SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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It is important to recognize that, beyond classroom instruction, extracurricular activities, service learning and the school’s ethos can affect civic learning and engagement and compensate for a lack of civic resources at home and in the community (Campbell, 2019). It is also important to recognize that beyond traditional political participation measures, civic education helps to shape identity formation (ethnic, political or any other sort of self-image), agency and self-efficacy (Treviño et al., 2021). Analyses based on ICCS data have shown the importance of an open classroom climate and positive interactions between teachers and students to temper the impact of socioeconomic status (Brese et al., 2015). A study of English secondary schools also found positive effects of an open classroom climate on expected political participation, especially for disadvantaged groups, although the cumulative effect of civic education had a positive impact on participation only for white students (Weinberg, 2022). A study on US students found similar effectiveness on Black and Latino participation for civic education courses that had been informed by critical pedagogy, in contrast to courses that were more traditional and less critical of the status quo. In Germany, expected political participation among young adults was positively influenced by parental education level, occupational status and income, but the effect was smaller for students that followed an academic track instead of a vocational track (Barsegyan et al., 2024). Data from the 2022 ICCS also show some positive correlation between average civic knowledge scores and an index of expected political participation. Previous studies that used 2009 and 2016 ICCS data had also found civic knowledge to be a good predictor of expected political participation, support for equal gender rights and support for equal rights for all ethnic groups (Lauglo, 2013; Schulz and Fraillon, 2019). Students in schools that provide opportunities to learn and discuss political and social issues are more likely to include citizenship norms such as participating in national elections, discussing politics, working hard, obeying the law, respecting authorities, protesting against unjust laws, promoting human rights and participating in local communities (Treviño et al., 2021). There is less research on the impact of civic education in low- and middle-income countries. Examples include studies in Latin America that show the impact of civic knowledge on support for authoritarian regimes (Miranda et al., 2021) or on tolerance for corruption (Carrasco and Pavón Mediano, 2021). 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35 4 Conclusions and recommendations This study aimed at establishing a Material Flow Analysis model (MFA) for the whole value chain of plastics in EU -27 in 2022 , from polymers production to end -of-life plastic management and recyclates production. This analysis was coupled with a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study providing system - wide insights on the environmental impacts related to the plastics value chain, across the 16 impact categories of the Environmental Footprint (EC, 2021). The MFA analysis focused on sector -specific MFAs for a total of 9 sectors (namely: Packaging, Construction, Transport, Electronic, Agriculture, Textiles, Healthcare, Fishing and ‘Other ’), through a top-down approach. Thanks to the granularity of data achieved in this study, these sectors were further detailed via polymer -specific MFAs, capturing a total of 15 different polymers (namely: LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, EPS, PVC, PET, PUR, ABS, PA, PMMA, PC , bio -PP, bio -PUR, and CA ). Results of the sector -specific MFA highlighted a plastic production volume equal to 57.9 Mt (of which 98.9% related to fossil -based and 1.1% to biopolymers). During the production and manufacturing life cycle stages, 5.4 Mt pre -consumer waste was generated (9% of the total plastic being manufactured) and ultimately separately collected. Meeting the total plastic consumption needs (equal to 62.8 Mt) w as possible solely through the additional imports of plastic products and polymers , on top of the total quantities of plastic products manufactured within the EU territory . Of the total quantity of post -consumer waste generated (42. 5 Mt), only 41.5% was separately collected (of which 41. 7% sent to recycling facilities) . A significant fraction (42.0%) was still collected as a mixed waste fraction (and mostly disposed of in landfills or incinerated ), with only 4. 3% of mixed waste being sent to recycling . Out of the total was te collected (36.6 Mt), incineration and landfilling remained the dominant waste management route in the EU -27, accounting for 43.6% and 22.5% of total waste collected, respectively. On top of the waste collected as a mixed fraction or separately to incineration, landfill and recycling, other relevant waste streams were identified. Notably, around 8 .6% of the total waste generated in the EU (3.6 Mt) was mismanaged , representing the waste fraction inadequately disposed or inappropriately treated/managed . 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one ML model and/or other data capable of achieving a certain function and/or performing a set of actions or tasks in an operational environment. - the terms “ML application”, “AI application”, “AI/ML application”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - matrix at least in some examples refers to a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which may be used to represent an object or a property of such an object. - model parameter in the context of ML, at least in some examples refer to values, characteristics, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Additionally or alternatively, “model parameter” and/or “parameter” in the context of ML, at least in some examples refer to a configuration variable that is internal to the model and whose value can be estimated from the given data. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. - model parameters/parameters include weights (e.g., in an ANN); constraints; support vectors in a support vector machine (SVM); coefficients in a linear regression and/or logistic regression; word frequency, sentence length, noun or verb distribution per sentence, the number of specific character n-grams per word, lexical diversity, and the like, for natural language processing (NLP) and/or natural language understanding (NLU); and/or the like. - weights e.g., in an ANN - constraints support vectors in a support vector machine (SVM); coefficients in a linear regression and/or logistic regression - word frequency, sentence length, noun or verb distribution per sentence the number of specific character n-grams per word, lexical diversity, and the like, for natural language processing (NLP) and/or natural language understanding (NLU); and/or the like. - NLP natural language processing - NLU natural language understanding - object function at least in some examples refers to a function to be maximized or minimized for a specific optimization problem. - an objective function is defined by its decision variables and an objective. - the objective is the value, target, or goal to be optimized, such as maximizing profit or minimizing usage of a particular resource. - the specific objective function chosen depends on the specific problem to be solved and the objectives to be optimized. 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is also used as a substitute for /v/, /w/, and/b/ in the following varieties of creole English: Gullah, Bahamian, Liberian, Bay Islands of Islands of Honduras, and the speech of whites in coastal South Carolina (Holm, ibid). Child language is another domain where one can seek more information in connection with the acquisition of fricative sounds. It is well known that children struggle in their attempt to acquire these sounds, and in most cases they are replaced by homorganic corresponding stops. At some stage, however, the child-knowing that these stops are not the ultimate target- exerts more effort to approximate the sound attempted. For instance, in the acquisition of the above fricative, the child has been reported to come up with a looser articulation by producing the semi-vowel [w], instead (Cruttenden, 1979; Crystal, 1987). Verma et al.'s (1992) children, the speakers of Punjabi-Urdu whose language lacks it, produced a labio-dental approximant [ ʋ ] as a substitute for the fricative in question. The fricatives /f/ and /v/ failed to become established in the English of a Garo and English-speaking child. According to Burling (1978), these fricatives disappeared completely for sometime from the child's Garo and were replaced in English words by bilabial stops. Although the labio-dentals were fairly distinct at a later stage, they were more often bilabial fricatives. Use of a bilabial fricative in the place of a labio-dental fricative is also characteristic of defective children; in their speech [ ɸ ] is used as a substitute for /f/ (Winitz, 1969). The acquisition of English voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ by speakers of other languages is also marked with difficulty. In other words, speakers of varied L1s were reported to substitute it with the nearest sound in their phonemic inventories. Thus, Indians replace it with the labio-dental frictionless continuant / ʋ /, Germans and Hungarians with the bilabial fricative / β / (Gimson, 1980) and many Arabs are said to use its voiceless counterpart /f/ (Mitchell & El-Hassan, 1989). Before we elaborate on the use of /b/ and / β / as substitutes for /v/, we would like to discuss our learners' behaviour with respect to its acquisition. Our learners have problems both in identifying and producing this fricative. The beginners perceived it and produced it as /f/. The principle of setting up oppositional symmetries in the L1 sound pattern proposed by Jakobson (1968) would explain this error. 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countries perform comparatively well in the data portal and metadata categories, but even here they lag. A larger gap remains in terms of advance release calendars, which commit government units to release data on a predetermined timetable. Only Figure 2.4 Lower-income countries, especially those affected by fragility and conflict, have less comparable poverty data than other country groups Source: WDR 2021 team calculations, based on World Bank, PovcalNet: Data (database), http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/data.aspx. Data at http:// bit.do/WDR2021-Fig-2_4. Note: Only those economies with at least one international poverty estimate are included. FCS status refers to the World Bank’s “Classification of Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations” (World Bank 2020a).020406080100Share of countries (%) Lower-middle-incomeLow-income Upper-middle-incomeHigh-income Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the CaribbeanEast Asia and PaciﬁcSouth Asia Middle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaNon-FCSFCS Income group Region FCS status Less than three poverty data points Last three poverty data points not comparable Last three poverty data points comparable Table 2.1 Assessment of the openness of data, by country income group Indicator Low-incomeLower-middle- incomeUpper-middle- income High-income Openness score (0–100) 38 47 50 66 Available in machine readable format (%) 37 51 61 81 Available in nonproprietary format (%) 75 85 81 84 Download options available (%) 56 68 68 78 Open terms of use/license (%) 11 19 22 44 Source: WDR 2021 team calculations, based on 2020/21 Open Data Inventory indicators (Open Data Watch, ODIN [Open Data Inventory] [database], https://odin.opendatawatch.com/), also used as part of the World Bank’s Statistical Performance Indicators database, http://www.worldbank.org/spi. Note: The openness score is the average by country income group on a scale of 0–100. All other indicators are the percentage of published data averaged by country income group. 64 \| World Development Report 2021 30 percent of NSOs in low-income countries pub- lish such calendars, compared with almost all high- income countries. Across the board, only a few NSOs utilize user satisfaction surveys, which could play an important role in gauging and understanding data demand (table 2.2). Limitations to interoperability . The use of common standards, methodologies, and classifications across public intent data sources ensures interoperability and enables data integration. Common and unified identification is needed across producers of pub-lic intent data for geographic divisions below the national level, such as regions, states, and districts. There is significant scope for expanding the use of georeferencing in censuses, surveys, and collection of administrative data, particularly in low-income settings. 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impacts cascade through entire food webs and ecosystems,” Baum concluded. RELATED TOPICS Plants & Animals New Species Fish Nature Animals Earth & Climate Global Warming Ecology Energy and the Environment Environmental Issues RELATED TERMS Tooth Antibiotic resistance Ocean Shark Great White Shark Sei Whale Microorganism Hunting dog Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference : Maximilian Baum, Timo Haussecker, Timo Haussecker, Oliver Walenciak, Steffen Köhler, Christopher R. Bridges, Sebastian Fraune. Simulated ocean acidification affects shark tooth morphology . Frontiers in Marine Science , 26 August 2025 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1597592 Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago Frontiers. "Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 27). Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas. ScienceDaily . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm Frontiers. "Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Nature's Design Marvel: How Shark Skin's Denticles Adapt to Wide Speed Aug. 5, 2024 — New findings on how sharks achieve drag reduction could inspire the design of riblets for more efficient aircraft and boats. In their investigation of great white shark denticles, researchers found ... Why Two Prehistoric Sharks Found in Ohio Got New Names Feb. 19, 2024 — Until recently, Orthacanthus gracilis could have been considered the 'John Smith' of prehistoric shark names, given how common it was. Three different species of sharks from the late ... Shark Shock: Scientists Discover Filter-Feeding Basking Sharks Are Warm-Bodied Like Great Whites July 20, 2023 — Approximately 99.9% of fish and shark species are 'cold-blooded', meaning their body tissues generally match the temperature of the water they swim in -- but researchers have just ... Estimating the Long-Term Effects of Whale Shark Feeding Practices July 3, 2023 — Increasing opportunities for up-close encounters with sharks and other animals are making wildlife tourism one of the fastest growing tourism sectors -- leading ecology experts to venture to one of ... Toxins from Harmful Algae Found in Bull Sharks of Florida's Indian River Lagoon Nov. 17, 2022 — The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) is a bull shark nursery habitat crucial to survival and recruitment of Atlantic coast bull sharks. 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heavy equipment manufacturer NKMZ, with the remaining top private actors being in the domains of either Nanotechnology and ma- terials or Mechanical engineering.Nanotechnology and materials Fundamental physics and mathematics Biotechnology Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Environmental sciences and industries Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Electric and electronic technologies Governance, culture, education and the economy Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Energy Agrifood Transportation National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine11 329 7 876 4 955 3 092 1 870 3 577 2 536 2 674 1 790 1 482 1 930 1 585 637 322 Taras Schevchenko National University of Kyiv2 077 1 982 1 487 746 597 794 999 505 271 870 139 123 171 33 National Technical University of Ukraine ‘Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute’1 113 809 294 244 1 089 215 203 414 667 337 677 584 50 166 National University Lviv Polytechnic1 235 581 508 117 1 164 180 173 190 432 558 339 326 49 134 National University of Kharkiv979 1 071 421 281 343 207 461 556 503 274 74 107 42 21 National Science Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology900 2 219 56 90 132 57 45 32 414 32 68 248 21 11 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv1 195 749 311 172 125 172 212 74 89 254 111 64 46 7 National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine54 26 256 2 088 32 34 44 19 19 52 46 18 9 3 National Aviation University165 158 74 45 713 65 19 80 172 290 231 99 21 328 National University of Food Technologies102 53 296 20 27 45 173 14 41 66 372 126 881 14Figure 3.44. Top actors in Ukraine by number of records (all types), across all domains 206 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential UKRAINE Top 10 actors classified as ‘Public sector (excluding higher education and research institutions) NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains National Cancer Institute 288Health and wellbeing; Biotechnology; Environmental sciences and industries State Enterprise Research Institute Kvant227Electric and electronic technologies; Optics and photonics; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery State Enterprise Yuzhnoye Design Office named after Mikhail Yangel119ICT and computer science; Transportation; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery State Scientific and Technical Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety119Energy; Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine87ICT and computer science; Nanotechnology and materials; Fundamental	[ "heavy", "equipment", "manufacturer", "\n", 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downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 35 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, T anzania, Ghana, South Africa, and the Cook Islands (see Box 11). BOX 11. SELECTED RING -FENCING PRACTICE WHERE COUNTRIES RING -FENCED MINING FROM NON -MINING ACTIVITIES Zimbabwe “In a case where a person earns income from mining operations and income from other trade and investment, any amounts allowed to be deducted in terms of this section shall only be claimed in respect of the income to which they relate.” Source: Section 15, paragraph 1, subparagraph c, Income T ax Act . Kenya “Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act – • the gains or profits of a person derived from one of the seven sources of income respectively specified in paragraph (e) of this subsection (and in this subsection called “specified sources”) shall be computed separately from the gains or profits of that person derived from any other of the specified sources and separately from any other income of that person; • where the computation of gains or profits of a person in a year of income derived from a specified source results in a loss, that loss may only be deducted from gains or profits of that person derived from the same specified source in the following year and, in so far as the loss has not already been so deducted, in subsequent years of income; • the specified sources of income are – ⁰ (ivB) income of a licensee from one license area or a contractor from one contract area as determined in	[ "downstream", "activities", ")", "for", "governments", "considering", 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symbol of regeneration, embedding stories of pain, ancestral resilience and visions for collective healing in an organic, tactile piece of art. ## Part One: Soil, Patterns and Interconnection of Traumas As we were researching how to anchor the CHC within creative practices, we developed the idea of the soil as a metaphor for collective healing. We drew on recent research that explores the metaphorical use of soil in collective healing processes, particularly in contexts of environmental racism and colonial legacies. It is a potent metaphor to address historical injustices and promote socio-ecological repair.² ⁸ Artists have also used soil-related imagery to reconnect with land and challenge colonial narratives, and soil-based metaphors have been used to discuss Indigenous knowledge and land ownership.² ⁹ For this activity, we invited the participants to sit in a circle around a large blank canvas with a pile of soil in its centre, symbolising both the ground we come from and the earth we return to -a visual and sensorial presence of our interconnectedness with the more-than-human world. Facilitated by the CHCprocess mediators, the sharing circle began, and participants were invited to vocalize their personal stories of generational, individual and/or systemic traumas and life wounds. We connected these with the idea of ' poisoned soil ' as a materialization of harmful narratives and systems, highlighting the idea that the poison can contaminate the soil but is not the soil itself, and the soil s potential to be ' healed. Just as oppressive narratives can contaminate an individual s ' and communities ' inner landscape, so too can society s historical harms linger in the ' collective memory. But soil teaches us the capacity of restoration when nurtured. This metaphor became especially poignant as participants discussed their migration experiences, the search for belonging, the multilayered identities they 28 See Shostak (2022). When you heal the soil ' …' : Environmental racism and socioecological repair in contemporary urban agriculture; Goburdhone and Dombroski (2023). Thinking with soils: Can urban farms help us heal metabolic rifts in Aotearoa? 29 Pongen & Bosman (2023). Epistemologies of Land Relations in India s Tribal Frontier. ' carry, and the current disturbing moment we are witnessing with correlated genocides and ecocides. As they did so, each story shared was accompanied by a gesture of taking soil from the pile and spreading it outwards from the centre. 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black reclining chair is occupied by a man having his morning beard trim. His shoulders and chest are covered by a tea towel. Vishal holds the razor in one hand and a comb in the other, snipping and cutting away. A mirror takes up the whole side of one wall. The other houses styling products neatly stacked on shelves waiting for the correct customer. A poster on the back wall illustrates numerous hairstyles, some more creative than others. It’s still quite early, but the next unit’s lights are on too. Standing on a ladder, holding a paint brush in one hand and a plastic container holding white gloss in the other, is a white haired man in a yellow, black and white checked shirt and jeans. Covered in paint splashes, he must have been working for some time. The walls are looking clean and bright. A makeover certainly worth doing to ensure customers that the business within provides a clean and hygienic environment. The man climbs down from the ladder. He almost hits his head on the revolving plastic cream coloured fan hanging inches away on the ceiling. He smiles, knowing that we think he’s had a close call with the fan. He wants to put us right. He tells us his name is Chandan. Arriving from the Baliya district of Uttar Pradesh in 1997 with his uncle and living in the basti, his first real job was with a detergent company in Okhla. The pay was only Rs. 400 (£3.79) per month, so Chandan took a labourer’s job with a construction company nearby. After 20 years of working in various unrelated jobs, specialising in one vocation seemed to be a more lucrative option. So, he decided to go it alone. He now owns his own interior and exterior painting company, earning Rs 10,000 (£94.75) per month. The demand for painting services in the neighbourhood is ongoing. Business will always be there. Chandan lives in the basti in a three-room house shared with his wife, Usha, and two children. He is proud to tell us that both children have completed their education up to college level. This accomplishment is a source of immense pride. Education provides his children with opportunities he never had. With a solid edu - cational foundation, his children will have a better start in life and be able to pursue brighter futures. Chandan proudly surveys the	[ "black", "reclining", "chair", "is", "occupied", "by", "a", "man", "having", "his", "morning", "beard", "\n", "trim", ".", "His", "shoulders", "and", "chest", "are", "covered", "by", "a", "tea", "towel", ".", "Vishal", "holds", "the", "razor", "in", "\n", "one", "hand", "and", "a", "comb", "in", "the", "other", ",", "snipping", "and", "cutting", "away", ".", "A", "mirror", "takes", "up", "the", "\n", "whole", "side", "of", "one", "wall", ".", "The", "other", "houses", "styling", "products", "neatly", "stacked", "on", "shelves", "\n", "waiting", "for", "the", "correct", "customer", ".", "A", "poster", "on", "the", "back", "wall", "illustrates", "numerous", "\n", "hairstyles", ",", "some", "more", "creative", "than", "others", ".", "\n", "It", "’s", "still", "quite", "early", ",", "but", "the", "next", "unit", "’s", "lights", "are", "on", "too", ".", "Standing", "on", "a", "ladder", ",", "\n", "holding", "a", "paint", "brush", "in", "one", "hand", "and", "a", "plastic", "container", "holding", "white", "gloss", "in", "\n", "the", "other", ",", "is", "a", "white", "haired", "man", "in", "a", "yellow", ",", "black", "and", "white", "checked", "shirt", "and", "\n", "jeans", ".", "Covered", "in", "paint", "splashes", ",", "he", "must", "have", "been", "working", "for", "some", "time", ".", "The", "\n", "walls", "are", "looking", "clean", "and", "bright", ".", "A", "makeover", "certainly", "worth", "doing", "to", "ensure", "\n", "customers", "that", "the", "business", "within", "provides", "a", "clean", "and", "hygienic", "environment", ".", "The", "\n", "man", "climbs", "down", "from", "the", "ladder", ".", "He", "almost", "hits", "his", "head", "on", "the", "revolving", "plastic", "\n", "cream", "coloured", "fan", "hanging", "inches", "away", "on", "the", "ceiling", ".", "He", "smiles", ",", "knowing", "that", "\n", "we", "think", "he", "’s", "had", "a", "close", "call", "with", "the", "fan", ".", "He", "wants", "to", "put", "us", "right", ".", "He", "tells", "us", "his", "\n", "name", "is", "Chandan", ".", "Arriving", "from", "the", "Baliya", "district", "of", "Uttar", "Pradesh", "in", "1997", "with", "\n", "his", "uncle", "and", "living", "in", "the", "basti", ",", "his", "first", "real", "job", "was", "with", "a", "detergent", "company", "in", "\n", "Okhla", ".", "The", "pay", "was", "only", "Rs", ".", "400", "(", "£", "3.79", ")", "per", "month", ",", "so", "Chandan", "took", "a", "labourer", "’s", "\n", "job", "with", "a", "construction", "company", "nearby", ".", "After", "20", "years", "of", "working", "in", "various", "\n", "unrelated", "jobs", ",", "specialising", "in", "one", "vocation", "seemed", "to", "be", "a", "more", "lucrative", "option", ".", "\n", "So", ",", "he", "decided", "to", "go", "it", "alone", ".", "He", "now", "owns", "his", "own", "interior", "and", "exterior", "painting", "\n", "company", ",", "earning", "Rs", "10,000", "(", "£", "94.75", ")", "per", "month", ".", "The", "demand", "for", "painting", "services", "\n", "in", "the", "neighbourhood", "is", "ongoing", ".", "Business", "will", "always", "be", "there", ".", " \n", "Chandan", "lives", "in", "the", "basti", "in", "a", "three", "-", "room", "house", "shared", "with", "his", "wife", ",", "Usha", ",", "\n", "and", "two", "children", ".", "He", "is", "proud", "to", "tell", "us", "that", "both", "children", "have", "completed", "their", "\n", "education", "up", "to", "college", "level", ".", "This", "accomplishment", "is", "a", "source", "of", "immense", "pride", ".", "\n", "Education", "provides", "his", "children", "with", "opportunities", "he", "never", "had", ".", "With", "a", "solid", "edu", "-", "\n", "cational", "foundation", ",", "his", "children", "will", "have", "a", "better", "start", "in", "life", "and", "be", "able", "to", "pursue", "\n", "brighter", "futures", ".", "Chandan", "proudly", "surveys", "the" ]	[]
from the material waste stream. Example [0181] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0180] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control the at least one material handling unit to extract recyclable materials from the material waste stream. Example [0182] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0181] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: receiving a data stream from each of one or more environmental sensors; processing the one or more data streams to determine a status of the MRF; and controlling at least one material handling unit in the MRF on the basis of the one or more data streams to alter its handling of a material waste stream to optimize the purity and/or recovery of at least one recyclable material stream extracted from the material waste stream, wherein the status of the MRF includes a composition of the material waste stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of the at least one material handling unit. Example [0183] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0182] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling a servicing unit to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0184] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0183] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the at least one material handling unit comprises a disc separation screen, and further comprising controlling the servicing unit to remove an obstruction from an interfacial opening on the disc separation screen. Example [0185] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0184] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: signaling an operator of the MRF to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0186] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0185] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling the at least one material handling unit to extract recyclable materials from the material waste stream. Example [0187] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0186] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling the at least one material handling unit to extract contaminants from the material waste stream. Example [0188] includes a method for material handling, comprising: receiving sensor data from sensing means; and controlling material handling means based	[ "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0181", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0180", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "control", "unit", "to", "control", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "to", "extract", "recyclable", "materials", "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0182", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0181", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "receiving", "a", "data", "stream", "from", "each", "of", "one", "or", "more", "environmental", "sensors", ";", "processing", "the", "one", "or", "more", "data", "streams", "to", "determine", "a", "status", "of", "the", "MRF", ";", "and", "controlling", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "in", "the", "MRF", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "one", "or", "more", "data", "streams", "to", "alter", "its", "handling", "of", "a", "material", "waste", "stream", "to", "optimize", "the", "purity", "and/or", "recovery", "of", "at", "least", "one", "recyclable", "material", "stream", "extracted", "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ",", "wherein", "the", "status", "of", "the", "MRF", "includes", "a", "composition", "of", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", "at", "one", "or", "more", "locations", "within", "the", "MRF", "and", "an", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0183", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0182", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "controlling", "a", "servicing", "unit", "to", "service", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "when", "the", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "indicates", "that", "service", "is", "needed", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0184", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0183", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "comprises", "a", "disc", "separation", "screen", ",", "and", "further", "comprising", "controlling", "the", "servicing", "unit", "to", "remove", "an", "obstruction", "from", "an", "interfacial", "opening", "on", "the", "disc", "separation", "screen", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0185", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0184", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "signaling", "an", "operator", "of", "the", "MRF", "to", "service", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "when", "the", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "indicates", "that", "service", "is", "needed", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0186", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0185", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "controlling", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "to", "extract", "recyclable", "materials", "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0187", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0186", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "controlling", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "to", "extract", "contaminants", "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0188", "]", "includes", "a", "method", "for", "material", "handling", ",", "comprising", ":", "receiving", "sensor", "data", "from", "sensing", "means", ";", "and", "controlling", "material", "handling", "means", "based" ]	[]
is concentrated in countries with which the EU is not strategically aligned. For example, China is the single largest processer of nickel, copper, lithium and cobalt, accounting for between 35-70% of processing activity, and has shown willingness to use its market power [see Figure 2] . Export restrictions from the country grew by a factor of nine between 2009 and 2020. Little progress is being made so far with diversification. Compared with three years ago, the share of the top three producers for key CRMs either remains unchanged or has increased further. FIGURE 2 Concentration of the extraction and processing of critical resources Share of top-three producing countries in total production of selected resources and minerals, 2022 Source: IEA. Based on S&P Global, USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries and Wood Mackenzie, 2024. Faced with these constraints, CRMs are subject to a global race to secure supply chains, and Europe is currently falling behind . Other major economies are moving to secure independent supply chains and reduce their vulnerability. Alongside its dominant position in processing and refining, China is actively investing in mining assets in Africa and Latin America and overseas refining via its Belt and Road initiative. Its overseas investment in metals and mining through the Belt and Road Initiative reached a record high of USD 10 billion in the first half of 2023 alone, and it plans to double the ownership of overseas mines containing critical minerals by Chinese companies. The US has deployed the IRA, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act and defence funding to develop at scale domestic processing, refining and recycling capacity, as well as using its geopolitical power to secure the global supply chain. Japan is highly dependent on other regions for CRMs, and since the 2000s it has developed a strategic approach to increase access to overseas mining projects. The Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security invests equity in mining and refining assets around the world, manages strategic stockpiling and, since the introduction of the recent 56THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 4 economic security law, has powers to develop processing and refining facilities within Japan. Europe, by contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply	[ "is", "concentrated", "in", "\n", "countries", "with", "which", "the", "EU", "is", "not", "strategically", "aligned", ".", "For", "example", ",", "China", "is", "the", "single", "largest", "processer", "of", "nickel", ",", "\n", "copper", ",", "lithium", "and", "cobalt", ",", "accounting", "for", "between", "35", "-", "70", "%", "of", "processing", "activity", ",", "and", "has", "shown", "willingness", "to", "\n", "use", "its", "market", "power", "[", "see", "Figure", "2", "]", ".", "Export", "restrictions", "from", "the", "country", "grew", "by", "a", "factor", "of", "nine", "between", "2009", "and", "\n", "2020", ".", "Little", "progress", "is", "being", "made", "so", "far", "with", "diversification", ".", "Compared", "with", "three", "years", "ago", ",", "the", "share", "of", "the", "top", "\n", "three", "producers", "for", "key", "CRMs", "either", "remains", "unchanged", "or", "has", "increased", "further", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "2", "\n", "Concentration", "of", "the", "extraction", "and", "processing", "of", "critical", "resources", " \n", "Share", "of", "top", "-", "three", "producing", "countries", "in", "total", "production", "of", "selected", "resources", "and", "minerals", ",", "2022", "\n", "Source", ":", "IEA", ".", "Based", "on", "S&P", "Global", ",", "USGS", ",", "Mineral", "Commodity", "Summaries", "and", "Wood", "Mackenzie", ",", "2024", ".", "\n", "Faced", "with", "these", "constraints", ",", "CRMs", "are", "subject", "to", "a", "global", "race", "to", "secure", "supply", "chains", ",", "and", "Europe", "is", "\n", "currently", "falling", "behind", ".", "Other", "major", "economies", "are", "moving", "to", "secure", "independent", "supply", "chains", "and", "reduce", "\n", "their", "vulnerability", ".", "Alongside", "its", "dominant", "position", "in", "processing", "and", "refining", ",", "China", "is", "actively", "investing", "in", "mining", "\n", "assets", "in", "Africa", "and", "Latin", "America", "and", "overseas", "refining", "via", "its", "Belt", "and", "Road", "initiative", ".", "Its", "overseas", "investment", "in", "\n", "metals", "and", "mining", "through", "the", "Belt", "and", "Road", "Initiative", "reached", "a", "record", "high", "of", "USD", "10", "billion", "in", "the", "first", "half", "of", "2023", "\n", "alone", ",", "and", "it", "plans", "to", "double", "the", "ownership", "of", "overseas", "mines", "containing", "critical", "minerals", "by", "Chinese", "companies", ".", "\n", "The", "US", "has", "deployed", "the", "IRA", ",", "the", "Bipartisan", "Infrastructure", "Act", "and", "defence", "funding", "to", "develop", "at", "scale", "domestic", "\n", "processing", ",", "refining", "and", "recycling", "capacity", ",", "as", "well", "as", "using", "its", "geopolitical", "power", "to", "secure", "the", "global", "supply", "chain", ".", "\n", "Japan", "is", "highly", "dependent", "on", "other", "regions", "for", "CRMs", ",", "and", "since", "the", "2000s", "it", "has", "developed", "a", "strategic", "approach", "to", "\n", "increase", "access", "to", "overseas", "mining", "projects", ".", "The", "Japan", "Organization", "for", "Metals", "and", "Energy", "Security", "invests", "equity", "in", "\n", "mining", "and", "refining", "assets", "around", "the", "world", ",", "manages", "strategic", "stockpiling", "and", ",", "since", "the", "introduction", "of", "the", "recent", "\n", "56THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "4", "\n", "economic", "security", "law", ",", "has", "powers", "to", "develop", "processing", "and", "refining", "facilities", "within", "Japan", ".", "Europe", ",", "by", "contrast", ",", "has", "\n", "a", "comparable", "level", "of", "dependencies", ",", "being", "highly", "dependent", "on", "one", "or", "two", "countries", "for", "most", "of", "its", "critical", "mineral", "\n", "imports", ".", "However", ",", "it", "is", "not", "following", "a", "similarly", "coordinated", "approach", ".", "The", "EU", "is", "lacking", "a", "comprehensive", "strategy", "\n", "covering", "all", "stages", "of", "the", "supply" ]	[]
