multi-layered laminate of nanowebs made of nanofibers that are obtained by electrospinning a polymer material with a low thermal conductivity, and has excellent heat insulating performance even with a thin film. Accordingly, the insulator core includes porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of 3 μm or less to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure.1. An insulator core comprising porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure. 2. The insulator core according to claim 1, further comprising a porous substrate on one or both sides of which the porous nanowebs are formed, and acting as a support role. 3. The insulator core according to claim 2, wherein the porous substrate comprises a nonwoven fabric made of a polyolefin-based resin. 4. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises a mixture polymer of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a heat-resistant polymer. 5. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein each of the porous nanowebs comprises a structure of a laminate of a first nanoweb layer made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a second nanoweb layer made of a heat-resistant polymer or a polymer having an excellent adhesiveness. 6. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein each of the porous nanowebs a structure that is obtained by spinning a first nanoweb layer made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and a second nanoweb layer made of a heat-resistant polymer or a polymer having an excellent adhesiveness in a crosslink way. 7. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the fine pores of each of the porous nanowebs are set in a range of 100 nm to 3 μm. 8. The insulator core according to claim 7, wherein the fine pores of each of the porous nanowebs are set in a range of 600 nm to 800 nm. 9. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the polymer having a low thermal conductivity is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyurethane (PU), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, cellulose acetate, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyimide. 10. The insulator core according to claim 1, wherein the thermal conductivity of the polymer is set to less than 0.1 W/mK. 11. The insulator core according to claim 1, further comprising the inorganic particles that are spun together with the nanofibers. 12. An insulator comprising a core that is encapsulated inside a shell, wherein the core is made of porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure. 13. The insulator according to claim 12, wherein the core has a structure of folding the porous nanowebs a number of times in a plate-like form or winding the porous nanowebs in a plate-like form by a winding machine, or cutting a plurality of the porous nanowebs to have a desired shape and then laminating the porous nanowebs in multiple layers. 14. An insulator comprising a core and a getter member that are encapsulated inside a shell member, wherein the core is made of porous nanowebs which are made of a polymer with a low thermal conductivity and integrated by nanofibers having a diameter of less than 3 μm to be spun, thus having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure, and the inside of the shell member is formed in the state of a vacuum or a reduced pressure. 15. A method of manufacturing an insulator core, the method comprising the steps of:
dissolving a polymer with a low thermal conductivity in a solvent to thus form a spinning solution; forming porous nanowebs made of nanofibers and having a three-dimensional fine-pore structure by spinning the spinning solution; and laminating a plurality of layers of the porous nanowebs to thereby form the core. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming the porous nanowebs comprises the step of spinning the spinning solution on one or both surfaces of a porous substrate playing a support role, to thus form the porous nanowebs. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of laminating the porous nanowebs on one or both sides of the porous substrate playing a support role, before the step of laminating a plurality of layers of the porous nanowebs thereby forming the core. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming the porous nanowebs comprises the step of spinning the spinning solution on a transfer sheet to thus form the porous nanowebs on the transfer sheet, and further comprises the step of laminating the porous nanowebs on one or both sides of the porous substrate playing a support role, to then remove the transfer sheet. | 1,700 |
2,525 | 2,525 | 14,385,044 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a process for preparing a lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising large lipid globules, preferably coated with polar lipids, and to the compositions obtained thereby. | 1. A process for preparing a lipid and protein component-containing composition, which is an infant or follow-on formula or a growing up milk and comprises lipid globules, comprising:
a) providing an aqueous phase with a dry matter content of 10% to 60 wt. % (based on total weight of the aqueous phase), The aqueous phase including at least one protein component; b) providing a liquid lipid phase having at least one lipid; and c) mixing the lipid phase with the aqueous phase in a ratio of 5% to 50% (w/w) using an inline mixer with at least one mixing head so as to obtain a lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid lipid phase provided in step b) is fed into the aqueous phase provided in step a) prior to or during mixing step c). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head exerts a low shear force during mixing. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid globules have a volume-weighted mode diameter of at least 1.0 μm. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the protein component is selected from a group consisting of skim milk, whey, whey protein, whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, casein, casein hydrolysate and soy protein. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase comprises at least one further component selected from a group consisting of digestible carbohydrates, preferably lactose, non-digestible carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. 7. The process according to claim 1, further comprising heating the liquid lipid phase to a temperature of at least 40° C. prior to mixing with the aqueous phase. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head in step c) mixes the lipid and aqueous phases with a tip rotor speed of 20 to 50 m/s. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head in step c) mixes the lipid and aqueous phases with a tip rotor speed of at least 25 m/s. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is obtained at a low pressure, the low pressure no greater than 10 bar. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase is provided with a dry matter content of 30% to 50 wt. % (based on total weight of the aqueous phase). 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein subsequent to step a) and prior to step c) the aqueous phase is sterilised or pasteurised. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is reheated to 75° C. to 85° C. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase, the lipid phase, or the aqueous and the lipid phase comprise polar lipids, in particular phospholipids in an amount of 0.5 to 20 wt. % (based on total lipid of the composition). 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is spray-dried with an atomization system employing a two-fluid nozzle so as to obtain a spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein a pressure used for spray-drying is at most 10 bar. 17. The process according to claim 15, wherein an inlet temperature for the drying gas used for spray-drying is at least 180° C. 18. A lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules with a volume-weighted mode diameter of at least 1 prepared according to claim 1. 19. A spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition prepared according to the processes according to claim 15. 20. The lipid and protein component-containing composition or the spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition according to claim 18, which is an infant formula or a follow-up formula. | The present invention relates to a process for preparing a lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising large lipid globules, preferably coated with polar lipids, and to the compositions obtained thereby.1. A process for preparing a lipid and protein component-containing composition, which is an infant or follow-on formula or a growing up milk and comprises lipid globules, comprising:
a) providing an aqueous phase with a dry matter content of 10% to 60 wt. % (based on total weight of the aqueous phase), The aqueous phase including at least one protein component; b) providing a liquid lipid phase having at least one lipid; and c) mixing the lipid phase with the aqueous phase in a ratio of 5% to 50% (w/w) using an inline mixer with at least one mixing head so as to obtain a lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid lipid phase provided in step b) is fed into the aqueous phase provided in step a) prior to or during mixing step c). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head exerts a low shear force during mixing. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid globules have a volume-weighted mode diameter of at least 1.0 μm. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the protein component is selected from a group consisting of skim milk, whey, whey protein, whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, casein, casein hydrolysate and soy protein. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase comprises at least one further component selected from a group consisting of digestible carbohydrates, preferably lactose, non-digestible carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. 7. The process according to claim 1, further comprising heating the liquid lipid phase to a temperature of at least 40° C. prior to mixing with the aqueous phase. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head in step c) mixes the lipid and aqueous phases with a tip rotor speed of 20 to 50 m/s. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the inline mixer with at least one mixing head in step c) mixes the lipid and aqueous phases with a tip rotor speed of at least 25 m/s. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is obtained at a low pressure, the low pressure no greater than 10 bar. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase is provided with a dry matter content of 30% to 50 wt. % (based on total weight of the aqueous phase). 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein subsequent to step a) and prior to step c) the aqueous phase is sterilised or pasteurised. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is reheated to 75° C. to 85° C. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous phase, the lipid phase, or the aqueous and the lipid phase comprise polar lipids, in particular phospholipids in an amount of 0.5 to 20 wt. % (based on total lipid of the composition). 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the lipid and protein component-containing composition obtained in step c) is spray-dried with an atomization system employing a two-fluid nozzle so as to obtain a spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein a pressure used for spray-drying is at most 10 bar. 17. The process according to claim 15, wherein an inlet temperature for the drying gas used for spray-drying is at least 180° C. 18. A lipid and protein component-containing composition comprising lipid globules with a volume-weighted mode diameter of at least 1 prepared according to claim 1. 19. A spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition prepared according to the processes according to claim 15. 20. The lipid and protein component-containing composition or the spray-dried lipid and protein component-containing composition according to claim 18, which is an infant formula or a follow-up formula. | 1,700 |
2,526 | 2,526 | 13,525,786 | 1,793 | Methods of making bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder, the cocoa powder product of that method, food products containing the bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder and methods of using the bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder are disclosed. | 1. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans, comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an initial alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C. and an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C., thus producing alkalized cocoa beans; and processing the alkalized cocoa beans into a cocoa powder having color values of L less than about 16, of C greater than about 20, and of H from about 35 to about 55 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the de-shelled cocoa beans are alkalized at an initial alkalization temperature that is higher than the average alkalization temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the beans are alkalized at an initial alkalization temperature that is lower than the average alkalization temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the de-shelled cocoa beans are cocoa nibs. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein sterilizing the de-shelled cocoa beans comprises heating the de-shelled cocoa beans to a temperature of from about 95° C. to about 110° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the beans are sterilized by one of steam, hot air and contact. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalized cocoa beans are roasted at from about 100° C. to about 125° C. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding air to the alkalization mixture. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein only an amount of air is injected into the alkalizing mixture during the alkalization process that is sufficient to cool the alkalization mixture to within 5° C. of the average alkalization temperature. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein less than about 3000 ml/minute of air per kilogram of cocoa beans is injected into the alkalization mixture. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the amount of air injected into the alkalizing mixture during the alkalization process is a minimal amount of air sufficient to cool the alkalization mixture to a target alkalization temperature and to impart a target H-value to cocoa powder produced from the cocoa beans. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalizing mixture comprises from about 3 wt percent to about 8 wt percent of alkali and from about 5 wt percent to about 30 wt percent of water. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali is a solution of sodium, potassium, ammonium or magnesium hydroxide or carbonate. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali is 4 wt percent to 7 wt percent of a 50 percent solution of potash. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalizing mixture comprising alkali and water has a temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the alkalized cocoa beans comprises roasting the cocoa beans; grinding the roasted cocoa beans to produce cocoa liquor; pressing the beans to produce a cocoa powder presscake and cocoa butter; and grinding the cocoa powder presscake to produce cocoa powder. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising incorporating the cocoa powder into a food product. 18. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans, comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an initial alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C. and an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C.; and roasting the de-shelled cocoa beans, to produce alkalized cocoa beans that, when processed into cocoa powder, the cocoa powder has color values of L less than about 16, of C greater than about 20, and of H from about 35 to about 55 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. 19. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 70° C., thus producing alkalized cocoa beans; adding air to the alkalizing mixture; and processing the alkalized cocoa beans into a cocoa powder having color values of L of between 13 and 15, of C of between 22 and 25, and of H from about 39 to about 50 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. | Methods of making bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder, the cocoa powder product of that method, food products containing the bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder and methods of using the bright red, brown, and red-brown cocoa powder are disclosed.1. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans, comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an initial alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C. and an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C., thus producing alkalized cocoa beans; and processing the alkalized cocoa beans into a cocoa powder having color values of L less than about 16, of C greater than about 20, and of H from about 35 to about 55 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the de-shelled cocoa beans are alkalized at an initial alkalization temperature that is higher than the average alkalization temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the beans are alkalized at an initial alkalization temperature that is lower than the average alkalization temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the de-shelled cocoa beans are cocoa nibs. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein sterilizing the de-shelled cocoa beans comprises heating the de-shelled cocoa beans to a temperature of from about 95° C. to about 110° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the beans are sterilized by one of steam, hot air and contact. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalized cocoa beans are roasted at from about 100° C. to about 125° C. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding air to the alkalization mixture. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein only an amount of air is injected into the alkalizing mixture during the alkalization process that is sufficient to cool the alkalization mixture to within 5° C. of the average alkalization temperature. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein less than about 3000 ml/minute of air per kilogram of cocoa beans is injected into the alkalization mixture. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the amount of air injected into the alkalizing mixture during the alkalization process is a minimal amount of air sufficient to cool the alkalization mixture to a target alkalization temperature and to impart a target H-value to cocoa powder produced from the cocoa beans. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalizing mixture comprises from about 3 wt percent to about 8 wt percent of alkali and from about 5 wt percent to about 30 wt percent of water. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali is a solution of sodium, potassium, ammonium or magnesium hydroxide or carbonate. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali is 4 wt percent to 7 wt percent of a 50 percent solution of potash. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkalizing mixture comprising alkali and water has a temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the alkalized cocoa beans comprises roasting the cocoa beans; grinding the roasted cocoa beans to produce cocoa liquor; pressing the beans to produce a cocoa powder presscake and cocoa butter; and grinding the cocoa powder presscake to produce cocoa powder. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising incorporating the cocoa powder into a food product. 18. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans, comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an initial alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C. and an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 85° C.; and roasting the de-shelled cocoa beans, to produce alkalized cocoa beans that, when processed into cocoa powder, the cocoa powder has color values of L less than about 16, of C greater than about 20, and of H from about 35 to about 55 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. 19. A method of alkalizing cocoa beans comprising:
sterilizing de-shelled cocoa beans; alkalizing the de-shelled cocoa beans in an alkalizing mixture comprising the de-shelled cocoa beans, alkali and water, at an average alkalization temperature of from about 50° C. to about 70° C., thus producing alkalized cocoa beans; adding air to the alkalizing mixture; and processing the alkalized cocoa beans into a cocoa powder having color values of L of between 13 and 15, of C of between 22 and 25, and of H from about 39 to about 50 as determined according to CIE 1976 color standards; and a pH of greater than 7.0. | 1,700 |
2,527 | 2,527 | 14,775,018 | 1,767 | Certain polythioether polymers are presented, as well as compositions which are radiation curable to polythioether polymers and seals and sealants comprising same. The compositions radiation curable to polythioether polymers include those comprising: a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one polyyne monomer comprising at least two ethyne groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the polyyne monomer is a diyne monomer. In some embodiments, the composition also comprises at least one epoxy resin. In another aspect, the compositions radiation curable to polythioether polymers include those comprising: f) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; g) at least one diyne monomer; and h) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments the thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups. | 1. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one polyyne monomer comprising at least two ethyne groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 2. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one diyne monomer; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 3. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 4. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
f) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; g) at least one diyne monomer; and h) at least one photoinitiator. 5. The composition according to claim 4 wherein the at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups. 6. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 7. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 8. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 9. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 10. The composition according to claim 1 which visibly changes color upon cure. 11. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by actinic light source. 12. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by blue light source. 13. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by UV light source. 14. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 1. 15. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of any the composition according to claim 1. 16. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 15 having a Tg less than −55° C. 17. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 15 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 18. A seal comprising the branched polythioether polymer according to claim 1. 19. The sealant according to claim 14 which is transparent. 20. The sealant according to claim 14 which is translucent. 21. The seal according to claim 18 which is transparent. 22. The seal according to claim 18 which is translucent. 23. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 24. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 25. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 26. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 27. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 28. The composition according to claim 2 which visibly changes color upon cure. 29. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 2. 30. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 2. 31. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 30 having a Tg less than −55° C. 32. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 30 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 33. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 34. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 35. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 36. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 37. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 38. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 39. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 40. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 41. The composition according to claim 4 which visibly changes color upon cure. 42. The composition according to claim 5 which visibly changes color upon cure. 43. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 4. 44. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 5. 45. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 43 having a Tg less than −55° C. 46. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 44 having a Tg less than −55° C. | Certain polythioether polymers are presented, as well as compositions which are radiation curable to polythioether polymers and seals and sealants comprising same. The compositions radiation curable to polythioether polymers include those comprising: a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one polyyne monomer comprising at least two ethyne groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the polyyne monomer is a diyne monomer. In some embodiments, the composition also comprises at least one epoxy resin. In another aspect, the compositions radiation curable to polythioether polymers include those comprising: f) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; g) at least one diyne monomer; and h) at least one photoinitiator. In some embodiments the thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups.1. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one polyyne monomer comprising at least two ethyne groups; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 2. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
a) at least one dithiol monomer; b) at least one diene monomer; c) at least one diyne monomer; and d) at least one photoinitiator. 3. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 4. A composition which is radiation curable to a polythioether polymer, comprising:
f) at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer; g) at least one diyne monomer; and h) at least one photoinitiator. 5. The composition according to claim 4 wherein the at least one thiol terminated polythioether polymer comprises pendent hydroxide groups. 6. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 7. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 8. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 9. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 10. The composition according to claim 1 which visibly changes color upon cure. 11. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by actinic light source. 12. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by blue light source. 13. The composition according to claim 1 which is curable by UV light source. 14. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 1. 15. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of any the composition according to claim 1. 16. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 15 having a Tg less than −55° C. 17. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 15 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 18. A seal comprising the branched polythioether polymer according to claim 1. 19. The sealant according to claim 14 which is transparent. 20. The sealant according to claim 14 which is translucent. 21. The seal according to claim 18 which is transparent. 22. The seal according to claim 18 which is translucent. 23. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
e) at least one epoxy resin. 24. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 25. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 26. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 27. The composition according to claim 2 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 28. The composition according to claim 2 which visibly changes color upon cure. 29. A sealant comprising the composition according to claim 2. 30. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 2. 31. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 30 having a Tg less than −55° C. 32. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 30 which exhibits high jet fuel resistance characterized by a volume swell of less than 30% and a weight gain of less than 20% when measured according to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard AS5127/1. 33. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 34. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
i) at least one filler. 35. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 36. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
j) at least one nanoparticulate filler. 37. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 38. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
k) calcium carbonate. 39. The composition according to claim 4 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 40. The composition according to claim 5 additionally comprising:
l) nanoparticle calcium carbonate. 41. The composition according to claim 4 which visibly changes color upon cure. 42. The composition according to claim 5 which visibly changes color upon cure. 43. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 4. 44. A branched polythioether polymer obtained by radiation cure of the composition according to claim 5. 45. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 43 having a Tg less than −55° C. 46. The branched polythioether polymer according to claim 44 having a Tg less than −55° C. | 1,700 |
2,528 | 2,528 | 14,509,821 | 1,742 | A hollow lineal profile formed from a continuous fiber reinforced ribbon (“CFRT”) that contains a plurality of continuous fibers embedded within a first thermoplastic polymer matrix. To enhance the tensile strength of the profile, the continuous fibers are aligned within the ribbon in a substantially longitudinal direction (e.g., the direction of pultrusion). In addition to continuous fibers, the hollow profile of the present invention also contains a plurality of long fibers that may be optionally embedded within a second thermoplastic matrix to form a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic (“LFRT”). The long fibers may be incorporated into the continuous fiber ribbon or formed as a separate layer of the profile. Regardless, at least at a portion of the long fibers are oriented at an angle (e.g., 90°) to the longitudinal direction to provide increased transverse strength to the profile. | 1-31. (canceled) 32. A method for forming a hollow profile that extends in a longitudinal direction, the method comprising:
impregnating a plurality of continuous fibers with a thermoplastic matrix within an extrusion device; consolidating the impregnated fibers to form a first ribbon in which the continuous fibers are oriented in the longitudinal direction; pultruding the first ribbon and a plurality of long fibers through a die to form the hollow profile. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the continuous fibers, long fibers, or both, include glass fibers, carbon fibers, or a combination of glass and carbon fibers. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix includes a polyolefin, polyether ketone, polyetherimide, polyarylene ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylene sulfide, fluoropolymer, polyacetal, polyurethane, polycarbonate, styrenic polymer, polyester, polyamide, or a combination thereof. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the first ribbon has a void fraction of about 2% or less. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein a manifold assembly supplies the thermoplastic matrix to the extrusion device, the manifold assembly comprising branched runners through which the thermoplastic matrix flows. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a flexural modulus and maximum flexural strength in the transverse direction, wherein the ratio of the flexural modulus to the maximum flexural strength is from about 50 to about 2200. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a flexural modulus of about 2 Gigapascals or more. 39. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a maximum flexural strength of about 12 Megapascals or more. 40. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are embedded within a second thermoplastic matrix. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the second thermoplastic polymer matrix includes a polyolefin, polyether ketone, polyetherimide, polyarylene ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylene sulfide, fluoropolymer, polyacetal, polyurethane, polycarbonate, styrenic polymer, polyester, polyamide, or a combination thereof. 42. The method of claim 32, wherein about 10% or more of the long fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the longitudinal direction. 43. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile has a generally rectangular shape. 44. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are included within a first layer of the profile and the first ribbon is included within a second layer of the profile, the first layer being positioned adjacent to the second layer. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the first layer forms an inner layer of the hollow profile. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the second layer extends substantially around the periphery of the first layer. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the second layer is located in one or more discrete regions adjacent to the first layer. 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the second layer forms an inner layer of the hollow profile. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the first layer extends substantially around the periphery of the second layer. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the first layer is located in one or more discrete regions adjacent to the second layer. 51. The method of claim 32, wherein the cross-section shape of the profile is substantially the same along the entire length of the profile. 52. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are included within the first ribbon. | A hollow lineal profile formed from a continuous fiber reinforced ribbon (“CFRT”) that contains a plurality of continuous fibers embedded within a first thermoplastic polymer matrix. To enhance the tensile strength of the profile, the continuous fibers are aligned within the ribbon in a substantially longitudinal direction (e.g., the direction of pultrusion). In addition to continuous fibers, the hollow profile of the present invention also contains a plurality of long fibers that may be optionally embedded within a second thermoplastic matrix to form a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic (“LFRT”). The long fibers may be incorporated into the continuous fiber ribbon or formed as a separate layer of the profile. Regardless, at least at a portion of the long fibers are oriented at an angle (e.g., 90°) to the longitudinal direction to provide increased transverse strength to the profile.1-31. (canceled) 32. A method for forming a hollow profile that extends in a longitudinal direction, the method comprising:
impregnating a plurality of continuous fibers with a thermoplastic matrix within an extrusion device; consolidating the impregnated fibers to form a first ribbon in which the continuous fibers are oriented in the longitudinal direction; pultruding the first ribbon and a plurality of long fibers through a die to form the hollow profile. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the continuous fibers, long fibers, or both, include glass fibers, carbon fibers, or a combination of glass and carbon fibers. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix includes a polyolefin, polyether ketone, polyetherimide, polyarylene ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylene sulfide, fluoropolymer, polyacetal, polyurethane, polycarbonate, styrenic polymer, polyester, polyamide, or a combination thereof. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the first ribbon has a void fraction of about 2% or less. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein a manifold assembly supplies the thermoplastic matrix to the extrusion device, the manifold assembly comprising branched runners through which the thermoplastic matrix flows. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a flexural modulus and maximum flexural strength in the transverse direction, wherein the ratio of the flexural modulus to the maximum flexural strength is from about 50 to about 2200. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a flexural modulus of about 2 Gigapascals or more. 39. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile exhibits a maximum flexural strength of about 12 Megapascals or more. 40. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are embedded within a second thermoplastic matrix. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the second thermoplastic polymer matrix includes a polyolefin, polyether ketone, polyetherimide, polyarylene ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylene sulfide, fluoropolymer, polyacetal, polyurethane, polycarbonate, styrenic polymer, polyester, polyamide, or a combination thereof. 42. The method of claim 32, wherein about 10% or more of the long fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the longitudinal direction. 43. The method of claim 32, wherein the profile has a generally rectangular shape. 44. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are included within a first layer of the profile and the first ribbon is included within a second layer of the profile, the first layer being positioned adjacent to the second layer. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the first layer forms an inner layer of the hollow profile. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the second layer extends substantially around the periphery of the first layer. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the second layer is located in one or more discrete regions adjacent to the first layer. 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the second layer forms an inner layer of the hollow profile. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the first layer extends substantially around the periphery of the second layer. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the first layer is located in one or more discrete regions adjacent to the second layer. 51. The method of claim 32, wherein the cross-section shape of the profile is substantially the same along the entire length of the profile. 52. The method of claim 32, wherein the long fibers are included within the first ribbon. | 1,700 |
2,529 | 2,529 | 14,170,953 | 1,716 | A raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus including a source tank in which a raw material is stored, a raw material gas supply channel through which raw material gas is supplied from an internal space portion of the source tank to a process chamber, a pressure type flow rate control system which is installed along the way of the supply channel, and controls a flow rate of the raw material gas which is supplied to the process chamber, and a constant temperature heating unit that heats the source tank, the supply channel, and the pressure type flow rate control system to a set temperature, wherein the raw material gas generated in an internal space portion of the source tank is supplied to the process chamber while the pressure type flow rate control system performs flow rate control. | 1. A raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus comprising:
a source tank for storing raw material; a raw material gas supply channel through connected to supply raw material steam gas is supplied-from an internal space portion of the source tank to a process chamber; a pressure type flow rate control system installed along the way of the supply channel, the pressure type flow rate control system controlling a flow rate of raw material gas supplied to the process chamber; and a constant temperature heating unit that heats the source tank, the raw material gas supply channel, and the pressure type flow rate control system to a set temperature; wherein
raw material gas generated in the internal space portion of the source tank is supplied to the process chamber while the pressure type flow rate control system performs flow rate. 2. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the source tank and the pressure type flow rate control system are integrally assembled fixedly so as to be disengageable. 3. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a branched purge gas supply channel is connected to a primary side of the pressure type flow rate control system, and a branched dilution gas supply channel is connected to a secondary side of the pressure type flow rate control system. 4. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a constant temperature heating unit disposed to heat the source tank and a constant temperature heating unit disposed to heat the pressure type flow rate control system and the raw material steam supply channel are provided separately to independently temperature-control a heating temperature of the constant temperature heating unit for the source tank and a heating temperature of the constant temperature heating unit for the pressure type flow rate control system and the raw material steam supply channel, respectively. 5. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a raw material selected from the group consisting of the is trimethylgallium (TMGa) or and trimethylindium (TMIn). 6. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the raw material is selected from the group consisting of (a) a liquid raw material and (b) a solid raw material supported by a porous support. 7. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure type flow rate control system comprises a control valve CV, a temperature detector T and a pressure detector P provided on a downstream side of the control valve CV, an orifice provided on a downstream side of the pressure detector P, an arithmetic and control unit operably connected to perform a temperature correction of a flow rate of the raw material gas computed by use of a detection value from the pressure detector P, on the basis of a detection value from the temperature detector T, and comparing a predetermined flow rate of the raw material gas and a computed flow rate, so as to output a control signal Pd for controlling opening or closing of the control valve CV in a direction whereby a difference between the both flow rates is reduced, and a heater that heats a flow passage portion through which the raw material gas flows in a body block, to a predetermined temperature. | A raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus including a source tank in which a raw material is stored, a raw material gas supply channel through which raw material gas is supplied from an internal space portion of the source tank to a process chamber, a pressure type flow rate control system which is installed along the way of the supply channel, and controls a flow rate of the raw material gas which is supplied to the process chamber, and a constant temperature heating unit that heats the source tank, the supply channel, and the pressure type flow rate control system to a set temperature, wherein the raw material gas generated in an internal space portion of the source tank is supplied to the process chamber while the pressure type flow rate control system performs flow rate control.1. A raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus comprising:
a source tank for storing raw material; a raw material gas supply channel through connected to supply raw material steam gas is supplied-from an internal space portion of the source tank to a process chamber; a pressure type flow rate control system installed along the way of the supply channel, the pressure type flow rate control system controlling a flow rate of raw material gas supplied to the process chamber; and a constant temperature heating unit that heats the source tank, the raw material gas supply channel, and the pressure type flow rate control system to a set temperature; wherein
raw material gas generated in the internal space portion of the source tank is supplied to the process chamber while the pressure type flow rate control system performs flow rate. 2. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the source tank and the pressure type flow rate control system are integrally assembled fixedly so as to be disengageable. 3. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a branched purge gas supply channel is connected to a primary side of the pressure type flow rate control system, and a branched dilution gas supply channel is connected to a secondary side of the pressure type flow rate control system. 4. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a constant temperature heating unit disposed to heat the source tank and a constant temperature heating unit disposed to heat the pressure type flow rate control system and the raw material steam supply channel are provided separately to independently temperature-control a heating temperature of the constant temperature heating unit for the source tank and a heating temperature of the constant temperature heating unit for the pressure type flow rate control system and the raw material steam supply channel, respectively. 5. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a raw material selected from the group consisting of the is trimethylgallium (TMGa) or and trimethylindium (TMIn). 6. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the raw material is selected from the group consisting of (a) a liquid raw material and (b) a solid raw material supported by a porous support. 7. The raw material vaporizing and supplying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure type flow rate control system comprises a control valve CV, a temperature detector T and a pressure detector P provided on a downstream side of the control valve CV, an orifice provided on a downstream side of the pressure detector P, an arithmetic and control unit operably connected to perform a temperature correction of a flow rate of the raw material gas computed by use of a detection value from the pressure detector P, on the basis of a detection value from the temperature detector T, and comparing a predetermined flow rate of the raw material gas and a computed flow rate, so as to output a control signal Pd for controlling opening or closing of the control valve CV in a direction whereby a difference between the both flow rates is reduced, and a heater that heats a flow passage portion through which the raw material gas flows in a body block, to a predetermined temperature. | 1,700 |
2,530 | 2,530 | 14,859,693 | 1,729 | A battery cell according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a can assembly, an electrode assembly housed inside the can assembly and a venting system including a vent port and at least one of a vent tube inside the can assembly or a spacer plate mounted between the vent port and the electrode assembly. | 1. A battery cell, comprising:
a can assembly; an electrode assembly housed inside said can assembly; and a venting system including a vent port and at least one of a vent tube inside said can assembly or a spacer plate mounted between said vent port and said electrode assembly. 2. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said can assembly includes a casing and a top plate. 3. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube is attached to an interior wall of said casing. 4. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube is secured within a corner of said casing. 5. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube includes a first height that is less than a second height of a wall of said casing. 6. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent port is disposed in said top plate. 7. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said vent tube establishes a flow pathway between different portions of said can assembly. 8. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, comprising a plurality of vent tubes mounted inside said can assembly and each establishing a flow pathway configured to communicate gaseous byproducts toward said vent port. 9. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said spacer plate is mounted to an underside of a top plate of said can assembly. 10. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said spacer plate is an arched sheet of material. 11. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of said vent tube and said spacer plate includes a plurality of perforations. 12. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said venting system includes both of said vent tube and said spacer plate. 13. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery assembly that includes a plurality of battery cells, and each battery cell of said plurality of battery cells includes a venting system comprising:
a vent tube configured to establish a first flow pathway for communicating gaseous byproducts inside said battery cell; and
a spacer plate configured to establish a second flow pathway for communicating said gaseous byproducts. 14. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said venting system includes a vent port. 15. The battery pack as recited in claim 14, wherein said spacer plate is disposed between said vent port and an electrode assembly of said battery cell. 16. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein each of said plurality of battery cells includes a can assembly including a casing and a top plate. 17. The battery pack as recited in claim 16, wherein said vent tube is disposed in a corner of said casing. 18. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said first flow pathway is a vertical flow pathway and said second flow pathway is a lateral flow pathway. 19. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of said vent tube and said spacer plate includes a plurality of perforations. 20. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said vent tube is a hollow cylinder and said spacer plate is an arched sheet of material. | A battery cell according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a can assembly, an electrode assembly housed inside the can assembly and a venting system including a vent port and at least one of a vent tube inside the can assembly or a spacer plate mounted between the vent port and the electrode assembly.1. A battery cell, comprising:
a can assembly; an electrode assembly housed inside said can assembly; and a venting system including a vent port and at least one of a vent tube inside said can assembly or a spacer plate mounted between said vent port and said electrode assembly. 2. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said can assembly includes a casing and a top plate. 3. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube is attached to an interior wall of said casing. 4. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube is secured within a corner of said casing. 5. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent tube includes a first height that is less than a second height of a wall of said casing. 6. The battery cell as recited in claim 2, wherein said vent port is disposed in said top plate. 7. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said vent tube establishes a flow pathway between different portions of said can assembly. 8. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, comprising a plurality of vent tubes mounted inside said can assembly and each establishing a flow pathway configured to communicate gaseous byproducts toward said vent port. 9. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said spacer plate is mounted to an underside of a top plate of said can assembly. 10. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said spacer plate is an arched sheet of material. 11. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of said vent tube and said spacer plate includes a plurality of perforations. 12. The battery cell as recited in claim 1, wherein said venting system includes both of said vent tube and said spacer plate. 13. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery assembly that includes a plurality of battery cells, and each battery cell of said plurality of battery cells includes a venting system comprising:
a vent tube configured to establish a first flow pathway for communicating gaseous byproducts inside said battery cell; and
a spacer plate configured to establish a second flow pathway for communicating said gaseous byproducts. 14. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said venting system includes a vent port. 15. The battery pack as recited in claim 14, wherein said spacer plate is disposed between said vent port and an electrode assembly of said battery cell. 16. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein each of said plurality of battery cells includes a can assembly including a casing and a top plate. 17. The battery pack as recited in claim 16, wherein said vent tube is disposed in a corner of said casing. 18. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said first flow pathway is a vertical flow pathway and said second flow pathway is a lateral flow pathway. 19. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of said vent tube and said spacer plate includes a plurality of perforations. 20. The battery pack as recited in claim 13, wherein said vent tube is a hollow cylinder and said spacer plate is an arched sheet of material. | 1,700 |
2,531 | 2,531 | 14,132,134 | 1,779 | An on-demand filter structure including a first hydrophilic protective layer comprising a first surface exposable to a stream of water. A contact area on the first surface receives the stream. The first hydrophilic protective layer receives the stream and distributes water out a second surface, primarily using gravity. An activated carbon felt (ACF) layer is adjacent to the second surface, wherein the ACF layer is configured for water filtration, primarily using gravity. A second hydrophilic protective layer includes a third surface adjacent the ACF layer and a fourth surface. The third surface receives filtered water from the ACF layer, and the fourth surface expels the filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein the first and second hydrophilic protective layers sandwich the ACF layer. A cross section of the first hydrophilic protective layer, the ACF layer, and the second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature. | 1. An on-demand filter structure, comprising:
a first hydrophilic protective layer comprising a first surface exposable to a stream of water, wherein said first surface comprises a contact area receiving said stream, wherein said first hydrophilic protective layer is configured to receive said stream of water and to distribute water out a second surface primarily using gravity; an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; a second hydrophilic protective layer comprising a third surface adjacent said ACF layer configured for receiving filtered water from said ACF layer and a fourth surface for expelling said filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein said first and second hydrophilic protective layers sandwich said ACF layer; wherein a cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature. 2. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a cellulose based nonwoven layer. 3. The on-demand filter structure of claim 2, wherein said cellulose based nonwoven layer comprises rayon. 4. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a sharpness of said curvature of said cross section decreases towards a bottom head section. 5. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a bottom head section having said curvature. 6. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1,
wherein said ACF layer comprises a single layer. 7. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said ACF layer removes at least 50 percent chlorine for at least 40 gallons. 8. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said ACF layer meets a NSF-42 standard. 9. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said first surface comprises a surface area comprising a range between 7 to 15 square inches. 10. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a structural combination of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective is characterized with a bending modulus that is of sufficient value such that said structural combination three-layer filtration materiel maintains said curvature. 11. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a structural combination of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer does not require pre-wetting. 12. An on-demand filter structure, comprising:
a multi-layer filtration material configured for water filtration primarily using gravity, wherein said multi-layer filtration material has a curvature; a support configured to receive said multi-layer filtration material and hold in a set position, wherein said support comprises a first region and a second region separate from each other; and a first opening in said support configured for receiving a stream of water, wherein said multi-layer filtration material is attached to said support such that a throughway is formed in said first region between said first opening and said multi-layer filtration material to allow said stream of water to contact said multi-layer filtration material along said curvature without an internal venting mechanism. 13. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a second opening in said second region of said support configured as an outtake for filtered water to flow through. 14. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, wherein said first opening and said second opening are in a plane. 15. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, wherein said support is configured to receive a reservoir for holding filtered water. 16. The on-demand filter structure of claim 15, wherein said support is configured without a venting mechanism for releasing displaced air when filling said reservoir with filtered water. 17. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said support is configured without a pre-filtered holding reservoir. 18. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a leak proof cap attached to said support and providing access to said first opening; and a hinge mechanism attached to said leak proof cap and said support configured to allow said leak proof cap to open and close. 19. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, further comprising:
leak proof cap attached to said support and providing access to said second opening; and a hinge mechanism attached to said leak proof cap and said support configured to allow said leak proof cap to open and close. 20. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said support comprises a leak proof lid configurable to accept a reservoir for holding filtered water, wherein said leak proof lid and said reservoir comprise a portable gravity fed water bottle. 21. The on-demand filter structure of claim 20, wherein said leak proof lid is configurable to accept one or more types of reservoirs each for holding filtered water. 22. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said multi-layer filtration material comprises:
a first rayon based nonwoven layer comprising a first surface exposable to said stream of water, wherein said first surface comprises a contact area receiving said stream, wherein said first cellulose based nonwoven layer is configured to receive said stream of water and to distribute water out a second surface primarily using gravity; an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first cellulose based nonwoven layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; a second rayon based nonwoven layer comprising a third surface adjacent said ACF layer configured for receiving filtered water from said ACF layer and a fourth surface for expelling said filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein said first and second nonwoven layers sandwich said activated carbon felt layer; wherein a cross section of said first rayon based nonwoven layer, said ACF layer, and said second rayon based nonwoven layer has a curvature. 23. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein an exposed surface of said multi-layer filtration material that is exposable to said stream of water is configured to minimize surface regions that are perpendicular to a direction of said stream of water. 24. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a filter housing for supporting said multi-layer filtration material in a rigid state, wherein said filter housing is configured for attaching to said support and forming said throughway. 25. A method for filtering, comprising:
receiving a stream of water at a first surface of a rayon based nonwoven layer; distributing said stream of water through said first hydrophilic protective layer and out a second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer; filtering water from said stream of water through an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; receiving filtered water from said ACF layer at a third surface of a second hydrophilic protective layer; distributing said filtered water throughout said second hydrophilic protective layer; and expelling said filtered water out a fourth surface of said second hydrophilic protective layer; wherein a cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein a sharpness of said curvature of said cross section decreases towards a bottom head section. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein at least one of said first and second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a cellulose based nonwoven layer. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein said cellulose based nonwoven layer comprises rayon. | An on-demand filter structure including a first hydrophilic protective layer comprising a first surface exposable to a stream of water. A contact area on the first surface receives the stream. The first hydrophilic protective layer receives the stream and distributes water out a second surface, primarily using gravity. An activated carbon felt (ACF) layer is adjacent to the second surface, wherein the ACF layer is configured for water filtration, primarily using gravity. A second hydrophilic protective layer includes a third surface adjacent the ACF layer and a fourth surface. The third surface receives filtered water from the ACF layer, and the fourth surface expels the filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein the first and second hydrophilic protective layers sandwich the ACF layer. A cross section of the first hydrophilic protective layer, the ACF layer, and the second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature.1. An on-demand filter structure, comprising:
a first hydrophilic protective layer comprising a first surface exposable to a stream of water, wherein said first surface comprises a contact area receiving said stream, wherein said first hydrophilic protective layer is configured to receive said stream of water and to distribute water out a second surface primarily using gravity; an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; a second hydrophilic protective layer comprising a third surface adjacent said ACF layer configured for receiving filtered water from said ACF layer and a fourth surface for expelling said filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein said first and second hydrophilic protective layers sandwich said ACF layer; wherein a cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature. 2. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a cellulose based nonwoven layer. 3. The on-demand filter structure of claim 2, wherein said cellulose based nonwoven layer comprises rayon. 4. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a sharpness of said curvature of said cross section decreases towards a bottom head section. 5. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a bottom head section having said curvature. 6. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1,
wherein said ACF layer comprises a single layer. 7. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said ACF layer removes at least 50 percent chlorine for at least 40 gallons. 8. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said ACF layer meets a NSF-42 standard. 9. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein said first surface comprises a surface area comprising a range between 7 to 15 square inches. 10. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a structural combination of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective is characterized with a bending modulus that is of sufficient value such that said structural combination three-layer filtration materiel maintains said curvature. 11. The on-demand filter structure of claim 1, wherein a structural combination of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer does not require pre-wetting. 12. An on-demand filter structure, comprising:
a multi-layer filtration material configured for water filtration primarily using gravity, wherein said multi-layer filtration material has a curvature; a support configured to receive said multi-layer filtration material and hold in a set position, wherein said support comprises a first region and a second region separate from each other; and a first opening in said support configured for receiving a stream of water, wherein said multi-layer filtration material is attached to said support such that a throughway is formed in said first region between said first opening and said multi-layer filtration material to allow said stream of water to contact said multi-layer filtration material along said curvature without an internal venting mechanism. 13. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a second opening in said second region of said support configured as an outtake for filtered water to flow through. 14. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, wherein said first opening and said second opening are in a plane. 15. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, wherein said support is configured to receive a reservoir for holding filtered water. 16. The on-demand filter structure of claim 15, wherein said support is configured without a venting mechanism for releasing displaced air when filling said reservoir with filtered water. 17. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said support is configured without a pre-filtered holding reservoir. 18. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a leak proof cap attached to said support and providing access to said first opening; and a hinge mechanism attached to said leak proof cap and said support configured to allow said leak proof cap to open and close. 19. The on-demand filter structure of claim 13, further comprising:
leak proof cap attached to said support and providing access to said second opening; and a hinge mechanism attached to said leak proof cap and said support configured to allow said leak proof cap to open and close. 20. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said support comprises a leak proof lid configurable to accept a reservoir for holding filtered water, wherein said leak proof lid and said reservoir comprise a portable gravity fed water bottle. 21. The on-demand filter structure of claim 20, wherein said leak proof lid is configurable to accept one or more types of reservoirs each for holding filtered water. 22. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein said multi-layer filtration material comprises:
a first rayon based nonwoven layer comprising a first surface exposable to said stream of water, wherein said first surface comprises a contact area receiving said stream, wherein said first cellulose based nonwoven layer is configured to receive said stream of water and to distribute water out a second surface primarily using gravity; an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first cellulose based nonwoven layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; a second rayon based nonwoven layer comprising a third surface adjacent said ACF layer configured for receiving filtered water from said ACF layer and a fourth surface for expelling said filtered water primarily using gravity, wherein said first and second nonwoven layers sandwich said activated carbon felt layer; wherein a cross section of said first rayon based nonwoven layer, said ACF layer, and said second rayon based nonwoven layer has a curvature. 23. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, wherein an exposed surface of said multi-layer filtration material that is exposable to said stream of water is configured to minimize surface regions that are perpendicular to a direction of said stream of water. 24. The on-demand filter structure of claim 12, further comprising:
a filter housing for supporting said multi-layer filtration material in a rigid state, wherein said filter housing is configured for attaching to said support and forming said throughway. 25. A method for filtering, comprising:
receiving a stream of water at a first surface of a rayon based nonwoven layer; distributing said stream of water through said first hydrophilic protective layer and out a second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer; filtering water from said stream of water through an activated carbon felt (ACF) layer adjacent to said second surface of said first hydrophilic protective layer, wherein said ACF layer is configured for water filtration primarily using gravity; receiving filtered water from said ACF layer at a third surface of a second hydrophilic protective layer; distributing said filtered water throughout said second hydrophilic protective layer; and expelling said filtered water out a fourth surface of said second hydrophilic protective layer; wherein a cross section of said first hydrophilic protective layer, said ACF layer, and said second hydrophilic protective layer has a curvature. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein a sharpness of said curvature of said cross section decreases towards a bottom head section. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein at least one of said first and second hydrophilic protective layer comprises a cellulose based nonwoven layer. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein said cellulose based nonwoven layer comprises rayon. | 1,700 |
2,532 | 2,532 | 15,384,686 | 1,749 | A pneumatic tire includes a pair of beads each with an associated bead core and chafer, a single carcass ply folded about each bead so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead, and a tread disposed radially outward from the single carcass ply, the tread having shoulder portions disposed at axial outer edges of the tread; and a pair of sidewalls extending radially outward from each chafer to a location adjacent each shoulder portion, each sidewall being disposed axially outward of the single carcass ply. The single carcass ply is reinforced with metallic cords, the metallic cords comprising filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a pair of beads each with an associated bead core and chafer; a single carcass ply folded about each bead so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead; and a tread disposed radially outward from the single carcass ply, the tread having shoulder portions disposed at axial outer edges of the tread; and a pair of sidewalls extending radially outward from each chafer to a location adjacent each shoulder portion, each sidewall being disposed axially outward of the single carcass ply, the single carcass ply being reinforced with metallic cords, the metallic cords comprising filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the metallic cords comprise steel filaments. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including an apex for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a chipper for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a flipper for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the bead cord has a radial cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of substantially pentagonal, hexagonal, rectangular, and circular. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the turnup portions are in contact with the main portion and extend to an end point radially outward of the bead core, as measured along the main portion of the single carcass ply. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a toe guard disposed on an axially inner side of the main portion of the single carcass ply at a location radially outward of the bead core. 9. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 8 wherein an end of the toe guard is disposed at a point ranging from substantially the axially outermost point of the bead core to a location radially outward of the bead core, as measured along the turnup portion of the single carcass ply. 10. A method for improving a pneumatic tire, the method including the steps of:
folding a single carcass ply about a pair of beads so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead; placing a tread radially outward from the single carcass ply; extending a pair of sidewalls radially outward from a pair of chafers to a location adjacent a shoulder portion of the tread; and reinforcing the single carcass ply with steel cords having filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm. | A pneumatic tire includes a pair of beads each with an associated bead core and chafer, a single carcass ply folded about each bead so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead, and a tread disposed radially outward from the single carcass ply, the tread having shoulder portions disposed at axial outer edges of the tread; and a pair of sidewalls extending radially outward from each chafer to a location adjacent each shoulder portion, each sidewall being disposed axially outward of the single carcass ply. The single carcass ply is reinforced with metallic cords, the metallic cords comprising filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a pair of beads each with an associated bead core and chafer; a single carcass ply folded about each bead so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead; and a tread disposed radially outward from the single carcass ply, the tread having shoulder portions disposed at axial outer edges of the tread; and a pair of sidewalls extending radially outward from each chafer to a location adjacent each shoulder portion, each sidewall being disposed axially outward of the single carcass ply, the single carcass ply being reinforced with metallic cords, the metallic cords comprising filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the metallic cords comprise steel filaments. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including an apex for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a chipper for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a flipper for stiffening the areas adjacent the bead cores. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the bead cord has a radial cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of substantially pentagonal, hexagonal, rectangular, and circular. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the turnup portions are in contact with the main portion and extend to an end point radially outward of the bead core, as measured along the main portion of the single carcass ply. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 further including a toe guard disposed on an axially inner side of the main portion of the single carcass ply at a location radially outward of the bead core. 9. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 8 wherein an end of the toe guard is disposed at a point ranging from substantially the axially outermost point of the bead core to a location radially outward of the bead core, as measured along the turnup portion of the single carcass ply. 10. A method for improving a pneumatic tire, the method including the steps of:
folding a single carcass ply about a pair of beads so as to define a main body portion and a turnup portion associated with each bead; placing a tread radially outward from the single carcass ply; extending a pair of sidewalls radially outward from a pair of chafers to a location adjacent a shoulder portion of the tread; and reinforcing the single carcass ply with steel cords having filaments with diameters from 0.10 mm to 0.12 mm. | 1,700 |
2,533 | 2,533 | 15,105,448 | 1,797 | Systems and methods for concentrating a sample and detecting an analyte of interest. The system can include a sample detection container that can include a microcavity. The microcavity can include a top opening, a base, and a longitudinal axis. The container can further include a wall that extends to the microcavity, wherein at least a portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a slope that is oriented at an effective angle α with respect to the longitudinal axis of the microcavity. The effective angle α can be greater than 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees, and at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity that is oriented at the effective angle α can have a length of at least 5 times a transverse dimension of the microcavity. | 1. A sample detection container adapted to contain and concentrate a sample for detection of an analyte of interest, if present, the container comprising:
an open end configured to receive a sample; a closed end that includes a microcavity, the microcavity including a top opening, a base, and a longitudinal axis that is normal with respect to a transverse cross-section of the microcavity, the microcavity configured to provide capillary forces to retain a sample of interest; and a wall that extends to the microcavity, wherein at least a portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a slope that is oriented at an effective angle α with respect to the longitudinal axis of the microcavity, wherein the effective angle α is greater than 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees, and wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity that is oriented at the effective angle α has a length of at least 5 times a transverse dimension of the top opening of the microcavity. 2. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the longitudinal axis passes through the top opening and the base of the microcavity. 3. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity is a single microcavity. 4. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container includes no more than 10 microcavities. 5. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container includes no more than 5 microcavities. 6. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is sufficient to concentrate the sample in the microcavity under a centrifugal force, while providing sufficient drainage of the supernatant upon inversion of the sample detection container to retain a concentrate of the sample in the microcavity without excess liquid being located above a plane defined by the top opening of the microcavity. 7. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity has a volume, and wherein the microcavity and the wall are configured such that the ratio of a retained concentrate volume in the sample detection container to the microcavity volume is no greater than 2. 8. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity has a volume, and wherein the microcavity and the wall are configured such that the ratio of a retained concentrate volume in the sample detection container to the microcavity volume is no greater than 1.5. 9. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is at least 50 degrees. 10. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is no greater than 80 degrees. 11. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity further includes a sidewall, and wherein the sidewall includes a draft angle of at least 10 degrees. 12. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container is formed of at least one of a polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers, polycarbonate, acrylic, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. 13. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a static water surface contact angle of at least 65 degrees. 14. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a dynamic receding water surface contact angle of at least 25 degrees. 15. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a surface roughness characterized by a roughness average (Ra) value of less than 500 nm. 16. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity defines a volume of no greater than 1 microliter. 17. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the base of the microcavity is substantially transparent, such that the contents of the microcavity are visible from outside the sample detection container. 18. The sample detection container of claim 17, wherein a sidewall of the microcavity is substantially non-transparent. 19. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample is water. 20. A system for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the system comprising:
a first container assembly comprising a filter portion, the filter portion comprising a filter, the filter having a first side and comprising a filtrand of the sample on the first side; and a second container assembly comprising the filter portion coupled to the sample detection container of claim 1, the filter portion and the sample detection container being coupled together such that the first side of the filter faces the microcavity of the sample detection container. 21. A method for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the method comprising:
providing the sample detection container of claim 1; positioning a sample in the sample detection container; centrifuging the sample detection container toward the microcavity to form a sediment and a supernatant of the sample; inverting the sample detection container, after centrifuging the sample detection container, to decant at least a portion of the supernatant from the microcavity, such that a concentrate of the sample is retained in the microcavity, the concentrate comprising the sediment. 22. A method for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the method comprising:
providing a first container assembly comprising a filter portion, the filter portion comprising a filter configured to retain the analyte of interest from the sample, the filter having a first side and comprising a filtrand of the sample on the first side; coupling the filter portion to the sample detection container of claim 1 to form a second container assembly, the filter portion and the sample detection container being coupled together such that the first side of the filter faces the microcavity of the sample detection container; centrifuging the second container assembly toward the microcavity to move the filtrand from the filter toward the microcavity of the sample detection container to form a sediment and a supernatant of the sample; and inverting the second container assembly, after centrifuging the second container assembly, to decant at least a portion of the supernatant from the sample detection container, such that a concentrate of the sample is retained in the microcavity of the sample detection container of the second container assembly, the concentrate comprising the sediment. | Systems and methods for concentrating a sample and detecting an analyte of interest. The system can include a sample detection container that can include a microcavity. The microcavity can include a top opening, a base, and a longitudinal axis. The container can further include a wall that extends to the microcavity, wherein at least a portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a slope that is oriented at an effective angle α with respect to the longitudinal axis of the microcavity. The effective angle α can be greater than 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees, and at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity that is oriented at the effective angle α can have a length of at least 5 times a transverse dimension of the microcavity.1. A sample detection container adapted to contain and concentrate a sample for detection of an analyte of interest, if present, the container comprising:
an open end configured to receive a sample; a closed end that includes a microcavity, the microcavity including a top opening, a base, and a longitudinal axis that is normal with respect to a transverse cross-section of the microcavity, the microcavity configured to provide capillary forces to retain a sample of interest; and a wall that extends to the microcavity, wherein at least a portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a slope that is oriented at an effective angle α with respect to the longitudinal axis of the microcavity, wherein the effective angle α is greater than 45 degrees and less than 90 degrees, and wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity that is oriented at the effective angle α has a length of at least 5 times a transverse dimension of the top opening of the microcavity. 2. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the longitudinal axis passes through the top opening and the base of the microcavity. 3. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity is a single microcavity. 4. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container includes no more than 10 microcavities. 5. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container includes no more than 5 microcavities. 6. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is sufficient to concentrate the sample in the microcavity under a centrifugal force, while providing sufficient drainage of the supernatant upon inversion of the sample detection container to retain a concentrate of the sample in the microcavity without excess liquid being located above a plane defined by the top opening of the microcavity. 7. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity has a volume, and wherein the microcavity and the wall are configured such that the ratio of a retained concentrate volume in the sample detection container to the microcavity volume is no greater than 2. 8. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity has a volume, and wherein the microcavity and the wall are configured such that the ratio of a retained concentrate volume in the sample detection container to the microcavity volume is no greater than 1.5. 9. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is at least 50 degrees. 10. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the effective angle α is no greater than 80 degrees. 11. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity further includes a sidewall, and wherein the sidewall includes a draft angle of at least 10 degrees. 12. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample detection container is formed of at least one of a polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers, polycarbonate, acrylic, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. 13. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a static water surface contact angle of at least 65 degrees. 14. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a dynamic receding water surface contact angle of at least 25 degrees. 15. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein at least the portion of the wall located adjacent the top opening of the microcavity has a surface roughness characterized by a roughness average (Ra) value of less than 500 nm. 16. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the microcavity defines a volume of no greater than 1 microliter. 17. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the base of the microcavity is substantially transparent, such that the contents of the microcavity are visible from outside the sample detection container. 18. The sample detection container of claim 17, wherein a sidewall of the microcavity is substantially non-transparent. 19. The sample detection container of claim 1, wherein the sample is water. 20. A system for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the system comprising:
