| --- |
| license: cc-by-4.0 |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| - text-retrieval |
| - translation |
| language: |
| - zh |
| - en |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| --- |
| |
| ## Dataset |
| We introduce CodedLang, a dataset of 7,744 Chinese Google Maps reviews, including 900 reviews with span-level annotations of coded language. |
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| ### Taxonomy |
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| We define 7 categories of coded language: |
|
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| - **Ambiguous Homophones** |
| - **Non-Lexical Homophones** |
| - **Phonetic Substitution** |
| - **Emoji Substitution** |
| - **Orthographic Substitution** |
| - **Cross-Lingual Phonetic Encoding** |
| - **Cipher** |
|
|
| ### Data Sources |
|
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| Our dataset is constructed based on two large-scale Google Maps review datasets: |
|
|
| - [Google Local Reviews (Li et al., 2022, Yan et al., 2023)](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~jmcauley/datasets.html#google_local ): 666 million reviews |
| - [Google Restaurant Reviews (Yan et al., 2023)](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~jmcauley/datasets.html#google_restaurants ): 1.77 million reviews |
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| ### Annotations |
|
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| Each sample includes: |
| - `id`: Index of the review |
| - `original_review`: Original Chinese review text |
| - `translated_review`: English translation of the original review |
| - Note: 309 reviews are missing translations from the raw Google Reviews dataset and are kept as-is |
| - `rating`: Review rating (1–5 stars) |
| - `char_mask_review`: Character-level masked version of the review |
| - `span_mask_review`: Span-level masked version of the review |
| - `decode_review`: Decoded version of the review, where coded language is replaced with the intended meaning. |
| - `coded_lang_class`: Taxonomy label(s) for coded language classes |
| - `code_span`: Text span of coded expressions |
| - `coded_language`: Binary label |
| - `1`: contains coded language |
| - `0`: non-coded review |
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|
|
| --- |
| ## Citation |
| If you find this work useful for your research, please cite our paper: |
|
|
| ``` |
| @inproceedings{wan2026newspaper, |
| title={"Newspaper Eat" Means "Not Tasty": A Taxonomy and Benchmark for Coded Languages in Real-World Chinese Online Reviews}, |
| author={Wan, Ruyuan and Li, Changye and Huang, Ting-Hao'Kenneth'}, |
| booktitle={The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, |
| year={2026} |
| } |
| ``` |
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