₋₂ ᵢ \| \| \| 85 ₋₂ ᵢ \| \| \| 70 ₋₃ \| \| \| 62 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 1 ₋₂ ᵢ \| \| \| \| 96 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 60 ₋₃ \| 60 ₋₃ \| 67 ₋₃ \| 1,835 ₋₃ \| 6,871 ₋₃ \| \| \| \| 92 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 39 ₋₂ ᵢ \| \| \| 124 ₋₂ ᵢ \| MOZ NAM \| \| 74 ₋₂ \| 38 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 57 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 52 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 21 ₋₂ ᵢ ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| NER \| \| \| 63 ₋₂ ᵢ \| \| 56 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 2,591 \| 8,138 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| \| \| 90 ₋₁ 98 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| 1,772 ₋₁ \| \| \| 78 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 79 ₋₁ \| 38 ₋₁ \| 57 ₋₁ \| 279 ₋₁ \| 8 ₋₁ ᵢ \| RWA STP \| \| 99 ₋₃ ᵢ \| 94 ₋₁ ᵢ 58 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 45 ₋₁ ᵢ 56 \| 72 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 1 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 4,227 ₋₁ ᵢ \| SEN \| \| \| 96 ₋₃ ᵢ \| ₋₁ ᵢ 19 ₋₃ ᵢ \| 65 ₋₁ ᵢ 41 ₋₃ \| 740 ₋₁ ᵢ 0.1 ₋₃ ᵢ \| 3 ₋₃ ᵢ \| \| \| 73 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| ᵢ \| \| \| SYC \| \| 71 ₋₁ \| 49 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 53 ₋₁ \| \| 465 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 2,659 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| 97 ₋₂ \| \| ᵢ 59 ₋₁ \| 57 ₋₁ ᵢ 62 ₋₁ \| 1,008 ₋₁ \| \| SLE SOM \| \| … \| 90 ₋₂ \| 37 ₋₂ \| \| \| 4,197 ₋₁ 4,219 ₋₂ \| \| \| 88 ₋₄ \| … \| … \| 56 ₋₂ \| 310 ₋₂ \| … \| ZAF SSD \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| \| \| \| 92 ₋₁ ᵢ 87 ₋₁ \| 67 ₋₄ \| \| \| 187 ₋₄ \| 1,564 ₋₄ \| TGO \| \| \| 81 ₋₁ \| 66 ₋₄ 43 ₋₁ \| ₋₄ \| \| 4,976 ₋₁ ᵢ \| UGA \| \| 93 ₋₃ \| 82 ₋₁ ᵢ \| ᵢ \| 62 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 839 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 6,560 ₋₁ ᵢ \| TZA \| \| ᵢ \| 88 ₋₃ ᵢ \| 47 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 61 ₋₁ ᵢ	[ "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "85", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "70", "₋₃", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "96", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "60", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "60", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "67", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "1,835", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "6,871", "₋₃", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "92", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "39", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "124", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "MOZ", "NAM", "\|", "\n", "\|", "74", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "38", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "57", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "52", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₂", "ᵢ", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "NER", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "63", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "56", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "2,591", " ", "\|", "8,138", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "90", "₋₁", "98", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "1,772", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "78", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "79", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "38", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "57", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "279", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "8", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "RWA", "STP", "\|", "\n", "\|", "99", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "94", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "58", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "\|", "45", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "56", " ", "\|", "72", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "4,227", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "SEN", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "96", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "19", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "65", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "41", "₋₃", "\|", "740", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "0.1", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "73", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "SYC", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "71", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "49", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "53", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "465", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "2,659", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "97", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "59", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "57", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "62", "₋₁", "\|", "1,008", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "SLE", "SOM", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "90", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "37", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4,197", "₋₁", "4,219", "₋₂", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "88", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "56", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "310", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "ZAF", "SSD", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "92", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "87", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "67", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "187", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "1,564", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "TGO", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "81", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₄", "43", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4,976", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "UGA", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "93", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "82", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "839", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "6,560", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "TZA", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "88", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "47", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "61", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " " ]	[]
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in the other domains is quite diverse, with Ukraine being a relevant link in most networks (due to its volume of activity and diversified research). Extra-EaP international collaboration The Russian Federation was (before the unjustified agression on Ukraine) the largest scientific partner of EaP institutions, followed by Germany, Poland and the United States of America. At some dis- tance, other European countries follow: France, the UK, Italy, Spain and Switzerland can be observed as recurrent partners. A considerable share of these co-publications are the result of great endeavours in physics, mainly classified under the Fundamen- tal physics and mathematics domain. China is the only Asian country appearing on the list. In EC-funded projects, the top European partners identified in scientific publications are repeated, complemented by Belgium and the Netherlands, very active countries in Horizon 2020, and Greece and Romania, which are geographically closer to the EaP countries.Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia 130 1 471 1 756 42 980 Azerbaijan 130 49 73 26 138 Belarus 1 471 49 1 440 83 1 268 Georgia 1 756 73 1 440 58 1 058 Moldova 42 26 83 58 202 Ukraine 980 138 1 268 1 058 202 Publications Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia 10 21 26 19 21 Azerbaijan 10 8 11 8 11 Belarus 21 8 20 17 33 Georgia 26 11 20 23 32 Moldova 19 8 17 23 25 Ukraine 21 11 33 32 25 EC projectsFigure IV. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 24 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Figure V. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries Agrifood BiotechnologyChemistry and chemical engineeringElectric and electronic technologies BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AMUA BY MD GE AM AZUAEnergyFundamental physics and mathematicsEnvironmental sciences and industriesGovernance, culture, education and the economy BY MD AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA Health and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer scienceNanotechnology and materials BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA Transportation Optics and photonics Strong collaboration BY MD GE AM AZUA BY UA BY MD GE AM AZUA Intermediate collaborationColour indicates the relative	[ "in", "the", "other", "domains", "is", "\n", "quite", "diverse", ",", "with", "Ukraine", "being", "a", "relevant", "link", "in", "\n", "most", "networks", "(", "due", "to", "its", "volume", "of", "activity", "and", "\n", "diversified", "research", ")", ".", "\n", "Extra", "-", "EaP", "international", "collaboration", "\n", "The", "Russian", "Federation", "was", "(", "before", "the", "unjustified", "\n", "agression", "on", "Ukraine", ")", "the", "largest", "scientific", "partner", "\n", "of", "EaP", "institutions", ",", "followed", "by", "Germany", ",", "Poland", "\n", "and", "the", "United", "States", "of", "America", ".", "At", "some", "dis-", "\n", "tance", ",", "other", "European", "countries", "follow", ":", "France", ",", "the", "\n", "UK", ",", "Italy", ",", "Spain", "and", "Switzerland", "can", "be", "observed", "as", "\n", "recurrent", "partners", ".", "A", "considerable", "share", "of", "these", "\n", "co", "-", "publications", "are", "the", "result", "of", "great", "endeavours", "\n", "in", "physics", ",", "mainly", "classified", "under", "the", "Fundamen-", "\n", "tal", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "domain", ".", "China", "is", "the", "\n", "only", "Asian", "country", "appearing", "on", "the", "list", ".", "\n", "In", "EC", "-", "funded", "projects", ",", "the", "top", "European", "partners", "\n", "identified", "in", "scientific", "publications", "are", "repeated", ",", "\n", "complemented", "by", "Belgium", "and", "the", "Netherlands", ",", "\n", "very", "active", "countries", "in", "Horizon", "2020", ",", "and", "Greece", "\n", "and", "Romania", ",", "which", "are", "geographically", "closer", "to", "\n", "the", "EaP", "countries", ".", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Armenia", "130", "1", "471", "1", "756", "42", "980", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "130", "49", "73", "26", "138", "\n", "Belarus", "1", "471", "49", "1", "440", "83", "1", "268", "\n", "Georgia", "1", "756", "73", "1", "440", "58", "1", "058", "\n", "Moldova", "42", "26", "83", "58", "202", "\n", "Ukraine", "980", "138", "1", "268", "1", "058", "202", "\n", "Publications", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Armenia", "10", "21", "26", "19", "21", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "10", "8", "11", "8", "11", "\n", "Belarus", "21", "8", "20", "17", "33", "\n", "Georgia", "26", "11", "20", "23", "32", "\n", "Moldova", "19", "8", "17", "23", "25", "\n", "Ukraine", "21", "11", "33", "32", "25", "\n", "EC", "projectsFigure", "IV", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "24", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "\n", "Figure", "V.", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", "\n", "Agrifood", "BiotechnologyChemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringElectric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AMUA", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUAEnergyFundamental", "physics", "\n", "and", "mathematicsEnvironmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industriesGovernance", ",", "culture", ",", "\n", "education", "and", "the", "economy", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeingMechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery", "ICT", "and", "computer", "scienceNanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materials", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n", "Transportation", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "Strong", "collaboration", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n ", "BY", "UA", "\n", "BY", "\n", "MD", "GE", "\n", "AM", "AZUA", "\n", "Intermediate", "collaborationColour", "indicates", "the", "relative" ]	[]
professional diploma from the Queen Rania Teacher Academy. He works closely with the principal and school staff to improve instructional practices and help students overcome the challenges associated with their rural, economically disadvantaged community. Uma Mahadevan Dasgupta is Additional Chief Secretary at the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in the Indian state of Karnataka. With the help of panchayats (village councils in India), she has worked to improve literacy by opening rural libraries for children. She helped build a movement around the Oduva Belaku (The Light of Reading) initiative, with the support of many individuals, nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Over 1 million books have been collected and 4,000 libraries have been given with computers and internet connections. Tozen Leokana took office as the Minister of Education of the Solomon Islands in May 2024. He was a secondary school tutor before earning a Master's in Business Management while serving as president of the Solomon Islands Student Association. He was a technical advisor for Plan International before being appointed as Minister of Education. He described, 'my vision for education is one that is student-centred, innovative and forward-thinking', and stated his desire 'to work together with the senior management team and staff to implement the ministry's education reform plan in the next four years'. Ester Simon is a youth leader and education activist who became the first female president of the Namibia National Students Union. She has continuously advocated for access to quality, relevant education for all at the national level, and subsequently also at the regional level as the Secretary General of the Southern Africa Students Union, a coordination body, and at the continental level through the All African Students Union. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Education journalists can drive debate and discussion, acting as thought leaders for education and holding others to account for their promises and record. Liz Willen is editor in chief of the award-winning education-focused Hechinger Report online media outlet. At the start of her career, she spent nearly a decade at Newsday , another outlet, where she won numerous prizes for covering New York City public school issues before becoming a senior writer focused on higher education at Bloomberg Markets magazine. At the Hechinger Report , she has covered issues such as affirmative action in US college admissions. She won the Above & Beyond award	[ "professional", "diploma", "from", "the", "Queen", "Rania", "Teacher", "Academy", ".", "He", "works", "closely", "with", "the", "principal", "and", "school", "staff", "to", "improve", "instructional", "practices", "and", "help", "students", "overcome", "the", "challenges", "associated", "with", "their", "rural", ",", "economically", "disadvantaged", "community", ".", "\n\n", "Uma", "Mahadevan", "Dasgupta", "is", "Additional", "Chief", "Secretary", "at", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Panchayati", "Raj", ",", "in", "the", "Indian", "state", "of", "Karnataka", ".", "With", "the", "help", "of", "panchayats", "(", "village", "councils", "in", "India", ")", ",", "she", "has", "worked", "to", "improve", "literacy", "by", "opening", "rural", "libraries", "for", "children", ".", "She", "helped", "build", "a", "movement", "around", "the", "Oduva", "Belaku", "(", "The", "Light", "of", "Reading", ")", "initiative", ",", "with", "the", "support", "of", "many", "individuals", ",", "nongovernmental", "organizations", "and", "businesses", ".", "Over", "1", "million", "books", "have", "been", "collected", "and", "4,000", "libraries", "have", "been", "given", "with", "computers", "and", "internet", "connections", ".", "\n\n", "Tozen", "Leokana", "took", "office", "as", "the", "Minister", "of", "Education", "of", "the", "Solomon", "Islands", "in", "May", "2024", ".", "He", "was", "a", "secondary", "school", "tutor", "before", "earning", "a", "Master", "'s", "in", "Business", "Management", "while", "serving", "as", "president", "of", "the", "Solomon", "Islands", "Student", "Association", ".", "He", "was", "a", "technical", "advisor", "for", "Plan", "International", "before", "being", "appointed", "as", "Minister", "of", "Education", ".", "He", "described", ",", "'", "my", "vision", "for", "education", "is", "one", "that", "is", "student", "-", "centred", ",", "innovative", "and", "forward", "-", "thinking", "'", ",", "and", "stated", "his", "desire", "'", "to", "work", "together", "with", "the", "senior", "management", "team", "and", "staff", "to", "implement", "the", "ministry", "'s", "education", "reform", "plan", "in", "the", "next", "four", "years", "'", ".", "\n\n", "Ester", "Simon", "is", "a", "youth", "leader", "and", "education", "activist", "who", "became", "the", "first", "female", "president", "of", "the", "Namibia", "National", "Students", "Union", ".", "She", "has", "continuously", "advocated", "for", "access", "to", "quality", ",", "relevant", "education", "for", "all", "at", "the", "national", "level", ",", "and", "subsequently", "also", "at", "the", "regional", "level", "as", "the", "Secretary", "General", "of", "the", "Southern", "Africa", "Students", "Union", ",", "a", "coordination", "body", ",", "and", "at", "the", "continental", "level", "through", "the", "All", "African", "Students", "Union", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Education", "journalists", "can", "drive", "debate", "and", "discussion", ",", "acting", "as", "thought", "leaders", "for", "education", "and", "holding", "others", "to", "account", "for", "their", "promises", "and", "record", ".", "\n\n", "Liz", "Willen", "is", "editor", "in", "chief", "of", "the", "award", "-", "winning", "education", "-", "focused", "Hechinger", "Report", "online", "media", "outlet", ".", "At", "the", "start", "of", "her", "career", ",", "she", "spent", "nearly", "a", "decade", "at", "Newsday", ",", "another", "outlet", ",", "where", "she", "won", "numerous", "prizes", "for", "covering", "New", "York", "City", "public", "school", "issues", "before", "becoming", "a", "senior", "writer", "focused", "on", "higher", "education", "at", "Bloomberg", "Markets", "magazine", ".", "At", "the", "Hechinger", "Report", ",", "she", "has", "covered", "issues", "such", "as", "affirmative", "action", "in", "US", "college", "admissions", ".", "She", "won", "the", "Above", "&", "amp", ";", "Beyond", "award" ]	[]
meeting its targets will be significant. Overall, transport can play a critical role in the decarbonisation of the EU economy, but whether it proves to be an opportunity for Europe depends on planning . Transport accounts for one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions and unlike other sectors, CO2 emissions from transport are still higher than in 1990 [see Figure 8] . However, lack of EU-level planning for transport competitiveness is hindering the ability of Europe to capitalise on the possibilities of multimodal transport to lower carbon emissions. Sustainable mobility requires an integrated approach towards energy networks, charging infrastructures, standardisation of manufacturing equipment, telecoms (including satellite and navigation technologies) and financing. Yet while transport is part of the Commission’s 2040 Climate Target Plan, it is excluded from the mandatory National Energy and Climate Plans where Member States outline their strategies to execute decarbonisation. This lack of coordination results, for example, in a precise and binding regu - latory framework for carmakers and corporate logistics, increasing the demand for EVs and charging infrastructure, without an analogous obligation for energy providers to supply stable and powerful grid access of sufficient capacity. The transition to sustainable mobility is further hindered by lack of interoperability of infrastructures and of technical requirements for the deployment of fleets and equipment, as well as limited uptake of digitalisation. Only 1% of cross- border maritime operations and 5% of rail transport operations in Europe are fully paperless02. 02. Differences exist across single modes, with 40% of information exchange taking place electronically in aviation, 5% in rail and less than 1% in road and maritime. European Environment Agency, Transport and environment report 2022, Digitalization in the mobility system: challenges and opportunities , 2022. 48THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3FIGURE 8 Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the EU Greenhouse gas emission1, Index 1990=1 Notes: 1 Excluding LULUCF emissions and international maritime, including international aviation and indirect CO2. 2 Excluding international maritime (inter - national traffic departing from the EU), including international aviation. 3 Emissions from Manufacturing and Construction, Industrial Processes and Product Use. 4 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and other Emissions from Agriculture. Source: European Commission, 2023 The automotive sector is a key example of lack of EU planning, applying a climate policy without an indus - trial policy [see the chapter on automotive] . The technology neutrality principle has not always been	[ "meeting", "its", "\n", "targets", "will", "be", "significant", ".", "\n", "Overall", ",", "transport", "can", "play", "a", "critical", "role", "in", "the", "decarbonisation", "of", "the", "EU", "economy", ",", "but", "whether", "it", "proves", "\n", "to", "be", "an", "opportunity", "for", "Europe", "depends", "on", "planning", ".", "Transport", "accounts", "for", "one", "-", "quarter", "of", "all", "greenhouse", "\n", "gas", "emissions", "and", "unlike", "other", "sectors", ",", "CO2", "emissions", "from", "transport", "are", "still", "higher", "than", "in", "1990", "[", "see", "Figure", "8", "]", ".", "\n", "However", ",", "lack", "of", "EU", "-", "level", "planning", "for", "transport", "competitiveness", "is", "hindering", "the", "ability", "of", "Europe", "to", "capitalise", "on", "the", "\n", "possibilities", "of", "multimodal", "transport", "to", "lower", "carbon", "emissions", ".", "Sustainable", "mobility", "requires", "an", "integrated", "approach", "\n", "towards", "energy", "networks", ",", "charging", "infrastructures", ",", "standardisation", "of", "manufacturing", "equipment", ",", "telecoms", "(", "including", "\n", "satellite", "and", "navigation", "technologies", ")", "and", "financing", ".", "Yet", "while", "transport", "is", "part", "of", "the", "Commission", "’s", "2040", "Climate", "\n", "Target", "Plan", ",", "it", "is", "excluded", "from", "the", "mandatory", "National", "Energy", "and", "Climate", "Plans", "where", "Member", "States", "outline", "their", "\n", "strategies", "to", "execute", "decarbonisation", ".", "This", "lack", "of", "coordination", "results", ",", "for", "example", ",", "in", "a", "precise", "and", "binding", "regu", "-", "\n", "latory", "framework", "for", "carmakers", "and", "corporate", "logistics", ",", "increasing", "the", "demand", "for", "EVs", "and", "charging", "infrastructure", ",", "\n", "without", "an", "analogous", "obligation", "for", "energy", "providers", "to", "supply", "stable", "and", "powerful", "grid", "access", "of", "sufficient", "capacity", ".", "\n", "The", "transition", "to", "sustainable", "mobility", "is", "further", "hindered", "by", "lack", "of", "interoperability", "of", "infrastructures", "and", "of", "technical", "\n", "requirements", "for", "the", "deployment", "of", "fleets", "and", "equipment", ",", "as", "well", "as", "limited", "uptake", "of", "digitalisation", ".", "Only", "1", "%", "of", "cross-", "\n", "border", "maritime", "operations", "and", "5", "%", "of", "rail", "transport", "operations", "in", "Europe", "are", "fully", "paperless02", ".", "\n", "02", ".", "Differences", "exist", "across", "single", "modes", ",", "with", "40", "%", "of", "information", "exchange", "taking", "place", "electronically", "in", "aviation", ",", "\n", "5", "%", "in", "rail", "and", "less", "than", "1", "%", "in", "road", "and", "maritime", ".", "European", "Environment", "Agency", ",", "Transport", "and", "environment", "\n", "report", "2022", ",", "Digitalization", "in", "the", "mobility", "system", ":", "challenges", "and", "opportunities", ",", "2022", ".", "\n", "48THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3FIGURE", "8", "\n", "Evolution", "of", "greenhouse", "gas", "emissions", "by", "sector", "in", "the", "EU", " \n", "Greenhouse", "gas", "emission1", ",", "Index", "1990=1", "\n", "Notes", ":", "1", "Excluding", "LULUCF", "emissions", "and", "international", "maritime", ",", "including", "international", "aviation", "and", "indirect", "CO2", ".", "2", "Excluding", "international", "maritime", "(", "inter", "-", "\n", "national", "traffic", "departing", "from", "the", "EU", ")", ",", "including", "international", "aviation", ".", "3", "Emissions", "from", "Manufacturing", "and", "Construction", ",", "Industrial", "Processes", "and", "Product", "\n", "Use", ".", "4", "Emissions", "from", "Fuel", "Combustion", "and", "other", "Emissions", "from", "Agriculture", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "European", "Commission", ",", "2023", "\n", "The", "automotive", "sector", "is", "a", "key", "example", "of", "lack", "of", "EU", "planning", ",", "applying", "a", "climate", "policy", "without", "an", "indus", "-", "\n", "trial", "policy", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "automotive", "]", ".", "The", "technology", "neutrality", "principle", "has", "not", "always", "been" ]	[ { "end": 1658, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1656 }, { "end": 1662, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1660 } ]
Ray (1969) considers the 'barrios' (urban squatter settlements/neighbourhoods) of Venezuela and their importance to the political system. He sets out how and why the 'invasion' occurred to the cities by those living in rural areas. The first wave of migrants occurred in 1945 after the coup to dismiss General Isaías Medina. Those from rural areas began to enter Caracas or oil towns in the Oriente and around Lake Maracaibo. The building of 'ranchos' (shacks) on public or private land began the formation of the illegal 'barrios'. The second wave of migration occurred between 1950 and 1957, when Venezuela enjoyed an economic boom under Pérez Jiménez's policies and the expansion of the production of oil. The next wave came in 1958, again associated with another political change when Pérez Jiménez was overthrown. The barrios became very powerful voting areas, which Ray perceives as 'slums of hope' and neighbourhoods that house aspira -tional residents. The barrios divided themselves into neighbourhoods with defin -able boundaries and community names. Community improvements, Ray states, were undertaken through cooperative action where there was the motivation to do so. The communities worked together to obtain urban utility and social services from the government. Over time, the barrios' buildings and provision of public ser -vices improved visibly. However, if the residents were dissatisfied, then this would be expressed during elections. At the time, he predicted the emergence of leaders within the barrios from a more educated and aggressive youth. Their commitment and vision could turn to authoritarian models outside the political system (including Castroism), attracted by promises to prioritise the welfare needs of the poor. Cornelius (1975) considers the political significance of those living in slums in Mexico City in the 1970s. Colonias proletarias (slum communities/colonies) resi -dents have different political attitudes and behaviours. These depend upon how the colony was originally established, and partly due to the experience of the migrant concerning property rights and tenure. The longer a family resides in a colony, the more supportive of the political system, which they believe assists in vertical class mobility. Cornelius spends a chapter looking at 'community leadership' and how 'caciquismo' (political power wielded by local leaders and translated as 'boss politics') is flourishing in the neighbourhoods of Mexico City. He describes several types of politically active migrants in the neighbourhoods, including voting specialists, demand-makers, complete activists and community problem-solving. 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a patriarchal discourse. It also shows that, even within this patriarchal framework, her status as a woman was instrumental in challenging ideas about women’s social roles and making Indian women in general more visible, for example, by editing an encyclo - paedia of 100 Indian female historical figures. Anne Hardgrove uses historical analysis and interviews with three gradu - ates of Lady Irwin College in New Delhi – Shyamala Gopalan, ‘Ritu’ and Flower Siliman – to document the establishment of domestic science for women in India, a development which was crucial to opening scientific opportunities for them, but also played an important political and ideologi - cal role. As Hardgrove puts it, ‘domestic science became the perfect “back door” to women seeking careers, and an innovative way of bringing [them] into both higher education as well as scientific fields’. Studying domestic science offered a certain degree of invisibility to women, allowing them to escape the male gaze, if temporarily, and in some cases becoming a stepping stone towards a career in science.	[ "a", "patriarchal", "discourse", ".", "It", "also", "shows", "\n", "that", ",", "even", "within", "this", "patriarchal", "framework", ",", "her", "status", "as", "a", "woman", "was", "\n", "instrumental", "in", "challenging", "ideas", "about", "women", "’s", "social", "roles", "and", "making", "\n", "Indian", "women", "in", "general", "more", "visible", ",", "for", "example", ",", "by", "editing", "an", "encyclo", "-", "\n", "paedia", "of", "100", "Indian", "female", "historical", "figures", ".", "\n", "Anne", "Hardgrove", "uses", "historical", "analysis", "and", "interviews", "with", "three", "gradu", "-", "\n", "ates", "of", "Lady", "Irwin", "College", "in", "New", "Delhi", "–", " ", "Shyamala", "Gopalan", ",", "‘", "Ritu", "’", "and", "\n", "Flower", "Siliman", "–", " ", "to", "document", "the", "establishment", "of", "domestic", "science", "for", "\n", "women", "in", "India", ",", "a", "development", "which", "was", "crucial", "to", "opening", "scientific", "\n", "opportunities", "for", "them", ",", "but", "also", "played", "an", "important", "political", "and", "ideologi", "-", "\n", "cal", "role", ".", "As", "Hardgrove", "puts", "it", ",", "‘", "domestic", "science", "became", "the", "perfect", "“", "back", "\n", "door", "”", "to", "women", "seeking", "careers", ",", "and", "an", "innovative", "way", "of", "bringing", "[", "them", "]", "\n", "into", "both", "higher", "education", "as", "well", "as", "scientific", "fields", "’", ".", "Studying", "domestic", "\n", "science", "offered", "a", "certain", "degree", "of", "invisibility", "to", "women", ",", "allowing", "them", "to", "\n", "escape", "the", "male", "gaze", ",", "if", "temporarily", ",", "and", "in", "some", "cases", "becoming", "a", "stepping", "\n", "stone", "towards", "a", "career", "in", "science", "." ]	[]
or extending them? Not relevant to the technical datasets yielded within this project. Will your data include qualified references1 to other data (e.g. other data from your project, or datasets from previous research)? Yes, when appropriate. ## 2.4. Increase data re-use How will you provide documentation needed to validate data analysis and facilitate data re-use (e.g. readme files with information on methodology, codebooks, data cleaning, analyses, variable definitions, units of measurement, etc.)? Depending on the data, we will use the most appropriate among the following options: readme file, technical report, comments on the code. Will your data be made freely available in the public domain to permit the widest re-use possible? Will your data be licensed using standard reuse licenses, in line with the obligations set out in the Grant Agreement? The published data will be made available 1 A qualified reference is a cross-reference that explains its intent. For example, X is regulator of Y is a much more qualified reference than X is associated with Y, or X see also Y. The goal therefore is to create as many meaningful links as possible between (meta)data resources to enrich the contextual knowledge about the data. (Source: https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/i3-metadata-include-qualified-references-metadata/) MEMRINESS: Data Management Plan upon request. Data will be licensed in line with the obligations set out in the Grant Agreement. Will the data produced in the project be useable by third parties, in particular after the end of the project? Yes. Will the provenance of the data be thoroughly documented using the appropriate standards? Yes. Describe all relevant data quality assurance processes. No data quality assurances processes are available. Further to the FAIR principles, DMPs should also address research outputs other than data, and should carefully consider aspects related to the allocation of resources, data security and ethical aspects. Research outputs other than data will carefully consider aspects related to the allocation of resources, data security and ethical aspects. ## 3. Other research outputs In addition to the management of data, beneficiaries should also consider and plan for the management of other research outputs that may be generated or re-used throughout their projects. Such outputs can be either digital (e.g. software, workflows, protocols, models, etc.) or physical (e.g. new materials, antibodies, reagents, samples, etc.). Other research outputs that may be generated or re-used throughout their projects will be managed in accordance to the FAIR principles and in accordance to the data	[ "or", "extending", "them", "?", "Not", "relevant", "to", "the", "technical", "datasets", "yielded", "within", "this", "project", ".", "\n\n", "Will", "your", "data", "include", "qualified", "references1", "to", "other", "data", "(", "e.g.", "other", "data", "from", "your", "project", ",", "or", "datasets", "from", "previous", "research", ")", "?", "Yes", ",", "when", "appropriate", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "2.4", ".", "Increase", "data", "re", "-", "use", "\n\n", "How", "will", "you", "provide", "documentation", "needed", "to", "validate", "data", "analysis", "and", "facilitate", "data", "re", "-", "use", "(", "e.g.", "readme", "files", "with", "information", "on", "methodology", ",", "codebooks", ",", "data", "cleaning", ",", "analyses", ",", "variable", "definitions", ",", "units", "of", "measurement", ",", "etc", ".", ")", "?", "\n\n", "Depending", "on", "the", "data", ",", "we", "will", "use", "the", "most", "appropriate", "among", "the", "following", "options", ":", "readme", "file", ",", "technical", "report", ",", "comments", "on", "the", "code", ".", "\n\n", "Will", "your", "data", "be", "made", "freely", "available", "in", "the", "public", "domain", "to", "permit", "the", "widest", "re", "-", "use", "possible", "?", "Will", "your", "data", "be", "licensed", "using", "standard", "reuse", "licenses", ",", "in", "line", "with", "the", "obligations", "set", "out", "in", "the", "Grant", "Agreement", "?", "The", "published", "data", "will", "be", "made", "available", "\n\n", "1", "A", "qualified", "reference", "is", "a", "cross", "-", "reference", "that", "explains", "its", "intent", ".", "For", "example", ",", "X", "is", "regulator", "of", "Y", "is", "a", "much", "more", "qualified", "reference", "than", "X", "is", "associated", "with", "Y", ",", "or", "X", "see", "also", "Y.", "The", "goal", "therefore", "is", "to", "create", "as", "many", "meaningful", "links", "as", "possible", "between", "(", "meta)data", "resources", "to", "enrich", "the", "contextual", "knowledge", "about", "the", "data", ".", "(", "Source", ":", "https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/i3-metadata-include-qualified-references-metadata/", ")", "\n\n", "MEMRINESS", ":", "Data", "Management", "Plan", "upon", "request", ".", "Data", "will", "be", "licensed", "in", "line", "with", "the", "obligations", "set", "out", "in", "the", "Grant", "Agreement", ".", "\n\n", "Will", "the", "data", "produced", "in", "the", "project", "be", "useable", "by", "third", "parties", ",", "in", "particular", "after", "the", "end", "of", "the", "project", "?", "Yes", ".", "\n\n", "Will", "the", "provenance", "of", "the", "data", "be", "thoroughly", "documented", "using", "the", "appropriate", "standards", "?", "Yes", ".", "\n\n", "Describe", "all", "relevant", "data", "quality", "assurance", "processes", ".", "No", "data", "quality", "assurances", "processes", "are", "available", ".", "\n\n", "Further", "to", "the", "FAIR", "principles", ",", "DMPs", "should", "also", "address", "research", "outputs", "other", "than", "data", ",", "and", "should", "carefully", "consider", "aspects", "related", "to", "the", "allocation", "of", "resources", ",", "data", "security", "and", "ethical", "aspects", ".", "Research", "outputs", "other", "than", "data", "will", "carefully", "consider", "aspects", "related", "to", "the", "allocation", "of", "resources", ",", "data", "security", "and", "ethical", "aspects", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "3", ".", "Other", "research", "outputs", "\n\n", "In", "addition", "to", "the", "management", "of", "data", ",", "beneficiaries", "should", "also", "consider", "and", "plan", "for", "the", "management", "of", "other", "research", "outputs", "that", "may", "be", "generated", "or", "re", "-", "used", "throughout", "their", "projects", ".", "Such", "outputs", "can", "be", "either", "digital", "(", "e.g.", "software", ",", "workflows", ",", "protocols", ",", "models", ",", "etc", ".", ")", "or", "physical", "(", "e.g.", "new", "materials", ",", "antibodies", ",", "reagents", ",", "samples", ",", "etc", ".", ")", ".", "Other", "research", "outputs", "that", "may", "be", "generated", "or", " ", "re", "-", "used", " ", "throughout", " ", "their", " ", "projects", " ", "will", " ", "be", " ", "managed", " ", "in", " ", "accordance", " ", "to", " ", "the", " ", "FAIR", " ", "principles", " ", "and", " ", "in", " ", "accordance", " ", "to", " ", "the", " ", "data" ]	[]
fuels, blending EU grants with support by EIB and National Promotional Banks, and Regulatory Asset Based models for investment in (high speed) railway infrastructure. At the same time, a global level playing field for EIIs and transport operators should be ensured during the transition. While CBAM is an important instrument for European companies to stay competitive against their international peers that face lower or no carbon prices, its success is still uncertain. The EU should closely monitor and improve the CBAM design during the transition phase and consider postponing the phase out of free ETS free allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineff.ligaective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufacturing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies]. The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth - such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should off.ligaer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to off.ligaset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production off.ligatake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For 'infant industries', it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a 'launch customer' for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and off.ligasetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technologies are highly concentrated,	[ "fuels", ",", "blending", "EU", "grants", "with", "support", "by", "EIB", "and", "National", "Promotional", "Banks", ",", "and", "Regulatory", "Asset", "Based", "models", "for", "investment", "in", "(", "high", "speed", ")", "railway", "infrastructure", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "a", "global", "level", "playing", "field", "for", "EIIs", "and", "transport", "operators", "should", "be", "ensured", "during", "the", "transition", ".", "While", "CBAM", "is", "an", "important", "instrument", "for", "European", "companies", "to", "stay", "competitive", "against", "their", "international", "peers", "that", "face", "lower", "or", "no", "carbon", "prices", ",", "its", "success", "is", "still", "uncertain", ".", "The", "EU", "should", "closely", "monitor", "and", "improve", "the", "CBAM", "design", "during", "the", "transition", "phase", "and", "consider", "postponing", "the", "phase", "out", "of", "free", "ETS", "free", "allowances", "for", "EIIs", "if", "implementation", "is", "ineff.ligaective", ".", "\n\n", "To", "capitalise", "on", "the", "decarbonisation", "push", ",", "Europe", "should", "refocus", "its", "support", "for", "clean", "tech", "manufacturing", ",", "focusing", "on", "technologies", "where", "it", "either", "has", "a", "lead", "or", "where", "there", "is", "a", "strategic", "case", "for", "developing", "domestic", "capacity", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "clean", "technologies", "]", ".", "The", "next", "Multiannual", "Financial", "Framework", "(", "MFF", ")", "should", "streamline", "the", "number", "of", "funds", "devoted", "to", "the", "manufacturing", "of", "clean", "tech", ",", "concentrating", "on", "technologies", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "an", "advantage", "and", "strong", "potential", "for", "growth", "-", "such", "as", "the", "opportunity", "presented", "by", "batteries", ".", "Support", "under", "the", "EU", "budget", "should", "off.ligaer", "companies", "a", "single", "point", "of", "entry", "with", "a", "uniform", "application", "procedure", "and", "awarding", "conditions", ",", "and", "should", "feature", "support", "for", "both", "capital", "expenditure", "and", "operational", "expenditure", ".", "To", "attract", "more", "private", "sector", "funding", "to", "clean", "tech", ",", "and", "especially", "towards", "innovative", "companies", ",", "dedicated", "financing", "schemes", "should", "be", "developed", "employing", "the", "same", "financing", "strategies", "discussed", "in", "chapter", "2", ".", "At", "the", "national", "level", ",", "to", "ensure", "predictable", "demand", "for", "the", "EU", "clean", "tech", "industry", "and", "to", "off.ligaset", "trade", "distorting", "policies", "abroad", ",", "the", "report", "recommends", "introducing", "an", "explicit", "minimum", "quota", "for", "the", "local", "production", "of", "selected", "products", "and", "components", "in", "public", "procurement", "and", "in", "CfD", "auctions", "and", "other", "forms", "of", "local", "production", "off.ligatake", ".", "This", "quota", "should", "be", "combined", "with", "criteria", "established", "at", "EU", "level", "for", "orienting", "local", "production", "to", "the", "most", "innovative", "and", "sustainable", "solutions", ".", "The", "approach", "could", "be", "supported", "by", "the", "creation", "of", "joint", "ventures", "or", "cooperation", "agreements", "\n\n", "for", "knowledge", "transfer", "and", "sharing", "between", "EU", "and", "non", "-", "EU", "companies", ".", "For", "'", "infant", "industries", "'", ",", "it", "is", "recommended", "that", "Member", "States", "plan", "upcoming", "auctions", "and", "public", "procurement", "procedures", "to", "act", "as", "a", "'", "launch", "customer", "'", "for", "new", "technologies", ".", "\n\n", "Trade", "policy", "will", "be", "fundamental", "to", "combine", "decarbonisation", "with", "competitiveness", ",", "securing", "supply", "chains", ",", "growing", "new", "markets", "and", "off.ligasetting", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", ".", "As", "supply", "chains", "for", "some", "clean", "technologies", "are", "highly", "concentrated", "," ]	[]