a first container assembly comprising a filter portion, the filter portion comprising a filter, the filter having a first side and comprising a filtrand of the sample on the first side; and a second container assembly comprising the filter portion coupled to the sample detection container of claim 1, the filter portion and the sample detection container being coupled together such that the first side of the filter faces the microcavity of the sample detection container. 21. A method for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the method comprising:
providing the sample detection container of claim 1; positioning a sample in the sample detection container; centrifuging the sample detection container toward the microcavity to form a sediment and a supernatant of the sample; inverting the sample detection container, after centrifuging the sample detection container, to decant at least a portion of the supernatant from the microcavity, such that a concentrate of the sample is retained in the microcavity, the concentrate comprising the sediment. 22. A method for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, if present, the method comprising:
providing a first container assembly comprising a filter portion, the filter portion comprising a filter configured to retain the analyte of interest from the sample, the filter having a first side and comprising a filtrand of the sample on the first side; coupling the filter portion to the sample detection container of claim 1 to form a second container assembly, the filter portion and the sample detection container being coupled together such that the first side of the filter faces the microcavity of the sample detection container; centrifuging the second container assembly toward the microcavity to move the filtrand from the filter toward the microcavity of the sample detection container to form a sediment and a supernatant of the sample; and inverting the second container assembly, after centrifuging the second container assembly, to decant at least a portion of the supernatant from the sample detection container, such that a concentrate of the sample is retained in the microcavity of the sample detection container of the second container assembly, the concentrate comprising the sediment. | 1,700 |
2,534 | 2,534 | 14,801,956 | 1,781 | A polymer part can comprise: a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; and optionally a second layer comprising a second polymer; wherein the second layer is opaque; wherein the polymer part comprises a phase change material, wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. | 1. A polymer part, comprising:
a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; optionally a second layer comprising a second polymer and a phase change material, wherein the second layer is opaque; wherein the first layer comprises a phase change material or, if the second layer is present, one or both of the first layer and the second layer comprises the phase change material; and wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 2. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the phase change material is encapsulated in a microsphere and/or is shape-stabilized. 3. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein an average temperature of the part is reduced as compared to a similar part without a phase change material. 4. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein a service lifetime of the polymer part is increased as compared to a similar part without a phase change material. 5. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the polymer part is an applique, an automotive body panel, a glazing component, a headlamp component, a building component, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 6. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the polymer part is a glazing component. 7. The polymer part of claim 1, further comprising an additional layer that is a film insert molded layer, an in-mold coating layer, a cap layer, a weathering layer, an abrasion resistant layer, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 8. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the first polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 9. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the second layer is present and wherein the second layer comprises the phase change material. 10. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the first layer has a perimeter and wherein the second layer is disposed around the perimeter of the first layer. 11. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein a first layer phase change material is incorporated in the first layer. 12. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the first layer comprises a transparent portion and the second layer comprises a blackout portion and wherein the phase change material is incorporated in the blackout portion. 13. The polymer part of claim 12, wherein the blackout portion is printed on the first layer. 14. The polymer part of claim 12, wherein the blackout portion is the second shot in a two-shot injection molding process. 15. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the second polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 16. A polymer part, comprising:
an opaque first layer comprising a polycarbonate and a phase change material; wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 17. A method of making a polymer part, comprising:
molding forming a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; optionally molding a second layer comprising a second polymer, wherein the second layer is opaque; incorporating a phase change material in the first polymer, or, if the second layer is present, incorporating the phase change material in at least one of the first polymer or the second polymer; and exposing the polymer part to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time; wherein the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second layer is present and wherein the second layer comprises the phase change material. 19. A method of making a polymer part, comprising:
forming an opaque first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a polycarbonate; incorporating a phase change material in the first polymer; and exposing the polymer part to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time; wherein the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. | A polymer part can comprise: a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; and optionally a second layer comprising a second polymer; wherein the second layer is opaque; wherein the polymer part comprises a phase change material, wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time.1. A polymer part, comprising:
a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; optionally a second layer comprising a second polymer and a phase change material, wherein the second layer is opaque; wherein the first layer comprises a phase change material or, if the second layer is present, one or both of the first layer and the second layer comprises the phase change material; and wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 2. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the phase change material is encapsulated in a microsphere and/or is shape-stabilized. 3. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein an average temperature of the part is reduced as compared to a similar part without a phase change material. 4. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein a service lifetime of the polymer part is increased as compared to a similar part without a phase change material. 5. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the polymer part is an applique, an automotive body panel, a glazing component, a headlamp component, a building component, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 6. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the polymer part is a glazing component. 7. The polymer part of claim 1, further comprising an additional layer that is a film insert molded layer, an in-mold coating layer, a cap layer, a weathering layer, an abrasion resistant layer, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 8. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the first polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 9. The polymer part of claim 1, wherein the second layer is present and wherein the second layer comprises the phase change material. 10. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the first layer has a perimeter and wherein the second layer is disposed around the perimeter of the first layer. 11. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein a first layer phase change material is incorporated in the first layer. 12. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the first layer comprises a transparent portion and the second layer comprises a blackout portion and wherein the phase change material is incorporated in the blackout portion. 13. The polymer part of claim 12, wherein the blackout portion is printed on the first layer. 14. The polymer part of claim 12, wherein the blackout portion is the second shot in a two-shot injection molding process. 15. The polymer part of claim 9, wherein the second polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 16. A polymer part, comprising:
an opaque first layer comprising a polycarbonate and a phase change material; wherein when exposed to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time, the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 17. A method of making a polymer part, comprising:
molding forming a first layer comprising a first polymer, wherein the first layer allows greater than or equal to 5% of visible light to transfer through it; optionally molding a second layer comprising a second polymer, wherein the second layer is opaque; incorporating a phase change material in the first polymer, or, if the second layer is present, incorporating the phase change material in at least one of the first polymer or the second polymer; and exposing the polymer part to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time; wherein the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second layer is present and wherein the second layer comprises the phase change material. 19. A method of making a polymer part, comprising:
forming an opaque first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a polycarbonate; incorporating a phase change material in the first polymer; and exposing the polymer part to cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for a period of time; wherein the polymer part has a lower effective temperature as compared to a polymer part without a phase change material when exposed to the same cyclic temperature and solar radiation conditions for the same period of time. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second polymer comprises polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. | 1,700 |
2,535 | 2,535 | 15,121,076 | 1,787 | The present invention relates to a conductive composition containing a conductive metal powder and a resin component, in which the conductive metal powder contains at least a metal flake having a crystalline structure in which a metal crystal grows in a flake shape, and the resin component contains an aromatic amine skeleton. | 1. A conductive composition comprising a conductive metal powder and a resin component, wherein the conductive metal powder comprises at least a metal flake having a crystalline structure in which a metal crystal grows in a flake shape, and the resin component comprises an aromatic amine skeleton. 2. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal flake is a metal flake having a value X represented by the following equation of 30% or less when diffraction integrated intensity values of a (111) plane and a (200) plane in X-ray diffraction are taken as I111 and I200, respectively:
X=[I 200/(I 111 +I 200)]×100 (%). 3. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin component is a thermosetting resin composition comprising a thermosetting resin and a curing agent, and the thermosetting resin and/or the curing agent contains the aromatic amine skeleton. 4. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin and the curing agent is an aromatic amine-based curing agent. 5. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the curing agent is an aromatic amine-based curing agent having a structure in which an amino group is directly substituted on an aromatic ring. 6. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the curing agent comprises an aromatic polyamine represented by the following formula (1):
(in the formula, rings Z each independently represents an arene ring, A represents an alkylene group or alkylidene group, a cycloalkylene group or cycloalkylidene group, an arylene group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a sulfinyl group, or a sulfonyl group, R represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen atom, m represents 0 or 1, and n′s each independently represents an integer of from 0 to 4). 7. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the resin component is from 1 to 50 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the metal flake. 8. The conductive composition according to claim 1, which is a conductive adhesive. 9. The conductive composition according to claim 1, which is a conductive adhesive for bonding a metal base material to a semiconductor base material. 10. A conductive molded body comprising at least a conductive portion formed of the conductive composition described in claim 1. 11. The conductive molded body according to claim 10, which is a molded body comprising a conjugated base material composed of two base materials and a conductive adhesive that intervenes between the base materials and bonds the two base materials each other, wherein the conductive adhesive as the conductive portion is formed of the conductive composition described in claim 1. 12. The conductive molded body according to claim 10, wherein the conductive portion has a value X represented by the following equation of 30% or less when diffraction integrated intensity values of a (111) plane and a (200) plane in X-ray diffraction are taken as I111 and I200, respectively:
X=[I 200/(I 111 +I 200)]×100 (%). | The present invention relates to a conductive composition containing a conductive metal powder and a resin component, in which the conductive metal powder contains at least a metal flake having a crystalline structure in which a metal crystal grows in a flake shape, and the resin component contains an aromatic amine skeleton.1. A conductive composition comprising a conductive metal powder and a resin component, wherein the conductive metal powder comprises at least a metal flake having a crystalline structure in which a metal crystal grows in a flake shape, and the resin component comprises an aromatic amine skeleton. 2. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal flake is a metal flake having a value X represented by the following equation of 30% or less when diffraction integrated intensity values of a (111) plane and a (200) plane in X-ray diffraction are taken as I111 and I200, respectively:
X=[I 200/(I 111 +I 200)]×100 (%). 3. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin component is a thermosetting resin composition comprising a thermosetting resin and a curing agent, and the thermosetting resin and/or the curing agent contains the aromatic amine skeleton. 4. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin and the curing agent is an aromatic amine-based curing agent. 5. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the curing agent is an aromatic amine-based curing agent having a structure in which an amino group is directly substituted on an aromatic ring. 6. The conductive composition according to claim 3, wherein the curing agent comprises an aromatic polyamine represented by the following formula (1):
(in the formula, rings Z each independently represents an arene ring, A represents an alkylene group or alkylidene group, a cycloalkylene group or cycloalkylidene group, an arylene group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a sulfinyl group, or a sulfonyl group, R represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen atom, m represents 0 or 1, and n′s each independently represents an integer of from 0 to 4). 7. The conductive composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the resin component is from 1 to 50 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the metal flake. 8. The conductive composition according to claim 1, which is a conductive adhesive. 9. The conductive composition according to claim 1, which is a conductive adhesive for bonding a metal base material to a semiconductor base material. 10. A conductive molded body comprising at least a conductive portion formed of the conductive composition described in claim 1. 11. The conductive molded body according to claim 10, which is a molded body comprising a conjugated base material composed of two base materials and a conductive adhesive that intervenes between the base materials and bonds the two base materials each other, wherein the conductive adhesive as the conductive portion is formed of the conductive composition described in claim 1. 12. The conductive molded body according to claim 10, wherein the conductive portion has a value X represented by the following equation of 30% or less when diffraction integrated intensity values of a (111) plane and a (200) plane in X-ray diffraction are taken as I111 and I200, respectively:
X=[I 200/(I 111 +I 200)]×100 (%). | 1,700 |
2,536 | 2,536 | 13,928,787 | 1,714 | A dishwasher has a treating chamber with four corners and a rotatable sprayer located within the treating chamber, where the sprayer includes two conduit segments which rotate about two different axes and a spray head which rotates about yet another axis. The combined rotation of the conduit segments moves the spray head in a non-circular path around the treating chamber. | 1. A dishwasher for treating dishes according to an automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber with four corners; a recirculation system fluidly coupling at least two portions of the tub; and a sprayer fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and located within the treating chamber, with the sprayer comprising:
a first conduit segment rotationally mounted relative to the tub for rotation about a first axis;
a second conduit segment rotationally mounted to the first conduit segment at a location radially spaced from the first axis for rotation about a second axis; and
a spray head rotationally mounted to the second conduit segment at a location radially spaced from the second axis for rotation about a third axis;
wherein the first conduit segment, the second conduit segment, and the spray head are operably coupled such that the spray head traverses a path having an outer boundary defining a squircle with four rounded corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 2. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the first and second conduit segments comprise first and second arms. 3. The dishwasher of claim 2, wherein the spray head comprises a disc-shaped spray head. 4. The dishwasher of claim 3, wherein the spray head comprises a plurality of outlet nozzles, wherein at least some of the outlet nozzles comprise drive nozzles, such that the rotation of the spray head is driven by the spray from the drive nozzles. 5. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the first conduit segment is longer than the second conduit segment. 6. The dishwasher of claim 5, wherein the ratio of the length of the first conduit segment to the length of the second conduit segment is 6:1. 7. The dishwasher of claim 1 and further comprising a fluid path extending through the first and second conduit segments from the recirculation system to the spray head, wherein the first conduit segment is fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and the second conduit segment is fluidly coupled to the spray head. 8. The dishwasher of claim 1 and further comprising:
a drive link coupling the rotation of the spray head with the rotation of the first and second conduit segments; and
a driver coupled to and moving one of the spray head, the first conduit segment, and the second conduit segment, thereby simultaneously rotating the spray head, the first conduit segment, and the second conduit segment. 9. The dishwasher of claim 8, wherein the driver comprises a pump and at least one drive nozzle provided on the spray head and fluidly coupled to the pump, such that the rotation of the spray head is driven by the spray from the at least one drive nozzle. 10. The dishwasher of claim 9, wherein the drive link comprises a first gear set coupling the rotation of the second conduit segment with the rotation of the spray head and a second gear set coupling the rotation of the first conduit segment with the rotation of the second conduit segment. 11. The dishwasher of claim 10, wherein the gear ratio of the first gear set is 4:1 and the gear ratio of the second gear set is 6:1. 12. The dishwasher of claim 8, wherein the drive link is configured such that the first conduit segment rotates at a lower RPM than the second conduit segment and the spray head rotates at a higher RPM than the first conduit segment and the second conduit segment. 13. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the third axis passes through a center of the spray head and the path traversed by the center of the spray at the third axis comprises a square with four corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 14. A method of spraying liquid in dishwasher having a treating chamber with four corners and a sprayer located within the treating chamber, the method comprising:
rotating a first conduit segment of the sprayer about a first axis; rotating a second conduit segment of the sprayer about a second axis radially spaced from the first axis; and rotating a spray head of the sprayer about a third axis radially spaced from the second axis; wherein the rotation of the first and second conduit segments translates the third axis of the spray head along a generally rectangular route in the treating chamber, the rectangular route having four corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber to provide a direct spraying in the four corners of the treating chamber. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the spray head comprises spraying liquid from at least one drive nozzle of the spray head. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein rotating the spray head comprises pumping liquid through the first and second conduit segments to the at least one drive nozzle. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the second conduit comprises rotating the second conduit segment at a higher RPM than the first conduit segment, and rotating the spray head comprises rotating the spray head at a higher RPM than the first and second conduit segments. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the generally rectangular route comprises a generally square route. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the first and second conduit segments comprises translating the spray head through a path having an outer boundary defining a squircle with four rounded corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 20. A dishwasher for treating dishes according to an automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber with four corners; a recirculation system fluidly coupling at least two portions of the tub; and a sprayer fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and located within the treating chamber, with the sprayer comprising:
a first arm rotationally mounted relative to the tub for rotation about a first axis;
a second arm rotationally mounted to the first arm at a location radially spaced from the first axis for rotation about a second axis; and
a spray head rotationally mounted to the second arm at a location radially spaced from the second axis for rotation about a third axis. | A dishwasher has a treating chamber with four corners and a rotatable sprayer located within the treating chamber, where the sprayer includes two conduit segments which rotate about two different axes and a spray head which rotates about yet another axis. The combined rotation of the conduit segments moves the spray head in a non-circular path around the treating chamber.1. A dishwasher for treating dishes according to an automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber with four corners; a recirculation system fluidly coupling at least two portions of the tub; and a sprayer fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and located within the treating chamber, with the sprayer comprising:
a first conduit segment rotationally mounted relative to the tub for rotation about a first axis;
a second conduit segment rotationally mounted to the first conduit segment at a location radially spaced from the first axis for rotation about a second axis; and
a spray head rotationally mounted to the second conduit segment at a location radially spaced from the second axis for rotation about a third axis;
wherein the first conduit segment, the second conduit segment, and the spray head are operably coupled such that the spray head traverses a path having an outer boundary defining a squircle with four rounded corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 2. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the first and second conduit segments comprise first and second arms. 3. The dishwasher of claim 2, wherein the spray head comprises a disc-shaped spray head. 4. The dishwasher of claim 3, wherein the spray head comprises a plurality of outlet nozzles, wherein at least some of the outlet nozzles comprise drive nozzles, such that the rotation of the spray head is driven by the spray from the drive nozzles. 5. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the first conduit segment is longer than the second conduit segment. 6. The dishwasher of claim 5, wherein the ratio of the length of the first conduit segment to the length of the second conduit segment is 6:1. 7. The dishwasher of claim 1 and further comprising a fluid path extending through the first and second conduit segments from the recirculation system to the spray head, wherein the first conduit segment is fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and the second conduit segment is fluidly coupled to the spray head. 8. The dishwasher of claim 1 and further comprising:
a drive link coupling the rotation of the spray head with the rotation of the first and second conduit segments; and
a driver coupled to and moving one of the spray head, the first conduit segment, and the second conduit segment, thereby simultaneously rotating the spray head, the first conduit segment, and the second conduit segment. 9. The dishwasher of claim 8, wherein the driver comprises a pump and at least one drive nozzle provided on the spray head and fluidly coupled to the pump, such that the rotation of the spray head is driven by the spray from the at least one drive nozzle. 10. The dishwasher of claim 9, wherein the drive link comprises a first gear set coupling the rotation of the second conduit segment with the rotation of the spray head and a second gear set coupling the rotation of the first conduit segment with the rotation of the second conduit segment. 11. The dishwasher of claim 10, wherein the gear ratio of the first gear set is 4:1 and the gear ratio of the second gear set is 6:1. 12. The dishwasher of claim 8, wherein the drive link is configured such that the first conduit segment rotates at a lower RPM than the second conduit segment and the spray head rotates at a higher RPM than the first conduit segment and the second conduit segment. 13. The dishwasher of claim 1, wherein the third axis passes through a center of the spray head and the path traversed by the center of the spray at the third axis comprises a square with four corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 14. A method of spraying liquid in dishwasher having a treating chamber with four corners and a sprayer located within the treating chamber, the method comprising:
rotating a first conduit segment of the sprayer about a first axis; rotating a second conduit segment of the sprayer about a second axis radially spaced from the first axis; and rotating a spray head of the sprayer about a third axis radially spaced from the second axis; wherein the rotation of the first and second conduit segments translates the third axis of the spray head along a generally rectangular route in the treating chamber, the rectangular route having four corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber to provide a direct spraying in the four corners of the treating chamber. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the spray head comprises spraying liquid from at least one drive nozzle of the spray head. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein rotating the spray head comprises pumping liquid through the first and second conduit segments to the at least one drive nozzle. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the second conduit comprises rotating the second conduit segment at a higher RPM than the first conduit segment, and rotating the spray head comprises rotating the spray head at a higher RPM than the first and second conduit segments. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the generally rectangular route comprises a generally square route. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein rotating the first and second conduit segments comprises translating the spray head through a path having an outer boundary defining a squircle with four rounded corners corresponding to the four corners of the treating chamber. 20. A dishwasher for treating dishes according to an automatic cycle of operation, comprising:
a tub at least partially defining a treating chamber with four corners; a recirculation system fluidly coupling at least two portions of the tub; and a sprayer fluidly coupled to the recirculation system and located within the treating chamber, with the sprayer comprising:
a first arm rotationally mounted relative to the tub for rotation about a first axis;
a second arm rotationally mounted to the first arm at a location radially spaced from the first axis for rotation about a second axis; and
a spray head rotationally mounted to the second arm at a location radially spaced from the second axis for rotation about a third axis. | 1,700 |
2,537 | 2,537 | 12,789,280 | 1,793 | A process to use partial hydration of certain mucilaginous hydrocolloids to produce a starch-free, high-fiber baked food product is disclosed. The method includes blending a fiber component comprising soluble, non-digestible hydrocolloid fibers, a protein component, a fat component and at least one additive to form a dough, and baking the dough to allow the internal network to encapsulate hot gases released during the baking process to inflate the dough into a baked food product. The water addition is controlled in the blending process so that the soluble hydrocolloid fibers are partially hydrated to form an elastic internal network of mucilage, The dough is free from digestible starch and gluten and is baked without the use of yeast. | 1. A method for producing a starch-free, high-fiber baked food product, comprising:
blending a fiber component comprising soluble, non-digestible hydrocolloid fibers, a protein component, a fat component and at least one additive to form a dough, wherein water addition is controlled in the blending process so that the soluble hydrocolloid fibers are partially hydrated to form an elastic internal network of mucilage, baking the dough to allow the internal network to encapsulate hot gases released during the baking process to inflate the dough into a baked food product, wherein the dough is free from digestible starch and gluten and is baked without the use of yeast. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the partial hydration of the soluble hydrocolloid fibers is achieved with bound water in the protein component and the fat component and no additional water is added during the blending process. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the fiber component consists essentially of psyllium fiber. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the psyllium fiber is ground psyllium husk, ground whole psyllium seed or a mixture thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the psyllium fiber is a mixture of ground psyllium husk and ground whole psyllium seed. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the partial hydration of the soluble hydrocolloid fibers is achieved by maintaining a fiber component-to-water weight ratio in the range of 1:0.6 to 1:3 in the dough, wherein the water includes bound water in the protein and fat components. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the blending step comprises:
mixing dry ingredients together to form a dry mix; mixing liquid ingredients together to form a liquid mix; and blending the dry mix with the liquid mix to form a dough. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the dry mix-to-liquid mix weight ratio is between 30:70 and 50:50. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein component comprises egg white and whey protein. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the fat component comprises butter. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one additive comprises erythritol or Rebaudioside A. 12. A high-fiber, low starch baked food product, comprising
a bulk texturing amount of protein and partially hydrated psyllium fiber, wherein the partially hydrated psyllium fiber forms a gas-encapsulating and not fully gelatinized mucilaginous hydrocolloid network in the baked food product to provide consistency and texture similar in organoleptic characteristics to conventional baked products, and wherein the baked food product is free from gluten and has a digestible starch content of less than 2%. 13. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of less than 1%. 14. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of less than 0.5%. 15. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the psyllium fiber is ground psyllium husk, ground whole psyllium seed or a mixture thereof. 16. The baked product of claim 12, comprising 20-40% psyllium fiber by weight. 17. The baked product of claim 12, having a digestible carbohydrate content of 10% or less by weight. 18. A low-starch, high-fiber baked food product, comprising:
3-30% protein by weight; 10-40% psyllium fiber by weight; 10-40% fat by weight; at least one additive in the amount of 1-60% by weight; and 2-10% water by weight, wherein the fiber and protein components provide bulk to support a structure of the baked food product, and wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of 2%© or less by weight and a digestible carbohydrate content of 10% or less by weight. 19. The low-starch, high-fiber baked food product of claim 18, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of 1% or less by weight and a digestible carbohydrate content of 5% or less by weight. 20. The low-starch, high-fiber baked food product of claim 19, further comprising inulin in the amount of 1-20% by weight. | A process to use partial hydration of certain mucilaginous hydrocolloids to produce a starch-free, high-fiber baked food product is disclosed. The method includes blending a fiber component comprising soluble, non-digestible hydrocolloid fibers, a protein component, a fat component and at least one additive to form a dough, and baking the dough to allow the internal network to encapsulate hot gases released during the baking process to inflate the dough into a baked food product. The water addition is controlled in the blending process so that the soluble hydrocolloid fibers are partially hydrated to form an elastic internal network of mucilage, The dough is free from digestible starch and gluten and is baked without the use of yeast.1. A method for producing a starch-free, high-fiber baked food product, comprising:
blending a fiber component comprising soluble, non-digestible hydrocolloid fibers, a protein component, a fat component and at least one additive to form a dough, wherein water addition is controlled in the blending process so that the soluble hydrocolloid fibers are partially hydrated to form an elastic internal network of mucilage, baking the dough to allow the internal network to encapsulate hot gases released during the baking process to inflate the dough into a baked food product, wherein the dough is free from digestible starch and gluten and is baked without the use of yeast. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the partial hydration of the soluble hydrocolloid fibers is achieved with bound water in the protein component and the fat component and no additional water is added during the blending process. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the fiber component consists essentially of psyllium fiber. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the psyllium fiber is ground psyllium husk, ground whole psyllium seed or a mixture thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the psyllium fiber is a mixture of ground psyllium husk and ground whole psyllium seed. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the partial hydration of the soluble hydrocolloid fibers is achieved by maintaining a fiber component-to-water weight ratio in the range of 1:0.6 to 1:3 in the dough, wherein the water includes bound water in the protein and fat components. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the blending step comprises:
mixing dry ingredients together to form a dry mix; mixing liquid ingredients together to form a liquid mix; and blending the dry mix with the liquid mix to form a dough. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the dry mix-to-liquid mix weight ratio is between 30:70 and 50:50. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein component comprises egg white and whey protein. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the fat component comprises butter. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one additive comprises erythritol or Rebaudioside A. 12. A high-fiber, low starch baked food product, comprising
a bulk texturing amount of protein and partially hydrated psyllium fiber, wherein the partially hydrated psyllium fiber forms a gas-encapsulating and not fully gelatinized mucilaginous hydrocolloid network in the baked food product to provide consistency and texture similar in organoleptic characteristics to conventional baked products, and wherein the baked food product is free from gluten and has a digestible starch content of less than 2%. 13. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of less than 1%. 14. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of less than 0.5%. 15. The baked product of claim 12, wherein the psyllium fiber is ground psyllium husk, ground whole psyllium seed or a mixture thereof. 16. The baked product of claim 12, comprising 20-40% psyllium fiber by weight. 17. The baked product of claim 12, having a digestible carbohydrate content of 10% or less by weight. 18. A low-starch, high-fiber baked food product, comprising:
3-30% protein by weight; 10-40% psyllium fiber by weight; 10-40% fat by weight; at least one additive in the amount of 1-60% by weight; and 2-10% water by weight, wherein the fiber and protein components provide bulk to support a structure of the baked food product, and wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of 2%© or less by weight and a digestible carbohydrate content of 10% or less by weight. 19. The low-starch, high-fiber baked food product of claim 18, wherein the baked food product has a digestible starch content of 1% or less by weight and a digestible carbohydrate content of 5% or less by weight. 20. The low-starch, high-fiber baked food product of claim 19, further comprising inulin in the amount of 1-20% by weight. | 1,700 |
2,538 | 2,538 | 14,119,935 | 1,791 | Disclosed is a system for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the system including a product feed device, at least one drum coating arrangement configured to continuously receive the individual pieces of confectionary product from the product feed device, the drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum rotatable about a first drum axis and a second rotating drum rotatable about a second drum axis, a first drum volume defined by the first rotating drum, and a second drum volume defined by the second rotating drum, the first drum volume being communicable with the second drum volume, wherein the drum coating arrangement is configured such that the confectionary product has a longer residence time in the second drum volume than the first drum volume. | 1. A system for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the system comprising:
a product feed device; at least one drum coating arrangement configured to receive the individual pieces of confectionary product from said product feed device, said drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum rotatable about a first drum axis and a second rotating drum rotatable about a second drum axis; a first drum volume defined by said first rotating drum; and a second drum volume defined by said second rotating drum, said first drum volume being communicable with said second drum volume, wherein said drum coating arrangement is configured such that the confectionary product has a longer residence time in said second drum volume than said first drum volume. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said second drum volume is greater than said first volume, said larger second drum volume allowing the pieces of confectionary product to achieve said longer residence time in said second drum volume than said first drum volume. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum is configured to apply a liquid material to the individual pieces of confectionary product and said second rotating drum is configured to apply a dry powder material to the individual pieces of confectionary product. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum receives the individual pieces of confectionary product from said product feed and said second rotating drum receives the individual pieces of confectionary product from said first rotating drum, said drum coating arrangement being positioned on an incline, with a highest point disposed at a product input of said first rotating drum and a lowest point disposed at a product output of said second rotating drum, said incline allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to move through said drum coating arrangement. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater diameter than said first rotating drum, said first drum volume and said second drum volume being communicable via insertion of an output end of said first rotating drum into an input end of said second rotating drum, said insertion allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater length than said first rotating drum. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum is affixed to said second rotating drum via a locking mechanism contacting an outer surface of each of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 8. The system of claim 3, wherein said liquid material is fed into said first drum volume via a nozzle inserted into a product input opening at a product input end of said first rotating drum. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said nozzle is configured to supply said liquid material via at least one of a drip, drizzle, and spray of said liquid material into said first drum volume. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said nozzle is configured for adjustability of liquid material output position along a length of said first drum volume. 11. The system of claim 5, wherein insertion of said output end of said first rotating drum into said input end of said second rotating drum creates an annulus at an overlap of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum, said dry powder material being fed into said second rotating drum volume via a powder tube inserted into said second drum volume through said annulus. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said powder tube is configured for adjustability of dry powder material output position along a length of said second drum volume. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein a weir plate is disposed between said first drum volume and said second drum volume, said weir plate being adjustably positioned relative to said first drum volume and said second drum volume, so as to control product flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum includes a release assist bar inserted into said first drum volume from an opening at an output end of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being disposed substantially parallel to said first drum axis in proximity to an inner surface of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being configured to dislodge the pieces of confectionary product that adhere to said inner surface of said rotating first rotating drum via said proximity to said inner surface. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of an inner surface of said first rotating drum and an inner surface of said second rotating drum include ribs. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein said product feed device is configured to control an amount of the individual pieces of confectionary product entering said drum coating arrangement by accumulating the product at a desired weight and depth in a product bed prior to entry into said drum coating arrangement. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one drum coating arrangement is multiple drum arrangements arranged in series and each including said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 18. The system of claim 17, further including a conveyor between said multiple drum coating arrangements, said conveyor including a vibrating portion configured to remove excess dry powder material from the individual pieces of confectionary product. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein said vibrating portion includes openings disposed in staggered alignment. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum are rotatable at different speeds. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum are independently inclinable. 22. A method for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the method comprising:
feeding the individual pieces of confectionary product from a product feed device into at least one drum coating arrangement, said drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum and a second rotating drum; transporting the individual pieces of confectionary product through a first drum volume defined by said first rotating drum, said transporting through said first drum volume occurring in a first residence time; applying a first material to the individual pieces of confectionary product during said first residence time; transferring the individual pieces of confectionary product from said first drum volume to a second drum volume defined by said second rotating drum; transporting the individual pieces of confectionary product through said second drum volume, said transporting through said second drum volume occurring in a second residence time, said second residence time being longer than said first residence time; and applying a second material to the individual pieces of confectionary product during said second residence time. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said first material is a liquid material and said second material is a dry powder material. 24. The method of claim 23, further including binding said liquid material to the individual pieces of confectionary product via said applying of said liquid material, and binding said dry powder material to said liquid material via said applying of said dry powder material. 25. The method of claim 22, further including providing a soft outer coating material on the individual pieces of confectionary via said liquid material and said dry powder material bound to said liquid material. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein said transporting occurs via a positioning of said drum coating arrangement on an incline, said drum coating arrangement including a highest point disposed at a product input of said first rotating drum and a lowest point disposed at a product output of said second rotating drum. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein said second drum volume is larger than said first volume, said larger second drum volume allowing said second residence time being longer than said first residence time. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater diameter than said first rotating drum, said first drum volume and said second drum volume being communicable via insertion of an output end of said first rotating drum into an input end of said second rotating drum, said insertion allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater length than said first rotating drum. 30. The method of claim 22, further including affixing said first rotating drum to said second rotating drum via a locking mechanism in contact with an outer surface of each of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 31. The method of claim 23, wherein said applying of said liquid material includes at least one of dripping, drizzling, and spraying said liquid material into said first drum volume via a nozzle inserted into a product input opening at a product input end of said first rotating drum. 32. The method of claim 31, further including adjusting said nozzle to a desirable liquid material output position along a length of said first drum volume. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said insertion of said output end of said first rotating drum into said input end of said second rotating drum creates an annulus at an overlap of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum, said supplying of said dry powder material into said second drum volume occurring via a powder feed tube inserted into said second drum volume through said annulus. 34. The method of claim 33, further including adjusting said powder tube to a desired dry powder material output position along a length of said second rotating drum volume. 35. The method of claim 22, further including controlling product flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume via a weir plate disposed between said first drum volume and said second drum volume, said weir plate being adjustably positioned relative to said first drum volume and said second drum volume. 36. The method of claim 22, further including dislodging the product pieces that adhere to an inner surface of said rotating first rotating drum via a release assist bar inserted into said first drum volume from an opening at an output end of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being disposed substantially parallel to an axis of said first rotating drum in proximity to said inner surface of said first rotating drum. 37. The method of claim 22, further including controlling an amount of the individual pieces of confectionary product entering said drum coating arrangement by accumulating the product at a desired weight and depth in a product bed of said product feed device prior to entry into said drum coating arrangement. 38. The method of claim 22, wherein said at least one drum coating arrangement is multiple drum arrangements arranged in series and each including said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 39. The method of claim 38, further including conveying the individual pieces of confectionary product between said multiple drum coating arrangements, said conveying including a vibrating the individual pieces of confectionary product to remove excess dry powder material. 40. The method of claim 22, further including rotating said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum at different speeds. 41. The method of claim 22, further including inclining said first drum and said second drum at different angles. 42. The method of claim 25, further including conditioning the individual pieces of confectionary with said soft outer coating at a reduced temperature and humidity relative to a temperature and humidity of an ambient environment of the drum coating arrangement, said conditioning occurring for at least 18 hours. 43. The method of claim 42, further including applying a hard outer coating on the individual pieces of confectionary product after said conditioning, said applying of said hard outer coating occurring in a batch coating mixer. | Disclosed is a system for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the system including a product feed device, at least one drum coating arrangement configured to continuously receive the individual pieces of confectionary product from the product feed device, the drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum rotatable about a first drum axis and a second rotating drum rotatable about a second drum axis, a first drum volume defined by the first rotating drum, and a second drum volume defined by the second rotating drum, the first drum volume being communicable with the second drum volume, wherein the drum coating arrangement is configured such that the confectionary product has a longer residence time in the second drum volume than the first drum volume.1. A system for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the system comprising:
a product feed device; at least one drum coating arrangement configured to receive the individual pieces of confectionary product from said product feed device, said drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum rotatable about a first drum axis and a second rotating drum rotatable about a second drum axis; a first drum volume defined by said first rotating drum; and a second drum volume defined by said second rotating drum, said first drum volume being communicable with said second drum volume, wherein said drum coating arrangement is configured such that the confectionary product has a longer residence time in said second drum volume than said first drum volume. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said second drum volume is greater than said first volume, said larger second drum volume allowing the pieces of confectionary product to achieve said longer residence time in said second drum volume than said first drum volume. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum is configured to apply a liquid material to the individual pieces of confectionary product and said second rotating drum is configured to apply a dry powder material to the individual pieces of confectionary product. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum receives the individual pieces of confectionary product from said product feed and said second rotating drum receives the individual pieces of confectionary product from said first rotating drum, said drum coating arrangement being positioned on an incline, with a highest point disposed at a product input of said first rotating drum and a lowest point disposed at a product output of said second rotating drum, said incline allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to move through said drum coating arrangement. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater diameter than said first rotating drum, said first drum volume and said second drum volume being communicable via insertion of an output end of said first rotating drum into an input end of said second rotating drum, said insertion allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater length than said first rotating drum. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum is affixed to said second rotating drum via a locking mechanism contacting an outer surface of each of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 8. The system of claim 3, wherein said liquid material is fed into said first drum volume via a nozzle inserted into a product input opening at a product input end of said first rotating drum. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said nozzle is configured to supply said liquid material via at least one of a drip, drizzle, and spray of said liquid material into said first drum volume. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said nozzle is configured for adjustability of liquid material output position along a length of said first drum volume. 11. The system of claim 5, wherein insertion of said output end of said first rotating drum into said input end of said second rotating drum creates an annulus at an overlap of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum, said dry powder material being fed into said second rotating drum volume via a powder tube inserted into said second drum volume through said annulus. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said powder tube is configured for adjustability of dry powder material output position along a length of said second drum volume. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein a weir plate is disposed between said first drum volume and said second drum volume, said weir plate being adjustably positioned relative to said first drum volume and said second drum volume, so as to control product flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum includes a release assist bar inserted into said first drum volume from an opening at an output end of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being disposed substantially parallel to said first drum axis in proximity to an inner surface of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being configured to dislodge the pieces of confectionary product that adhere to said inner surface of said rotating first rotating drum via said proximity to said inner surface. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of an inner surface of said first rotating drum and an inner surface of said second rotating drum include ribs. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein said product feed device is configured to control an amount of the individual pieces of confectionary product entering said drum coating arrangement by accumulating the product at a desired weight and depth in a product bed prior to entry into said drum coating arrangement. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one drum coating arrangement is multiple drum arrangements arranged in series and each including said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 18. The system of claim 17, further including a conveyor between said multiple drum coating arrangements, said conveyor including a vibrating portion configured to remove excess dry powder material from the individual pieces of confectionary product. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein said vibrating portion includes openings disposed in staggered alignment. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum are rotatable at different speeds. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum are independently inclinable. 22. A method for continuously coating individual pieces of confectionary product, the method comprising:
feeding the individual pieces of confectionary product from a product feed device into at least one drum coating arrangement, said drum coating arrangement including a first rotating drum and a second rotating drum; transporting the individual pieces of confectionary product through a first drum volume defined by said first rotating drum, said transporting through said first drum volume occurring in a first residence time; applying a first material to the individual pieces of confectionary product during said first residence time; transferring the individual pieces of confectionary product from said first drum volume to a second drum volume defined by said second rotating drum; transporting the individual pieces of confectionary product through said second drum volume, said transporting through said second drum volume occurring in a second residence time, said second residence time being longer than said first residence time; and applying a second material to the individual pieces of confectionary product during said second residence time. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said first material is a liquid material and said second material is a dry powder material. 24. The method of claim 23, further including binding said liquid material to the individual pieces of confectionary product via said applying of said liquid material, and binding said dry powder material to said liquid material via said applying of said dry powder material. 25. The method of claim 22, further including providing a soft outer coating material on the individual pieces of confectionary via said liquid material and said dry powder material bound to said liquid material. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein said transporting occurs via a positioning of said drum coating arrangement on an incline, said drum coating arrangement including a highest point disposed at a product input of said first rotating drum and a lowest point disposed at a product output of said second rotating drum. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein said second drum volume is larger than said first volume, said larger second drum volume allowing said second residence time being longer than said first residence time. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater diameter than said first rotating drum, said first drum volume and said second drum volume being communicable via insertion of an output end of said first rotating drum into an input end of said second rotating drum, said insertion allowing the individual pieces of confectionary product to flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein said second rotating drum includes a greater length than said first rotating drum. 30. The method of claim 22, further including affixing said first rotating drum to said second rotating drum via a locking mechanism in contact with an outer surface of each of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 31. The method of claim 23, wherein said applying of said liquid material includes at least one of dripping, drizzling, and spraying said liquid material into said first drum volume via a nozzle inserted into a product input opening at a product input end of said first rotating drum. 32. The method of claim 31, further including adjusting said nozzle to a desirable liquid material output position along a length of said first drum volume. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said insertion of said output end of said first rotating drum into said input end of said second rotating drum creates an annulus at an overlap of said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum, said supplying of said dry powder material into said second drum volume occurring via a powder feed tube inserted into said second drum volume through said annulus. 34. The method of claim 33, further including adjusting said powder tube to a desired dry powder material output position along a length of said second rotating drum volume. 35. The method of claim 22, further including controlling product flow from said first drum volume to said second drum volume via a weir plate disposed between said first drum volume and said second drum volume, said weir plate being adjustably positioned relative to said first drum volume and said second drum volume. 36. The method of claim 22, further including dislodging the product pieces that adhere to an inner surface of said rotating first rotating drum via a release assist bar inserted into said first drum volume from an opening at an output end of said first rotating drum, said release assist bar being disposed substantially parallel to an axis of said first rotating drum in proximity to said inner surface of said first rotating drum. 37. The method of claim 22, further including controlling an amount of the individual pieces of confectionary product entering said drum coating arrangement by accumulating the product at a desired weight and depth in a product bed of said product feed device prior to entry into said drum coating arrangement. 38. The method of claim 22, wherein said at least one drum coating arrangement is multiple drum arrangements arranged in series and each including said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum. 39. The method of claim 38, further including conveying the individual pieces of confectionary product between said multiple drum coating arrangements, said conveying including a vibrating the individual pieces of confectionary product to remove excess dry powder material. 40. The method of claim 22, further including rotating said first rotating drum and said second rotating drum at different speeds. 41. The method of claim 22, further including inclining said first drum and said second drum at different angles. 42. The method of claim 25, further including conditioning the individual pieces of confectionary with said soft outer coating at a reduced temperature and humidity relative to a temperature and humidity of an ambient environment of the drum coating arrangement, said conditioning occurring for at least 18 hours. 43. The method of claim 42, further including applying a hard outer coating on the individual pieces of confectionary product after said conditioning, said applying of said hard outer coating occurring in a batch coating mixer. | 1,700 |
2,539 | 2,539 | 14,267,014 | 1,797 | Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of a dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite in a sample using mass spectrometry. The methods generally comprise ionizing a dihydorxyvitamin D metabolite in a sample and detecting the amount of the ion to determine the presence or amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the sample. In certain preferred embodiments the methods include immunopurifying the dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites prior to mass spectrometry. Also provided are methods to detect the presence or amount of two or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in a single assay. | 1. A method for determining an amount of one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in a biological sample by tandem mass spectrometry; the method comprising:
(i) adding one or more internal standards to the sample; (ii) purifying the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the one or more internal standards; (iii) derivatizing the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the one or more internal standards with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD); (iv) analyzing the amount of the derivatized one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the derivatized one or more internal standards in the sample by tandem mass spectrometry. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise a deuterated dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise at least one of d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise at least one of 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise at least one of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 and wherein the amount of the metabolites are determined in a single assay. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2 and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 411.35±0.5. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D3 and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 399.35±0.5. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 577.37. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 317.12. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 592.37. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 314.12. 15. The method of claim 1, said purifying comprises purification by solid phase extraction, affinity separation, immunoaffinity separation, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising an extraction or a precipitation step. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising chromatography. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the chromatography is liquid chromatography. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the chromatography is high performance liquid chromatography. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a C18 column. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the ions generated in mass spectrometry are detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising constructing a standard curve based on the precursor and fragment ions of the internal standard and determining the amount of the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in the biological sample using the standard curve. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample comprises serum or plasma. 24. A method for determining an amount of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in a biological sample by tandem mass spectrometry, the method comprising:
(i) adding d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 to the sample;
(ii) extracting the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 from the sample;
(iii) purifying the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3;
(iv) derivatizing the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD);
(v) analyzing the amount of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 by tandem mass spectrometry; and
(vi) determining the amount of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in the biological sample from step (v). 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 is 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and wherein d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 is 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 411.35±0.5 and a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a m/z of 399.35±0.5. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5 and one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a m/z selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 comprises 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 comprises 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H, and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 577.37 and a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a m/z of 592.37. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 317.12 and one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 314.12. 30. The method of claim 24, said purifying comprises purification by solid phase extraction, affinity separation, immunoaffinity separation, or a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein said extraction comprises a precipitation step. 32. The method of claim 24, further comprising chromatography. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the chromatography is liquid chromatography. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the chromatography is high performance liquid chromatography. 35. The method of claim 24, further comprising using a C18 column. 36. The method of claim 24, wherein the ions generated in mass spectrometry are detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). 37. The method of claim 24, further comprising constructing a standard curve based on the precursor and fragment ions of the internal standard and determining the amount of the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in the biological sample using the standard curve. 38. The method of claim 23, wherein the biological sample comprises serum or plasma. | Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of a dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite in a sample using mass spectrometry. The methods generally comprise ionizing a dihydorxyvitamin D metabolite in a sample and detecting the amount of the ion to determine the presence or amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the sample. In certain preferred embodiments the methods include immunopurifying the dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites prior to mass spectrometry. Also provided are methods to detect the presence or amount of two or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in a single assay.1. A method for determining an amount of one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in a biological sample by tandem mass spectrometry; the method comprising:
(i) adding one or more internal standards to the sample; (ii) purifying the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the one or more internal standards; (iii) derivatizing the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the one or more internal standards with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD); (iv) analyzing the amount of the derivatized one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites and the derivatized one or more internal standards in the sample by tandem mass spectrometry. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise a deuterated dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise at least one of d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise at least one of 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise at least one of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 and wherein the amount of the metabolites are determined in a single assay. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2 and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 411.35±0.5. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites comprise 1α,25(OH)2D3 and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 399.35±0.5. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 577.37. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 317.12. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more internal standards comprise 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 592.37. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 314.12. 15. The method of claim 1, said purifying comprises purification by solid phase extraction, affinity separation, immunoaffinity separation, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising an extraction or a precipitation step. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising chromatography. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the chromatography is liquid chromatography. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the chromatography is high performance liquid chromatography. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a C18 column. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the ions generated in mass spectrometry are detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising constructing a standard curve based on the precursor and fragment ions of the internal standard and determining the amount of the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in the biological sample using the standard curve. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample comprises serum or plasma. 24. A method for determining an amount of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in a biological sample by tandem mass spectrometry, the method comprising:
(i) adding d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 to the sample;
(ii) extracting the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 from the sample;
(iii) purifying the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3;
(iv) derivatizing the 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD);
(v) analyzing the amount of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2, 1α,25(OH)2D3, d6-1α,25(OH)2D2, and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 by tandem mass spectrometry; and
(vi) determining the amount of 1α,25(OH)2D2 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in the biological sample from step (v). 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 is 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and wherein d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 is 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 411.35±0.5 and a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a m/z of 399.35±0.5. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2 having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5 and one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3 having a m/z selected from the group consisting of 151.12±0.5 and 135.12±0.5. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the d6-1α,25(OH)2D2 comprises 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H and d3-1α,25(OH)2D3 comprises 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H, and wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 577.37 and a precursor ion of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a m/z of 592.37. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the analysis by tandem mass spectrometry comprises generating one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D2-[26,26,26,27,27,27]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 317.12 and one or more fragment ions of the derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3-[6,19,19′]-2H having a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of 314.12. 30. The method of claim 24, said purifying comprises purification by solid phase extraction, affinity separation, immunoaffinity separation, or a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein said extraction comprises a precipitation step. 32. The method of claim 24, further comprising chromatography. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the chromatography is liquid chromatography. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the chromatography is high performance liquid chromatography. 35. The method of claim 24, further comprising using a C18 column. 36. The method of claim 24, wherein the ions generated in mass spectrometry are detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). 37. The method of claim 24, further comprising constructing a standard curve based on the precursor and fragment ions of the internal standard and determining the amount of the one or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in the biological sample using the standard curve. 38. The method of claim 23, wherein the biological sample comprises serum or plasma. | 1,700 |
2,540 | 2,540 | 14,929,725 | 1,732 | A polymeric formulation for “green” building materials for replacement of end products commonly formed from a broad range of materials, such as concrete and mixes thereof, cement and mixes thereof, petrochemical based mixes and products thereof, rubber, plastic wood domestic and commercial shingles of all types including cedar wood and ceramic verities, flooring of all types including ceramic tiles, recreational vehicles for water use and sports such as boats, automobile components and bodies, electrical wire coatings, all types of pipes commonly used in the plumbing, gas and oil industries including the replacement of pipes traditionally formed from poly vinyl chloride formulations, bricks and all other forms of architectural structures to list but a few. A method by which a biopolymer can be generated using a process requiring no heat or any other form of energy using an ionized aqueous cure agent is sprayed over a molded gel. | 1. A bi-polymer formulation for use in making building material product, comprising:
a base composition including high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, a liter of water admixed to said base composition for form a gel and further including about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution surface applied to said gel to form a plastic substitute building material. 2. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 3. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 1% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 4. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 5. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 1% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, and wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 6. A bi-polymer formulation for use in making building material product, comprising:
a high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, silicon carbide in an amount from about 0.01 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, a liter of water admixed thereto for form a gel and further including about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution surface applied to said gel to form a concrete substitute building material. 7. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 8. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said silicon carbide is present in an amount of about 0.07% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 9. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 0.04% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 10. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 11. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said silicon carbide is present in an amount of about 0.07% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 0.04% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, and wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 12. A method of producing a said method comprising:
providing a base composition of a high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component; admixing a liter of water to said base composition to for form a gel; and applying about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution to a surface of said formed gel to substitute building material. 13. The method of claim 12, which further includes the step of providing silicon carbide in an amount from about 0.01 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component as part of said base composition. 14. The method of claim 12, which includes prior to said steps providing a mold and spray coating said mold with said calcium chloride solution and then performing said steps with first placing said base composition in said mold. | A polymeric formulation for “green” building materials for replacement of end products commonly formed from a broad range of materials, such as concrete and mixes thereof, cement and mixes thereof, petrochemical based mixes and products thereof, rubber, plastic wood domestic and commercial shingles of all types including cedar wood and ceramic verities, flooring of all types including ceramic tiles, recreational vehicles for water use and sports such as boats, automobile components and bodies, electrical wire coatings, all types of pipes commonly used in the plumbing, gas and oil industries including the replacement of pipes traditionally formed from poly vinyl chloride formulations, bricks and all other forms of architectural structures to list but a few. A method by which a biopolymer can be generated using a process requiring no heat or any other form of energy using an ionized aqueous cure agent is sprayed over a molded gel.1. A bi-polymer formulation for use in making building material product, comprising:
a base composition including high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, a liter of water admixed to said base composition for form a gel and further including about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution surface applied to said gel to form a plastic substitute building material. 2. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 3. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 1% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 4. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 5. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 1, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 1% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, and wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 6. A bi-polymer formulation for use in making building material product, comprising:
a high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, silicon carbide in an amount from about 0.01 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, a liter of water admixed thereto for form a gel and further including about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution surface applied to said gel to form a concrete substitute building material. 7. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 8. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said silicon carbide is present in an amount of about 0.07% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 9. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 0.04% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 10. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 11. The bi-polymer formulation of claim 6, wherein said high viscosity sodium alginate powder is present in an amount of about 1.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said silicon carbide is present in an amount of about 0.07% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, wherein said aluminum oxide is present in an amount of about 0.04% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, and wherein said amorphous fumed silica is present in an amount of about 2.5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component. 12. A method of producing a said method comprising:
providing a base composition of a high viscosity sodium alginate powder in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, aluminum oxide in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component, amorphous fumed silica in an amount from about 0.05 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component; admixing a liter of water to said base composition to for form a gel; and applying about a 15 to 25% by weight calcium chloride solution to a surface of said formed gel to substitute building material. 13. The method of claim 12, which further includes the step of providing silicon carbide in an amount from about 0.01 to 5% by weight based upon the total combined weight of said formulation component as part of said base composition. 14. The method of claim 12, which includes prior to said steps providing a mold and spray coating said mold with said calcium chloride solution and then performing said steps with first placing said base composition in said mold. | 1,700 |