have been commercially available since 1991, and in 2009, their production reached approximately 1 billion cells per year [ 16]. By 2022, the market was EUR 3 billion, and it is expected that by 2030 it will grow to EUR 4.1 billion [ 17]. Before the emergence of Li-ion batteries, NiMH batteries were the dominating technology in electric and hybrid vehicles, and they have received extensive investment from main manufacturers [ 18]. One important advantage of NiMH batteries is safety (in comparison with Li-ion batteries). To our knowledge, there have been no reports of fire accidents in the press mentioning NiMH batteries. Moreover, NiMH batteries are the preferred system for industrial and consumer applications for PBGUs due to their design flexibility and low maintenance and cost (as of 2018, 80 EUR/kWh to 250 EUR/kWh) [ 19], and it is expected that by 2040, NiMH batteries will still be used in hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles [ 20]. Due to the strong presence of NiMH batteries in the market, various IEC standards have been created to guarantee interoperability and compatibility between the many elements of a battery system (e.g., design, manufacturing [ 21], and testing of battery equipment [ 22]). Other considerations covered by standards are performance [5] and safety [23]. This research uses European and international standards for NiMH batteries, such as IEC 61951-2:2017+AMD1:2022 CSV [ 5,6], as references. These standards have been analyzed previously by our group at JRC [24–26]. The goal of this study is to present our research on analyzing the performance of NiMH batteries used as PBGUs. This is to create a base for setting minimum performance values listed in the batteries regulation Annex III [ 1]. The analysis is developed using the current standard IEC 61951-2 for portable NiMH batteries as a base for testing battery performance. This research is organized as follows: In Section 2, the materials and methods are presented. In Section 3, we show the capacity analysis. In Section 4, the charge (capacity) retention is presented. In Section 5, charge (capacity) recovery is shown. In Section 6, the endurance in cycles is analyzed. Results are discussed in Section 7. In Section 8, the analysis of NiMH batteries in application test is shown. And lastly, Section 9 presents the conclusions. 2. Materials and Methods This section presents the materials and methods used in this research. Two items are presented: the battery regulation link	[ "have", "been", "commercially", "available", "since", "1991", ",", "and", "in", "2009", ",", "their", "\n", "production", "reached", "approximately", "1", "billion", "cells", "per", "year", "[", "16", "]", ".", "By", "2022", ",", "the", "market", "was", "\n", "EUR", "3", "billion", ",", "and", "it", "is", "expected", "that", "by", "2030", "it", "will", "grow", "to", "EUR", "4.1", "billion", "[", "17", "]", ".", "Before", "\n", "the", "emergence", "of", "Li", "-", "ion", "batteries", ",", "NiMH", "batteries", "were", "the", "dominating", "technology", "in", "\n", "electric", "and", "hybrid", "vehicles", ",", "and", "they", "have", "received", "extensive", "investment", "from", "main", "\n", "manufacturers", "[", "18", "]", ".", "One", "important", "advantage", "of", "NiMH", "batteries", "is", "safety", "(", "in", "comparison", "\n", "with", "Li", "-", "ion", "batteries", ")", ".", "To", "our", "knowledge", ",", "there", "have", "been", "no", "reports", "of", "fire", "accidents", "in", "\n", "the", "press", "mentioning", "NiMH", "batteries", ".", "Moreover", ",", "NiMH", "batteries", "are", "the", "preferred", "system", "\n", "for", "industrial", "and", "consumer", "applications", "for", "PBGUs", "due", "to", "their", "design", "flexibility", "and", "low", "\n", "maintenance", "and", "cost", "(", "as", "of", "2018", ",", "80", "EUR", "/", "kWh", "to", "250", "EUR", "/", "kWh", ")", "[", "19", "]", ",", "and", "it", "is", "expected", "\n", "that", "by", "2040", ",", "NiMH", "batteries", "will", "still", "be", "used", "in", "hybrid", "and", "plug", "-", "in", "hybrid", "vehicles", "[", "20", "]", ".", "\n", "Due", "to", "the", "strong", "presence", "of", "NiMH", "batteries", "in", "the", "market", ",", "various", "IEC", "standards", "have", "\n", "been", "created", "to", "guarantee", "interoperability", "and", "compatibility", "between", "the", "many", "elements", "of", "\n", "a", "battery", "system", "(", "e.g.", ",", "design", ",", "manufacturing", "[", "21", "]", ",", "and", "testing", "of", "battery", "equipment", "[", "22", "]", ")", ".", "\n", "Other", "considerations", "covered", "by", "standards", "are", "performance", "[", "5", "]", "and", "safety", "[", "23", "]", ".", "\n", "This", "research", "uses", "European", "and", "international", "standards", "for", "NiMH", "batteries", ",", "such", "\n", "as", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2:2017+AMD1:2022", "CSV", "[", "5,6", "]", ",", "as", "references", ".", "These", "standards", "have", "been", "\n", "analyzed", "previously", "by", "our", "group", "at", "JRC", "[", "24–26", "]", ".", "\n", "The", "goal", "of", "this", "study", "is", "to", "present", "our", "research", "on", "analyzing", "the", "performance", "of", "NiMH", "\n", "batteries", "used", "as", "PBGUs", ".", "This", "is", "to", "create", "a", "base", "for", "setting", "minimum", "performance", "values", "\n", "listed", "in", "the", "batteries", "regulation", "Annex", "III", "[", "1", "]", ".", "The", "analysis", "is", "developed", "using", "the", "current", "\n", "standard", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2", "for", "portable", "NiMH", "batteries", "as", "a", "base", "for", "testing", "battery", "performance", ".", "\n", "This", "research", "is", "organized", "as", "follows", ":", "In", "Section", "2", ",", "the", "materials", "and", "methods", "are", "\n", "presented", ".", "In", "Section", "3", ",", "we", "show", "the", "capacity", "analysis", ".", "In", "Section", "4", ",", "the", "charge", "(", "capacity", ")", "\n", "retention", "is", "presented", ".", "In", "Section", "5", ",", "charge", "(", "capacity", ")", "recovery", "is", "shown", ".", "In", "Section", "6", ",", "\n", "the", "endurance", "in", "cycles", "is", "analyzed", ".", "Results", "are", "discussed", "in", "Section", "7", ".", "In", "Section", "8", ",", "the", "\n", "analysis", "of", "NiMH", "batteries", "in", "application", "test", "is", "shown", ".", "And", "lastly", ",", "Section", "9", "presents", "\n", "the", "conclusions", ".", "\n", "2", ".", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "\n", "This", "section", "presents", "the", "materials", "and", "methods", "used", "in", "this", "research", ".", "Two", "items", "are", "\n", "presented", ":", "the", "battery", "regulation", "link" ]	[ { "end": 126, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 124 }, { "end": 236, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 234 }, { "end": 835, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 833 }, { "end": 947, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 945 }, { "end": 1177, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1175 }, { "end": 1281, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1280 }, { "end": 1297, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1295 }, { "end": 1217, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1215 }, { "end": 1510, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1505 }, { "end": 1418, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1417 }, { "end": 1420, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1419 }, { "end": 1737, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1736 } ]
local rather than one located further away (Černauskas et al., 2018). Female respondents showed a preference for private providers. Older respondents and females have a stronger preference for doctors with a friendly attitude and respect towards their patients and are known to them personally, engendering a sense of trust and continuity. Similarly, in poor areas of Gurugram, Haryana the attitude of public health care doctors towards the poor, flexible opening and visiting hours, the likelihood of having medicines in stock, as well as inefficient public provision are highlighted as reasons for the prefer -ence of private health providers. If anybody wants to get hassle-free services, then government facilities are not an option. The staffs are irresponsible and behave rudely with poor patients. Along with waiting time, such attitudes of staff make the patients move away from government facilities . (E P, A. A et al., 2021, p. 90) Rude behaviour and the lack of empathetic attitudes by government healthcare professionals towards the poor in government facilities reoccur as reasons why private healthcare is preferred. Themes include 'unpleasant experience from government hospitals', 'rudeness', 'discrimination of the poor', 'symptoms not taken into con -sideration', 'long queues'. In contrast private healthcare providers are regarded with satisfaction, where doctors are 'respectful', provide 'dignified treatment', 'empathetic', 'listening' and 'caring'. In poor areas of Gurugram city, Haryana, the poor seek treatment from private healthcare providers: Participants have experienced a glaring difference in the behaviour of staff in other facilities they accessed earlier, especially the government-run hospitals and centres. People felt discriminated due to their identity of being outsiders. However, the facilities provided by IHPs (Informal Healthcare Providers) values them and 'treat' equal. Such positive behavioural and treatment attributes of the practitioners not only increased their morale but also sustain to seek healthcare from such practitioners. <!-- formula-not-decoded --> Collecting data from 2,000 households making up 10,929 individuals in slums situ -ated in four cities of India - Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain - 68% of house -hold heads indicated that their family only visited private health facilities in their slum, while 14% said they used both private and public. Private health care provi -sion was typically within 2 km of the residence and within walking distance ( Gupta and Guin, 2015). A key concern is the corruption in the delivery of public services, including health ( Gupta and Guin, 2015). 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overlooked in the past. The perti - nent question to ask here is whether double standards existed in awarding the Nobel Prize. The low number of female laureates was long believed to be due to the oversight of the Nobel Prize selection committee, but in 2017 the American Chemical Society made a positive statement that outstanding female researchers had not received sufficient recognition.17 Although information on the Nobel Prize selection process remained undisclosed for the first fifty years, by that time the status of nominations of Nobel Prize winners up to the mid- twentieth century had become clear. The number of female candidate nominations, which was almost zero for the first twenty years, was counted at around four since the 1930s.18 The first woman who received many nomi - nations but did not go on to win a prize was Lise Meitner in nuclear phys - ics. She was nominated every year between 1924 and 1965 in chemistry or physics or both, with a total of forty- eight nominations. Incidentally, this is a much larger number than Maria Goeppert- Mayer’s twenty- seven nomina - tions for the physics prize by 1963 and Dorothy C. Hodgkin’s thirty- two nominations for the chemistry prize by 1964. One reason for the histori - cally low number of women nominees in science fields was that the institu - tion was male- dominated; the low ratio of women among nominators was another problem. Rossiter has described this disadvantageous situation for women in science as the ‘Matthew Matilda effect’.19 Figure 0.2 (top of the timeline) divides the first nine female Nobel laure - ates in the twentieth century into three generations, each comprising three women. The first generation of female Nobel laureates conducted their research alongside their husbands, achieved significant results and even shared the Nobel Prize with their spouses.20 The next generation conducted their research independently of their husbands. The third generation con - sisted of single women who received their Nobel Prizes in the 1980s. The first and second generations were all married and bore children. Marie Curie and her daughter were awarded the Nobel Prize in their thir - ties, with the subsequent four women following in their fifties. This does not preclude the possibility that decisions to award Nobel Prizes to single women may have been delayed in their earlier careers. 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15/11/2017: PhD, Political Science, dissertation in a joint program between the University of Berlin and the University of Vienna, entitled: “The Shifting Dynamics of Political Elites in Central Europe: A Comparative Study of Germany and Austria Since 1990,” supervisors: Robert Klein, Natalie Hofmann. MA in Political Science, University of Berlin. MA in International Relations, University of Vienna. Summer schools: Summer school “The Politics of Modern Europe: A Historical Approach” organized by the European Union Research Center (EURC) and the University of Barcelona, June 15-18, 2018, Barcelona. “Theories of Political Representation” summer school organized by the European Political Science Association (EPSA) and the University of Warsaw, June 5-9, 2017, Warsaw. Awards, grants/Prix, distinctions, bourses 2021 / Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for a 6-month stay at the University of Chicago, not realized (pandemic-related restrictions). 2021 / Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the European Institute in London, for 9 months (starting in January 2022) – not realized (pandemic and job offer at University of Berlin). 2020 / Best Paper Award, European Journal of Political Science, for the article "Elite Political Strategies in Post-Communist States," Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 45-63. 2016 / Young Scholar Prize, awarded by the Austrian Political Science Association, Austria. 5 publications/5 publications What is the major contribution of this publication /Quel est l’apport majeur de cette publication ? 1 Smith, J., “Ethical Governance and Managerial Policies in Public-Private Partnerships,” in Müller, S. (dir.) Reconfiguring Political Accountability: A New Framework for Public Administration, Berlin, Springer, 2025, p. 245-267. A study of the ethical frameworks and managerial strategies used in public-private partnerships, particularly in post-communist states, tracing the diffusion of governance models across different sectors. 2 Smith, J., “Lobbying Regulation in Germany and Austria: Shaping Public-Private Relationships,” Journal of Political Science, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 123-146. This article discusses the lobbying regulation processes in Germany and Austria, focusing on how these regulations are crafted and enforced within the broader context of political systems and governance models. 3 Smith, J., “Political Polarization and the Rise of Right-Wing Movements in Central Europe,” in T. Novak, M. Petrov, and L. Stevens (dir.), Political Movements in Europe: Emerging Trends, Prague, Charles University Press, 2022, p. 85-112. This paper explores the rise of right-wing political movements in Central European countries, analyzing the sociopolitical dynamics that lead to their success in recent elections. 4 Smith, J., “Scandals in Politics: Political Mobilization through Crisis,” Journal of European Political Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, 2021, p. 567-589.	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to co-corresponding investigator Albert Y. Chen, PhD, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, “Integrating FD riders into the EMS system could reduce defibrillator arrival times, decreasing patient waiting time for defibrillation. This approach is particularly effective during peak hours, when a higher proportion of OHCAs can be addressed.” “We were encouraged to see that even low response rates might yield meaningful time savings, and that the model appeared effective during off-peak hours despite reduced availability,” adds co-corresponding investigator Jen-Tang Sun, MD, MS, Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. #### Journal Canadian Journal of Cardiology #### DOI 10.1016/j.cjca.2025.07.017 #### Method of Research Experimental study #### Subject of Research People #### Article Title Enhancing the Community Chain of Survival: A Simulation Study of Defibrillator Delivery by Food Delivery Riders in a High-Density City #### Article Publication Date 28-Aug-2025 Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. Media Contact Astrid Engelen Elsevier cjcmedia@elsevier.com Cell: +31 614395474 Expert Contact Kuan-Chen Chin, MD, MPH National Taiwan University Hospital chinkuanchen@gmail.com Office: +886-921-612-995 ### More on this News Release ### Food for thought: Using food delivery services to provide rapid cardiac arrest response and potentially save lives Elsevier #### Keywords - /Health and medicine/Diseases and disorders/Vascular diseases/Cardiovascular disorders/Cardiac arrest - /Health and medicine/Health care - /Health and medicine/Human health - /Health and medicine/Health care/Emergency medicine - /Health and medicine/Medical specialties/Cardiology Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) - facebook.com/EurekAlert - @EurekAlert - youtube.com/EurekAlert - Help / FAQ - Services - Eligibility Guidelines - Contact EurekAlert! - Terms & Conditions - DMCA - Privacy Policy - Disclaimer Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement 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Stephens-Davidowitz, Seth. 2017. Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us about Who We Really Are. New York: HarperCollins. Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. 2019. “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learn-ing in NLP .” Proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, July 2019. Sylvester, Gerard, ed. 2019. “E-Agriculture in Action: Big Data for Agriculture.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Telecommunica-tion Union, Bangkok. http://www.fao.org/3/ca5427en /ca5427en.pdf. Tatem, Andrew J., Youliang Qiu, David L. Smith, Oliver Sabot, Abdullah S. Ali, and Bruno Moonen. 2009. “The Use of Mobile Phone Data for the Estimation of the Travel Patterns and Imported Plasmodium Falciparum Rates among Zanzibar Residents.” Malaria Journal 8 (Decem- ber): 287. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-287. Tiecke, Tobias G., and Andreas Gros. 2016. “Connecting the World with Better Maps.” Facebook Engineering (blog), February 22, 2016. https://engineering.fb.com/core-data /connecting-the-world-with-better-maps/ . Vale, Steven, and Taeke Gjaltema. 2020. “High-Level Group for the Modernisation of Official Statistics.” United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva. https://statswiki.unece.org/display/hlgbas/High-Level+ Group+for+the+Modernisation+of+Official+Statistics. Wallace, Eric, Shi Feng, Nikhil Kandpal, Matt Gardner, and Sameer Singh. 2019. “Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLP .” Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07125. Wesolowski, Amy, Nathan Eagle, Abdisalan M. Noor, Robert W . Snow, and Caroline O. Buckee. 2012. “Heterogeneous Mobile Phone Ownership and Usage Patterns in Kenya.” PLoS ONE 7 (4): e35319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone .0035319. Creative reuses of data for greater value \| 149 WHO (World Health Organization). 2008. “The Top 10 Causes of Death.” Fact Sheets (blog), May 24, 2008. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the -top-10-causes-of-death. Williams, Kehinde, Adebayo Peter Idowu, and Emmanuel Olonade. 2015. “Online Road Traffic Accident Monitoring System for Nigeria.” Transactions on Networks and Commu - nications 3 (1): 10–30. https://doi.org/10.14738/tnc.31.589. Wilson, Robin, Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schoenberg, Maximilian Albert, Daniel Power, Simon Tudge, Miguel Gonzalez, Sam Guthrie, et al. 2016. “Rapid and Near Real-Time Assess-ments of Population Displacement Using Mobile Phone Data Following Disasters: The 2015 Nepal Earthquake.” PLoS Currents 8 (February 24). https://doi.org/10.1371 /currents.dis.d073fbece328e4c39087bc086d694b5c . WRI (World Resources Institute). 2019. “Palm Oil Industry to Jointly Develop Radar Monitoring Technology to Detect Deforestation.” Press release, October 31, 2019. https://www.wri.org/news/2019/10/release-palm-oil-industry -jointly-develop-radar-monitoring-technology-detect. Yang, Shihao, Samuel C. Kou, Fred Lu, John S. Brown- stein, Nicholas Brooke, and Mauricio Santillana. 2017. “Advances in Using Internet Searches to Track Dengue.” PLoS Computational Biology 13 (7): e1005607. Yeh, Christopher, Anthony Perez, Anne Driscoll, George Azzari, Zhongyi Tang, David B. Lobell, Stefano Ermon, et al. 2020. “Using Publicly Available Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning to Understand Economic Well-Being in Africa.” Nature Communications 11 (1): 2583. https://doi .org/10.1038/s41467-020-16185-w.	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scholars investigating the gendered histories of science to be asked to explain the relevance of their research by reference to the historically low number of 5 5 Introduction women who have pursued professional careers in STEMM. In her book on African American women mathematicians at NASA, Margot Lee Shetterly reveals that the ‘magnitude of the story’ she wanted to write was questioned, especially in the early stages of research: ‘How many women are we talking about? Five or six?’10 Since the proportion of women was often limited to begin with, the argument usually goes, their contributions to STEMM and the topic itself must also be of little historical consequence. ‘Real’ science, we are told, happened elsewhere, in the laboratory of an Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and, occasionally, Marie Curie. Low numbers, real or imag - ined, are used to justify the exclusion of marginalized groups from historical accounts and the public imagination of science because low numbers are equated with insignificant, unrepresentative contributions. Documenting diversity in science – and the lack thereof – thus becomes a dangerous fad rather than a crucial step towards understanding how knowledge was pro - duced and circulated. This volume suggests that arguments about the low number of women in science are particularly problematic with regard to the twentieth cen - tury. As we discussed above, the last century brought increased opportuni - ties for women’s participation in science, but those developments did not necessarily translate into higher visibility for them as historical actors of science- making, education, institutionalization and communication. On the contrary, with the possible exception of Russia, regions of the world with the highest proportions of women in STEMM – such as Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Arab States, and Central and Eastern Europe – remain poorly documented in the history and historiography of science. At the other end of the spectrum, countries like Japan and India, with notoriously low numbers of women in STEMM, often feature in rel - evant literature in tokenistic ways that remind us of Abha Sur’s cogent point that ‘The twinning [ sic] of exclusion and exoticism continues to be a staple of the recent historiography of science.’11 Biographical dictionaries are emblematic of these trends. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science features primarily scientists from North America, the UK and Western Europe, and only seventeen (out of a total of 2,500) from India,	[ "scholars", "investigating", "the", "gendered", "histories", "of", "science", "to", "be", "asked", "to", "explain", "\n", "the", "relevance", "of", "their", "research", "by", "reference", "to", "the", "historically", "low", "number", "of", " \n", "5", "\n", "5", "\n", "Introduction", "\n", "women", "who", "have", "pursued", "professional", "careers", "in", "STEMM", ".", "In", "her", "book", "on", "\n", "African", "American", "women", "mathematicians", "at", "NASA", ",", "Margot", "Lee", "Shetterly", "\n", "reveals", "that", "the", "‘", "magnitude", "of", "the", "story", "’", "she", "wanted", "to", "write", "was", "questioned", ",", "\n", "especially", "in", "the", "early", "stages", "of", "research", ":", "‘", "How", "many", "women", "are", "we", "talking", "\n", "about", "?", "Five", "or", "six?’10", "Since", "the", "proportion", "of", "women", "was", "often", "limited", "to", "\n", "begin", "with", ",", "the", "argument", "usually", "goes", ",", "their", "contributions", "to", "STEMM", "and", "\n", "the", "topic", "itself", "must", "also", "be", "of", "little", "historical", "consequence", ".", "‘", "Real", "’", "science", ",", "\n", "we", "are", "told", ",", "happened", "elsewhere", ",", "in", "the", "laboratory", "of", "an", "Ernest", "Rutherford", ",", "\n", "Albert", "Einstein", "and", ",", "occasionally", ",", "Marie", "Curie", ".", "Low", "numbers", ",", "real", "or", "imag", "-", "\n", "ined", ",", "are", "used", "to", "justify", "the", "exclusion", "of", "marginalized", "groups", "from", "historical", "\n", "accounts", "and", "the", "public", "imagination", "of", "science", "because", "low", "numbers", "are", "\n", "equated", "with", "insignificant", ",", "unrepresentative", "contributions", ".", "Documenting", "\n", "diversity", "in", "science", "–", " ", "and", "the", "lack", "thereof", "–", " ", "thus", "becomes", "a", "dangerous", "fad", "\n", "rather", "than", "a", "crucial", "step", "towards", "understanding", "how", "knowledge", "was", "pro", "-", "\n", "duced", "and", "circulated", ".", "\n", "This", "volume", "suggests", "that", "arguments", "about", "the", "low", "number", "of", "women", "\n", "in", "science", "are", "particularly", "problematic", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "twentieth", "cen", "-", "\n", "tury", ".", "As", "we", "discussed", "above", ",", "the", "last", "century", "brought", "increased", "opportuni", "-", "\n", "ties", "for", "women", "’s", "participation", "in", "science", ",", "but", "those", "developments", "did", "not", "\n", "necessarily", "translate", "into", "higher", "visibility", "for", "them", "as", "historical", "actors", "of", "\n", "science-", " ", "making", ",", "education", ",", "institutionalization", "and", "communication", ".", "On", "\n", "the", "contrary", ",", "with", "the", "possible", "exception", "of", "Russia", ",", "regions", "of", "the", "world", "\n", "with", "the", "highest", "proportions", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", "–", " ", "such", "as", "Central", "Asia", ",", "\n", "Latin", "America", "and", "the", "Caribbean", ",", "the", "Arab", "States", ",", "and", "Central", "and", "Eastern", "\n", "Europe", "–", " ", "remain", "poorly", "documented", "in", "the", "history", "and", "historiography", "of", "\n", "science", ".", "At", "the", "other", "end", "of", "the", "spectrum", ",", "countries", "like", "Japan", "and", "India", ",", "\n", "with", "notoriously", "low", "numbers", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", ",", "often", "feature", "in", "rel", "-", "\n", "evant", "literature", "in", "tokenistic", "ways", "that", "remind", "us", "of", "Abha", "Sur", "’s", "cogent", "point", "\n", "that", "‘", "The", "twinning", "[", "sic", "]", "of", "exclusion", "and", "exoticism", "continues", "to", "be", "a", "staple", "\n", "of", "the", "recent", "historiography", "of", "science", ".", "’11", "\n", "Biographical", "dictionaries", "are", "emblematic", "of", "these", "trends", ".", "The", "Biographical", "\n", "Dictionary", "of", "Women", "in", "Science", " ", "features", "primarily", "scientists", "from", "North", "\n", "America", ",", "the", "UK", "and", "Western", "Europe", ",", "and", "only", "seventeen", "(", "out", "of", "a", "total", "of", "\n", "2,500", ")", "from", "India", "," ]	[ { "end": 496, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 494 }, { "end": 2347, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2345 } ]
147Ce 0.401* 6 (2) – – – 152Nd 2.243* 71 (6) 63 (7) [ 40]6 3 158Sm 1.279* 74 (12) 74 (6) [ 41]7 4 Fig. 9 Level scheme of108Tc obtained from this work, based on the ones proposed in Refs. [ 43,45]. The half-lives of the isomeric states that were measured in this work are noted in red, and the γ-ray energies are given in blue. The widths of the arrows are proportional to the intensities of the transitions as obtained from our data set. These intensities relative to the 153.9 keV transition are reported below the γ-rays energy Fig. 10 Populating γ-ray energy vs. time difference spectra obtained for different isomeric transitions in108Tc, from the multiple isomers analysis. γ-γcascades from108Tc level scheme are highlighted in red are AL=(100.5±0.2)u and AH=(147.8±0.2)u, respec- tively. As the mass determination is known for exhibiting a slight charge-dependent deviation due to neutron emission [46], these characteristics are consistent with the known level scheme of147Ce from the excited level E∗=401.1k e V 123 5 Page 8 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 [47]. The nuclear charge distribution obtained from the IC (see Sect. 3.2) also supports this identiﬁcation. Interestingly, although this isotope was already observed in the sponta- neous ﬁssion of252Cf [48], no isomeric state was reported. This could be explained by the time resolution of HPGedetectors, which is much worse than for LaBr 3(Ce) detec- tors. This is of particular importance for such a short-lived isomer, as the deduced half-life is T1/2=(6±2)ns. It is noteworthy that for short-lived isomers with a half-life below 10 ns, such as147Ce and137Xe, most of the relevant data was cut out during the analysis, being below the T= 35 ns threshold used to suppress (n,n/prime)events. 3.1.394Rb Theγ-ray spectra we obtained for the isomer in94Rb was consistent with the level scheme proposed in Ref. [ 20], although less precise due to the limited resolving power ofour scintillator array compared to HPGe detectors. We wereable to observe the γ-rays from the main isomer cascade, which are 111-217-339-649-169 keV, as well as the 590 keV line feeding this isomer. However, the time spectra associatedwith these events are in disagreement with the half-lives of the 2.075 and 1.485 MeV levels previously reported. Using the multiple isomers analysis to disentangle the half-lives ofthese levels, we deduced 65 ns and 42 ns instead of 107 ns and 18 ns, respectively. Our data	[ "147Ce", "0.401", "", "6", "(", "2", ")", "–", "–", "–", "\n", "152Nd", "2.243", "", "71", "(", "6", ")", "63", "(", "7", ")", "[", "40]6", "3", "\n", "158Sm", "1.279", "*", "74", "(", "12", ")", "74", "(", "6", ")", "[", "41]7", "4", "\n", "Fig", ".", "9", "Level", "scheme", "of108Tc", "obtained", "from", "this", "work", ",", "based", "on", "the", "\n", "ones", "proposed", "in", "Refs", ".", "[", "43,45", "]", ".", "The", "half", "-", "lives", "of", "the", "isomeric", "states", "that", "\n", "were", "measured", "in", "this", "work", "are", "noted", "in", "red", ",", "and", "the", "γ", "-", "ray", "energies", "are", "\n", "given", "in", "blue", ".", "The", "widths", "of", "the", "arrows", "are", "proportional", "to", "the", "intensities", "\n", "of", "the", "transitions", "as", "obtained", "from", "our", "data", "set", ".", "These", "intensities", "relative", "\n", "to", "the", "153.9", "keV", "transition", "are", "reported", "below", "the", "γ", "-", "rays", "energy", "\n", "Fig", ".", "10", "Populating", "γ", "-", "ray", "energy", "vs.", "time", "difference", "spectra", "obtained", "\n", "for", "different", "isomeric", "transitions", "in108Tc", ",", "from", "the", "multiple", "isomers", "\n", "analysis", ".", "γ", "-", "γcascades", "from108Tc", "level", "scheme", "are", "highlighted", "in", "red", "\n", "are", "AL=(100.5±0.2)u", "and", "AH=(147.8±0.2)u", ",", "respec-", "\n", "tively", ".", "As", "the", "mass", "determination", "is", "known", "for", "exhibiting", "a", "\n", "slight", "charge", "-", "dependent", "deviation", "due", "to", "neutron", "emission", "\n", "[", "46", "]", ",", "these", "characteristics", "are", "consistent", "with", "the", "known", "level", "\n", "scheme", "of147Ce", "from", "the", "excited", "level", "E∗=401.1k", "e", "V", "\n", "123", " ", "5", "Page", "8", "of", "12", "Eur", ".", "Phys", ".", "J.", "A", " ", "(", "2025", ")", "61:5", "\n", "[", "47", "]", ".", "The", "nuclear", "charge", "distribution", "obtained", "from", "the", "IC", "\n", "(", "see", "Sect", ".", "3.2", ")", "also", "supports", "this", "identiﬁcation", ".", "Interestingly", ",", "\n", "although", "this", "isotope", "was", "already", "observed", "in", "the", "sponta-", "\n", "neous", "ﬁssion", "of252Cf", "[", "48", "]", ",", "no", "isomeric", "state", "was", "reported", ".", "\n", "This", "could", "be", "explained", "by", "the", "time", "resolution", "of", "HPGedetectors", ",", "which", "is", "much", "worse", "than", "for", "LaBr", "\n", "3(Ce", ")", "detec-", "\n", "tors", ".", "This", "is", "of", "particular", "importance", "for", "such", "a", "short", "-", "lived", "\n", "isomer", ",", "as", "the", "deduced", "half", "-", "life", "is", "T1/2=(6±2)ns", ".", "\n", "It", "is", "noteworthy", "that", "for", "short", "-", "lived", "isomers", "with", "a", "half", "-", "life", "\n", "below", "10", "ns", ",", "such", "as147Ce", "and137Xe", ",", "most", "of", "the", "relevant", "\n", "data", "was", "cut", "out", "during", "the", "analysis", ",", "being", "below", "the", "T=", "\n", "35", "ns", "threshold", "used", "to", "suppress", "(", "n", ",", "n", "/", "prime)events", ".", "\n", "3.1.394Rb", "\n", "Theγ", "-", "ray", "spectra", "we", "obtained", "for", "the", "isomer", "in94Rb", "was", "\n", "consistent", "with", "the", "level", "scheme", "proposed", "in", "Ref", ".", "[", "20", "]", ",", "\n", "although", "less", "precise", "due", "to", "the", "limited", "resolving", "power", "ofour", "scintillator", "array", "compared", "to", "HPGe", "detectors", ".", "We", "wereable", "to", "observe", "the", "γ", "-", "rays", "from", "the", "main", "isomer", "cascade", ",", "\n", "which", "are", "111", "-", "217", "-", "339", "-", "649", "-", "169", "keV", ",", "as", "well", "as", "the", "590", "keV", "\n", "line", "feeding", "this", "isomer", ".", "However", ",", "the", "time", "spectra", "associatedwith", "these", "events", "are", "in", "disagreement", "with", "the", "half", "-", "lives", "of", "\n", "the", "2.075", "and", "1.485", "MeV", "levels", "previously", "reported", ".", "Using", "\n", "the", "multiple", "isomers", "analysis", "to", "disentangle", "the", "half", "-", "lives", "ofthese", "levels", ",", "we", "deduced", "65", "ns", "and", "42", "ns", "instead", "of", "107", "ns", "and", "\n", "18", "ns", ",", "respectively", ".", "Our", "data" ]	[ { "end": 56, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 54 }, { "end": 93, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 91 }, { "end": 191, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 189 }, { "end": 194, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 192 }, { "end": 907, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 905 }, { "end": 1086, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1084 }, { "end": 1289, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1287 }, { "end": 1896, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1894 } ]
of optical instruments and photographic equipment1.021 3.111 0.905 0.344 0.527 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media 0.816 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors 0.704 0.920 0.624 1.363 0.971 1.418 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulator 2.812 1.823 0.896 0.297 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 2.517 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 1.404 1.495 1.660 0.789 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 0.515 0.718 1.865 1.066 1.413 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment 1.632 0.856 1.173 1.627 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 0.321 1.005 0.931 1.521 1.110 1.112 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 0.569 0.688 0.991 1.205 1.233 1.315 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 0.273 0.295 0.689 1.212 2.169 1.363 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools0.308 1.335 0.999 1.619 1.739 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 0.140 1.233 1.438 0.859 0.904 1.427 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 0.446 0.867 1.560 1.594 0.583 0.950 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles 4.781 0.784 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 0.273 0.954 1.810 1.147 0.381 1.435 31 Manufacture of furniture 0.711 1.786 1.544 1.255 32 Other manufacturing 0.498 0.651 2.299 0.780 0.870 0.901 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies0.223 1.187 0.901 0.658 1.131 1.900 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. 1.142 0.282 2.019 0.364 1.276 0.918 42.2 Construction of utility projects 1.274 0.667 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 4.245 1.320 0.347 43 Specialised construction activities 0.132 2.186 0.941 0.827 1.359 0.555 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 1.415 1.695 0.793 1.036 0.318 0.743 96 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 10 Manufacture of food products 3.526 0.217 0.318 0.837 0.611 0.492 10.5 Manufacture of dairy products 1.726 1.169 11 Manufacture of beverages 3.147 0.185 0.445 0.915 0.769 0.539 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 3.145 2.334 0.154 13 Manufacture of textiles 3.220 0.737 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 2.274 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 4.103 1.081 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork 2.382 2.845 0.773 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products 0.836 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 2.617 1.732 0.755 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 2.909 0.511 1.373 0.359 0.743 20.1 Manufacture of basic chemicals 0.456 1.771 0.853 0.739 1.445 0.736 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 0.664 0.564 0.470 3.479 0.823 20.3 Manufacture of paints 2.069	[ "of", "optical", "instruments", "and", "photographic", "\n", "equipment1.021", "3.111", "0.905", "0.344", "0.527", "\n", "26.8", "Manufacture", "of", "magnetic", "and", "optical", "media", "0.816", "\n", "27.1", "Manufacture", "of", "electric", "motors", "0.704", "0.920", "0.624", "1.363", "0.971", "1.418", "\n", "27.2", "Manufacture", "of", "batteries", "and", "accumulator", "2.812", "1.823", "0.896", "0.297", "\n", "27.3", "Manufacture", "of", "wiring", "and", "wiring", "devices", "2.517", "\n", "27.4", "Manufacture", "of", "electric", "lighting", "equipment", "1.404", "1.495", "1.660", "0.789", "\n", "27.5", "Manufacture", "of", "domestic", "appliances", "0.515", "0.718", "1.865", "1.066", "1.413", "\n", "27.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "electrical", "equipment", "1.632", "0.856", "1.173", "1.627", "\n", "28.1", "Manufacture", "of", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "0.321", "1.005", "0.931", "1.521", "1.110", "1.112", "\n", "28.2", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "0.569", "0.688", "0.991", "1.205", "1.233", "1.315", "\n", "28.3", "Manufacture", "of", "agricultural", "and", "forestry", "machinery", "0.273", "0.295", "0.689", "1.212", "2.169", "1.363", "\n", "28.4Manufacture", "of", "metal", "forming", "machinery", "and", "machine", "\n", "tools0.308", "1.335", "0.999", "1.619", "1.739", "\n", "28.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "special", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "0.140", "1.233", "1.438", "0.859", "0.904", "1.427", "\n", "29.1", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "0.446", "0.867", "1.560", "1.594", "0.583", "0.950", "\n", "29.3", "Manufacture", "of", "parts", "and", "accessories", "for", "motor", "vehicles", "4.781", "0.784", "\n", "30", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "transport", "equipment", "0.273", "0.954", "1.810", "1.147", "0.381", "1.435", "\n", "31", "Manufacture", "of", "furniture", "0.711", "1.786", "1.544", "1.255", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "0.498", "0.651", "2.299", "0.780", "0.870", "0.901", "\n", "32.5Manufacture", "of", "medical", "and", "dental", "instruments", "and", "\n", "supplies0.223", "1.187", "0.901", "0.658", "1.131", "1.900", "\n", "32.9", "Manufacturing", "n.e.c", ".", "1.142", "0.282", "2.019", "0.364", "1.276", "0.918", "\n", "42.2", "Construction", "of", "utility", "projects", "1.274", "0.667", "\n", "42.9", "Construction", "of", "other", "civil", "engineering", "projects", "4.245", "1.320", "0.347", "\n", "43", "Specialised", "construction", "activities", "0.132", "2.186", "0.941", "0.827", "1.359", "0.555", "\n", "62", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "related", "activities", "1.415", "1.695", "0.793", "1.036", "0.318", "0.743", "\n", "96", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n ", "NACE", " ", "Industry", "name", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "10", "Manufacture", "of", "food", "products", "3.526", "0.217", "0.318", "0.837", "0.611", "0.492", "\n", "10.5", "Manufacture", "of", "dairy", "products", "1.726", "1.169", "\n", "11", "Manufacture", "of", "beverages", "3.147", "0.185", "0.445", "0.915", "0.769", "0.539", "\n", "12", "Manufacture", "of", "tobacco", "products", "3.145", "2.334", "0.154", "\n", "13", "Manufacture", "of", "textiles", "3.220", "0.737", "\n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", "2.274", "\n", "15", "Manufacture", "of", "leather", "and", "related", "products", "4.103", "1.081", "\n", "16", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", "2.382", "2.845", "0.773", "\n", "17", "Manufacture", "of", "paper", "and", "paper", "products", "0.836", "\n", "18.1", "Printing", "and", "service", "activities", "related", "to", "printing", "2.617", "1.732", "0.755", "\n", "19", "Manufacture", "of", "coke", "and", "refined", "petroleum", "products", "2.909", "0.511", "1.373", "0.359", "0.743", "\n", "20.1", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "chemicals", "0.456", "1.771", "0.853", "0.739", "1.445", "0.736", "\n", "20.2", "Manufacture", "of", "pesticides", "and", "other", "agrochemical", "products", "0.664", "0.564", "0.470", "3.479", "0.823", "\n", "20.3", "Manufacture", "of", "paints", "2.069" ]	[]
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Sections Figures References Abstract Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Extended data figures and tables Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article Advertisement Fig. 1: Spread of the Great Fear in France in the summer of 1789. Fig. 2: Epidemiological features of the Great Fear. Fig. 3: Spread of the Great Fear depended on demographic and socio-economic conditions. Fig. 4: Spread of the Great Fear depended on socio-economic conditions. Fig. 5: Message spread during the Great Fear in the Soissonnais region. Extended Data Fig. 1 Spatio-temporal evolution of the Great Fear. Extended Data Fig. 2 Spatio-temporal evolution of the road network. Extended Data Fig. 3 Distance and time distributions. Extended Data Fig. 4 Alternative epidemic models. Lefebvre, G. The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France (Princeton Univ. Press, 1983). Del Vicario, M. et al. The spreading of misinformation online. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 554–559 (2016). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. & Starnini, M. The echo chamber effect on social media. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118 , e2023301118 (2021). CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Pastor-Satorras, R., Castellano, C., Van Mieghem, P. & Vespignani, A. Epidemic processes in complex networks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 , 925–979 (2015). ADS MathSciNet Google Scholar Perret, J., Gribaudi, M. & Barthelemy, M. Roads and cities of 18th century France. Sci. Data 2 , 150048 (2015). PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cagé, J. & Piketty, T. Une histoire du conflit politique: Elections et inégalités sociales en France, 1789–2022 (Seuil, 2023). Labrousse, C.-E. Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au 18e siècle (Dalloz, 1933). Markoff, J. Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution (Penn State Press, 2010). Hesse, P.-J. Géographie coutumière et révoltes paysannes en 1789: una hypothèse de travail. Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 51 , 280–306 (1979). Google Scholar Root, H. L. Challenging the seigneurie: community and contention on the eve of the French Revolution. J. Mod. Hist. 57 , 652–681 (1985). Google Scholar Vovelle, M. La Chute de la monarchie (1787–1792) (Seuil, 2014). Zapperi, R. Sieyès et l’abolition de la féodalité en 1789. Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 44 , 321–351 (1972). Google Scholar Parent, A. France after 1789: essay on Elster’s France before 1789. J. Econ. 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Oil, gas, and mining: A sourcebook for understanding the extractives industries . World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/222451496911224999/pdf/Oil-Gas-and-Mining-A-Sourcebook-for-Understanding- the-Extractive-Industries.pdf Daniel, P., Keen, M., & McPherson, C. (Eds.). (2010). The taxation of petroleum and minerals: Principles, problems and practice . Routledge. https://www.international-arbitration- attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/arbitrationlaw1394930.pdf Davis T ax Committee. (2014). First interim report on mining for the Minister of Finance . https://www.taxcom.org.za/docs/20151201%20DTC%20First%20Interim%20Report%20 on%20Mining%20(hard-rock).pdf Davis T ax Committee. (2016). Second and final report on hard-rock mining for the Minister of Finance . 20171113 Second and final hard-rock mining report on website.pdf Department of Petroleum and Energy, Petroleum Division. (2005). Petroleum policy handbook . Government of Papua New Guinea. Ernst & Young. (2019). Global oil and gas tax guide . https://globaltaxnews.ey.com/news/2019- 5677-ey-global-oil-and-gas-tax-guide-2019 Ghana Revenue Authority. (n.d.). Mineral royalties tax. https://gra.gov.gh/portfolio/mineral- royalties-tax/ Hogan, L. & Goldsworthy, B. (2010). International mineral taxation: Experience and issues. In P. Daniel, M. Keen, & C. McPherson (Eds.), The taxation of petroleum and minerals . Routledge. https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/ arbitrationlaw1394930.pdf Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017b). Limiting the impact of excessive interest deductions on mining revenue. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/ oecd/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining/limiting-the-impact-of-excessive-interest- deductions-on-mining-revenue.pdf 73 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersInternational Monetary Fund. (2010a). International tax issues for the resources sector. In The taxation of petroleum and minerals: Principles, problems and practice . International Monetary Fund. (2010b). The taxation of petroleum and minerals: Principles, problems and practice . International Monetary Fund. (2014). Administering fiscal regimes for extractive industries: A handbook . https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781475575170/9781475575170.xml International Monetary Fund. (2017). International taxation and the extractive industries . https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475539660.071 Land (2008). Resource rent taxation: Theory and experience . Conference on taxing natural resources - New challenges and new perspectives, September 25–27, 2008. https://www. imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2008/taxnatural/pdf/land.pdf Lassourd, T., Readhead, A., T arus, V., & Lassourd, T. (2023, June 23). Variable royalties: An answer to volatile mineral prices? In A. Readhead, V. T arus, T. Lassourd, E. Madzivanyika, & B. Schlenther (Eds.). The future of resource taxation: 10 policy ideas to mobilize mining revenues . 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and data source size independent (% change for 2015-2018 over previous period 2011-2014) Change in share of publicationsChange in share of patents Change, weighted average of publications and patents Nanotechnology and materials -13.27% -3.39% -11.40% Health and wellbeing 30.28% 0.03% 18.24% Fundamental physics and mathematics -18.34% -6.19% -17.38% Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery18.18% 3.70% 7.01% ICT and computer science 27.42% 17.74% 25.03% Biotechnology -15.17% 2.87% -8.53% Governance, culture, education and the economy44.99% 20.29% 44.27% Environmental sciences and industries 8.60% -11.43% 3.85% Electric and electronic technologies -4.88% -10.54% -8.00% Energy 10.66% -21.14% -5.87% Chemistry and chemical engineering -27.29% 15.53% -17.43% Optics and photonics -25.31% -11.38% -22.61% Agrifood 25.21% 5.89% 12.24% Transportation 63.04% -2.89% 32.63%Table 3.6. Temporal evolution of S&T domains in the Eastern Partnership region Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation159 scheme for patents. These native classifications are exploited here to further characterise the iden- tified S&T specialisation domains. Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 present the most rele- vant native taxonomies in the original data sourc- es associated with the documents appearing in the respective S&T domain. These tables provide a deeper understanding of the most relevant and distinctive scientific disciplines or technological areas for each domain. Table 3.7 shows, for each domain, the bibliometric categories that appear relatively more frequently in each domain with re- spect to the average in terms of the subject fields adopted by Scopus to categorise scientific publica- tions. Table 3.8 instead reports the top IPC patent classes (by number of records) that categorise the patent families included in the different domains. Top publication subject fields in the S&T specialisation domains Domain ASJC Description No recordsRelative freq. Agrifood1106 Food science 184 260.38% 1108 Horticulture 71 179.75% 1102 Agronomy and crop science 194 173.99% 1110 Plant science 229 146.95% 2716 Genetics (clinical) 84 137.70% Biotechnology1600 General chemistry 2 047 329.32% 1606 Physical and theoretical chemistry 1 037 311.41% 1500 General chemical engineering 968 297.50% 2304 Environmental chemistry 346 184.78% 1303 Biochemistry 976 183.80% Chemistry and chemical engineering1606 Physical and theoretical chemistry 1 319 396.10% 1600 General chemistry 2 209 355.38% 1604 Inorganic chemistry 867 350.30% 1500 General chemical engineering 797 244.95% 1605 Organic chemistry 1 862 211.95% Electric and electronic technologies2102 Energy engineering and power technology 824 190.61% 2104 Nuclear energy and engineering 514 188.69% 2208 Electrical and electronic engineering 2 196 159.04% 1705 Computer networks and communications 601 115.24%	[ "and", "data", "source", "size", "independent", "\n", "(", "%", "change", "for", "2015", "-", "2018", "over", "previous", "period", "2011", "-", "2014", ")", "\n", "Change", "in", "\n", "share", "of", "\n", "publicationsChange", "in", "share", "\n", "of", "patents", "Change", ",", "weighted", "average", "of", "\n", "publications", "and", "patents", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "-13.27", "%", "-3.39", "%", "-11.40", "%", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "30.28", "%", "0.03", "%", "18.24", "%", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "-18.34", "%", "-6.19", "%", "-17.38", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery18.18", "%", "3.70", "%", "7.01", "%", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "27.42", "%", "17.74", "%", "25.03", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "-15.17", "%", "2.87", "%", "-8.53", "%", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy44.99", "%", "20.29", "%", "44.27", "%", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "8.60", "%", "-11.43", "%", "3.85", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "-4.88", "%", "-10.54", "%", "-8.00", "%", "\n", "Energy", "10.66", "%", "-21.14", "%", "-5.87", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "-27.29", "%", "15.53", "%", "-17.43", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "-25.31", "%", "-11.38", "%", "-22.61", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "25.21", "%", "5.89", "%", "12.24", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "63.04", "%", "-2.89", "%", "32.63%Table", "3.6", ".", "Temporal", "evolution", "of", "S&T", "domains", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "region", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation159", "\n", "scheme", "for", "patents", ".", "These", "native", "classifications", "\n", "are", "exploited", "here", "to", "further", "characterise", "the", "iden-", "\n", "tified", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", ".", "\n", "Table", "3.7", "and", "Table", "3.8", "present", "the", "most", "rele-", "\n", "vant", "native", "taxonomies", "in", "the", "original", "data", "sourc-", "\n", "es", "associated", "with", "the", "documents", "appearing", "in", "\n", "the", "respective", "S&T", "domain", ".", "These", "tables", "provide", "\n", "a", "deeper", "understanding", "of", "the", "most", "relevant", "and", "\n", "distinctive", "scientific", "disciplines", "or", "technological", "areas", "for", "each", "domain", ".", "Table", "3.7", "shows", ",", "for", "each", "\n", "domain", ",", "the", "bibliometric", "categories", "that", "appear", "\n", "relatively", "more", "frequently", "in", "each", "domain", "with", "re-", "\n", "spect", "to", "the", "average", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "subject", "fields", "\n", "adopted", "by", "Scopus", "to", "categorise", "scientific", "publica-", "\n", "tions", ".", "Table", "3.8", "instead", "reports", "the", "top", "IPC", "patent", "\n", "classes", "(", "by", "number", "of", "records", ")", "that", "categorise", "the", "\n", "patent", "families", "included", "in", "the", "different", "domains", ".", "\n", "Top", "publication", "subject", "fields", "in", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "Domain", "ASJC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Agrifood1106", "Food", "science", "184", "260.38", "%", "\n", "1108", "Horticulture", "71", "179.75", "%", "\n", "1102", "Agronomy", "and", "crop", "science", "194", "173.99", "%", "\n", "1110", "Plant", "science", "229", "146.95", "%", "\n", "2716", "Genetics", "(", "clinical", ")", "84", "137.70", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology1600", "General", "chemistry", "2", "047", "329.32", "%", "\n", "1606", "Physical", "and", "theoretical", "chemistry", "1", "037", "311.41", "%", "\n", "1500", "General", "chemical", "engineering", "968", "297.50", "%", "\n", "2304", "Environmental", "chemistry", "346", "184.78", "%", "\n", "1303", "Biochemistry", "976", "183.80", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering1606", "Physical", "and", "theoretical", "chemistry", "1", "319", "396.10", "%", "\n", "1600", "General", "chemistry", "2", "209", "355.38", "%", "\n", "1604", "Inorganic", "chemistry", "867", "350.30", "%", "\n", "1500", "General", "chemical", "engineering", "797", "244.95", "%", "\n", "1605", "Organic", "chemistry", "1", "862", "211.95", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologies2102", "Energy", "engineering", "and", "power", "technology", "824", "190.61", "%", "\n", "2104", "Nuclear", "energy", "and", "engineering", "514", "188.69", "%", "\n", "2208", "Electrical", "and", "electronic", "engineering", "2", "196", "159.04", "%", "\n", "1705", "Computer", "networks", "and", "communications", "601", "115.24", "%", "\n" ]	[]
engineering 187 196.84% 2200 General engineering 249 103.25% 2203 Automotive engineering 149 100.00% 162 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Top IPC patent classes in the S&T specialisation domains Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Agrifood A23LFoods, foodstuffs, or non-alcoholic beverages, not covered by subclasses a23b - a23j; their preparation or treatment, cooking, modification of nutritive qualities, physical treatment1 075 810.10% Agrifood A01C Planting; Sowing; fertilising 533 298.32% Agrifood A01D Harvesting; mowing 492 372.73% Agrifood A21DTreatment, e.g. preservation, of flour or dough for baking, e.g. by addition of materials; baking; bakery products; preservation thereof384 298.45% Agrifood A23CDairy products, e.g. milk, butter or cheese; milk or cheese substitutes; making thereof312 480.00% Biotechnology A61K Preparations for medical, dental, or toilet purposes 1 679 368.06% Biotechnology A61PSpecific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations844 259.19% Biotechnology C07D Heterocyclic compounds 625 405.41% Biotechnology G01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties568 144.21% Biotechnology C12NMicroorganisms or enzymes; compositions thereof; propagating, preserving, or maintaining microorganisms; mutation or genetic engineering; culture media468 506.63% Chemistry and chemical engineeringA61K Preparations for medical, dental, or toilet purposes 295 64.67% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC01BNon-metallic elements; compounds thereof; {metalloids or compounds thereof not covered by subclass c01c}189 303.86% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC07D Heterocyclic compounds 184 119.35% Chemistry and chemical engineeringA61PSpecific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations182 55.89% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC07C Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds 159 198.75% Electric and electronic technologiesH03K Pulse technique 546 197.47% Electric and electronic technologiesG01RMeasuring electric variables; measuring magnetic variables533 392.87% Electric and electronic technologiesG01SRadio direction-finding; radio navigation; determining distance or velocity by use of radio waves; locating or presence-detecting by use of the reflection or reradiation of radio waves; analogous arrangements using other waves513 164.78%Table 3.8. Top IPC symbols per number of records associated with the patents classified within each domain, at subclass level Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation163 Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Electric and electronic technologiesG06F Electric digital data processing 445 342.31% Electric and electronic technologiesG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties394 100.04% Energy F03D Wind motors 252 197.39% Energy H02K Dynamo-electric machines 235 190.03% Energy F24HFluid heaters, e.g. water or air heaters, having heat- generating means, e.g. heat pumps, in general172 154.26% Energy G01RMeasuring electric variables; measuring magnetic variables171 126.04% Energy H01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for168 166.52% Environmental	[ "engineering", "187", "196.84", "%", "\n", "2200", "General", "engineering", "249", "103.25", "%", "\n", "2203", "Automotive", "engineering", "149", "100.00", "%", "\n", "162", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Top", "IPC", "patent", "classes", "in", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "Domain", "IPC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Agrifood", "A23LFoods", ",", "foodstuffs", ",", "or", "non", "-", "alcoholic", "beverages", ",", "not", "\n", "covered", "by", "subclasses", "a23b", "-", "a23j", ";", "their", "preparation", "or", "\n", "treatment", ",", "cooking", ",", "modification", "of", "nutritive", "qualities", ",", "\n", "physical", "treatment1", "075", "810.10", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A01C", "Planting", ";", "Sowing", ";", "fertilising", "533", "298.32", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A01D", "Harvesting", ";", "mowing", "492", "372.73", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A21DTreatment", ",", "e.g.", "preservation", ",", "of", "flour", "or", "dough", "for", "baking", ",", "\n", "e.g.", "by", "addition", "of", "materials", ";", "baking", ";", "bakery", "products", ";", "\n", "preservation", "thereof384", "298.45", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A23CDairy", "products", ",", "e.g.", "milk", ",", "butter", "or", "cheese", ";", "milk", "or", "cheese", "\n", "substitutes", ";", "making", "thereof312", "480.00", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "A61", "K", "Preparations", "for", "medical", ",", "dental", ",", "or", "toilet", "purposes", "1", "679", "368.06", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "A61PSpecific", "therapeutic", "activity", "of", "chemical", "compounds", "or", "\n", "medicinal", "preparations844", "259.19", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "C07D", "Heterocyclic", "compounds", "625", "405.41", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "G01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties568", "144.21", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "C12NMicroorganisms", "or", "enzymes", ";", "compositions", "thereof", ";", "\n", "propagating", ",", "preserving", ",", "or", "maintaining", "microorganisms", ";", "\n", "mutation", "or", "genetic", "engineering", ";", "culture", "media468", "506.63", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringA61", "K", "Preparations", "for", "medical", ",", "dental", ",", "or", "toilet", "purposes", "295", "64.67", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC01BNon", "-", "metallic", "elements", ";", "compounds", "thereof", ";", "{", "metalloids", "\n", "or", "compounds", "thereof", "not", "covered", "by", "subclass", "c01c}189", "303.86", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC07D", "Heterocyclic", "compounds", "184", "119.35", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringA61PSpecific", "therapeutic", "activity", "of", "chemical", "compounds", "or", "\n", "medicinal", "preparations182", "55.89", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC07C", "Acyclic", "or", "carbocyclic", "compounds", "159", "198.75", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesH03", "K", "Pulse", "technique", "546", "197.47", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01RMeasuring", "electric", "variables", ";", "measuring", "magnetic", "\n", "variables533", "392.87", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01SRadio", "direction", "-", "finding", ";", "radio", "navigation", ";", "determining", "\n", "distance", "or", "velocity", "by", "use", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "locating", "or", "\n", "presence", "-", "detecting", "by", "use", "of", "the", "reflection", "or", "reradiation", "\n", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "analogous", "arrangements", "using", "other", "\n", "waves513", "164.78%Table", "3.8", ".", "Top", "IPC", "symbols", "per", "number", "of", "records", "associated", "with", "the", "patents", "classified", "within", "each", "domain", ",", "at", "\n", "subclass", "level", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation163", "\n", "Domain", "IPC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG06F", "Electric", "digital", "data", "processing", "445", "342.31", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties394", "100.04", "%", "\n", "Energy", "F03D", "Wind", "motors", "252", "197.39", "%", "\n", "Energy", "H02", "K", "Dynamo", "-", "electric", "machines", "235", "190.03", "%", "\n", "Energy", "F24HFluid", "heaters", ",", "e.g.", "water", "or", "air", "heaters", ",", "having", "heat-", "\n", "generating", "means", ",", "e.g.", "heat", "pumps", ",", "in", "general172", "154.26", "%", "\n", "Energy", "G01RMeasuring", "electric", "variables", ";", "measuring", "magnetic", "\n", "variables171", "126.04", "%", "\n", "Energy", "H01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for168", "166.52", "%", "\n", "Environmental", "\n" ]	[]
3.472 0.417 0.730 0.394 0.831 0.407 0.967 NACE 60, 63 – Transport and storage0.243 0.324 2.707 2.782 0.497 0.452 0.618 0.692 1.105 1.012 0.830 0.738 NACE 67 – Financial intermediation0.262 0.262 1.691 0.000 0.536 0.930 1.575 2.007 0.740 1.298 1.196 1.503 NACE 72, 73 – Computer-related activity, research and development1.107 0.335 1.145 2.299 1.359 1.385 0.394 0.464 0.731 0.591 1.264 0.925Table 2.36. Trademark specialisations for a number of combined manufacturing industries sign Database46. Industrial designs are classified into 32 classes using the Locarno Classification. The full list is shown in Annex 6. Industrial design data by Locarno class are also used in mapping the 46 Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control.technological potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. The same industrial design data cannot be used for NACE industries as an official Locarno to NACE concordance does not exist. A Spanish Lo- carno to NICE concordance47 shows that the level of NACE detail is much higher than the correspond- 47 https://www.oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/docu- mentos_relacionados/varios_todas_modalidades/Con- cordancia_CNAE_LOCARNO.pdf Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation101 ing level of Locarno detail, implying that a reversed concordance is not feasible as an industrial design could be allocated to multiple NACE industries. The industrial design data will not be used to map the innovation potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. Design applications for the different Lo- carno classes and for two time periods are shown in Table 2.37. The distribution is highly skewed with low numbers for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, higher numbers for Moldova and much higher numbers for Ukraine. 3.5. Start-ups and venture capi- tal-backed companies It is now well understood that start-up companies are key in job creation48 and as a driving force in local innovation and consequent economic devel- opment49. To mitigate the lack of national data on innovation potential, we resorted to Crunchba- se50, one of the world’s leading data sources for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies51. Crunchbase compiles data on companies’ industri- al sectors, revenue, acquisition, funding and more via crowdsourcing. This allows for a considerable degree of accuracy, but it also represents a pos- sible shortcoming of the source itself: since it is based on bottom-up initiatives to populate its database,	[ "3.472", "0.417", "0.730", "0.394", "0.831", "0.407", "0.967", "\n", "NACE", "60", ",", "63", "–", "\n", "Transport", "and", "storage0.243", "0.324", "2.707", "2.782", "0.497", "0.452", "0.618", "0.692", "1.105", "1.012", "0.830", "0.738", "\n", "NACE", "67", "–", "Financial", "\n", "intermediation0.262", "0.262", "1.691", "0.000", "0.536", "0.930", "1.575", "2.007", "0.740", "1.298", "1.196", "1.503", "\n", "NACE", "72", ",", "73", "–", "\n", "Computer", "-", "related", "\n", "activity", ",", "research", "and", "\n", "development1.107", "0.335", "1.145", "2.299", "1.359", "1.385", "0.394", "0.464", "0.731", "0.591", "1.264", "0.925Table", "2.36", ".", "Trademark", "specialisations", "for", "a", "number", "of", "combined", "manufacturing", "industries", "\n", "sign", "Database46", ".", 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"official", "Locarno", "\n", "to", "NACE", "concordance", "does", "not", "exist", ".", "A", "Spanish", "Lo-", "\n", "carno", "to", "NICE", "concordance47", "shows", "that", "the", "level", "\n", "of", "NACE", "detail", "is", "much", "higher", "than", "the", "correspond-", "\n", "47", "https://www.oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/docu-", "\n", "mentos_relacionados", "/", "varios_todas_modalidades", "/", "Con-", "\n", "cordancia_CNAE_LOCARNO.pdf", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation101", "\n", "ing", "level", "of", "Locarno", "detail", ",", "implying", "that", "a", "reversed", "\n", "concordance", "is", "not", "feasible", "as", "an", "industrial", "design", "\n", "could", "be", "allocated", "to", "multiple", "NACE", "industries", ".", "\n", "The", "industrial", "design", "data", "will", "not", "be", "used", "to", "map", "\n", "the", "innovation", "potential", "of", 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2193 }, { "end": 2279, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2277 }, { "end": 2469, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2467 }, { "end": 2374, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2372 } ]
and nuts (not including oil nuts), fresh or dried X 8.5% X 8.5% 058Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) X 0.3% 059Fruit juices (including grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added spirit, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matterX 1.7% X 1.7% 061 Sugars, molasses and honey X 1.7% 062 Sugar confectionery X 0.2% 073Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. X 0.3% 1 Beverages and tobacco 111 Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. X 0.2% 112 Alcoholic beverages X 8.1% 122Tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) X 0.6%Table 2.19. Goods export specialisation for Moldova 72 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 211 Hides and skins (except furskins), raw X 0.2% 222Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits of a kind used for the extrac¬tion of ‘soft’ fixed vegetable oils (excluding flours and meals)X 8.1% X 8.1% 273 Stone, sand and gravel X 0.5% X 0.5% 288 Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. X 0.7% X 0.7% 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 334Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s., containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils X 0.5% 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) X 3.6% 551 Essential oils, perfume and flavour materials X 0.1% 554 Soap, cleansing and polishing preparations X 0.5% X 0.5% 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 651 Textile yarn X 0.2% 654 Other textile fabrics, woven X 0.3% X 0.3% 655Knitted or crocheted fabrics (including tubular knit fabrics, n.e.s., pile fabrics and openwork fabrics), n.e.s.X 0.6% 658 Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. X 0.7% X 0.7% 659 Floor coverings, etc. X 0.9% 665 Glassware X 1.6% 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X 0.8% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation73 SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 7 Machinery and transport equipment 741 Heating and cooling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. 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OOF financing would underestimate the international effort to help overcome the crisis and would not give a global picture of the events. ## Figure 3.1. Official development finance to Kenya, by component, 2016-2023 USD million commitments, 2023 prices <!-- image --> Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. As of 2023, private sector instruments (PSI) are presented as a distinct category in the CRS, whereas in previous years these activities were included within ODA and OOF. Source: OECD (2023[46]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (Database), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1. As shown in Figure 3.2, the intern ational community's overall official assistance to Kenya in this period continued to prioritise economic infrastructure support, which received 26% of total ODF over the period in the analysis, followed by social infrastructure and services (25%). Assistance to health and reproductive health increased markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic, up by 144% in 2020 and then again by 10% in 2021. While ODF increased significantly in 2020, reaching USD 7.2 billion overall, it went back down to prepandemic levels in 2021 (USD 4 billion), with providers deprioritising certain areas, particularly within the economic infrastructure sector, including transport and storage, as well as banking and financial services. The production sector also witnessed a decrease, due to a deprioritisation of agriculture-related support. ## Figure 3.2. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023 <!-- image --> Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. ' Social infrastructure and services includes education, population ' policies, governance, and water and sanitation. Economic infrastructure includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial ' ' services, and business. Other sectors includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling. ' ' Source: OECD (2025[47]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (Database), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1. ## 3.2. International co-operation during Kenya's COVID-19 response Development cooperation played a major role in supporting Kenya's COVID -19 response, particularly covering its health response, including strengthening the health systems, vaccine deployment, and supporting the socioeconomic recovery of Kenya's economy. The international community's COVID -19-related assistance commitments to Kenya in 2020-22 amounted to USD 1.2 billion, equivalent to almost 8% of the total assistance committed to the country over this period. Two-thirds of COVID-19-related assistance to Kenya comprised ODA flows (61% in grants and 8% in concessional loans), and the remaining third was delivered as non-concessional loans.  ## Figure 3.3. 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work, these parameters are evaluated using IEC 61951-2:2017 [5], the standard used as a basis for the ongoing work in WG 08. It is observed that the performance of the tested commercial portable NiMH batteries generally complies with the performance and durability requirements in the current IEC 61951-2 standard. The capacity test is developed to charge batteries for long periods, sacrificing columbic and energy efficiency. This method is looking at the maximum discharge output that a battery can provide under a constant load. However, as suggested in Figure 2, NiMH batteries can be charged for shorter periods (e.g., 8 h charge) to increase the electrical efficiency of the system (e.g., to >90% columbic efficiency), thus reducing electrical energy consumption. However, it is possible that reducing battery charging time may affect the rated capacity of the battery. This requires further analysis. In terms of the analysis of capacity, we observed that for the analyzed batteries, using two cycles is sufficient to reach the rated capacity of the battery (see Figure 7), whereas IEC 61951-2 allows cycling up to 5 times for checking the declared capacity of the battery. Nevertheless, it is not possible to guarantee that any NiMH battery can pass the rate capacity test with two or five cycles; based on our observations, one cycle is not enough to pass the rated capacity test. Capacity increases after the first cycle may be related to the easier access of NaOH to the electrode’s surface after the first cycle. Initially the NaOH is not able to reach all areas inside the cell, and this can show less capacity. In the case of the charge (capacity) retention of portable NiMH batteries, it is observed that the batteries can provide up to 90% of the declared capacity (see Figure 8), and in all cases, the discharge time is longer than 4 h (above the IEC requirement of 3 h). This increase could be achieved thanks to new materials (e.g., better AB composites) and better construction of NiMH batteries that can provide less self-discharge [ 38]. It is important to note that the standard refers to this as a “charge (capacity) retention” test, but this terminology can be misleading. What is actually being measured is the amount of charge still available after storage, rather than the battery’s ability to retain its full initial capacity. 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military invasion of the Gaza Strip in the State of Palestine, in response to the Hamas-led militant groups’ attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, has led to the systematic destruction of Gaza’s education system, described as a ‘scholasticide’ by the UN Special Rapporteurs, leaving over 625,000 students without access to education (United Nations, 2024). As of July 2024, 61% of schools in Gaza had been directly hit, including 110 of the 187 schools run by the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) (Occupied Palestinian Territory Education Cluster, 2024). A study using satellite imagery found that 85% of schools would need either full reconstruction or major rehabilitation work to be functional again (Occupied Palestinian Territory Education Cluster, 2024). At least 320 schools have been used as shelters for displaced Gazans, over half of which were also hit by military strikes (Stack and Shbair, 2024). As of the end of August 2024, it was estimated that 9,839 students and 411 teachers had been killed, while another 15,394 students and 2,411 teachers had been injured (OCHA, 2024). All 12 universities in Gaza have been bombed and either wholly or partly destroyed, halting studies for about 90,000 Palestinians (Desai, 2024). Campuses were occupied by military forces and used as shelters (Stack and Shbair, 2024). Numerous cultural and educational centres such as libraries, museums, publishing houses, bookstores, heritage sites and archival storage have been damaged or destroyed (OHCHR, 2024). These attacks have harmed an education sector that was already suffering from a severe lack of resources. In 2023, over 70% of UNRWA schools in Gaza operated on double or triple shifts, and most classes had over 40 students. School buildings were often old and dilapidated, and ongoing conflict had already caused considerable damage to the education infrastructure. The blockade of Gaza had restricted the entry of construction materials, education supplies and learning materials (UNRWA, 2023). The impact of these attacks on education will be long-lasting. Students have already experienced a long gap in their education. Over 1 million children in Gaza are in need of psychosocial support, as are teachers (Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge et al., 2024). Some children attempt to continue studying through homeschooling or thanks to makeshift schoolhouses in camps and volunteer teachers (Stack and Shbair, 2024). 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rules were viewed as being restrictive to new investment, other factors—such as the lack of new major mineral discoveries, the decline in the global gold industry, and the political instability that preceded South Africa’s independence—also might have encouraged disinvestment. PNG In 2002, when mineral prices were near record lows, PNG’s mining fiscal regime was reviewed with the intention of attracting investment. The PNG Income T ax Act was amended to introduce relaxation rules for ring-fencing. Specifically, PNG allowed a tax deduction of up to 25% of allowable exploration expenditures undertaken outside the producing mine.16 Other changes include more attractive accelerated depreciation arrangements and the elimination of loss carry forward time limits (Hogan & Goldsworthy, 2010). Neither South Africa nor PNG saw fit to suspend their ring-fencing rules. Instead, they modified them to rebalance the policy objectives of securing early revenues, protecting their tax base on the one hand, and attracting and maintaining mining investment on the other. 16 See, for example, Department of Petroleum and Energy, Petroleum Division (2005).Photo: Raina Hattingh3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 21 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.2.2 Ring-Fencing May Make It Harder for an Investor to Attract Capital Mining is a highly capital-intensive industry. As such, significant upfront finance during the exploration and development phases and additional funding throughout the mine’s life are required to maintain operations and fund expansions. Mining investors may look to raise funds through debt or equity, depending on the stage and risk profile of the project, as well as the creditworthiness of the taxpayer (IGF & OECD, 2017b). A good cashflow position and lower tax costs can enhance the after-tax profitability—and thus creditworthiness—of a specific project and can also make it more attractive for equity investment. Ring-fencing rules may have a negative impact on this fundraising capability since they may accelerate tax payments. 3.2.3 Under Ring-Fencing, Mining Investors May Register Permanent Losses Mining typically requires substantial upfront expenditures during the exploration and development phases, as well as additional investments throughout the mine’s life to maintain operations and fund expansions (IGF & OECD, 2017a, p. 17). Exploration and development expenditures, including additional investments, can be costly. 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a symbol of the Common Ground project s core aim: to ' create a space where every participant -human, plant, soil and spirit -is coresponsible for the whole belonging. Through this collective and emotional process we became more aware that challenging coloniality and intergenerational trauma and seeking collective healing require articulating a political ecology. A political ecology recognizes the imperative to address the wounding inflicted upon the human and the more-than-human through systemic transformation. ## Conclusive Remarks: Healing as a Collective, Collaborative and Co-creative Practice This chapter has proposed an approach and application of collective healing as an inclusive practice that draws on intercultural, intergenerational and interspecies collaboration. By extending learning and collaborating to the more-than-human, and recognizing our entangled lives within ecosystems, this approach offers a pathway to resist the oppressive forces that underpin modern systems of exploitation and exclusion. The project s emphasis on an intercultural, intergenerational ' and interspecies dialogue was especially evident in the process of creating Flag -a hands-on, sensory engagement with both the traumas and hopes of human and non-human communities that explored the always under-creation beauty of coexistence. ## Weaving Artistic and Co-Creative Processes into the CHC Approach	[ "a", "symbol", "of", "the", "Common", "Ground", "project", "s", "core", "aim", ":", "to", "'", "create", "a", "space", "where", "every", "participant", "-human", ",", "plant", ",", "soil", "and", "spirit", "-is", "coresponsible", "for", "the", "whole", "belonging", ".", "Through", "this", "collective", "and", "emotional", "process", "we", "became", "more", "aware", "that", "challenging", "coloniality", "and", "intergenerational", "trauma", "and", "seeking", "collective", "healing", "require", "articulating", "a", "political", "ecology", ".", "A", "political", "ecology", "recognizes", "the", "imperative", "to", "address", "the", "wounding", "inflicted", "upon", "the", "human", "and", "the", "more", "-", "than", "-", "human", "through", "systemic", "transformation", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Conclusive", "Remarks", ":", "Healing", "as", "a", "Collective", ",", "Collaborative", "and", "Co", "-", "creative", "Practice", "\n\n", "This", "chapter", "has", "proposed", "an", "approach", "and", "application", "of", "collective", "healing", "as", "an", "inclusive", "practice", "that", "draws", "on", "intercultural", ",", "intergenerational", "and", "interspecies", "collaboration", ".", "By", "extending", "learning", "and", "collaborating", "to", "the", "more", "-", "than", "-", "human", ",", "and", "recognizing", "our", "entangled", "lives", "within", "ecosystems", ",", "this", "approach", "offers", "a", "pathway", "to", "resist", "the", "oppressive", "forces", "that", "underpin", "modern", "systems", "of", "exploitation", "and", "exclusion", ".", "The", "project", "s", "emphasis", "on", "an", "intercultural", ",", "intergenerational", "'", "and", "interspecies", "dialogue", "was", "especially", "evident", "in", "the", "process", "of", "creating", "Flag", "-a", "hands", "-", "on", ",", "sensory", "engagement", "with", "both", "the", "traumas", "and", "hopes", "of", "human", "and", "non", "-", "human", "communities", "that", "explored", "the", "always", "under", "-", "creation", "beauty", "of", "coexistence", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Weaving", "Artistic", "and", "Co", "-", "Creative", "Processes", "into", "the", "CHC", "Approach" ]	[]