2,541 | 2,541 | 13,923,823 | 1,747 | A method of making composite nanoscale particles comprising subjecting a starting material to laser energy so as to form a vapor and condensing the vapor so as to form the composite nanoscale particles, wherein said composite nanoscale particles comprise a first metal and/or a first metal oxide incorporated in nanoscale particles of an oxide of a second metal, the first metal being different than the second metal. The starting material can comprise first and second metals or compounds of the first and second metals. The composite nanoscale particles can be formed in a reaction chamber wherein a temperature gradient is provided. The atmosphere in the chamber can be an inert atmosphere comprising argon or a reactive atmosphere comprising oxygen. The composite nanoscale particles are useful for low-temperature and near-ambient temperature catalysis. The composite nanoscale particles can be incorporated in the tobacco cut filler, cigarette paper and/or cigarette filter material of a cigarette to catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. | 1. (canceled) 2. The cigarette component of claim 59, wherein at least some of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide is incorporated in the lattice structure of the oxide of the second metal. 3. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises the first and second metals or compounds of the first and second metals in the form of one or more targets. 4. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises a single target of the first metal and oxide of the second metal. 5. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises a first target of the first metal and/or first metal oxide and a second target of the second metal and/or oxide of the second metal. 6. The method according to claim 70, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 7. The method according to claim 70, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 8. The method according to claim 70, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 9. The method according to claim 70, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 10. The method according to claim 70, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 11. The method according to claim 70, wherein vaporization by the laser is provided by the second harmonic of a Nd—YAG laser at 532 nm with 15-100 mJ/pulse. 12. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vaporization and condensing are carried out in a reaction chamber. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 70, wherein a beam of the laser strikes the starting material such that the beam is moved relative to the starting material. 18. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at a pressure greater than about 10−3 Torr. 19. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at a pressure of between about 760 to 104 Torr. 20. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at about atmospheric pressure. 21. The method according to claim 70, wherein the condensing is achieved by maintaining a temperature gradient in a reaction chamber, the starting material being vaporized in the reaction chamber and the vapor condensing to form the composite nanoscale particles. 22. The method of claim 70, wherein the first metal and the oxide of the second metal condense in the gas phase to form the composite nanoscale particles. 23. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber containing a reactant gas selected from oxygen, water vapor, air or mixtures thereof. 24. The method according to claim 70, further comprising heating the composite nanoscale particles at a temperature of at least about 200° C. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. (canceled) 55. (canceled) 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. A component of a cigarette comprising composite nanoscale particles, wherein the component is selected from the group consisting of tobacco cut filler, cigarette paper and cigarette filter material. 59. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 60. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 61. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 62. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 63. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 64. A cigarette comprising a tobacco rod, cigarette paper and an optional filter, wherein at least one of the tobacco rod, cigarette paper and optional filter comprise composite nanoscale particles. 65. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 66. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 67. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 68. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 69. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 70. A method of oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide comprising contacting composite nanoscale particles with a gas containing carbon monoxide, the gas being selected from the group consisting of a vehicle exhaust emission, a gas used in a laser, a gas used in a fuel cell and ambient air undergoing air filtration, the composite nanoscale particles produced by subjecting a starting material to laser energy so as to form a vapor and condensing the vapor so as to form the composite nanoscale particles, wherein said composite nanoscale particles comprise a first metal and/or a first metal oxide incorporated in nanoscale particles of an oxide of a second metal, the first metal being different than the second metal. | A method of making composite nanoscale particles comprising subjecting a starting material to laser energy so as to form a vapor and condensing the vapor so as to form the composite nanoscale particles, wherein said composite nanoscale particles comprise a first metal and/or a first metal oxide incorporated in nanoscale particles of an oxide of a second metal, the first metal being different than the second metal. The starting material can comprise first and second metals or compounds of the first and second metals. The composite nanoscale particles can be formed in a reaction chamber wherein a temperature gradient is provided. The atmosphere in the chamber can be an inert atmosphere comprising argon or a reactive atmosphere comprising oxygen. The composite nanoscale particles are useful for low-temperature and near-ambient temperature catalysis. The composite nanoscale particles can be incorporated in the tobacco cut filler, cigarette paper and/or cigarette filter material of a cigarette to catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.1. (canceled) 2. The cigarette component of claim 59, wherein at least some of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide is incorporated in the lattice structure of the oxide of the second metal. 3. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises the first and second metals or compounds of the first and second metals in the form of one or more targets. 4. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises a single target of the first metal and oxide of the second metal. 5. The method according to claim 70, wherein the starting material comprises a first target of the first metal and/or first metal oxide and a second target of the second metal and/or oxide of the second metal. 6. The method according to claim 70, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 7. The method according to claim 70, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 8. The method according to claim 70, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 9. The method according to claim 70, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 10. The method according to claim 70, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 11. The method according to claim 70, wherein vaporization by the laser is provided by the second harmonic of a Nd—YAG laser at 532 nm with 15-100 mJ/pulse. 12. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vaporization and condensing are carried out in a reaction chamber. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 70, wherein a beam of the laser strikes the starting material such that the beam is moved relative to the starting material. 18. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at a pressure greater than about 10−3 Torr. 19. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at a pressure of between about 760 to 104 Torr. 20. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber maintained at about atmospheric pressure. 21. The method according to claim 70, wherein the condensing is achieved by maintaining a temperature gradient in a reaction chamber, the starting material being vaporized in the reaction chamber and the vapor condensing to form the composite nanoscale particles. 22. The method of claim 70, wherein the first metal and the oxide of the second metal condense in the gas phase to form the composite nanoscale particles. 23. The method according to claim 70, wherein the vapor is formed in a reaction chamber containing a reactant gas selected from oxygen, water vapor, air or mixtures thereof. 24. The method according to claim 70, further comprising heating the composite nanoscale particles at a temperature of at least about 200° C. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. (canceled) 55. (canceled) 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. A component of a cigarette comprising composite nanoscale particles, wherein the component is selected from the group consisting of tobacco cut filler, cigarette paper and cigarette filter material. 59. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 60. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 61. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 62. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 63. The cigarette component of claim 58, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 64. A cigarette comprising a tobacco rod, cigarette paper and an optional filter, wherein at least one of the tobacco rod, cigarette paper and optional filter comprise composite nanoscale particles. 65. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the composite nanoscale particles comprise from about 2 to 70% by weight of the first metal and/or the first metal oxide. 66. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the first and second metals are selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Sn, Ce, Pr, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. 67. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the first metal consists of copper and the oxide of the second metal consists of cerium oxide. 68. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the oxide of the second metal is at least partially a non-stoichiometric oxide of the second metal. 69. The cigarette of claim 64, wherein the composite nanoscale particles have an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 70. A method of oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide comprising contacting composite nanoscale particles with a gas containing carbon monoxide, the gas being selected from the group consisting of a vehicle exhaust emission, a gas used in a laser, a gas used in a fuel cell and ambient air undergoing air filtration, the composite nanoscale particles produced by subjecting a starting material to laser energy so as to form a vapor and condensing the vapor so as to form the composite nanoscale particles, wherein said composite nanoscale particles comprise a first metal and/or a first metal oxide incorporated in nanoscale particles of an oxide of a second metal, the first metal being different than the second metal. | 1,700 |
2,542 | 2,542 | 11,995,818 | 1,737 | A process for producing a resist composition that yields a resist composition in which the occurrence of defects has been suppressed, a filtering apparatus that can be used favorably within the production process, a resist composition applicator that is fitted with the filtering apparatus, and a resist composition in which the level of defects has been suppressed. This composition is obtained by passing a resist composition, which is obtained by dissolving a resin component that displays changed alkali solubility under the action of acid and an acid generator component that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent, through a filter equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane. | 1. A process for producing a resist composition, comprising a step (I) of passing a resist composition, which is obtained by dissolving a resin component (A) that displays changed alkali solubility under action of acid and an acid generator component (B) that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent (S), through a filter (f1) equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane. 2. A process for producing a resist composition according to claim 1, further comprising a step, which is conducted prior to and/or following said step (I), of passing said resist composition through a filter equipped with a nylon membrane and/or a filter equipped with a fluororesin membrane. 3. A filtering apparatus comprising a filtering unit (F1), which has a filter (f1) equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane and is provided within a flow path for a resist composition obtained by dissolving a resin component (A) that displays changed alkali solubility under action of acid and an acid generator component (B) that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent (S). 4. A filtering apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a filtering unit (F2), which is positioned upstream and/or downstream from said filtering unit (F1) and comprises a filter equipped with a nylon membrane and/or a filter equipped with a fluororesin membrane. 5. A resist composition applicator that is fitted with a filtering apparatus according to claim 3. 6. A resist composition obtained using a process for producing a resist pattern according to claim 1. | A process for producing a resist composition that yields a resist composition in which the occurrence of defects has been suppressed, a filtering apparatus that can be used favorably within the production process, a resist composition applicator that is fitted with the filtering apparatus, and a resist composition in which the level of defects has been suppressed. This composition is obtained by passing a resist composition, which is obtained by dissolving a resin component that displays changed alkali solubility under the action of acid and an acid generator component that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent, through a filter equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane.1. A process for producing a resist composition, comprising a step (I) of passing a resist composition, which is obtained by dissolving a resin component (A) that displays changed alkali solubility under action of acid and an acid generator component (B) that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent (S), through a filter (f1) equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane. 2. A process for producing a resist composition according to claim 1, further comprising a step, which is conducted prior to and/or following said step (I), of passing said resist composition through a filter equipped with a nylon membrane and/or a filter equipped with a fluororesin membrane. 3. A filtering apparatus comprising a filtering unit (F1), which has a filter (f1) equipped with a polyethylene hollow thread membrane and is provided within a flow path for a resist composition obtained by dissolving a resin component (A) that displays changed alkali solubility under action of acid and an acid generator component (B) that generates acid upon exposure in an organic solvent (S). 4. A filtering apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a filtering unit (F2), which is positioned upstream and/or downstream from said filtering unit (F1) and comprises a filter equipped with a nylon membrane and/or a filter equipped with a fluororesin membrane. 5. A resist composition applicator that is fitted with a filtering apparatus according to claim 3. 6. A resist composition obtained using a process for producing a resist pattern according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,543 | 2,543 | 12,345,466 | 1,789 | A structure for use in industrial fabrics such as paper machine clothing and engineered fabrics. The structure contains both axially elastomeric yarns and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load. | 1. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of substantially parallel cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of substantially parallel machine direction (MD) yarns; wherein any number of the yarns include an axially elastomeric material. 2. The fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the CD or the MD direction; a second layer of the parallel yarns on one side of the first layer, the second layer's yarns running in the CD or MD direction different from that of the first layer and comprising the elastomeric yarns; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn. 4. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The fabric of claim 6 wherein the yarns are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the second layer, the yarns comprising the elastomeric material; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 10. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 11. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The fabric as claimed in claim 11, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 13. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 14. The fabric of claim 13 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 15. The fabric of claim 13 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 16. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the fabric, wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 17. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the CD. 18. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 19. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; and a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling. 20. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is a base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside on a nonsheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled extrusions. 21. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of machine direction (MD) yarns; wherein any number of the MD yarns and CD yarns are interwoven to form a woven fabric; and wherein any number of the yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 22. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn. 23. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 24. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 25. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 26. The fabric as claimed in claim 25, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 27. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the fabric comprises a 2-8-shed pattern. 28. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric is incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group consisting of:
a flat woven fabric; an endless fabric; and an on-machine seamable fabric. 29. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 30. The fabric of claim 29 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric fabric there between. 31. The fabric of claim 29 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 32. The fabric of claim 22 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 33. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the CD. 34. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 35. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the fabric includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 36. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the CD; the MD yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 37. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 38. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 39. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; and a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling. 40. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric is a base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside on a nonsheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled extrusions. | A structure for use in industrial fabrics such as paper machine clothing and engineered fabrics. The structure contains both axially elastomeric yarns and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load.1. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of substantially parallel cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of substantially parallel machine direction (MD) yarns; wherein any number of the yarns include an axially elastomeric material. 2. The fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the CD or the MD direction; a second layer of the parallel yarns on one side of the first layer, the second layer's yarns running in the CD or MD direction different from that of the first layer and comprising the elastomeric yarns; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn. 4. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the yarns of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The fabric of claim 6 wherein the yarns are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the second layer, the yarns comprising the elastomeric material; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 10. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 11. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The fabric as claimed in claim 11, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 13. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 14. The fabric of claim 13 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric layer there between. 15. The fabric of claim 13 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 16. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the fabric, wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 17. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the CD. 18. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 19. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; and a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling. 20. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is a base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside on a nonsheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled extrusions. 21. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of machine direction (MD) yarns; wherein any number of the MD yarns and CD yarns are interwoven to form a woven fabric; and wherein any number of the yarns are comprised of an axially elastomeric material. 22. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn. 23. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn including the elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament, a wrapped yarn, a knitted yarn, a twisted yarn, a multicomponent yarn, and a braided yarn. 24. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, and Lycra®. 25. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 26. The fabric as claimed in claim 25, wherein the elastomeric yarn is selected from the group consisting of: round, non-round, square, rectangular, elliptical, and polygonal. 27. The fabric as claimed in claim 21, wherein the fabric comprises a 2-8-shed pattern. 28. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric is incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group consisting of:
a flat woven fabric; an endless fabric; and an on-machine seamable fabric. 29. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 30. The fabric of claim 29 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastomeric fabric there between. 31. The fabric of claim 29 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn weaving between the layers of laminate. 32. The fabric of claim 22 wherein the binder yarn and the elastomeric yarn are in the same direction. 33. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the direction of the elastomeric yarn and the binder yarn are the CD. 34. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the layer of elastomeric yarns is inside a double layer construction. 35. The fabric of claim 32 wherein the fabric includes
the elastomeric yarns composed of a coarser warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the elastomeric yarn. 36. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
the elastomeric yarns in the CD; the MD yarns over the elastomeric yarns; and wherein the binder yarns are smaller than the elastomeric yarns. 37. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of elastomeric yarns and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 38. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric comprises:
a single layer including the elastomeric yarn, and a functional yarn in the same direction and alternating with the elastomeric yarn, wherein the elastomeric yarn is larger than the functional yarn. 39. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; and a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling. 40. The fabric of claim 21 wherein the fabric is a base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside on a nonsheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled extrusions. | 1,700 |
2,544 | 2,544 | 12,479,258 | 1,789 | A structure for use as a compressible ultra-resilient pad is disclosed. The structure includes axially and radially elastic hollow members and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load. | 1. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of parallel longitudinal yarns; a plurality of parallel cross-direction yarns; a plurality of parallel hollow elastic members; wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction. 2. The pad as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the longitudinal or the cross-direction; a second layer of the parallel hollow elastic members on one side of the first layer, the second layer's hollow elastic members running in the longitudinal or cross-direction different from that of the first layer; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The pad of claim 2 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system, wherein the binder yarns binds the first, second, and third layer together. 4. The pad of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The pad of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The pad of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The pad of claim 6 wherein the hollow elastic members are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel hollow elastic members in the same direction as the second layer; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member of different materials, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 10. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 11. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The pad as claimed in claim 11, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 13. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 14. The pad as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 15. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 16. The pad of claim 15 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 17. The pad of claim 15 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers. 18. The pad of claim 3 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 19. The pad of claim 3 wherein the direction of the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are in the cross-direction. 20. The pad of claim 19 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members are inside a double layer construction. 21. The pad of claim 19 wherein the structure includes
the hollow elastic members are coarser (larger) than the binder yarns. 22. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of hollow elastic members and changes over to a two-layer binder; and four ends weaving under the layer of hollow elastic members and goes over to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 23. The pad of claim 1 wherein structure is either a final product or the structure can be a component of another structure. 24. The pad of claim 1 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 25. The pad of claims 1 and 24 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 26. The pad of claim 25 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 27. The pad of claims 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the hollow elastic members. 28. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of warp yarns; a plurality of shute yarns; a plurality of hollow elastic members; wherein any number of the shute yarns, warp yarns, and hollow elastic members are interwoven to form a woven structure; and wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction, and wherein the hollow elastic members are allowed to stretch and compress so that the pad compresses under a normal load and springs back after removal of the load. 29. The pad of claim 28, wherein the structure further comprises:
a binder yarn system. 30. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 31. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 32. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 33. The pad as claimed in claim 32, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 34. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 35. The pad as claimed in claim 34, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 36. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the structure comprises
a 2-8-shed pattern. 37. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 38. The pad of claim 37 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 39. The pad of claim 37 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of the laminate. 40. The pad of claim 29 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 41. The pad of claim 40 wherein the direction of the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are the warp, and alternated with each other. 42. The pad of claim 41 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 43. The pad of claim 29 wherein the structure includes
the hollow elastic members composed of a coarser (larger) warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the hollow elastic member. 44. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of hollow elastic members and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of hollow elastic members and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 45. The pad of claim 28 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 46. The pad of claims 28 and 45 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 47. The pad of claim 46 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 48. The pad of claim 28 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the hollow elastic members. | A structure for use as a compressible ultra-resilient pad is disclosed. The structure includes axially and radially elastic hollow members and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load.1. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of parallel longitudinal yarns; a plurality of parallel cross-direction yarns; a plurality of parallel hollow elastic members; wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction. 2. The pad as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the longitudinal or the cross-direction; a second layer of the parallel hollow elastic members on one side of the first layer, the second layer's hollow elastic members running in the longitudinal or cross-direction different from that of the first layer; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The pad of claim 2 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system, wherein the binder yarns binds the first, second, and third layer together. 4. The pad of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The pad of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The pad of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The pad of claim 6 wherein the hollow elastic members are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel hollow elastic members in the same direction as the second layer; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member of different materials, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 10. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 11. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The pad as claimed in claim 11, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 13. The pad as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 14. The pad as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 15. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 16. The pad of claim 15 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 17. The pad of claim 15 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers. 18. The pad of claim 3 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 19. The pad of claim 3 wherein the direction of the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are in the cross-direction. 20. The pad of claim 19 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members are inside a double layer construction. 21. The pad of claim 19 wherein the structure includes
the hollow elastic members are coarser (larger) than the binder yarns. 22. The pad of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of hollow elastic members and changes over to a two-layer binder; and four ends weaving under the layer of hollow elastic members and goes over to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 23. The pad of claim 1 wherein structure is either a final product or the structure can be a component of another structure. 24. The pad of claim 1 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 25. The pad of claims 1 and 24 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 26. The pad of claim 25 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 27. The pad of claims 2 and 8 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the hollow elastic members. 28. A compressible resilient pad, wherein the pad includes a structure comprising:
a plurality of warp yarns; a plurality of shute yarns; a plurality of hollow elastic members; wherein any number of the shute yarns, warp yarns, and hollow elastic members are interwoven to form a woven structure; and wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction, and wherein the hollow elastic members are allowed to stretch and compress so that the pad compresses under a normal load and springs back after removal of the load. 29. The pad of claim 28, wherein the structure further comprises:
a binder yarn system. 30. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 31. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 32. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from yarns having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 33. The pad as claimed in claim 32, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 34. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 35. The pad as claimed in claim 34, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 36. The pad as claimed in claim 28, wherein the structure comprises
a 2-8-shed pattern. 37. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
a laminated structure. 38. The pad of claim 37 wherein the structure comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 39. The pad of claim 37 wherein the structure comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of the laminate. 40. The pad of claim 29 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 41. The pad of claim 40 wherein the direction of the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are the warp, and alternated with each other. 42. The pad of claim 41 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 43. The pad of claim 29 wherein the structure includes
the hollow elastic members composed of a coarser (larger) warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the hollow elastic member. 44. The pad of claim 28 wherein the structure comprises:
four ends weaving above the layer of hollow elastic members and changes to a two-layer binder at every second repeat; and four ends weaving under the layer of hollow elastic members and changes to a two-layer binder every second repeat. 45. The pad of claim 28 wherein the pad is included in or is a product selected from the group of products including:
footwear; shoes; athletic shoes; boots; flooring; carpets; carpet pads; sports floors; automobile parts; composites; subfloors; gymnasium subfloors; sports arena subfloors; press pads; ballistic cloth; body armor; hurricane window protection; padding; sporting equipment padding; baseball catcher chest protectors; knee/elbow pads; hip pads; wall padding; shoe inserts and orthotics; heels/soles for athletic shoes; a cushioning layer for bedding, and vehicle seats. 46. The pad of claims 28 and 45 wherein the structure includes a material that allows a surface to be exchangeable. 47. The pad of claim 46 wherein the material is a hooked loop yarn. 48. The pad of claim 28 wherein the layers of the structure comprise:
a plurality of adjoining layers comprising the hollow elastic members. | 1,700 |
2,545 | 2,545 | 12,479,317 | 1,789 | A structure for use in industrial fabrics such as paper machine clothing and engineered fabrics is disclosed. The structure includes axially and radially elastic hollow members, and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load. | 1. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of substantially parallel cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of substantially parallel machine direction (MD) yarns; and a plurality of substantially parallel hollow elastic members in CD and/or MD; wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction. 2. The fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the CD or the MD direction; a second layer of the hollow elastic members on one side of the first layer, the second layer's hollow elastic members running in the CD or MD direction different from that of the first layer; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn system, wherein the binder yarns binds the first layer, second layer, and third layer together. 4. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The fabric of claim 6 wherein the hollow elastic members are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel hollow elastic members in the same direction as the second layer; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member of different materials, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 10. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 11. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The fabric as claimed in claim 11, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 13. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 14. The fabric as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 15. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 16. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 17. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of laminate. 18. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the fabric, wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 19. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are disposed in CD, and alternated with each other. 20. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 21. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing; a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling; and an industrial process belt such as a textile finishing belt. 22. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is a laminate base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside or a non-sheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled components. 23. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of machine direction (MD) yarns; a plurality of hollow elastic members; wherein any number of the MD yarns, CD yarns, and hollow elastic members are interwoven to form a woven fabric; and wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction, and wherein the hollow elastic members are allowed to stretch and compress so that the fabric compresses under a normal load and springs back after removal of the load. 24. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn system. 25. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 26. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 27. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 28. The fabric as claimed in claim 27, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 29. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 30. The fabric as claimed in claim 29, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 31. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the fabric comprises a 2-8-shed pattern. 32. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric is incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group consisting of:
a flat woven fabric; an endless fabric; and an on-machine seamable fabric. 33. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 34. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member fabric there between. 35. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of laminate. 36. The fabric of claim 24 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 37. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are in CD, and alternated with each other. 38. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 39. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the fabric includes
the hollow elastic members composed of a coarser (larger) warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the hollow elastic member. 40. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing; a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling; and an industrial process belt such as a textile finishing belt. 41. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric is a laminate base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside or a non-sheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled components. | A structure for use in industrial fabrics such as paper machine clothing and engineered fabrics is disclosed. The structure includes axially and radially elastic hollow members, and relatively inelastic yarns in various patterns. The structure has a high degree of both compressibility under an applied normal load and excellent recovery (resiliency or spring back) upon removal of that load.1. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of substantially parallel cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of substantially parallel machine direction (MD) yarns; and a plurality of substantially parallel hollow elastic members in CD and/or MD; wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction. 2. The fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a first layer of the parallel yarns running in either the CD or the MD direction; a second layer of the hollow elastic members on one side of the first layer, the second layer's hollow elastic members running in the CD or MD direction different from that of the first layer; and a third layer of the parallel yarns on the opposite of the second layer as the first layer and running in the same direction as those of the first layer, wherein the parallel yarns of the third layer are aligned such that they nest between the spaces created between the parallel yarns of the first layer. 3. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn system, wherein the binder yarns binds the first layer, second layer, and third layer together. 4. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the number of yarns in the third layer is less than the number of yarns in the first layer. 5. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are orthogonal to those of the first and third layers. 6. The fabric of claim 2 wherein the hollow elastic members of the second layer are at an angle of less than 90 degrees of the first and third layer. 7. The fabric of claim 6 wherein the hollow elastic members are at an angle of 45 degrees. 8. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a fourth layer of parallel hollow elastic members in the same direction as the second layer; and a fifth layer of parallel yarns in the same direction as the first layer, wherein the yarns of the fifth layer are aligned in the same vertical plane in a through thickness direction as that of the first layer. 9. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member of different materials, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 10. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 11. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 12. The fabric as claimed in claim 11, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 13. The fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 14. The fabric as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 15. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 16. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member layer there between. 17. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of laminate. 18. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the fabric, wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 19. The fabric of claim 3 wherein the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are disposed in CD, and alternated with each other. 20. The fabric of claim 15 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 21. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing; a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling; and an industrial process belt such as a textile finishing belt. 22. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric is a laminate base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside or a non-sheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled components. 23. A compressible resilient industrial fabric, wherein the fabric comprises:
a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) yarns; a plurality of machine direction (MD) yarns; a plurality of hollow elastic members; wherein any number of the MD yarns, CD yarns, and hollow elastic members are interwoven to form a woven fabric; and wherein the hollow elastic members are elastic in their thickness or radial direction and length or axial direction, and wherein the hollow elastic members are allowed to stretch and compress so that the fabric compresses under a normal load and springs back after removal of the load. 24. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric further comprises:
a binder yarn system. 25. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a monofilament, a multifilament, a plied monofilament or multifilament, a wrapped member, a knitted member, a twisted member, a multicomponent member, and a braided member. 26. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: a polyurethane, a rubber, Lycra®, and Estane®. 27. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from members having a cross-section of differing geometric configurations. 28. The fabric as claimed in claim 27, wherein the hollow elastic member is selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, trapezoidal and lobate. 29. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the hollow elastic member has one or more holes running along a length or axial direction thereof. 30. The fabric as claimed in claim 29, wherein the one or more holes are selected from the group consisting of: circular, non-circular, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, polygonal, and lobate. 31. The fabric as claimed in claim 23, wherein the fabric comprises a 2-8-shed pattern. 32. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric is incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group consisting of:
a flat woven fabric; an endless fabric; and an on-machine seamable fabric. 33. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric comprises:
a laminated structure. 34. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
two woven layers with an elastic hollow member fabric there between. 35. The fabric of claim 33 wherein the fabric comprises:
a binder yarn system weaving between the layers of laminate. 36. The fabric of claim 24 wherein the binder yarn and the hollow elastic member are in the same direction. 37. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the hollow elastic member and the binder yarn are in CD, and alternated with each other. 38. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the layer of hollow elastic members is inside a double layer construction. 39. The fabric of claim 36 wherein the fabric includes
the hollow elastic members composed of a coarser (larger) warp; and the binder yarn composed of a warp smaller than that of the hollow elastic member. 40. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric incorporated or formed into a fabric selected from the group of fabrics including:
paper machine clothing; a forming fabric; a press fabric; a dryer fabric; a through air dryer fabric; a shoe press belt base; a calendar belt base; an engineered fabric base; a transfer belt base; a belt used in the production of nonwovens by processes such as airlaid, melt blowing, spunbonding, and hydroentangling; and an industrial process belt such as a textile finishing belt. 41. The fabric of claim 23 wherein the fabric is a laminate base for a dryer fabric, whereby the dryer fabric further includes:
a backside or a non-sheet contact side of the fabric, the backside including angled components. | 1,700 |
2,546 | 2,546 | 15,461,783 | 1,736 | The invention relates to a process for producing a component having improved elongation at break properties, in which a component is firstly produced, preferably in a hot forming or press curing process, and the component is heat treated after hot forming and/or press curing, where the heat treatment temperature T and the heat treatment time t essentially satisfy the numerical relationship T≧900· t −0.087 , where the heat treatment temperature T is in ° C. and the heat treatment time t is in seconds. The invention also relates to a component, in particular an automobile body component or the chassis of a motor vehicle, which has been produced by such a process. The invention further relates to the use of such a component as part of an automobile body or a chassis of a motor vehicle. | 1. Method for manufacturing a component for a body part or a chassis of a motor vehicle with improved elongation at break properties, in which a component is first produced by one of a hot forming and press curing process, and in which the component is tempered after the one of hot forming and press curing processes characterised in that a tempering temperature T and a tempering time t substantially satisfy the numerical relationship T≧900·t −0.087, wherein the tempering temperature T is expressed in ° C. and the tempering time t in seconds and wherein the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and lower than AC1 temperature. 2. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the tempering time at a tempering temperature of approximately 500° C. is at least 20 minutes, at a tempering temperature of approximately 550° C. at least 5 minutes, and at a tempering temperature of approximately 600° C. at least 3 minutes. 3. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 4. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component substantially consists of a manganese-boron steel. 5. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component is coated or uncoated. 6. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that prior to tempering, the component is coated with an inorganic, an organic and/or an inorganic-organic coating. 7. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component is coated with a corrosion protection coating. 8. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that prior to tempering, the component is coated electrolytically and/or by hot-dip processing. 9. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature T is lower than 700° C. 10. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 11. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 12. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 13. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 14. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 15. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 16. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 17. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 18. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the component substantially consists of a manganese-boron tempering steel. 19. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the component substantially consists of 22MnB5 tempering steel. | The invention relates to a process for producing a component having improved elongation at break properties, in which a component is firstly produced, preferably in a hot forming or press curing process, and the component is heat treated after hot forming and/or press curing, where the heat treatment temperature T and the heat treatment time t essentially satisfy the numerical relationship T≧900· t −0.087 , where the heat treatment temperature T is in ° C. and the heat treatment time t is in seconds. The invention also relates to a component, in particular an automobile body component or the chassis of a motor vehicle, which has been produced by such a process. The invention further relates to the use of such a component as part of an automobile body or a chassis of a motor vehicle.1. Method for manufacturing a component for a body part or a chassis of a motor vehicle with improved elongation at break properties, in which a component is first produced by one of a hot forming and press curing process, and in which the component is tempered after the one of hot forming and press curing processes characterised in that a tempering temperature T and a tempering time t substantially satisfy the numerical relationship T≧900·t −0.087, wherein the tempering temperature T is expressed in ° C. and the tempering time t in seconds and wherein the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and lower than AC1 temperature. 2. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the tempering time at a tempering temperature of approximately 500° C. is at least 20 minutes, at a tempering temperature of approximately 550° C. at least 5 minutes, and at a tempering temperature of approximately 600° C. at least 3 minutes. 3. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 4. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component substantially consists of a manganese-boron steel. 5. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component is coated or uncoated. 6. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that prior to tempering, the component is coated with an inorganic, an organic and/or an inorganic-organic coating. 7. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that the component is coated with a corrosion protection coating. 8. Method according to claim 1,
characterised in that prior to tempering, the component is coated electrolytically and/or by hot-dip processing. 9. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature T is lower than 700° C. 10. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 11. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 500° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 12. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 13. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 14. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 550° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 15. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 15%. 16. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 20%. 17. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the tempering temperature is at least 600° C. and the tempering time is selected to be high enough that the elongation at break value A80 of the component is increased by approximately 25%. 18. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the component substantially consists of a manganese-boron tempering steel. 19. Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the component substantially consists of 22MnB5 tempering steel. | 1,700 |
2,547 | 2,547 | 12,914,215 | 1,725 | A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes a layer of a mixture containing graphite powder and an organic binder on a current collector, wherein a diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of a mixture is 500 or less. A lithium secondary battery includes the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a positive electrode that includes a lithium compound. This results in less deterioration in the rapid charge and discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristics when the density of the negative electrode is made higher, thereby providing a high capacity lithium secondary battery having the improved energy density per unit volume of the secondary battery. | 1. A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising:
a layer of a mixture containing graphite powder that has an average particle diameter in a range of 1 to 100 μm, a crystallite size Lc (002) in a C-axis direction of a crystal of at least 500 Å, a specific surface area of at most 8 m2/g, and an aspect ratio of at most 5, and an organic binder on a current collector, wherein a diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is at most 500. 2. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein density of the layer of the mixture containing graphite powder and the organic binder is in a range of 1.5 to 1.95 g/cm3. 3. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a powder shape of the graphite powder is mechanically modified. 4. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 500. 5. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 300. 6. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 50 to 200. 7. A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1; and a positive electrode containing a lithium compound. 8. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the lithium compound contains at least Ni. 9. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 500. 10. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 300. 11. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 50 to 200. | A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes a layer of a mixture containing graphite powder and an organic binder on a current collector, wherein a diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of a mixture is 500 or less. A lithium secondary battery includes the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a positive electrode that includes a lithium compound. This results in less deterioration in the rapid charge and discharge characteristics and the cycle characteristics when the density of the negative electrode is made higher, thereby providing a high capacity lithium secondary battery having the improved energy density per unit volume of the secondary battery.1. A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising:
a layer of a mixture containing graphite powder that has an average particle diameter in a range of 1 to 100 μm, a crystallite size Lc (002) in a C-axis direction of a crystal of at least 500 Å, a specific surface area of at most 8 m2/g, and an aspect ratio of at most 5, and an organic binder on a current collector, wherein a diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is at most 500. 2. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein density of the layer of the mixture containing graphite powder and the organic binder is in a range of 1.5 to 1.95 g/cm3. 3. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a powder shape of the graphite powder is mechanically modified. 4. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 500. 5. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 300. 6. The negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 50 to 200. 7. A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1; and a positive electrode containing a lithium compound. 8. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the lithium compound contains at least Ni. 9. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 500. 10. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 10 to 300. 11. The lithium secondary battery of claim 7, wherein the diffraction intensity ratio (002)/(110) measured by X-ray diffractometry of the layer of the mixture is in a range of 50 to 200. | 1,700 |
2,548 | 2,548 | 14,272,576 | 1,792 | Packages for housing products and methods of using same are provided. The packages may be used to store consumable products and may be customized, contemporary packages that provide easy handling of the packages and increased purchase interest and marketability amongst consumers. In a general embodiment, the packages of the present disclosure include a body defining an interior for housing a consumable product. The body includes a bottom surface having a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is opposed to the front surface and is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis. | 1. A flexible package comprising:
a body defining an interior configured to house a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, a back surface that is opposed to the front surface and is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis, and a top surface having an outlet; wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide improved stackability. 2. The package according to claim 1, further comprising a lid that is so constructed and arranged to close the outlet. 3. The package according to claim 1, wherein the top surface is angled away from the vertical axis. 4. The package according to claim 3, wherein the top surface is angled at an angle ranging from about 5° to about 45°. 5. The package according to claim 1, wherein the flexible package is sized and shaped for a child's grasp. 6. The package according to claim 1, wherein the body further comprises an indicia, said indicia is placed on the body by a method selected from the group consisting of embossing, debossing, printing, engraving, a sticker, and combinations thereof. 7. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide efficient nesting with at least one similarly constructed package. 8. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide efficient storage of the package. 9. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide improved aesthetics during display of the package. 10. The package according to claim 1, wherein the interior comprises a channel that is fluidly connected to the outlet, the channel is so constructed and arranged to aid in emptying a product from the body. 11. The package according to claim 1, further comprising at least one consumable product. 12. A method for providing a consumable product to a child, the method comprising:
providing a flexible package comprising a body defining an interior housing a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis; and instructing the child to consume the product housed in the package. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the package is selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 11. 14. A method for storing consumable products, the method comprising:
providing at least two flexible packages, each flexible packaging comprising a body defining an interior housing a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis; and placing the at least two flexible packages in a storage container. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the package is selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 11. 16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising placing the at least two flexible packages in a container that is so constructed and arranged for shipment of the at least two flexible packages. 17. The method according to claim 14, further comprising placing the at least two flexible packages adjacent to one another such that the at least two flexible packages nest with one another. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein an at least second container is substantially identical to a first container with respect to its shape and size, and is located adjacent to the first container, wherein a sleeve surrounds at least a portion of the first and at least a portion of the second containers. 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein an at least second container is substantially identical to a first container with respect to its shape and size, and is located adjacent to the first container, wherein a sleeve surrounds at least a portion of the first and at least a portion of all adjacent containers. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the sleeve is made of a material selected from the group consisting of shrink-wrap, plastic, cardboard, card stock, paper, and combinations thereof. | Packages for housing products and methods of using same are provided. The packages may be used to store consumable products and may be customized, contemporary packages that provide easy handling of the packages and increased purchase interest and marketability amongst consumers. In a general embodiment, the packages of the present disclosure include a body defining an interior for housing a consumable product. The body includes a bottom surface having a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is opposed to the front surface and is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis.1. A flexible package comprising:
a body defining an interior configured to house a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, a back surface that is opposed to the front surface and is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis, and a top surface having an outlet; wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide improved stackability. 2. The package according to claim 1, further comprising a lid that is so constructed and arranged to close the outlet. 3. The package according to claim 1, wherein the top surface is angled away from the vertical axis. 4. The package according to claim 3, wherein the top surface is angled at an angle ranging from about 5° to about 45°. 5. The package according to claim 1, wherein the flexible package is sized and shaped for a child's grasp. 6. The package according to claim 1, wherein the body further comprises an indicia, said indicia is placed on the body by a method selected from the group consisting of embossing, debossing, printing, engraving, a sticker, and combinations thereof. 7. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide efficient nesting with at least one similarly constructed package. 8. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide efficient storage of the package. 9. The package according to claim 1, wherein the package is so constructed and arranged to provide improved aesthetics during display of the package. 10. The package according to claim 1, wherein the interior comprises a channel that is fluidly connected to the outlet, the channel is so constructed and arranged to aid in emptying a product from the body. 11. The package according to claim 1, further comprising at least one consumable product. 12. A method for providing a consumable product to a child, the method comprising:
providing a flexible package comprising a body defining an interior housing a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis; and instructing the child to consume the product housed in the package. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the package is selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 11. 14. A method for storing consumable products, the method comprising:
providing at least two flexible packages, each flexible packaging comprising a body defining an interior housing a consumable product, the body comprising a bottom surface comprising a centrally-located, vertical axis that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface, a front surface that is substantially convex with respect to the vertical axis, and a back surface that is substantially concave with respect to the vertical axis; and placing the at least two flexible packages in a storage container. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the package is selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 11. 16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising placing the at least two flexible packages in a container that is so constructed and arranged for shipment of the at least two flexible packages. 17. The method according to claim 14, further comprising placing the at least two flexible packages adjacent to one another such that the at least two flexible packages nest with one another. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein an at least second container is substantially identical to a first container with respect to its shape and size, and is located adjacent to the first container, wherein a sleeve surrounds at least a portion of the first and at least a portion of the second containers. 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein an at least second container is substantially identical to a first container with respect to its shape and size, and is located adjacent to the first container, wherein a sleeve surrounds at least a portion of the first and at least a portion of all adjacent containers. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the sleeve is made of a material selected from the group consisting of shrink-wrap, plastic, cardboard, card stock, paper, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
2,549 | 2,549 | 14,786,199 | 1,729 | A battery includes a housing, at least one individual cell arranged in the housing and including at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode, a positive pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one positive electrode and/or a negative pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one negative electrode, at least one electrical switch which can be pneumatically operated and changes its switching state in the event of an increase in pressure within the housing beyond a threshold value and thereby interrupts the electrical connection between at least one of the pole studs and an associated at least one electrode, and a resetting device with which an electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state can be re-established without the housing having to be opened. | 1-12. (canceled) 13. A battery comprising:
a housing; at least one individual cell arranged in the housing and comprising at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode; a positive pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one positive electrode and/or a negative pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one negative electrode; at least one electrical switch which can be pneumatically operated and changes its switching state in the event of an increase in pressure within the housing beyond a threshold value and thereby interrupts the electrical connection between at least one of the pole studs and an associated at least one electrode; and a resetting device with which an electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state can be re-established without the housing having to be opened. 14. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the at least one switch comprises two electrical contact elements physically separated from one another and an electrically conductive bistable connecting element which, in a first state, connects the two contact elements and, due to an increase in pressure, can be moved to a second state in which the contact to at least one of the contact elements is interrupted. 15. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the connecting element is a gas-impermeable diaphragm. 16. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the pole stud has a hollow space partially delimited by the diaphragm. 17. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 18. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 19. The battery as claimed in claim 17, wherein the resetting device comprises a pin mounted in the bore and by which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state. 20. The battery as claimed in claim 13, further comprising an indicator that indicates the electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state. 21. The battery as claimed in claim 20, wherein the pin with which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state via the bore functions as an indicator or controls an indicator. 22. A pole stud for the battery as claimed in claim 13, comprising:
a head with two opposite flat sides and a hollow space; a shaft extending out of one of the flat sides and having a free shaft end; a gas-impermeable diaphragm which delimits the hollow space; and a passage bore through the shaft, which passage bore extends into the hollow space. 23. The pole stud as claimed in claim 22, further comprising a pin mounted in the bore and which sits directly on the diaphragm. 24. The pole stud as claimed in claim 22, further comprising a thread on the outside of the shaft. 25. The pole stud as claimed in claim 23, further comprising a thread on the outside of the shaft. 26. The battery as claimed in claim 18, wherein the resetting device comprises a pin mounted in the bore and by which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state. 27. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 28. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 29. The battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 30. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 31. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 32. The battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. | A battery includes a housing, at least one individual cell arranged in the housing and including at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode, a positive pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one positive electrode and/or a negative pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one negative electrode, at least one electrical switch which can be pneumatically operated and changes its switching state in the event of an increase in pressure within the housing beyond a threshold value and thereby interrupts the electrical connection between at least one of the pole studs and an associated at least one electrode, and a resetting device with which an electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state can be re-established without the housing having to be opened.1-12. (canceled) 13. A battery comprising:
a housing; at least one individual cell arranged in the housing and comprising at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode; a positive pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one positive electrode and/or a negative pole stud passed through the housing and electrically connected to the at least one negative electrode; at least one electrical switch which can be pneumatically operated and changes its switching state in the event of an increase in pressure within the housing beyond a threshold value and thereby interrupts the electrical connection between at least one of the pole studs and an associated at least one electrode; and a resetting device with which an electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state can be re-established without the housing having to be opened. 14. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the at least one switch comprises two electrical contact elements physically separated from one another and an electrically conductive bistable connecting element which, in a first state, connects the two contact elements and, due to an increase in pressure, can be moved to a second state in which the contact to at least one of the contact elements is interrupted. 15. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the connecting element is a gas-impermeable diaphragm. 16. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the pole stud has a hollow space partially delimited by the diaphragm. 17. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 18. The battery as claimed in claim 13, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 19. The battery as claimed in claim 17, wherein the resetting device comprises a pin mounted in the bore and by which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state. 20. The battery as claimed in claim 13, further comprising an indicator that indicates the electrical connection which is interrupted as a result of a change in the switching state. 21. The battery as claimed in claim 20, wherein the pin with which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state via the bore functions as an indicator or controls an indicator. 22. A pole stud for the battery as claimed in claim 13, comprising:
a head with two opposite flat sides and a hollow space; a shaft extending out of one of the flat sides and having a free shaft end; a gas-impermeable diaphragm which delimits the hollow space; and a passage bore through the shaft, which passage bore extends into the hollow space. 23. The pole stud as claimed in claim 22, further comprising a pin mounted in the bore and which sits directly on the diaphragm. 24. The pole stud as claimed in claim 22, further comprising a thread on the outside of the shaft. 25. The pole stud as claimed in claim 23, further comprising a thread on the outside of the shaft. 26. The battery as claimed in claim 18, wherein the resetting device comprises a pin mounted in the bore and by which the connecting element can be moved from the second state to the first state. 27. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 28. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 29. The battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein the pole stud has a bore as part of the resetting device, said bore connecting the hollow space and the diaphragm outside of the housing. 30. The battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 31. The battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. 32. The battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein the resetting device is a fluid-operated resetting device or a mechanical resetting device. | 1,700 |
2,550 | 2,550 | 14,212,665 | 1,716 | Embodiments of substrate handling systems capable of heating and/or cooling batches of substrates being transferred into and out of various substrate processing chambers are provided. Methods of substrate handling are also provided, as are numerous other aspects. | 1. A substrate handling system, comprising:
a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of a substrate processing chamber; a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot; and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel. 2. The substrate handling system of claim 1 further including a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 3. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the carousel includes a plurality of substrate supports and wherein the temperature control system is disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 4. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the carousel includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 5. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the temperature control system includes a radiant heater disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 6. The substrate handling system of claim 1 further including a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system and providing a load lock function within the chamber. 7. The substrate handling system of claim 6 wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. 8. A method of transferring substrates in a substrate process, comprising:
providing a substrate handling system including a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of a substrate processing chamber, a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot, and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel; loading substrates onto the carousel; heating the substrates on the carousel; and loading the heated substrates into the processing chamber. 9. The method of claim 8 further including providing a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing a carousel that includes a plurality of substrate supports and disposing the temperature control system proximate to at least one substrate support and the processing chamber. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing a carousel that includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing the temperature control system having a radiant heater disposed proximate to a substrate support on the carousel and the processing chamber. 13. The method of claim 8 further including providing a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system and performing a load lock function within the chamber. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. 15. A substrate processing system, comprising:
a processing chamber; a substrate handing system coupled to the processing chamber and including a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of the substrate processing chamber, a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot, and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel; and a factory interface disposed to deliver substrates to the substrate handing system and to receive substrates from the substrate handing system. 16. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the substrate handling system further includes a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 17. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the carousel in the substrate handling system includes a plurality of substrate supports and wherein the temperature control system is disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 18. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the carousel in the substrate handling system includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 19. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the temperature control system in the substrate handling system includes a radiant heater disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 20. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the substrate handling system further includes a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system configured to provide a load lock function within the chamber, and wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. | Embodiments of substrate handling systems capable of heating and/or cooling batches of substrates being transferred into and out of various substrate processing chambers are provided. Methods of substrate handling are also provided, as are numerous other aspects.1. A substrate handling system, comprising:
a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of a substrate processing chamber; a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot; and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel. 2. The substrate handling system of claim 1 further including a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 3. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the carousel includes a plurality of substrate supports and wherein the temperature control system is disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 4. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the carousel includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 5. The substrate handling system of claim 1 wherein the temperature control system includes a radiant heater disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 6. The substrate handling system of claim 1 further including a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system and providing a load lock function within the chamber. 7. The substrate handling system of claim 6 wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. 8. A method of transferring substrates in a substrate process, comprising:
providing a substrate handling system including a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of a substrate processing chamber, a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot, and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel; loading substrates onto the carousel; heating the substrates on the carousel; and loading the heated substrates into the processing chamber. 9. The method of claim 8 further including providing a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing a carousel that includes a plurality of substrate supports and disposing the temperature control system proximate to at least one substrate support and the processing chamber. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing a carousel that includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the substrate handing system includes providing the temperature control system having a radiant heater disposed proximate to a substrate support on the carousel and the processing chamber. 13. The method of claim 8 further including providing a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system and performing a load lock function within the chamber. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. 15. A substrate processing system, comprising:
a processing chamber; a substrate handing system coupled to the processing chamber and including a robot configured to transfer a plurality of substrates into or out of the substrate processing chamber, a carousel configured to position the substrates for transfer by the robot, and a temperature control system configured to heat or cool substrates on the carousel; and a factory interface disposed to deliver substrates to the substrate handing system and to receive substrates from the substrate handing system. 16. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the substrate handling system further includes a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system. 17. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the carousel in the substrate handling system includes a plurality of substrate supports and wherein the temperature control system is disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 18. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the carousel in the substrate handling system includes a cooling plate configured to draw heat from the substrates. 19. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the temperature control system in the substrate handling system includes a radiant heater disposed proximate to at least one substrate support and a processing chamber. 20. The substrate processing system of claim 15 wherein the substrate handling system further includes a chamber enclosing the substrate handling system configured to provide a load lock function within the chamber, and wherein the chamber is configured to minimize an internal volume of the chamber. | 1,700 |
2,551 | 2,551 | 14,522,746 | 1,789 | A ceramic component includes a porous structure that has fibers and a coating on the fibers. A ceramic material is within pores of the porous structure. A glass or glass/ceramic material is within pores of the porous structure, and one of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material is within internal residual porosity of the other of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material. | 1. A ceramic component comprising:
a porous structure including fibers and a coating on the fibers; a ceramic material within pores of the porous structure; and a glass or glass/ceramic material within pores of the porous structure, wherein one of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material is within internal residual porosity of the other of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material. 2. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, and combinations thereof. 3. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating includes one or more layers of carbon, boron nitride, boron carbide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and aluminosilicate. 4. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating is a monolayer coating. 5. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating is a multilayer coating. 6. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, including the glass material, and the glass material is a silicate-based glass that includes at least one of boron, barium, magnesium, lithium, and aluminum. 7. The ceramic material as recited in claim 6, wherein the glass material includes a silicon-containing filler. 8. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic material is selected from a group consisting of silicon carbide, silicon carbonitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxycarbide, alumina, and combinations thereof. 9. The ceramic component as recited in claim 8, wherein the ceramic material includes a filler selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, boron carbide, refractory materials, boron nitride, silicon nitride, diamond and combinations thereof. 10. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, wherein the pores are interconnected. 11. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, having a final composition, by volume percentage, of:
20-70 of the porous structure, 1-12 of the coating on the fibers, 1-75 of the ceramic material, and a balance of the glass or glass/ceramic material and residual void volume, wherein the residual void volume is less than 5 volume percent. 12. The ceramic component as recited in claim 11, having a final composition, by volume percentage, of:
30-50 of the porous structure, 2-5 of the coating on the fibers, 25-65 of the ceramic material, and a balance of the glass or glass/ceramic material and the residual void volume | A ceramic component includes a porous structure that has fibers and a coating on the fibers. A ceramic material is within pores of the porous structure. A glass or glass/ceramic material is within pores of the porous structure, and one of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material is within internal residual porosity of the other of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material.1. A ceramic component comprising:
a porous structure including fibers and a coating on the fibers; a ceramic material within pores of the porous structure; and a glass or glass/ceramic material within pores of the porous structure, wherein one of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material is within internal residual porosity of the other of the ceramic material or the glass or glass/ceramic material. 2. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the fibers are selected from a group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, and combinations thereof. 3. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating includes one or more layers of carbon, boron nitride, boron carbide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and aluminosilicate. 4. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating is a monolayer coating. 5. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating is a multilayer coating. 6. The ceramic material as recited in claim 1, including the glass material, and the glass material is a silicate-based glass that includes at least one of boron, barium, magnesium, lithium, and aluminum. 7. The ceramic material as recited in claim 6, wherein the glass material includes a silicon-containing filler. 8. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic material is selected from a group consisting of silicon carbide, silicon carbonitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxycarbide, alumina, and combinations thereof. 9. The ceramic component as recited in claim 8, wherein the ceramic material includes a filler selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, boron carbide, refractory materials, boron nitride, silicon nitride, diamond and combinations thereof. 10. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, wherein the pores are interconnected. 11. The ceramic component as recited in claim 1, having a final composition, by volume percentage, of:
20-70 of the porous structure, 1-12 of the coating on the fibers, 1-75 of the ceramic material, and a balance of the glass or glass/ceramic material and residual void volume, wherein the residual void volume is less than 5 volume percent. 12. The ceramic component as recited in claim 11, having a final composition, by volume percentage, of:
30-50 of the porous structure, 2-5 of the coating on the fibers, 25-65 of the ceramic material, and a balance of the glass or glass/ceramic material and the residual void volume | 1,700 |
2,552 | 2,552 | 13,748,021 | 1,791 | A method of enhancing the aroma of an aroma composition, including the addition to the composition of an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. The addition enhances the “radiance” of aroma compositions, especially foodstuffs, resulting in a stronger aroma and the need for reduced quantities of additional aroma ingredients. | 1. A method of enhancing the aroma of an aroma composition, comprising the addition to the composition of an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which the 2,4-nonadiene is present in the composition in a concentration of from 1 ppb to 10 ppm, particularly between 100 ppb and 1 ppm. 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the aroma composition is a composition comprising fragrant materials. 4. A method according to claim 1, in which the aroma composition is a consumable composition. 5. An aroma-providing composition, comprising at least one aroma ingredient and an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. 6. An aroma composition, comprising an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. | A method of enhancing the aroma of an aroma composition, including the addition to the composition of an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. The addition enhances the “radiance” of aroma compositions, especially foodstuffs, resulting in a stronger aroma and the need for reduced quantities of additional aroma ingredients.1. A method of enhancing the aroma of an aroma composition, comprising the addition to the composition of an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which the 2,4-nonadiene is present in the composition in a concentration of from 1 ppb to 10 ppm, particularly between 100 ppb and 1 ppm. 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the aroma composition is a composition comprising fragrant materials. 4. A method according to claim 1, in which the aroma composition is a consumable composition. 5. An aroma-providing composition, comprising at least one aroma ingredient and an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. 6. An aroma composition, comprising an aroma-enhancing quantity of 2,4-nonadiene. | 1,700 |
2,553 | 2,553 | 13,799,559 | 1,734 | Gas generants comprising copper are provided that have improved slagging ability. In certain aspects, the gas generants include a fuel, an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate, and a large particle size endothermic slag-forming component, such as aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ). The gas generants may be cool burning, e.g., having a maximum flame temperature at combustion (T c )≦about 1,900K (1,627° C.). The disclosure also provides methods of enhancing slag formation for a gas generant composition that comprises copper. Such methods enhance slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 50%. | 1. A gas generant composition comprising:
a fuel; an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate; and an endothermic slag-forming component having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.). 2. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component has a decomposition temperature in a range of greater than or equal to about 180° C. to less than or equal to about 450° C. 3. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 4. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component is selected from the group consisting of: aluminum hydroxide, hydromagnesite, Dawsonite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate subhydrate, Bohemite, calcium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 5. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof. 6. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate is present at greater than or equal to about 30% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the gas generant composition. 7. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component has an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 200 μm. 8. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the oxidizer is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 75% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition; and greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 4% of one or more gas generant additives selected from the group consisting of: flow aids, press aids, metal oxides, and combinations thereof. 9. The gas generant composition of claim 8, further comprising a co-oxidizer comprising a perchlorate-based compound present at greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 10. A gas generant composition comprising:
a fuel; at least one oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate; and an endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.). 11. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) is greater than or equal to about 1,350K (1,077° C.) to less than or equal to about 1,450K (1,177° C.). 12. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 13. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof. 14. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide has an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 200 μm. 15. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the fuel is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the oxidizer is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 75% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition; and greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 4% of one or more gas generant additives selected from the group consisting of: flow aids, press aids, metal oxides, and combinations thereof. 16. The gas generant composition of claim 15, further comprising a co-oxidizer comprising a perchlorate-based compound present at greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 17. A method of enhancing slag formation for a gas generant composition, the method comprising:
introducing an endothermic slag-forming component having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm to a gas generant composition comprising a fuel and an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate, wherein the introducing of the endothermic slag-forming component enhances slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 50%. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.), the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof, and the endothermic slag-forming component is selected from the group consisting of: aluminum hydroxide, hydromagnesite, Dawsonite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate subhydrate, Bohemite, calcium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component enhancing slag formation comprises aluminum hydroxide and is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the introducing of the endothermic slag-forming component enhances slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 60%. | Gas generants comprising copper are provided that have improved slagging ability. In certain aspects, the gas generants include a fuel, an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate, and a large particle size endothermic slag-forming component, such as aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ). The gas generants may be cool burning, e.g., having a maximum flame temperature at combustion (T c )≦about 1,900K (1,627° C.). The disclosure also provides methods of enhancing slag formation for a gas generant composition that comprises copper. Such methods enhance slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 50%.1. A gas generant composition comprising:
a fuel; an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate; and an endothermic slag-forming component having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.). 2. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component has a decomposition temperature in a range of greater than or equal to about 180° C. to less than or equal to about 450° C. 3. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 4. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component is selected from the group consisting of: aluminum hydroxide, hydromagnesite, Dawsonite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate subhydrate, Bohemite, calcium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 5. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof. 6. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate is present at greater than or equal to about 30% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the gas generant composition. 7. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component has an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 200 μm. 8. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the oxidizer is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 75% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition; and greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 4% of one or more gas generant additives selected from the group consisting of: flow aids, press aids, metal oxides, and combinations thereof. 9. The gas generant composition of claim 8, further comprising a co-oxidizer comprising a perchlorate-based compound present at greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 10. A gas generant composition comprising:
a fuel; at least one oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate; and an endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.). 11. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) is greater than or equal to about 1,350K (1,077° C.) to less than or equal to about 1,450K (1,177° C.). 12. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 13. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof. 14. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component comprising aluminum hydroxide has an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 200 μm. 15. The gas generant composition of claim 10, wherein the fuel is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 70% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the oxidizer is present at greater than or equal to about 25% to less than or equal to about 75% by weight of the total gas generant composition; the endothermic slag-forming component is present at greater than or equal to about 5% to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition; and greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 4% of one or more gas generant additives selected from the group consisting of: flow aids, press aids, metal oxides, and combinations thereof. 16. The gas generant composition of claim 15, further comprising a co-oxidizer comprising a perchlorate-based compound present at greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 17. A method of enhancing slag formation for a gas generant composition, the method comprising:
introducing an endothermic slag-forming component having an average particle size diameter of greater than or equal to about 150 μm to a gas generant composition comprising a fuel and an oxidizer comprising basic copper nitrate, wherein the introducing of the endothermic slag-forming component enhances slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 50%. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the gas generant composition has a maximum flame temperature at combustion (Tc) of less than or equal to about 1,900K (1,627° C.), the fuel is selected from the group consisting of: guanidine nitrate, copper bis guanylurea dinitrate, hexamine cobalt (III) nitrate, copper diammine bitetrazole, and combinations thereof, and the endothermic slag-forming component is selected from the group consisting of: aluminum hydroxide, hydromagnesite, Dawsonite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate subhydrate, Bohemite, calcium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the endothermic slag-forming component enhancing slag formation comprises aluminum hydroxide and is present at greater than or equal to about 5% by weight to less than or equal to about 20% by weight of the total gas generant composition. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the introducing of the endothermic slag-forming component enhances slag formation during combustion of the gas generant composition by at least 60%. | 1,700 |
2,554 | 2,554 | 12,803,541 | 1,764 | Disclosed is an adhesive composition. The adhesive composition comprises a maleated polyolefin and an LLDPE. The LLDPE is made by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst which comprises a MgCl 2 support, a Ti(IV) complex, and an electron donor. The catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. Preferably, the Ti(IV) complex is TiCl 4 , and the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. Preferably, the adhesive comprises from 35 to 95 wt % of the LLDPE and 5 to 65 wt % of maleated polyolefin. | 1. An adhesive comprising a maleated polyolefin and a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) made by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst which is supported on MgCl2 and comprises a Ti(IV) complex and an electron donor; wherein the catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 2. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the Ti(IV) complex is TiCl4. 3. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 4. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 5. The adhesive of claim 4, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 6. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the LLDPE is a copolymer of ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin. 7. The adhesive of claim 6, wherein the α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and mixtures thereof. 8. The adhesive of claim 7, wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 9. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the LLDPE has a density within the range of 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm3 and a melt index (MI2) within the range of 0.1 to 10 dg/min. 10. The adhesive of claim 9, wherein the LLDPE has a density within the range of 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3 and MI2 within the range of 0.5 to 8 dg/min. 11. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the maleated polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polybutene, and mixtures thereof. 12. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the maleated polyolefin is a maleated high density polyethylene. 13. The adhesive of claim 12, further comprising an elastomer selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene-based elastomers, olefin elastomers, and mixtures thereof. 14. The adhesive of claim 13, comprising from 30 to 65 wt % of the LLDPE, 15 to 65 wt % of the elastomer, and 0.5 to 25 wt % of the maleated HDPE. 15. A multilayer article comprising a layer of the adhesive of claim 1. | Disclosed is an adhesive composition. The adhesive composition comprises a maleated polyolefin and an LLDPE. The LLDPE is made by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst which comprises a MgCl 2 support, a Ti(IV) complex, and an electron donor. The catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. Preferably, the Ti(IV) complex is TiCl 4 , and the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. Preferably, the adhesive comprises from 35 to 95 wt % of the LLDPE and 5 to 65 wt % of maleated polyolefin.1. An adhesive comprising a maleated polyolefin and a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) made by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst which is supported on MgCl2 and comprises a Ti(IV) complex and an electron donor; wherein the catalyst has an Mg/Ti molar ratio greater than or equal to 7. 2. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the Ti(IV) complex is TiCl4. 3. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the electron donor is tetrahydrofuran. 4. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 100. 5. The adhesive of claim 4, wherein the Mg/Ti molar ratio is within the range of 10 to 50. 6. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the LLDPE is a copolymer of ethylene with a C3-10 α-olefin. 7. The adhesive of claim 6, wherein the α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and mixtures thereof. 8. The adhesive of claim 7, wherein the α-olefin is 1-butene. 9. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the LLDPE has a density within the range of 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm3 and a melt index (MI2) within the range of 0.1 to 10 dg/min. 10. The adhesive of claim 9, wherein the LLDPE has a density within the range of 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3 and MI2 within the range of 0.5 to 8 dg/min. 11. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the maleated polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polybutene, and mixtures thereof. 12. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the maleated polyolefin is a maleated high density polyethylene. 13. The adhesive of claim 12, further comprising an elastomer selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene-based elastomers, olefin elastomers, and mixtures thereof. 14. The adhesive of claim 13, comprising from 30 to 65 wt % of the LLDPE, 15 to 65 wt % of the elastomer, and 0.5 to 25 wt % of the maleated HDPE. 15. A multilayer article comprising a layer of the adhesive of claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,555 | 2,555 | 13,819,689 | 1,729 | A lithium-ion battery cell includes a cell housing having a base area on which the battery cell is positioned, at least one side face, and two terminals. A first terminal is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell, and a second terminal is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell. The terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. A battery cell module includes a plurality of the battery cells. A terminal of a first battery cell makes contact with a terminal of a second battery cell. The disclosure describes a method for producing the battery cell module, in which at least one first and one second battery cell are provided, positioned next to one another, and at least one terminal of the first battery cell is electrically conductively connected to a terminal of the second battery cell. | 1. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing including (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. 2. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two terminals are arranged on side faces of the cell housing, which are situated opposite one another. 3. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein a side face of the cell housing is configured as a terminal. 4. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
at least one elastically deformable element configured to realize an elastically displaceable position of a contact area of a terminal of the two terminals. 5. The battery cell as claimed in claim 4, wherein the elastically deformable element is configured as a terminal of the two terminals. 6. The battery cell as claimed in claim 4, wherein the elastically deformable element is configured as (i) a side face of the cell housing on which a terminal of the two terminals is fixedly arranged, or (ii) a terminal of the two terminals. 7. A battery cell module comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells, each battery cell of the plurality of battery cells including a cell housing having (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing, wherein a terminal of the two terminals of a first battery cell of the plurality of battery cells makes contact with a terminal of the two terminals of a second battery cell of the plurality of battery cells. 8. A method for producing a battery cell module, comprising:
providing at least a first battery cell and a second battery cell; positioning the first battery cell and the second battery cell next to one another; and electrically conductively connecting at least one terminal of the first battery cell to a terminal of the second battery cell, wherein the first battery cell and the second battery cell each includes a cell housing having (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. 9. The method for producing a battery cell module as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
generating a cohesive connection between the at least one terminal of the first battery cell and the terminal of the second battery cell. 10. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 7, wherein:
the battery cell module is included in a motor vehicle, the motor vehicle includes a drive system, the motor vehicle is configured to be driven by an electric motor, and the battery cell module is connected to the drive system of the motor vehicle. | A lithium-ion battery cell includes a cell housing having a base area on which the battery cell is positioned, at least one side face, and two terminals. A first terminal is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell, and a second terminal is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell. The terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. A battery cell module includes a plurality of the battery cells. A terminal of a first battery cell makes contact with a terminal of a second battery cell. The disclosure describes a method for producing the battery cell module, in which at least one first and one second battery cell are provided, positioned next to one another, and at least one terminal of the first battery cell is electrically conductively connected to a terminal of the second battery cell.1. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing including (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. 2. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two terminals are arranged on side faces of the cell housing, which are situated opposite one another. 3. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein a side face of the cell housing is configured as a terminal. 4. The battery cell as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
at least one elastically deformable element configured to realize an elastically displaceable position of a contact area of a terminal of the two terminals. 5. The battery cell as claimed in claim 4, wherein the elastically deformable element is configured as a terminal of the two terminals. 6. The battery cell as claimed in claim 4, wherein the elastically deformable element is configured as (i) a side face of the cell housing on which a terminal of the two terminals is fixedly arranged, or (ii) a terminal of the two terminals. 7. A battery cell module comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells, each battery cell of the plurality of battery cells including a cell housing having (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing, wherein a terminal of the two terminals of a first battery cell of the plurality of battery cells makes contact with a terminal of the two terminals of a second battery cell of the plurality of battery cells. 8. A method for producing a battery cell module, comprising:
providing at least a first battery cell and a second battery cell; positioning the first battery cell and the second battery cell next to one another; and electrically conductively connecting at least one terminal of the first battery cell to a terminal of the second battery cell, wherein the first battery cell and the second battery cell each includes a cell housing having (i) a base area on which the battery cell is placed, (ii) at least one side face, and (iii) two terminals, a first terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to a cathode of the battery cell and a second terminal of the two terminals is electrically conductively connected to an anode of the battery cell, and the two terminals are arranged on at least one side face of the cell housing. 9. The method for producing a battery cell module as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
generating a cohesive connection between the at least one terminal of the first battery cell and the terminal of the second battery cell. 10. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 7, wherein:
the battery cell module is included in a motor vehicle, the motor vehicle includes a drive system, the motor vehicle is configured to be driven by an electric motor, and the battery cell module is connected to the drive system of the motor vehicle. | 1,700 |
2,556 | 2,556 | 14,054,278 | 1,781 | The invention provides a multilayer heat-shrink film, comprising a central first layer made up of a first composition comprising at least one polyolefin; intermediate second layers made up of a second composition and covering respective faces of the first layer, the second composition comprising a styrene-based resin; and outer third layers made up of a third composition and covering respective ones of the intermediate second layers, the third composition comprising at least one polyester. | 1. A multilayer heat-shrink film, characterized in that it comprises:
a central first layer made up of a first composition comprising at least one polyolefin; intermediate second layers made up of a second composition and covering respective faces of the first layer, the second composition comprising a styrene-based resin; and outer third layers made up of a third composition and covering respective ones of the intermediate second layers, the third composition comprising at least one polyester. 2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the resin of the second composition comprises at least one thermoplastic elastomer based on a styrene-block copolymer. 3. The film according to claim 2, wherein the styrene-block copolymer is a polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer. 4. The film according to claim 3, wherein the polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer comprises 70% by weight styrene units relative to the total weight of the block copolymer. 5. The film according to claim 4, wherein the resin of the second composition comprises, in addition to the following compound:
a) the polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer, as first block copolymer, having 70% by weight of styrene units relative to the total weight of the first block copolymer; at least one of the compounds selected from: b) a second polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer having less than 70% by weight of styrene units relative to the total weight of the second block copolymer; and c) a polystyrene. 6. The film according to claim 5, wherein the compounds a), b), c) are in the resin at respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges a): [30%, 80%]; b): [0%, 70%]; c): [0%, 30%]; the sum of the three proportions being equal to 100%. 7. The film according to claim 1, wherein the first composition comprises one or more polyolefins selected from:
d) a first linear low-density polyethylene; e) a second linear low-density polyethylene; f) a high-density polyethylene; g) a metallocene-catalyzed linear low-density polyethylene; and h) a propropylene. 8. The film according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefins d), e), f), g), and h) are present in the first composition at respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges d): [20%, 40%]; e): [30%, 60%]; f): [20%, 40%]; g): [30%, 70%]; and h): [0%, 40%]; the sum of the weight proportions being equal to 100%. 9. The film according to claim 1, wherein the third composition comprises one or more compounds selected from:
i) a 1,4 cyclohexanedimethanol modified polyethylene terephthalate; j) a polyester or a copolyester having a low glass transition temperature; k) a neopentyl glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate; and l) a crystallizable polyester. 10. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compounds i), j), k), and l) are present in the third composition in respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges i): [0%, 99%]; j): [0%, 40%]; k): [0%, 99%]; and l): [0%, 20%]; the sum of the weight proportions being equal to 100%. 11. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compound j) is a diethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate. 12. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compound l) is polyethylene terephthalate. 13. The film according to claim 9, wherein the third composition further comprises at least one slip agent such as a silicate or a mixture of talc and a fatty acid amide or a mixture of a plurality of fatty acid amides. 14. The film according to claim 1, wherein the central first layer has thickness lying in the range 55% to 70% of the total thickness of the film, the intermediate second layers together have thickness lying in the range 15% to 30% of the total thickness of the film, and the outer third layers together have thickness lying in the range 15% to 30% of the total thickness of the film. 15. The film according to claim 1, wherein each of the outer third layers comprises a compound having an emission spectrum in the near infrared that is centered on a wavelength lying in the range 1400 to 1900 nanometers. 16. The film according to claim 15, wherein the compound is a varnish covering the free surfaces of the two outer third layers. 17. The film according to claim 15, wherein the compound is incorporated in the third composition in such a manner that the two outer third layers have an emission spectrum in the near infrared centered on a wavelength lying in the range 1400 to 1900 nanometers. 18. The film according to claim 17, wherein the compound comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 19. The film according to claim 17, wherein the compound comprises a glycol modified polyester or an acid modified polyester. | The invention provides a multilayer heat-shrink film, comprising a central first layer made up of a first composition comprising at least one polyolefin; intermediate second layers made up of a second composition and covering respective faces of the first layer, the second composition comprising a styrene-based resin; and outer third layers made up of a third composition and covering respective ones of the intermediate second layers, the third composition comprising at least one polyester.1. A multilayer heat-shrink film, characterized in that it comprises:
a central first layer made up of a first composition comprising at least one polyolefin; intermediate second layers made up of a second composition and covering respective faces of the first layer, the second composition comprising a styrene-based resin; and outer third layers made up of a third composition and covering respective ones of the intermediate second layers, the third composition comprising at least one polyester. 2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the resin of the second composition comprises at least one thermoplastic elastomer based on a styrene-block copolymer. 3. The film according to claim 2, wherein the styrene-block copolymer is a polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer. 4. The film according to claim 3, wherein the polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer comprises 70% by weight styrene units relative to the total weight of the block copolymer. 5. The film according to claim 4, wherein the resin of the second composition comprises, in addition to the following compound:
a) the polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer, as first block copolymer, having 70% by weight of styrene units relative to the total weight of the first block copolymer; at least one of the compounds selected from: b) a second polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer having less than 70% by weight of styrene units relative to the total weight of the second block copolymer; and c) a polystyrene. 6. The film according to claim 5, wherein the compounds a), b), c) are in the resin at respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges a): [30%, 80%]; b): [0%, 70%]; c): [0%, 30%]; the sum of the three proportions being equal to 100%. 7. The film according to claim 1, wherein the first composition comprises one or more polyolefins selected from:
d) a first linear low-density polyethylene; e) a second linear low-density polyethylene; f) a high-density polyethylene; g) a metallocene-catalyzed linear low-density polyethylene; and h) a propropylene. 8. The film according to claim 7, wherein the polyolefins d), e), f), g), and h) are present in the first composition at respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges d): [20%, 40%]; e): [30%, 60%]; f): [20%, 40%]; g): [30%, 70%]; and h): [0%, 40%]; the sum of the weight proportions being equal to 100%. 9. The film according to claim 1, wherein the third composition comprises one or more compounds selected from:
i) a 1,4 cyclohexanedimethanol modified polyethylene terephthalate; j) a polyester or a copolyester having a low glass transition temperature; k) a neopentyl glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate; and l) a crystallizable polyester. 10. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compounds i), j), k), and l) are present in the third composition in respective weight proportions lying in the following respective ranges i): [0%, 99%]; j): [0%, 40%]; k): [0%, 99%]; and l): [0%, 20%]; the sum of the weight proportions being equal to 100%. 11. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compound j) is a diethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate. 12. The film according to claim 9, wherein the compound l) is polyethylene terephthalate. 13. The film according to claim 9, wherein the third composition further comprises at least one slip agent such as a silicate or a mixture of talc and a fatty acid amide or a mixture of a plurality of fatty acid amides. 14. The film according to claim 1, wherein the central first layer has thickness lying in the range 55% to 70% of the total thickness of the film, the intermediate second layers together have thickness lying in the range 15% to 30% of the total thickness of the film, and the outer third layers together have thickness lying in the range 15% to 30% of the total thickness of the film. 15. The film according to claim 1, wherein each of the outer third layers comprises a compound having an emission spectrum in the near infrared that is centered on a wavelength lying in the range 1400 to 1900 nanometers. 16. The film according to claim 15, wherein the compound is a varnish covering the free surfaces of the two outer third layers. 17. The film according to claim 15, wherein the compound is incorporated in the third composition in such a manner that the two outer third layers have an emission spectrum in the near infrared centered on a wavelength lying in the range 1400 to 1900 nanometers. 18. The film according to claim 17, wherein the compound comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 19. The film according to claim 17, wherein the compound comprises a glycol modified polyester or an acid modified polyester. | 1,700 |
2,557 | 2,557 | 14,109,288 | 1,782 | An in-mold label includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface. When the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, a plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product. The substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface. Ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image. To facilitate the molding process, each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product. | 1. An in-mold label comprises:
a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, a plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product. 2. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the plastic product. 3. The in-mold label of claim 1 comprises:
one of a plurality of in-mold labels, wherein the plurality of in-mold labels includes a sheet of in-mold labels or a roll of in-mold labels, and wherein each of the plurality of in-mold labels includes a respective substrate having a respective first surface, a respective second surface, and a respective full graphics area on the respective second surface. 4. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the ink is applied in the full graphics area comprises one or more of:
the ink is silk-screened in the full graphics area; the ink is offset lithography in the full graphics area; the ink is flexographicly applied in the full graphics area; the ink is gravure applied in the full graphics area; the ink is digital printed in the full graphics area; the ink is heat transfer in the full graphics area; and the ink is web offset using ultraviolet (UV) light applied in the full graphics area. 5. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the complementary property comprises one or more of:
a molding temperature; a chemical composition; a flexibility; and a durability. 6. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises at least one of:
a thermochromatic ink; full color ink; and single color ink. 7. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
a second full graphics area on the first surface, wherein the ink is further applied in the second full graphics area to provide a duplicate printing of the full graphics image. 8. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
a second full graphics area on the first surface, wherein the ink is further applied in the second full graphics area to provide at least one of a three-dimensional effect and a holographic image. 9. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises:
a styrene material such that the in-mold label is substantially static free when stacked and holds a static charge on the first surface for securing by a molding tool. 10. A finished plastic product comprises:
a plastic product; and an in-mold label that includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, the plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product. 11. The finished plastic product of claim 10, wherein the plastic product comprises one of:
a cup, a jar, a plate, a tray, a novelty item, an office supply, a cell phone cover, a place mate, a mailer, and a magazine insert. 12. The finished plastic product of claim 10 further comprises:
the plastic product including a styrene acrylonitrile (SANS) material;
the substrate including the SANS material; and
the ink has a complementary property to a property of the SANS material. 13. The finished plastic product of claim 10 comprises:
the in-mold label molded on to the plastic product to produce the finished plastic product. 14. The finished plastic product of claim 10 comprises:
the in-mold label and the plastic product molded together to produce the finished plastic product. 15. The finished plastic product of claim 10 further comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the plastic product. 16. A full graphics SANS cup or jar comprises:
a SANS cup or jar; and an in-mold label that includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, the SANS cup or jar, the first surface faces outward with respect to the SANS cup or jar and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the SANS cup or jar; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the SANS cup or jar. 17. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16, wherein the in-mold label comprises:
a thin styrene substrate of thickness 0.001 to 0.010 inches. 18. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the SANS cup or jar. 19. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
the ink having a complementary property to a property of the substrate, wherein the complementary property facilitates bonding of the ink onto the full graphics area. 20. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
the SANS cup or jar including a 70% styrene and 30% acrylic material blend;
the substrate including a styrene material;
the styrene material is the complementary property to the property of the SANS cup or jar; and
the ink has a complementary property to a property of the SANS material. | An in-mold label includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface. When the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, a plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product. The substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface. Ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image. To facilitate the molding process, each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product.1. An in-mold label comprises:
a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, a plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product. 2. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the plastic product. 3. The in-mold label of claim 1 comprises:
one of a plurality of in-mold labels, wherein the plurality of in-mold labels includes a sheet of in-mold labels or a roll of in-mold labels, and wherein each of the plurality of in-mold labels includes a respective substrate having a respective first surface, a respective second surface, and a respective full graphics area on the respective second surface. 4. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the ink is applied in the full graphics area comprises one or more of:
the ink is silk-screened in the full graphics area; the ink is offset lithography in the full graphics area; the ink is flexographicly applied in the full graphics area; the ink is gravure applied in the full graphics area; the ink is digital printed in the full graphics area; the ink is heat transfer in the full graphics area; and the ink is web offset using ultraviolet (UV) light applied in the full graphics area. 5. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the complementary property comprises one or more of:
a molding temperature; a chemical composition; a flexibility; and a durability. 6. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises at least one of:
a thermochromatic ink; full color ink; and single color ink. 7. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
a second full graphics area on the first surface, wherein the ink is further applied in the second full graphics area to provide a duplicate printing of the full graphics image. 8. The in-mold label of claim 1 further comprises:
a second full graphics area on the first surface, wherein the ink is further applied in the second full graphics area to provide at least one of a three-dimensional effect and a holographic image. 9. The in-mold label of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises:
a styrene material such that the in-mold label is substantially static free when stacked and holds a static charge on the first surface for securing by a molding tool. 10. A finished plastic product comprises:
a plastic product; and an in-mold label that includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, the plastic product, the first surface faces outward with respect to the plastic product and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the plastic product; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the plastic product. 11. The finished plastic product of claim 10, wherein the plastic product comprises one of:
a cup, a jar, a plate, a tray, a novelty item, an office supply, a cell phone cover, a place mate, a mailer, and a magazine insert. 12. The finished plastic product of claim 10 further comprises:
the plastic product including a styrene acrylonitrile (SANS) material;
the substrate including the SANS material; and
the ink has a complementary property to a property of the SANS material. 13. The finished plastic product of claim 10 comprises:
the in-mold label molded on to the plastic product to produce the finished plastic product. 14. The finished plastic product of claim 10 comprises:
the in-mold label and the plastic product molded together to produce the finished plastic product. 15. The finished plastic product of claim 10 further comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the plastic product. 16. A full graphics SANS cup or jar comprises:
a SANS cup or jar; and an in-mold label that includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein, when the in-mold label is molded on to, or into, the SANS cup or jar, the first surface faces outward with respect to the SANS cup or jar and the second surfaces faces inward with respect to the SANS cup or jar; and wherein the substrate includes a full graphics area on the second surface, wherein ink is applied in the full graphics area to provide a full graphics image, wherein each of the substrate and the ink having a complementary property to a property of the SANS cup or jar. 17. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16, wherein the in-mold label comprises:
a thin styrene substrate of thickness 0.001 to 0.010 inches. 18. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
an adhesive coating covering at least a portion of the full graphics area, wherein the adhesive coating facilitates the molding of the in-mold label on to, or into, the SANS cup or jar. 19. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
the ink having a complementary property to a property of the substrate, wherein the complementary property facilitates bonding of the ink onto the full graphics area. 20. The full graphics SANS cup or jar of claim 16 comprises:
the SANS cup or jar including a 70% styrene and 30% acrylic material blend;
the substrate including a styrene material;
the styrene material is the complementary property to the property of the SANS cup or jar; and
the ink has a complementary property to a property of the SANS material. | 1,700 |
2,558 | 2,558 | 13,798,021 | 1,794 | Methods and apparatus for physical vapor deposition are provided herein. In some embodiments, a process kit shield for use in a physical vapor deposition chamber may include an electrically conductive body having one or more sidewalls defining a central opening, wherein the body has a ratio of a surface area of inner facing surfaces of the one or more sidewalls to a height of the one or more sidewalls of about 2 to about 3. | 1. A process kit shield for use in a physical vapor deposition chamber, comprising:
an electrically conductive body having one or more sidewalls defining a central opening, wherein the body has a ratio of a surface area of inner facing surfaces of the one or more sidewalls to a height of the one or more sidewalls of about 2 to about 3. 2. The process kit shield of claim 1, wherein the body is annular. 3. The process kit of claim 1, wherein the body is fabricated from one or more of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 4. The process kit of claim 1, wherein the one or more sidewalls of the body further comprises alternating concave and convex portions. 5. The process kit of claim 4, wherein a period of the concave portions is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 6. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body having a substrate support disposed therein; a target coupled to the chamber body opposite the substrate support; an RF power source to form a plasma within the chamber body; and a grounded shield having an inner wall disposed between the target and the substrate support; wherein a ratio of a diameter of the target to a height of the grounded shield is about 4.1 to about 4.3, and wherein a ratio of a surface area of the grounded shield to a surface area of the target is about 1 to about 1.5. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a ratio of the surface area of the grounded shield to a height of the grounded shield is about 2 to about 3. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a ratio of the diameter of the target to the diameter of a substrate disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 1.4. 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a sidewall of the annular grounded shield further comprises alternating concave and convex portions. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein a period of the concave portion is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 11. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the grounded shield is made of at least one of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 12. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate having a diameter of 350 mm disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 50.8 mm to about 152.4 mm. 13. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate having a diameter of 450 mm disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 101.6 mm to about 203.2 mm. 14. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body having a substrate support disposed therein; a target coupled to the chamber body opposite the substrate support; an RF power source to form a plasma within the chamber body; and a grounded shield having an inner wall disposed between the target and the substrate support; wherein a ratio of a diameter of the target to a height of the grounded shield is about 4, and wherein the ratio of the surface area of the grounded shield to the height of the annular grounded shield is about 2 to about 3. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, the grounded shield further comprising alternating concave and convex portions. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein a period of the concave portions is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the grounded shield comprises at least one of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a ratio of the diameter of the target to the diameter of a substrate disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 1.4. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate, having a diameter of 350 mm and disposed atop the substrate support pedestal, is about 50.8 mm to about 152.4 mm. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate, having a diameter of 450 mm and disposed atop the substrate support pedestal, is about 101.6 mm to about 203.2 mm. | Methods and apparatus for physical vapor deposition are provided herein. In some embodiments, a process kit shield for use in a physical vapor deposition chamber may include an electrically conductive body having one or more sidewalls defining a central opening, wherein the body has a ratio of a surface area of inner facing surfaces of the one or more sidewalls to a height of the one or more sidewalls of about 2 to about 3.1. A process kit shield for use in a physical vapor deposition chamber, comprising:
an electrically conductive body having one or more sidewalls defining a central opening, wherein the body has a ratio of a surface area of inner facing surfaces of the one or more sidewalls to a height of the one or more sidewalls of about 2 to about 3. 2. The process kit shield of claim 1, wherein the body is annular. 3. The process kit of claim 1, wherein the body is fabricated from one or more of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 4. The process kit of claim 1, wherein the one or more sidewalls of the body further comprises alternating concave and convex portions. 5. The process kit of claim 4, wherein a period of the concave portions is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 6. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body having a substrate support disposed therein; a target coupled to the chamber body opposite the substrate support; an RF power source to form a plasma within the chamber body; and a grounded shield having an inner wall disposed between the target and the substrate support; wherein a ratio of a diameter of the target to a height of the grounded shield is about 4.1 to about 4.3, and wherein a ratio of a surface area of the grounded shield to a surface area of the target is about 1 to about 1.5. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a ratio of the surface area of the grounded shield to a height of the grounded shield is about 2 to about 3. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a ratio of the diameter of the target to the diameter of a substrate disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 1.4. 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a sidewall of the annular grounded shield further comprises alternating concave and convex portions. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein a period of the concave portion is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 11. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the grounded shield is made of at least one of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 12. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate having a diameter of 350 mm disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 50.8 mm to about 152.4 mm. 13. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate having a diameter of 450 mm disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 101.6 mm to about 203.2 mm. 14. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body having a substrate support disposed therein; a target coupled to the chamber body opposite the substrate support; an RF power source to form a plasma within the chamber body; and a grounded shield having an inner wall disposed between the target and the substrate support; wherein a ratio of a diameter of the target to a height of the grounded shield is about 4, and wherein the ratio of the surface area of the grounded shield to the height of the annular grounded shield is about 2 to about 3. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, the grounded shield further comprising alternating concave and convex portions. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein a period of the concave portions is about 6 mm to about 20 mm. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the grounded shield comprises at least one of an aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a ratio of the diameter of the target to the diameter of a substrate disposed atop the substrate support pedestal is about 1.4. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate, having a diameter of 350 mm and disposed atop the substrate support pedestal, is about 50.8 mm to about 152.4 mm. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a distance between the target and a substrate, having a diameter of 450 mm and disposed atop the substrate support pedestal, is about 101.6 mm to about 203.2 mm. | 1,700 |
2,559 | 2,559 | 13,994,018 | 1,732 | Methods of preparing silica-supported catalysts useful for olefin polymerization are described. The catalysts comprise a metallocene complex. An activator mixture made from a boron acid compound and methylalumoxane is combined with either: (i) the metallocenecomplex, followed by calcined or chemically treated silica to give a supported catalyst; or (ii) calcined or chemically treated silica, followed by the metallocenecomplex to give a supported catalyst. The methods provide active supported catalysts. | 1. A method of preparing a supported catalyst useful for polymerizing olefins, comprising:
(a) combining a boron acid compound with excess alkylalumoxane to produce an activator mixture; and (b) combining the activator mixture with either:
(i) a metallocene complex, followed by calcined or chemically treated silica to give the supported catalyst; or
(ii) calcined or chemically treated silica, followed by a metallocene complex to give the supported catalyst. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkylalumoxane and boron acid compound are used in amounts that provide an aluminum to boron (Al/B) molar ratio within the range of 2:1 to 50:1. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the Al/B molar ratio is within the range of 5:1 to 40:1. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkylalumoxane is methyl-alumoxane. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the boron acid compound is selected from the group consisting of boronic acids and borinic acids. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the metallocene complex corresponds to formula (I),
where
M is zirconium, hafnium or titanium,
X are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen or an —R, —OR, —OSO2CF3, —OCOR, —SR, —NR2 or —PR2 group, where R is linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, or C3-C20-cycloalkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, where the two radicals X may also be joined to one another,
L is a divalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of C1-C20-alkylidene radicals, C3-C20-cycloalkylidene radicals, C6-C20-arylidene radicals, C7-C20-alkylarylidene radicals and C7-C20-arylalkylidene radicals, which may contain heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, or a silylidene group having up to 5 silicon atoms,
R1 is linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds,
R2 is a group of the formula —C(R3)2R4, where
R3 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, or two radicals R3 may be joined to form a saturated or unsaturated C3-C20-ring, and
R4 is hydrogen, or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds,
R5 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, and
R6 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, or the two radicals R6 may be joined to form together with the atoms connecting them a saturated or unsaturated C5-C20 ring,
R7 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, halogen or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds. 7. Catalyst prepared by a method according to claim 1. | Methods of preparing silica-supported catalysts useful for olefin polymerization are described. The catalysts comprise a metallocene complex. An activator mixture made from a boron acid compound and methylalumoxane is combined with either: (i) the metallocenecomplex, followed by calcined or chemically treated silica to give a supported catalyst; or (ii) calcined or chemically treated silica, followed by the metallocenecomplex to give a supported catalyst. The methods provide active supported catalysts.1. A method of preparing a supported catalyst useful for polymerizing olefins, comprising:
(a) combining a boron acid compound with excess alkylalumoxane to produce an activator mixture; and (b) combining the activator mixture with either:
(i) a metallocene complex, followed by calcined or chemically treated silica to give the supported catalyst; or
(ii) calcined or chemically treated silica, followed by a metallocene complex to give the supported catalyst. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkylalumoxane and boron acid compound are used in amounts that provide an aluminum to boron (Al/B) molar ratio within the range of 2:1 to 50:1. 3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the Al/B molar ratio is within the range of 5:1 to 40:1. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the alkylalumoxane is methyl-alumoxane. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the boron acid compound is selected from the group consisting of boronic acids and borinic acids. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the metallocene complex corresponds to formula (I),
where
M is zirconium, hafnium or titanium,
X are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen or an —R, —OR, —OSO2CF3, —OCOR, —SR, —NR2 or —PR2 group, where R is linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, or C3-C20-cycloalkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, where the two radicals X may also be joined to one another,
L is a divalent bridging group selected from the group consisting of C1-C20-alkylidene radicals, C3-C20-cycloalkylidene radicals, C6-C20-arylidene radicals, C7-C20-alkylarylidene radicals and C7-C20-arylalkylidene radicals, which may contain heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, or a silylidene group having up to 5 silicon atoms,
R1 is linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds,
R2 is a group of the formula —C(R3)2R4, where
R3 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, or two radicals R3 may be joined to form a saturated or unsaturated C3-C20-ring, and
R4 is hydrogen, or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds,
R5 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, and
R6 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds, or the two radicals R6 may be joined to form together with the atoms connecting them a saturated or unsaturated C5-C20 ring,
R7 are identical or different and are each, independently of one another, halogen or linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more C1-C10-alkyl radicals, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C20-alkylaryl or C7-C20-arylalkyl and may contain one or more heteroatoms of groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table of the Elements or one or more unsaturated bonds. 7. Catalyst prepared by a method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,560 | 2,560 | 13,655,968 | 1,787 | Embodiment of a strengthened glass laminate comprise at least one layer of strengthened glass having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, and one or more coatings adhered to the first surface of the strengthened glass, wherein the one or more coatings impart an asymmetric impact resistance to the glass laminate. | 1. A strengthened glass laminate comprising:
at least one layer of strengthened glass having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface; and one or more coatings adhered to the first surface of the strengthened glass, wherein the one or more coatings impart an asymmetric impact resistance to the at least one layer of strengthened glass. 2. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass comprises alkali aluminosilicate, alkali aluminoborosilicate, or combinations thereof, and wherein the asymmetric impact resistance comprises an impact resistance to impacts directed toward the second surface which is lower than an impact resistance to impacts directed toward the first surface. 3. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass comprises greater than 2.0 mol % of oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, or mixtures thereof. 4. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 3 wherein the strengthened glass comprises greater than 4.0 mol % of oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, or mixtures thereof. 5. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of oxides, oxynitrides, nitrides, siliceous polymers, semiconductors, transparent conductors, metal coatings, or combinations thereof. 6. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the oxides are selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, or combinations thereof. 7. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the semiconductors are selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, or combinations thereof. 8. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the transparent conductors are selected from the group consisting of indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, or combinations thereof. 9. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the siliceous polymers are selected from the group consisting of siloxanes, silsesquioxanes, or combinations thereof. 10. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating has a thickness of about 0.01 to about 10 μm. 11. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises an elastic modulus greater than about 16 GPa. 12. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 11 wherein the elastic modulus is greater than about 20 GPa. 13. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises a hardness greater than about 1.7 GPa. 14. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 13 wherein the coating has a hardness greater than about 2.0 GPa. 15. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the glass has a thickness of about 0.01 to about 10 mm. 16. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 15 wherein the thickness is about 0.1 to about 2 mm. 17. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising one or more adhesion promoters disposed between the coating and the strengthened glass. 18. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising an interlayer. 19. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 18 wherein the interlayer comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB). 20. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass is non-roughened and is substantially free of visible flaws or imperfections. 21. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 20 wherein the strengthened glass is substantially clear, transparent and free from light scattering. 22. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coatings do not show evidence of delamination when inspected under an optical microscope after indentation with a Berkovich diamond indenter with a load of from about 4 grams to about 40 grams. 23. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising at least one sheet of non-strengthened glass. 24. A method of producing a strengthened glass laminate comprising:
providing glass substantially free of visible imperfections; strengthening the glass through chemical tempering, thermal tempering, or both; and applying a coating onto at least one surface of the strengthened glass to produce a strengthened glass laminate having asymmetric impact resistance. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the glass is chemically tempered through ion-exchange immersion in a molten salt bath. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the coatings are applied via vacuum coating, liquid-based coating techniques, sol-gel, sputtering, or polymer coating methods. 27. The method of claim 24 further comprising treating the glass to remove surface imperfections. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the glass is acid polished. 29. A passenger compartment for a moving vehicle, where the passenger compartment comprises one or more transparent windows, where one or more of said windows comprise the strengthened glass laminate of claim 1. 30. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the one or more coatings provide additional optical or electrical functionality to the glass laminate, including one or more of anti-reflection, UV blocking, IR blocking, selective wavelength reflecting, light emission, information display, self-cleaning, photochromic, electrochromic, breakage sensing, or touch-sensing functionalities. | Embodiment of a strengthened glass laminate comprise at least one layer of strengthened glass having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, and one or more coatings adhered to the first surface of the strengthened glass, wherein the one or more coatings impart an asymmetric impact resistance to the glass laminate.1. A strengthened glass laminate comprising:
at least one layer of strengthened glass having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface; and one or more coatings adhered to the first surface of the strengthened glass, wherein the one or more coatings impart an asymmetric impact resistance to the at least one layer of strengthened glass. 2. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass comprises alkali aluminosilicate, alkali aluminoborosilicate, or combinations thereof, and wherein the asymmetric impact resistance comprises an impact resistance to impacts directed toward the second surface which is lower than an impact resistance to impacts directed toward the first surface. 3. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass comprises greater than 2.0 mol % of oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, or mixtures thereof. 4. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 3 wherein the strengthened glass comprises greater than 4.0 mol % of oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, or mixtures thereof. 5. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of oxides, oxynitrides, nitrides, siliceous polymers, semiconductors, transparent conductors, metal coatings, or combinations thereof. 6. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the oxides are selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, or combinations thereof. 7. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the semiconductors are selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, or combinations thereof. 8. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the transparent conductors are selected from the group consisting of indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, or combinations thereof. 9. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 5 wherein the siliceous polymers are selected from the group consisting of siloxanes, silsesquioxanes, or combinations thereof. 10. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating has a thickness of about 0.01 to about 10 μm. 11. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises an elastic modulus greater than about 16 GPa. 12. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 11 wherein the elastic modulus is greater than about 20 GPa. 13. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises a hardness greater than about 1.7 GPa. 14. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 13 wherein the coating has a hardness greater than about 2.0 GPa. 15. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the glass has a thickness of about 0.01 to about 10 mm. 16. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 15 wherein the thickness is about 0.1 to about 2 mm. 17. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising one or more adhesion promoters disposed between the coating and the strengthened glass. 18. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising an interlayer. 19. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 18 wherein the interlayer comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB). 20. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the strengthened glass is non-roughened and is substantially free of visible flaws or imperfections. 21. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 20 wherein the strengthened glass is substantially clear, transparent and free from light scattering. 22. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 wherein the coatings do not show evidence of delamination when inspected under an optical microscope after indentation with a Berkovich diamond indenter with a load of from about 4 grams to about 40 grams. 23. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1 further comprising at least one sheet of non-strengthened glass. 24. A method of producing a strengthened glass laminate comprising:
providing glass substantially free of visible imperfections; strengthening the glass through chemical tempering, thermal tempering, or both; and applying a coating onto at least one surface of the strengthened glass to produce a strengthened glass laminate having asymmetric impact resistance. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the glass is chemically tempered through ion-exchange immersion in a molten salt bath. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the coatings are applied via vacuum coating, liquid-based coating techniques, sol-gel, sputtering, or polymer coating methods. 27. The method of claim 24 further comprising treating the glass to remove surface imperfections. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the glass is acid polished. 29. A passenger compartment for a moving vehicle, where the passenger compartment comprises one or more transparent windows, where one or more of said windows comprise the strengthened glass laminate of claim 1. 30. The strengthened glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the one or more coatings provide additional optical or electrical functionality to the glass laminate, including one or more of anti-reflection, UV blocking, IR blocking, selective wavelength reflecting, light emission, information display, self-cleaning, photochromic, electrochromic, breakage sensing, or touch-sensing functionalities. | 1,700 |
2,561 | 2,561 | 14,463,770 | 1,792 | A capsule is provided for use in a machine for preparing a consumable product from capsules. The capsule includes a body that defines an interior space with an opening. Ingredients are disposed within the interior space for preparing a desired product, a portion of the ingredients being non-permanently bound into a cluster. The cluster acts as a control member for controlling a flow of fluid for a period of time within the capsule. A cover is disposed over the opening. | 1. A capsule, for use in a machine for preparing consumable products from capsules, said capsule comprising:
a body defining an interior space with an opening; ingredients disposed in said interior space for preparing a desired consumable product, a portion of said ingredients being non-permanently bound into a cluster; and a cover disposed over said opening. 2. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster comprises compressed ingredients. 3. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster includes a binder material that is adapted to bind said portion of ingredients together. 4. The capsule of claim 3 wherein said ingredients are provided in a dry state and said binder material is provided in a liquid state. 5. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster includes a soluble container that that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 6. The capsule of claim 1 wherein said cluster includes a tablet that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 7. The capsule of claim 1, further comprising a filter disposed in said body for filtering at least some of said ingredients. 8. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster of a portion of said ingredients comprises a first region within said interior space and at least a portion of the remainder of said ingredients comprises a second region within said interior space. 9. The capsule of claim 8, wherein said second region at least partially surrounds said first region. 10. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster is disposed at a location within said interior space that is adapted for controlling a flow of fluid that is injected into said capsule by the machine. 11. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster comprises a non-permanent structure that is adapted to at least partially dissolve or break apart within said capsule when exposed to a flow of fluid over a period of time. 12. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said ingredients comprise roast ground coffee. 13. A capsule, for use in a machine for preparing consumable products from capsules, said capsule comprising:
a body defining an interior space with an opening; ingredients disposed in said interior space for preparing a consumable product, a portion of said ingredients forming a control member for controlling a flow of fluid for a period of time within said capsule; and a cover disposed over said opening. 14. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a non-permanent structure that is adapted to at least partially dissolve or break apart within said capsule when exposed to a flow of fluid over a period of time. 15. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a cluster formed of compressed ingredients. 16. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a cluster that includes a binder material that is adapted to bind said portion of ingredients together. 17. The capsule of claim 16, wherein said ingredients are provided in a dry state and said binder material is provided in a liquid state. 18. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a soluble container that that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 19. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a tablet that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 20. The capsule of claim 13, further comprising a filter disposed in said body for filtering at least some of said ingredients. 21. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member is disposed in a first region within said interior space and at least a portion of the remainder of said ingredients is disposed in a second region within said interior space. 22. The capsule of claim 21, wherein said second region at least partially surrounds said first region. 23. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said ingredients comprise roast ground coffee. | A capsule is provided for use in a machine for preparing a consumable product from capsules. The capsule includes a body that defines an interior space with an opening. Ingredients are disposed within the interior space for preparing a desired product, a portion of the ingredients being non-permanently bound into a cluster. The cluster acts as a control member for controlling a flow of fluid for a period of time within the capsule. A cover is disposed over the opening.1. A capsule, for use in a machine for preparing consumable products from capsules, said capsule comprising:
a body defining an interior space with an opening; ingredients disposed in said interior space for preparing a desired consumable product, a portion of said ingredients being non-permanently bound into a cluster; and a cover disposed over said opening. 2. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster comprises compressed ingredients. 3. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster includes a binder material that is adapted to bind said portion of ingredients together. 4. The capsule of claim 3 wherein said ingredients are provided in a dry state and said binder material is provided in a liquid state. 5. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster includes a soluble container that that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 6. The capsule of claim 1 wherein said cluster includes a tablet that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 7. The capsule of claim 1, further comprising a filter disposed in said body for filtering at least some of said ingredients. 8. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster of a portion of said ingredients comprises a first region within said interior space and at least a portion of the remainder of said ingredients comprises a second region within said interior space. 9. The capsule of claim 8, wherein said second region at least partially surrounds said first region. 10. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster is disposed at a location within said interior space that is adapted for controlling a flow of fluid that is injected into said capsule by the machine. 11. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said cluster comprises a non-permanent structure that is adapted to at least partially dissolve or break apart within said capsule when exposed to a flow of fluid over a period of time. 12. The capsule of claim 1, wherein said ingredients comprise roast ground coffee. 13. A capsule, for use in a machine for preparing consumable products from capsules, said capsule comprising:
a body defining an interior space with an opening; ingredients disposed in said interior space for preparing a consumable product, a portion of said ingredients forming a control member for controlling a flow of fluid for a period of time within said capsule; and a cover disposed over said opening. 14. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a non-permanent structure that is adapted to at least partially dissolve or break apart within said capsule when exposed to a flow of fluid over a period of time. 15. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a cluster formed of compressed ingredients. 16. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a cluster that includes a binder material that is adapted to bind said portion of ingredients together. 17. The capsule of claim 16, wherein said ingredients are provided in a dry state and said binder material is provided in a liquid state. 18. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a soluble container that that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 19. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member comprises a tablet that is adapted to contain said portion of ingredients. 20. The capsule of claim 13, further comprising a filter disposed in said body for filtering at least some of said ingredients. 21. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said control member is disposed in a first region within said interior space and at least a portion of the remainder of said ingredients is disposed in a second region within said interior space. 22. The capsule of claim 21, wherein said second region at least partially surrounds said first region. 23. The capsule of claim 13, wherein said ingredients comprise roast ground coffee. | 1,700 |
2,562 | 2,562 | 14,747,705 | 1,733 | Flowforming processes for the production of corrosion resistant alloy tubes are disclosed. | 1. A process for the production of a tube comprising:
deforming a corrosion resistant alloy plate to form a hollow cylindrical preform having a longitudinal seam region located between two abutting ends of the deformed plate; welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends; and flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform to produce a corrosion resistant alloy tube. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the hollow cylindrical preform is formed from the plate such that grains of the corrosion resistant alloy are substantially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the preform. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein deforming the corrosion resistant alloy plate to form the hollow cylindrical preform comprises roll bending the corrosion resistant alloy plate. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising machining or grinding the corrosion resistant alloy plate to a flatness of ±0.020 inch (±0.508 mm), wherein the machining or grinding is performed before the deforming. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed using a filler-less welding technique. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding comprises laser welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the laser welding is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding comprises tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), metal inert gas welding (MIG), or plasma arc welding. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed using a filler weld alloy that is the same as the alloy of the preform or is over-alloyed with at least one austenite stabilizing element. 11. The process of claim 1, further comprising radially expanding the welded hollow cylindrical preform before the flowforming. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the welded hollow cylindrical preform is radially expanded by at least 0.5%. 13. The process of claim 1, further comprising removing weld kerf from the welded longitudinal seam region. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein removing weld kerf comprises burnishing or skiving the weld kerf. 15. The process of claim 1, further comprising annealing the welded hollow cylindrical preform after the welding and before the flowforming. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the annealing comprises heating the preform to a surface temperature in the range of 1010° C. to 1177° C. (1850-2150° F.). 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the annealing recrystallizes at least a heat affected zone of the welded preform. 18. The process of claim 15, further comprising quenching the hollow cylindrical preform after the annealing. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the preform is quenched from annealing temperature after no more than 30 minutes time-at-temperature. 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the quenching is performed at a cooling rate that prevents the precipitation of deleterious phases during the cooling. 21. The process of claim 18, wherein the quenching comprises water quenching. 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the flowforming comprises reverse flowforming. 23. The process of claim 1, comprising flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to a reduction-of-area of 25% to 75%. 24. The process of claim 1, comprising flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to a reduction-of-area of 30% to 65%. 25. The process of claim 1, flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform in a single pass to produce the corrosion resistant alloy tube. 26. The process of claim 1, further comprising annealing the flowformed tube. 27. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a martensitic stainless steel, a martensitic/ferritic stainless steel, a duplex stainless steel, a super duplex stainless steel, a hyper duplex stainless steel, an austenitic stainless steel, an austenitic nickel base alloy, an austenitic nickel base superalloy, or a titanium base alloy. 28. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a duplex stainless steel, a super duplex stainless steel, or a hyper duplex stainless steel. 29. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a super duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 35% to 55%, or a duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 40% to 60%. 30. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a nickel base alloy or a titanium base alloy. 31. A tube produced by the process of claim 1. 32. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has a yield strength of 110-160 ksi (758-1,103 MPa). 33. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa). 34. The tube of claim 31, wherein the ultimate tensile strength of the tube is at least 10 ksi (70 MPa) greater than the yield strength. 35. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an elongation of at least 9%. 36. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has a yield strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa), an ultimate tensile strength of at least 130 ksi (896 MPa), an elongation of at least 10%, and an HRC hardness number no greater than 37. 37. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an outside diameter of at least 7.0 inches (177.8 mm), wall thickness of at least 0.231 inches (5.87 mm), and a length of at least 34.0 feet (10.4 meters). 38. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an outside diameter of at least 9.625 inches (244.5 mm), wall thickness of at least 0.312 inches (7.92 mm), and a length of at least 36.0 feet (11.0 meters). 39. The tube of claim 31, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a super duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 35% to 55%, or a duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 40% to 60%, and wherein the tube has a yield strength of at least 110 ksi (758 MPa), an ultimate tensile strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa), an elongation of at least 9%, and an HRC hardness number no greater than 38. 40. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube complies with ANSI/API Specification 5CRA, first edition, February 2010. 41. A process for the production of a tube comprising:
deforming a stainless steel plate to form a hollow cylindrical preform having a longitudinal seam region located between two abutting ends of the deformed plate, the stainless steel comprising a duplex, super duplex, or hyper duplex stainless steel; laser welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends; annealing the laser welded preform; and reverse flowforming the laser welded hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to produce a stainless steel tube. | Flowforming processes for the production of corrosion resistant alloy tubes are disclosed.1. A process for the production of a tube comprising:
deforming a corrosion resistant alloy plate to form a hollow cylindrical preform having a longitudinal seam region located between two abutting ends of the deformed plate; welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends; and flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform to produce a corrosion resistant alloy tube. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the hollow cylindrical preform is formed from the plate such that grains of the corrosion resistant alloy are substantially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the preform. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein deforming the corrosion resistant alloy plate to form the hollow cylindrical preform comprises roll bending the corrosion resistant alloy plate. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising machining or grinding the corrosion resistant alloy plate to a flatness of ±0.020 inch (±0.508 mm), wherein the machining or grinding is performed before the deforming. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed using a filler-less welding technique. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding comprises laser welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the laser welding is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding comprises tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), metal inert gas welding (MIG), or plasma arc welding. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the welding is performed using a filler weld alloy that is the same as the alloy of the preform or is over-alloyed with at least one austenite stabilizing element. 11. The process of claim 1, further comprising radially expanding the welded hollow cylindrical preform before the flowforming. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the welded hollow cylindrical preform is radially expanded by at least 0.5%. 13. The process of claim 1, further comprising removing weld kerf from the welded longitudinal seam region. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein removing weld kerf comprises burnishing or skiving the weld kerf. 15. The process of claim 1, further comprising annealing the welded hollow cylindrical preform after the welding and before the flowforming. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the annealing comprises heating the preform to a surface temperature in the range of 1010° C. to 1177° C. (1850-2150° F.). 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the annealing recrystallizes at least a heat affected zone of the welded preform. 18. The process of claim 15, further comprising quenching the hollow cylindrical preform after the annealing. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the preform is quenched from annealing temperature after no more than 30 minutes time-at-temperature. 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the quenching is performed at a cooling rate that prevents the precipitation of deleterious phases during the cooling. 21. The process of claim 18, wherein the quenching comprises water quenching. 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the flowforming comprises reverse flowforming. 23. The process of claim 1, comprising flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to a reduction-of-area of 25% to 75%. 24. The process of claim 1, comprising flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to a reduction-of-area of 30% to 65%. 25. The process of claim 1, flowforming the hollow cylindrical preform in a single pass to produce the corrosion resistant alloy tube. 26. The process of claim 1, further comprising annealing the flowformed tube. 27. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a martensitic stainless steel, a martensitic/ferritic stainless steel, a duplex stainless steel, a super duplex stainless steel, a hyper duplex stainless steel, an austenitic stainless steel, an austenitic nickel base alloy, an austenitic nickel base superalloy, or a titanium base alloy. 28. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a duplex stainless steel, a super duplex stainless steel, or a hyper duplex stainless steel. 29. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a super duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 35% to 55%, or a duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 40% to 60%. 30. The process of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a nickel base alloy or a titanium base alloy. 31. A tube produced by the process of claim 1. 32. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has a yield strength of 110-160 ksi (758-1,103 MPa). 33. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa). 34. The tube of claim 31, wherein the ultimate tensile strength of the tube is at least 10 ksi (70 MPa) greater than the yield strength. 35. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an elongation of at least 9%. 36. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has a yield strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa), an ultimate tensile strength of at least 130 ksi (896 MPa), an elongation of at least 10%, and an HRC hardness number no greater than 37. 37. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an outside diameter of at least 7.0 inches (177.8 mm), wall thickness of at least 0.231 inches (5.87 mm), and a length of at least 34.0 feet (10.4 meters). 38. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube has an outside diameter of at least 9.625 inches (244.5 mm), wall thickness of at least 0.312 inches (7.92 mm), and a length of at least 36.0 feet (11.0 meters). 39. The tube of claim 31, wherein the corrosion resistant alloy comprises a super duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 35% to 55%, or a duplex stainless steel having a volume fraction of ferrite ranging from 40% to 60%, and wherein the tube has a yield strength of at least 110 ksi (758 MPa), an ultimate tensile strength of at least 125 ksi (862 MPa), an elongation of at least 9%, and an HRC hardness number no greater than 38. 40. The tube of claim 31, wherein the tube complies with ANSI/API Specification 5CRA, first edition, February 2010. 41. A process for the production of a tube comprising:
deforming a stainless steel plate to form a hollow cylindrical preform having a longitudinal seam region located between two abutting ends of the deformed plate, the stainless steel comprising a duplex, super duplex, or hyper duplex stainless steel; laser welding the longitudinal seam region to join together the abutting ends; annealing the laser welded preform; and reverse flowforming the laser welded hollow cylindrical preform at a cold working temperature to produce a stainless steel tube. | 1,700 |
2,563 | 2,563 | 14,805,620 | 1,771 | A polymer resin composition is disclosed including a chemically attached lubricant structure to produce a self-lubricating medical device thereby eliminating the need of a secondary lubrication step currently required which is useful in medical and surgical devices. | 1. A self-lubricating polyurethane comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate and a diol mixture containing a short chain diol, a long chain polyether or polyester diol, and a lubricant. 2. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diisocyanate, alicyclic diisocyanate and an aromatic diisocyanate. 3. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 2 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and methylene bis (4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI). 4. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the short chain diol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol, neopentyl glycol, and alicyclic glycols having up to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the polyester diol is a polyalkylene glycol. 6. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 5 wherein the polyalkylene glycol is poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol. 7. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is a non-silicone diol, silicon diol, or fluorinated lubricant. 8. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 7 wherein the silicone diol is polydimethylsiloxane diol. 9. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 8 wherein the polydimethylsiloxane diol is present in an amount ranging from about 3 to 10 weight percent of the polyurethane composition. 10. A medical article molded from the self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1. 11. The medical article of claim 10, wherein the medical article is a component of a cannula, catheter, wedge, tipping, blood control actuator, stopper or syringe. 12. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 further comprising an anti-microbial moiety covalently attached to the self-lubricating polyurethane. 13. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 further comprising an anti-thrombogenic moiety covalently attached to self-lubricating polyurethane. 14. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is present in an amount ranging from about 1 to 10 weight percent of the polyurethane composition. 15. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the reaction further includes a catalyst. 16. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 15 wherein the catalyst is selected from a group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate, tertiary amines, and metallic compounds. 17. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the tertiary amine is 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane). 18. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the metallic compound is dibutyltin dilaurate or bismuth octanoate. 19. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is incorporated into a backbone formed by the diisocyanate and the diol mixture. 20. A polyurethane resin of Formula I:
wherein the repeating unit of m is in the range from 5 to 2000; the repeating unit of n is in the range from 1 to 40 and the overall molecular weight of the polyurethane resins is between 15,000 g/mole to 130,000 g/mol. | A polymer resin composition is disclosed including a chemically attached lubricant structure to produce a self-lubricating medical device thereby eliminating the need of a secondary lubrication step currently required which is useful in medical and surgical devices.1. A self-lubricating polyurethane comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate and a diol mixture containing a short chain diol, a long chain polyether or polyester diol, and a lubricant. 2. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diisocyanate, alicyclic diisocyanate and an aromatic diisocyanate. 3. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 2 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and methylene bis (4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI). 4. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the short chain diol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol, neopentyl glycol, and alicyclic glycols having up to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the polyester diol is a polyalkylene glycol. 6. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 5 wherein the polyalkylene glycol is poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol. 7. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is a non-silicone diol, silicon diol, or fluorinated lubricant. 8. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 7 wherein the silicone diol is polydimethylsiloxane diol. 9. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 8 wherein the polydimethylsiloxane diol is present in an amount ranging from about 3 to 10 weight percent of the polyurethane composition. 10. A medical article molded from the self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1. 11. The medical article of claim 10, wherein the medical article is a component of a cannula, catheter, wedge, tipping, blood control actuator, stopper or syringe. 12. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 further comprising an anti-microbial moiety covalently attached to the self-lubricating polyurethane. 13. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 further comprising an anti-thrombogenic moiety covalently attached to self-lubricating polyurethane. 14. The self-lubricating polyurethane composition of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is present in an amount ranging from about 1 to 10 weight percent of the polyurethane composition. 15. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the reaction further includes a catalyst. 16. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 15 wherein the catalyst is selected from a group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate, tertiary amines, and metallic compounds. 17. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the tertiary amine is 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane). 18. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 16 wherein the metallic compound is dibutyltin dilaurate or bismuth octanoate. 19. The self-lubricating polyurethane of claim 1 wherein the lubricant is incorporated into a backbone formed by the diisocyanate and the diol mixture. 20. A polyurethane resin of Formula I:
wherein the repeating unit of m is in the range from 5 to 2000; the repeating unit of n is in the range from 1 to 40 and the overall molecular weight of the polyurethane resins is between 15,000 g/mole to 130,000 g/mol. | 1,700 |
2,564 | 2,564 | 14,454,283 | 1,782 | A package includes a container and a closure. The container includes a body formed to include a product-storage region adapted to store products therein and a brim coupled to the body and formed to include a mouth opening into the product-storage region. The closure is coupled to the brim of the container by melting a portion of the closure together with a portion of the brim to block access to the products stored in the product-storage region. | 1. A package comprising
a container formed to include an interior product-storage region and a brim arranged to surround an opening that opens into the interior product-storage region and a multilayer sheet including a sealant layer mated with the brim of the container to close the opening that opens into the interior product-storage region formed in the container, a skin layer, an adhesive layer interposed between and arranged to interconnect the sealant layer and the skin layer, the sealant layer including a removable portion adapted to mate with the brim of the container and separate therefrom during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and a leave-behind portion adapted to separate from the adhesive layer and the removable portion of the sealant layer to expose a portion of the adhesive layer during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and to remain in a stationary position on the brim of the container after removal of a pad comprising the skin layer, adhesive layer, and the removable portion of the multilayer sheet, and sealant-layer bond means for establishing an anchor bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the brim of the container that has a bond strength that is greater than an interfacial bond strength of a releasable bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the adhesive layer to cause the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer to break away from the adhesive layer due to cohesive bond failure to expose a portion of the adhesive layer and to separate from the removable portion of the sealant layer in response to application of a peeling force to the membrane sheet when the membrane sheet occupies a container-closing position on the brim of the container, wherein the sealant layer comprises a polypropylene homopolymer having a melt flow rate of about 12 g/10 min to about 40 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the melt flow rate is about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer. 4. The container of claim 3, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer has a melt flow rate of about 30 g/10 min to about 40 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the melt flow rate of the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 6. The container of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene homopolymer is about 50 wt % to 100 wt % of the sealant layer. 7. The container of claim 6, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 0 wt % to 50 wt % of the sealant layer. 9. The container of claim 8, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 30 wt % to 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer and the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 11. The container of claim 10, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer has a melt flow rate of about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238 12. The container of claim 11, wherein the polypropylene homopolymer has a melt flow rate of about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 13. A container closure comprising
a multilayer sheet including a sealant layer adapted to mate with a brim of a container to close an opening bounded by the brim that opens into an interior product-storage region formed in the container, a skin layer, an adhesive layer interposed between and arranged to interconnect the sealant layer and the skin layer, the sealant layer including a removable portion adapted to mate with the brim of the container and separate therefrom during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and a leave-behind portion adapted to separate from the adhesive layer and the removable portion of the sealant layer to expose a portion of the adhesive layer during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and to remain in a stationary position on the brim of the container after removal of a pad comprising the skin layer, adhesive layer, and the removable portion of the multilayer sheet, and sealant-layer bond means for establishing an anchor bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the brim of the container that has a bond strength that is greater than an interfacial bond strength of a releasable bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the adhesive layer to cause the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer to break away from the adhesive layer due to cohesive bond failure to expose a portion of the adhesive layer and to separate from the removable portion of the sealant layer in response to application of a peeling force to the membrane sheet when the membrane sheet occupies a container-closing position on the brim of the container, wherein the sealant layer comprises a polypropylene having a low molecular weight. 14. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the polypropylene is a homopolymer polypropylene. 15. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the polypropylene is a random polypropylene. 16. The container closure of claim 15, wherein the polypropylene has a melt flow rate is about 14 g/10 min to about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 17. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the sealant layer comprises polypropylene and a polypropylene-based elastomer. 18. The container closure of claim 17, wherein the polypropylene is about 60 wt % of the sealant layer and the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 19. The container closure of claim 17, wherein the sealant layer further comprises an anti-fog polypropylene. 20. The container closure of claim 19, wherein the polypropylene is about 60 wt % of the sealant layer, the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 30 wt % of the sealant layer, and the anti-fog polypropylene is about 10 wt % of the sealant layer. | A package includes a container and a closure. The container includes a body formed to include a product-storage region adapted to store products therein and a brim coupled to the body and formed to include a mouth opening into the product-storage region. The closure is coupled to the brim of the container by melting a portion of the closure together with a portion of the brim to block access to the products stored in the product-storage region.1. A package comprising
a container formed to include an interior product-storage region and a brim arranged to surround an opening that opens into the interior product-storage region and a multilayer sheet including a sealant layer mated with the brim of the container to close the opening that opens into the interior product-storage region formed in the container, a skin layer, an adhesive layer interposed between and arranged to interconnect the sealant layer and the skin layer, the sealant layer including a removable portion adapted to mate with the brim of the container and separate therefrom during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and a leave-behind portion adapted to separate from the adhesive layer and the removable portion of the sealant layer to expose a portion of the adhesive layer during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and to remain in a stationary position on the brim of the container after removal of a pad comprising the skin layer, adhesive layer, and the removable portion of the multilayer sheet, and sealant-layer bond means for establishing an anchor bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the brim of the container that has a bond strength that is greater than an interfacial bond strength of a releasable bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the adhesive layer to cause the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer to break away from the adhesive layer due to cohesive bond failure to expose a portion of the adhesive layer and to separate from the removable portion of the sealant layer in response to application of a peeling force to the membrane sheet when the membrane sheet occupies a container-closing position on the brim of the container, wherein the sealant layer comprises a polypropylene homopolymer having a melt flow rate of about 12 g/10 min to about 40 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the melt flow rate is about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer. 4. The container of claim 3, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer has a melt flow rate of about 30 g/10 min to about 40 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 5. The container of claim 4, wherein the melt flow rate of the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 6. The container of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene homopolymer is about 50 wt % to 100 wt % of the sealant layer. 7. The container of claim 6, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer. 8. The container of claim 7, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 0 wt % to 50 wt % of the sealant layer. 9. The container of claim 8, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 30 wt % to 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 10. The container of claim 9, wherein the sealant layer further comprises a polypropylene-based elastomer and the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 11. The container of claim 10, wherein the polypropylene-based elastomer has a melt flow rate of about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238 12. The container of claim 11, wherein the polypropylene homopolymer has a melt flow rate of about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 13. A container closure comprising
a multilayer sheet including a sealant layer adapted to mate with a brim of a container to close an opening bounded by the brim that opens into an interior product-storage region formed in the container, a skin layer, an adhesive layer interposed between and arranged to interconnect the sealant layer and the skin layer, the sealant layer including a removable portion adapted to mate with the brim of the container and separate therefrom during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and a leave-behind portion adapted to separate from the adhesive layer and the removable portion of the sealant layer to expose a portion of the adhesive layer during removal of the multilayer sheet from the brim and to remain in a stationary position on the brim of the container after removal of a pad comprising the skin layer, adhesive layer, and the removable portion of the multilayer sheet, and sealant-layer bond means for establishing an anchor bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the brim of the container that has a bond strength that is greater than an interfacial bond strength of a releasable bond between the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer and a mating portion of the adhesive layer to cause the leave-behind portion of the sealant layer to break away from the adhesive layer due to cohesive bond failure to expose a portion of the adhesive layer and to separate from the removable portion of the sealant layer in response to application of a peeling force to the membrane sheet when the membrane sheet occupies a container-closing position on the brim of the container, wherein the sealant layer comprises a polypropylene having a low molecular weight. 14. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the polypropylene is a homopolymer polypropylene. 15. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the polypropylene is a random polypropylene. 16. The container closure of claim 15, wherein the polypropylene has a melt flow rate is about 14 g/10 min to about 36 g/10 min measured according to ASTM D1238. 17. The container closure of claim 13, wherein the sealant layer comprises polypropylene and a polypropylene-based elastomer. 18. The container closure of claim 17, wherein the polypropylene is about 60 wt % of the sealant layer and the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 40 wt % of the sealant layer. 19. The container closure of claim 17, wherein the sealant layer further comprises an anti-fog polypropylene. 20. The container closure of claim 19, wherein the polypropylene is about 60 wt % of the sealant layer, the polypropylene-based elastomer is about 30 wt % of the sealant layer, and the anti-fog polypropylene is about 10 wt % of the sealant layer. | 1,700 |
2,565 | 2,565 | 14,907,957 | 1,734 | The selectivity of a process for preparing trichlorosilane (TCS) by reaction of metallurgical silicon (mg-Si) and HCl, is improved by utilizing mg-Si having a titanium content greater than 0.06 wt %. | 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A process for preparing trichlorosilane (TCS), comprising reacting metallurgical silicon (mg-Si) having a titanium content greater than 0.06 wt % with HCl. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has a titanium content greater than or equal to 0.08 wt % and less than or equal to 0.12 wt %. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has a phosphorus content greater than or equal to 30 ppmw. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the mg-Si has a phosphorus content greater than or equal to 30 ppmw. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 16. The process of claim 12, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the mg-Si has been prepared by water granulation. 19. The process as claimed of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has an Si content greater than 98 wt %. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a temperature of from 280 to 400° C. 21. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a temperature of from 320 to 380° C. 22. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 23. The process of claim 20, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 24. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 1 to 4 bar. 25. The process of claim 20, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 1 to 4 bar. | The selectivity of a process for preparing trichlorosilane (TCS) by reaction of metallurgical silicon (mg-Si) and HCl, is improved by utilizing mg-Si having a titanium content greater than 0.06 wt %.1.-10. (canceled) 11. A process for preparing trichlorosilane (TCS), comprising reacting metallurgical silicon (mg-Si) having a titanium content greater than 0.06 wt % with HCl. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has a titanium content greater than or equal to 0.08 wt % and less than or equal to 0.12 wt %. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has a phosphorus content greater than or equal to 30 ppmw. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the mg-Si has a phosphorus content greater than or equal to 30 ppmw. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 16. The process of claim 12, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the mg-Si exhibits a maximum mean thickness of 30 mm or a maximum mean diameter of 15 mm during solidification. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the mg-Si has been prepared by water granulation. 19. The process as claimed of claim 11, wherein the mg-Si has an Si content greater than 98 wt %. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a temperature of from 280 to 400° C. 21. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a temperature of from 320 to 380° C. 22. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 23. The process of claim 20, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 0.1 to 30 bar. 24. The process of claim 11, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 1 to 4 bar. 25. The process of claim 20, wherein reacting is effected at a pressure of from 1 to 4 bar. | 1,700 |
2,566 | 2,566 | 14,824,462 | 1,789 | A hybrid, woven textile material that can be used in the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The hybrid textile material is a woven fabric composed of unidirectional fibers interlaced with strips of non-woven fibers in a weaving pattern. In an embodiment, the hybrid textile material is porous or permeable with respect to liquid resins used in Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) processes and a preform formed from this textile material can be infused with liquid resins during such RTM processes. | 1. A woven fabric for composite reinforcement comprising:
unidirectional fiber tows arranged parallel to each other in a sheet-like formation; and strips of nonwoven fibers interlaced with the unidirectional fiber tows in a weaving pattern, wherein each unidirectional fiber tow is comprised of a plurality of continuous fiber filaments, and wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers is self-supporting and is comprised of randomly arranged and/or randomly oriented fibers. 2. The woven fabric of claim 1 having an areal weight of 50 gsm to 380 gsm. 3. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has an areal weight of 2 gsm to 34 gsm. 4. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has a width of approximately 5 mm to 40 mm. 5. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has a thickness within the range of 10 μm-50 μm (or 0.01-0.05 mm). 6. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the majority of the nonwoven fibers in the strips have cross-section diameters in the range of about 3 μm to 40 μm, preferably in the range of about 5 μm to 10 μm in diameter. 7. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each unidirectional fiber tow is comprised of 1000 to 100,000 fiber filaments. 8. The woven fabric of claim 7, wherein the fiber filaments in each fiber tow have cross-sectional diameters within the range of 3 μm-15 μm, preferably 4 μm-7 μm. 9. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the unidirectional fiber tows are formed from a high-strength material selected from the group consisting of: carbon, graphite, glass, quartz, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, aramid, high-modulus polyethylene (PE), polyester, poly-p-phenylene-benzobisoxazole (PBO), and combinations thereof. 10. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the strips of nonwoven fibers comprise fibers made from a material selected from the group consisting of: carbon, glass, metals, quartz, polymers and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 11. The woven fabric according to claim 10, wherein said polymers are selected from: aramid, polyester, polyamide, polyphthalamide, polyamide-imide, polyarylsulfone, polysulfones, polyphenylene sulfone, polyaryletherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, elastomeric polyamide, polyphenylene ether, polyurethane, liquid crystal polymers (LCP), phenoxy, polyacrylonitrile, and acrylate polymers. 12. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein unidirectional fiber tows are comprised of carbon fibers and the strips of nonwoven fibers comprise randomly arranged and/or randomly oriented carbon fibers. 13. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the strips of nonwoven fibers have a sufficient amount of binder to hold the fibers together but allow the strips to be permeable to liquid and gas. 14. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the weaving pattern is selected from plain weave, satin weave, and twill weave. 15. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the woven fabric is permeable to a liquid resin. 16. A preform adapted for receiving liquid resin in a liquid molding process comprising layers of reinforcement fibers laid up in a stacking arrangement, wherein at least one of the layers of reinforcement fibers is the woven fabric according to claim 1. 17. A composite material comprising the woven fabric according to claim 1 impregnated or infused with a matrix resin. | A hybrid, woven textile material that can be used in the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The hybrid textile material is a woven fabric composed of unidirectional fibers interlaced with strips of non-woven fibers in a weaving pattern. In an embodiment, the hybrid textile material is porous or permeable with respect to liquid resins used in Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) processes and a preform formed from this textile material can be infused with liquid resins during such RTM processes.1. A woven fabric for composite reinforcement comprising:
unidirectional fiber tows arranged parallel to each other in a sheet-like formation; and strips of nonwoven fibers interlaced with the unidirectional fiber tows in a weaving pattern, wherein each unidirectional fiber tow is comprised of a plurality of continuous fiber filaments, and wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers is self-supporting and is comprised of randomly arranged and/or randomly oriented fibers. 2. The woven fabric of claim 1 having an areal weight of 50 gsm to 380 gsm. 3. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has an areal weight of 2 gsm to 34 gsm. 4. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has a width of approximately 5 mm to 40 mm. 5. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each strip of nonwoven fibers has a thickness within the range of 10 μm-50 μm (or 0.01-0.05 mm). 6. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the majority of the nonwoven fibers in the strips have cross-section diameters in the range of about 3 μm to 40 μm, preferably in the range of about 5 μm to 10 μm in diameter. 7. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein each unidirectional fiber tow is comprised of 1000 to 100,000 fiber filaments. 8. The woven fabric of claim 7, wherein the fiber filaments in each fiber tow have cross-sectional diameters within the range of 3 μm-15 μm, preferably 4 μm-7 μm. 9. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the unidirectional fiber tows are formed from a high-strength material selected from the group consisting of: carbon, graphite, glass, quartz, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, aramid, high-modulus polyethylene (PE), polyester, poly-p-phenylene-benzobisoxazole (PBO), and combinations thereof. 10. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the strips of nonwoven fibers comprise fibers made from a material selected from the group consisting of: carbon, glass, metals, quartz, polymers and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. 11. The woven fabric according to claim 10, wherein said polymers are selected from: aramid, polyester, polyamide, polyphthalamide, polyamide-imide, polyarylsulfone, polysulfones, polyphenylene sulfone, polyaryletherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, elastomeric polyamide, polyphenylene ether, polyurethane, liquid crystal polymers (LCP), phenoxy, polyacrylonitrile, and acrylate polymers. 12. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein unidirectional fiber tows are comprised of carbon fibers and the strips of nonwoven fibers comprise randomly arranged and/or randomly oriented carbon fibers. 13. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the strips of nonwoven fibers have a sufficient amount of binder to hold the fibers together but allow the strips to be permeable to liquid and gas. 14. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the weaving pattern is selected from plain weave, satin weave, and twill weave. 15. The woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the woven fabric is permeable to a liquid resin. 16. A preform adapted for receiving liquid resin in a liquid molding process comprising layers of reinforcement fibers laid up in a stacking arrangement, wherein at least one of the layers of reinforcement fibers is the woven fabric according to claim 1. 17. A composite material comprising the woven fabric according to claim 1 impregnated or infused with a matrix resin. | 1,700 |
2,567 | 2,567 | 15,119,110 | 1,785 | The present disclosure is drawn to hybrid media sheets, ink-receiving layer compositions for coating on a media substrate, and a method of making hybrid media sheets. The hybrid media sheet scan have a media substrate with a front barrier layer, a back barrier layer, an adhesion promoting layer applied to the front barrier layer, and an ink-receiving layer applied to the adhesion promoting layer. The ink-receiving layer can include a water-soluble polymer, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide. | 1. A hybrid media sheet, comprising:
a media substrate; a front barrier layer comprising a first polyolefin applied to a front side of the media substrate; a back barrier layer comprising a second polyolefin applied to a back side of the media substrate; an adhesion promoting subbing layer applied to the front barrier layer; and an ink-receiving layer comprising a water-soluble polymer, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide applied to the adhesion promoting subbing layer. 2. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the front barrier layer and the back barrier layer has a thickness ratio from about 1:1.5 to about 1:3. 3. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the front barrier layer has a weight from about 12 g/m2 to about 30 g/m2 and the back barrier layer has a weight from about 20 g/m2 to about 40 g/m2, with the proviso that the front barrier layer is thinner than the back barrier layer. 4. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the back barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and an amount of high density polyethylene at from 20% to 70% by weight, and the front barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and either no high density polyethylene or an amount of high density polyethylene that is less than the amount in the back barrier layer. 5. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the adhesion promoting subbing layer includes a polyvinyl alcohol and from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of a cross-linking agent. 6. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are present at a particles to water-soluble polymer ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:10 by weight. 7. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are calcium carbonate, synthetic non-crystalline silica, colloidal silica, alumina, colloidal alumina, pseudo boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof. 8. The hybrid media sheet of claim 8, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are colloidal alumina, cationic superfine colloidal silica, or a combination thereof. 9. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the mordant is a cationic polymer, a metal salt, or a combination thereof. 10. The hybrid media sheet of claim, wherein the media substrate comprises raw base paper and has a surface roughness of less than 4 μm. 11. An ink-receiving layer composition for coating a hybrid media sheet, comprising:
from 50% to 95% by weight of a polyvinyl alcohol; from 5% to 50% by weight of particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide; and a mordant selected from a cationic polymer, a metal salt, aluminum chlorohydrate, or combinations thereof. 12. The ink-receiving layer composition of claim 11, wherein a ratio of the mordant to the polyvinyl alcohol is from about 1:5 to about 1:25 by weight. 13. The ink-receiving layer composition of claim 11, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol compounds each having from 60% to 99% hydrolysis. 14. A method of making a hybrid media sheet, comprising:
coating a back side of a media substrate with a back barrier layer comprising a first polyolefin and a front side of the media substrate with a front barrier layer comprising a second polyolefin, wherein a thickness ratio of the front barrier layer to the back barrier layer is from 1:1.5 to 1:3; coating an adhesion promoting subbing layer onto the front barrier layer, the adhesion promoting subbing layer comprising polyvinyl alcohol; and coating an ink-receiving layer onto the adhesion promoting subbing layer, the ink-receiving layer comprising a polyvinyl alcohol, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesion promoting subbing layer and ink-receiving layer are coated at a thickness such that a combined thickness of the front barrier layer, adhesion promoting subbing layer, and ink-receiving layer is about equal to a thickness of the back barrier layer. | The present disclosure is drawn to hybrid media sheets, ink-receiving layer compositions for coating on a media substrate, and a method of making hybrid media sheets. The hybrid media sheet scan have a media substrate with a front barrier layer, a back barrier layer, an adhesion promoting layer applied to the front barrier layer, and an ink-receiving layer applied to the adhesion promoting layer. The ink-receiving layer can include a water-soluble polymer, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide.1. A hybrid media sheet, comprising:
a media substrate; a front barrier layer comprising a first polyolefin applied to a front side of the media substrate; a back barrier layer comprising a second polyolefin applied to a back side of the media substrate; an adhesion promoting subbing layer applied to the front barrier layer; and an ink-receiving layer comprising a water-soluble polymer, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide applied to the adhesion promoting subbing layer. 2. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the front barrier layer and the back barrier layer has a thickness ratio from about 1:1.5 to about 1:3. 3. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the front barrier layer has a weight from about 12 g/m2 to about 30 g/m2 and the back barrier layer has a weight from about 20 g/m2 to about 40 g/m2, with the proviso that the front barrier layer is thinner than the back barrier layer. 4. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the back barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and an amount of high density polyethylene at from 20% to 70% by weight, and the front barrier layer comprises low density polyethylene and either no high density polyethylene or an amount of high density polyethylene that is less than the amount in the back barrier layer. 5. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the adhesion promoting subbing layer includes a polyvinyl alcohol and from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of a cross-linking agent. 6. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are present at a particles to water-soluble polymer ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:10 by weight. 7. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are calcium carbonate, synthetic non-crystalline silica, colloidal silica, alumina, colloidal alumina, pseudo boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof. 8. The hybrid media sheet of claim 8, wherein the particles of the metal- or semimetal-oxide are colloidal alumina, cationic superfine colloidal silica, or a combination thereof. 9. The hybrid media sheet of claim 1, wherein the mordant is a cationic polymer, a metal salt, or a combination thereof. 10. The hybrid media sheet of claim, wherein the media substrate comprises raw base paper and has a surface roughness of less than 4 μm. 11. An ink-receiving layer composition for coating a hybrid media sheet, comprising:
from 50% to 95% by weight of a polyvinyl alcohol; from 5% to 50% by weight of particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide; and a mordant selected from a cationic polymer, a metal salt, aluminum chlorohydrate, or combinations thereof. 12. The ink-receiving layer composition of claim 11, wherein a ratio of the mordant to the polyvinyl alcohol is from about 1:5 to about 1:25 by weight. 13. The ink-receiving layer composition of claim 11, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol compounds each having from 60% to 99% hydrolysis. 14. A method of making a hybrid media sheet, comprising:
coating a back side of a media substrate with a back barrier layer comprising a first polyolefin and a front side of the media substrate with a front barrier layer comprising a second polyolefin, wherein a thickness ratio of the front barrier layer to the back barrier layer is from 1:1.5 to 1:3; coating an adhesion promoting subbing layer onto the front barrier layer, the adhesion promoting subbing layer comprising polyvinyl alcohol; and coating an ink-receiving layer onto the adhesion promoting subbing layer, the ink-receiving layer comprising a polyvinyl alcohol, a mordant, and particles of a metal- or semimetal-oxide. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesion promoting subbing layer and ink-receiving layer are coated at a thickness such that a combined thickness of the front barrier layer, adhesion promoting subbing layer, and ink-receiving layer is about equal to a thickness of the back barrier layer. | 1,700 |
2,568 | 2,568 | 13,575,768 | 1,783 | The invention relates to transparent multilayer biaxially oriented polyolefin films comprising a base layer and at least one outer matt covering layer, which contains at least two incompatible polymers and has a surface roughness of at least 2.0 [mu]m. The covering layer contains a polydialkyl siloxane having a viscosity of 100,000 to 500,000 mm2/s. The surface of said covering layer is pre-treated by means of corona. | 1-14. (canceled) 15. A transparent, multilayer, biaxially oriented polyolefin film comprising a base layer and at least one matt outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover layer contains at least two incompatible polymers and has a surface roughness of at least 2.0 μm with a cut-off of 25 μm, wherein the matt outer cover layer contains a polydialkyl siloxane with a viscosity from 100,000 to 500,000 mm2/s and the surface of this matt outer cover layer has undergone corona surface treatment. 16. The film according to claim 15, wherein the mixture of incompatible polymers contains a polyethylene and a propylene polymer. 17. The film according to claim 16, wherein the polyethylene is an HDPE or an MDPE, and the polypropylene polymer is a propylene copolymer or a propylene terpolymer or a propylene homopolymer. 18. The film according to claim 16, wherein the polyethylene is an HDPE or an MDPE, and the polypropylene polymer is a propylene copolymer and/or propylene terpolymer. 19. The film according to claim 15, wherein the polydialkyl siloxane has a viscosity from 150,000 to 400,000 mm2/s. 20. The film according to claim 19, wherein the surface tension of the surface of the outer cover layer is 37 to 50 mN/m after corona treatment. 21. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer contains >0.5% by weight polydialkyl siloxane relative to the weight of the cover layer. 22. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer further contains an antiblocking agent. 23. The film according to claim 23, wherein the antiblocking agent is a crosslinked silicone or crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate particles 24. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer has a thickness from 1 to 10 μm. 25. A laminate of a polyolefin base film that has been laminated with a film as described in claim 15 by means of laminating adhesive or extrusion lamination, wherein the inner surface of the base film is laminated with the inner surface of the film as described in claim 15 and a cold seal adhesive is applied to the outer surface of the base film. 26. The laminate according to claim 25, wherein the inner surface of the base film is printed. 27. The laminate according to claim 25, wherein the inner surface of the film is reverse printed. 28. The film according to claim 15, wherein the inner surface of the film is printed and furnished with a cold seal adhesive. 29. A process to produce a packaging product which comprises utilizing the laminate according to claim 25, wherein the outer side of the film forms the outer side of the packaging. 30. A process to produce a packaging product which comprises utilizing the film according to claim 15 to produce a packaging product, wherein the outer side of the film according to claim 15 forms the outer side of the packaging. | The invention relates to transparent multilayer biaxially oriented polyolefin films comprising a base layer and at least one outer matt covering layer, which contains at least two incompatible polymers and has a surface roughness of at least 2.0 [mu]m. The covering layer contains a polydialkyl siloxane having a viscosity of 100,000 to 500,000 mm2/s. The surface of said covering layer is pre-treated by means of corona.1-14. (canceled) 15. A transparent, multilayer, biaxially oriented polyolefin film comprising a base layer and at least one matt outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover layer contains at least two incompatible polymers and has a surface roughness of at least 2.0 μm with a cut-off of 25 μm, wherein the matt outer cover layer contains a polydialkyl siloxane with a viscosity from 100,000 to 500,000 mm2/s and the surface of this matt outer cover layer has undergone corona surface treatment. 16. The film according to claim 15, wherein the mixture of incompatible polymers contains a polyethylene and a propylene polymer. 17. The film according to claim 16, wherein the polyethylene is an HDPE or an MDPE, and the polypropylene polymer is a propylene copolymer or a propylene terpolymer or a propylene homopolymer. 18. The film according to claim 16, wherein the polyethylene is an HDPE or an MDPE, and the polypropylene polymer is a propylene copolymer and/or propylene terpolymer. 19. The film according to claim 15, wherein the polydialkyl siloxane has a viscosity from 150,000 to 400,000 mm2/s. 20. The film according to claim 19, wherein the surface tension of the surface of the outer cover layer is 37 to 50 mN/m after corona treatment. 21. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer contains >0.5% by weight polydialkyl siloxane relative to the weight of the cover layer. 22. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer further contains an antiblocking agent. 23. The film according to claim 23, wherein the antiblocking agent is a crosslinked silicone or crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate particles 24. The film according to claim 15, wherein the matt cover layer has a thickness from 1 to 10 μm. 25. A laminate of a polyolefin base film that has been laminated with a film as described in claim 15 by means of laminating adhesive or extrusion lamination, wherein the inner surface of the base film is laminated with the inner surface of the film as described in claim 15 and a cold seal adhesive is applied to the outer surface of the base film. 26. The laminate according to claim 25, wherein the inner surface of the base film is printed. 27. The laminate according to claim 25, wherein the inner surface of the film is reverse printed. 28. The film according to claim 15, wherein the inner surface of the film is printed and furnished with a cold seal adhesive. 29. A process to produce a packaging product which comprises utilizing the laminate according to claim 25, wherein the outer side of the film forms the outer side of the packaging. 30. A process to produce a packaging product which comprises utilizing the film according to claim 15 to produce a packaging product, wherein the outer side of the film according to claim 15 forms the outer side of the packaging. | 1,700 |
2,569 | 2,569 | 15,232,869 | 1,726 | An assembly includes a photovoltaic module including a solar cell and a cooling system including a heat pipe adapted to dissipate heat from the solar cell. A method includes dissipating heat from the solar cell using the heat pipe. The photovoltaic module may be disposed on a vehicle to convert solar energy into electricity. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic module including a solar cell; and a cooling system including a heat pipe adapted to dissipate heat from said solar cell. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said photovoltaic module is mounted to a roof component of a vehicle. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said cooling system includes a thermal conductor disposed between said solar cell and said heat pipe. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a thermally conductive sheet. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a glass pipe. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a thermal grease. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said cooling system includes a heatsink, and said heat pipe extends between said solar cell and said heatsink. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said heatsink includes a metallic body and a plurality of cooling fins that protrude from said metallic body. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe includes an evaporation section proximate said solar cell and a condenser section proximate a heatsink of said cooling system. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 9, comprising a working medium movable inside said heat pipe between said evaporation section and said condenser section. 11. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein said working medium moves via gravity or capillary forces. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe is a thermosyphon. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said assembly is a vehicle assembly. 14. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe includes an evaporation section and a condenser section elevated relative to said evaporation section. 15. A method, comprising:
dissipating heat from a solar cell of a photovoltaic module using a heat pipe. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein dissipating the heat includes:
absorbing the heat from the solar cell into an evaporation section of the heat pipe. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, comprising:
vaporizing a working medium inside the evaporation section; and communicating the vaporized working medium to a condenser section of the heat pipe. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, comprising:
condensing the working medium in the condenser section to release the heat to a heatsink. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, comprising:
releasing the heat to a heatsink connected to a section of the heat pipe that is remote from the solar cell. 20. A vehicle, comprising:
a battery; a photovoltaic module configured to convert solar energy into electricity for charging said battery; and a cooling system including at least one heat pipe adapted to passively dissipate heat from said photovoltaic module. | An assembly includes a photovoltaic module including a solar cell and a cooling system including a heat pipe adapted to dissipate heat from the solar cell. A method includes dissipating heat from the solar cell using the heat pipe. The photovoltaic module may be disposed on a vehicle to convert solar energy into electricity.1. An assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic module including a solar cell; and a cooling system including a heat pipe adapted to dissipate heat from said solar cell. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said photovoltaic module is mounted to a roof component of a vehicle. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said cooling system includes a thermal conductor disposed between said solar cell and said heat pipe. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a thermally conductive sheet. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a glass pipe. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein said thermal conductor is a thermal grease. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said cooling system includes a heatsink, and said heat pipe extends between said solar cell and said heatsink. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said heatsink includes a metallic body and a plurality of cooling fins that protrude from said metallic body. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe includes an evaporation section proximate said solar cell and a condenser section proximate a heatsink of said cooling system. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 9, comprising a working medium movable inside said heat pipe between said evaporation section and said condenser section. 11. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein said working medium moves via gravity or capillary forces. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe is a thermosyphon. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said assembly is a vehicle assembly. 14. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said heat pipe includes an evaporation section and a condenser section elevated relative to said evaporation section. 15. A method, comprising:
dissipating heat from a solar cell of a photovoltaic module using a heat pipe. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein dissipating the heat includes:
absorbing the heat from the solar cell into an evaporation section of the heat pipe. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, comprising:
vaporizing a working medium inside the evaporation section; and communicating the vaporized working medium to a condenser section of the heat pipe. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, comprising:
condensing the working medium in the condenser section to release the heat to a heatsink. 19. The method as recited in claim 15, comprising:
releasing the heat to a heatsink connected to a section of the heat pipe that is remote from the solar cell. 20. A vehicle, comprising:
a battery; a photovoltaic module configured to convert solar energy into electricity for charging said battery; and a cooling system including at least one heat pipe adapted to passively dissipate heat from said photovoltaic module. | 1,700 |
2,570 | 2,570 | 14,075,826 | 1,726 | Photovoltaic (PV) devices and solution-based methods of making the same are described. The PV devices include a CIGS-type absorber layer formed on a molybdenum substrate. The molybdenum substrate includes a layer of low-density molybdenum proximate to the absorber layer. The presence of low-density molybdenum proximate to the absorber layer has been found to promote the growth of large grains of CIGS-type semiconductor material in the absorber layer. | 1. A structure, comprising:
support; a first low-density molybdenum layer; and a layer of photo-absorbing material disposed on, and proximate to, the low-density molybdenum. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 3.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 4. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 5.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 6. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 7. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 800 nm. 8. The structure of claim 1, further comprising a high-density molybdenum layer. 9. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer is situated between the low-density molybdenum layer and the support. 10. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 11. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.2×10−4 Ω-cm. 12. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer and the low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 13. The structure of claim 8, further comprising a second low-density molybdenum layer disposed proximate to the support. 14. The structure of claim 8, further comprising a second low-density molybdenum layer disposed between the high-density molybdenum layer and the support. 15. The structure of claim 8, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer, the high-density molybdenum layer, and the second low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 16. The structure of claim 1, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer is situated to absorb contaminants generated in the photo-absorbing material. 17. The structure of claim 16, wherein in the contaminants are organic contaminants. 18. The structure of claim 16, wherein in the contaminants are generated when the structure is heated to melt the photo-absorbing layer. 19. The structure of claim 1, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer contains appreciable carbon. 20. The structure of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing layer comprises a material having the formula AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 21. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
depositing a low-density molybdenum layer on a support, depositing a photo-absorber precursor layer on the low-density molybdenum layer, the photo-absorber precursor layer comprising nanoparticles and at least one organic component, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group of nanoparticles having the formula, AB, AC, BC, AB1-xB′x, and AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 3.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 5.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one organic compound comprises a capping agent. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising heating the photo-absorber precursor layer to melt the nanoparticles, whereby a portion of the at least one organic compound becomes absorbed into the low-density molybdenum layer. 29. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
depositing a first low-density molybdenum layer on a support, depositing a high-density molybdenum layer on the first low-density molybdenum layer, depositing a second low-density molybdenum layer on the high-density molybdenum layer, and depositing a photo-absorber precursor layer on the second low-density molybdenum layer, the photo-absorber precursor layer comprising nanoparticles and at least one organic component, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group of nanoparticles having the formula, AB, AC, BC, AB1-xB′x, or AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.2×10−4 Ω-cm. 34. The structure of claim 29, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer, the high-density molybdenum layer, and the second low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. | Photovoltaic (PV) devices and solution-based methods of making the same are described. The PV devices include a CIGS-type absorber layer formed on a molybdenum substrate. The molybdenum substrate includes a layer of low-density molybdenum proximate to the absorber layer. The presence of low-density molybdenum proximate to the absorber layer has been found to promote the growth of large grains of CIGS-type semiconductor material in the absorber layer.1. A structure, comprising:
support; a first low-density molybdenum layer; and a layer of photo-absorbing material disposed on, and proximate to, the low-density molybdenum. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 3.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 4. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 5.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 6. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 7. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 800 nm. 8. The structure of claim 1, further comprising a high-density molybdenum layer. 9. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer is situated between the low-density molybdenum layer and the support. 10. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 11. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.2×10−4 Ω-cm. 12. The structure of claim 8, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer and the low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 13. The structure of claim 8, further comprising a second low-density molybdenum layer disposed proximate to the support. 14. The structure of claim 8, further comprising a second low-density molybdenum layer disposed between the high-density molybdenum layer and the support. 15. The structure of claim 8, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer, the high-density molybdenum layer, and the second low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. 16. The structure of claim 1, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer is situated to absorb contaminants generated in the photo-absorbing material. 17. The structure of claim 16, wherein in the contaminants are organic contaminants. 18. The structure of claim 16, wherein in the contaminants are generated when the structure is heated to melt the photo-absorbing layer. 19. The structure of claim 1, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer contains appreciable carbon. 20. The structure of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing layer comprises a material having the formula AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 21. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
depositing a low-density molybdenum layer on a support, depositing a photo-absorber precursor layer on the low-density molybdenum layer, the photo-absorber precursor layer comprising nanoparticles and at least one organic component, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group of nanoparticles having the formula, AB, AC, BC, AB1-xB′x, and AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 3.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 5.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one organic compound comprises a capping agent. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising heating the photo-absorber precursor layer to melt the nanoparticles, whereby a portion of the at least one organic compound becomes absorbed into the low-density molybdenum layer. 29. A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
depositing a first low-density molybdenum layer on a support, depositing a high-density molybdenum layer on the first low-density molybdenum layer, depositing a second low-density molybdenum layer on the high-density molybdenum layer, and depositing a photo-absorber precursor layer on the second low-density molybdenum layer, the photo-absorber precursor layer comprising nanoparticles and at least one organic component, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group of nanoparticles having the formula, AB, AC, BC, AB1-xB′x, or AB1-xB′xC2-yC′y, where A is Cu, Zn, Ag or Cd; B and B′ are independently Al, In or Ga; C and C′ are independently S, Se or Te, 0≦x≦1; and 0≦y≦2. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 2.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of greater than about 4.0×10−4 Ω-cm. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the second low-density molybdenum layer has a thickness greater than about 500 nm. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the high-density molybdenum layer has a resistivity of less than 0.2×10−4 Ω-cm. 34. The structure of claim 29, wherein the first low-density molybdenum layer, the high-density molybdenum layer, and the second low-density molybdenum layer are combined as a combined molybdenum layer having a resistivity of less than about 0.5×10−4 Ω-cm. | 1,700 |
2,571 | 2,571 | 15,024,404 | 1,766 | A polycarbonate composition is disclosed that maintains its color and transparency for long time periods. The composition comprises a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and a pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer; and optionally a phenolic antioxidant. Articles made from the polycarbonate composition are suitable for materials with high thicknesses and high transparency. | 1. A polycarbonate composition, comprising:
a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and a stabilizer comprising bis(2,4-dicumyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite; wherein the composition has a yellowness index (YI) of 3 or less when measured according to ASTM D1925 at 2.5 mm thickness; a light transmission of 90% or greater when measured according to ASTM D1003 at 2.5 mm thickness; a melt volume rate of 3 to 56 cc/10 min, when measured according to ASTM D1238; an endcap percentage of 65% to 90%; and a Fries content of from 200 ppm to 2750 ppm; wherein the Fries content is calculated by measuring a total Fries product content on a mass percentage basis of the polycarbonate by hydrolysis of the polycarbonate, followed by methanolysis, and subsequently, analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography, and a mole ratio of branched to unbranched Fries was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and the Fries content was the total Fries products multiplied by the mole ratio. 2. A polycarbonate composition, comprising:
a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and 200-700 ppm of bis(2,4-dicumyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite; wherein the composition has a yellowness index (YI) of 3 or less when measured according to ASTM D1925 at 2.5 mm thickness; a light transmission of 90% or greater when measured according to ASTM D1003 at 2.5 mm thickness; a melt volume rate of 3 to 56 cc/10 min, when measured according to ASTM D1238; an endcap percentage of 65% to 90%. 3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phenolic antioxidant. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the phenolic antioxidant is octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, or bis[3,3-bis-(4′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butylphenyl) butanoic acid]-glycol ester. 5. The composition of claim 3, containing from 50 ppm to 1000 ppm of the phenolic antioxidant. 6. The composition of claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer to the phenolic antioxidant is from 1 to 6. 7. The composition of claim 1, containing from 25 ppm to 1000 ppm of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index remains below 10 after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index increases by less than 100% after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index increases by less than 200% after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 120 minutes. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melt process used to form the polycarbonate polymer includes the addition of a quenching agent to inhibit the activity of residual catalyst in the polycarbonate polymer. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the amount of the quenching agent added is about 0.05 ppm to about 100 ppm based on the total weight of the polycarbonate. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the quenching agent is added along with a carrier to the polycarbonate, and/or wherein the quenching agent is added to the process after formation of the polycarbonate. 14. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phosphite antioxidant which is different from the pentaerythritol disphosphite stabilizer. 15. An article molded from the polycarbonate composition of claim 1, and wherein the article is an automotive inner lens, a collimator lens, an LED lens, or a light guide. 16. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phenolic antioxidant which is different from the pentaerythritol disphosphite stabilizer. 17. The composition of claim 16, containing from 50 ppm to 1,000 ppm of the phenolic antioxidant. 18. The composition of claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer to the phenolic antioxidant is from 1 to 6. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index remains below 10 after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melt process used to form the polycarbonate polymer includes the addition of a quenching agent to inhibit the activity of residual catalyst in the polycarbonate polymer, and wherein the amount of the quenching agent added is about 0.05 ppm to about 100 ppm based on the total weight of the polycarbonate. | A polycarbonate composition is disclosed that maintains its color and transparency for long time periods. The composition comprises a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and a pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer; and optionally a phenolic antioxidant. Articles made from the polycarbonate composition are suitable for materials with high thicknesses and high transparency.1. A polycarbonate composition, comprising:
a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and a stabilizer comprising bis(2,4-dicumyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite; wherein the composition has a yellowness index (YI) of 3 or less when measured according to ASTM D1925 at 2.5 mm thickness; a light transmission of 90% or greater when measured according to ASTM D1003 at 2.5 mm thickness; a melt volume rate of 3 to 56 cc/10 min, when measured according to ASTM D1238; an endcap percentage of 65% to 90%; and a Fries content of from 200 ppm to 2750 ppm; wherein the Fries content is calculated by measuring a total Fries product content on a mass percentage basis of the polycarbonate by hydrolysis of the polycarbonate, followed by methanolysis, and subsequently, analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography, and a mole ratio of branched to unbranched Fries was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and the Fries content was the total Fries products multiplied by the mole ratio. 2. A polycarbonate composition, comprising:
a polycarbonate polymer formed by a melt process; and 200-700 ppm of bis(2,4-dicumyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite; wherein the composition has a yellowness index (YI) of 3 or less when measured according to ASTM D1925 at 2.5 mm thickness; a light transmission of 90% or greater when measured according to ASTM D1003 at 2.5 mm thickness; a melt volume rate of 3 to 56 cc/10 min, when measured according to ASTM D1238; an endcap percentage of 65% to 90%. 3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phenolic antioxidant. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the phenolic antioxidant is octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione, or bis[3,3-bis-(4′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butylphenyl) butanoic acid]-glycol ester. 5. The composition of claim 3, containing from 50 ppm to 1000 ppm of the phenolic antioxidant. 6. The composition of claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer to the phenolic antioxidant is from 1 to 6. 7. The composition of claim 1, containing from 25 ppm to 1000 ppm of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index remains below 10 after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index increases by less than 100% after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index increases by less than 200% after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 120 minutes. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melt process used to form the polycarbonate polymer includes the addition of a quenching agent to inhibit the activity of residual catalyst in the polycarbonate polymer. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the amount of the quenching agent added is about 0.05 ppm to about 100 ppm based on the total weight of the polycarbonate. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the quenching agent is added along with a carrier to the polycarbonate, and/or wherein the quenching agent is added to the process after formation of the polycarbonate. 14. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phosphite antioxidant which is different from the pentaerythritol disphosphite stabilizer. 15. An article molded from the polycarbonate composition of claim 1, and wherein the article is an automotive inner lens, a collimator lens, an LED lens, or a light guide. 16. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a phenolic antioxidant which is different from the pentaerythritol disphosphite stabilizer. 17. The composition of claim 16, containing from 50 ppm to 1,000 ppm of the phenolic antioxidant. 18. The composition of claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of the pentaerythritol diphosphite stabilizer to the phenolic antioxidant is from 1 to 6. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the yellowness index remains below 10 after being baked at 250° C. for a period of 60 minutes. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melt process used to form the polycarbonate polymer includes the addition of a quenching agent to inhibit the activity of residual catalyst in the polycarbonate polymer, and wherein the amount of the quenching agent added is about 0.05 ppm to about 100 ppm based on the total weight of the polycarbonate. | 1,700 |
2,572 | 2,572 | 14,650,352 | 1,786 | Provided is a flame retardant resin composition which contains a base resin, calcium carbonate particles which are blended at a proportion of 10 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, a silicone-based compound which is blended at a proportion of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, and a fatty acid-containing compound which is blended at a proportion of 1 to 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin. In this flame retardant resin composition, the calcium carbonate particles have an average particle diameter of less than 0.7 μm. | 1. A flame retardant resin composition comprising:
a base resin; calcium carbonate particles which are blended at a proportion of 10 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin; a silicone-based compound which is blended at a proportion of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin; and a fatty acid-containing compound which is blended at a proportion of 1 to 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, wherein the calcium carbonate particles have an average particle diameter of less than 0.7 μm. 2. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate particles are blended at a proportion of less than 100 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin. 3. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate particles are heavy calcium carbonate or light calcium carbonate. 4. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the base resin is a polyolefin compound. 5. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin compound contains an acid modified polyolefin compound. 6. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silicone-based compound is a silicone gum. 7. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid-containing compound is magnesium stearate. 8. A cable comprising an insulated wire which has a conductor and an insulating layer coating the conductor, the insulating layer being formed of the flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1. 9. A cable comprising a conductor, an insulating layer coating the conductor, and a sheath covering the insulating layer, at least one of the insulating layer and the sheath being formed of the flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1. | Provided is a flame retardant resin composition which contains a base resin, calcium carbonate particles which are blended at a proportion of 10 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, a silicone-based compound which is blended at a proportion of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, and a fatty acid-containing compound which is blended at a proportion of 1 to 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin. In this flame retardant resin composition, the calcium carbonate particles have an average particle diameter of less than 0.7 μm.1. A flame retardant resin composition comprising:
a base resin; calcium carbonate particles which are blended at a proportion of 10 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin; a silicone-based compound which is blended at a proportion of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin; and a fatty acid-containing compound which is blended at a proportion of 1 to 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin, wherein the calcium carbonate particles have an average particle diameter of less than 0.7 μm. 2. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate particles are blended at a proportion of less than 100 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the base resin. 3. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate particles are heavy calcium carbonate or light calcium carbonate. 4. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the base resin is a polyolefin compound. 5. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 4, wherein the polyolefin compound contains an acid modified polyolefin compound. 6. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silicone-based compound is a silicone gum. 7. The flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid-containing compound is magnesium stearate. 8. A cable comprising an insulated wire which has a conductor and an insulating layer coating the conductor, the insulating layer being formed of the flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1. 9. A cable comprising a conductor, an insulating layer coating the conductor, and a sheath covering the insulating layer, at least one of the insulating layer and the sheath being formed of the flame retardant resin composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,573 | 2,573 | 13,968,541 | 1,727 | A feed-through component for a conductor feed-through which passes through a part of a housing, for example a battery housing, is embedded in a glass or glass ceramic material and has at least one conductor, for example an essentially pin-shaped conductor, and a head part. The surface, in particular the cross-sectional surface, of the head part is greater than the surface, in particular the cross-sectional surface, of the conductor, for example of the essentially pin-shaped conductor. The head part is embodied such that is can be joined to an electrode-connecting component, for example an electrode-connecting part, which may be made of copper, a copper alloy CuSiC, an aluminum alloy AlSiC or aluminum, with a mechanically stable and non-detachable connection. | 1. A feed-through component for a conductor feed-through which passes through a part of a housing, the feed-through component comprising:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; an electrode connecting component; and at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being configured to be joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 2. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein the part of a housing is for a battery housing. 3. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said at least one conductor is an essentially pin-shaped conductor. 4. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said electrode connecting component consists essentially of one of copper, a copper ally, CuSiC, an aluminum alloy, AlSiC and aluminum. 5. The feed-through component according to claim 3, said head part further comprising a centering part. 6. The feed-through component according to claim 5, said centering part being an extension protruding over said head part of said essentially pin-shaped conductor. 7. The feed-through component according to claim 6, wherein said extension is round. 8. The feed-through component according to claim 6, wherein said extension is not round and is a twist lock. 9. The feed-through component according to claim 7, said electrode connecting component having a centering opening configured to accommodate said extension of said head part. 10. The feed-through component according to claim 9, said electrode connecting component being a flat component and having a thickness which is smaller than a dimension of said electrode connecting component which is essentially vertical to said thickness. 11. The feed-through component according to claim 10, said electrode connecting component further comprising a plurality of reinforcements. 12. The feed-through component according to claim 11, said plurality of reinforcements being in a form of reinforcement stamping. 13. The feed-through component according to claim 1, said electrode connecting component being connected with said head part by one of welding, soldering, grouting, caulking, flanging, shrinking and clamping. 14. The feed-through component according to claim 1, said electrode connecting component further comprising a coating. 15. The feed-through component according to claim 14, said coating being at least one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn) and silver (Ag). 16. The feed-through component according to claim 15, said head part further comprising a projection. 17. The feed-through component according to claim 16, said essentially pin-shaped conductor including one of an aluminum alloy, aluminum, a copper alloy, copper, a silver alloy, silver, a gold alloy, gold, magnesium and a magnesium alloy. 18. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material includes:
P2O5
35-50
mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
0-14
mol-%;
B2O3
2-10
mol-%;
Na2O
0-30
mol-%;
M2O
0-20
mol-%, wherein M is one of potassium (K), cesium (Cs)
and rubidium (Rb);
PbO
0-10
mol-%;
Li2O
0-45
mol-%;
BaO
0-20
mol-%; and
Bi2O3
0-10
mol-%. 19. The feed-through component according to claim 18, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
2-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
0-20 mol-%;
M2O
12-19 mol-%;
PbO
0-9 mol-%;
Li2O
0-40 mol-%;
BaO
5-20 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
1-5 mol-%. 20. The feed-through component according to claim 19, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
Li2O
17-40 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
2-5 mol-%. 21. The feed-through component according to claim 18, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
38-50 mol-%;
Al2O3
3-14 mol-%;
B2O3
4-10 mol-%;
Na2O
10-30 mol-%;
K2O
10-20 mol-%; and
PbO
0-10 mol-%. 22. The feed-through component according to claim 21, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
4-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
14-20 mol-%;
K2O
12-19 mol-%; and
PbO
0-9 mol-%. 23. A method of producing a feed-through component for feeding through a part of a housing, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a feed-through component including at least one essentially pin-shaped conductor and a head part; providing an electrode connecting component which is separate from said feed-through component; and connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component in a region of said head part through a mechanically stable, non-detachable connection. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said housing is a battery housing. 25. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of treating a surface of said electrode connecting component. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said treating step includes coating said surface of said electrode connecting component prior to connecting said electrode connecting component with said feed-through component. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said electrode connecting component is coated with one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), palladium (Pd) and zinc (Zn). 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein said step of connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component in said region of said head part by one of welding, soldering, caulking, flanging, shrinking, pressing, clamping and crimping. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said welding includes one of laser welding, resistance welding, electron beam welding, ultrasonic welding and friction welding. 30. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of providing said electrode connecting component with a reinforcement stamping. 31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising the step of providing said electrode connecting component with a centering opening which is one of round and not round and which provides one of a centering possibility and a twist lock. 32. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of sealing said feed-through component in one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material into one of a base body and an opening of the part of the housing prior to said step of connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component. 33. The method according to claim 32, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
35-50
mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
0-14
mol-%;
B2O3
2-10
mol-%;
Na2O
0-30
mol-%;
M2O
0-20
mol-%, wherein M is one of potassium (K), cesium (Cs)
and and rubidium (Rb);
PbO
0-10
mol-%;
Li2O
0-45
mol-%;
BaO
0-20
mol-%; and
Bi2O3
0-10
mol-%. 34. The method according to claim 33, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
2-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
0-20 mol-%;
M2O
12-19 mol-%;
PbO
0-9 mol-%;
Li2O
0-40 mol-%;
BaO
5-20 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
1-5 mol-%. 35. The method according to claim 34, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
Li2O
17-40 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
2-5 mol-%. 36. The method according to claim 33, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
38-50 mol-%;
Al2O3
3-14 mol-%;
B2O3
4-10 mol-%;
Na2O
10-30 mol-%;
K2O
10-20 mol-%; and
PbO
0-10 mol-%. 37. The method according to claim 36, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
4-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
14-20 mol-%;
K2O
12-19 mol-%; and
PbO
0-9 mol-%. 38. A housing, comprising:
an electrode connecting component; and at least one feed-through component connected with said electrode connecting component, said at least one feed-through component including:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; and
at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 39. The housing according to claim 38, wherein the housing is a battery housing. 40. The housing according to claim 38, wherein the housing includes a light metal. 41. The housing according to claim 40, wherein said light metal is one of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, magnesium, a magnesium alloy, titanium and a titanium alloy. 42. The housing according to claim 39, wherein the housing includes a metal. 43. The housing according to claim 42, wherein said metal is one of steel, high-grade steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. 44. The housing according to claim 39, wherein said electrode connecting component is an attachment component. 45. The housing according to claim 44, said battery cell housing further comprising an outside ring. 46. A storage device, comprising:
an electrode connecting component; and at least one feed-through component connected with said electrode connecting component, said at least one feed-through component including:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; and
at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 47. The storage device according to claim 46, the storage device being a battery. 48. The storage device according to claim 47, said battery being a lithium-ion battery. 49. The storage device according to claim 48, the lithium-ion battery being a lithium-ion accumulator. 50. The storage device according to claim 46, further comprising a housing. 51. The storage device according to claim 50, wherein said housing is a battery housing. | A feed-through component for a conductor feed-through which passes through a part of a housing, for example a battery housing, is embedded in a glass or glass ceramic material and has at least one conductor, for example an essentially pin-shaped conductor, and a head part. The surface, in particular the cross-sectional surface, of the head part is greater than the surface, in particular the cross-sectional surface, of the conductor, for example of the essentially pin-shaped conductor. The head part is embodied such that is can be joined to an electrode-connecting component, for example an electrode-connecting part, which may be made of copper, a copper alloy CuSiC, an aluminum alloy AlSiC or aluminum, with a mechanically stable and non-detachable connection.1. A feed-through component for a conductor feed-through which passes through a part of a housing, the feed-through component comprising:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; an electrode connecting component; and at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being configured to be joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 2. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein the part of a housing is for a battery housing. 3. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said at least one conductor is an essentially pin-shaped conductor. 4. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said electrode connecting component consists essentially of one of copper, a copper ally, CuSiC, an aluminum alloy, AlSiC and aluminum. 5. The feed-through component according to claim 3, said head part further comprising a centering part. 6. The feed-through component according to claim 5, said centering part being an extension protruding over said head part of said essentially pin-shaped conductor. 7. The feed-through component according to claim 6, wherein said extension is round. 8. The feed-through component according to claim 6, wherein said extension is not round and is a twist lock. 9. The feed-through component according to claim 7, said electrode connecting component having a centering opening configured to accommodate said extension of said head part. 10. The feed-through component according to claim 9, said electrode connecting component being a flat component and having a thickness which is smaller than a dimension of said electrode connecting component which is essentially vertical to said thickness. 11. The feed-through component according to claim 10, said electrode connecting component further comprising a plurality of reinforcements. 12. The feed-through component according to claim 11, said plurality of reinforcements being in a form of reinforcement stamping. 13. The feed-through component according to claim 1, said electrode connecting component being connected with said head part by one of welding, soldering, grouting, caulking, flanging, shrinking and clamping. 14. The feed-through component according to claim 1, said electrode connecting component further comprising a coating. 15. The feed-through component according to claim 14, said coating being at least one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn) and silver (Ag). 16. The feed-through component according to claim 15, said head part further comprising a projection. 17. The feed-through component according to claim 16, said essentially pin-shaped conductor including one of an aluminum alloy, aluminum, a copper alloy, copper, a silver alloy, silver, a gold alloy, gold, magnesium and a magnesium alloy. 18. The feed-through component according to claim 1, wherein said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material includes:
P2O5
35-50
mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
0-14
mol-%;
B2O3
2-10
mol-%;
Na2O
0-30
mol-%;
M2O
0-20
mol-%, wherein M is one of potassium (K), cesium (Cs)
and rubidium (Rb);
PbO
0-10
mol-%;
Li2O
0-45
mol-%;
BaO
0-20
mol-%; and
Bi2O3
0-10
mol-%. 19. The feed-through component according to claim 18, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
2-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
0-20 mol-%;
M2O
12-19 mol-%;
PbO
0-9 mol-%;
Li2O
0-40 mol-%;
BaO
5-20 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
1-5 mol-%. 20. The feed-through component according to claim 19, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
Li2O
17-40 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
2-5 mol-%. 21. The feed-through component according to claim 18, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
38-50 mol-%;
Al2O3
3-14 mol-%;
B2O3
4-10 mol-%;
Na2O
10-30 mol-%;
K2O
10-20 mol-%; and
PbO
0-10 mol-%. 22. The feed-through component according to claim 21, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
4-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
14-20 mol-%;
K2O
12-19 mol-%; and
PbO
0-9 mol-%. 23. A method of producing a feed-through component for feeding through a part of a housing, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a feed-through component including at least one essentially pin-shaped conductor and a head part; providing an electrode connecting component which is separate from said feed-through component; and connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component in a region of said head part through a mechanically stable, non-detachable connection. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said housing is a battery housing. 25. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of treating a surface of said electrode connecting component. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said treating step includes coating said surface of said electrode connecting component prior to connecting said electrode connecting component with said feed-through component. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said electrode connecting component is coated with one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), palladium (Pd) and zinc (Zn). 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein said step of connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component in said region of said head part by one of welding, soldering, caulking, flanging, shrinking, pressing, clamping and crimping. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said welding includes one of laser welding, resistance welding, electron beam welding, ultrasonic welding and friction welding. 30. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of providing said electrode connecting component with a reinforcement stamping. 31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising the step of providing said electrode connecting component with a centering opening which is one of round and not round and which provides one of a centering possibility and a twist lock. 32. The method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of sealing said feed-through component in one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material into one of a base body and an opening of the part of the housing prior to said step of connecting said feed-through component with said electrode connecting component. 33. The method according to claim 32, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
35-50
mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
0-14
mol-%;
B2O3
2-10
mol-%;
Na2O
0-30
mol-%;
M2O
0-20
mol-%, wherein M is one of potassium (K), cesium (Cs)
and and rubidium (Rb);
PbO
0-10
mol-%;
Li2O
0-45
mol-%;
BaO
0-20
mol-%; and
Bi2O3
0-10
mol-%. 34. The method according to claim 33, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mole percent (mol-%);
Al2O3
2-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
0-20 mol-%;
M2O
12-19 mol-%;
PbO
0-9 mol-%;
Li2O
0-40 mol-%;
BaO
5-20 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
1-5 mol-%. 35. The method according to claim 34, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
Li2O
17-40 mol-%; and
Bi2O3
2-5 mol-%. 36. The method according to claim 33, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
38-50 mol-%;
Al2O3
3-14 mol-%;
B2O3
4-10 mol-%;
Na2O
10-30 mol-%;
K2O
10-20 mol-%; and
PbO
0-10 mol-%. 37. The method according to claim 36, said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material including:
P2O5
39-48 mol-%;
Al2O3
4-12 mol-%;
B2O3
4-8 mol-%;
Na2O
14-20 mol-%;
K2O
12-19 mol-%; and
PbO
0-9 mol-%. 38. A housing, comprising:
an electrode connecting component; and at least one feed-through component connected with said electrode connecting component, said at least one feed-through component including:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; and
at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 39. The housing according to claim 38, wherein the housing is a battery housing. 40. The housing according to claim 38, wherein the housing includes a light metal. 41. The housing according to claim 40, wherein said light metal is one of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, magnesium, a magnesium alloy, titanium and a titanium alloy. 42. The housing according to claim 39, wherein the housing includes a metal. 43. The housing according to claim 42, wherein said metal is one of steel, high-grade steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. 44. The housing according to claim 39, wherein said electrode connecting component is an attachment component. 45. The housing according to claim 44, said battery cell housing further comprising an outside ring. 46. A storage device, comprising:
an electrode connecting component; and at least one feed-through component connected with said electrode connecting component, said at least one feed-through component including:
one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material; and
at least one conductor embedded in said one of a glass material and a glass ceramic material, said at least one conductor having a cross sectional surface and including a head part having a head part surface which is larger than said cross sectional surface of said at least one conductor, said head part being joined with said electrode connecting component to form a mechanically stable and non-detachable electrical connection having good conductivity. 47. The storage device according to claim 46, the storage device being a battery. 48. The storage device according to claim 47, said battery being a lithium-ion battery. 49. The storage device according to claim 48, the lithium-ion battery being a lithium-ion accumulator. 50. The storage device according to claim 46, further comprising a housing. 51. The storage device according to claim 50, wherein said housing is a battery housing. | 1,700 |
2,574 | 2,574 | 15,227,827 | 1,737 | The present disclosure relates to toner compositions containing a high loading of white colorant of greater than 30 weight % by weight of the toner and processes thereof. The toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of at least 75. | 1. An emulsion aggregation toner having toner particles comprising
one single white colorant consisting of titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 3.6 to 4.3, wherein the single white colorant is present in an amount of from about 35 weight percent to 60 weight percent by weight of the toner; a crystalline polyester resin; and an amorphous polyester resin; wherein the toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of from about 75 to about 95 at a pigment mass per unit area of from about 0.2 mg/cm2 to about 1.5 mg/cm2 based on the surface area of a black substrate. 2. The toner composition of claim 1 having a mean particle size of from about 5 microns to about 20 microns. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), poly(ethylene-succinate), polypropylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene dodecanoate), poly(hexane-dodecanoate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-decanoate), poly(nonane-dodecanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-dodecanoate), poly(ethylene-adipamide), polypropylene-adipamide), poly(butylenes-adipamide), poly(pentylene-adipamide), poly(hexylene-adipamide), poly(octylene-adipamide), polyethylene-succinimide), and poly(propylene-sebecamide), polyethylene-adipimide), poly(propylene-adipimide), poly(butylene-adipimide), poly(pentylene-adipimide), poly(hexylene-adipimide), poly(octylene-adipimide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), poly(propylene-succinimide), polybutylene-succinimide), and mixtures thereof. 6. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is presented in an amount of from about 5 weight percent to 25 weight percent by weight of the toner. 7. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate resin, poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(1,2-propylene fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(1,2-propylene maleate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(1,2-propylene itaconate), a copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-terephthalate), a terpoly (propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate)-terpoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-terephthalate)-terpoly-(propoxylated bisphenol A co-dodecylsuccinate), and mixtures thereof. 8. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin is presented in an amount of from about 20 weight percent to 60 weight percent by weight of the toner. 9. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin having an average weight molecular weight of from about 45,000 to about 150,000. 10. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin having an average weight molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 30,000. 11. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition further comprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof. 12. The toner composition of claim 13, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises diphenyl oxide disulfonate. 13. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition does not contain a cross-linked resin. 14. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition is a dry powder. 15. An emulsion aggregation toner having toner particles comprising
one single white colorant consisting of titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 3.6 to 4.3, wherein the single white colorant is present in an amount of from about 35 weight percent to 55 weight percent by weight of the toner; a crystalline polyester resin; an amorphous polyester resin; and an anionic surfactant; wherein the toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of from about 75 to about 95 at a pigment mass per unit area from about 0.2 mg/cm2 to about 1.5 mg/cm2 based on the surface area of a black substrate. 16. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the L* is from about 80 to about 90. 17. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the amorphous polyester resin comprises a high average weight molecular weight amorphous polyester resin of from about 45,000 to about 150,000 and a low average weight molecular weight amorphous polyester resin of from about 10,000 to about 30,000. 18. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein anionic surfactant comprises diphenyl oxide disulfonate. 19. The toner composition of claim 15 having a mean particle size of from about 6 microns to about 10 microns. 20. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), poly(ethylene-succinate), polypropylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene dodecanoate), poly(hexane-dodecanoate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-decanoate), poly(nonane-dodecanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-dodecanoate), poly(ethylene-adipamide), poly(propylene-adipamide), poly(butylenes-adipamide), poly(pentylene-adipamide), poly(hexylene-adipamide), poly(octylene-adipamide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), and poly(propylene-sebecamide), poly(ethylene-adipimide), poly(propylene-adipimide), poly(butylene-adipimide), poly(pentylene-adipimide), poly(hexylene-adipimide), poly(octylene-adipimide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), poly(propylene-succinimide), poly(butylene-succinimide), and mixtures thereof. 21. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the one single type of white colorant is titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 4.0 to 4.3. | The present disclosure relates to toner compositions containing a high loading of white colorant of greater than 30 weight % by weight of the toner and processes thereof. The toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of at least 75.1. An emulsion aggregation toner having toner particles comprising
one single white colorant consisting of titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 3.6 to 4.3, wherein the single white colorant is present in an amount of from about 35 weight percent to 60 weight percent by weight of the toner; a crystalline polyester resin; and an amorphous polyester resin; wherein the toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of from about 75 to about 95 at a pigment mass per unit area of from about 0.2 mg/cm2 to about 1.5 mg/cm2 based on the surface area of a black substrate. 2. The toner composition of claim 1 having a mean particle size of from about 5 microns to about 20 microns. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), poly(ethylene-succinate), polypropylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene dodecanoate), poly(hexane-dodecanoate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-decanoate), poly(nonane-dodecanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-dodecanoate), poly(ethylene-adipamide), polypropylene-adipamide), poly(butylenes-adipamide), poly(pentylene-adipamide), poly(hexylene-adipamide), poly(octylene-adipamide), polyethylene-succinimide), and poly(propylene-sebecamide), polyethylene-adipimide), poly(propylene-adipimide), poly(butylene-adipimide), poly(pentylene-adipimide), poly(hexylene-adipimide), poly(octylene-adipimide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), poly(propylene-succinimide), polybutylene-succinimide), and mixtures thereof. 6. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is presented in an amount of from about 5 weight percent to 25 weight percent by weight of the toner. 7. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate resin, poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(1,2-propylene fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(1,2-propylene maleate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(1,2-propylene itaconate), a copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-terephthalate), a terpoly (propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate)-terpoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-terephthalate)-terpoly-(propoxylated bisphenol A co-dodecylsuccinate), and mixtures thereof. 8. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin is presented in an amount of from about 20 weight percent to 60 weight percent by weight of the toner. 9. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin having an average weight molecular weight of from about 45,000 to about 150,000. 10. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the amorphous polyester resin having an average weight molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 30,000. 11. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition further comprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof. 12. The toner composition of claim 13, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises diphenyl oxide disulfonate. 13. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition does not contain a cross-linked resin. 14. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the toner composition is a dry powder. 15. An emulsion aggregation toner having toner particles comprising
one single white colorant consisting of titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 3.6 to 4.3, wherein the single white colorant is present in an amount of from about 35 weight percent to 55 weight percent by weight of the toner; a crystalline polyester resin; an amorphous polyester resin; and an anionic surfactant; wherein the toner exhibits a lightness (L*) of from about 75 to about 95 at a pigment mass per unit area from about 0.2 mg/cm2 to about 1.5 mg/cm2 based on the surface area of a black substrate. 16. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the L* is from about 80 to about 90. 17. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the amorphous polyester resin comprises a high average weight molecular weight amorphous polyester resin of from about 45,000 to about 150,000 and a low average weight molecular weight amorphous polyester resin of from about 10,000 to about 30,000. 18. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein anionic surfactant comprises diphenyl oxide disulfonate. 19. The toner composition of claim 15 having a mean particle size of from about 6 microns to about 10 microns. 20. The toner composition of claim 15, wherein the crystalline polyester resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), poly(ethylene-succinate), polypropylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene dodecanoate), poly(hexane-dodecanoate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-decanoate), poly(nonane-dodecanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-dodecanoate), poly(ethylene-adipamide), poly(propylene-adipamide), poly(butylenes-adipamide), poly(pentylene-adipamide), poly(hexylene-adipamide), poly(octylene-adipamide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), and poly(propylene-sebecamide), poly(ethylene-adipimide), poly(propylene-adipimide), poly(butylene-adipimide), poly(pentylene-adipimide), poly(hexylene-adipimide), poly(octylene-adipimide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), poly(propylene-succinimide), poly(butylene-succinimide), and mixtures thereof. 21. The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the one single type of white colorant is titanium dioxide having a specific gravity of from 4.0 to 4.3. | 1,700 |
2,575 | 2,575 | 15,097,875 | 1,727 | A battery module is provided having a cooling apparatus including at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line conduct a fluid and absorb heat from cells of the battery module and transfer the heat to the fluid. The first line and the second line extend perpendicular to the cells of the battery module. The first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another. A flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite a flow direction of the fluid in the second line. | 1. A battery module, comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each cell of the battery module has a compensating medium by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 3. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each cell of the battery module has a housing by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 4. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is a refrigerant or a coolant. 5. A battery system comprising a multiplicity of battery modules, each battery module comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line,
wherein the multiplicity of battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is identical in adjacent battery modules. 6. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
the first lines of the battery modules and the second lines of the battery modules are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, the first line of the first battery module receives the fluid and the second line of the first battery modules discharges the fluid, and a connecting element connects the first line of the last battery module and the second line of the last battery module. 7. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
each first line of each battery module is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, each second line of each battery module is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid, and one connecting element in each case connects the first line and the second line of each battery module. 8. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
the battery system is subdivided into a multiplicity of subregions having a predefined number of battery modules, the first lines of the battery modules within a subregion and the second lines of the battery modules within a subregion are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, a connecting element connects the first line and the second line of the last battery module of each subregion, the first line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, and the second line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid. 9. A battery system comprising a multiplicity of battery modules, each battery module comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line,
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is opposite in adjacent battery modules. 10. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
the first lines of the battery modules and the second lines of the battery modules are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, the first line of the first battery module receives the fluid and the second line of the first battery modules discharges the fluid, and a connecting element connects the first line of the last battery module and the second line of the last battery module. 11. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
each first line of each battery module is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, each second line of each battery module is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid, and one connecting element in each case connects the first line and the second line of each battery module. 12. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
the battery system is subdivided into a multiplicity of subregions having a predefined number of battery modules, the first lines of the battery modules within a subregion and the second lines of the battery modules within a subregion are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, a connecting element connects the first line and the second line of the last battery module of each subregion, the first line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, and the second line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid. 13. A vehicle, comprising:
a battery module, the battery module comprising: cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line. 14. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein each cell of the battery module has a compensating medium by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 15. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein each cell of the battery module has a housing by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 16. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein the fluid is a refrigerant or a coolant. 17. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein a multiplicity of battery modules are provided, and
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is identical in adjacent battery modules. 18. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein a multiplicity of battery modules are provided, and
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is opposite in adjacent battery modules. | A battery module is provided having a cooling apparatus including at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line conduct a fluid and absorb heat from cells of the battery module and transfer the heat to the fluid. The first line and the second line extend perpendicular to the cells of the battery module. The first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another. A flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite a flow direction of the fluid in the second line.1. A battery module, comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each cell of the battery module has a compensating medium by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 3. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each cell of the battery module has a housing by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 4. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is a refrigerant or a coolant. 5. A battery system comprising a multiplicity of battery modules, each battery module comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line,
wherein the multiplicity of battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is identical in adjacent battery modules. 6. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
the first lines of the battery modules and the second lines of the battery modules are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, the first line of the first battery module receives the fluid and the second line of the first battery modules discharges the fluid, and a connecting element connects the first line of the last battery module and the second line of the last battery module. 7. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
each first line of each battery module is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, each second line of each battery module is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid, and one connecting element in each case connects the first line and the second line of each battery module. 8. The battery system according to claim 5, wherein:
the battery system is subdivided into a multiplicity of subregions having a predefined number of battery modules, the first lines of the battery modules within a subregion and the second lines of the battery modules within a subregion are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, a connecting element connects the first line and the second line of the last battery module of each subregion, the first line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, and the second line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid. 9. A battery system comprising a multiplicity of battery modules, each battery module comprising:
cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line,
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is opposite in adjacent battery modules. 10. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
the first lines of the battery modules and the second lines of the battery modules are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, the first line of the first battery module receives the fluid and the second line of the first battery modules discharges the fluid, and a connecting element connects the first line of the last battery module and the second line of the last battery module. 11. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
each first line of each battery module is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, each second line of each battery module is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid, and one connecting element in each case connects the first line and the second line of each battery module. 12. The battery system according to claim 9, wherein:
the battery system is subdivided into a multiplicity of subregions having a predefined number of battery modules, the first lines of the battery modules within a subregion and the second lines of the battery modules within a subregion are connected in series between a first battery module and a last battery module, a connecting element connects the first line and the second line of the last battery module of each subregion, the first line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one first manifold which receives the fluid, and the second line of the first battery modules of each subregion is connected to at least one second manifold which discharges the fluid. 13. A vehicle, comprising:
a battery module, the battery module comprising: cells of the battery module; a cooling apparatus having at least one first line and at least one second line, wherein the first line and the second line carry a fluid and absorb heat from the cells of the battery module and transfer said heat to the fluid, wherein
the first line and the second line extend perpendicularly to the cells of the battery module,
the first line and the second line are arranged parallel to one another, and
a flow direction of the fluid in the first line is opposite to a flow direction of the fluid in the second line. 14. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein each cell of the battery module has a compensating medium by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 15. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein each cell of the battery module has a housing by which a temperature difference between the first line and the second line is compensated. 16. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein the fluid is a refrigerant or a coolant. 17. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein a multiplicity of battery modules are provided, and
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is identical in adjacent battery modules. 18. The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein a multiplicity of battery modules are provided, and
wherein the battery modules are arranged such that the first lines and the second lines of the battery modules extend parallel to one another, and further wherein a flow direction of the fluid within the first lines is opposite in adjacent battery modules. | 1,700 |
2,576 | 2,576 | 14,887,912 | 1,766 | The present invention relates to apparatuses and processes for manufacturing polymers of thiophene, benzothiophene, and their alkylated derivatives. A process for manufacturing polymers that includes isolating a sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon from cracked naphtha and reacting the sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon with a super acid to produce a polymer. | 1. A process for manufacturing a polymer of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, the process comprising the steps of:
isolating a sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound from cracked naphtha, and polymerizing the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound with a super acid to produce the polymer of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is thiophene, an alkylated derivative of thiophene, or an alkylated derivative of benzothiophene. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
isolating the cracked naphtha from a reaction product gas stream of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is isolated from the cracked naphtha according to a boiling point of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound. 4. The process as claimed in claim 3, further comprising:
performing a solvent extraction using an aprotic solvent to further isolate the sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon from other compounds of the cracked naphtha. 5. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is thiophene, and wherein the boiling point of thiophene is from 82° C. to 86° C. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
using an aprotic solvent to concentrate the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound so that a rate of reaction with the super acid increases. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the aprotic solvent is acetonitrile or methylene chloride. 8. An apparatus for manufacturing polymers of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, the apparatus comprising:
a primary distillation column adapted to isolate cracked naphtha from a reaction product gas stream of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, a secondary distillation column adapted to isolate one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds from the cracked naphtha, and a reactor adapted to react the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds with a super acid to produce a polymer of the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a solvent extraction tank adapted to perform a solvent extraction using an aprotic solvent to further purify the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, wherein the aprotic solvent is acetonitrile or methylene chloride. 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a tertiary distillation column adapted to further isolate the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds from other compounds of the cracked naphtha. 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a membrane separator adapted to further isolate the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds as permeate from other compounds of the cracked naphtha, wherein the membrane separator permeates the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds using a cross-linked fluorinated polyolefin membrane, a polyester-imide membrane, a polyuria membrane, or a urethane membrane. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds includes thiophene, and wherein the secondary distillation column has a side-cut with a boiling point range from 82° C. to 86° C. for isolating the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds includes benzothiophene, and wherein the secondary distillation column has a side-cut with a boiling point range from 218° C. to 224° C. for isolating the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. | The present invention relates to apparatuses and processes for manufacturing polymers of thiophene, benzothiophene, and their alkylated derivatives. A process for manufacturing polymers that includes isolating a sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon from cracked naphtha and reacting the sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon with a super acid to produce a polymer.1. A process for manufacturing a polymer of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, the process comprising the steps of:
isolating a sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound from cracked naphtha, and polymerizing the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound with a super acid to produce the polymer of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is thiophene, an alkylated derivative of thiophene, or an alkylated derivative of benzothiophene. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
isolating the cracked naphtha from a reaction product gas stream of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is isolated from the cracked naphtha according to a boiling point of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound. 4. The process as claimed in claim 3, further comprising:
performing a solvent extraction using an aprotic solvent to further isolate the sulfur-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon from other compounds of the cracked naphtha. 5. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is thiophene, and wherein the boiling point of thiophene is from 82° C. to 86° C. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
using an aprotic solvent to concentrate the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound so that a rate of reaction with the super acid increases. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the aprotic solvent is acetonitrile or methylene chloride. 8. An apparatus for manufacturing polymers of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, the apparatus comprising:
a primary distillation column adapted to isolate cracked naphtha from a reaction product gas stream of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, a secondary distillation column adapted to isolate one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds from the cracked naphtha, and a reactor adapted to react the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds with a super acid to produce a polymer of the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a solvent extraction tank adapted to perform a solvent extraction using an aprotic solvent to further purify the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, wherein the aprotic solvent is acetonitrile or methylene chloride. 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a tertiary distillation column adapted to further isolate the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds from other compounds of the cracked naphtha. 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a membrane separator adapted to further isolate the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds as permeate from other compounds of the cracked naphtha, wherein the membrane separator permeates the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds using a cross-linked fluorinated polyolefin membrane, a polyester-imide membrane, a polyuria membrane, or a urethane membrane. 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds includes thiophene, and wherein the secondary distillation column has a side-cut with a boiling point range from 82° C. to 86° C. for isolating the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds includes benzothiophene, and wherein the secondary distillation column has a side-cut with a boiling point range from 218° C. to 224° C. for isolating the one or more sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. | 1,700 |
2,577 | 2,577 | 14,455,255 | 1,744 | Ceramic die pin for molten thermoplastic extrusion, apparatus for molten thermoplastic extrusion including a ceramic die pin, and methods of molten thermoplastic extrusion with a ceramic die pin. The ceramic head member can have a mounting cavity formed therein. The ceramic head member can be made of high purity aluminum oxide, and have an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS. | 1. A die pin for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
a base portion; a metallic core member extending from the base portion; and a ceramic head member mounted on the core member. 2. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the base portion and the core member are made as a monolithic single-piece structure. 3. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises tool steel. 4. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has a mounting cavity formed therein, the core member having a dimension less than a corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity to allow thermal expansion of the core member therein. 5. The die pin of claim 4, wherein the dimension of the core member is about 2% to about 20% less than the corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity. 6. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the core member has a free end opposite the base portion, the free end having a tapered shape. 7. The die pin of claim 6, wherein the free end has a generally frustroconical shape with a rounded tip. 8. The die pin of claim 1, wherein ceramic head member comprises alumina ceramic or zirconia ceramic. 9. The die pin of claim 8, wherein the zirconia ceramic is high purity aluminum oxide. 10. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS. 11. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has a tapered shape. 12. The die pin of claim 11, wherein the ceramic head member includes a cylindrical base portion and a frustroconical end portion. 13. The die pin of claim 11, wherein the ceramic head member has a hollow tip. 14. An apparatus for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
a die ring having an inner surface defining an extrusion opening with a central axis; and a die pin disposed within the extrusion opening and aligned with the central axis, the die pin comprising
a base portion,
a metallic core member extending from the base portion, and
a ceramic head member mounted on the core member;
wherein an annular space is defined between an outer surface of the ceramic head member and the inner surface of the die ring. 15. The die pin of claim 14, wherein the ceramic head member has a mounting cavity formed therein, the core member having a dimension less than a corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity to allow thermal expansion of the core member therein. 16. The die pin of claim 14, wherein ceramic head member comprises zirconia ceramic. 17. The die pin of claim 14, wherein the ceramic head member has an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS. 18. A method for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
providing an extrusion apparatus comprising
a die ring having an inner surface defining an extrusion opening with a central axis; and
a die pin disposed within the extrusion opening and aligned with the central axis, the die pin comprising
a base portion,
a metallic core member extending from the base portion, and
a ceramic head member mounted on the core member;
wherein an annular space is defined between an outer surface of the ceramic head member and the inner surface of the die ring; and
directing molten plastic through the annular space between the die ring and the die pin without accumulation of the molten plastic on the die pin. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising heating the die pin prior to directing molten plastic through the annular space for thermal expansion of the core pin within a mounting cavity formed within the ceramic head member. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the die pin is heated to about 400° F. | Ceramic die pin for molten thermoplastic extrusion, apparatus for molten thermoplastic extrusion including a ceramic die pin, and methods of molten thermoplastic extrusion with a ceramic die pin. The ceramic head member can have a mounting cavity formed therein. The ceramic head member can be made of high purity aluminum oxide, and have an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS.1. A die pin for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
a base portion; a metallic core member extending from the base portion; and a ceramic head member mounted on the core member. 2. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the base portion and the core member are made as a monolithic single-piece structure. 3. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the core member comprises tool steel. 4. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has a mounting cavity formed therein, the core member having a dimension less than a corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity to allow thermal expansion of the core member therein. 5. The die pin of claim 4, wherein the dimension of the core member is about 2% to about 20% less than the corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity. 6. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the core member has a free end opposite the base portion, the free end having a tapered shape. 7. The die pin of claim 6, wherein the free end has a generally frustroconical shape with a rounded tip. 8. The die pin of claim 1, wherein ceramic head member comprises alumina ceramic or zirconia ceramic. 9. The die pin of claim 8, wherein the zirconia ceramic is high purity aluminum oxide. 10. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS. 11. The die pin of claim 1, wherein the ceramic head member has a tapered shape. 12. The die pin of claim 11, wherein the ceramic head member includes a cylindrical base portion and a frustroconical end portion. 13. The die pin of claim 11, wherein the ceramic head member has a hollow tip. 14. An apparatus for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
a die ring having an inner surface defining an extrusion opening with a central axis; and a die pin disposed within the extrusion opening and aligned with the central axis, the die pin comprising
a base portion,
a metallic core member extending from the base portion, and
a ceramic head member mounted on the core member;
wherein an annular space is defined between an outer surface of the ceramic head member and the inner surface of the die ring. 15. The die pin of claim 14, wherein the ceramic head member has a mounting cavity formed therein, the core member having a dimension less than a corresponding dimension of the mounting cavity to allow thermal expansion of the core member therein. 16. The die pin of claim 14, wherein ceramic head member comprises zirconia ceramic. 17. The die pin of claim 14, wherein the ceramic head member has an outer surface finish of between about 4 RMS and about 275 RMS. 18. A method for extrusion of molten plastic comprising:
providing an extrusion apparatus comprising
a die ring having an inner surface defining an extrusion opening with a central axis; and
a die pin disposed within the extrusion opening and aligned with the central axis, the die pin comprising
a base portion,
a metallic core member extending from the base portion, and
a ceramic head member mounted on the core member;
wherein an annular space is defined between an outer surface of the ceramic head member and the inner surface of the die ring; and
directing molten plastic through the annular space between the die ring and the die pin without accumulation of the molten plastic on the die pin. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising heating the die pin prior to directing molten plastic through the annular space for thermal expansion of the core pin within a mounting cavity formed within the ceramic head member. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the die pin is heated to about 400° F. | 1,700 |
2,578 | 2,578 | 13,069,121 | 1,783 | A continuous single-stage embossing station comprised of two (2) temperature controlled engraved rollers which is located immediately after the extrusion die in the manufacturing process for multi-layer laminated glass panels and allows for dual simultaneous embossment of both sides of a polymer melt sheet and produces a polymer interlayer sheet with increased permanence, embossed retention values and decreased incidence of mottle and stack sticking peel force values. Also disclosed herein is an embossed polymer interlayer sheet with a first side, a second side and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, with a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface, a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five (5) minutes and an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140 ° C. for five (5) minutes. | 1. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet, the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising:
a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes; and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. 2. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a stack sticking peel force of less than 50 g/cm. 3. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 4. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 3, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is further comprised of one or more additives chosen from the group consisting of: plasticizers, dyes, pigments, stabilizers, antioxidants, anti-blocking agents, flame retardants, IR absorbers, processing aides, flow enhancing additives, lubricants, impact modifiers, nucleating agents, thermal stabilizers, UV absorbers, UV stabilizers, dispersants, surfactants, chelating agents, coupling agents, adhesives, primers, reinforcement additives, and fillers. 5. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of multiple polymer layers between said first side and said second side, creating an embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer. 6. The embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet of claim 5, wherein the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than 1.5 as measured by the CMA. 7. The embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet of claim 5, wherein the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than 2.5 as measured by the CMA. 8. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet with an Rz of 10 to 90 microns, a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes and an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes, said embossed polymer interlayer sheet being produced by a process which comprises the steps of:
extruding a polymer melt sheet;
after the extruding, embossing said polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage; and
after the embossing, cooling said polymer melt sheet to form a polymer interlayer sheet. 9. A method for generating an embossed polymer interlayer sheet, the method comprising:
extruding a polymer melt sheet; after the extruding, embossing said polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage; and after the embossing, cooling said polymer melt sheet to form a polymer interlayer sheet; wherein, after the cooling, the polymer interlayer sheet retains substantially all of the embossing applied to the polymer melt sheet. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the temperature of the polymer melt sheet is 160° C. to 220° C. during the embossing. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has an Rz of 10 to 90 microns. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% at when tested at 100° C. for five minutes. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer melt sheet is embossed in the single embossing stage with a single set of embossing rollers. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein both sides of the polymer melt sheet are embossed simultaneously in the single embossing stage. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is a multi-layer polymer interlayer. 18. An apparatus for embossing a polymer melt sheet, the apparatus comprising:
an extrusion device extruding a polymer melt sheet; a set of embossing rollers; and a cooling device for cooling the polymer melt sheet into a polymer interlayer sheet; wherein after being extruded from the extrusion device, the polymer melt sheet is fed through the set of embossing rollers prior to being cooled by the cooling device. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 20. An embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet, the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet comprising:
a first side; a second side opposing the first side; multiple polymer layers between said first side and said second side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes; and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. | A continuous single-stage embossing station comprised of two (2) temperature controlled engraved rollers which is located immediately after the extrusion die in the manufacturing process for multi-layer laminated glass panels and allows for dual simultaneous embossment of both sides of a polymer melt sheet and produces a polymer interlayer sheet with increased permanence, embossed retention values and decreased incidence of mottle and stack sticking peel force values. Also disclosed herein is an embossed polymer interlayer sheet with a first side, a second side and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides, with a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface, a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five (5) minutes and an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140 ° C. for five (5) minutes.1. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet, the embossed polymer interlayer sheet comprising:
a first side; a second side opposing the first side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes; and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. 2. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a stack sticking peel force of less than 50 g/cm. 3. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 4. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 3, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is further comprised of one or more additives chosen from the group consisting of: plasticizers, dyes, pigments, stabilizers, antioxidants, anti-blocking agents, flame retardants, IR absorbers, processing aides, flow enhancing additives, lubricants, impact modifiers, nucleating agents, thermal stabilizers, UV absorbers, UV stabilizers, dispersants, surfactants, chelating agents, coupling agents, adhesives, primers, reinforcement additives, and fillers. 5. The embossed polymer interlayer sheet of claim 1, wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of multiple polymer layers between said first side and said second side, creating an embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer. 6. The embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet of claim 5, wherein the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than 1.5 as measured by the CMA. 7. The embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet of claim 5, wherein the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet has a mottle value of less than 2.5 as measured by the CMA. 8. An embossed polymer interlayer sheet with an Rz of 10 to 90 microns, a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes and an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes, said embossed polymer interlayer sheet being produced by a process which comprises the steps of:
extruding a polymer melt sheet;
after the extruding, embossing said polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage; and
after the embossing, cooling said polymer melt sheet to form a polymer interlayer sheet. 9. A method for generating an embossed polymer interlayer sheet, the method comprising:
extruding a polymer melt sheet; after the extruding, embossing said polymer melt sheet in a single embossing stage; and after the embossing, cooling said polymer melt sheet to form a polymer interlayer sheet; wherein, after the cooling, the polymer interlayer sheet retains substantially all of the embossing applied to the polymer melt sheet. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the temperature of the polymer melt sheet is 160° C. to 220° C. during the embossing. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has an Rz of 10 to 90 microns. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% at when tested at 100° C. for five minutes. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer melt sheet is embossed in the single embossing stage with a single set of embossing rollers. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein both sides of the polymer melt sheet are embossed simultaneously in the single embossing stage. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is a multi-layer polymer interlayer. 18. An apparatus for embossing a polymer melt sheet, the apparatus comprising:
an extrusion device extruding a polymer melt sheet; a set of embossing rollers; and a cooling device for cooling the polymer melt sheet into a polymer interlayer sheet; wherein after being extruded from the extrusion device, the polymer melt sheet is fed through the set of embossing rollers prior to being cooled by the cooling device. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer sheet is comprised of a thermoplastic resin chosen from the group consisting of: polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl)acetal, polyvinylchloride, polyethylenes, polyolefins, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), and silicone elastomers. 20. An embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet, the embossed multi-layer polymer interlayer sheet comprising:
a first side; a second side opposing the first side; multiple polymer layers between said first side and said second side; and an embossed surface on at least one of the sides; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a surface roughness Rz of 10 to 90 microns on the embossed surface; wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has a permanence of greater than 95% when tested at 100° C. for five minutes; and wherein the embossed polymer interlayer sheet has an embossed surface retention of greater than 70% when tested at 140° C. for five minutes. | 1,700 |
2,579 | 2,579 | 14,331,753 | 1,784 | A glass article is provided having from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO 2 , less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al 2 O 3 , an R 2 O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1, and an MgO:CaO molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0.6:1 to less than or equal to about 1.8:1. The class article may also include a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa, and a depth that is greater than or equal to about 20 μm. | 1. A glass article comprising:
from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO2; less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al2O3; an R2O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1; an MgO:CaO molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0.6:1 to less than or equal to about 1.8:1; and a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa. 2. The glass article of claim 1, wherein a depth of the compressive stress layer is greater than or equal to about 20 μm. 3. The glass article of claim 2, wherein the depth of the compressive stress layer is less than or equal to about 80 μm. 4. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 4 mol % to less than or equal to about 9 mol % MgO. 5. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 57 mol % to less than or equal to about 65 mol % SiO2. 6. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 2.5 mol % to less than or equal to about 8 mol % CaO. 7. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 12 mol % to less than or equal to about 20 mol % Na2O. 8. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 1 mol % to less than or equal to about 3.5 mol % K2O. 9. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises greater than or equal to about 7 mol % Al2O3. 10. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the compressive stress of the compressive stress layer is from greater than or equal to about 950 MPa to less than or equal to about 1,500 MPa. 11. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises a P2O5:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0:1 to less than or equal to about 0.1:1. 12. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 0.001 mol % to less than or equal to about 0.200 mol % SnO2. 13. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises an R2O:Al2O3 molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1.3:1 to less than or equal to about 2.3:1. 14. The glass article of claim 1, wherein a temperature at which the glass article has a viscosity of about 10,000 poise is from greater than or equal to about 1,000° C. to less than or equal to about 1,200° C. 15. The glass article of claim 1, wherein sodium and potassium interdiffusivity of the glass article is from greater than or equal to about 1.4×10−11 cm2/s to less than or equal to about 4.0×10−11 cm2/s when ion-exchanged at 410° C. 16. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article has a Vickers Hardness of from greater than or equal to about 540 kgf/mm2 to less than or equal to about 640 kgf/mm2. 17. A glass article comprising:
from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO2; less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al2O3; from greater than or equal to about 13 mol % to less than or equal to about 21 mol % R2O; greater than or equal to about 2.5 mol % CaO; an R2O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1; and a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa and a depth that is greater than or equal to about 20 μm. 18. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the compressive stress of the compressive stress layer is from greater than or equal to about 900 MPa to less than or equal to about 1,500 MPa. 19. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 12 mol % to less than or equal to about 20 mol % Na2O. 20. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the glass article comprises a P2O5:R′0 molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0:1 to less than or equal to about 0.1:1. | A glass article is provided having from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO 2 , less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al 2 O 3 , an R 2 O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1, and an MgO:CaO molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0.6:1 to less than or equal to about 1.8:1. The class article may also include a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa, and a depth that is greater than or equal to about 20 μm.1. A glass article comprising:
from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO2; less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al2O3; an R2O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1; an MgO:CaO molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0.6:1 to less than or equal to about 1.8:1; and a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa. 2. The glass article of claim 1, wherein a depth of the compressive stress layer is greater than or equal to about 20 μm. 3. The glass article of claim 2, wherein the depth of the compressive stress layer is less than or equal to about 80 μm. 4. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 4 mol % to less than or equal to about 9 mol % MgO. 5. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 57 mol % to less than or equal to about 65 mol % SiO2. 6. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 2.5 mol % to less than or equal to about 8 mol % CaO. 7. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 12 mol % to less than or equal to about 20 mol % Na2O. 8. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 1 mol % to less than or equal to about 3.5 mol % K2O. 9. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises greater than or equal to about 7 mol % Al2O3. 10. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the compressive stress of the compressive stress layer is from greater than or equal to about 950 MPa to less than or equal to about 1,500 MPa. 11. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises a P2O5:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0:1 to less than or equal to about 0.1:1. 12. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 0.001 mol % to less than or equal to about 0.200 mol % SnO2. 13. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises an R2O:Al2O3 molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1.3:1 to less than or equal to about 2.3:1. 14. The glass article of claim 1, wherein a temperature at which the glass article has a viscosity of about 10,000 poise is from greater than or equal to about 1,000° C. to less than or equal to about 1,200° C. 15. The glass article of claim 1, wherein sodium and potassium interdiffusivity of the glass article is from greater than or equal to about 1.4×10−11 cm2/s to less than or equal to about 4.0×10−11 cm2/s when ion-exchanged at 410° C. 16. The glass article of claim 1, wherein the glass article has a Vickers Hardness of from greater than or equal to about 540 kgf/mm2 to less than or equal to about 640 kgf/mm2. 17. A glass article comprising:
from greater than or equal to about 40 mol % to less than or equal to about 68 mol % SiO2; less than or equal to about 11 mol % Al2O3; from greater than or equal to about 13 mol % to less than or equal to about 21 mol % R2O; greater than or equal to about 2.5 mol % CaO; an R2O:R′O molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 1:1 to less than or equal to about 2:1; and a compressive stress layer on at least one surface thereof, the compressive stress layer having a compressive stress that is greater than or equal to about 800 MPa and a depth that is greater than or equal to about 20 μm. 18. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the compressive stress of the compressive stress layer is from greater than or equal to about 900 MPa to less than or equal to about 1,500 MPa. 19. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the glass article comprises from greater than or equal to about 12 mol % to less than or equal to about 20 mol % Na2O. 20. The glass article of claim 17, wherein the glass article comprises a P2O5:R′0 molar ratio of from greater than or equal to about 0:1 to less than or equal to about 0.1:1. | 1,700 |
2,580 | 2,580 | 14,761,749 | 1,718 | One subject of the invention is a process for obtaining a substrate ( 1 ) provided on at least one of its sides with a coating, wherein said coating is deposited on said substrate ( 1 ), then said coating is heat treated using at least one heating means ( 2 a ) opposite which the substrate ( 1 ) runs, the process being such that, prior to the heat treatment, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate ( 1 ) and the conditions of the heat treatment are adapted as a function of the previously obtained measurement. | 1. A process for obtaining a substrate provided on at least one of its sides with a coating, the process comprising:
depositing said coating on said substrate; heat treating said coating with at least one heater situated opposite to running substrate, wherein: before the heat treating, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate; and conditions of the heat treating are adapted as a function of the at least one measurement obtained before the heat treating. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein:
said coating is heat treated with at least two heaters that can be controlled independently one from another and which are situated opposite to the running substrate; each heater treats a different zone of said coating; and prior to the heat treating, and for each of the different zones, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate, and the conditions of the heat treating of each zone are adapted as a function of the measurement obtained before the heat treating of each zone. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the heater is at least one selected from the group consisting of a laser, a plasma torch, a microwave source, a burner and an inductor. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the heater is a plurality of lasers situated in the form of a line. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one property of said coating measured prior to the heat treating is selected from the group consisting of an optical property, an electrical property, and a dimensional property. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the at least one property of said coating is at least one optical property selected from the group consisting of absorption, reflection, transmission and color. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the at least one property of said coating is at least one electrical property selected from the group consisting of resistivity, conductivity and sheet resistance. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the adaptation of the heat treating conditions occurs automatically. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating conditions are adapted by modifying power delivered by the at least one heater. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises a glass, a glass-ceramic or a polymeric organic material. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein said coating comprises at least one thin layer of a metal, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, an oxynitride or any mixture thereof. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein said coating comprises at least one silver-based layer. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating does not involve melting, or even partial melting, of said coating. 14. A device for heat treating a coating, deposited on a substrate, the device comprising:
at least one heater situated opposite to running substrate; at least one measuring device for measuring at least one property of said coating, the at least one measuring device being positioned upstream of the at least one heater; and an adapting device for adapting heat treating conditions as a function of measurements obtained by the at least one measuring device. 15. The device of claim 14, comprising;
at least two heaters that can be controlled independently of one another and which are situated opposite to the running substrate, wherein each heater is capable of treating a different zone of said coating, the at least one measuring device for locally measuring at least one property of said coating in each different zone, said at least one measuring device being positioned upstream of the at least two heaters; and the adapting device for adapting the heat treating conditions of each different zone as a function of the measurement obtained by the at least one measuring device for each different zone. | One subject of the invention is a process for obtaining a substrate ( 1 ) provided on at least one of its sides with a coating, wherein said coating is deposited on said substrate ( 1 ), then said coating is heat treated using at least one heating means ( 2 a ) opposite which the substrate ( 1 ) runs, the process being such that, prior to the heat treatment, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate ( 1 ) and the conditions of the heat treatment are adapted as a function of the previously obtained measurement.1. A process for obtaining a substrate provided on at least one of its sides with a coating, the process comprising:
depositing said coating on said substrate; heat treating said coating with at least one heater situated opposite to running substrate, wherein: before the heat treating, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate; and conditions of the heat treating are adapted as a function of the at least one measurement obtained before the heat treating. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein:
said coating is heat treated with at least two heaters that can be controlled independently one from another and which are situated opposite to the running substrate; each heater treats a different zone of said coating; and prior to the heat treating, and for each of the different zones, at least one measurement of at least one property of said coating is carried out on the running substrate, and the conditions of the heat treating of each zone are adapted as a function of the measurement obtained before the heat treating of each zone. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the heater is at least one selected from the group consisting of a laser, a plasma torch, a microwave source, a burner and an inductor. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the heater is a plurality of lasers situated in the form of a line. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one property of said coating measured prior to the heat treating is selected from the group consisting of an optical property, an electrical property, and a dimensional property. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the at least one property of said coating is at least one optical property selected from the group consisting of absorption, reflection, transmission and color. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the at least one property of said coating is at least one electrical property selected from the group consisting of resistivity, conductivity and sheet resistance. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the adaptation of the heat treating conditions occurs automatically. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating conditions are adapted by modifying power delivered by the at least one heater. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises a glass, a glass-ceramic or a polymeric organic material. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein said coating comprises at least one thin layer of a metal, an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, an oxynitride or any mixture thereof. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein said coating comprises at least one silver-based layer. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating does not involve melting, or even partial melting, of said coating. 14. A device for heat treating a coating, deposited on a substrate, the device comprising:
at least one heater situated opposite to running substrate; at least one measuring device for measuring at least one property of said coating, the at least one measuring device being positioned upstream of the at least one heater; and an adapting device for adapting heat treating conditions as a function of measurements obtained by the at least one measuring device. 15. The device of claim 14, comprising;
at least two heaters that can be controlled independently of one another and which are situated opposite to the running substrate, wherein each heater is capable of treating a different zone of said coating, the at least one measuring device for locally measuring at least one property of said coating in each different zone, said at least one measuring device being positioned upstream of the at least two heaters; and the adapting device for adapting the heat treating conditions of each different zone as a function of the measurement obtained by the at least one measuring device for each different zone. | 1,700 |
2,581 | 2,581 | 13,325,765 | 1,747 | The invention provides a smokeless tobacco composition adapted for oral use, the composition including a tobacco material and an effervescent material. The effervescent material includes a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity. The invention also provides a method for making a smokeless tobacco composition that involves mixing a tobacco material with an effervescent material, the mixing step including either admixing a granulated composition comprising a tobacco material with a gasified sugar material in particulate form, or forming a gasified sugar material in situ by mixing a water source with a molten composition comprising a tobacco material and a sugar alcohol. | 1. A smokeless tobacco composition adapted for introduction into the oral cavity, comprising:
(a) a tobacco material; and (b) an effervescent material capable of causing effervescence in the oral cavity, the effervescent material comprising a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity. 2. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the sugar material is a sugar substitute. 3. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 2, wherein the sugar substitute comprises at least one sugar alcohol. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 3, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribotol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, iditol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and mixtures thereof. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 3, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the effervescent material is in the form of a gasified sugar material in particulate form, the gasified sugar material particles being in admixture with the tobacco material. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the gasified sugar material is present in an amount of about 20 dry weight percent to about 60 dry weight percent, and the tobacco material is present in any amount of about 3 dry weight percent to about 60 dry weight percent, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco composition. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 7, further comprising at least about 3 dry weight percent of at least one filler and at least about 2 dry weight percent of at least one binder. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 8, wherein the filler comprises at least one of microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, and maltodextrin. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is present in any amount of at least about 5 dry weight percent and the effervescent material comprises a sugar alcohol present in an amount of at least about 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco composition. 11. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 10, further comprising at least about 5 dry weight percent of a sugar alcohol syrup. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 11, wherein the sugar alcohol syrup is maltitol syrup. 13. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 10, further comprising at least about 5 dry weight percent of a lipid. 14. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 15. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one acid and at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one base. 16. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises at least one triprotic acid, and at least one base selected from a carbonate material, a bicarbonate material, and a mixture thereof. 17. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of salts, flavorants, sweeteners, fillers, binders, buffering agents, colorants, humectants, oral care additives, preservatives, syrups, disintegration aids, antioxidants, additives derived from an herbal or botanical source, flow aids, compressibility aids, lipids, and combinations thereof. 18. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in a compressed or extruded form. 19. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in a predetermined shape selected from particulate, pellet, rod, and film. 20. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an outer coating. 21. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is a particulate tobacco material, an aqueous tobacco extract, or a combination thereof. 22. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is an aqueous tobacco extract in freeze-dried or spray-dried form. 23. A method of preparing a smokeless tobacco composition adapted for introduction into the oral cavity, the method comprising:
(i) mixing a tobacco material with an effervescent material capable of causing effervescence in the oral cavity, the effervescent material comprising a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity, wherein the mixing step comprises (a) admixing a granulated composition comprising a tobacco material with a gasified sugar material in particulate form; or (b) forming a gasified sugar material in situ by mixing a water source with a molten composition comprising a tobacco material and a sugar alcohol; and (ii) incorporating the mixture formed in step (i) into a smokeless tobacco product. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the granulated composition comprises a tobacco material, at least one filler, at least one sugar alcohol, and at least one binder. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the granulated composition further comprises an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the granulated composition comprises at least one triprotic acid, and at least one base selected from a carbonate material, a bicarbonate material, and a mixture thereof. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the molten composition further comprises one or more of a sugar alcohol syrup, a humectant, and a lipid. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the water source is at a temperature of about 0 to about 25° C. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the water source is ice or chilled water at a temperature of no more than about 15° C. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of the molten composition and the water source comprises an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the molten composition comprises an acid and the water source comprises a base. 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the tobacco material is a particulate tobacco material or an aqueous tobacco extract. 33. The method of claim 23, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is compressed or extruded into a predetermined shape. 34. The method of claim 23, wherein the mixture is in a particulate form, and the method further comprises loading the mixture into a pouch. | The invention provides a smokeless tobacco composition adapted for oral use, the composition including a tobacco material and an effervescent material. The effervescent material includes a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity. The invention also provides a method for making a smokeless tobacco composition that involves mixing a tobacco material with an effervescent material, the mixing step including either admixing a granulated composition comprising a tobacco material with a gasified sugar material in particulate form, or forming a gasified sugar material in situ by mixing a water source with a molten composition comprising a tobacco material and a sugar alcohol.1. A smokeless tobacco composition adapted for introduction into the oral cavity, comprising:
(a) a tobacco material; and (b) an effervescent material capable of causing effervescence in the oral cavity, the effervescent material comprising a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity. 2. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the sugar material is a sugar substitute. 3. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 2, wherein the sugar substitute comprises at least one sugar alcohol. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 3, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribotol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, iditol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and mixtures thereof. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 3, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the effervescent material is in the form of a gasified sugar material in particulate form, the gasified sugar material particles being in admixture with the tobacco material. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the gasified sugar material is present in an amount of about 20 dry weight percent to about 60 dry weight percent, and the tobacco material is present in any amount of about 3 dry weight percent to about 60 dry weight percent, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco composition. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 7, further comprising at least about 3 dry weight percent of at least one filler and at least about 2 dry weight percent of at least one binder. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 8, wherein the filler comprises at least one of microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, and maltodextrin. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is present in any amount of at least about 5 dry weight percent and the effervescent material comprises a sugar alcohol present in an amount of at least about 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco composition. 11. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 10, further comprising at least about 5 dry weight percent of a sugar alcohol syrup. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 11, wherein the sugar alcohol syrup is maltitol syrup. 13. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 10, further comprising at least about 5 dry weight percent of a lipid. 14. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 15. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one acid and at least about 1 dry weight percent of at least one base. 16. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises at least one triprotic acid, and at least one base selected from a carbonate material, a bicarbonate material, and a mixture thereof. 17. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of salts, flavorants, sweeteners, fillers, binders, buffering agents, colorants, humectants, oral care additives, preservatives, syrups, disintegration aids, antioxidants, additives derived from an herbal or botanical source, flow aids, compressibility aids, lipids, and combinations thereof. 18. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in a compressed or extruded form. 19. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in a predetermined shape selected from particulate, pellet, rod, and film. 20. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an outer coating. 21. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is a particulate tobacco material, an aqueous tobacco extract, or a combination thereof. 22. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the tobacco material is an aqueous tobacco extract in freeze-dried or spray-dried form. 23. A method of preparing a smokeless tobacco composition adapted for introduction into the oral cavity, the method comprising:
(i) mixing a tobacco material with an effervescent material capable of causing effervescence in the oral cavity, the effervescent material comprising a sugar material containing an entrapped gaseous component, such that release of the entrapped gaseous component occurs upon dissolution of the sugar material in the oral cavity, wherein the mixing step comprises (a) admixing a granulated composition comprising a tobacco material with a gasified sugar material in particulate form; or (b) forming a gasified sugar material in situ by mixing a water source with a molten composition comprising a tobacco material and a sugar alcohol; and (ii) incorporating the mixture formed in step (i) into a smokeless tobacco product. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the granulated composition comprises a tobacco material, at least one filler, at least one sugar alcohol, and at least one binder. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the granulated composition further comprises an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the granulated composition comprises at least one triprotic acid, and at least one base selected from a carbonate material, a bicarbonate material, and a mixture thereof. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the molten composition further comprises one or more of a sugar alcohol syrup, a humectant, and a lipid. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the water source is at a temperature of about 0 to about 25° C. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the water source is ice or chilled water at a temperature of no more than about 15° C. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of the molten composition and the water source comprises an acid, a base, or a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the molten composition comprises an acid and the water source comprises a base. 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the tobacco material is a particulate tobacco material or an aqueous tobacco extract. 33. The method of claim 23, wherein the smokeless tobacco composition is compressed or extruded into a predetermined shape. 34. The method of claim 23, wherein the mixture is in a particulate form, and the method further comprises loading the mixture into a pouch. | 1,700 |
2,582 | 2,582 | 13,254,572 | 1,793 | A process of producing a filled sheet of process cheese, in which process cheese and a filling are co-extruded into a packaging material to produce a strand having a thickness, the strand is separated at predetermined locations to produce separate sheets, in which the filling is fully enclosed. A machine for producing filled sheets of process cheese, having a co-extrusion nozzle with an outer port for extruding an outer component and an inner port for extruding an inner component fully enclosed by the outer component into packaging material to form a co-extruded strand. The machine may comprise a device for reducing the thickness of the co-extruded strand, such as two or more cooperating rollers, and a device for separating the co-extruded strand, such as two or more rollers having ridges. A sheet of process cheese filled with a filling fully enclosed by the process cheese and having a thickness of 6 mm or less is also disclosed. | 1. A process of producing a filled sheet of process cheese, comprising:
co-extruding the process cheese and a filling into a packaging material to produce a strand having a thickness; and separating the strand at predetermined locations to produce separate sheets, in which the filling is fully enclosed. 2. The process of claim 1, comprising sealing the packaging material to itself during separation of the strand, and cutting to produce separate, packaged sheets of filled process cheese. 3. The process of claim 1, comprising reducing the strand in thickness and/or cooling the filled sheets after separating the continuous strand. 4. The process of claim 1, in which the filling is at least one of the group consisting of a second type of process cheese, a fresh or soft cheese, pesto, tomato sauce, marmalade, jam, jelly, and chocolate. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the filled sheets have a thickness of 6 mm or less, and/or a weight of 45 g or less. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the flow of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is controlled at only a portion of a cross-sectional area, through which the process cheese or the filling is extruded or supplied to extrusion. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the flow of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is laminar. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one of the process cheese and the filling is extruded in a liquid state and/or with a temperature of 65° C. or more. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the process cheese and the filling are subjected to co-extrusion at a pressure of 1-10 bar. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the difference between the absolute moisture content of the process cheese and of the filling is 10% or less. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is 200-10,000 mPa·s. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the difference of the pH values of the process cheese and the filling is 2.0 or less. 13. A machine for producing filled sheets of process cheese, comprising:
a co-extrusion nozzle with an outer port for extruding an outer component; and an inner port for extruding an inner component fully enclosed by the outer component into packaging material so as to form a extruded strand. 14. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least the inner port is substantially flat in cross-section with first sides being longer than second, short sides, and the outer port is greater in cross-section adjacent at least one first side of the inner port than adjacent other areas of the inner port. 15. The machine of claim 13, wherein the inner port is substantially rectangular in cross-section. 16. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least one of the outer and inner ports is in connection with a tube having a cross-section substantially corresponding to that of the respective port. 17. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least one of the outer and inner ports is in connection with at least one pipe. 18. The machine of claim 16, wherein the cross-sectional area of at least one tube is partially blocked by a ridge or a flap. 19. The machine of claim 18, wherein the ridge or flap is adjustable. 20. The machine of claim 13, wherein the outer and inner ports are at a substantially identical location along the extrusion direction. 21. The machine of claim 13, further having a device for supplying a packaging material, into which the components are extruded; a device for sealing packaging material to itself; a cooling area for cooling, and a device for severing separate packages enclosing co-extruded components. 22. The machine of claim 13, wherein a cross-sectional area of an inner nozzle leading to the inner port is reduced by a factor of 6 and/or a cross-sectional area of an outer nozzle leading to the outer port is reduced by a factor of 3 or less, over a length of 30 cm. 23. The machine of claim 13, wherein a cross-sectional area of at least one of an inner nozzle leading to the inner port and an outer nozzle leading to the outer port is substantially constant for a length of between about 4 and about 10 cm upstream of the port(s) and starting at the port(s). 24. A sheet of process cheese filled with a filling fully enclosed by the process cheese and having a thickness of 6 mm or less. 25. The sheet of claim 24, wherein the filling is at least one of the group consisting of a second type of process cheese; a fresh or soft cheese; pest; tomato sauce; marmalade; jam; jelly and chocolate. 26. The sheet of claim 24, wherein a thickness variation measured over 80% of the surface, spaced from all edges, is 10% and/or 0.5 mm or less. 27. The machine of claim 13, comprising a device for reducing the thickness of the co-extruded strand having two or more cooperating rollers. 28. The machine of claim 13, comprising a device for separating the co-extruded strand including two or more rollers having ridges. 29. The machine of claim 13, wherein the inner port is substantially rectangular in cross-section with rounded second, short sides, and the outer port is substantially oval in cross-section. 30. The machine of claim 17, wherein at least one pipe has a substantially circular cross-section. 31. The machine of claim 30, wherein the cross-sectional area of at least one pipe is partially blocked by a ridge or a flap. | A process of producing a filled sheet of process cheese, in which process cheese and a filling are co-extruded into a packaging material to produce a strand having a thickness, the strand is separated at predetermined locations to produce separate sheets, in which the filling is fully enclosed. A machine for producing filled sheets of process cheese, having a co-extrusion nozzle with an outer port for extruding an outer component and an inner port for extruding an inner component fully enclosed by the outer component into packaging material to form a co-extruded strand. The machine may comprise a device for reducing the thickness of the co-extruded strand, such as two or more cooperating rollers, and a device for separating the co-extruded strand, such as two or more rollers having ridges. A sheet of process cheese filled with a filling fully enclosed by the process cheese and having a thickness of 6 mm or less is also disclosed.1. A process of producing a filled sheet of process cheese, comprising:
co-extruding the process cheese and a filling into a packaging material to produce a strand having a thickness; and separating the strand at predetermined locations to produce separate sheets, in which the filling is fully enclosed. 2. The process of claim 1, comprising sealing the packaging material to itself during separation of the strand, and cutting to produce separate, packaged sheets of filled process cheese. 3. The process of claim 1, comprising reducing the strand in thickness and/or cooling the filled sheets after separating the continuous strand. 4. The process of claim 1, in which the filling is at least one of the group consisting of a second type of process cheese, a fresh or soft cheese, pesto, tomato sauce, marmalade, jam, jelly, and chocolate. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the filled sheets have a thickness of 6 mm or less, and/or a weight of 45 g or less. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the flow of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is controlled at only a portion of a cross-sectional area, through which the process cheese or the filling is extruded or supplied to extrusion. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the flow of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is laminar. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one of the process cheese and the filling is extruded in a liquid state and/or with a temperature of 65° C. or more. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the process cheese and the filling are subjected to co-extrusion at a pressure of 1-10 bar. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the difference between the absolute moisture content of the process cheese and of the filling is 10% or less. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of at least one of the process cheese and the filling is 200-10,000 mPa·s. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the difference of the pH values of the process cheese and the filling is 2.0 or less. 13. A machine for producing filled sheets of process cheese, comprising:
a co-extrusion nozzle with an outer port for extruding an outer component; and an inner port for extruding an inner component fully enclosed by the outer component into packaging material so as to form a extruded strand. 14. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least the inner port is substantially flat in cross-section with first sides being longer than second, short sides, and the outer port is greater in cross-section adjacent at least one first side of the inner port than adjacent other areas of the inner port. 15. The machine of claim 13, wherein the inner port is substantially rectangular in cross-section. 16. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least one of the outer and inner ports is in connection with a tube having a cross-section substantially corresponding to that of the respective port. 17. The machine of claim 13, wherein at least one of the outer and inner ports is in connection with at least one pipe. 18. The machine of claim 16, wherein the cross-sectional area of at least one tube is partially blocked by a ridge or a flap. 19. The machine of claim 18, wherein the ridge or flap is adjustable. 20. The machine of claim 13, wherein the outer and inner ports are at a substantially identical location along the extrusion direction. 21. The machine of claim 13, further having a device for supplying a packaging material, into which the components are extruded; a device for sealing packaging material to itself; a cooling area for cooling, and a device for severing separate packages enclosing co-extruded components. 22. The machine of claim 13, wherein a cross-sectional area of an inner nozzle leading to the inner port is reduced by a factor of 6 and/or a cross-sectional area of an outer nozzle leading to the outer port is reduced by a factor of 3 or less, over a length of 30 cm. 23. The machine of claim 13, wherein a cross-sectional area of at least one of an inner nozzle leading to the inner port and an outer nozzle leading to the outer port is substantially constant for a length of between about 4 and about 10 cm upstream of the port(s) and starting at the port(s). 24. A sheet of process cheese filled with a filling fully enclosed by the process cheese and having a thickness of 6 mm or less. 25. The sheet of claim 24, wherein the filling is at least one of the group consisting of a second type of process cheese; a fresh or soft cheese; pest; tomato sauce; marmalade; jam; jelly and chocolate. 26. The sheet of claim 24, wherein a thickness variation measured over 80% of the surface, spaced from all edges, is 10% and/or 0.5 mm or less. 27. The machine of claim 13, comprising a device for reducing the thickness of the co-extruded strand having two or more cooperating rollers. 28. The machine of claim 13, comprising a device for separating the co-extruded strand including two or more rollers having ridges. 29. The machine of claim 13, wherein the inner port is substantially rectangular in cross-section with rounded second, short sides, and the outer port is substantially oval in cross-section. 30. The machine of claim 17, wherein at least one pipe has a substantially circular cross-section. 31. The machine of claim 30, wherein the cross-sectional area of at least one pipe is partially blocked by a ridge or a flap. | 1,700 |
2,583 | 2,583 | 14,803,613 | 1,792 | A method of processing seed to nutritionally enhance food where seeds are placed in a tank and sanitized, and then washing and hydrating the seeds. The seeds are then allowed a period of germination before the seeds are dried for a predetermined amount of time and cooled. | 1. A method of processing seeds to nutritionally enhance food and its prebiotic and probiotic microflora, comprising the steps of:
placing a plurality of seeds in a tank and sanitizing the seeds; washing and hydrating the seeds with water; allowing the seeds to germinate over a period of time; drying the seeds for a predetermined amount of time; and cooling the seeds. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of subjecting the seeds to further processing. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of milling the seeds 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of milling the seeds and dry mixing the milled seeds with other grains. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of drying the seeds includes drying the seeds until the seeds reach a temperature between 90 and 350° F. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of allowing the seeds to germinate includes providing air circulation to the seeds. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of drying the seeds includes using at least one drying device selected from the group consisting of an oven, an infrared heater, and a fluid bed. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of cooling the seeds include providing incoming air circulation. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of blending the seeds with superfruits. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of rehydrating the seeds. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of rehydrating and redrying the seeds. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of heating the seeds to an internal temperature between 140 and 185° F. in the process of making a product. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried for a predetermined time of at least twelve hours and no more than 24 hours. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried for a predetermined time greater than one hour. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried at a temperature of 180° F. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are allowed to germinate for 11 hours. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are allowed to germinate for a period greater than 24 hours. | A method of processing seed to nutritionally enhance food where seeds are placed in a tank and sanitized, and then washing and hydrating the seeds. The seeds are then allowed a period of germination before the seeds are dried for a predetermined amount of time and cooled.1. A method of processing seeds to nutritionally enhance food and its prebiotic and probiotic microflora, comprising the steps of:
placing a plurality of seeds in a tank and sanitizing the seeds; washing and hydrating the seeds with water; allowing the seeds to germinate over a period of time; drying the seeds for a predetermined amount of time; and cooling the seeds. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of subjecting the seeds to further processing. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of milling the seeds 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of milling the seeds and dry mixing the milled seeds with other grains. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of drying the seeds includes drying the seeds until the seeds reach a temperature between 90 and 350° F. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of allowing the seeds to germinate includes providing air circulation to the seeds. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of drying the seeds includes using at least one drying device selected from the group consisting of an oven, an infrared heater, and a fluid bed. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of cooling the seeds include providing incoming air circulation. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of blending the seeds with superfruits. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of rehydrating the seeds. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of rehydrating and redrying the seeds. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of heating the seeds to an internal temperature between 140 and 185° F. in the process of making a product. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried for a predetermined time of at least twelve hours and no more than 24 hours. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried for a predetermined time greater than one hour. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are dried at a temperature of 180° F. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are allowed to germinate for 11 hours. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeds are allowed to germinate for a period greater than 24 hours. | 1,700 |
2,584 | 2,584 | 13,589,235 | 1,787 | A coated substrate including a substrate having at least one surface: and, disposed on the surface, a first coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC; and, disposed on said first coating, a clear matte second coating including from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of the second coating, a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns is provided. Also provided are a method for providing a coated substrate and a method for improving the stain resistance of a coating having a PVC higher than the critical PVC | 1. A coated substrate comprising:
(a) a substrate having at least one surface: and, disposed on said surface, (b) a first coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC; and, disposed on said first coating, (c) a clear matte second coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns. 2. The coated substrate of claim 1 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 3. The coated substrate of claim 1 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. 4. A method for providing a coated substrate comprising:
(a) providing a substrate having at least one surface; (b) applying to said surface a first aqueous coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC to provide a first coating; (c) applying on said first coating a clear second aqueous coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said first and said second coating. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said clear second aqueous coating has a VOC of from 0 g/liter to 50 g/liter. 6. A method for improving the stain resistance of a first coating having a PVC higher than the critical PVC comprising:
(a) applying on said first coating a clear second aqueous coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said second coating. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said clear second aqueous coating has a VOC of from 0 g/liter to 50 g/liter. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the dry weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 9. The method of claim 4 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the dry weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 11. The method of claim 6 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. | A coated substrate including a substrate having at least one surface: and, disposed on the surface, a first coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC; and, disposed on said first coating, a clear matte second coating including from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of the second coating, a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns is provided. Also provided are a method for providing a coated substrate and a method for improving the stain resistance of a coating having a PVC higher than the critical PVC1. A coated substrate comprising:
(a) a substrate having at least one surface: and, disposed on said surface, (b) a first coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC; and, disposed on said first coating, (c) a clear matte second coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, a particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns. 2. The coated substrate of claim 1 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 3. The coated substrate of claim 1 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. 4. A method for providing a coated substrate comprising:
(a) providing a substrate having at least one surface; (b) applying to said surface a first aqueous coating having a Pigment Volume Concentration (“PVC”) higher than the critical PVC to provide a first coating; (c) applying on said first coating a clear second aqueous coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said first and said second coating. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said clear second aqueous coating has a VOC of from 0 g/liter to 50 g/liter. 6. A method for improving the stain resistance of a first coating having a PVC higher than the critical PVC comprising:
(a) applying on said first coating a clear second aqueous coating comprising from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the weight of said second coating, particulate polymer having a particle diameter of from 0.5 microns to 30 microns; and (d) drying, or allowing to dry, said second coating. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said clear second aqueous coating has a VOC of from 0 g/liter to 50 g/liter. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the dry weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 9. The method of claim 4 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said second coating further comprises from 1% to 99% by weight, based on the dry weight of said second coating, film-forming emulsion polymer or polyurethane dispersion. 11. The method of claim 6 wherein said first coating comprises core/shell polymeric particles having a core comprising, when dry, at least one void having a diameter of from 100 to 1200 nm; and an outer shell, substantially encapsulating said core and having a calculated Tg of from −60° C. to 50° C. | 1,700 |
2,585 | 2,585 | 14,037,755 | 1,727 | According to one embodiment, a separator for a lead-acid battery includes a microporous polymer membrane and a nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a surface of the microporous polymer membrane to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane. The fiber mat includes a plurality of glass fibers and an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the fiber mat. The binder includes one or more hydrophilic functional groups that are coupled with a backbone of the binder and that increase the wettability of the fiber mat by enhancing the fiber mat's ability to function or interact with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery. | 1. A lead-acid battery comprising:
a positive plate or electrode; a negative plate or electrode; and a separator disposed between the positive plate and the negative plate to electrically insulate the positive and negative plates, the separator comprising:
a microporous polymer membrane; and
at least one nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane, the nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers;
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the nonwoven fiber mat; and
a polymer component impregnated within the plurality of glass fibers, wherein the polymer component interacts with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery to increase a wettability of the nonwoven fiber mat by enabling the polymer coated glass fibers to form a contact angle with a 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 70° or less. 2. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component enables the polymer coated glass fibers to form a contact angle with the 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 50° or less. 3. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a functional group that is coupled with a polymer backbone of the acid resistant binder. 4. The lead-acid battery of claim 2, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of:
a hydroxyl group (OH); a carboxyl group (COOH); a carbonyl group (═O, aldehydes and ketones); an amino group (NH2); a sulfhydryl group (—SH); and a phosphate group (—PO4). 5. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a polymer solution or emulsion that is added to the nonwoven fiber mat, the polymer solution or emulsion being separate from the acid resistant binder. 6. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the acid resistant binder and the polymer component comprise a blend of a 50 wt. % hydrophobic binder and a 50 wt. % hydrophilic binder. 7. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the separator further comprises:
a second nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat, the second nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat. 8. The lead-acid battery of claim 7, wherein the second nonwoven fiber mat also includes a polymer component impregnated within the plurality of glass fibers, wherein the polymer component increase the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 9. The lead-acid battery of claim 8, wherein the wettability of the first nonwoven fiber mat is greater than the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 10. A separator for a lead-acid battery comprising:
a microporous polymer membrane; and at least one nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane, the nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the nonwoven fiber mat, the acid resistant binder having one or more hydrophilic functional groups coupled with a backbone of the acid resistant binder to increase the wettability of the nonwoven fiber mat by enhancing an ability of the nonwoven fiber mat to function or interact with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery. 11. The separator of claim 10, wherein the acid resistant binder forms a contact angle with a 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 70° or less. 12. The separator of claim 11, wherein the acid resistant binder forms a contact angle with the 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 50° or less. 13. The separator of claim 10, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are selected from the group consisting of:
a hydroxyl group (OH); a carboxyl group (COOH); a carbonyl group (═O, aldehydes and ketones); an amino group (NH2); a sulfhydryl group (—SH); and a phosphate group (—PO4). 14. The separator of claim 10, wherein the acid resistant binder comprises a blend of a 50 wt. % hydrophobic binder and a 50 wt. % hydrophilic binder. 15. The separator of claim 10, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the separator further comprises:
a second nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat, the second nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat. 16. The separator of claim 15, wherein the acid resistant binder of the second nonwoven fiber mat also includes one or more hydrophilic functional groups that increase the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat by enhancing the nonwoven fiber mat's ability to function or interact with water or the electrolyte. 17. The separator of claim 16, wherein the wettability of the first nonwoven fiber mat is greater than the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 18. The separator of claim 16, wherein the acid resistant binder includes at least two different functional groups coupled to the backbone of the acid resistant binder. 19. The separator of claim 16, wherein one of the functional groups is a hydroxyl group. 20. A method of manufacturing a separator for a lead-acid battery, the method comprising:
providing a microporous polymer membrane; providing a plurality of entangled glass fibers; applying an acid resistant binder to the plurality of entangled glass fibers to couple the plurality of glass fibers together to form a nonwoven fiber mat, the acid resistant binder including one or more hydrophilic functional groups that are coupled to a backbone of the acid resistant binder, the one or more hydrophilic functional groups being functional with water or an electrolyte of a lead-acid battery such that the nonwoven fiber mat exhibits increased wettability; and coupling the nonwoven fiber mat with the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising grafting the hydrophilic functional groups onto the backbone of the acid resistant binder. 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising neutralizing the one or more hydrophilic functional groups via an acid to increase the hydrophilicity of the acid resistant binder. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are neutralized prior to the acid resistant binder being applied to the plurality of entangled fibers. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are neutralized subsequent to formation of the nonwoven fiber mat. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the method further comprises:
forming a second nonwoven fiber mat that includes:
a plurality of entangled fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of entangled fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat; and
coupling the second nonwoven fiber mat to a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat such that the microporous polymer membrane is sandwiched between two nonwoven fiber mats. 26. The method of claim 20, further comprising positioning the separator between electrodes of a lead-acid battery to electrically insulate the electrodes. | According to one embodiment, a separator for a lead-acid battery includes a microporous polymer membrane and a nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a surface of the microporous polymer membrane to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane. The fiber mat includes a plurality of glass fibers and an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the fiber mat. The binder includes one or more hydrophilic functional groups that are coupled with a backbone of the binder and that increase the wettability of the fiber mat by enhancing the fiber mat's ability to function or interact with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery.1. A lead-acid battery comprising:
a positive plate or electrode; a negative plate or electrode; and a separator disposed between the positive plate and the negative plate to electrically insulate the positive and negative plates, the separator comprising:
a microporous polymer membrane; and
at least one nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane, the nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers;
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the nonwoven fiber mat; and
a polymer component impregnated within the plurality of glass fibers, wherein the polymer component interacts with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery to increase a wettability of the nonwoven fiber mat by enabling the polymer coated glass fibers to form a contact angle with a 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 70° or less. 2. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component enables the polymer coated glass fibers to form a contact angle with the 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 50° or less. 3. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a functional group that is coupled with a polymer backbone of the acid resistant binder. 4. The lead-acid battery of claim 2, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of:
a hydroxyl group (OH); a carboxyl group (COOH); a carbonyl group (═O, aldehydes and ketones); an amino group (NH2); a sulfhydryl group (—SH); and a phosphate group (—PO4). 5. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a polymer solution or emulsion that is added to the nonwoven fiber mat, the polymer solution or emulsion being separate from the acid resistant binder. 6. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the acid resistant binder and the polymer component comprise a blend of a 50 wt. % hydrophobic binder and a 50 wt. % hydrophilic binder. 7. The lead-acid battery of claim 1, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the separator further comprises:
a second nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat, the second nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat. 8. The lead-acid battery of claim 7, wherein the second nonwoven fiber mat also includes a polymer component impregnated within the plurality of glass fibers, wherein the polymer component increase the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 9. The lead-acid battery of claim 8, wherein the wettability of the first nonwoven fiber mat is greater than the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 10. A separator for a lead-acid battery comprising:
a microporous polymer membrane; and at least one nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane, the nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the nonwoven fiber mat, the acid resistant binder having one or more hydrophilic functional groups coupled with a backbone of the acid resistant binder to increase the wettability of the nonwoven fiber mat by enhancing an ability of the nonwoven fiber mat to function or interact with water or an electrolyte of the lead-acid battery. 11. The separator of claim 10, wherein the acid resistant binder forms a contact angle with a 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 70° or less. 12. The separator of claim 11, wherein the acid resistant binder forms a contact angle with the 33 wt. % sulfuric acid solution of 50° or less. 13. The separator of claim 10, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are selected from the group consisting of:
a hydroxyl group (OH); a carboxyl group (COOH); a carbonyl group (═O, aldehydes and ketones); an amino group (NH2); a sulfhydryl group (—SH); and a phosphate group (—PO4). 14. The separator of claim 10, wherein the acid resistant binder comprises a blend of a 50 wt. % hydrophobic binder and a 50 wt. % hydrophilic binder. 15. The separator of claim 10, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the separator further comprises:
a second nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat, the second nonwoven fiber mat including:
a plurality of glass fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat. 16. The separator of claim 15, wherein the acid resistant binder of the second nonwoven fiber mat also includes one or more hydrophilic functional groups that increase the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat by enhancing the nonwoven fiber mat's ability to function or interact with water or the electrolyte. 17. The separator of claim 16, wherein the wettability of the first nonwoven fiber mat is greater than the wettability of the second nonwoven fiber mat. 18. The separator of claim 16, wherein the acid resistant binder includes at least two different functional groups coupled to the backbone of the acid resistant binder. 19. The separator of claim 16, wherein one of the functional groups is a hydroxyl group. 20. A method of manufacturing a separator for a lead-acid battery, the method comprising:
providing a microporous polymer membrane; providing a plurality of entangled glass fibers; applying an acid resistant binder to the plurality of entangled glass fibers to couple the plurality of glass fibers together to form a nonwoven fiber mat, the acid resistant binder including one or more hydrophilic functional groups that are coupled to a backbone of the acid resistant binder, the one or more hydrophilic functional groups being functional with water or an electrolyte of a lead-acid battery such that the nonwoven fiber mat exhibits increased wettability; and coupling the nonwoven fiber mat with the microporous polymer membrane so as to reinforce the microporous polymer membrane. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising grafting the hydrophilic functional groups onto the backbone of the acid resistant binder. 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising neutralizing the one or more hydrophilic functional groups via an acid to increase the hydrophilicity of the acid resistant binder. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are neutralized prior to the acid resistant binder being applied to the plurality of entangled fibers. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more hydrophilic functional groups are neutralized subsequent to formation of the nonwoven fiber mat. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat comprises a first nonwoven fiber mat that is positioned adjacent a first side of the microporous polymer membrane, and wherein the method further comprises:
forming a second nonwoven fiber mat that includes:
a plurality of entangled fibers; and
an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of entangled fibers together to form the second nonwoven fiber mat; and
coupling the second nonwoven fiber mat to a second side of the microporous polymer membrane opposite the first nonwoven fiber mat such that the microporous polymer membrane is sandwiched between two nonwoven fiber mats. 26. The method of claim 20, further comprising positioning the separator between electrodes of a lead-acid battery to electrically insulate the electrodes. | 1,700 |
2,586 | 2,586 | 14,095,914 | 1,794 | The present invention generally comprises a semiconductor film and the reactive sputtering process used to deposit the semiconductor film. The sputtering target may comprise pure zinc (i.e., 99.995 atomic percent or greater), which may be doped with aluminum (about 1 atomic percent to about 20 atomic percent) or other doping metals. The zinc target may be reactively sputtered by introducing nitrogen and oxygen to the chamber. The amount of nitrogen may be significantly greater than the amount of oxygen and argon gas. The amount of oxygen may be based upon a turning point of the film structure, the film transmittance, a DC voltage change, or the film conductivity based upon measurements obtained from deposition without the nitrogen containing gas. The reactive sputtering may occur at temperatures from about room temperature up to several hundred degrees Celsius. After deposition, the semiconductor film may be annealed to further improve the film mobility. | 1. A deposition method comprising:
positioning a substrate in a sputtering chamber, the sputtering chamber comprising a zinc-containing target; delivering a sputtering gas to the sputtering chamber; activating the sputtering gas; and depositing a semiconductor layer on a substrate, the semiconductor layer comprising a ternary compound of zinc, oxygen and nitrogen, wherein the semiconductor layer has a transmittance of less than 80 percent. 2. The deposition method of claim 1, further comprising annealing the semiconductor layer. 3. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is annealed at a temperature of about 400 degrees C. 4. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the sputtering gas comprises an oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas. 5. The deposition method of claim 4, wherein the oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas are delivered at a flow ratio of 10:1 to 100:1. 6. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the ternary compound comprises ZnNxOy. 7. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the sputtering gas further comprises B2H6, CO2, CO, CH4 or combinations thereof. 8. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the ternary compound comprises a dopant. 9. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the dopant is aluminum. 10. A semiconductor film comprising a ternary compound of zinc, oxygen and nitrogen, the semiconductor layer having a transmittance of less than 80 percent. 11. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound comprises a first portion with a first band gap energy and a second portion with a second band gap energy, the second band gap energy being higher than the first band gap energy. 12. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound has a gradient band gap energy. 13. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound comprises a dopant. 14. The semiconductor film of claim 13, wherein the dopant is aluminum. 15. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the semiconductor layer is amorphous. | The present invention generally comprises a semiconductor film and the reactive sputtering process used to deposit the semiconductor film. The sputtering target may comprise pure zinc (i.e., 99.995 atomic percent or greater), which may be doped with aluminum (about 1 atomic percent to about 20 atomic percent) or other doping metals. The zinc target may be reactively sputtered by introducing nitrogen and oxygen to the chamber. The amount of nitrogen may be significantly greater than the amount of oxygen and argon gas. The amount of oxygen may be based upon a turning point of the film structure, the film transmittance, a DC voltage change, or the film conductivity based upon measurements obtained from deposition without the nitrogen containing gas. The reactive sputtering may occur at temperatures from about room temperature up to several hundred degrees Celsius. After deposition, the semiconductor film may be annealed to further improve the film mobility.1. A deposition method comprising:
positioning a substrate in a sputtering chamber, the sputtering chamber comprising a zinc-containing target; delivering a sputtering gas to the sputtering chamber; activating the sputtering gas; and depositing a semiconductor layer on a substrate, the semiconductor layer comprising a ternary compound of zinc, oxygen and nitrogen, wherein the semiconductor layer has a transmittance of less than 80 percent. 2. The deposition method of claim 1, further comprising annealing the semiconductor layer. 3. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is annealed at a temperature of about 400 degrees C. 4. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the sputtering gas comprises an oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas. 5. The deposition method of claim 4, wherein the oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas are delivered at a flow ratio of 10:1 to 100:1. 6. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the ternary compound comprises ZnNxOy. 7. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the sputtering gas further comprises B2H6, CO2, CO, CH4 or combinations thereof. 8. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the ternary compound comprises a dopant. 9. The deposition method of claim 1, wherein the dopant is aluminum. 10. A semiconductor film comprising a ternary compound of zinc, oxygen and nitrogen, the semiconductor layer having a transmittance of less than 80 percent. 11. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound comprises a first portion with a first band gap energy and a second portion with a second band gap energy, the second band gap energy being higher than the first band gap energy. 12. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound has a gradient band gap energy. 13. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the ternary compound comprises a dopant. 14. The semiconductor film of claim 13, wherein the dopant is aluminum. 15. The semiconductor film of claim 10, wherein the semiconductor layer is amorphous. | 1,700 |
2,587 | 2,587 | 14,956,138 | 1,741 | A method for processing thin glass is provided. The method includes: providing thin glass having a flat surface and in a form selected from the group consisting of a sheet, plate, ribbon, and film; scoring the flat surface using a mechanical scoring tool to produce one or more scorings that delimit the thin glass into a plurality of thin glass plates and/or delimit one or more edges of the thin glass; applying a blasting liquid to form a moisture film on the thin glass thereby wetting scorings; and heating the moisture film until it evaporates at least partially to cleave the thin glass at the scorings and forming fresh break edges. | 1. A method for processing thin glass, comprising the steps of:
providing thin glass having a flat surface and in a form selected from the group consisting of a sheet, plate, ribbon, and film; scoring the flat surface using a mechanical scoring tool to produce one or more scorings that delimit the thin glass into a plurality of thin glass plates and/or delimit one or more edges of the thin glass; applying a blasting liquid to form a moisture film on the thin glass thereby wetting scorings; and heating the moisture film until it evaporates at least partially to cleave the thin glass at the scorings and forming fresh break edges. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of using the mechanical scoring tool comprises using diamond cutting edges. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating the moisture film comprises heating, only locally, along the scorings. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating comprises directing fine flames to the scorings. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating comprises directing electromagnetic radiation to the scorings. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the blasting liquid comprises feeding the blasting liquid through a passage into the scorings. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising coating the fresh break edges with a protective film of a sizing mixture. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the sizing mixture includes an alcohol substance and/or a wax substance. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the blasting liquid does not react with structures applied on the thin glass. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the blasting liquid comprises an aqueous liquid including an organic ionic compound. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising including a structure that includes thin film storage elements on the thin glass. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing thin glass comprises providing thin glass that has a fire-polished surface and a thickness variation in a range between <24 μm and <5 μm. | A method for processing thin glass is provided. The method includes: providing thin glass having a flat surface and in a form selected from the group consisting of a sheet, plate, ribbon, and film; scoring the flat surface using a mechanical scoring tool to produce one or more scorings that delimit the thin glass into a plurality of thin glass plates and/or delimit one or more edges of the thin glass; applying a blasting liquid to form a moisture film on the thin glass thereby wetting scorings; and heating the moisture film until it evaporates at least partially to cleave the thin glass at the scorings and forming fresh break edges.1. A method for processing thin glass, comprising the steps of:
providing thin glass having a flat surface and in a form selected from the group consisting of a sheet, plate, ribbon, and film; scoring the flat surface using a mechanical scoring tool to produce one or more scorings that delimit the thin glass into a plurality of thin glass plates and/or delimit one or more edges of the thin glass; applying a blasting liquid to form a moisture film on the thin glass thereby wetting scorings; and heating the moisture film until it evaporates at least partially to cleave the thin glass at the scorings and forming fresh break edges. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of using the mechanical scoring tool comprises using diamond cutting edges. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating the moisture film comprises heating, only locally, along the scorings. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating comprises directing fine flames to the scorings. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of heating comprises directing electromagnetic radiation to the scorings. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the blasting liquid comprises feeding the blasting liquid through a passage into the scorings. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising coating the fresh break edges with a protective film of a sizing mixture. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the sizing mixture includes an alcohol substance and/or a wax substance. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the blasting liquid does not react with structures applied on the thin glass. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the blasting liquid comprises an aqueous liquid including an organic ionic compound. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising including a structure that includes thin film storage elements on the thin glass. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing thin glass comprises providing thin glass that has a fire-polished surface and a thickness variation in a range between <24 μm and <5 μm. | 1,700 |
2,588 | 2,588 | 14,032,322 | 1,792 | The present disclosure provides methods and systems for coordinating and balancing continuous product production, including continuous flow processes such as aseptic sterilization with package filling rate. The methods and systems include an averaging level control scheme to actively manage the balance between the continuous flow rate and the package filling rate. The methods and systems allow the flow rate to be adjusted for changes in the package filling rate, preventing a need for stoppage of the continuous product production. | 1. A method of balancing a continuous product production flow rate with a package filling rate, the method comprising:
applying an averaging level control scheme to a food manufacturing process. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises aseptic sterilization of a food product. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises package filling. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the package filling is aseptic package filling. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises a speed indicating controller. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the speed indicating controller controls a flow rate of the food product. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises a buffer tank and a level indicating controller, wherein the level of the food product in the buffer tank is measured. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the level is measured by a characteristic of the food product selected from the group consisting of weight, depth, volume, pressure, differential pressure, and combinations thereof 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the level is measured through instrumentation methods selected from the group consisting of ultrasonics, radar, load cells, and combinations thereof 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises setting a target flow rate for continuous product production for the food manufacturing process. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the target flow rate is changed based on a package filling rate. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises:
setting a target flow rate for a continuous food product production system comprising a buffer tank and a controller; setting a maximum level for a product in the buffer tank; measuring a level of the product in the buffer tank; and triggering the controller to lower the target flow rate when the measured level rises above the set maximum level. 13. The method according to claims 12, wherein the controller controls a pump that pumps a product supply into the continuous food product production system. 14. The method according to claims 12, wherein the controller controls a variable speed pump that pumps a product supply into the continuous food product production system. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises: aseptically sterilizing a product using a sterilization system;
filling packages with the product using a package filling machine; and coordinating a rate of aseptic sterilization of the product with a rate of aseptic package filling. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the product is a baby food product. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the product is a pureed food. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method prevents aseptic sterilizer stoppage during an aseptic package filling process by adjusting a rate of flow of the product from at least one supply tank to at least one aseptic sterilizer and at least one buffer tank based on measurements of a product supply flow rate and a product level in the at least one buffer tank. 19. A food manufacturing system comprising:
a product supply; a machine for continuous product production comprising a variable speed pump; a buffer tank; a level indicating controller that measures product level in the buffer tank; a speed indicating controller responsive to the level indicating controller; and a package filling machine that when stopped causes the product level in the buffer tank to rise, causing the speed indicating controller to change a speed of the variable speed pump. 20. The food manufacturing system according to claim 19, comprising a method of balancing a continuous product production flow rate with a package filling rate selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 18. | The present disclosure provides methods and systems for coordinating and balancing continuous product production, including continuous flow processes such as aseptic sterilization with package filling rate. The methods and systems include an averaging level control scheme to actively manage the balance between the continuous flow rate and the package filling rate. The methods and systems allow the flow rate to be adjusted for changes in the package filling rate, preventing a need for stoppage of the continuous product production.1. A method of balancing a continuous product production flow rate with a package filling rate, the method comprising:
applying an averaging level control scheme to a food manufacturing process. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises aseptic sterilization of a food product. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises package filling. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the package filling is aseptic package filling. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises a speed indicating controller. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the speed indicating controller controls a flow rate of the food product. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food manufacturing process comprises a buffer tank and a level indicating controller, wherein the level of the food product in the buffer tank is measured. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the level is measured by a characteristic of the food product selected from the group consisting of weight, depth, volume, pressure, differential pressure, and combinations thereof 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the level is measured through instrumentation methods selected from the group consisting of ultrasonics, radar, load cells, and combinations thereof 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises setting a target flow rate for continuous product production for the food manufacturing process. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the target flow rate is changed based on a package filling rate. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises:
setting a target flow rate for a continuous food product production system comprising a buffer tank and a controller; setting a maximum level for a product in the buffer tank; measuring a level of the product in the buffer tank; and triggering the controller to lower the target flow rate when the measured level rises above the set maximum level. 13. The method according to claims 12, wherein the controller controls a pump that pumps a product supply into the continuous food product production system. 14. The method according to claims 12, wherein the controller controls a variable speed pump that pumps a product supply into the continuous food product production system. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the averaging level control scheme comprises: aseptically sterilizing a product using a sterilization system;
filling packages with the product using a package filling machine; and coordinating a rate of aseptic sterilization of the product with a rate of aseptic package filling. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the product is a baby food product. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the product is a pureed food. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method prevents aseptic sterilizer stoppage during an aseptic package filling process by adjusting a rate of flow of the product from at least one supply tank to at least one aseptic sterilizer and at least one buffer tank based on measurements of a product supply flow rate and a product level in the at least one buffer tank. 19. A food manufacturing system comprising:
a product supply; a machine for continuous product production comprising a variable speed pump; a buffer tank; a level indicating controller that measures product level in the buffer tank; a speed indicating controller responsive to the level indicating controller; and a package filling machine that when stopped causes the product level in the buffer tank to rise, causing the speed indicating controller to change a speed of the variable speed pump. 20. The food manufacturing system according to claim 19, comprising a method of balancing a continuous product production flow rate with a package filling rate selected from the group consisting of those claimed in claim 1 to claim 18. | 1,700 |
2,589 | 2,589 | 15,119,538 | 1,788 | Provided is a vinyl chloride resin composition that can provide a molded product having superior flexibility at low temperatures. The vinyl chloride resin composition includes (a) a vinyl chloride resin and (b) a dodecanedioic acid diester. Moreover, (a) the vinyl chloride resin includes (x) a base vinyl chloride resin in an amount of from 70 mass % to 100 mass % and (y) vinyl chloride resin fine particles in an amount of from 0 mass % to 30 mass %. | 1. A vinyl chloride resin composition comprising:
(a) a vinyl chloride resin; and (b) a dodecanedioic acid diester, wherein (a) the vinyl chloride resin includes (x) a base vinyl chloride resin in an amount of from 70 mass % to 100 mass % and (y) vinyl chloride resin fine particles in an amount of from 0 mass % to 30 mass %. 2. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, wherein
an amount of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester relative to 100 parts by mass of (a) the vinyl chloride resin is from 5 parts by mass to 200 parts by mass. 3. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, further comprising
(c) a trimellitic acid ester. 4. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 3, wherein
a total amount of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester and (c) the trimellitic acid ester relative to 100 parts by mass of (a) the vinyl chloride resin is from 5 parts by mass to 200 parts by mass. 5. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 3, wherein
a blending ratio of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester relative to (c) the trimellitic acid ester, expressed as a mass ratio, is from 1/99 to 99/1. 6. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, wherein
(x) the base vinyl chloride resin is vinyl chloride resin particles. 7. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6 used in powder molding. 8. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6 used in powder slush molding. 9. A vinyl chloride resin molded product obtainable through powder molding of the vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6. 10. The vinyl chloride resin molded product of claim 9 used as a surface skin of an automobile instrument panel. 11. A laminate comprising:
a foamed polyurethane molded product; and the vinyl chloride resin molded product of claim 9. | Provided is a vinyl chloride resin composition that can provide a molded product having superior flexibility at low temperatures. The vinyl chloride resin composition includes (a) a vinyl chloride resin and (b) a dodecanedioic acid diester. Moreover, (a) the vinyl chloride resin includes (x) a base vinyl chloride resin in an amount of from 70 mass % to 100 mass % and (y) vinyl chloride resin fine particles in an amount of from 0 mass % to 30 mass %.1. A vinyl chloride resin composition comprising:
(a) a vinyl chloride resin; and (b) a dodecanedioic acid diester, wherein (a) the vinyl chloride resin includes (x) a base vinyl chloride resin in an amount of from 70 mass % to 100 mass % and (y) vinyl chloride resin fine particles in an amount of from 0 mass % to 30 mass %. 2. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, wherein
an amount of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester relative to 100 parts by mass of (a) the vinyl chloride resin is from 5 parts by mass to 200 parts by mass. 3. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, further comprising
(c) a trimellitic acid ester. 4. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 3, wherein
a total amount of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester and (c) the trimellitic acid ester relative to 100 parts by mass of (a) the vinyl chloride resin is from 5 parts by mass to 200 parts by mass. 5. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 3, wherein
a blending ratio of (b) the dodecanedioic acid diester relative to (c) the trimellitic acid ester, expressed as a mass ratio, is from 1/99 to 99/1. 6. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 1, wherein
(x) the base vinyl chloride resin is vinyl chloride resin particles. 7. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6 used in powder molding. 8. The vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6 used in powder slush molding. 9. A vinyl chloride resin molded product obtainable through powder molding of the vinyl chloride resin composition of claim 6. 10. The vinyl chloride resin molded product of claim 9 used as a surface skin of an automobile instrument panel. 11. A laminate comprising:
a foamed polyurethane molded product; and the vinyl chloride resin molded product of claim 9. | 1,700 |
2,590 | 2,590 | 14,815,447 | 1,725 | A battery module includes a housing having an opening and an electrochemical cell disposed in the housing. The electrochemical cell includes a first cell surface having electrode terminals and an second cell surface substantially opposite the first cell surface. The battery module also includes a heat sink integral with the housing and disposed substantially opposite the opening of the housing and a thermally conductive adhesive bonded to the second cell surface and a heat sink surface that is facing the second cell surface. The thermally conductive adhesive includes a bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and 50 MPa. | 1. A battery module comprising:
a housing having an opening; an electrochemical cell disposed in the housing, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a first cell surface having electrode terminals and a second cell surface substantially opposite the first cell surface; a heat sink integral with the housing and disposed substantially opposite the opening of the housing; and a thermally conductive adhesive bonded to the second cell surface and a heat sink surface that is facing the second cell surface, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and 50 MPa. 2. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a mixture of an epoxy resin and a hardener, wherein the mixture is configured to cure in less than or equal to approximately 24 hours. 3. The battery module of claim 2, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of between approximately 1:1 and approximately 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener. 4. The battery module of claim 2, wherein the mixture comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP before curing. 5. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a radiation-activated epoxy resin. 6. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a thermal conductivity of between approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 7. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive is self-leveling. 8. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours. 9. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the adhesive comprises a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D. 10. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is heat resistant. 11. A method of manufacturing a battery module, comprising:
applying an adhesive to a housing of the battery module at an interface between an electrochemical cell and a heat sink of the battery module, wherein the adhesive comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP and a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours; inserting the electrochemical cell into the opening toward the heat sink after applying the adhesive; and curing the adhesive to secure the electrochemical cells to the heat sink at the interface. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D after curing. 14. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is a two-component system comprising an epoxy resin and a hardener. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising mixing the epoxy resin and the hardener at a ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener before applying the adhesive to the housing. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises an ultraviolet light curable epoxy resin. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the viscosity is such that the adhesive is self-leveling. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive has an aluminum-to-aluminum bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between approximately 5 megapascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the electrochemical cell and the heat sink each comprise a metallic surface at the interface, and wherein the metallic surface comprises aluminum, copper, or steel. 20. A battery module, comprising:
an electrochemical cell secured to a heat sink coupled to a housing of the battery module, wherein the heat sink extends in at least one direction to an outermost dimension of the housing, and wherein the electrochemical cell is secured to the heat sink by a process comprising:
applying a thermally conductive adhesive to an interface between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cPs and a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours; and
curing the thermally conductive adhesive to secure the electrochemical cells to the heat sink at the interface. 21. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a metal-to-metal bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between approximately 5 megapascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. 22. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 23. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a mixture of an epoxy resin and a hardener. 24. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the mixture has a ratio of between approximately 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener. 25. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D after curing. 26. An adhesive for securing an electrochemical cell to a housing of a battery module comprising:
a mixture comprising:
a ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener that when cured forms the adhesive;
a viscosity between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP; and
a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours;
wherein the adhesive is thermally conductive and comprises an aluminum-to-aluminum bond strength of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. | A battery module includes a housing having an opening and an electrochemical cell disposed in the housing. The electrochemical cell includes a first cell surface having electrode terminals and an second cell surface substantially opposite the first cell surface. The battery module also includes a heat sink integral with the housing and disposed substantially opposite the opening of the housing and a thermally conductive adhesive bonded to the second cell surface and a heat sink surface that is facing the second cell surface. The thermally conductive adhesive includes a bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and 50 MPa.1. A battery module comprising:
a housing having an opening; an electrochemical cell disposed in the housing, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a first cell surface having electrode terminals and a second cell surface substantially opposite the first cell surface; a heat sink integral with the housing and disposed substantially opposite the opening of the housing; and a thermally conductive adhesive bonded to the second cell surface and a heat sink surface that is facing the second cell surface, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and 50 MPa. 2. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a mixture of an epoxy resin and a hardener, wherein the mixture is configured to cure in less than or equal to approximately 24 hours. 3. The battery module of claim 2, wherein the mixture comprises a ratio of between approximately 1:1 and approximately 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener. 4. The battery module of claim 2, wherein the mixture comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP before curing. 5. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a radiation-activated epoxy resin. 6. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a thermal conductivity of between approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 7. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive is self-leveling. 8. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours. 9. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the adhesive comprises a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D. 10. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is heat resistant. 11. A method of manufacturing a battery module, comprising:
applying an adhesive to a housing of the battery module at an interface between an electrochemical cell and a heat sink of the battery module, wherein the adhesive comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP and a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours; inserting the electrochemical cell into the opening toward the heat sink after applying the adhesive; and curing the adhesive to secure the electrochemical cells to the heat sink at the interface. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D after curing. 14. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is a two-component system comprising an epoxy resin and a hardener. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising mixing the epoxy resin and the hardener at a ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener before applying the adhesive to the housing. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises an ultraviolet light curable epoxy resin. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the viscosity is such that the adhesive is self-leveling. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the adhesive has an aluminum-to-aluminum bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between approximately 5 megapascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the electrochemical cell and the heat sink each comprise a metallic surface at the interface, and wherein the metallic surface comprises aluminum, copper, or steel. 20. A battery module, comprising:
an electrochemical cell secured to a heat sink coupled to a housing of the battery module, wherein the heat sink extends in at least one direction to an outermost dimension of the housing, and wherein the electrochemical cell is secured to the heat sink by a process comprising:
applying a thermally conductive adhesive to an interface between the electrochemical cell and the heat sink, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a viscosity of between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cPs and a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours; and
curing the thermally conductive adhesive to secure the electrochemical cells to the heat sink at the interface. 21. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a metal-to-metal bonding shear strength and bonding tensile strength between approximately 5 megapascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. 22. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.5 Watt/meter Kelvin (W/mK) and approximately 2.0 W/mK. 23. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive comprises a mixture of an epoxy resin and a hardener. 24. The battery module of claim 23, wherein the mixture has a ratio of between approximately 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener. 25. The battery module of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive adhesive has a hardness equal to approximately 80 Shore D after curing. 26. An adhesive for securing an electrochemical cell to a housing of a battery module comprising:
a mixture comprising:
a ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1 epoxy resin to hardener that when cured forms the adhesive;
a viscosity between approximately 40,000 centipoise (cP) and approximately 50,000 cP; and
a working life of between approximately 1 hour and approximately 3 hours;
wherein the adhesive is thermally conductive and comprises an aluminum-to-aluminum bond strength of between approximately 5 megaPascals (MPa) and approximately 50 MPa. | 1,700 |
2,591 | 2,591 | 14,698,790 | 1,798 | A disposable, self-contained tobacco smoke detector, comprising a sensor incorporated with a reagent capable of undergoing one or more chemical reactions by interacting with one or more compounds unique to tobacco smoke. The smoking detector further comprises an indicator coupled to the sensor for visually indicating the occurrence of at least one chemical reaction by producing a detectable change in color, indicating exposure to tobacco smoke, thereby providing visual evidence of smoking. | 1. A disposable, self-contained, tobacco smoke detector, comprising:
a sensor incorporated with a reagent capable of undergoing at least one chemical reaction by interacting with one or more compounds unique to tobacco smoke; and an indicator coupled to the sensor for visually indicating the occurrence of the at least one chemical reaction by producing a detectable change in color so as to form a detectable color change; and wherein when the reagent interacts with the one or more compounds unique to the tobacco smoke, the at least one chemical reaction formed thereby has the detectable color change made thereto, with the detectable color change being visible via the indicator so as to provide a visual indication of the tobacco smoke. 2. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, further comprises a housing adapted to contain the sensor and the indicator. 3. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the reagent comprises at least an enzyme or a protein or a chemical substance. 4. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the sensor is integrated with the indicator. 5. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, is a self-contained unit allowing for easy transport, installation, and replacement. 6. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, is tamper resistant. 7. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the biological or chemical component is capable of initiating a series of chemical reactions in the presence of tobacco smoke or compounds unique to tobacco smoke. 8. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a transparent window for the indicator. 9. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a self-adhesive layer. | A disposable, self-contained tobacco smoke detector, comprising a sensor incorporated with a reagent capable of undergoing one or more chemical reactions by interacting with one or more compounds unique to tobacco smoke. The smoking detector further comprises an indicator coupled to the sensor for visually indicating the occurrence of at least one chemical reaction by producing a detectable change in color, indicating exposure to tobacco smoke, thereby providing visual evidence of smoking.1. A disposable, self-contained, tobacco smoke detector, comprising:
a sensor incorporated with a reagent capable of undergoing at least one chemical reaction by interacting with one or more compounds unique to tobacco smoke; and an indicator coupled to the sensor for visually indicating the occurrence of the at least one chemical reaction by producing a detectable change in color so as to form a detectable color change; and wherein when the reagent interacts with the one or more compounds unique to the tobacco smoke, the at least one chemical reaction formed thereby has the detectable color change made thereto, with the detectable color change being visible via the indicator so as to provide a visual indication of the tobacco smoke. 2. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, further comprises a housing adapted to contain the sensor and the indicator. 3. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the reagent comprises at least an enzyme or a protein or a chemical substance. 4. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the sensor is integrated with the indicator. 5. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, is a self-contained unit allowing for easy transport, installation, and replacement. 6. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, is tamper resistant. 7. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 1, wherein the biological or chemical component is capable of initiating a series of chemical reactions in the presence of tobacco smoke or compounds unique to tobacco smoke. 8. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a transparent window for the indicator. 9. The tobacco smoke detector of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a self-adhesive layer. | 1,700 |
2,592 | 2,592 | 14,628,977 | 1,777 | A separator and method of its use for separating oil, grease F.O.G. from effluent has a control to avoid potential user errors. A skimming control causes skimming events to occur in accordance with presets that include a preset minimum skim setting above zero, a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event. A user interface allows the user to select a user skim mode. The user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle. | 1. A separator assembly for separating fat, oil, and grease from effluent comprising:
a container with a cover for receiving and holding effluent water containing oil, grease and solid waste to be removed from the effluent water; at least one rotatable disk supported within the container in a partially immersed position within the body of effluent water and in contact with the oil and grease; a drive mounted in driving engagement to provide rotation of the disk when the drive is engaged; a trough mounted in engaging relation to opposite sides of the rotatable disk; a scraper blade mounted on the trough so that the scraper blade extends from the trough into sliding engagement with a side of the disk, the disk, scraper blade and trough cooperatively disposed and structured to direct oil and grease from the disk along the scraper blade along the trough for collection in a storage container; a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 2. The separator of claim 1, wherein the user skim mode setting includes a pre-programmed skim cycle. 3. The separator of claim 2 wherein the pre-programmed skim cycle directs a skimming event to occur at a non-repetitive time during consecutive skimming events. 4. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting allows selection of a skim cycle based upon a facility's F.O.G. production. 5. The separator of claim 4 wherein the user skim mode setting is a default setting. 6. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting directs skim cycles based upon ratios of skim period to delay period. 7. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting includes an active skim time variable and a delay between the skim times variable. 8. The separator of claim 7 wherein the delay between skim times variable is a prime number of hours. 9. The separator of claim 8 wherein the delay between skim times variable is 19 hours. 10. The separator of claim 7 wherein the delay between skim times variable does not allow skim times to occur at the same time of day during a week-long skimming schedule. 11. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user interface includes a user input device for selecting the user skim mode setting. 12. The separator of claim 11 wherein the user input device includes a silicone switch membrane. 13. The separator of claim 1 wherein the skimming control has a null mode that does not skim, but periodically exercises a motor of the drive for a brief period. 14. The separator of claim 1 wherein the control is in communication with a GPS module to allow determination of the geographic location of the separator assembly. 15. The separator of claim 1 wherein the control is in communication with communication module to permit remote communications. 16. The separator of claim 2 wherein the container includes a heating element. 17. The separator of claim 16 wherein the heating element is a 450 watt heater with a quick reaction thermostat. 18. The separator of claim 2 wherein the skimming control includes a timer. 19. A skimmer control system for a F.O.G. separator that removes F.O.G. from effluent, comprising:
a skimming control that controls when a skimming event occurs to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting,
wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle. 20. The separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a skimming event to occur at a non-repetitive time during consecutive skimming events. 21. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 including a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting based upon a facility's F.O.G. production. 22. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings direct skim cycles based upon a ratio of skim period to delay period. 23. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the skim mode settings include a skim period and a delay period that minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 24. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings include an active skim time variable and a delay between the skim times variable. 24. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the control has a null mode that does not skim, but periodically exercises a motor of the drive for a brief period. 26. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the control is in communication with a GPS module to allow determination of the geographic location of the separator assembly and the control is in communication with communication module to permit remote communications. 27. A method of controlling removal of grease, oil and solid waste material from effluent water comprising:
installing an oil, grease and solid waste removal assembly at a facility site; connecting an inlet pipe of the oil, grease and solid waste removal assembly to a source discharging effluent water with waste materials to be removed; connecting an outlet pipe of the oil, grease assembly to a sewage system; installing an oil and grease storage container to receive oil and grease flow from a trough in the assembly; engaging a drive motor of the assembly to rotate a disk in the assembly to remove oil and grease from effluent water; controlling the drive motor with a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 28. The method of claim 27 including programming the user skim mode settings to include an active skim time period and a delay-between-skims period that minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 29. A method of making a F.O.G. removal assembly comprising:
rotomolding a container having inlet and outlet ends, a strainer basket support, an outlet baffle and a cover for the container, securing the strainer basket support within the container, securing the outlet baffle within the outlet end of the container, installing a F.O.G. removal skimmer assembly that has a rotatable disk and a drive to provide rotation of the disk when the drive is engaged and a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 30. The method of claim 29 including programming the skim mode setting to minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 31. A method of controlling a skimming event for a F.O.G. separator that removes F.O.G. from effluent, comprising:
programming a skimming control that controls when a skimming event occurs to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having a preset minimum skim setting above zero in the control and a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event in the control, and providing a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting, wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle. 32. A separator assembly for separating fat, oil, and grease (F.O.G.) from effluent comprising:
a container for receiving and holding effluent water containing F.O.G. to be removed from the effluent water; a skimmer within the container in a partially immersed position within the body of effluent water and in contact with the F.O.G. and configured to remove F.O.G and direct it to a storage container; a skimming control that controls when the skimmer is active, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. | A separator and method of its use for separating oil, grease F.O.G. from effluent has a control to avoid potential user errors. A skimming control causes skimming events to occur in accordance with presets that include a preset minimum skim setting above zero, a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event. A user interface allows the user to select a user skim mode. The user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle.1. A separator assembly for separating fat, oil, and grease from effluent comprising:
a container with a cover for receiving and holding effluent water containing oil, grease and solid waste to be removed from the effluent water; at least one rotatable disk supported within the container in a partially immersed position within the body of effluent water and in contact with the oil and grease; a drive mounted in driving engagement to provide rotation of the disk when the drive is engaged; a trough mounted in engaging relation to opposite sides of the rotatable disk; a scraper blade mounted on the trough so that the scraper blade extends from the trough into sliding engagement with a side of the disk, the disk, scraper blade and trough cooperatively disposed and structured to direct oil and grease from the disk along the scraper blade along the trough for collection in a storage container; a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 2. The separator of claim 1, wherein the user skim mode setting includes a pre-programmed skim cycle. 3. The separator of claim 2 wherein the pre-programmed skim cycle directs a skimming event to occur at a non-repetitive time during consecutive skimming events. 4. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting allows selection of a skim cycle based upon a facility's F.O.G. production. 5. The separator of claim 4 wherein the user skim mode setting is a default setting. 6. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting directs skim cycles based upon ratios of skim period to delay period. 7. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user skim mode setting includes an active skim time variable and a delay between the skim times variable. 8. The separator of claim 7 wherein the delay between skim times variable is a prime number of hours. 9. The separator of claim 8 wherein the delay between skim times variable is 19 hours. 10. The separator of claim 7 wherein the delay between skim times variable does not allow skim times to occur at the same time of day during a week-long skimming schedule. 11. The separator of claim 2 wherein the user interface includes a user input device for selecting the user skim mode setting. 12. The separator of claim 11 wherein the user input device includes a silicone switch membrane. 13. The separator of claim 1 wherein the skimming control has a null mode that does not skim, but periodically exercises a motor of the drive for a brief period. 14. The separator of claim 1 wherein the control is in communication with a GPS module to allow determination of the geographic location of the separator assembly. 15. The separator of claim 1 wherein the control is in communication with communication module to permit remote communications. 16. The separator of claim 2 wherein the container includes a heating element. 17. The separator of claim 16 wherein the heating element is a 450 watt heater with a quick reaction thermostat. 18. The separator of claim 2 wherein the skimming control includes a timer. 19. A skimmer control system for a F.O.G. separator that removes F.O.G. from effluent, comprising:
a skimming control that controls when a skimming event occurs to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting,
wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle. 20. The separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a skimming event to occur at a non-repetitive time during consecutive skimming events. 21. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 including a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting based upon a facility's F.O.G. production. 22. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings direct skim cycles based upon a ratio of skim period to delay period. 23. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the skim mode settings include a skim period and a delay period that minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 24. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the user skim mode settings include an active skim time variable and a delay between the skim times variable. 24. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the control has a null mode that does not skim, but periodically exercises a motor of the drive for a brief period. 26. The skimmer control for the F.O.G. separator of claim 19 wherein the control is in communication with a GPS module to allow determination of the geographic location of the separator assembly and the control is in communication with communication module to permit remote communications. 27. A method of controlling removal of grease, oil and solid waste material from effluent water comprising:
installing an oil, grease and solid waste removal assembly at a facility site; connecting an inlet pipe of the oil, grease and solid waste removal assembly to a source discharging effluent water with waste materials to be removed; connecting an outlet pipe of the oil, grease assembly to a sewage system; installing an oil and grease storage container to receive oil and grease flow from a trough in the assembly; engaging a drive motor of the assembly to rotate a disk in the assembly to remove oil and grease from effluent water; controlling the drive motor with a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 28. The method of claim 27 including programming the user skim mode settings to include an active skim time period and a delay-between-skims period that minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 29. A method of making a F.O.G. removal assembly comprising:
rotomolding a container having inlet and outlet ends, a strainer basket support, an outlet baffle and a cover for the container, securing the strainer basket support within the container, securing the outlet baffle within the outlet end of the container, installing a F.O.G. removal skimmer assembly that has a rotatable disk and a drive to provide rotation of the disk when the drive is engaged and a skimming control that controls when the drive activates rotation of the disk to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. 30. The method of claim 29 including programming the skim mode setting to minimize the number of skims at the same time of day from one day to the next. 31. A method of controlling a skimming event for a F.O.G. separator that removes F.O.G. from effluent, comprising:
programming a skimming control that controls when a skimming event occurs to skim F.O.G. from the effluent, the skimming control having a preset minimum skim setting above zero in the control and a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous skim event in the control, and providing a user interface that allows the user to select a user skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting, wherein the user skim mode settings include a programming cycle that directs a series of skimming events to occur at substantially non-repetitive times during a skimming event cycle. 32. A separator assembly for separating fat, oil, and grease (F.O.G.) from effluent comprising:
a container for receiving and holding effluent water containing F.O.G. to be removed from the effluent water; a skimmer within the container in a partially immersed position within the body of effluent water and in contact with the F.O.G. and configured to remove F.O.G and direct it to a storage container; a skimming control that controls when the skimmer is active, the skimming control having:
a preset minimum skim setting above zero,
a preset maximum skim setting below a continuous rotation of the disk, and
a user interface that allows the user to select a skim mode setting between the preset minimum skim setting and the preset maximum skim setting. | 1,700 |
2,593 | 2,593 | 13,822,713 | 1,743 | The invention relates to a device for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component, particularly an aircraft component, by means of a powder that can be solidified by energy radiation of an energy radiation source, characterized in that the device comprises an application unit that is designed such that the powder can be applied onto an uneven surface by means of the application unit. | 1.-13. (canceled) 14. A device for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component by means of a powder that can be solidified by energy radiation from an energy radiation source, wherein the device comprises an application unit which is configured so that it can apply powder to be solidified onto a non-planar surface. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is configured so that it can be moved on a path along a contour or a contour profile of the non-planar surface. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is present as a cylindrical blade or a cylindrical roll. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is present as a scraper with a straight or planar shape. 18. The device of claim 14, wherein a shape of the application unit is adapted to a contour or a contour profile of the non-planar surface to apply a powder layer onto the non-planar surface. 19. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is configured so as to be replaceable. 20. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is connected to a drive unit for moving the application unit. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein the application unit is movable by the drive unit in one, two or all three directions in space. 22. The device of claim 20, wherein the drive unit is connected to a control unit, the control unit controlling the drive unit and the application unit connected thereto as a function of a predetermined path profile. 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the control unit comprises an NC controller. 24. The device of claim 14, wherein the device comprises a support platform, the support platform having a planar or a non-planar surface, a non-planar surface of the support platform being adapted to a non-planar contour or outer contour of a component. 25. A method for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component, the method comprising:
providing an energy radiation source for solidifying a powder that can be solidified by means of the energy radiation source; providing a non-planar surface onto which a powder to be solidified is to be applied; providing an application unit which is configured to be able to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface; applying the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface by using the application unit; and solidifying the powder in at least one region of the component by using the energy radiation source. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises:
forming or adapting a shape of the application unit in accordance with the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface by using the application unit. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises:
moving the application unit on a path along a contour of the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the method further comprises:
moving the application unit on a path along a contour of the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the component is an aircraft component. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the component is a vane element of an aircraft engine. 31. A component which is produced, repaired and/or replaced by using the method of claim 25. 32. The component of claim 31, wherein the component is an aircraft component. 33. The component of claim 32, wherein the component is a vane element of an aircraft engine. | The invention relates to a device for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component, particularly an aircraft component, by means of a powder that can be solidified by energy radiation of an energy radiation source, characterized in that the device comprises an application unit that is designed such that the powder can be applied onto an uneven surface by means of the application unit.1.-13. (canceled) 14. A device for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component by means of a powder that can be solidified by energy radiation from an energy radiation source, wherein the device comprises an application unit which is configured so that it can apply powder to be solidified onto a non-planar surface. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is configured so that it can be moved on a path along a contour or a contour profile of the non-planar surface. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is present as a cylindrical blade or a cylindrical roll. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is present as a scraper with a straight or planar shape. 18. The device of claim 14, wherein a shape of the application unit is adapted to a contour or a contour profile of the non-planar surface to apply a powder layer onto the non-planar surface. 19. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is configured so as to be replaceable. 20. The device of claim 14, wherein the application unit is connected to a drive unit for moving the application unit. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein the application unit is movable by the drive unit in one, two or all three directions in space. 22. The device of claim 20, wherein the drive unit is connected to a control unit, the control unit controlling the drive unit and the application unit connected thereto as a function of a predetermined path profile. 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the control unit comprises an NC controller. 24. The device of claim 14, wherein the device comprises a support platform, the support platform having a planar or a non-planar surface, a non-planar surface of the support platform being adapted to a non-planar contour or outer contour of a component. 25. A method for producing, repairing and/or replacing a component, the method comprising:
providing an energy radiation source for solidifying a powder that can be solidified by means of the energy radiation source; providing a non-planar surface onto which a powder to be solidified is to be applied; providing an application unit which is configured to be able to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface; applying the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface by using the application unit; and solidifying the powder in at least one region of the component by using the energy radiation source. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises:
forming or adapting a shape of the application unit in accordance with the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface by using the application unit. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises:
moving the application unit on a path along a contour of the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the method further comprises:
moving the application unit on a path along a contour of the non-planar surface to apply the powder to be solidified onto the non-planar surface. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the component is an aircraft component. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the component is a vane element of an aircraft engine. 31. A component which is produced, repaired and/or replaced by using the method of claim 25. 32. The component of claim 31, wherein the component is an aircraft component. 33. The component of claim 32, wherein the component is a vane element of an aircraft engine. | 1,700 |
2,594 | 2,594 | 15,843,096 | 1,747 | An electronic smoking article includes a liquid supply including liquid material, a heater operable to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form an aerosol, a wick in communication with the liquid material and in communication with the heater such that the wick delivers the liquid material to the heater, at least one air inlet operable to deliver air to a central air passage upstream of the heater, and a mouth end insert having at least two diverging outlets. | 1. (canceled) 2. An electronic vaping device comprising:
an outer housing extending in a longitudinal direction; a liquid supply in the outer housing; a vaporizer configured to generate a vapor, the vaporizer in the outer housing; a mouth-end insert at an end of the outer housing, the mouth-end insert including,
an end surface at a first end of the mouth-end insert, and
a plurality of non-diverging outlets in the mouth-end insert, the outlets being generally coplanar at an end surface of the mouth-end insert; and
a power supply configured to supply power to the vaporizer. 3. The electronic vaping device of claim 2, further comprising:
a central channel between the vaporizer and the mouth-end insert. 4. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the central channel is defined by a generally cylindrical body. 5. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the central channel has a diameter of about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. 6. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the vaporizer comprises:
a coil heater; and a wick in communication with the liquid supply and surrounded by the coil heater such that the wick is configured to deliver liquid material from the liquid supply to the coil heater, and the coil heater is configured to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form a vapor. 7. The electronic vaping device of claim 6, further comprising:
an inner housing within the outer housing, the inner housing defining a pair of opposing slots in a wall of the inner housing, the coil heater located in the inner housing. 8. The electronic vaping device of claim 7, wherein the central channel is in communication with the inner housing and is located between the mouth-end insert and the coil heater. 9. The electronic vaping device of claim 6, further comprising:
a first section including,
the wick,
the liquid supply, and
the mouth-end insert; and
a second section attachable to the first section, the second section including,
the power supply, and first and second sections being removably connected. 10. The device of claim 6, wherein the wick, the liquid supply, the mouth-end insert, and the power supply are in the outer housing. 11. The device of claim 2, wherein the mouth-end insert further comprises: an interior surface upon which unvaporized drops of liquid material may impact. 12. The device of claim 2, wherein the mouth-end insert includes two to eight outlet passages. 13. A cartridge comprising:
an outer housing extending in a longitudinal direction; a liquid supply in the outer housing; an inner housing in the outer housing; a vaporizer configured to generate a vapor, the vaporizer in the inner housing; and a mouth-end insert at an end of the housing, the mouth-end insert including,
an end surface at a first end of the mouth-end insert, and
a plurality of non-diverging outlets in the mouth-end insert, the outlets being generally coplanar at the end surface of the mouth-end insert. 14. The cartridge of claim 13, further including, a central channel between the vaporizer and the mouth-end insert. 15. The cartridge of claim 14, wherein the central channel is defined by a generally cylindrical body. 16. The cartridge of claim 14, wherein the central channel has a diameter of about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. 17. The cartridge of claim 13, wherein the vaporizer comprises:
a coil heater; and a wick in communication with the liquid supply and surrounded by the coil heater such that the wick is configured to deliver liquid material from the liquid supply to the coil heater, and the coil heater is configured to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form a vapor. | An electronic smoking article includes a liquid supply including liquid material, a heater operable to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form an aerosol, a wick in communication with the liquid material and in communication with the heater such that the wick delivers the liquid material to the heater, at least one air inlet operable to deliver air to a central air passage upstream of the heater, and a mouth end insert having at least two diverging outlets.1. (canceled) 2. An electronic vaping device comprising:
an outer housing extending in a longitudinal direction; a liquid supply in the outer housing; a vaporizer configured to generate a vapor, the vaporizer in the outer housing; a mouth-end insert at an end of the outer housing, the mouth-end insert including,
an end surface at a first end of the mouth-end insert, and
a plurality of non-diverging outlets in the mouth-end insert, the outlets being generally coplanar at an end surface of the mouth-end insert; and
a power supply configured to supply power to the vaporizer. 3. The electronic vaping device of claim 2, further comprising:
a central channel between the vaporizer and the mouth-end insert. 4. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the central channel is defined by a generally cylindrical body. 5. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the central channel has a diameter of about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. 6. The electronic vaping device of claim 3, wherein the vaporizer comprises:
a coil heater; and a wick in communication with the liquid supply and surrounded by the coil heater such that the wick is configured to deliver liquid material from the liquid supply to the coil heater, and the coil heater is configured to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form a vapor. 7. The electronic vaping device of claim 6, further comprising:
an inner housing within the outer housing, the inner housing defining a pair of opposing slots in a wall of the inner housing, the coil heater located in the inner housing. 8. The electronic vaping device of claim 7, wherein the central channel is in communication with the inner housing and is located between the mouth-end insert and the coil heater. 9. The electronic vaping device of claim 6, further comprising:
a first section including,
the wick,
the liquid supply, and
the mouth-end insert; and
a second section attachable to the first section, the second section including,
the power supply, and first and second sections being removably connected. 10. The device of claim 6, wherein the wick, the liquid supply, the mouth-end insert, and the power supply are in the outer housing. 11. The device of claim 2, wherein the mouth-end insert further comprises: an interior surface upon which unvaporized drops of liquid material may impact. 12. The device of claim 2, wherein the mouth-end insert includes two to eight outlet passages. 13. A cartridge comprising:
an outer housing extending in a longitudinal direction; a liquid supply in the outer housing; an inner housing in the outer housing; a vaporizer configured to generate a vapor, the vaporizer in the inner housing; and a mouth-end insert at an end of the housing, the mouth-end insert including,
an end surface at a first end of the mouth-end insert, and
a plurality of non-diverging outlets in the mouth-end insert, the outlets being generally coplanar at the end surface of the mouth-end insert. 14. The cartridge of claim 13, further including, a central channel between the vaporizer and the mouth-end insert. 15. The cartridge of claim 14, wherein the central channel is defined by a generally cylindrical body. 16. The cartridge of claim 14, wherein the central channel has a diameter of about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. 17. The cartridge of claim 13, wherein the vaporizer comprises:
a coil heater; and a wick in communication with the liquid supply and surrounded by the coil heater such that the wick is configured to deliver liquid material from the liquid supply to the coil heater, and the coil heater is configured to heat the liquid material to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid material and form a vapor. | 1,700 |
2,595 | 2,595 | 14,820,582 | 1,763 | Aldehyde scavengers, binder compositions including the aldehyde scavengers, and methods for making and using same. The aldehyde scavenger can include a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium. The aldehyde scavenger can have a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1. The aldehyde scavenger can include about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. The binder compositions can include the aldehyde scavenger and one or more aldehyde-based resins. | 1. An aldehyde scavenger, comprising:
a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 2. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1. 3. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1. 4. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 5. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.8 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.8 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, and the free urea. 6. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 50 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 7. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 65 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 8. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof. 9. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof. 10. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 65 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, and wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a storage stability of at least 20 days at a temperature of about 25° C. 11. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C. 12. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises water. 13. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein:
the liquid medium comprises water, the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof, the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, and the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 14. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, the liquid medium comprises water, and the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C. 15. An aldehyde scavenger, comprising:
a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfate, free urea, and water, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sodium sulfite and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium sulfate, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sodium sulfite, the ammonium sulfate, the free urea, and the water,
the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C., and
the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 60 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sodium sulfite, the ammonium sulfate, the free urea, and the water. 16. A binder composition comprising:
an aldehyde scavenger comprising a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium; and
an aldehyde-based resin comprising a second urea-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-urea-phenol-formaldehyde resin, a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, or any mixture thereof. 17. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the binder composition has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1. 18. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. 19. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein:
the aldehyde-based resin comprises the second urea-formaldehyde resin, the binder composition has a molar ratio of total formaldehyde to total urea of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1, and the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. 20. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein:
the liquid medium comprises water, the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof, the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, the aldehyde-based resin comprises the second urea-formaldehyde resin, the binder composition has a molar ratio of total formaldehyde to total urea of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1, and the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. | Aldehyde scavengers, binder compositions including the aldehyde scavengers, and methods for making and using same. The aldehyde scavenger can include a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium. The aldehyde scavenger can have a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1. The aldehyde scavenger can include about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. The binder compositions can include the aldehyde scavenger and one or more aldehyde-based resins.1. An aldehyde scavenger, comprising:
a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 2. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1. 3. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1. 4. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 5. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.8 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.8 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, and the free urea. 6. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 50 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 7. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 65 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 8. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof. 9. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof. 10. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 65 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, and wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a storage stability of at least 20 days at a temperature of about 25° C. 11. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C. 12. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises water. 13. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein:
the liquid medium comprises water, the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof, the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, and the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium. 14. The aldehyde scavenger of claim 1, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 55 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, the liquid medium comprises water, and the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C. 15. An aldehyde scavenger, comprising:
a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfate, free urea, and water, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sodium sulfite and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium sulfate, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sodium sulfite, the ammonium sulfate, the free urea, and the water,
the aldehyde scavenger has a pH of about 7 to about 9 at a temperature of about 25° C., and
the aldehyde scavenger has a solids content of about 60 wt % to about 70 wt %, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sodium sulfite, the ammonium sulfate, the free urea, and the water. 16. A binder composition comprising:
an aldehyde scavenger comprising a urea-formaldehyde resin having a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, a sulfite compound, an ammonium salt, free urea, and a liquid medium, wherein:
the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.8:1, and
the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on a combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium; and
an aldehyde-based resin comprising a second urea-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, a melamine-urea-phenol-formaldehyde resin, a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, a phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, or any mixture thereof. 17. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the binder composition has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1. 18. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. 19. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein:
the aldehyde-based resin comprises the second urea-formaldehyde resin, the binder composition has a molar ratio of total formaldehyde to total urea of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1, and the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. 20. The binder composition of claim 16, wherein:
the liquid medium comprises water, the aldehyde scavenger has a total formaldehyde to total urea molar ratio of about 0.3:1 to about 0.6:1, the urea-formaldehyde resin has a formaldehyde to urea molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 1.8:1, the sulfite compound comprises sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or any mixture thereof, the ammonium salt comprises ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, or any mixture thereof, the aldehyde scavenger comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the sulfite compound and about 0.5 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the ammonium salt, based on the combined weight of the urea-formaldehyde resin, the sulfite compound, the ammonium salt, the free urea, and the liquid medium, the aldehyde-based resin comprises the second urea-formaldehyde resin, the binder composition has a molar ratio of total formaldehyde to total urea of about 0.6:1 to about 1.4:1, and the binder composition comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the aldehyde scavenger, based on a combined solids weight of the aldehyde scavenger and the aldehyde-based resin. | 1,700 |
2,596 | 2,596 | 13,578,605 | 1,789 | A composite material able to dissipate the kinetic energy of a moving object comprising a layer of ballistic material bonded to a layer of porous matrix material which is impregnated with shear thickening fluid. | 1. A composite material able to dissipate the kinetic energy of a moving object, the composite material comprising a layer of ballistic material bonded to a layer of porous matrix material. 2. The composite material according to claim 1, further comprising a fluid, wherein the fluid intercalates into the porous matrix material. 3. The composite material according to claim 2, wherein the composite material is immersed in the fluid. 4. The composite material according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the fluid is an aqueous solution. 5. The composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the fluid is a shear thickening fluid. 6. The composite material according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the porous matrix material is a fibrous material. 7. The composite material according to claim any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the porous matrix material is a non woven material. 8. The composite material according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the porous matrix material comprises a polymer. 9. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polymethylpentene, polybutene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyester and combinations thereof. 10. The composite material according to claim 9, wherein the polymer is polyester. 11. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the layer of ballistic material is bonded to the respective porous matrix material by an adhesive. 12. The composite material according to claim 11, wherein the adhesive is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy and cyanoacrylate. 13. The composite material according to claim 12, wherein the adhesive is epoxy. 14. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the layer of ballistic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyolefin, polyimide, poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), carbon fibre, ceramic whisker, carbon nanotube reinforced polymer, glass reinforced polymer, microcrystalline cellulose and combinations thereof. 15. The composite material according to claim 14, wherein the polyamide is aramid, nylon or combinations thereof. 16. The composite material according to claim 15, wherein the aramid is poly paraphenylene terephthalamide or co-poly-(paraphenylene/3,4′-oxydiphenylene terephthalamide. 17. The composite material according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), high modulus polypropylene (Innegra S®) and combinations thereof. 18. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the layer of ballistic material is in the form of a knitted fabric, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, uniweaved structure, a uni-directional sheet, a multi-directional sheet or a single fibre. 19. The composite material according to any one of claims 5 to 18, wherein the shear thickening fluid comprises particles suspended in a media. 20. The composite material according to claim 19, wherein the particles are organic or inorganic particles. 21. The composite material according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of oxides, corn starch, calcium carbonates, minerals, polymers and combinations thereof. 22. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the oxides are selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide, palladium oxide and combinations thereof. 23. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the minerals are naturally occurring or synthetic occurring minerals. 24. The composite material according to claim 23, wherein the minerals are selected from the group consisting of quartz, calcite, talc, gypsum, kaolin, mica, silicon carbide and combinations thereof. 25. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the polymer is poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene. 26. The composite material according to any one of claims 19 to 25, wherein the particles have an average diameter size of less than 100 microns. 27. The composite material according to any one of claims 19 to 26, wherein the media is organic-based, aqueous-based or silicon-based. 28. The composite material according to claim 27, wherein the organic-based media is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ethanol and combinations thereof. 29. The composite material according to claim 27, wherein the aqueous-based media comprises a salt. 30. The composite material according to claim 29, wherein the salt is sodium chloride, caesium chloride or mixtures thereof. 31. The composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 30 further comprising an anti-bacterial agent. 32. The composite material according to claim 31, wherein the silicon-based media is silicon oil, phenyltrimethicone, or combinations thereof. 33. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 32, comprising 5 layers of ballistic material bonded to the respective 5 layers of the porous matrix material. 34. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the composite material is encapsulated in latex. 35. A process for making the composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 34 comprising bonding a layer of fibre ballistic material with a layer of porous matrix material. 36. The process according to claim 35, further comprising adding a shear thickening fluid to the composite material. 37. The process according to claim 36, further comprising sealing the composite material. 38. The process according to any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein the bonding is carried out by applying an adhesive to either the ballistic material or the porous matrix material; bringing the materials in contact with each other; and curing the adhesive to allow the fibre ballistic material to be bonded with the porous matrix material. 39. The process according to claim 38, wherein the adhesive is a curable epoxy-based adhesive. 40. An article for dissipating the kinetic energy of a moving object comprising the composite material of any one of claims 1 to 34. 41. The article according to claim 40, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting, of body armour, bomb blanket, protective clothing, tank skirt and protective barrier. 42. Use of the composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 34 for dissipating the kinetic energy of a moving object. | A composite material able to dissipate the kinetic energy of a moving object comprising a layer of ballistic material bonded to a layer of porous matrix material which is impregnated with shear thickening fluid.1. A composite material able to dissipate the kinetic energy of a moving object, the composite material comprising a layer of ballistic material bonded to a layer of porous matrix material. 2. The composite material according to claim 1, further comprising a fluid, wherein the fluid intercalates into the porous matrix material. 3. The composite material according to claim 2, wherein the composite material is immersed in the fluid. 4. The composite material according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the fluid is an aqueous solution. 5. The composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the fluid is a shear thickening fluid. 6. The composite material according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the porous matrix material is a fibrous material. 7. The composite material according to claim any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the porous matrix material is a non woven material. 8. The composite material according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the porous matrix material comprises a polymer. 9. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polymethylpentene, polybutene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyester and combinations thereof. 10. The composite material according to claim 9, wherein the polymer is polyester. 11. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the layer of ballistic material is bonded to the respective porous matrix material by an adhesive. 12. The composite material according to claim 11, wherein the adhesive is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy and cyanoacrylate. 13. The composite material according to claim 12, wherein the adhesive is epoxy. 14. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the layer of ballistic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyolefin, polyimide, poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), carbon fibre, ceramic whisker, carbon nanotube reinforced polymer, glass reinforced polymer, microcrystalline cellulose and combinations thereof. 15. The composite material according to claim 14, wherein the polyamide is aramid, nylon or combinations thereof. 16. The composite material according to claim 15, wherein the aramid is poly paraphenylene terephthalamide or co-poly-(paraphenylene/3,4′-oxydiphenylene terephthalamide. 17. The composite material according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), high modulus polypropylene (Innegra S®) and combinations thereof. 18. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the layer of ballistic material is in the form of a knitted fabric, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, uniweaved structure, a uni-directional sheet, a multi-directional sheet or a single fibre. 19. The composite material according to any one of claims 5 to 18, wherein the shear thickening fluid comprises particles suspended in a media. 20. The composite material according to claim 19, wherein the particles are organic or inorganic particles. 21. The composite material according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of oxides, corn starch, calcium carbonates, minerals, polymers and combinations thereof. 22. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the oxides are selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide, palladium oxide and combinations thereof. 23. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the minerals are naturally occurring or synthetic occurring minerals. 24. The composite material according to claim 23, wherein the minerals are selected from the group consisting of quartz, calcite, talc, gypsum, kaolin, mica, silicon carbide and combinations thereof. 25. The composite material according to claim 21, wherein the polymer is poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene. 26. The composite material according to any one of claims 19 to 25, wherein the particles have an average diameter size of less than 100 microns. 27. The composite material according to any one of claims 19 to 26, wherein the media is organic-based, aqueous-based or silicon-based. 28. The composite material according to claim 27, wherein the organic-based media is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ethanol and combinations thereof. 29. The composite material according to claim 27, wherein the aqueous-based media comprises a salt. 30. The composite material according to claim 29, wherein the salt is sodium chloride, caesium chloride or mixtures thereof. 31. The composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 30 further comprising an anti-bacterial agent. 32. The composite material according to claim 31, wherein the silicon-based media is silicon oil, phenyltrimethicone, or combinations thereof. 33. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 32, comprising 5 layers of ballistic material bonded to the respective 5 layers of the porous matrix material. 34. The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the composite material is encapsulated in latex. 35. A process for making the composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 34 comprising bonding a layer of fibre ballistic material with a layer of porous matrix material. 36. The process according to claim 35, further comprising adding a shear thickening fluid to the composite material. 37. The process according to claim 36, further comprising sealing the composite material. 38. The process according to any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein the bonding is carried out by applying an adhesive to either the ballistic material or the porous matrix material; bringing the materials in contact with each other; and curing the adhesive to allow the fibre ballistic material to be bonded with the porous matrix material. 39. The process according to claim 38, wherein the adhesive is a curable epoxy-based adhesive. 40. An article for dissipating the kinetic energy of a moving object comprising the composite material of any one of claims 1 to 34. 41. The article according to claim 40, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting, of body armour, bomb blanket, protective clothing, tank skirt and protective barrier. 42. Use of the composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 34 for dissipating the kinetic energy of a moving object. | 1,700 |
2,597 | 2,597 | 14,400,633 | 1,767 | The present invention relates to a water-resistant organic thin film obtained by crosslinking, with organic nitrogen compounds, an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound. | 1. A water-resistant organic thin film obtained by crosslinking, with organic nitrogen compounds, an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound. 2. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein
the distance A (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound is from 0.30 nm to 0.40 nm, the distance B (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound is more than 0.40 nm to 0.70 nm, and the distance C (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound is more than 0.70 nm to 1.80 nm. 3. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds each have two to five nitrogen atoms per molecule. 4. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the cationic group is an amino group or a salt of the amino group. 5. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each a compound having an amino group or a salt of the amino group at a molecular end. 6. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each independently at least one selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diamine or a salt of the aliphatic diamine, an aliphatic triamine or a salt of the aliphatic triamine, and an aliphatic ether diamine or a salt of the aliphatic ether diamine. 7. A method for producing a water-resistant organic thin film, comprising the step of bringing a waterproofing treatment liquid into contact with one or both surfaces of an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein the waterproofing treatment liquid contains organic nitrogen compounds, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the waterproofing treatment liquid contains 3 to 50% by mass of the first organic nitrogen compound, 20 to 80% by mass of the second organic nitrogen compound, and 5 to 60% by mass of the third organic nitrogen compound based on the total mass of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds. 9. An image display device comprising the water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1. | The present invention relates to a water-resistant organic thin film obtained by crosslinking, with organic nitrogen compounds, an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound.1. A water-resistant organic thin film obtained by crosslinking, with organic nitrogen compounds, an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound. 2. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein
the distance A (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound is from 0.30 nm to 0.40 nm, the distance B (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound is more than 0.40 nm to 0.70 nm, and the distance C (nm) between nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound is more than 0.70 nm to 1.80 nm. 3. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds each have two to five nitrogen atoms per molecule. 4. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the cationic group is an amino group or a salt of the amino group. 5. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each a compound having an amino group or a salt of the amino group at a molecular end. 6. The water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each independently at least one selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic diamine or a salt of the aliphatic diamine, an aliphatic triamine or a salt of the aliphatic triamine, and an aliphatic ether diamine or a salt of the aliphatic ether diamine. 7. A method for producing a water-resistant organic thin film, comprising the step of bringing a waterproofing treatment liquid into contact with one or both surfaces of an organic thin film comprising an organic dye having an anionic group, wherein the waterproofing treatment liquid contains organic nitrogen compounds, wherein
the organic nitrogen compounds are first, second, and third acyclic organic nitrogen compounds each having two or more nitrogen atoms per molecule, wherein the nitrogen atoms of each of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds are each in a cationic group, and the relation A≦0.4 nm<B<C is satisfied, wherein A represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the first organic nitrogen compound, B represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the second organic nitrogen compound, and C represents a distance (nm) between adjacent nitrogen atoms in the third organic nitrogen compound. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the waterproofing treatment liquid contains 3 to 50% by mass of the first organic nitrogen compound, 20 to 80% by mass of the second organic nitrogen compound, and 5 to 60% by mass of the third organic nitrogen compound based on the total mass of the first, second, and third organic nitrogen compounds. 9. An image display device comprising the water-resistant organic thin film according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,598 | 2,598 | 14,358,107 | 1,781 | A liquid metal composition includes a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate, a wax, an organic solvent, and an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake. A multi-layered coating system has a flop index of greater than 10 and includes a substrate, a liquid metal layer disposed about the substrate and formed from the liquid metal composition, and a topcoat layer disposed about the liquid metal layer and formed from a topcoat composition. A method of painting the substrate with the liquid metal composition and the topcoat composition to form the multi-layered coating system includes the steps of applying the liquid metal composition onto the substrate at an application percent solids of greater than 10% to form the liquid metal layer, applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer to form the topcoat layer, and curing the layers to form the multi-layered coating system. | 1. A multi-layered coating system having a flop index of greater than 10, said multi-layered coating system comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a liquid metal layer disposed about said substrate and formed from a liquid metal composition having an application percent solids of greater than 10% and comprising:
a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate,
a wax,
an organic solvent, and
an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake; and
(C) a topcoat layer disposed about said liquid metal layer and formed from a topcoat composition. 2. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein a ratio of said aluminum pigment to said binder in the liquid metal composition is less than 0.25. 3. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the liquid metal composition has an application percent solids in the range of from 11% to 35%. 4. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said PVD aluminum flake has a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm. 5. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1 formed by a wet-on-wet system wherein said liquid metal layer and said topcoat layer are simultaneously cured. 6. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said liquid metal layer is less than 10.2 μm (0.4 mil) thick and wherein said liquid metal layer and said topcoat layer are collectively less than 66.0 μm (2.6 mil) thick. 7. A method of painting a substrate with a liquid metal composition and a topcoat composition to form a multi-layered coating system, said method comprising:
applying the liquid metal composition comprising a binder, a wax, an organic solvent, and an aluminum pigment, onto the substrate at an application percent solids of greater than 10% to form a liquid metal layer; applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer to form a topcoat layer; and curing the layers to form the multi-layered coating system having a flop index of greater than 10. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the liquid metal layer is less than 10.2 μm (0.4 mil) thick and the liquid metal layer and the topcoat layer are collectively less than 66.0 μm (2.6 mil) thick. 9. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein the step of applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer is further defined as applying the topcoat composition wet-on-wet onto the liquid metal layer such that the layers are simultaneously cured. 10. The method as set forth in claim 7 further comprising applying a basecoat composition onto the substrate to form a basecoat layer prior to the step of applying the liquid metal composition. 11. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising the step of applying a clearcoat composition onto the basecoat layer to form a clearcoat layer prior to the step of applying the liquid metal composition. 12. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein a ratio of the aluminum pigment to the binder in the liquid metal composition is less than 0.25 and wherein the liquid metal composition is applied at an application percent solids in the range of from 11% to 35%. 13. The method as set forth in any claim 7, wherein the multi-layered coating system has a flop index of greater than 12. 14. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the aluminum pigment comprises a PVD aluminum flake having a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm and wherein the PVD aluminum flake is proximal to the substrate and oriented substantially parallel to the substrate within the liquid metal layer. 15. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the step of applying the liquid metal composition is further defined as applying the liquid metal composition onto the substrate in a first and a second coat. 16. A liquid metal composition which forms a liquid metal layer having a flop index of greater than 10, said liquid metal composition comprising:
(A) a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate; (B) a wax; (C) an organic solvent; and (D) an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake; and having an application percent solids of greater than 10%. 17. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein a ratio of said aluminum pigment to said binder is less than 0.25. 18. (canceled) 19. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein said PVD aluminum flake has a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm. 20. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein said cellulose acetate butyrate has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of from 65,000 to 75,000 g/mol. 21. The liquid metal composition as set forth claim 16, wherein said wax comprises an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. | A liquid metal composition includes a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate, a wax, an organic solvent, and an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake. A multi-layered coating system has a flop index of greater than 10 and includes a substrate, a liquid metal layer disposed about the substrate and formed from the liquid metal composition, and a topcoat layer disposed about the liquid metal layer and formed from a topcoat composition. A method of painting the substrate with the liquid metal composition and the topcoat composition to form the multi-layered coating system includes the steps of applying the liquid metal composition onto the substrate at an application percent solids of greater than 10% to form the liquid metal layer, applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer to form the topcoat layer, and curing the layers to form the multi-layered coating system.1. A multi-layered coating system having a flop index of greater than 10, said multi-layered coating system comprising:
(A) a substrate; (B) a liquid metal layer disposed about said substrate and formed from a liquid metal composition having an application percent solids of greater than 10% and comprising:
a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate,
a wax,
an organic solvent, and
an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake; and
(C) a topcoat layer disposed about said liquid metal layer and formed from a topcoat composition. 2. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein a ratio of said aluminum pigment to said binder in the liquid metal composition is less than 0.25. 3. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the liquid metal composition has an application percent solids in the range of from 11% to 35%. 4. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said PVD aluminum flake has a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm. 5. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1 formed by a wet-on-wet system wherein said liquid metal layer and said topcoat layer are simultaneously cured. 6. The multi-layered coating system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said liquid metal layer is less than 10.2 μm (0.4 mil) thick and wherein said liquid metal layer and said topcoat layer are collectively less than 66.0 μm (2.6 mil) thick. 7. A method of painting a substrate with a liquid metal composition and a topcoat composition to form a multi-layered coating system, said method comprising:
applying the liquid metal composition comprising a binder, a wax, an organic solvent, and an aluminum pigment, onto the substrate at an application percent solids of greater than 10% to form a liquid metal layer; applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer to form a topcoat layer; and curing the layers to form the multi-layered coating system having a flop index of greater than 10. 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the liquid metal layer is less than 10.2 μm (0.4 mil) thick and the liquid metal layer and the topcoat layer are collectively less than 66.0 μm (2.6 mil) thick. 9. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein the step of applying the topcoat composition onto the liquid metal layer is further defined as applying the topcoat composition wet-on-wet onto the liquid metal layer such that the layers are simultaneously cured. 10. The method as set forth in claim 7 further comprising applying a basecoat composition onto the substrate to form a basecoat layer prior to the step of applying the liquid metal composition. 11. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising the step of applying a clearcoat composition onto the basecoat layer to form a clearcoat layer prior to the step of applying the liquid metal composition. 12. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein a ratio of the aluminum pigment to the binder in the liquid metal composition is less than 0.25 and wherein the liquid metal composition is applied at an application percent solids in the range of from 11% to 35%. 13. The method as set forth in any claim 7, wherein the multi-layered coating system has a flop index of greater than 12. 14. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the aluminum pigment comprises a PVD aluminum flake having a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm and wherein the PVD aluminum flake is proximal to the substrate and oriented substantially parallel to the substrate within the liquid metal layer. 15. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein the step of applying the liquid metal composition is further defined as applying the liquid metal composition onto the substrate in a first and a second coat. 16. A liquid metal composition which forms a liquid metal layer having a flop index of greater than 10, said liquid metal composition comprising:
(A) a binder comprising an acrylic resin and a cellulose acetate butyrate; (B) a wax; (C) an organic solvent; and (D) an aluminum pigment comprising PVD aluminum flake; and having an application percent solids of greater than 10%. 17. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein a ratio of said aluminum pigment to said binder is less than 0.25. 18. (canceled) 19. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein said PVD aluminum flake has a particle size distribution having a D10 value in the range of from 1 to 30 μm, a D50 value in the range of from 5 to 50 μm, and a D90 value of less than 75 μm. 20. The liquid metal composition as set forth in claim 16, wherein said cellulose acetate butyrate has a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of from 65,000 to 75,000 g/mol. 21. The liquid metal composition as set forth claim 16, wherein said wax comprises an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. | 1,700 |
2,599 | 2,599 | 14,484,956 | 1,747 | A pouched product adapted for release of a water-soluble component therefrom is provided herein. The pouched product can include an outer water-permeable pouch defining a cavity containing a composition that includes a water-soluble component capable of being released through the water-permeable pouch and has a surface area, wherein the outer water-permeable pouch can include a nonwoven web including a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers. The nonwoven web can be carded, hydroentangled and point bonded. | 1. A pouched product adapted for release of a water-soluble component therefrom, comprising:
an outer water-permeable pouch defining a cavity containing a composition comprising a water-soluble component capable of being released through the water-permeable pouch and having a surface area, wherein the outer water-permeable pouch comprises a nonwoven web comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers, the nonwoven web being carded, hydroentangled, and point bonded. 2. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein less than about 60% of the surface area of the pouch is point bonded. 3. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprises cellulosic fibers. 4. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the second plurality of fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 5. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 6. The pouched product of claim 5, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 7. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a biodegradable polymer. 8. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester. 9. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and copolymers thereof. 10. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web is substantially free of a binder coating. 11. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers are in the form of multicomponent fibers comprising a heat sealable binder polymer exposed on at least a portion of each multicomponent fiber and a second polymer having a melting point at least about 10° C. greater than the heat sealable binder polymer. 12. The pouched product of claim 11, wherein the multicomponent fibers comprise an outer sheath or matrix component and an inner island or core component such that the fibers are in a sheath/core or islands-in-the-sea arrangement, wherein the outer sheath or matrix component comprises the heat sealable binder polymer and the inner core or island component comprises the second polymer. 13. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the water-permeable pouch comprises at least two nonwoven layers, each nonwoven layer comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers, and wherein one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophilic and one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophobic. 14. The pouched product of claim 13, wherein the relatively hydrophobic layer is positioned between the composition within the cavity of the pouch and the relatively hydrophilic layer. 15. The pouched product of claim 14, wherein the relatively hydrophilic layer comprises a flavor component. 16. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the composition within the cavity of the pouch comprises at least one of a particulate tobacco material, nicotine, particulate non-tobacco material treated to contain nicotine and/or flavoring agents, and fibrous plant material treated to contain a tobacco extract. 17. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the composition within the cavity of the pouch comprises particulate tea or coffee. 18. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester, the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprise cellulosic fibers, and the composition within the cavity of the pouch is a smokeless tobacco product or nicotine replacement therapy product. 19. The pouched product of claim 18, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the second plurality of dissimilar fibers are in staple fiber form. 20. A method of making a nonwoven web adapted for use in making pouched products, comprising:
a) blending and entangling a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers with a second plurality of cellulosic fibers to form a nonwoven web, the blending and entangling including carding and hydroentangling the fibers to form the nonwoven web; and b) point bonding the nonwoven web. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the point bonding occurs over no more than about 60% of the surface area of the nonwoven web. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the cellulosic fibers are in staple fiber form. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the cellulosic fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and copolymers thereof. 28. The method of claim 20, further comprising forming a second nonwoven web, the forming step comprising blending and entangling a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers with a second plurality of cellulosic fibers to form the nonwoven web, the blending and entangling including carding and hydroentangling the fibers to form the second nonwoven web, and point bonding the second nonwoven web; and wherein the second nonwoven web is treated such that one of the two nonwoven webs is relatively hydrophilic and one of the two nonwoven webs is relatively hydrophobic; and further comprising combining the two nonwoven webs into a multi-layer composite structure. 29. A method for manufacturing a pouched product, the method comprising:
providing a continuous supply of a pouch material, wherein the pouch material comprises a nonwoven web comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers, the nonwoven web being carded, hydroentangled, and point bonded; engaging lateral edges of the pouch material such that a longitudinally-extending seam is formed; sealing the longitudinally-extending seam such that a continuous tubular member is formed from the continuous supply of pouch material; inserting a composition adapted for oral use into the continuous tubular member; subdividing the continuous tubular member into discrete pouch portions such that each pouch portion includes a composition charge; and sealing a leading and an end edge of each discrete pouch portion such that an outer water-permeable pouch is formed that encloses the composition charge. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the point bonding occurs over less than about 60% of the surface area of the pouch. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein each sealing step comprises heating the pouch material to a melting temperature of the heat sealable binder fibers to form a seal. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the water-permeable pouch comprises at least two nonwoven layers, each nonwoven layer comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers, and wherein one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophilic and one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophobic. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the second plurality of dissimilar fibers are in staple fiber form. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the second plurality of dissimilar fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 36. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 37. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester, the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprise cellulosic fibers, and the composition adapted for oral use is a smokeless tobacco product or nicotine replacement therapy product. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the cellulosic fibers are in staple fiber form. | A pouched product adapted for release of a water-soluble component therefrom is provided herein. The pouched product can include an outer water-permeable pouch defining a cavity containing a composition that includes a water-soluble component capable of being released through the water-permeable pouch and has a surface area, wherein the outer water-permeable pouch can include a nonwoven web including a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers. The nonwoven web can be carded, hydroentangled and point bonded.1. A pouched product adapted for release of a water-soluble component therefrom, comprising:
an outer water-permeable pouch defining a cavity containing a composition comprising a water-soluble component capable of being released through the water-permeable pouch and having a surface area, wherein the outer water-permeable pouch comprises a nonwoven web comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers, the nonwoven web being carded, hydroentangled, and point bonded. 2. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein less than about 60% of the surface area of the pouch is point bonded. 3. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprises cellulosic fibers. 4. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the second plurality of fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 5. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 6. The pouched product of claim 5, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 7. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a biodegradable polymer. 8. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester. 9. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and copolymers thereof. 10. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web is substantially free of a binder coating. 11. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers are in the form of multicomponent fibers comprising a heat sealable binder polymer exposed on at least a portion of each multicomponent fiber and a second polymer having a melting point at least about 10° C. greater than the heat sealable binder polymer. 12. The pouched product of claim 11, wherein the multicomponent fibers comprise an outer sheath or matrix component and an inner island or core component such that the fibers are in a sheath/core or islands-in-the-sea arrangement, wherein the outer sheath or matrix component comprises the heat sealable binder polymer and the inner core or island component comprises the second polymer. 13. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the water-permeable pouch comprises at least two nonwoven layers, each nonwoven layer comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers, and wherein one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophilic and one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophobic. 14. The pouched product of claim 13, wherein the relatively hydrophobic layer is positioned between the composition within the cavity of the pouch and the relatively hydrophilic layer. 15. The pouched product of claim 14, wherein the relatively hydrophilic layer comprises a flavor component. 16. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the composition within the cavity of the pouch comprises at least one of a particulate tobacco material, nicotine, particulate non-tobacco material treated to contain nicotine and/or flavoring agents, and fibrous plant material treated to contain a tobacco extract. 17. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the composition within the cavity of the pouch comprises particulate tea or coffee. 18. The pouched product of claim 1, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester, the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprise cellulosic fibers, and the composition within the cavity of the pouch is a smokeless tobacco product or nicotine replacement therapy product. 19. The pouched product of claim 18, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the second plurality of dissimilar fibers are in staple fiber form. 20. A method of making a nonwoven web adapted for use in making pouched products, comprising:
a) blending and entangling a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers with a second plurality of cellulosic fibers to form a nonwoven web, the blending and entangling including carding and hydroentangling the fibers to form the nonwoven web; and b) point bonding the nonwoven web. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the point bonding occurs over no more than about 60% of the surface area of the nonwoven web. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the cellulosic fibers are in staple fiber form. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the cellulosic fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and copolymers thereof. 28. The method of claim 20, further comprising forming a second nonwoven web, the forming step comprising blending and entangling a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers with a second plurality of cellulosic fibers to form the nonwoven web, the blending and entangling including carding and hydroentangling the fibers to form the second nonwoven web, and point bonding the second nonwoven web; and wherein the second nonwoven web is treated such that one of the two nonwoven webs is relatively hydrophilic and one of the two nonwoven webs is relatively hydrophobic; and further comprising combining the two nonwoven webs into a multi-layer composite structure. 29. A method for manufacturing a pouched product, the method comprising:
providing a continuous supply of a pouch material, wherein the pouch material comprises a nonwoven web comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers blended with a second plurality of dissimilar fibers, the nonwoven web being carded, hydroentangled, and point bonded; engaging lateral edges of the pouch material such that a longitudinally-extending seam is formed; sealing the longitudinally-extending seam such that a continuous tubular member is formed from the continuous supply of pouch material; inserting a composition adapted for oral use into the continuous tubular member; subdividing the continuous tubular member into discrete pouch portions such that each pouch portion includes a composition charge; and sealing a leading and an end edge of each discrete pouch portion such that an outer water-permeable pouch is formed that encloses the composition charge. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the point bonding occurs over less than about 60% of the surface area of the pouch. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein each sealing step comprises heating the pouch material to a melting temperature of the heat sealable binder fibers to form a seal. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the water-permeable pouch comprises at least two nonwoven layers, each nonwoven layer comprising a plurality of heat sealable binder fibers, and wherein one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophilic and one of the at least two nonwoven layers is relatively hydrophobic. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the second plurality of dissimilar fibers are in staple fiber form. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the weight ratio of the heat sealable binder fibers to the second plurality of dissimilar fibers is about 4:1 to about 1:4. 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 230° C. 36. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers have a melting point of less than about 140° C. 37. The method of claim 29, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers comprise an aliphatic polyester, the second plurality of dissimilar fibers comprise cellulosic fibers, and the composition adapted for oral use is a smokeless tobacco product or nicotine replacement therapy product. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the heat sealable binder fibers and the cellulosic fibers are in staple fiber form. | 1,700 |
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