: * ------ * box : mesh contained in the box -------------------------------------------------- x = coor 1 m; 155 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 sx = x POIN COMP x1 x2; y = coor 2 sx; sy = y POIN COMP y1 y2; z = coor 3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d31_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d31.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d31.epx SC3D31 ECHO CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP GROU 2 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM 'pcub' LECT cube TERM COND APPU LARG LECT cub1 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. 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is converted into monomers or other basic chemicals, through depolymerisation (via e.g. methanolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis, etc.), solvent -based processes (via e.g. dissolution or precipitation) or thermal processes (via e.g. pyrolys is or gasification). 9 Mechanical recycling refers to a process where plastic waste is physically broken down into smaller pieces, melted and then reformed into new plastic products without changing the chemical structure of the plastic . 9 2 Methodology 2.1 Overview of goals of the analysis The MFA models developed for this study aim at detailing plastic mass flows ( either expressed as megatonnes [Mt] or kilotonnes [kt ]) along the main steps of the value chain of plastics. A “plastic flow ” is here defined as a single flow at sector level (e.g., in the case of the Packaging sector , a “packaging plastic flow” stands for a general plastic flow for the “packaging” sector). Plastic flows might be composed of several polymers. A “polymer flow ” is instead defined as a flow expressed directly at the level of specific polymers (e.g., in the case of the packaging sector, a “LDPE packaging plastic flow” stands for specifically a polymer flow for the “packaging” sector). On the MFA analysis, the key methodological approaches are presented in the following Sections: • Section 2.4.1 – Overview of the logic of the sector -specific model s, including the system boundar ies and main assumptions . Sector -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of plastic sectors ; • Section 2.4.2 – Overview of the approach of the polymer -specific model s, including its main assumptions . Polymers -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of polymers ; • Section 2.4.3 – Overview of the logic of the product -specific model s. Product -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of polymers for a given plastic product in a given plastic . Sankey diagrams visualizations (generated via an ad-hoc tool developed at the JRC) were employed for the sector -specific, polymer -specific and product -specific MFAs presented in the report (Section 2.4.1 ; Section 2.4.2 ; Section 2.4.3 ). 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relationships with those who could help solve local problems. The basti had no public services or infrastructure. Houses were being built on publicly owned land not designated for housing in the Delhi Plan - no electricity, no paved roads, no drainage, no water or sanitation. Mahesh points above our heads where a signboard hangs. Proudly, he announces that he is a senior party worker for the ward councillor, the signboard displaying the logo and name of the party. Not only does he have connections with the councillor but also with the members of the Legislative Assembly and through them the members of Parliament. He is a key bridge between politicians and residents, working to ensure that the community's voice is heard. He tells us how he arranges for water tankers to come to the colony every day, and as a senior party worker, has had his councillor's name displayed on the side of the water tankers. This allows residents to recognise him and possibly vote for him in the future. At this point, a woman tries to enter the room but is ushered away. Mahesh tells us that he is helping her to obtain different documents to gain her ration card. This he does frequently as he knows the process and how to complete the documents needed in a timely and efficient manner. He stands up as he wants to show us the community from his rooftop. We climb the cement stairway so we can look out at the rich tapestry of the colony, which now sprawls over an area of just under 2 km . It is home to around 30,000 people with 2 a population density three times that of New York. Mahesh points to the garbage skips, the water tankers, the entrepreneurial street vendors selling from their hand carts, people going about their daily lives, 'this' he says 'shows our neighbourhood flourishing, coming together to solve problems, creating better lives for each other through community solutions'. He pauses, 'this' he says 'fills my heart with pride. I was here at the start. I have been a part of this success, and I will continue to be so as long as I live'. The seminal work in the area of slum governance was undertaken in Latin American cities ( Ray, 1969, Caracas, Venezuela; Cornelius, 1975, Mexico City, Mexico; Perlman, 1976, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Stokes, 1995, Lima, Peru).	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Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique to nearly 100% in several European and Latin American countries ( Figure 15.5). The proposed indicator measures coverage by the number of children in a level of education who receive school meals divided by total enrolment at that level. However, data for this indicator do not come from individual schools or students but from school meals programmes, which are mostly government-led and government-funded and tend to only target students in public institutions (WFP, 2023). The Gambia, for example, has a targeted school meals programme that provides a hot mid-morning meal to children enrolled in public schools in the country’s most vulnerable regions. In 2022, about 180,000 children in primary education were fed, which corresponds to a coverage of 47% of total enrolment at that level. But one third of primary school students in the Gambia are enrolled in private institutions, and therefore not eligible for the school meals programme. If only public school students are considered, the corresponding coverage is 70% ( Figure 15.6). FOCUS 15.1. SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE MUST ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change and education are interlinked: climate change disrupts education while education is key to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts (UNESCO and MECCE, 2024). An important dimension of this mutual relationship is the physical infrastructure of school buildings. Schools must limit their impact on the environment as well as the impact of the changing environment on them. Schools are a major source of energy and water consumption. In France, schools top the list of energy-consuming municipal public buildings, accounting for 30% of all energy (France Ministry of National Education and Youth, 2023). In the United States, public schools alone occupy 2 million acres of land. They are responsible for 53,000 tons of food waste and operate 480,000 school buses (Bauld, 2021). UNESCO’s Greening Every Learning Environment project provides a quality standard for greening schools that integrates sustainability principles and climate action across four core areas, one of which is facilities and operation. The publication sets out several examples of low to high resource-intensive steps that can help schools reduce energy and water consumption. These include the development of rainwater harvesting, composting systems, and the regular maintenance of heating and ventilation systems (UNESCO, 2024). Minimizing the environmental impact of schools’ infrastructure must go hand-in-hand with increasing their resilience to the consequences of climate change. 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in Petten, NL, and for this research, we used the following equipment:  Three Maccor battery cyclers with the following capabilities:  Series 4000 with 32 channels rated 20 A @ −2/+8 V, and 32 T-Type thermocouple inputs.  Series 4000 M with 48 channels rated 5 A @ −2/+8 V, and 32 T-Type thermocouple inputs.  Series 4000 M with 16 channels rated 25 A @ 0–18 V, and 16 T-Type thermocou- ple inputs. Figure 1. Experimental facilities at JRC Petten, The Netherlands: (a) Maccor battery cycler with BIA temperature chambers; (b) Maccor battery cycler with a Vötsch temperature chamber.  Three BIA MTH 4.46 units (see Figure 1a), each composed of four independent and identical temperature chambers with a temperature control range between −40 °C Figure 1. Experimental facilities at JRC Petten, The Netherlands: ( a) Maccor battery cycler with BIA temperature chambers; ( b) Maccor battery cycler with a Vötsch temperature chamber. Table 2. Batteries from JRC database. ManufacturerCommon DesignationRated Capacity mAhType Energyzer AA 2500 NiMH GP AA 2100 NiMH Duracell AA 2500 NiMH Soshine AA 2700 NiMH Duracell AAA 900 NiMH Tronic AAA 1000 NiMH GP AAA 650 NiMH Duracell AAA 750 NiMH Duracell C 3000 NiMH GP C 3000 NiMH Energizer C 2500 NiMH Energizer D 2500 NiMH Duracell D 3000 NiMH Phillips D 3000 NiMH Energizer 9V 175 NiMH Agfaphoto AA 2300 NiMH Ansmann C 4500 NiMH RS pro D 10000 NiMH Agfaphoto AAA 900 NiMH Varta C 3000 NiMH GP D 5700 NiMHBatteries 2025 ,11, 30 5 of 20 Table 2. Cont. ManufacturerCommon DesignationRated Capacity mAh Type Duracell 9V 170 NiMH Energizer AAA 700 NiMH Energizer AA N/A Alkaline primary Duracell 9V N/A Alkaline primary Varta AAA N/A Alkaline primary Duracell Plus C N/A Alkaline primary Energizer D N/A Alkaline primary 3. Capacity Analysis of Portable NiMH Batteries The analysis of the capacity is divided into three parts: first, an analysis of the charging profile; second, an analysis of discharge profile characteristics; and third, an analysis of the capacity protocols for portable NiMH batteries in IEC-61951-2. 3.1. Charge Analysis of Portable NiMH Batteries There are three commonly used criteria for ending the charging of portable NiMH batteries denoted as temperature difference, time detection, and negative delta voltage [ 31]. 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The leap to equality 2002 Education for All: Is the world on track? ## Contents \| Short summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \| . . .v \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\| \| Forewords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \| . vii \| \| Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \| . . .x \| \| Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \| . xiii \| \| List of figures, tables and boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	[ "The", "leap", "to", "equality", "\n\n", "2002", "\n\n", "Education", "for", "All", ":", "Is", "the", "world", "on", "track", "?", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Contents", "\n\n", "\|", "Short", "summary", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", " ", "\|", ".", ".", ".v", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\|", "\n", "\|", "Forewords", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", " ", "\|", ".", "vii", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Acknowledgements", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", " ", "\|", ".", ".", ".x", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Contents", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", " ", "\|", ".", "xiii", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "List", "of", "figures", ",", "tables", "and", "boxes", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", " " ]	[]
19.1 8₋₂ … 2₋₂ … 28 25₋₁ 9 8₋₁ … 73 87 100₋₂ 88 100₋₂ 79 100₋₂ 3.6 3.9₋₁ 21.5₋₁ 21.9₊₁ DOM Ecuador 98ᵢ 94₋₁ᵢ 1 9 3 4 23 20 95 99 85 95 65 75 6.1 7.8 24₋₂ … 14₋₂ … … … … … 76₊₁ 79 … 90 … 80 … 75 5.1 3.9 11.6 9.7 ECU El Salvador 86 80 9 16 9 23 30 46 88 93 65 72 34 35 4.2 7.5 … … … … … 28₋₁ … 11₋₁ … … 96 98 93 97 90 93 3.9 3.2 17.2 12.0₋₂ SLV Grenada 78 49₋₁ᵢ 0.5 0.3 1 - 6 0.2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₋₁ 64 60₋₁ 42 … 42 … 4.2 3.9₋₁ 9.9 14.5₊₁ GRD Guatemala 81 86 11 9 28 35 58 67 78 86 48 57 33 39 -0.5 0.9 19₋₂ … 9₋₂ … … 32₋₁ … 13₋₁ 59₊₁ … … … … … … … 3.0 3.2 20.4 18.9₋₁ GTM Guyana … 83 4 10 13 18 36 33 98 99 86 90 60 69 13.2 14.8 … … … … … … … … … … 77 66 … … … … 3.9 … 17.9 … GUY Haiti … … 7 8 4 8 24 20 41 49 32 39 15 19 -0.2 2.3 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1.9 1.3₋₁ 14.6 10.3₊₁ HTI Honduras 70 65 18 18 34 38 53 59 86 92 58 69 44 51 9.1 9.9 16₋₂ … 7₋₂ … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6.4 4.0 24.6 15.4 HND Jamaica … 93 12 29 15 26 26 22 99 99 96 98 93 95 3.0 2.2 … … … … … 50₋₁ … 26₋₁ 100₊₁ 56 93 95 … … … … 5.5 5.7 20.1 16.9₋₁ JAM Mexico … 98₋₁ᵢ 1 3 6 10 29 31 97 98 85 89 50 58 3.0 4.5 43₋₂ … 45₋₂ … 58 53₋₁ 43 34₋₁ 51₊₁ 53₋₂ 84 91₋₂ … … … … 5.1 4.2₋₂ 19.0 15.9₋₂ MEX Montserrat 85 88₋₃ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₊₁ … 72₋₁ … … … … … 6.0 7.6₋₁	[ "19.1", "8₋₂", "…", "2₋₂", "…", "28", "25₋₁", "9", "8₋₁", "…", "73", "87", "100₋₂", "88", "100₋₂", "79", "100₋₂", "3.6", "3.9₋₁", "21.5₋₁", "21.9₊₁", "DOM", "\n", "Ecuador", "98ᵢ", "94₋₁ᵢ", "1", "9", "3", "4", "23", "20", "95", "99", "85", "95", "65", "75", "6.1", "7.8", "24₋₂", "…", "14₋₂", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "76₊₁", "79", "…", "90", "…", "80", "…", "75", "5.1", "3.9", "11.6", "9.7", "ECU", "\n", "El", "Salvador", "86", "80", "9", "16", "9", "23", "30", "46", "88", "93", "65", "72", "34", "35", "4.2", "7.5", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "28₋₁", "…", "11₋₁", "…", "…", "96", "98", "93", "97", "90", "93", "3.9", "3.2", "17.2", "12.0₋₂", "SLV", "\n", "Grenada", "78", "49₋₁ᵢ", "0.5", "0.3", "1", "-", "6", "0.2", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "100₋₁", "64", "60₋₁", "42", "…", "42", "…", "4.2", "3.9₋₁", "9.9", "14.5₊₁", "GRD", "\n", "Guatemala", "81", "86", "11", "9", "28", "35", "58", "67", "78", "86", "48", "57", "33", "39", "-0.5", "0.9", "19₋₂", "…", "9₋₂", "…", "…", "32₋₁", "…", "13₋₁", "59₊₁", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "3.0", "3.2", "20.4", "18.9₋₁", "GTM", "\n", "Guyana", "…", "83", "4", "10", "13", "18", "36", "33", "98", "99", "86", "90", "60", "69", "13.2", "14.8", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "77", "66", "…", "…", "…", "…", "3.9", "…", "17.9", "…", "GUY", "\n", "Haiti", "…", "…", "7", "8", "4", "8", "24", "20", "41", "49", "32", "39", "15", "19", "-0.2", "2.3", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "1.9", "1.3₋₁", "14.6", "10.3₊₁", "HTI", "\n", "Honduras", "70", "65", "18", "18", "34", "38", "53", "59", "86", "92", "58", "69", "44", "51", "9.1", "9.9", "16₋₂", "…", "7₋₂", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "6.4", "4.0", "24.6", "15.4", "HND", "\n", "Jamaica", "…", "93", "12", "29", "15", "26", "26", "22", "99", "99", "96", "98", "93", "95", "3.0", "2.2", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "50₋₁", "…", "26₋₁", "100₊₁", "56", "93", "95", "…", "…", "…", "…", "5.5", "5.7", "20.1", "16.9₋₁", "JAM", "\n", "Mexico", "…", "98₋₁ᵢ", "1", "3", "6", "10", "29", "31", "97", "98", "85", "89", "50", "58", "3.0", "4.5", "43₋₂", "…", "45₋₂", "…", "58", "53₋₁", "43", "34₋₁", "51₊₁", "53₋₂", "84", "91₋₂", "…", "…", "…", "…", "5.1", "4.2₋₂", "19.0", "15.9₋₂", "MEX", "\n", "Montserrat", "85", "88₋₃", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "100₊₁", "…", "72₋₁", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "6.0", "7.6₋₁" ]	[]
■average relative share of the total output for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for output for two time periods – between 2012 and 2015, and between 2014 and 2017. Degrees of specialisation have been calculated relative to the unweighted average of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Spe- cialised industries with critical mass are iden- tified as those industries for which the degree of specialisation and relative size for both the number of employees and turnover are above the thresholds for at least 5 out of 6 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.8. Emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisa- tion and relative size are identified as those in- dustries for which the change in the degree of Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation57 specialisation for both the number of employ- ees and output are above the thresholds shown in the last column in Table 2.8. To identify current strengths for both the number of employees and output, the same minimum relative size of 0.1% has been used for each country, and for the degree of specialisation a minimum location quotient of 1.25 (which is lower than the 1.5 used in Section Current strengths Emerging strengths Degree of specialisationRelative size Change in degree of specialisation Armenia > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Azerbaijan > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Georgia > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Moldova > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Ukraine > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0Table 2.8. Thresholds used to identify economic specialisations in Manufacturing2.1). For changes over time, for both the number of employees and output, changes in both degrees of specialisation have to be positive for both time periods for all countries. Results for all five countries are shown in Annex 2. Next, we discuss the results for each of the coun- tries individually. 58 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Armenia Results of the economic mapping for Armenia are shown in Table 2.9. 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Full text \| \| Codina-Filba J.; Bouayad-Agha N.; Burga A.; Casamayor G.; Mille S.; Muller A.; Saggion H.; Wanner L.. Using genre-specific features for patent summaries. Information processing & management 2017; 53(1): 151-174. Publication link Full text \| \| Espinosa-Anke L.; Oramas S.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. ELMDist: A Vector Space Model with Words and MusicBrainz Entities. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2017; 10577 LNCS(0): 355-366. Full text \| \| Ferres D.; AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. Spanish morphological generation with wide-coverage lexicons and decision trees. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2017; 58: 109-116. Full text \| \| Saggion H.; Ronzano F.; Accuosto P.; Ferres D.. MultiScien: A bi-lingual natural language processing system for mining and enrichment of scientific collections. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2017; 1888: 26-40. Full text \| \| Barbieri F.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Saggion H.. Revealing patterns of Twitter emoji usage in Barcelona and Madrid. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 2016; 288: 239-244. Publication link Full text \| \| Espinosa-Anke L, Ronzano F, Saggion H. TALN at SemEval-2016 Task 14: semantic taxonomy enrichment via sense-based embeddings. Proceedings of the Conference Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2016; 1332-1336. Full text \| \| Espinosa-Anke L.; Tello J.; Pardo A.; Medrano I.; Ureña A.; Salcedo I.; Saggion H.. Savana: a global information extraction and terminology expansion framework in the medical domain. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2016; 57: 23-30. Full text \| \| Ferres D.; Marimon M.; Saggion H.; AbuRa¿ed A.. YATS: Yet Another Text Simplifier. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 335-342. Publication link Full text \| \| Oramas S.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Sordo M.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. Information extraction for knowledge base construction in the music domain. Data and Knowledge Engineering 2016; 106: 70-83. Publication link Full text \| \| Ronzano F, Freire A, Saez-Trumper D, Saggion H. Making sense of massive amounts of scientific publications: the scientific knowledge miner project. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 36-41. Full text \| \| Ronzano F.; Saggion H.. An Empirical Assessment of Citation Information in Scientific Summarization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 318-325. Publication link Full text Other resources \| \| Saggion H.; Abura''ed A.; Ronzano F.. Trainable Citation-enhanced Summarization of Scientific Articles. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 175-186. Full text \| \| Saggion H.; Bott S.; Rello L.. Simplifying Words in Context. Experiments with two Lexical Resources in Spanish. Computer Speech and Language 2016; 35: 200-218. 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coverage is not uniform across geogra- phies. Unsurprisingly, in the case of Eastern Part- nership countries, we find that Ukraine is by far better covered than the rest of the countries, both when looking at the absolute number of reported companies and when normalising with respect to the country size (either via population or gross do- mestic product). When normalising by size, we see that Crunchbase covers – in a roughly homogeneous fashion – all 48 Kane, T. J., ‘The importance of start-ups in job creation and job destruction’, 2010. 49 Malizia, E., Feser, E. J., Renski, H. & Drucker, J., Under- standing local economic development, Routledge, 2020. 50 https://www.crunchbase.com/ 51 Crunchbase Expands Paid Services, Raises $18 Million, Wall Street Journal, April 2017.Eastern Partnership countries, with the exception of Azerbaijan (for which the normalised number of companies is slightly lower) and Ukraine, whose number of companies per inhabitants and GDP is about 3-4 times larger than the rest of the East- ern Partnership countries. With these precautions in mind, fair comparisons between Eastern Part- nership countries can be drawn, as we shall do in the following section. Crunchbase adopts a native taxonomy which cat- egorises companies into 47 Industry Groups (such as, e.g. Biotechnology, Transportation, Real Estate, etc). The taxonomy features a second level, which encompasses 744 Industries (such as, e.g. Biopharma, Automotive, Building Material, etc). In terms of granularity, the second level of the tax- onomy is slightly biased towards the technological sectors and it may prove inapt for the mapping exercise at stake, which aims at a more transver- sal analysis of the service sector. For this reason, in the following, we will use the Crunchbase In- dustry Groups to measure sectoral critical mass and the specialisation of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies in the different Eastern Partnership countries. We shall look at the follow- ing three variables in particular: 1. combined number of companies per Industry Group 2. combined number of employees per Industry Group 3. combined estimated revenue per Industry Group. While the number of employees per company is available for most of the organisations featured in Crunchbase, the estimated revenue is available for only about 18% of the companies. 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what's the point of all this? I didn't see any of it was going to help me in the future. And, to be honest, I was thinking about dropping out. I thought, why not? What's the difference? Things like that, you know. But my parents were always on my case about staying in school; they'd say education is the key to success. If you don't finish school, you won't have the opportunities. I would just like, yeah, yeah, yeah. You know that. You know that. So, I didn't really listen to them at first, but eventually, their words started to sink in. I began to realize that maybe they were right. Maybe education was the key to a better life. And that was when I started to think, okay, maybe I can do this. Maybe I can make it through high school. ## At the time, what was your purpose for being in high school? My purpose for being in school at the time? Hmm! I didn't actually see my purpose as a freshman. I didn't really feel like I had a purpose in school; I mean, I was just going through the motions, trying to get by. But if I'm being honest, I think my purpose was more about pleasing my parents than anything else. I came from a traditional Hispanic family where education was highly valued. My parents had sacrificed a whole lot for me to have opportunities they never had, and I felt like I owed it to them to succeed. So, I was in school because I felt like it was what was expected of me, not necessarily because I had a passion for learning or a clear goal in mind. It wasn't until I started to connect with some amazing teachers and mentors that I began to discover my own purpose and passion for learning. They helped with that. They helped me see that education wasn't just about pleasing my parents or getting good grades but about discovering my own strengths and talents and using them to make a positive impact in the world. ## Sorry, when I'm quiet, it's because I'm taking notes. No problem. I understand, ma'am. I understand. ## 2. Describe your attitude towards teachers when you started high school. My attitude towards teachers. 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Delhi life offers”. Rajkumar has finished his smoke. He throws the butt on the ground, into a puddle, swivelling his shoe on it to ensure it has gone out. His next fare has arrived. A smartly dressed young woman walks over, nodding at the driver and smiling at us in acknowledgement all at the same time. She wears a light blue jacket over an orange t-shirt, sporting a pair of khaki trousers and ankle boots. With a large red tote bag over her shoulder, she constantly refers to her iPhone in the palm of her hand. Rajkumar and the new arrival, who we later learn is called Jahnvi, greet each other with a ‘namaste’. They know each other well, as it tran - spires the auto driver provides her transport every day to the local metro station. Jahnvi has a degree in English, which she gained from Bharati College. Her parents Stories from the street 117 sent her to the local low-cost private school to enable her to learn English from an early age. All with the expectation that she would succeed and attain a role in an international company. And this she has done working in Gurugram at a British- based company call centre. “I am very busy supporting traveller’s queries and issues, not only on the phone, but also using Live Chat”, she says. Jahnvi has her own desk and computer, working alongside 1,400 other operators. Her colleagues work around the clock, and she feels she is fortunate that, owing to her upgraded position and promotion, she has secured day shifts. This makes the one-hour metro journey in the women’s carriage feasible. She still lives in the basti, although mov - ing could be an option. The support given to her by her mother and father in the past, she believes, she now needs to return. Looking at her Apple watch, she tells us she must go and steps into Rajkumar’s auto, who has been waiting patiently, staring into the distance from his cab. Our conversation has distracted us from the street. Darkness has turned to light, the puddles reflecting the brightness of morning. The children have disappeared. All now sitting at their desks, no doubt. What has replaced them is a scene of ordered chaos. The pavement has been taken over by rows of extra-large blue and white plastic containers. A multitude of women stand guard over	[ "Delhi", "life", "offers", "”", ".", "Rajkumar", "has", "finished", "his", "smoke", ".", "He", "throws", "the", "butt", "\n", "on", "the", "ground", ",", "into", "a", "puddle", ",", "swivelling", "his", "shoe", "on", "it", "to", "ensure", "it", "has", "gone", "out", ".", "His", "\n", "next", "fare", "has", "arrived", ".", "A", "smartly", "dressed", "young", "woman", "walks", "over", ",", "nodding", "at", "the", "\n", "driver", "and", "smiling", "at", "us", "in", "acknowledgement", "all", "at", "the", "same", "time", ".", "She", "wears", "a", "light", "\n", "blue", "jacket", "over", "an", "orange", "t", "-", "shirt", ",", "sporting", "a", "pair", "of", "khaki", "trousers", "and", "ankle", "boots", ".", "\n", "With", "a", "large", "red", "tote", "bag", "over", "her", "shoulder", ",", "she", "constantly", "refers", "to", "her", "iPhone", "in", "\n", "the", "palm", "of", "her", "hand", ".", "Rajkumar", "and", "the", "new", "arrival", ",", "who", "we", "later", "learn", "is", "called", "\n", "Jahnvi", ",", "greet", "each", "other", "with", "a", "‘", "namaste", "’", ".", "They", "know", "each", "other", "well", ",", "as", "it", "tran", "-", "\n", "spires", "the", "auto", "driver", "provides", "her", "transport", "every", "day", "to", "the", "local", "metro", "station", ".", "\n", "Jahnvi", "has", "a", "degree", "in", "English", ",", "which", "she", "gained", "from", "Bharati", "College", ".", "Her", "parents", "\n", "Stories", "from", "the", "street", "117", "\n", "sent", "her", "to", "the", "local", "low", "-", "cost", "private", "school", "to", "enable", "her", "to", "learn", "English", "from", "an", "\n", "early", "age", ".", "All", "with", "the", "expectation", "that", "she", "would", "succeed", "and", "attain", "a", "role", "in", "an", "\n", "international", "company", ".", "And", "this", "she", "has", "done", "working", "in", "Gurugram", "at", "a", "British-", "\n", "based", "company", "call", "centre", ".", "“", "I", "am", "very", "busy", "supporting", "traveller", "’s", "queries", "and", "\n", "issues", ",", "not", "only", "on", "the", "phone", ",", "but", "also", "using", "Live", "Chat", "”", ",", "she", "says", ".", "Jahnvi", "has", "her", "\n", "own", "desk", "and", "computer", ",", "working", "alongside", "1,400", "other", "operators", ".", "Her", "colleagues", "\n", "work", "around", "the", "clock", ",", "and", "she", "feels", "she", "is", "fortunate", "that", ",", "owing", "to", "her", "upgraded", "\n", "position", "and", "promotion", ",", "she", "has", "secured", "day", "shifts", ".", "This", "makes", "the", "one", "-", "hour", "metro", "\n", "journey", "in", "the", "women", "’s", "carriage", "feasible", ".", "She", "still", "lives", "in", "the", "basti", ",", "although", "mov", "-", "\n", "ing", "could", "be", "an", "option", ".", "The", "support", "given", "to", "her", "by", "her", "mother", "and", "father", "in", "the", "\n", "past", ",", "she", "believes", ",", "she", "now", "needs", "to", "return", ".", "Looking", "at", "her", "Apple", "watch", ",", "she", "tells", "\n", "us", "she", "must", "go", "and", "steps", "into", "Rajkumar", "’s", "auto", ",", "who", "has", "been", "waiting", "patiently", ",", "\n", "staring", "into", "the", "distance", "from", "his", "cab", ".", "\n", "Our", "conversation", "has", "distracted", "us", "from", "the", "street", ".", "Darkness", "has", "turned", "to", "light", ",", "\n", "the", "puddles", "reflecting", "the", "brightness", "of", "morning", ".", "The", "children", "have", "disappeared", ".", "\n", "All", "now", "sitting", "at", "their", "desks", ",", "no", "doubt", ".", "What", "has", "replaced", "them", "is", "a", "scene", "of", "\n", "ordered", "chaos", ".", "The", "pavement", "has", "been", "taken", "over", "by", "rows", "of", "extra", "-", "large", "blue", "\n", "and", "white", "plastic", "containers", ".", "A", "multitude", "of", "women", "stand", "guard", "over" ]	[]
6% to those in the EU. For quantum computing, EU companies attract only 5% of global private funding compared with a 50% share attracted by US companies. Regulatory barriers to scaling up are particularly onerous in the tech sector, especially for young companies [see the chapters on innovation, and digitalisation and advanced technologies] . Regulatory barriers constrain growth in several ways. First, complex and costly procedures across fragmented national systems discourage inventors from filing Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), hindering young companies from leveraging the Single Market. Second, the EU’s regulatory stance towards tech companies hampers innovation: the EU now has around 100 tech-focused lawsxi and over 270 regulators active in digital networks across all Member States. Many EU laws take a precau - tionary approach, dictating specific business practices ex ante to avert potential risks ex post. For example, the AI Act imposes additional regulatory requirements on general purpose AI models that exceed a pre-defined threshold of computational power – a threshold which some state-of-the-art models already exceed. Third, digital compa - nies are deterred from doing business across the EU via subsidiaries, as they face heterogeneous requirements, a proliferation of regulatory agencies and “gold plating”04 of EU legislation by national authorities. Fourth, limitations on data storing and processing create high compliance costs and hinder the creation of large, integrated data sets for training AI models. This fragmentation puts EU companies at a disadvantage relative to the US, which relies on the private sector to build vast data sets, and China, which can leverage its central institutions for data aggregation. This problem is compounded by EU competition enforcement possibly inhibiting intra-industry cooperation. Finally, multiple different national rules in public procurement generate high ongoing costs for cloud providers. The net effect of this burden of regulation is that only larger companies – which are often non-EU based – have the financial capacity and incentive to bear the costs of complying. Young innovative tech companies may choose not to operate in the EU at all. The lack of a true Single Market also prevents enough companies in the wider economy from reaching sufficient size to accelerate adoption of advanced technologies . There are many barriers that lead to compa - nies in Europe to “stay small” and neglect the opportunities of the Single Market. These include the high cost of adhering to heterogenous national regulations, the high cost of tax compliance, and	[ "6", "%", "to", "those", "in", "the", "EU", ".", "For", "quantum", "computing", ",", "EU", "companies", "attract", "only", "5", "%", "of", "global", "\n", "private", "funding", "compared", "with", "a", "50", "%", "share", "attracted", "by", "US", "companies", ".", "\n", "Regulatory", "barriers", "to", "scaling", "up", "are", "particularly", "onerous", "in", "the", "tech", "sector", ",", "especially", "for", "young", "companies", " \n", "[", "see", "the", "chapters", "on", "innovation", ",", "and", "digitalisation", "and", "advanced", "technologies", "]", ".", "Regulatory", "barriers", "constrain", "growth", "\n", "in", "several", "ways", ".", "First", ",", "complex", "and", "costly", "procedures", "across", "fragmented", "national", "systems", "discourage", "inventors", "from", "\n", "filing", "Intellectual", "Property", "Rights", "(", "IPRs", ")", ",", "hindering", "young", "companies", "from", "leveraging", "the", "Single", "Market", ".", "Second", ",", "\n", "the", "EU", "’s", "regulatory", "stance", "towards", "tech", "companies", "hampers", "innovation", ":", "the", "EU", "now", "has", "around", "100", "tech", "-", "focused", "\n", "lawsxi", "and", "over", "270", "regulators", "active", "in", "digital", "networks", "across", "all", "Member", "States", ".", "Many", "EU", "laws", "take", "a", "precau", "-", "\n", "tionary", "approach", ",", "dictating", "specific", "business", "practices", "ex", "ante", "to", "avert", "potential", "risks", "ex", "post", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "AI", "\n", "Act", "imposes", "additional", "regulatory", "requirements", "on", "general", "purpose", "AI", "models", "that", "exceed", "a", "pre", "-", "defined", "threshold", "\n", "of", "computational", "power", "–", "a", "threshold", "which", "some", "state", "-", "of", "-", "the", "-", "art", "models", "already", "exceed", ".", "Third", ",", "digital", "compa", "-", "\n", "nies", "are", "deterred", "from", "doing", "business", "across", "the", "EU", "via", "subsidiaries", ",", "as", "they", "face", "heterogeneous", "requirements", ",", "a", "\n", "proliferation", "of", "regulatory", "agencies", "and", "“", "gold", "plating”04", "of", "EU", "legislation", "by", "national", "authorities", ".", "Fourth", ",", "limitations", "\n", "on", "data", "storing", "and", "processing", "create", "high", "compliance", "costs", "and", "hinder", "the", "creation", "of", "large", ",", "integrated", "data", "sets", "\n", "for", "training", "AI", "models", ".", "This", "fragmentation", "puts", "EU", "companies", "at", "a", "disadvantage", "relative", "to", "the", "US", ",", "which", "relies", "on", "\n", "the", "private", "sector", "to", "build", "vast", "data", "sets", ",", "and", "China", ",", "which", "can", "leverage", "its", "central", "institutions", "for", "data", "aggregation", ".", "\n", "This", "problem", "is", "compounded", "by", "EU", "competition", "enforcement", "possibly", "inhibiting", "intra", "-", "industry", "cooperation", ".", "Finally", ",", "\n", "multiple", "different", "national", "rules", "in", "public", "procurement", "generate", "high", "ongoing", "costs", "for", "cloud", "providers", ".", "The", "net", "\n", "effect", "of", "this", "burden", "of", "regulation", "is", "that", "only", "larger", "companies", "–", "which", "are", "often", "non", "-", "EU", "based", "–", "have", "the", "financial", "\n", "capacity", "and", "incentive", "to", "bear", "the", "costs", "of", "complying", ".", "Young", "innovative", "tech", "companies", "may", "choose", "not", "to", "operate", "\n", "in", "the", "EU", "at", "all", ".", "\n", "The", "lack", "of", "a", "true", "Single", "Market", "also", "prevents", "enough", "companies", "in", "the", "wider", "economy", "from", "reaching", "\n", "sufficient", "size", "to", "accelerate", "adoption", "of", "advanced", "technologies", ".", "There", "are", "many", "barriers", "that", "lead", "to", "compa", "-", "\n", "nies", "in", "Europe", "to", "“", "stay", "small", "”", "and", "neglect", "the", "opportunities", "of", "the", "Single", "Market", ".", "These", "include", "the", "high", "cost", "of", "\n", "adhering", "to", "heterogenous", "national", "regulations", ",", "the", "high", "cost", "of", "tax", "compliance", ",", "and" ]	[ { "end": 1353, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1351 } ]
like are n-channel transistors. Thus, unless otherwise specified, the threshold voltage (also referred to as Vth) is higher than 0 V. - parallel indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to ⁇ 10° and less than or equal to 10°. Accordingly, the case where the angle is greater than or equal to ⁇ 5° and less than or equal to 5° is also included. Moreover, “substantially parallel” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to ⁇ 30° and less than or equal to 30°. In addition, “perpendicular” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to 800 and less than or equal to 100°. Accordingly, the case where the angle is greater than or equal to 850 and less than or equal to 950 is also included. Moreover, “substantially perpendicular” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to 600 and less than or equal to 1200. - a barrier film means a film having a function of inhibiting the passage of oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen, and the barrier film having conductivity is sometimes referred to as a conductive barrier film. - a metal oxide is an oxide of metal in a broad sense. Metal oxides are classified into an oxide insulator, an oxide conductor (including a transparent oxide conductor), an oxide semiconductor (also simply referred to as an OS), and the like. For example, a metal oxide used in a semiconductor layer of a transistor is referred to as an oxide semiconductor in some cases. That is, an OS FET or an OS transistor can also be referred to as a transistor including an oxide or an oxide semiconductor. - “normally off” means that a current per micrometer of channel width flowing through a transistor when a potential is not applied to a gate or a ground potential is applied to the gate is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 A or lower at room temperature, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or lower at 85° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or lower at 125° C. - FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 An example of a semiconductor device functioning as a memory device of one embodiment of	[ "like", "are", "n", "-", "channel", "transistors", ".", "Thus", ",", "unless", "otherwise", "specified", ",", "the", "threshold", "voltage", "(", "also", "referred", "to", "as", "Vth", ")", "is", "higher", "than", "0", "V.", "\n", "-", "parallel", "\n", "indicates", "a", "state", "where", "two", "straight", "lines", "are", "placed", "at", "an", "angle", "of", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", " ", "⁇", "10", "°", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "10", "°", ".", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "case", "where", "the", "angle", "is", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", " ", "⁇", "5", "°", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "5", "°", "is", "also", "included", ".", "Moreover", ",", "“", "substantially", "parallel", "”", "indicates", "a", "state", "where", "two", "straight", "lines", "are", "placed", "at", "an", "angle", "of", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", " ", "⁇", "30", "°", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "30", "°", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "“", "perpendicular", "”", "indicates", "a", "state", "where", "two", "straight", "lines", "are", "placed", "at", "an", "angle", "of", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "800", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "100", "°", ".", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "case", "where", "the", "angle", "is", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "850", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "950", "is", "also", "included", ".", "Moreover", ",", "“", "substantially", "perpendicular", "”", "indicates", "a", "state", "where", "two", "straight", "lines", "are", "placed", "at", "an", "angle", "of", "greater", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "600", "and", "less", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "1200", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "barrier", "film", "\n", "means", "a", "film", "having", "a", "function", "of", "inhibiting", "the", "passage", "of", "oxygen", "and", "impurities", "such", "as", "hydrogen", ",", "and", "the", "barrier", "film", "having", "conductivity", "is", "sometimes", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "conductive", "barrier", "film", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "metal", "oxide", "\n", "is", "an", "oxide", "of", "metal", "in", "a", "broad", "sense", ".", "Metal", "oxides", "are", "classified", "into", "an", "oxide", "insulator", ",", "an", "oxide", "conductor", "(", "including", "a", "transparent", "oxide", "conductor", ")", ",", "an", "oxide", "semiconductor", "(", "also", "simply", "referred", "to", "as", "an", "OS", ")", ",", "and", "the", "like", ".", "For", "example", ",", "a", "metal", "oxide", "used", "in", "a", "semiconductor", "layer", "of", "a", "transistor", "is", "referred", "to", "as", "an", "oxide", "semiconductor", "in", "some", "cases", ".", "That", "is", ",", "an", "OS", "FET", "or", "an", "OS", "transistor", "can", "also", "be", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "transistor", "including", "an", "oxide", "or", "an", "oxide", "semiconductor", ".", "\n", "-", "“", "normally", "off", "”", "\n", "means", "that", "a", "current", "per", "micrometer", "of", "channel", "width", "flowing", "through", "a", "transistor", "when", "a", "potential", "is", "not", "applied", "to", "a", "gate", "or", "a", "ground", "potential", "is", "applied", "to", "the", "gate", "is", "1", "⁇", "10", " ", "⁇", "20", "A", "or", "lower", "at", "room", "temperature", ",", "1", "⁇", "10", " ", "⁇", "18", "A", "or", "lower", "at", "85", "°", "C.", ",", "or", "1", "⁇", "10", " ", "⁇", "16", "A", "or", "lower", "at", "125", "°", "C.", "\n", "-", "FIG", ".", "1", "to", "FIG", ".", "3", "\n", "An", "example", "of", "a", "semiconductor", "device", "functioning", "as", "a", "memory", "device", "of", "one", "embodiment", "of" ]	[]
“a complex and challenging task”. Names would have to be submitted to the Israeli authorities for approval, after which the students would travel to a third country, likely to be Jordan, for visa biometric checks, which are not currently available in Gaza . Campaigners for the students welcomed the news, but expressed concern that the latest group had received no direct contact from the government or been given details of what might happen next, while others with full funding appeared not to have been included. Dr Norah Parr, a researcher at the University of Birmingham who has been coordinating efforts to support the students, said: “We are relieved that the government has agreed to assist a larger group of students and ensure their arrival to the UK for the start of their autumn term, but we remain concerned about a lack of transparency or clear guidelines. “At our last count, at least 53 students had full funding and support from UK universities. There may be more we are not aware of. As it stands, the news is causing further concern and anxiety. Who will be included and by what parameters will inclusion be determined?” Soha, 31, who is due to start her PhD in the UK, said: “We were very excited to read the news and learn that there’s action and a plan for another 30 students, but we are really scared that it might not come through. We will not rest until every one of us receive the same news – not nine, not 30, but every one of us.” Abtisam Mohamed, the Labour MP for Sheffield Central, has been among those urging the government to help evacuate the scholarship students, winning the backing of more 100 parliamentarians in a letter at the weekend. “Stranded, many students feared that they would die under Israel’s bombs before being able to take up their university places,” she wrote on X. “Our message to the students was that they are not alone. And I’m relieved to share the news that the government will offer almost all funded scholarship students the same assistance with safe routes out of Gaza. This is the right decision.” A Home Office source said: “This remains a complex and challenging task, but the home secretary has made it crystal clear to her officials that she wants no stone unturned in efforts to ensure there are arrangements in place	[ "“", "a", "complex", "and", "challenging", "task", "”", ".", "Names", "would", "have", "to", "be", "submitted", "to", "the", "Israeli", "authorities", "for", "approval", ",", "after", "which", "the", "students", "would", "travel", "to", "a", "third", "country", ",", "likely", "to", "be", "Jordan", ",", "for", "visa", "biometric", "checks", ",", "which", "are", "not", "currently", "available", "in", "\n", "Gaza", "\n", ".", "\n", "Campaigners", "for", "the", "students", "welcomed", "the", "news", ",", "but", "expressed", "concern", "that", "the", "latest", "group", "had", "received", "no", "direct", "contact", "from", "the", "government", "or", "been", "given", "details", "of", "what", "might", "happen", "next", ",", "while", "others", "with", "full", "funding", "appeared", "not", "to", "have", "been", "included", ".", "\n", "Dr", "Norah", "Parr", ",", "a", "researcher", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Birmingham", "who", "has", "been", "coordinating", "efforts", "to", "support", "the", "students", ",", "said", ":", "“", "We", "are", "relieved", "that", "the", "government", "has", "agreed", "to", "assist", "a", "larger", "group", "of", "students", "and", "ensure", "their", "arrival", "to", "the", "UK", "for", "the", "start", "of", "their", "autumn", "term", ",", "but", "we", "remain", "concerned", "about", "a", "lack", "of", "transparency", "or", "clear", "guidelines", ".", "\n", "“", "At", "our", "last", "count", ",", "at", "least", "53", "students", "had", "full", "funding", "and", "support", "from", "UK", "universities", ".", "There", "may", "be", "more", "we", "are", "not", "aware", "of", ".", "As", "it", "stands", ",", "the", "news", "is", "causing", "further", "concern", "and", "anxiety", ".", "Who", "will", "be", "included", "and", "by", "what", "parameters", "will", "inclusion", "be", "determined", "?", "”", "\n", "Soha", ",", "31", ",", "who", "is", "due", "to", "start", "her", "PhD", "in", "the", "UK", ",", "said", ":", "“", "We", "were", "very", "excited", "to", "read", "the", "news", "and", "learn", "that", "there", "’s", "action", "and", "a", "plan", "for", "another", "30", "students", ",", "but", "we", "are", "really", "scared", "that", "it", "might", "not", "come", "through", ".", "We", "will", "not", "rest", "until", "every", "one", "of", "us", "receive", "the", "same", "news", "–", "not", "nine", ",", "not", "30", ",", "but", "every", "one", "of", "us", ".", "”", "\n", "Abtisam", "Mohamed", ",", "the", "Labour", "MP", "for", "Sheffield", "Central", ",", "has", "been", "among", "those", "urging", "the", "government", "to", "help", "evacuate", "the", "scholarship", "students", ",", "winning", "the", "backing", "of", "more", "100", "parliamentarians", "in", "a", "letter", "at", "the", "weekend", ".", "\n", "“", "Stranded", ",", "many", "students", "feared", "that", "they", "would", "die", "under", "Israel", "’s", "bombs", "before", "being", "able", "to", "take", "up", "their", "university", "places", ",", "”", "she", "wrote", "on", "X.", "“", "Our", "message", "to", "the", "students", "was", "that", "they", "are", "not", "alone", ".", "And", "I", "’m", "relieved", "to", "share", "the", "news", "that", "the", "government", "will", "offer", "almost", "all", "funded", "scholarship", "students", "the", "same", "assistance", "with", "safe", "routes", "out", "of", "Gaza", ".", "This", "is", "the", "right", "decision", ".", "”", "\n", "A", "Home", "Office", "source", "said", ":", "“", "This", "remains", "a", "complex", "and", "challenging", "task", ",", "but", "the", "home", "secretary", "has", "made", "it", "crystal", "clear", "to", "her", "officials", "that", "she", "wants", "no", "stone", "unturned", "in", "efforts", "to", "ensure", "there", "are", "arrangements", "in", "place" ]	[]
Tobacco products (120) and Other manufacturing (32). Industries with emerging strength include Tobacco products (120); Manu- facture of wearing apparel (14); Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials (16); Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); and Other manufacturing (32). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 5 5 3 10 8 5 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X 107 Other food products X X 110 Beverages X X X 120 Tobacco products X X X X X X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X X X 15Manufacture of leather and related products X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X X X 181Printing and service activities related to printing X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsX X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X X X 310 Furniture X 32 Other manufacturing X X X X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.9. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Armenia Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation59 Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Azerbaijan Results of the economic mapping for Azerbaijan are shown in Table 2.10. In total, 2 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Manu- facture of coke and refined petroleum products (19) and Repair and installation of machinery and equipment (33). Industries with emerging strength include Beverages (110), Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (20), Manu- facture of rubber and plastic products (22) and Repair and installation of machinery and equip- ment (33). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 6 5 2 6 11 4 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X X 110 Beverages X X X 13 Manufacture of textiles X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and	[ "Tobacco", "products", "(", "120", ")", "and", "Other", "\n", "manufacturing", "(", "32", ")", ".", "Industries", "with", "emerging", "\n", "strength", "include", "Tobacco", "products", "(", "120", ")", ";", "Manu-", "\n", "facture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", "(", "14", ")", ";", "Wood", "products", ",", "\n", "cork", ",", "straw", ",", "plaiting", "materials", "(", "16", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "\n", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "(", "28", ")", ";", "and", "Other", "\n", "manufacturing", "(", "32", ")", ".", "\n", 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"X", "X", "\n", "13", "Manufacture", "of", "textiles", "X", " \n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", " ", "X", " \n", "16Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "\n", "of", "wood", "and" ]	[]
devices, server(s), network appliances, smart appliances or smart factory machinery, network infrastructure elements, robots, drones, sensor systems and/or IoT devices, cloud compute nodes, edge compute nodes, an aggregation of computing resources (e.g., in a cloud-based environment), and/or some other computing devices capable of interfacing directly or indirectly with network 1299 or other network(s). - mobile phones e.g., “smartphones” - tablet computers portable media players - wearable devices e.g., tablet computers - server(s) portable media players - network appliances e.g., smart appliances or smart factory machinery - network infrastructure elements e.g., robots, drones, sensor systems and/or IoT devices - cloud compute nodes e.g., edge compute nodes, an - the compute node 1200 may represent any of the computing devices discussed herein, and may be, or be implemented in one or more of the control system 302 , AI/ML system(s) 312 , sensor systems 321 , MHUs 322 , 522 , functions/elements 410 , 420 , 430 , 440 , 450 , 460 , sorters 1102 , 1105 , 1106 , conveyors 525 , 1104 , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. - the compute node 1200 includes one or more processors 1201 (also referred to as “processor circuitry 1201 ”). - the processor circuitry 1201 includes circuitry capable of sequentially and/or automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, and recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Additionally or alternatively, the processor circuitry 1201 includes any device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. - the processor circuitry 1201 includes various hardware elements or components such as, for example, a set of processor cores and one or more of on-chip or on-die memory or registers, cache and/or scratchpad memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface circuit, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. - LDOs low drop-out voltage regulators - interrupt controllers serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface circuit - 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This book investigates urban life in the slums of Delhi, demonstrating how individuals and communities self-organise to solve problems that arise in their neighbourhoods. Around one-quarter of the world’s urban population live in informal, slum and squatter settlements, representing a significant economic and cultural force. Despite this, settlements are often perceived as marginal, homogenous places, overlooking the resilience and agency of the diverse actors, networks and social groups working collectively within them. This book draws on extensive qualitative and quantitative data from squatter and resettlement colonies in and around Delhi, foregrounding the voices of residents to build a bottom-up picture of place and urban development. The book analyses the contexts in which households operate within their communities and the adaptiveness of individuals living in different slum types, with differing levels of governance. In doing so, the book demonstrates the effect which different institutional agreements and governance systems have on enterprise, empowerment, resilience, trust, dignity and engaging in a life that has purpose and meaning. This book’s detailed assessment of slum spaces and networks will be of interest to researchers across a range of fields, including international development, geography, urban planning, politics and sociology, as well as to policymakers and civil society organisations. Pauline Dixon , PhD, FAcSS, FRSA, is a world-class researcher at Newcastle University in the U.K. and a Professor of International Development and Education. She has established herself as a leading authority both nationally and internation - ally in grassroots research for development in the Global South. Her research advances knowledge and understanding that allows for the provision of creative solutions to solve global problems. Pauline’s research is transformative, carried out within and between disciplines. Regarded as a leading global expert by aca - demics and policymakers she has worked in India for over 25 years. Her research has also led her to carry out projects focusing on comparative analysis as well as census and survey fieldwork on a large scale in both Asia and Africa. She is called on to appear on multiple platforms and media, winning awards and accolades from around the world. Her work focuses on dispelling myths and carrying out research that informs policy initiatives that are based on solutions from the grassroots and poor communities themselves.Urban Life in Delhi Slums Steve Humble , PhD, MBE, FIMA, is a Reader in Global Development at Newcastle University in the U.K. He carries out research in	[ "This", "book", "investigates", "urban", "life", "in", "the", "slums", "of", "Delhi", ",", "demonstrating", "how", "\n", "individuals", "and", "communities", "self", "-", "organise", "to", "solve", "problems", "that", "arise", "in", "their", "\n", "neighbourhoods", ".", "\n", "Around", "one", "-", "quarter", "of", "the", "world", "’s", "urban", "population", "live", "in", "informal", ",", "slum", "\n", "and", "squatter", "settlements", ",", "representing", "a", "significant", "economic", "and", "cultural", "force", ".", "\n", "Despite", "this", ",", "settlements", "are", "often", "perceived", "as", "marginal", ",", "homogenous", "places", ",", "\n", "overlooking", "the", "resilience", "and", "agency", "of", "the", "diverse", "actors", ",", "networks", "and", "social", "\n", "groups", "working", "collectively", "within", "them", ".", "This", "book", "draws", "on", "extensive", "qualitative", "\n", "and", "quantitative", "data", "from", "squatter", "and", "resettlement", "colonies", "in", "and", "around", "Delhi", ",", "\n", "foregrounding", "the", "voices", "of", "residents", "to", "build", "a", "bottom", "-", "up", "picture", "of", "place", "and", "\n", "urban", "development", ".", "The", "book", "analyses", "the", "contexts", "in", "which", "households", "operate", "\n", "within", "their", "communities", "and", "the", "adaptiveness", "of", "individuals", "living", "in", "different", "\n", "slum", "types", ",", "with", "differing", "levels", "of", "governance", ".", "In", "doing", "so", ",", "the", "book", "demonstrates", "\n", "the", "effect", "which", "different", "institutional", "agreements", "and", "governance", "systems", "have", "on", "\n", "enterprise", ",", "empowerment", ",", "resilience", ",", "trust", ",", "dignity", "and", "engaging", "in", "a", "life", "that", "has", "\n", "purpose", "and", "meaning", ".", "\n", "This", "book", "’s", "detailed", "assessment", "of", "slum", "spaces", "and", "networks", "will", "be", "of", "interest", "\n", "to", "researchers", "across", "a", "range", "of", "fields", ",", "including", "international", "development", ",", "\n", "geography", ",", "urban", "planning", ",", "politics", "and", "sociology", ",", "as", "well", "as", "to", "policymakers", "and", "\n", "civil", "society", "organisations", ".", "\n", "Pauline", "Dixon", ",", "PhD", ",", "FAcSS", ",", "FRSA", ",", "is", "a", "world", "-", "class", "researcher", "at", "Newcastle", "\n", "University", "in", "the", "U.K.", "and", "a", "Professor", "of", "International", "Development", "and", "Education", ".", "\n", "She", "has", "established", "herself", "as", "a", "leading", "authority", "both", "nationally", "and", "internation", "-", "\n", "ally", "in", "grassroots", "research", "for", "development", "in", "the", "Global", "South", ".", "Her", "research", "\n", "advances", "knowledge", "and", "understanding", "that", "allows", "for", "the", "provision", "of", "creative", "\n", "solutions", "to", "solve", "global", "problems", ".", "Pauline", "’s", "research", "is", "transformative", ",", "carried", "\n", "out", "within", "and", "between", "disciplines", ".", "Regarded", "as", "a", "leading", "global", "expert", "by", "aca", "-", "\n", "demics", "and", "policymakers", "she", "has", "worked", "in", "India", "for", "over", "25", "years", ".", "Her", "research", "\n", "has", "also", "led", "her", "to", "carry", "out", "projects", "focusing", "on", "comparative", "analysis", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "census", "and", "survey", "fieldwork", "on", "a", "large", "scale", "in", "both", "Asia", "and", "Africa", ".", "She", "is", "called", "\n", "on", "to", "appear", "on", "multiple", "platforms", "and", "media", ",", "winning", "awards", "and", "accolades", "from", "\n", "around", "the", "world", ".", "Her", "work", "focuses", "on", "dispelling", "myths", "and", "carrying", "out", "research", "\n", "that", "informs", "policy", "initiatives", "that", "are", "based", "on", "solutions", "from", "the", "grassroots", "and", "\n", "poor", "communities", "themselves", ".", "Urban", "Life", "in", "Delhi", "Slums", "\n", "Steve", "Humble", ",", "PhD", ",", "MBE", ",", "FIMA", ",", "is", "a", "Reader", "in", "Global", "Development", "at", "\n", "Newcastle", "University", "in", "the", "U.K.", "He", "carries", "out", "research", "in" ]	[]
the mapping exercise described in the previous section. Specif- ically, an S&T domain is assigned to a cluster if: 1. at least 3 IPC classes and/or Scopus ASJC fields produced a mapping to NACE sectors within the cluster; or 2. for Clusters with no assigned S&T domains via method 1 above, a concordance was allowed if at least 2 IPC classes and/or Scopus ASJC fields produced a mapping to NACE sectors within the cluster, but only if critical mass or specialisation was observed for the S&T do- main, in the respective EaP country. Therefore, by definition, each of the clusters fea- ture one or more E&I domains identified in Part 2 and, if a concordance has been identified by the methodology presented above, also features one or more S&T domains identified in Part 3. Although some E&I domains identified in Part 2, such as Hospitality and Tourism or Tobacco, can- not be mapped onto S&T domains via the current exercise, concordances could be found within most of the E&I and S&T domains. Additionally, some S&T domains may be relevant for other economic sectors which were not found to be potential E&I specialisation domains in Part 2; these additional areas of application are discussed in Part 3. The following tables present the clusters for all EaP countries and show the identified concord- ances between E&I and S&T domains for each country. 73 Ketels, C., Protsiv, S., Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Related Sectors, Center for Strategy and Competitiveness – Stockholm School of Economics, October 2014. 236 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials Armenia For Armenia, the following concordances between E&I and S&T domains were identified: ■in the ‘Communications Equipment and Ser- vices’ cluster, the S&T domain ‘ICT computer science’ could be aligned with the E&I domain ‘Telecommunications’ exclusively via publica- tions; ■in the ‘Information Technology and Analytical Instruments’ cluster, the S&T domains ‘Electric and electronic technologies’ and ‘Nanotech- nology and materials’ could be mapped with the E&I domain ‘Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products’ via both pat- ents and publications. Notably, the weight of patents in producing the concordance is much higher for the ‘Electric and electronic technol- ogies’ S&T domain than for ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ (where, conversely, publica- tions are mainly driving the concordance). By inspecting the semantic content of the latter domain, it is possible to observe	[ "the", "mapping", "\n", "exercise", "described", "in", "the", "previous", "section", ".", "Specif-", "\n", "ically", ",", "an", "S&T", "domain", "is", "assigned", "to", "a", "cluster", "if", ":", "\n", "1", ".", "at", "least", "3", "IPC", "classes", "and/or", "Scopus", "ASJC", "\n", "fields", "produced", "a", "mapping", "to", "NACE", "sectors", "\n", "within", "the", "cluster", ";", "or", "\n", "2", ".", "for", "Clusters", "with", "no", "assigned", "S&T", "domains", "via", "\n", "method", "1", "above", ",", "a", "concordance", "was", "allowed", "\n", "if", "at", "least", "2", "IPC", "classes", "and/or", "Scopus", "ASJC", "\n", "fields", "produced", "a", "mapping", "to", "NACE", "sectors", "\n", "within", "the", "cluster", ",", "but", "only", "if", "critical", "mass", "or", "\n", "specialisation", "was", "observed", "for", "the", "S&T", "do-", "\n", "main", ",", "in", "the", "respective", "EaP", "country", ".", "\n", "Therefore", ",", "by", "definition", ",", "each", "of", "the", "clusters", "fea-", "\n", "ture", "one", "or", "more", "E&I", "domains", "identified", "in", "Part", "\n", "2", "and", ",", "if", "a", "concordance", "has", "been", "identified", "by", "\n", "the", "methodology", "presented", "above", ",", "also", "features", "\n", "one", "or", "more", "S&T", "domains", "identified", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "\n", "Although", "some", "E&I", "domains", "identified", "in", "Part", "2", ",", "\n", "such", "as", "Hospitality", "and", "Tourism", "or", "Tobacco", ",", "can-", "\n", "not", "be", "mapped", "onto", "S&T", "domains", "via", "the", "current", "\n", "exercise", ",", "concordances", "could", "be", "found", "within", "most", "\n", "of", "the", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "domains", ".", "Additionally", ",", "some", "\n", "S&T", "domains", "may", "be", "relevant", "for", "other", "economic", "\n", "sectors", "which", "were", "not", "found", "to", "be", "potential", "E&I", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "Part", "2", ";", "these", "additional", "\n", "areas", "of", "application", "are", "discussed", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "\n", "The", "following", "tables", "present", "the", "clusters", "for", "all", "\n", "EaP", "countries", "and", "show", "the", "identified", "concord-", "\n", "ances", "between", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "domains", "for", "each", "\n", "country", ".", "\n", "73", "Ketels", ",", "C.", ",", "Protsiv", ",", "S.", ",", "Methodology", "and", "Findings", "Report", "for", "\n", "a", "Cluster", "Mapping", "of", "Related", "Sectors", ",", "Center", "for", "Strategy", "\n", "and", "Competitiveness", "–", "Stockholm", "School", "of", "Economics", ",", "\n", "October", "2014", ".", "\n", "236", "\n ", "Part", "4", "Identification", "of", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potentials", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "For", "Armenia", ",", "the", "following", "concordances", "between", "\n", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "domains", "were", "identified", ":", "\n ", "■", "in", "the", "‘", "Communications", "Equipment", "and", "Ser-", "\n", "vices", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domain", "‘", "ICT", "computer", "\n", "science", "’", "could", "be", "aligned", "with", "the", "E&I", "domain", "\n", "‘", "Telecommunications", "’", "exclusively", "via", "publica-", "\n", "tions", ";", "\n ", "■", "in", "the", "‘", "Information", "Technology", "and", "Analytical", "\n", "Instruments", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domains", "‘", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "’", "and", "‘", "Nanotech-", "\n", "nology", "and", "materials", "’", "could", "be", "mapped", "with", "\n", "the", "E&I", "domain", "‘", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "products", "’", "via", "both", "pat-", "\n", "ents", "and", "publications", ".", "Notably", ",", "the", "weight", "of", "\n", "patents", "in", "producing", "the", "concordance", "is", "much", "\n", "higher", "for", "the", "‘", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technol-", "\n", "ogies", "’", "S&T", "domain", "than", "for", "‘", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "’", "(", "where", ",", "conversely", ",", "publica-", "\n", "tions", "are", "mainly", "driving", "the", "concordance", ")", ".", "By", "\n", "inspecting", "the", "semantic", "content", "of", "the", "latter", "\n", "domain", ",", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "observe" ]	[ { "end": 1379, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1377 }, { "end": 1568, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1380 } ]
of the project, irrespective of subsequent legislative changes. Stability clauses can vary significantly in form and scope. Some clauses are very specific to some types of taxes, such as CIT and royalties, withholding taxes or VAT, or simply apply to 'all taxes or tax rules' applied to a project, in addition to customs and other fiscal obligations. It may need to be considered whether the introduction of ring-fencing rules for existing projects would violate a specific stability clause. The outcome of such an analysis will depend on how the stabilization provision has been formulated. Where the introduction of such rules is contemplated in the future, it is recommended that ring-fencing rules be taken out of the scope of stabilization to avoid further disputes. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION Furthermore, Principle VIII of the OECD Policy Development Tool Guiding Principles for Durable Extractive Contracts says: The adoption of bona fide anti-avoidance measures or the interpretation of existing laws by host governments to protect the revenue base against tax base erosion and profit shifting (e.g., on interest deduction limitations and transfer pricing) and consistent with internationally recognised tax practices should not be considered a change in law constrained by stabilisation clauses. (OECD, 2020, p. 20) ## 5.1.7 The Interaction of Ring-Fencing Rules With CIT Progressive Rates and Deductions Limits There are two features of a tax system that interact with ring-fencing rules and could create practical implementation challenges that need to be carefully considered when the ring-fencing rules are designed and drafted into law: - 1. Resource-rich countries could have progressive CIT rates for different levels of profitability (i.e., 10% and 25%). Where such progressive tax rates apply, poorly designed ring-fencing rules could actually result in a reduction of the tax liability. This would be of concern, especially where the relevant progressivity thresholds are high and both the tax base and the overall tax liability-meaning also the tax rate-are also determined in relation to each project separately. In such a case, the law should be drafted clearly to clarify whether the ring-fencing rules - · require full determination of tax liability, i.e., application of tax base and tax rate for each project separately and thus actually benefiting the taxpayer with application of the lower CIT rate, or - ·	[ "of", "the", "project", ",", "irrespective", "of", "subsequent", "legislative", "changes", ".", "Stability", "clauses", "can", "vary", "significantly", "in", "form", "and", "scope", ".", "Some", "clauses", "are", "very", "specific", "to", "some", "types", "of", "taxes", ",", "such", "as", "CIT", "and", "royalties", ",", "withholding", "taxes", "or", "VAT", ",", "or", "simply", "apply", "to", "'", "all", "taxes", "or", "tax", "rules", "'", "applied", "to", "a", "project", ",", "in", "addition", "to", "customs", "and", "other", "fiscal", "obligations", ".", "\n\n", "It", "may", "need", "to", "be", "considered", "whether", "the", "introduction", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "existing", "projects", "would", "violate", "a", "specific", "stability", "clause", ".", "The", "outcome", "of", "such", "an", "analysis", "will", "depend", "on", "how", "the", "stabilization", "provision", "has", "been", "formulated", ".", "Where", "the", "introduction", "of", "such", "rules", "is", "contemplated", "in", "the", "future", ",", "it", "is", "recommended", "that", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "be", "taken", "out", "of", "the", "scope", "of", "stabilization", "to", "avoid", "further", "disputes", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "Furthermore", ",", "Principle", "VIII", "of", "the", "OECD", "Policy", "Development", "Tool", "Guiding", "Principles", "for", "Durable", "Extractive", "Contracts", "says", ":", "\n\n", "The", "adoption", "of", "bona", "fide", "anti", "-", "avoidance", "measures", "or", "the", "interpretation", "of", "existing", "laws", "by", "host", "governments", "to", "protect", "the", "revenue", "base", "against", "tax", "base", "erosion", "and", "profit", "shifting", "(", "e.g.", ",", "on", "interest", "deduction", "limitations", "and", "transfer", "pricing", ")", "and", "consistent", "with", "internationally", "recognised", "tax", "practices", "should", "not", "be", "considered", "a", "change", "in", "law", "constrained", "by", "stabilisation", "clauses", ".", "(", "OECD", ",", "2020", ",", "p.", "20", ")", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.1.7", "The", "Interaction", "of", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules", "With", "CIT", "Progressive", "Rates", "and", "Deductions", "Limits", "\n\n", "There", "are", "two", "features", "of", "a", "tax", "system", "that", "interact", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "and", "could", "create", "practical", "implementation", "challenges", "that", "need", "to", "be", "carefully", "considered", "when", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "designed", "and", "drafted", "into", "law", ":", "\n\n", "-", "1", ".", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "could", "have", "progressive", "CIT", "rates", "for", "different", "levels", "of", "profitability", "(", "i.e.", ",", "10", "%", "and", "25", "%", ")", ".", "Where", "such", "progressive", "tax", "rates", "apply", ",", "poorly", "designed", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "could", "actually", "result", "in", "a", "reduction", "of", "the", "tax", "liability", ".", "This", "would", "be", "of", "concern", ",", "especially", "where", "the", "relevant", "progressivity", "thresholds", "are", "high", "and", "both", "the", "tax", "base", "and", "the", "overall", "tax", "liability", "-", "meaning", "also", "the", "tax", "rate", "-", "are", "also", "determined", "in", "relation", "to", "each", "project", "separately", ".", "In", "such", "a", "case", ",", "the", "law", "should", "be", "drafted", "clearly", "to", "clarify", "whether", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "\n", "-", "·", "require", "full", "determination", "of", "tax", "liability", ",", "i.e.", ",", "application", "of", "tax", "base", "and", "tax", "rate", "for", "each", "project", "separately", "and", "thus", "actually", "benefiting", "the", "taxpayer", "with", "application", "of", "the", "lower", "CIT", "rate", ",", "or", "\n", "-", "·" ]	[ { "end": 1502, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1485 }, { "end": 1489, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1485 }, { "end": 1495, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1491 } ]
from 13.1 to 14.6 cm from the252Cf source. A schematic view of this setup is depicted in Fig. 1, and the position of the LaBr 3(Ce) detector is reported in Table 1. As described in Ref. [ 1], the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors were energy-calibrated from 80 keV to 9 MeV using standard sources. The energy resolution of the detectors was also obtained from this calibration data. For Eγ=661.7 keV, the relative Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) lied between 2.7 % and 3 %, as indicated in Table 1. In addition to their good energy resolution, the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors also have excellent timing properties. γ-γcoinci- dence measurements were performed on various calibration sources, as depicted in Fig. 2. The time resolution (FWHM) associated with these coincidence spectra was about 0.4 ns forthe 60Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV). It worsened at lower ener- gies, e.g., for the152Eu coincidence (344 keV and 799 keV) where the FWHM became 0.7 ns. In Fig. 2,t h e133Ba time spectrum (80 keV/356 keV coincidence) demonstrates how the good time resolution of the detectors makes them well suited for half-life determination at the nanosecond scale. Along with these γ-ray detectors, the setup contained an ionization chamber similar to the one described in Ref. [ 7], which served two purposes. First, it gave the ﬁssion trigger, i.e., the time stamp corresponding to the detection of a ﬁssionevent. This trigger, combined with the timing information from the scintillators, was used to sort the γevents relative to ﬁssion, which enabled us to distinguish prompt transitionsfrom isomeric level decays. As can be observed in Fig. 3,w e observed three main sources of γ-rays following ﬁssion: the γ-rays coming from the decay of the isomers, but also the prompt γ-rays (prompt peak), and neutrons. This last con-Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the VESPA setup for isomers stud- ies, consisting in ﬁve 2/prime/prime×2/prime/primeLaBr 3(Ce) detectors placed around a twin Frisch-grid ionization chamber. B(resp. S) indicates the backing side (resp. source side) of the IC Fig. 2 Coincident γ-γtime spectra between any LaBr 3(Ce) com- bination from standard sources:60Co (1173 keV, 1332 keV),152Eu (344 keV, 799 keV) and133Ba (80 keV, 356 keV) 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 3 of 12 5 Table 1 Characteristics of the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors used in the VESPA setup. The position of the detectors is deﬁned by the distance rbetween the source (at the	[ "from", "13.1", "to", "14.6", "cm", "from", "the252Cf", "source", ".", "A", "schematic", "\n", "view", "of", "this", "setup", "is", "depicted", "in", "Fig", ".", "1", ",", "and", "the", "position", "of", "\n", "the", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "detector", "is", "reported", "in", "Table", "1", ".", "\n", "As", "described", "in", "Ref", ".", "[", "1", "]", ",", "the", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "detectors", "were", "\n", "energy", "-", "calibrated", "from", "80", "keV", "to", "9", "MeV", "using", "standard", "\n", "sources", ".", "The", "energy", "resolution", "of", "the", "detectors", "was", "also", "\n", "obtained", "from", "this", "calibration", "data", ".", "For", "Eγ=661.7", "keV", ",", "the", "\n", "relative", "Full", "Width", "at", "Half", "Maximum", "(", "FWHM", ")", "lied", "between", "\n", "2.7", "%", "and", "3", "%", ",", "as", "indicated", "in", "Table", "1", ".", "\n", "In", "addition", "to", "their", "good", "energy", "resolution", ",", "the", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "\n", "detectors", "also", "have", "excellent", "timing", "properties", ".", "γ", "-", "γcoinci-", "\n", "dence", "measurements", "were", "performed", "on", "various", "calibration", "\n", "sources", ",", "as", "depicted", "in", "Fig", ".", "2", ".", "The", "time", "resolution", "(", "FWHM", ")", "\n", "associated", "with", "these", "coincidence", "spectra", "was", "about", "0.4", "ns", "forthe", "\n", "60Co", "(", "1173", "keV", "and", "1332", "keV", ")", ".", "It", "worsened", "at", "lower", "ener-", "\n", "gies", ",", "e.g.", ",", "for", "the152Eu", "coincidence", "(", "344", "keV", "and", "799", "keV", ")", "\n", "where", "the", "FWHM", "became", "0.7", "ns", ".", "In", "Fig", ".", "2,t", "h", "e133Ba", "time", "\n", "spectrum", "(", "80", "keV/356", "keV", "coincidence", ")", "demonstrates", "how", "\n", "the", "good", "time", "resolution", "of", "the", "detectors", "makes", "them", "well", "\n", "suited", "for", "half", "-", "life", "determination", "at", "the", "nanosecond", "scale", ".", "\n", "Along", "with", "these", "γ", "-", "ray", "detectors", ",", "the", "setup", "contained", "an", "\n", "ionization", "chamber", "similar", "to", "the", "one", "described", "in", "Ref", ".", "[", "7", "]", ",", "\n", "which", "served", "two", "purposes", ".", "First", ",", "it", "gave", "the", "ﬁssion", "trigger", ",", "\n", "i.e.", ",", "the", "time", "stamp", "corresponding", "to", "the", "detection", "of", "a", "ﬁssionevent", ".", "This", "trigger", ",", "combined", "with", "the", "timing", "information", "\n", "from", "the", "scintillators", ",", "was", "used", "to", "sort", "the", "γevents", "relative", "\n", "to", "ﬁssion", ",", "which", "enabled", "us", "to", "distinguish", "prompt", "transitionsfrom", "isomeric", "level", "decays", ".", "As", "can", "be", "observed", "in", "Fig", ".", "3,w", "e", "\n", "observed", "three", "main", "sources", "of", "γ", "-", "rays", "following", "ﬁssion", ":", "the", "\n", "γ", "-", "rays", "coming", "from", "the", "decay", "of", "the", "isomers", ",", "but", "also", "the", "\n", "prompt", "γ", "-", "rays", "(", "prompt", "peak", ")", ",", "and", "neutrons", ".", "This", "last", "con", "-", "Fig", ".", "1", "Schematic", "representation", "of", "the", "VESPA", "setup", "for", "isomers", "stud-", "\n", "ies", ",", "consisting", "in", "ﬁve", "2", "/", "prime", "/", "prime×2", "/", "prime", "/", "primeLaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "detectors", "placed", "around", "a", "twin", "\n", "Frisch", "-", "grid", "ionization", "chamber", ".", "B(resp", ".", "S", ")", "indicates", "the", "backing", "side", "\n", "(", "resp", ".", "source", "side", ")", "of", "the", "IC", "\n", "Fig", ".", "2", "Coincident", "γ", "-", "γtime", "spectra", "between", "any", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "com-", "\n", "bination", "from", "standard", "sources:60Co", "(", "1173", "keV", ",", "1332", "keV),152Eu", "\n", "(", "344", "keV", ",", "799", "keV", ")", "and133Ba", "(", "80", "keV", ",", "356", "keV", ")", "\n", "123Eur", ".", "Phys", ".", "J.", "A", " ", "(", "2025", ")", "61:5", "Page", "3", "of", "12", " ", "5", "\n", "Table", "1", "Characteristics", "of", "the", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "detectors", "used", "in", "the", "VESPA", "\n", "setup", ".", "The", "position", "of", "the", "detectors", "is", "deﬁned", "by", "the", "distance", "rbetween", "\n", "the", "source", "(", "at", "the" ]	[ { "end": 189, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 188 }, { "end": 1251, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1250 } ]
ground waters from galleries kariz are used for irrigation. In many mountain areas the most primitive water intakes are constructed on springs, and this water is used for irrigation. During flooding periods these systems are practically completely destroyed. Investigations carried out by international organizations and Soviet specialists have shown that every year up to 10% of the crop are lost due to failure and interruptions in the use of canals, while up to 30% of lands in the lower reaches of these canals remain without water because of the absence of regulation structures on them. Construction of modern engineering irrigation systems in Afghanistan began largely in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. But constructed were only large projects with a view to get in the future a considerable growth of irrigated lands. As we know, in the 1960s the US EXIM Bank granted credits for construction of irrigation structures in the valleys of the Helmand and Arghandab Rivers that was started still in 1946 by the Company 'Morrison-Nadsen'. All in all the Americans constructed more than 250 km of main canals, several dams and hydropower plants. Experience of development of new irrigated lands with the help of irrigation systems Sarde, Parvana, Kelagai and Helmanda has shown that such practice was not successful. As there was no an integrated approach to design and construction of many large and regionally significant irrigation projects the basic structures in these projects were constructed, but bringing of thus prepared lands into agricultural production requires additional investments and time. The only finished integrated engineering project tat gives economic benefits is the Jalalabad irrigation complex that was built with technical support of the former Soviet Union. This complex was damaged seriously in the course of military actions in this region. ## Water Resources and Irrigation in the Northern Regions of Afghanistan Northern regions of Afghanistan are supposed to include the valley on the left bank of the Panj and Amudarya Rivers, beginning from the Kowkchen River valley in the east and ending with the Shirintagao River valley on the border with Turkmenistan in the west. On the north this territory is rimmed by the Panj and Amudarya Rivers, on the south - by outspurs of the Bandi-Torkestan (more correctly Tirbandi-Torkestan) and Hindukush Ridges . 1 Mountain glaciers are an important indicator of climatic changes in the region. Investigations that had been carried out recent by the	[ "ground", "waters", "from", "galleries", "kariz", "are", "used", "for", "irrigation", ".", "In", "many", "mountain", "areas", "the", "most", "primitive", "water", "intakes", "are", "constructed", "on", "springs", ",", "and", "this", "water", "is", "used", "for", "irrigation", ".", "\n\n", "During", "flooding", "periods", "these", "systems", "are", "practically", "completely", "destroyed", ".", "Investigations", "carried", "out", "by", "international", "organizations", "and", "Soviet", "specialists", "have", "shown", "that", "every", "year", "up", "to", "10", "%", "of", "the", "crop", "are", "lost", "due", "to", "failure", "and", "interruptions", "in", "the", "use", "of", "canals", ",", "while", "up", "to", "30", "%", "of", "lands", "in", "the", "lower", "reaches", "of", "these", "canals", "remain", "without", "water", "because", "of", "the", "absence", "of", "regulation", "structures", "on", "them", ".", "\n\n", "Construction", "of", "modern", "engineering", "irrigation", "systems", "in", "Afghanistan", "began", "largely", "in", "the", "late", "1940s", "to", "the", "early", "1950s", ".", "But", "constructed", "were", "only", "large", "projects", "with", "a", "view", "to", "get", "in", "the", "future", "a", "considerable", "growth", "of", "irrigated", "lands", ".", "As", "we", "know", ",", "in", "the", "1960s", "the", "US", "EXIM", "Bank", "granted", "credits", "for", "construction", "of", "irrigation", "structures", "in", "the", "valleys", "of", "the", "Helmand", "and", "Arghandab", "Rivers", "that", "was", "started", "still", "in", "1946", "by", "the", "Company", "'", "Morrison", "-", "Nadsen", "'", ".", "All", "in", "all", "the", "Americans", "constructed", "more", "than", "250", "km", "of", "main", "canals", ",", "several", "dams", "and", "hydropower", "plants", ".", "\n\n", "Experience", "of", "development", "of", "new", "irrigated", "lands", "with", "the", "help", "of", "irrigation", "systems", "Sarde", ",", "Parvana", ",", "Kelagai", "and", "Helmanda", "has", "shown", "that", "such", "practice", "was", "not", "successful", ".", "\n\n", "As", "there", "was", "no", "an", "integrated", "approach", "to", "design", "and", "construction", "of", "many", "large", "and", "regionally", "significant", "irrigation", "projects", "the", "basic", "structures", "in", "these", "projects", "were", "constructed", ",", "but", "bringing", "of", "thus", "prepared", "lands", "into", "agricultural", "production", "requires", "additional", "investments", "and", "time", ".", "The", "only", "finished", "integrated", "engineering", "project", "tat", "gives", "economic", "benefits", "is", "the", "Jalalabad", "irrigation", "complex", "that", "was", "built", "with", "technical", "support", "of", "the", "former", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "This", "complex", "was", "damaged", "seriously", "in", "the", "course", "of", "military", "actions", "in", "this", "region", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Water", "Resources", "and", "Irrigation", "in", "the", "Northern", "Regions", "of", "Afghanistan", "\n\n", "Northern", "regions", "of", "Afghanistan", "are", "supposed", "to", "include", "the", "valley", "on", "the", "left", "bank", "of", "the", "Panj", "and", "Amudarya", "Rivers", ",", "beginning", "from", "the", "Kowkchen", "River", "valley", "in", "the", "east", "and", "ending", "with", "the", "Shirintagao", "River", "valley", "on", "the", "border", "with", "Turkmenistan", "in", "the", "west", ".", "On", "the", "north", "this", "territory", "is", "rimmed", "by", "the", "Panj", "and", "Amudarya", "Rivers", ",", "on", "the", "south", "-", "by", "outspurs", "of", "the", "Bandi", "-", "Torkestan", "(", "more", "correctly", "Tirbandi", "-", "Torkestan", ")", "and", "Hindukush", "Ridges", ".", "1", "\n\n", "Mountain", "glaciers", "are", "an", "important", "indicator", "of", "climatic", "changes", "in", "the", "region", ".", "Investigations", "that", "had", "been", "carried", "out", "recent", "by", "the" ]	[]
1290 , or entirely on the remote system 1290 . In the latter scenario, the remote system 1290 may be connected to the system 1200 through any type of network 1299 . - the instructions 1201 x , 1203 x , 1204 x are shown as code blocks included in the processor 1201 , memory 1204 , and/or storage 1220 , any of the code blocks may be replaced with hardwired circuits, for example, built into memory blocks/cells of an ASIC, FPGA, and/or some other suitable IC. - the storage circuitry 1204 is stores computational logic/modules configured to implement the techniques described herein. - the computational logic 1204 x may be employed to store working copies and/or permanent copies of programming instructions, or data to create the programming instructions, for the operation of various components of compute node 1200 (e.g., drivers, libraries, APIs, and/or the like), an OS of compute node 1200 , one or more applications, and/or the like. - the computational logic 1204 x may be stored or loaded into memory circuitry 1203 as instructions 1203 x , or data to create the instructions 1203 x , which are then accessed for execution by the processor circuitry 1201 via the IX 1206 to carry out the various functions, processes, methods, algorithms, operations, tasks, actions, techniques, and/or other aspects described herein (see e.g., FIGS. 1 - 11 and 13 ). - the various elements may be implemented by assembler instructions supported by processor circuitry 1201 or high-level languages that may be compiled into instructions 1201 x , or data to create the instructions 1201 x , to be executed by the processor circuitry 1201 . - the permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into persistent storage circuitry 1204 at the factory/OEM or in the field through, for example, a distribution medium (e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface) and a communication interface (e.g., communication circuitry 1207 ) from a distribution server (e.g., remote system 1290 ) and/or the like. - a distribution medium e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface - OTA over-the-air - the instructions 1201 x , 1203 x , 1204 x can include one or more operating systems (OS) and/or other software to control various aspects of the compute node 1200 . - the OS can include drivers and/or APIs to control particular devices or components that are embedded in the	[ "1290", ",", "or", "entirely", "on", "the", "remote", "system", "1290", ".", "In", "the", "latter", "scenario", ",", "the", "remote", "system", "1290", "may", "be", "connected", "to", "the", "system", "1200", "through", "any", "type", "of", "network", "1299", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "instructions", "1201", "x", ",", "1203", "x", ",", "1204", "x", "\n", "are", "shown", "as", "code", "blocks", "included", "in", "the", "processor", "1201", ",", "memory", "1204", ",", "and/or", "storage", "1220", ",", "any", "of", "the", "code", "blocks", "may", "be", "replaced", "with", "hardwired", "circuits", ",", "for", "example", ",", "built", "into", "memory", "blocks", "/", "cells", "of", "an", "ASIC", ",", "FPGA", ",", "and/or", "some", "other", "suitable", "IC", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "storage", "circuitry", "1204", "\n", "is", "stores", "computational", "logic", "/", "modules", "configured", "to", "implement", "the", "techniques", "described", "herein", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "computational", "logic", "1204", "x", "\n", "may", "be", "employed", "to", "store", "working", "copies", "and/or", "permanent", "copies", "of", "programming", "instructions", ",", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "programming", "instructions", ",", "for", "the", "operation", "of", "various", "components", "of", "compute", "node", "1200", "(", "e.g.", ",", "drivers", ",", "libraries", ",", "APIs", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "an", "OS", "of", "compute", "node", "1200", ",", "one", "or", "more", "applications", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "computational", "logic", "1204", "x", "\n", "may", "be", "stored", "or", "loaded", "into", "memory", "circuitry", "1203", "as", "instructions", "1203", "x", ",", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "instructions", "1203", "x", ",", "which", "are", "then", "accessed", "for", "execution", "by", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "1201", "via", "the", "IX", "1206", "to", "carry", "out", "the", "various", "functions", ",", "processes", ",", "methods", ",", "algorithms", ",", "operations", ",", "tasks", ",", "actions", ",", "techniques", ",", "and/or", "other", "aspects", "described", "herein", "(", "see", "e.g.", ",", "FIGS", ".", "1", "-", "11", "and", "13", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "various", "elements", "\n", "may", "be", "implemented", "by", "assembler", "instructions", "supported", "by", "processor", "circuitry", "1201", "or", "high", "-", "level", "languages", "that", "may", "be", "compiled", "into", "instructions", "1201", "x", ",", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "instructions", "1201", "x", ",", "to", "be", "executed", "by", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "1201", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "permanent", "copy", "of", "the", "programming", "instructions", "\n", "may", "be", "placed", "into", "persistent", "storage", "circuitry", "1204", "at", "the", "factory", "/", "OEM", "or", "in", "the", "field", "through", ",", "for", "example", ",", "a", "distribution", "medium", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "wired", "connection", "and/or", "over", "-", "the", "-", "air", "(", "OTA", ")", "interface", ")", "and", "a", "communication", "interface", "(", "e.g.", ",", "communication", "circuitry", "1207", ")", "from", "a", "distribution", "server", "(", "e.g.", ",", "remote", "system", "1290", ")", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "distribution", "medium", "\n", "e.g.", ",", "a", "wired", "connection", "and/or", "over", "-", "the", "-", "air", "(", "OTA", ")", "interface", "\n", "-", "OTA", "\n", "over", "-", "the", "-", "air", "\n", "-", "the", "instructions", "1201", "x", ",", "1203", "x", ",", "1204", "x", "\n", "can", 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20 million ( Chakravorty and Sircar, 2021 ). Delhi is made up of dif - ferent spaces that are planned, unplanned, authorised and unauthorised, with those living in them coming from different religions and castes with varying education levels, languages and migration status. From diplomats to members of Parliament, to daily wage earners to maids and security guards, college students and auto rick - shaw drivers, those living in Delhi form a rich tapestry of communities living in adjoining districts, where the rich live next to the poor, who supply them with entrepreneurial services and products. “Even if the wealthy do not desire to live near poorer settlements such as bastis, as is typically the case, the very structure of socioeconomic dependence guarantees a spatially heterogeneous pattern of settle - ment” ( Sircar, 2021 , p.67). The draw of the city 7 Planning and policy documents state that there are eight types of settlements in Delhi. One is ‘planned’ (23.7% of the total population of the city lives in planned colonies), the remaining seven, ‘unplanned’ (76.3% of the total population of the city). The eight types are JJ clusters (slum), slum designated areas, unauthorised col - onies, JJ Resettlement Colonies, Rural Villages, Regularised-Unauthorised Colonies, Urban Villages and Planned Colonies. Therefore, three-quarters of Delhi’s popu - lation live in ‘unplanned’, ‘illegal’ and ‘informal settlements’ ( Bhan, 2016 , p.19). Informal or illegal settlements are also known as bastis. Delhi’s bastis grew in num - ber between 1981 and 2000. Typically, residents do not own the land, which may be public or private, upon which they have built their homes and businesses, thus violat - ing planning norms and standards. Between 2002 and 2010 the number of bastis was reduced through evictions. The clearances of ‘encroachments’ are ordered through the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court of India. It is then typically the role of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Public Works Department, the Delhi Jal Board and the Central Government to oversee the removals and evictions. From the 2001 to the 2011 census there is a fall of 25% in population from two central districts in Delhi ‘it has been established that removal of slum clusters is the primary reason for the fall in population in New Delhi district vis-à-vis 2001’ (Government of India, 2012 , p.44). The Court’s portray the poor as ‘encroachers’	[ "20", "million", "(", "Chakravorty", "and", "Sircar", ",", "2021", ")", ".", "Delhi", "is", "made", "up", "of", "dif", "-", "\n", "ferent", "spaces", "that", "are", "planned", ",", "unplanned", ",", "authorised", "and", "unauthorised", ",", "with", "those", "\n", "living", "in", "them", "coming", "from", "different", "religions", "and", "castes", "with", "varying", "education", "\n", "levels", ",", "languages", "and", "migration", "status", ".", "From", "diplomats", "to", "members", "of", "Parliament", ",", "\n", "to", "daily", "wage", "earners", "to", "maids", "and", "security", "guards", ",", "college", "students", "and", "auto", "rick", "-", "\n", "shaw", "drivers", ",", "those", "living", "in", "Delhi", "form", "a", "rich", "tapestry", "of", "communities", "living", "in", "\n", "adjoining", "districts", ",", "where", "the", "rich", "live", "next", "to", "the", "poor", ",", "who", "supply", "them", "with", "\n", "entrepreneurial", "services", "and", "products", ".", "“", "Even", "if", "the", "wealthy", "do", "not", "desire", "to", "live", "\n", "near", "poorer", "settlements", "such", "as", "bastis", ",", "as", "is", "typically", "the", "case", ",", "the", "very", "structure", "of", "\n", "socioeconomic", "dependence", "guarantees", "a", "spatially", "heterogeneous", "pattern", "of", "settle", "-", "\n", "ment", "”", "(", "Sircar", ",", "2021", ",", "p.67", ")", ".", "\n", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", "7", "\n", "Planning", "and", "policy", "documents", "state", "that", "there", "are", "eight", "types", "of", "settlements", "in", "\n", "Delhi", ".", "One", "is", "‘", "planned", "’", "(", "23.7", "%", "of", "the", "total", "population", "of", "the", "city", "lives", "in", "planned", "\n", "colonies", ")", ",", "the", "remaining", "seven", ",", "‘", "unplanned", "’", "(", "76.3", "%", "of", "the", "total", "population", "of", "the", "\n", "city", ")", ".", "The", "eight", "types", "are", "JJ", "clusters", "(", "slum", ")", ",", "slum", "designated", "areas", ",", "unauthorised", "col", "-", "\n", "onies", ",", "JJ", "Resettlement", "Colonies", ",", "Rural", "Villages", ",", "Regularised", "-", "Unauthorised", "Colonies", ",", "\n", "Urban", "Villages", "and", "Planned", "Colonies", ".", "Therefore", ",", "three", "-", "quarters", "of", "Delhi", "’s", "popu", "-", "\n", "lation", "live", "in", "‘", "unplanned", "’", ",", "‘", "illegal", "’", "and", "‘", "informal", "settlements", "’", "(", "Bhan", ",", "2016", ",", "p.19", ")", ".", "\n", "Informal", "or", "illegal", "settlements", "are", "also", "known", "as", "bastis", ".", "Delhi", "’s", "bastis", "grew", "in", "num", "-", "\n", "ber", "between", "1981", "and", "2000", ".", "Typically", ",", "residents", "do", "not", "own", "the", "land", ",", "which", "may", "be", "\n", "public", "or", "private", ",", "upon", "which", "they", "have", "built", "their", "homes", "and", "businesses", ",", "thus", "violat", "-", "\n", "ing", "planning", "norms", "and", "standards", ".", "Between", "2002", "and", "2010", "the", "number", "of", "bastis", "was", "\n", "reduced", "through", "evictions", ".", "The", "clearances", "of", "‘", "encroachments", "’", "are", "ordered", "through", "\n", "the", "Delhi", "High", "Court", "and", "the", "Supreme", "Court", "of", "India", ".", "It", "is", "then", "typically", "the", "role", "\n", "of", "the", "Delhi", "Development", "Authority", "(", "DDA", ")", ",", "the", "Municipal", "Corporation", "of", "Delhi", ",", "\n", "the", "Public", "Works", "Department", ",", "the", "Delhi", "Jal", "Board", "and", "the", "Central", "Government", "to", "\n", "oversee", "the", "removals", "and", "evictions", ".", "From", "the", "2001", "to", "the", "2011", "census", "there", "is", "a", "\n", "fall", "of", "25", "%", "in", "population", "from", "two", "central", "districts", "in", "Delhi", "‘", "it", "has", "been", "established", "\n", "that", "removal", "of", "slum", "clusters", "is", "the", "primary", "reason", "for", "the", "fall", "in", "population", "in", "New", "\n", "Delhi", "district", "vis", "-", "à", "-", "vis", "2001", "’", "(", "Government", "of", "India", ",", "2012", ",", "p.44", ")", ".", "The", "Court", "’s", "portray", "\n", "the", "poor", "as", "‘", "encroachers", "’" ]	[ { "end": 41, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 13 }, { "end": 1451, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1447 }, { "end": 35, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 13 }, { "end": 2440, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2421 }, { "end": 2446, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2442 }, { "end": 1457, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1453 }, { "end": 41, "label": "YEAR", "start": 37 }, { "end": 842, "label": "YEAR", "start": 838 }, { "end": 849, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 830 }, { "end": 1464, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1447 }, { "end": 2453, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2421 }, { "end": 836, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 830 } ]
can observe two huge earthquakes, one that increased and the other that decreased political tension. In the Armenian earthquake of December 1988, a time when a hot Armenian -Azeri conflict was present, between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 injured. Most injured Armenians refused to accept blood donated by Azerbaijanis after the earthquake. This illustrated resistance to ' mixing blood ' with the enemy. In contrast, in Turkey in August 1999, a massive earthquake killed an estimated 20,000 people. Only a few years earlier, Turkey and Greece had almost gone to war in a dispute over two rocky islets 5 Lifton & Olson (1976). The human meaning of total disaster: The Buffalo Creek experience. 6 Williams & Parks (1975, p. 304). Psychosocial effects of disaster: Birth rate in Aberfan. (Kardak/Imia) near the Turkish coast, ⁷ and there remained high tension between the two countries. After the earthquake, rescue workers from many nations rushed to Turkey to help, among them Greeks. By publishing pictures and stories of Greek rescue workers, Turkish newspapers helped to ' humanize ' the Greeks as a large group. The Turkish disaster and an earthquake in Greece the following month initiated a new relationship between the two nations. Many people in diplomatic circles at that time used the term ' earthquake diplomacy ' to characterize this positive outcome. When a massive trauma results from deliberate oppression or widespread torture by the Other who has a different large-group identity, narcissistic investment in large-group identity, its symbols and undigested historical images, becomes inflamed. The heavy shadow of large-group identity falls upon individual identities. ## Individual and Large-group Identities Unlike the terms ' character ' and ' personality , which are observed and perceived ' by mental health clinicians, individual identity refers to a person s inner working ' model -he or she, not an outsider, senses and experiences it. Erik Erikson described this as ' a persistent sameness within oneself … [and] a persistent sharing of some kind of essential character with others . ' ⁸ Individual identity is interconnected with large-group identity. Using an analogy of a large canvas tent helps explain large-group identity. Think in terms of learning to wear two layers of clothing from the time we are children. The first layer, the individual layer, fits each of us snugly. It is one s personal identity. 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Introduction: History of forensic medicine extends back to the early civilization of Babylon, Egypt andChina from 2000 BC. In European context allpresent day system has organized in Italy andGermany in 16 th century1. 449 BC in Roman period medico legal factors concerning the insane, unborn child, personal injuries andexternal post mortem examination in criminaldeaths carried out. From this point onward theera of modern forensic medicine in thecontinental European countries can be said to have commenced. The acceptance of the continental institutions in medical jurisprudence was much slower inGreat Britain. Scotland took the first realinterest in academic forensic medicine, a tradition which is thankfully preserves to this day 2. Like Britain, the development of legal medicine in United States has been a patchy andindividualistic process, rather than the moreorderly system in the European continent. TheFORENSIC MEDICINE: BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE RAHMAN KGM1, OSMAN MK2, MAHMUD S3 Abstract In this paper the remnants of British medical jurisprudence, the medico legal service of Bangladesh were discussed to improve the current medico legal practice and to propose futureplan. In Bangladesh, all unnatural deaths are to be reported at the nearest police station andan appointed police officer should visit the scene of occurrence for investigation and to arrangepostmortem if required. The forensic services of the country are delivered partly by academicstaffs of government medical colleges’ forensic medicine department and rest by the civilsurgeons - the district health administrator. The civil surgeons perform postmortem by thedoctors under him in district hospitals, most of them have no forensic qualifications. Currentlyacademic and professional postgraduate courses are available. The chemical examiner’slaboratory is situated at Dhaka with the facility of quantitative tests only. The Government ofBangladesh is trying to standardize the existing system. A workshop on medico legal servicewas organized recently at Dhaka by the Medico Legal Society of Bangladesh. A DNA profilinglaboratory was established at Dhaka Medical College Forensic Medicine Department. Suchprogress is a milestone in the development of medico legal service in Bangladesh. However,with a few exceptions teaching and training facilities are still lacking. Key words: Forensic, Bangladesh Perspective. J Dhaka Med. Coll. 2010; 19(1) : 61-64. 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic, Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic, Medicine, Pabna Medical College, Pabna.3. Lecturer, Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka.Correspondence : Dr. Kazi Golam Mukhlesur RahmanEnglish styled law was transplanted by the early settlers, coroner’s system and medicalexaminer’s system developed from that	[ "Introduction", ":", "\n", "History", "of", "forensic", "medicine", "extends", "back", "to", "\n", "the", "early", "civilization", "of", "Babylon", ",", "Egypt", "andChina", "from", "2000", "BC", ".", "In", "European", "context", "allpresent", "day", "system", "has", "organized", "in", "Italy", "andGermany", "in", "16", "\n", "th", "century1", ".", "449", "BC", "in", "Roman", "\n", "period", "medico", "legal", "factors", "concerning", "the", "\n", "insane", ",", "unborn", "child", ",", "personal", "injuries", "andexternal", "post", "mortem", "examination", "in", "criminaldeaths", "carried", "out", ".", "From", "this", "point", "onward", "theera", "of", "modern", "forensic", "medicine", "in", "thecontinental", "European", "countries", "can", "be", "said", "to", "\n", "have", "commenced", ".", "\n", "The", "acceptance", "of", "the", "continental", "institutions", "\n", "in", "medical", "jurisprudence", "was", "much", "slower", "inGreat", "Britain", ".", "Scotland", "took", "the", "first", "realinterest", "in", "academic", "forensic", "medicine", ",", "a", "\n", "tradition", "which", "is", "thankfully", "preserves", "to", "this", "\n", "day", "\n", "2", ".", "\n", "Like", "Britain", ",", "the", "development", "of", "legal", "medicine", "\n", "in", "United", "States", "has", "been", "a", "patchy", "andindividualistic", "process", ",", "rather", "than", "the", "moreorderly", "system", "in", "the", "European", "continent", ".", "TheFORENSIC", "MEDICINE", ":", "BANGLADESH", "PERSPECTIVE", "\n", "RAHMAN", "KGM1", ",", "OSMAN", "MK2", ",", "MAHMUD", "S3", "\n", "Abstract", "\n", "In", "this", "paper", "the", "remnants", "of", "British", "medical", "jurisprudence", ",", "the", "medico", "legal", "service", "of", "\n", "Bangladesh", "were", "discussed", "to", "improve", "the", "current", "medico", "legal", "practice", "and", "to", "propose", "futureplan", ".", " ", "In", "Bangladesh", ",", "all", "unnatural", "deaths", "are", "to", "be", "reported", "at", "the", "nearest", "police", "station", "andan", "appointed", "police", "officer", "should", "visit", "the", "scene", "of", "occurrence", "for", "investigation", "and", "to", "arrangepostmortem", "if", "required", ".", "The", "forensic", "services", "of", "the", "country", "are", "delivered", "partly", "by", "academicstaffs", "of", "government", "medical", "colleges", "’", "forensic", "medicine", "department", "and", "rest", "by", "the", "civilsurgeons", "-", "the", "district", "health", "administrator", ".", "The", "civil", "surgeons", "perform", "postmortem", "by", "thedoctors", "under", "him", "in", "district", "hospitals", ",", "most", "of", "them", "have", "no", "forensic", "qualifications", ".", "Currentlyacademic", "and", "professional", "postgraduate", "courses", "are", "available", ".", "The", "chemical", "examiner’slaboratory", "is", "situated", "at", "Dhaka", "with", "the", "facility", "of", "quantitative", "tests", "only", ".", "The", "Government", "ofBangladesh", "is", "trying", "to", "standardize", "the", "existing", "system", ".", "A", "workshop", "on", "medico", "legal", "servicewas", "organized", "recently", "at", "Dhaka", "by", "the", "Medico", "Legal", "Society", "of", "Bangladesh", ".", "A", "DNA", "profilinglaboratory", "was", "established", "at", "Dhaka", "Medical", "College", "Forensic", "Medicine", "Department", ".", "Suchprogress", "is", "a", "milestone", "in", "the", "development", "of", "medico", "legal", "service", "in", "Bangladesh", ".", "However", ",", "with", "a", "few", "exceptions", "teaching", "and", "training", "facilities", "are", "still", "lacking", ".", "\n", "Key", "words", ":", "Forensic", ",", "Bangladesh", "Perspective", ".", "\n", "J", "Dhaka", "Med", ".", "Coll", ".", "2010", ";", "19(1", ")", ":", "61", "-", "64", ".", "\n", "1", ".", "Assistant", "Professor", ",", "Department", "of", "Forensic", ",", "Medicine", ",", "Dhaka", "Medical", "College", ",", "Dhaka", ".", "\n", "2", ".", "Assistant", "Professor", ",", "Department", "of", "Forensic", ",", "Medicine", ",", "Pabna", "Medical", "College", ",", "Pabna.3", ".", "Lecturer", ",", "Department", "of", "Forensic", "Medicine", ",", "Dhaka", "Medical", "College", ",", "Dhaka", ".", "Correspondence", ":", " ", "Dr.", "Kazi", "Golam", "Mukhlesur", "RahmanEnglish", "styled", "law", "was", "transplanted", "by", "the", "early", "\n", "settlers", ",", "coroner", "’s", "system", "and", "medicalexaminer", "’s", "system", "developed", "from", "that", "\n" ]	[]
Further details on the economics of the projects are available on request.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 15 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.1.2 Mining Tax Base Issues Addressed By Ring-Fencing 3.1.2.1 Permanent Losses Derived From Unsuccessful Projects A mining investor holding two licences, one for exploration and one for mining, may offset costs from an unsuccessful exploration project against the profits of a producing mine. If the exploration project had been successful, the loss would have been temporary because once production starts, these costs will be recouped. An unsuccessful project may result in a permanent loss for governments as costs will not be recoverable except where ring-fencing rules exist (see Box 5). While this outcome of protecting the tax base from permanent losses is attractive from the tax revenue policy perspective, it may conflict with the intention of attracting investment into exploration activities. Unsuccessful projects are a reality of the extractives industry, given the risk involved.	[ "Further", "details", "on", "the", "economics", "of", "the", "projects", "are", "available", "on", "request.3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "15", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makers3.1.2", "Mining", "Tax", "Base", "Issues", "Addressed", " \n", "By", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "\n", "3.1.2.1", "Permanent", "Losses", "Derived", "From", "Unsuccessful", "\n", "Projects", "\n", "A", "mining", "investor", "holding", "two", "licences", ",", "one", "for", "exploration", "and", "one", "for", "mining", ",", "\n", "may", "offset", "costs", "from", "an", "unsuccessful", "exploration", "project", "against", "the", "profits", "\n", "of", "a", "producing", "mine", ".", "If", "the", "exploration", "project", "had", "been", "successful", ",", "the", "loss", "\n", "would", "have", "been", "temporary", "because", "once", "production", "starts", ",", "these", "costs", "\n", "will", "be", "recouped", ".", "An", "unsuccessful", "project", "may", "result", "in", "a", "permanent", "loss", "for", "\n", "governments", "as", "costs", "will", "not", "be", "recoverable", "except", "where", "ring", "-", "fencing", " \n", "rules", "exist", "(", "see", "Box", "5", ")", ".", "While", "this", "outcome", "of", "protecting", "the", "tax", "base", "from", "\n", "permanent", "losses", "is", "attractive", "from", "the", "tax", "revenue", "policy", "perspective", ",", "it", "\n", "may", "conflict", "with", "the", "intention", "of", "attracting", "investment", "into", "exploration", "\n", "activities", ".", "Unsuccessful", "projects", "are", "a", "reality", "of", "the", "extractives", "industry", ",", "\n", "given", "the", "risk", "involved", "." ]	[]
agriculture. Nevertheless, in terms of exports of goods – excluding Azerbaijan which concentrates most of its exports in Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials – for the remaining EaP countries, Food and live animals and Beverages and tobacco represent between 10% and 32% of the total exports (Moldova at the higher end). Beyond the primary sector, the previous section presented a set of specialisations resulting from the economic and innovation analysis for each EaP country, summarised in the following transversal table. It shows the NACE codes that have been selected for at least one country, and includes a ‘potential for economic and innovation collabora- tion’ indicator based on the number of times it has been selected as an E&I specialisation domain. The first clear transversal E&I domain of potential collaboration consists of NACE codes 10 Manu- facture of food products and 11 Manufacture of beverages in the Food Processing and Manu- facturing industry. This potential domain of collaboration directly concerns Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and is aligned with the com- mon agricultural strength identified in the previ- ous paragraphs. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials, NACE code 16, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Moldova and Ukraine.Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, NACE code 20, is identified as an E&I specialisa- tion in two countries: Azerbaijan and Moldova. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two coun- tries: Georgia and Ukraine. Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, NACE code 26, is identified as an E&I spe- cialisation in two countries: Armenia and Ukraine. Accommodation, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Georgia. Telecommunications, NACE code 61, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Moldova. Several advanced services, notably NACE code 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities, NACE code 63 Information service activities and NACE code 64 Finan- cial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, concern, to varying degrees, 4 EaP countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova, creating an economic cluster of potential collaboration. The above E&I domains of potential collaboration are solely those emerging from the selected E&I domains for each country, and other potential ar- eas of cooperation may exist. This said, there is obviously	[ "agriculture", ".", "Nevertheless", ",", "in", "\n", "terms", "of", "exports", "of", "goods", "–", "excluding", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "which", "concentrates", "most", "of", "its", "exports", "in", "Mineral", "\n", "fuels", ",", "lubricants", "and", "related", "materials", "–", "for", "the", "\n", "remaining", "EaP", "countries", ",", "Food", "and", "live", "animals", "\n", "and", "Beverages", "and", "tobacco", "represent", "between", "\n", "10", "%", "and", "32", "%", "of", "the", "total", "exports", "(", "Moldova", "at", "the", "\n", "higher", "end", ")", ".", "\n", "Beyond", "the", "primary", "sector", ",", "the", "previous", "section", "\n", "presented", "a", "set", "of", "specialisations", "resulting", "from", "\n", "the", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "each", "EaP", "\n", "country", ",", "summarised", "in", "the", "following", "transversal", "\n", "table", ".", "It", "shows", "the", "NACE", "codes", "that", "have", "been", "\n", "selected", "for", "at", "least", "one", "country", ",", "and", "includes", "a", "\n", "‘", "potential", "for", "economic", "and", "innovation", "collabora-", "\n", "tion", "’", "indicator", "based", "on", "the", "number", "of", "times", "it", "has", "\n", "been", "selected", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "domain", ".", "\n", "The", "first", "clear", "transversal", "E&I", "domain", "of", "potential", "\n", "collaboration", "consists", "of", "NACE", "codes", "10", "Manu-", "\n", "facture", "of", "food", "products", "and", "11", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "beverages", "in", "the", "Food", "Processing", "and", "Manu-", "\n", "facturing", "industry", ".", "This", "potential", "domain", "of", "\n", "collaboration", "directly", "concerns", "Armenia", ",", "Georgia", ",", "\n", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", "and", "is", "aligned", "with", "the", "com-", "\n", "mon", "agricultural", "strength", "identified", "in", "the", "previ-", "\n", "ous", "paragraphs", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "\n", "wood", "and", "cork", ",", "except", "furniture", ";", "manufacture", "\n", "of", "articles", "of", "straw", "and", "plaiting", "materials", ",", "NACE", "\n", "code", "16", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "\n", "two", "countries", ":", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "chemical", "products", ",", "\n", "NACE", "code", "20", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Azerbaijan", "and", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "products", ",", "\n", "except", "machinery", "and", "equipment", ",", "NACE", "code", "25", ",", "\n", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "coun-", "\n", "tries", ":", "Georgia", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "products", ",", "NACE", "code", "26", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Armenia", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Accommodation", ",", "NACE", "code", "25", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "\n", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Armenia", "\n", "and", "Georgia", ".", "\n", "Telecommunications", ",", "NACE", "code", "61", ",", "is", "identified", "\n", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Armenia", "\n", "and", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "Several", "advanced", "services", ",", "notably", "NACE", "code", "\n", "62", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "\n", "related", "activities", ",", "NACE", "code", "63", "Information", "\n", "service", "activities", "and", "NACE", "code", "64", "Finan-", "\n", "cial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "funding", ",", "concern", ",", "to", "varying", "degrees", ",", "4", "\n", "EaP", "countries", ":", "Armenia", ",", "Azerbaijan", ",", "Georgia", "and", "\n", "Moldova", ",", "creating", "an", "economic", "cluster", "of", "potential", "\n", "collaboration", ".", "\n", "The", "above", "E&I", "domains", "of", "potential", "collaboration", "\n", "are", "solely", "those", "emerging", "from", "the", "selected", "E&I", "\n", "domains", "for", "each", "country", ",", "and", "other", "potential", "ar-", "\n", "eas", "of", "cooperation", "may", "exist", ".", "This", "said", ",", "there", "is", "\n", "obviously" ]	[]
the regulation is “portable batteries of general use” (PBGUs), which refers to the most commonly used batteries directly sold to end- users with the common designations AAAA, AAA, AA, C, D, 4.5V , 9V , and A23. These batteries are found online, at supermarkets, and other retail businesses. In most cases, the batteries are used in domestic appliances (e.g., remote controls, clocks, radios, smoke detectors, toys). In the market a consumer may find common designation batteries with different chemistries. These batteries can be non-rechargeable batteries (also called ‘primary’ batteries), e.g., alkaline, zinc–carbon and lithium batteries, and rechargeable batteries (also called ‘secondary’ batteries). Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) is the most common chemistry, while nickel cadmium (NiCd) [ 2], nickel zinc (NiZn) [ 3], and lead acid [ 4] are used much less. In this study, we analyze the performance and durability of commercial secondary NiMH batteries, focusing on their capacity, charge retention, charge recovery, and cycle endurance. By aligning our methodology with the IEC 61951-2 standard [ 5,6], we seek Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010030Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 2 of 20 to establish a basis for future minimum performance requirements as mandated by the European batteries regulation in Article 9 [ 1]. Our findings will provide insights into both manufacturers and consumers, promoting the development of better battery technologies. NiMH batteries contain valuable metals. At the positive electrode (cathode), nickel is present as a hydroxide compound. The negative electrode (anode) is composed of an intermetallic alloy with a combination of transition metals in a graphite substrate (nickel, cobalt, and manganese) and rare earth elements (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium) that allow hydrogen storage [ 7]. The cathode and the anode are electrically separated by a polyolefin material, usually a non-woven polypropylene soaked in a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide [ 8]. Research on improving the technology has been focused on the following: increasing cycle life [ 9], second life and reuse [ 10], recovery of rare metals from used batteries [ 11,12], and scaling up processes for battery recycling [13]. In terms of the energy storage market, the NiMH battery has gained attention for the different performance characteristics that it provides at the system and cell levels, such as a specific energy of 60–120 Wh/kg, an energy density of 140–300 Wh/L [ 14], an energy efficiency of 60–92%, a lifetime of 1800–2000 cycles, and its availability worldwide [15]. 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Insights and questions like these prompted us to convene an international conference on 'Hidden Histories: Women and Science in the Twentieth Century' in May 2021. Held online at the height of the Covid- 19 pandemic, the event was organized in connection with Bonea's 'Archives of the Earth' project based at the Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies, funded by the German Research Foundation and co- hosted by the Faculty of Political Science, University of Bucharest. The initial call for papers attracted almost 100 submissions, leading to fifty- four presentations. More than half introduced case studies from the UK, France, Germany, the US and Russia, but a substantial number discussed histories of women in science, engineering and medicine in South Asian, East Asian, as well as Southern, Eastern and Central European contexts. A paper each was also presented on Trinidad and Tobago and Israel, with the remaining two focusing on the colonial contexts of Portuguese Africa and the French Pacific. Mariko Ogawa and Andrea Pető delivered keynote lectures. In a volume concerned with absences and invisibility, it is essential to acknowledge the gaps in our own research. Despite efforts to circulate the call for papers in relevant academic forums, we received only one submission each pertaining to South America and Africa for the conference and no submissions for the present volume. As a result, African and South American case studies are absent, although Rees Koerner and Gooday's chapter discusses the participation of engineers from Morocco, Uganda, Nigeria and Ghana in the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES). Such limitations notwithstanding, the volume prides itself on its geographical and linguistic diversity, featuring three chapters on India, two on China, one each on Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Greece, two on the UK and three on the US. Mariko Ogawa's foreword discusses the changing contours of women's engagement with professional science in Japan against broader international developments in the field. Equally importantly, many of the chapters engage with the history of women in science, engineering and medicine from border- defying, trans- regional perspectives, demonstrating that the 'science' they document was itself a transregional enterprise. The volume combines individual and collective portraits of women in science, engineering and medicine with discussions of institutional structures, work and associational cultures, medical practice and education, science and domesticity, science communication and activism, and science policy. By bringing together case studies that are not usually discussed	[ "Insights", "and", "questions", "like", "these", "prompted", "us", "to", "convene", "an", "international", "conference", " ", "on", " ", "'", "Hidden", " ", "Histories", ":", " ", "Women", " ", "and", " ", "Science", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "Twentieth", "Century", "'", "in", "May", "2021", ".", "Held", "online", "at", "the", "height", "of", "the", "Covid-", " ", "19", "pandemic", ",", "the", "event", "was", "organized", "in", "connection", "with", "Bonea", "'s", "'", "Archives", "of", "the", "Earth", "'", "project", "based", "at", "the", "Heidelberg", "Centre", "for", "Transcultural", "Studies", ",", "funded", "by", "the", "German", "Research", "Foundation", "and", "co-", " ", "hosted", "by", "the", "Faculty", "of", "Political", "Science", ",", "University", "of", "Bucharest", ".", "The", "initial", "call", "for", "papers", "attracted", "almost", "100", "submissions", ",", "leading", "to", "fifty-", " ", "four", "presentations", ".", "More", "than", "half", "introduced", "case", "studies", "from", "the", "UK", ",", "France", ",", "Germany", ",", "the", "US", "and", "Russia", ",", "but", "a", "substantial", "number", "discussed", "histories", "of", "women", "in", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "medicine", "in", "South", "Asian", ",", "East", "Asian", ",", "as", "well", "as", "Southern", ",", "Eastern", "and", "Central", "European", "contexts", ".", "A", "paper", "each", "was", "also", "presented", "on", "Trinidad", "and", "Tobago", "and", "Israel", ",", "with", "the", "remaining", "two", "focusing", "on", "the", "colonial", "contexts", "of", "Portuguese", "Africa", "and", "the", "French", "Pacific", ".", "Mariko", "Ogawa", "and", "Andrea", "Pető", "delivered", "keynote", "lectures", ".", "\n\n", "In", "a", "volume", "concerned", "with", "absences", "and", "invisibility", ",", "it", "is", "essential", "to", "acknowledge", "the", "gaps", "in", "our", "own", "research", ".", "Despite", "efforts", "to", "circulate", "the", "call", "for", "papers", "in", "relevant", "academic", "forums", ",", "we", "received", "only", "one", "submission", "each", "pertaining", "to", "South", "America", "and", "Africa", "for", "the", "conference", "and", "no", "submissions", "for", "the", "present", "volume", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "African", "and", "South", "American", "case", "studies", "are", "absent", ",", "although", "Rees", "Koerner", "and", "Gooday", "'s", "chapter", "discusses", "the", "participation", "of", "engineers", "from", "Morocco", ",", "Uganda", ",", "Nigeria", "and", "Ghana", "in", "the", "International", "Conference", "of", "Women", "Engineers", "and", "Scientists", "(", "ICWES", ")", ".", "Such", "limitations", "notwithstanding", ",", "the", "volume", "prides", "itself", "on", "its", "geographical", "and", "linguistic", "diversity", ",", "featuring", "three", "chapters", "on", "India", ",", "two", "on", "China", ",", "one", "each", "on", "Romania", ",", "Hungary", ",", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "and", "Greece", ",", "\n\n", "two", "on", "the", "UK", "and", "three", "on", "the", "US", ".", "Mariko", "Ogawa", "'s", "foreword", "discusses", "the", " ", "changing", " ", "contours", " ", "of", " ", "women", "'s", " ", "engagement", " ", "with", " ", "professional", " ", "science", "in", " ", "Japan", "against", "broader", "international", "developments", "in", "the", "field", ".", "Equally", "importantly", ",", " ", "many", "of", " ", "the", " ", "chapters", " ", "engage", " ", "with", " ", "the", " ", "history", " ", "of", " ", "women", " ", "in", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "medicine", "from", "border-", " ", "defying", ",", "trans-", " ", "regional", "perspectives", ",", "demonstrating", "that", "the", "'", "science", "'", "they", "document", "was", "itself", "a", "transregional", "enterprise", ".", "\n\n", "The", "volume", "combines", "individual", "and", "collective", "portraits", "of", "women", "in", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "medicine", "with", "discussions", "of", "institutional", "structures", ",", " ", "work", " ", "and", " ", "associational", " ", "cultures", ",", " ", "medical", " ", "practice", " ", "and", " ", "education", ",", "science", "and", "domesticity", ",", "science", "communication", "and", "activism", ",", "and", "science", "policy", ".", " ", "By", " ", "bringing", " ", "together", " ", "case", " ", "studies", " ", "that", " ", "are", " ", "not", " ", "usually", " ", "discussed" ]	[]
years, suggesting that training next-genera - tion AI systems could soon be as expensive as USD 1 billion and reach USD 10 billion by the end of the decadexiv. At the same time, deploying AI will require faster, lower latency and more secure connections. Yet, the EU is behind its 2030 Digital Decade targets for fibre and 5G deployment. The investment levels required to support EU networks are estimated at around EUR 200 billion to ensure full gigabit and 5G coverage across the EU. But Europe’s per capita investment is markedly lower than other major economies [see Figure 9] . A key reason for lower rates of investment is Europe’s fragmented market. For example, there are 34 mobile network operator groups in the EU and only a handful in the US or China, in part because the EU and Member States have tended to view mergers in the sector negatively. This fragmentation makes the fixed costs of investing in networks relatively more onerous for EU operators than for continent-scale companies in the US or China. Fragmentation also makes it harder to capitalise on new technolo - gies. Europe currently has virtually no presence in edge computing05, while opening network services to third-party developers and innovators using Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) is hindered by lack of coordination of standards. 05. Edge computing refers to the distribution of computational tasks across smaller nodes closer to customers, reducing data transport to smaller distances. As the EU builds highly automated manufacturing plants requiring low latency and significant data volumes steered by AI, edge computing for industrial applications could better enable performance and reduce latency for industrial connected robotics, keeping data transfers more secure. While the Digital Decade sets the goal of deploying at least 10,000 climate- neutral, secure edge nodes by 2030, there are today only three commercially deployed edge computing nodes in the EU. 31THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2FIGURE 8 Average monthly revenue per unit and CAPEX per capita Source: ETNO, 2023 The EU’s position in other innovative sectors like pharma is declining due to the same challenges of low investment in R&I and regulatory fragmentation [see the chapter on pharma] . While the EU’s pharma sector still leads globally in trade measured by value, it is falling behind in the most dynamic market segments and losing market share to US-based companies. 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\| \| … \| … \| - ₋₂ … … \| 1 0.2 ₋₁ \| 1 ₋₁ 3 ₋₁ ᵢ \| … … \| TCA \| \| \| \| 100 \| … 100 \| 100 \| … 100 \| 100 \| … 100 \| … 82 \| … … \| 1 ₋₄ … \| 41 ₋₁ \| \| 0.2 ₋₁ ᵢ 6 ₋₁ \| … … … \| \| \| \| \| 100 ₋₁ \| 100 ₋₁ \| 100 ₋₁ \| \| \| \| 100 ₋₁ \| 62 ₋₁ \| … \| 39 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| 100 ₋₁ … \| 100 ₋₁ \| \| … \| \| 2 ₋₁ … \| 3 ₋₁ \| 4 ₋₁ \| 32 ₋₂ \| \| \| 1 \| URY \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ₋₁ \| \| \| \| ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| … \| ᵢ \| 8 \| \| \| VEN \| \| \| \| \| \| 100 \| \| \| \| 1 ₋₂ \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## TABLE 6: Continued \| \| A to which global citizenship education sustainable development \| A to which global citizenship education sustainable development \| A to which global citizenship education sustainable development \| A to which global citizenship education sustainable development \| B \| Extent and education for are mainstreamed \| \|-------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| Country or territory \| Education policies/ frameworks \| \| In-service teacher training \| Student assessment \| % of schools providing life skills-based HIV/AIDS education \| Curriculum \| \| SDG indicator \| \| \| \| \| 4.7.2 \| 4.7.1 \| \| Reference year \| \| 2020 \| 2020 \| 2020 \| 2023 \| \| \| Europe and Northern \| \| \| \| \| \| America \| \| Albania \| 0.72 \| … \| 0.68 \| 0.83 \| 85 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| 0.77 \| 0.92 \| 100 \| Andorra 0.94 \| \| Austria \| 0.83 \| … \| 0.7 \| … \| … \| \|	[ "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", 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identification of domains following the topic modelling, some do- mains in some countries failed to emerge due to being too small, in particular: Transportation in Ar- menia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova; Electric and electronic technologies in Azerbaijan and En- ergy in Georgia. The first graphic presents data for publications. As already presented at the beginning of the cur- rent chapter, large science-oriented S&T domains dominated the EaP and the countries, notably Fundamental physics and mathematics and Na- notechnology and materials, particularly in Arme- nia and Georgia. Health and wellbeing also ranks highly in all countries, with small differences in rank. Governance, culture, education and the economy has a high rank in most countries, al- though the share of publications in these domains varies notably. The second graphic presents data for patents, al- beit the low number of patents compiled for some of the countries (notably Armenia and Azerbaijan) must be taken into account. As expected, Mechan- ical engineering and heavy machinery dominates the EaP, with a relevant weight for Health and wellbeing (Azerbaijan, Moldova, Ukraine), Electric and electronic technologies (peaking in Armenia), Nanotechnology and materials and Agrifood (no- tably in Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine). Finally, the third graphic presents data for EC R&I projects. As noted earlier, the distribution of S&T domains across EC projects is not only af-fected by the underlying specialisation and initi- ative of EaP actors, but also by the orientation of the programmes (7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020) as well as the differences in accessing the funding by the EaP countries. Due to the nature of the programmes and the coop- eration framework between the EU and the EaP countries, Governance, culture, education and the economy is by far the largest S&T domain in projects. Some differences then emerge, with Nanotechnology and materials having consider- able weight in Ukraine; Environmental sciences in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine; and ICT and computer science across the board (peaking in Armenia and Georgia). Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation167 168 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.20. Top 7 identified domains in each EaP country in publications (number of identified publications in the domain \| percentage of the total number of publications analysed in the country) Nanotechnology and materials (29 067 \| 23.12%) Nanotechnology and materials (1 265 \| 14.56%) Nanotechnology and materials (682 \| 12.4%)Chemistry and	[ "identification", "of", "\n", "domains", "following", "the", "topic", "modelling", ",", "some", "do-", "\n", "mains", "in", "some", "countries", "failed", "to", "emerge", "due", "to", "\n", "being", "too", "small", ",", "in", "particular", ":", "Transportation", "in", "Ar-", "\n", "menia", ",", "Azerbaijan", ",", "Georgia", "and", "Moldova", ";", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "in", "Azerbaijan", "and", "En-", "\n", "ergy", "in", "Georgia", ".", "\n", "The", "first", "graphic", "presents", "data", "for", "publications", ".", "\n", "As", "already", "presented", "at", "the", "beginning", "of", "the", "cur-", "\n", "rent", "chapter", ",", "large", "science", "-", "oriented", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "dominated", "the", "EaP", "and", "the", "countries", ",", "notably", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "and", "Na-", "\n", "notechnology", "and", "materials", ",", "particularly", "in", "Arme-", "\n", "nia", "and", "Georgia", ".", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "also", "ranks", "\n", "highly", "in", "all", "countries", ",", "with", "small", "differences", "in", "\n", "rank", ".", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy", "has", "a", "high", "rank", "in", "most", "countries", ",", "al-", "\n", "though", "the", "share", "of", "publications", "in", "these", "domains", "\n", "varies", "notably", ".", "\n", "The", "second", "graphic", "presents", "data", "for", "patents", ",", "al-", "\n", "beit", "the", "low", "number", "of", "patents", "compiled", "for", "some", "\n", "of", "the", "countries", "(", "notably", "Armenia", "and", "Azerbaijan", ")", "\n", "must", "be", "taken", "into", "account", ".", "As", "expected", ",", "Mechan-", "\n", "ical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "dominates", "\n", "the", "EaP", ",", "with", "a", "relevant", "weight", "for", "Health", "and", "\n", "wellbeing", "(", "Azerbaijan", ",", "Moldova", ",", "Ukraine", ")", ",", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "(", "peaking", "in", "Armenia", ")", ",", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "and", "Agrifood", "(", "no-", "\n", "tably", "in", "Armenia", ",", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ")", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "the", "third", "graphic", "presents", "data", "for", "EC", "\n", "R&I", "projects", ".", "As", "noted", "earlier", ",", "the", "distribution", "of", "\n", "S&T", "domains", "across", "EC", "projects", "is", "not", "only", "af", "-", "fected", "by", "the", "underlying", "specialisation", "and", "initi-", "\n", "ative", "of", "EaP", "actors", ",", "but", "also", "by", "the", "orientation", "\n", "of", "the", "programmes", "(", "7th", "Framework", "Programme", "\n", "and", "Horizon", "2020", ")", "as", "well", "as", "the", "differences", "in", "\n", "accessing", "the", "funding", "by", "the", "EaP", "countries", ".", "Due", "\n", "to", "the", "nature", "of", "the", "programmes", "and", "the", "coop-", "\n", "eration", "framework", "between", "the", "EU", "and", "the", "EaP", "\n", "countries", ",", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "\n", "the", "economy", "is", "by", "far", "the", "largest", "S&T", "domain", "\n", "in", "projects", ".", "Some", "differences", "then", "emerge", ",", "with", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "having", "consider-", "\n", "able", "weight", "in", "Ukraine", ";", "Environmental", "sciences", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", ",", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ";", "and", "ICT", "\n", "and", "computer", "science", "across", "the", "board", "(", "peaking", "\n", "in", "Armenia", "and", "Georgia", ")", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation167", "168", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Figure", "3.20", ".", "Top", "7", "identified", "domains", "in", "each", "EaP", "country", "in", "publications", "(", "number", "of", "identified", "publications", "in", "the", "\n", "domain", "\|", "percentage", "of", "the", "total", "number", "of", "publications", "analysed", "in", "the", "country", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "29", "067", "\|", "23.12", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "1", "265", "\|", "14.56", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "682", "\|", "12.4%)Chemistry", "and" ]	[]
N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.238E-01 2.238E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.796E-01 1.796E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.271E-01 1.271E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 6.717E-02 6.717E-02 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 We see that between step 1 and step 4 there appears one redundant contact (in the REDP sense). Until step 4, the contact normals of all non-redundant contacts are vertical, thanks to the ASN 98 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 technique, but the normal of the redundant contact is oblique (always at 45 °). One could use the REDU technique (alone) to get rid of redundancies and to obtain an average contact, but the result, in particular the average normal, would not be perfectly vertical due to the presence of the inclined normal in one of the raw contacts. Applying the REDP technique before REDU should solve the problem, since it will discard the contact with the inclined normal before the averaging process. Between steps 5 and 9 there is only one raw contact, so the REDP and/or REDU techniques would have no eect. The contact normal of such contact is always inclined (at 45 °). This is inevitable and must be accepted as an intrinsic approximation of the ASN technique when contact occurs vertex-on- vertex (in 2D). This defect is particularly evident here due to the extreme coarseness of the mesh and the low level of recursion in the pinballs hierarchy. From the .PIN le we can only read the maximum measured penetration (PENEMX). At step 0 the penetration is equal for both contacts and has the value p= (p 21)=2 = 0:207, i.e. half the value in the previous test, as expected. Then the (maximum) penetration increases between steps 1 and 3 and decreases a little at step 4. To investigate this phenomenon, let us consider in detail the conguration at step 1, for example, see Figure 112.	[ "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2.238E-01", "2.238E-01", "7.071E-01", "7.071E-01", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1.796E-01", "1.796E-01", "7.071E-01", "7.071E-01", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1.271E-01", "1.271E-01", "7.071E-01", "7.071E-01", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "6.717E-02", "6.717E-02", "7.071E-01", "7.071E-01", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "\n", "We", "see", "that", "between", "step", "1", "and", "step", "4", "there", "appears", "one", "redundant", "contact", "(", "in", "the", "REDP", "sense", ")", ".", "\n", "Until", "step", "4", ",", "the", "contact", "normals", "of", "all", "non", "-", "redundant", "contacts", "are", "vertical", ",", "thanks", "to", "the", "ASN", "\n", "98", "\n", "Tuesday", "12thAugust", ",", "2025", "@", "13:38", "\n", "technique", ",", "but", "the", "normal", "of", "the", "redundant", "contact", "is", "oblique", "(", "always", "at", "45", "°", ")", ".", "One", "could", "use", "the", "\n", "REDU", "technique", "(", "alone", ")", "to", "get", "rid", "of", "redundancies", "and", "to", "obtain", "an", "average", "contact", ",", "but", "the", "result", ",", "\n", "in", "particular", "the", "average", "normal", ",", "would", "not", "be", "perfectly", "vertical", "due", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "inclined", "\n", "normal", "in", "one", "of", "the", "raw", "contacts", ".", "Applying", "the", "REDP", "technique", "before", "REDU", "should", "solve", "the", "problem", ",", "\n", "since", "it", "will", "discard", "the", "contact", "with", "the", "inclined", "normal", "before", "the", "averaging", "process", ".", "\n", "Between", "steps", "5", "and", "9", "there", "is", "only", "one", "raw", "contact", ",", "so", "the", "REDP", "and/or", "REDU", "techniques", "would", "\n", "have", "no", "e", "\u000b", "ect", ".", "The", "contact", "normal", "of", "such", "contact", "is", "always", "inclined", "(", "at", "45", "°", ")", ".", "This", "is", "inevitable", "and", "\n", "must", "be", "accepted", "as", "an", "intrinsic", "approximation", "of", "the", "ASN", "technique", "when", "contact", "occurs", "vertex", "-", "on-", "\n", "vertex", "(", "in", "2D", ")", ".", "This", "defect", "is", "particularly", "evident", "here", "due", "to", "the", "extreme", "coarseness", "of", "the", "mesh", "and", "\n", "the", "low", "level", "of", "recursion", "in", "the", "pinballs", "hierarchy", ".", "\n", "From", "the", ".PIN", "\f", "le", "we", "can", "only", "read", "the", "maximum", "measured", "penetration", "(", "PENEMX", ")", ".", "At", "step", "0", "\n", "the", "penetration", "is", "equal", "for", "both", "contacts", "and", "has", "the", "value", "p=", "(", "p", "\n", "2\u00001)=2", "=", "0:207", ",", "i.e.", "half", "the", "\n", "value", "in", "the", "previous", "test", ",", "as", "expected", ".", "Then", "the", "(", "maximum", ")", "penetration", "increases", "between", "steps", "1", "\n", "and", "3", "and", "decreases", "a", "little", "at", "step", "4", ".", "To", "investigate", "this", "phenomenon", ",", "let", "us", "consider", "in", "detail", "the", "\n", "con", "\f", "guration", "at", "step", "1", ",", "for", "example", ",", "see", "Figure", "112", ".", "\n" ]	[]
Brown, Stanley. 1971. 'The Next 25 Years in the Electricity Supply Industry.' Lecture, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Technical Engineers, November 16, 1970, Central Electricity Generating Board Information Services, London. Christiaensen, Luc Jozef, Céline Ferré, Tomasz Janusz Gajderowicz, Maddalena Honorati, and Sylwia Michalina Wrona. 2022. 'Towards a Just Coal Transition: Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Wielkopolska.' June, World Bank, Washington, DC. Daily Sabah . 2020. 'Turkey Opens 1st Integrated Solar Panel Manufacturing Facility.' Energy (blog), August 19, 2020. https:/ /www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkey-opens-1st-integrated-solar-panel-manufacturing-facility. De Kleine Feige, Annette Irmgard. 2021. 'State-Owned Enterprises and Climate Action.' World Bank, Washington, DC. - Dobrotkova, Zuzana, Aditya Lukas, and Jas Singh. 2018. 'Energy Efficiency in Industry.' Live Wire Brief 2018/96, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Energy and Extractives Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC. Ernst, Iulian. 2023. 'Turkish PV Panels Producer to Build Factory in Romania.' Energy (blog), November 7, 2023. https:/ /www.romania-insider.com/turkish-alfa-solar-factory-romania-2023. ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), GIF (Global Infrastructure Facility), and Hydrogen Council. 2024. Scaling Hydrogen Financing for Development . ESMAP Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. Gonguet, Fabien, Claude P. Wendling, Ozlem Aydin, and Bryn Battersby. 2021. 'Climate-Sensitive Management of Public Finances: 'Green PFM.'' IMF Staff Climate Note 2021/002 (August), International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Hallegatte, Stéphane, Catrina Godinho, Jun Erik Maruyama Rentschler, Paolo Avner, Ira Irina Dorband, Camilla Knudsen, Jana Lemke, and Penny Mealy. 2024. Within Reach: Navigating the Political Economy of Decarbonization . Washington, DC: World Bank. Hasna, Zeina, Florence Jaumotte, Jaden Kim, Samuel Pienknagura, and Gregor Schwerhoff. 2023. 'Green Innovation and Diffusion: Policies to Accelerate Them and Expected Impact on Macroeconomic and Firm-Level Performance.' IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/2023/008 (November), International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. - IDA (International Development Association). 2024. Multiphase Programmatic Approach of the Scaling-Up of Energy Efficiency in Europe and Central Asia . Project Appraisal Document PAD00193 (May 29). Washington, DC: World Bank. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2021. 'The Cost of Capital in Clean Energy Transitions.' Report, December 17, IEA, Paris. https:/ /www.iea.org/articles/the-cost-of-capital-in-clean-energy-transitions. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2022a. The Future of Heat Pumps Paris: IEA. - . World Energy Outlook Special Report, December. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2022b. 'World Energy Employment.' September, IEA, Paris. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2023a. Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5°C Goal in Reach . 2023 Update (September). Paris: IEA. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2023b. The Oil and Gas Industry in Net Zero Transitions . World Energy Outlook Special Report, November. Paris: IEA.	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the possibility that speakers of creoles based on other European languages than Spanish have been linguistically affected by the speakers of Spanish-based creoles such as the one spoken in Trinidad and Tobago, for instance. As for the influence of West African languages on the speech of our informants, it has been argued that it is not clear whether their [ β ] is typical of that of Bambara and Malinke, i.e., an allophone of /b/, inter-vocalically, or a fully fledged phoneme such as the one in Eve. In this West African language, bilabial fricatives contrast with labio-dental fricatives, hence [ έβέ ]='Eve' while [ ἑ v ] 'two'; [é ἑ ɸἁ ] 'he polished' while [ ἑ ἑ f ] 'he was cold' (Ladefoged, 1982, p. 144). Our informants seem to have produced the above fricative as an allophone and not as a fully-fledged phoneme. That is, their production is in accordance with the behaviour of the first two West African languages. Our arguments are as follows. First, there is no evidence in their speech that [ β ] contrasts with [v]. Secondly, fricatives are marked sounds, therefore, stops are acquired first and used as substitutes for them (Jakobson, 1968), as a first transitional strategy. The second strategy towards the attempted fricative is to spirantize (Note 1) the stop, and this is an intermediate stage. Our informants are here now. The final stage is to produce the fricative in question. In fact, our informants did produce both [ β ] and [v] in the pronunciation of 'seven'. This is interpreted as that the fricative in question is on the way of mastery and that they have moved along the continuum. In other words, they are between the mesolect and the acrolect stages (Note 2). The gradual acquisition of the labio-dental fricative has also been reported in many varieties of pidgin and creole English. According to Hall (1966), /f/ and /v/ which are quite rare in the languages of the world were 'replaced' in the initial stages by /p/ and /b/, respectively, e.g., Neo-Melanesian /p õ ŋ g (r)/- 'finger' and /b lib m/- 'believe ə õ õ him'; or Chinese Pidgin English /b έ li/- 'very' (pp. 30-31). Likewise, Caribbean creolized English has exhibited remnants of /b/ for English /v/, e.g., /beks/ 'to be annoyed', from English 'vexed'; /nabel/ from English 'navel' (Holm, ibid). The bilabial fricative [  ]	[ "the", "possibility", "that", "speakers", "of", "creoles", "based", "on", "other", "European", "languages", "than", "Spanish", "have", "been", "linguistically", "affected", "by", "the", "speakers", "of", "Spanish", "-", "based", "creoles", "such", "as", "the", "one", "spoken", "in", "Trinidad", "and", "Tobago", ",", "for", "instance", ".", "\n\n", "As", "for", "the", "influence", "of", "West", "African", "languages", "on", "the", "speech", "of", "our", "informants", ",", "it", "has", "been", "argued", "that", "it", "is", "not", "clear", "whether", "their", "[", "β", "]", "is", "typical", "of", "that", "of", "Bambara", "and", "Malinke", ",", "i.e.", ",", "an", "allophone", "of", "/b/", ",", "inter", "-", "vocalically", ",", "or", "a", "fully", "fledged", "phoneme", "such", "as", "the", "one", "in", "Eve", ".", "In", "this", "West", "African", "language", ",", "bilabial", "fricatives", "contrast", "with", "labio", "-", "dental", " ", "fricatives", ",", " ", "hence", " ", "[", "έβέ", "]=", "'", "Eve", "'", " ", "while", " ", "[", "ἑ", "v", "]", " ", "'", "two", "'", ";", " ", "[", "é", "ἑ", "ɸἁ", "]", " ", "'", "he", " ", "polished", "'", " ", "while", " ", "[", "ἑ", "ἑ", "f", "]", " ", "'", "he", " ", "was", " ", "cold", "'", "(", "Ladefoged", ",", "1982", ",", "p.", "144", ")", ".", "Our", "informants", "seem", "to", "have", "produced", "the", "above", "fricative", "as", "an", "allophone", "and", "not", "as", "a", " ", "fully", "-", "fledged", " ", "phoneme", ".", "That", " ", "is", ",", " ", "their", " ", "production", " ", "is", " ", "in", " ", "accordance", " ", "with", " ", "the", " ", "behaviour", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "first", " ", "two", " ", "West", "African", "languages", ".", "Our", "arguments", "are", "as", "follows", ".", "First", ",", "there", "is", "no", "evidence", "in", "their", "speech", "that", "[", "β", "]", " ", "contrasts", "with", "[", "v", "]", ".", "Secondly", ",", "fricatives", "are", "marked", "sounds", ",", "therefore", ",", "stops", "are", "acquired", "first", "and", "used", "as", "substitutes", "for", "them", "(", "Jakobson", ",", "1968", ")", ",", "as", "a", "first", "transitional", "strategy", ".", "The", "second", "strategy", "towards", "the", "attempted", "fricative", "is", "to", "spirantize", "(", "Note", "1", ")", "the", "stop", ",", "and", "this", "is", "an", "intermediate", "stage", ".", "Our", "informants", "are", "here", "now", ".", "The", "final", "stage", "is", "to", "produce", "the", "fricative", "in", "question", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "our", "informants", "did", "produce", "both", "[", "β", "]", " ", "and", "[", "v", "]", "in", "the", "pronunciation", "of", "'", "seven", "'", ".", "This", "is", "interpreted", "as", "that", "the", "fricative", "in", "question", "is", "on", "the", "way", "of", "mastery", "and", "that", "they", "have", "moved", "along", "the", "continuum", ".", "In", "other", "words", ",", "they", "are", "between", "the", "mesolect", "and", "the", "acrolect", "stages", "(", "Note", "2", ")", ".", "\n\n", "The", "gradual", "acquisition", "of", "the", "labio", "-", "dental", "fricative", "has", "also", "been", "reported", "in", "many", "varieties", "of", "pidgin", "and", "creole", "English", ".", "According", "to", "Hall", "(", "1966", ")", ",", "/f/", "and", "/v/", "which", "are", "quite", "rare", "in", "the", "languages", "of", "the", "world", "were", "'", "replaced", "'", "in", "the", "initial", "stages", "by", "/p/", "and", "/b/", ",", "respectively", ",", "e.g.", ",", "Neo", "-", "Melanesian", "/p", "õ", "ŋ", "g", "(", "r)/-", "'", "finger", "'", "and", "/b", "lib", "m/-", "'", "believe", "ə", "õ", "õ", "him", "'", ";", "or", "Chinese", "Pidgin", "English", "/b", "έ", "li/-", "'", "very", "'", "(", "pp", ".", "30", "-", "31", ")", ".", "Likewise", ",", "Caribbean", "creolized", "English", "has", "exhibited", "remnants", "of", "/b/", "for", "English", "/v/", ",", "e.g.", ",", "/beks/", "'", "to", "be", "annoyed", "'", ",", "from", "English", "'", "vexed", "'", ";", "/nabel/", "from", "English", "'", "navel", "'", "(", "Holm", ",", "ibid", ")", ".", "The", "bilabial", "fricative", "[", "", "]" ]	[ { "end": 728, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 705 }, { "end": 714, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 705 }, { "end": 720, "label": "YEAR", "start": 716 }, { "end": 1189, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1175 }, { "end": 1183, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1175 }, { "end": 1189, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1185 }, { "end": 1879, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1868 }, { "end": 1872, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1868 }, { "end": 1878, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1874 } ]
(NACE 53, 55) based on specialised performance in venture capital (VC) and start-ups, and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports; ■Information and communication (NACE 26, 61-63) based on specialised performance in related patents, specialised performance in venture capital and start-ups, the identifica- tion of an information and communication technologies cluster and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Azerbaijan The economic and innovation analysis for Azerbai- jan leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19) based on an economic specialisa- tion, specialised performance in related pat- ents, the identification of a petrochemicals cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Chemicals and related activities (NACE 20) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■Repair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents, and specialised performance in related services exports; ■Financial services (NACE 64) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents. E&I specialisations for Georgia The economic and innovation analysis for Geor- gia leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Food and beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18) based on an economic specialisa- tion, and an innovation specialisation; ■Fabricated metal products, except ma- chinery and equipment (NACE 25) based on an economic specialisation, the identifica- tion of an industrial manufacturing and pro- cesses cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56) based on an economic specialisation, an innovation spe- cialisation, specialised performance in related goods exports and specialised performance in related services exports; ■Financial service activities (NACE 62, 64) based on an economic specialisation, special- ised performance in venture capital and start- ups and specialised performance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Moldova The economic and innovation analysis for Moldo- va leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, specialised per- formance in venture capital and start-ups and specialised performance in related goods ex- ports; ■Textiles & wearing apparel (NACE 13, 14) based on an economic specialisation, and spe- cialised performance in related goods exports; ■Leather and related products	[ "(", "NACE", "53", ",", "55", ")", "based", "\n", "on", "specialised", "performance", "in", "venture", "capital", "\n", "(", "VC", ")", "and", "start", "-", "ups", ",", "and", "specialised", "perfor-", "\n", "mance", "in", "related", "services", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Information", "and", "communication", "(", "NACE", "\n", "26", ",", "61", "-", "63", ")", "based", "on", "specialised", "performance", "\n", "in", "related", "patents", ",", "specialised", "performance", "in", "\n", "venture", "capital", "and", "start", "-", "ups", ",", "the", "identifica-", "\n", "tion", "of", "an", "information", "and", "communication", "\n", "technologies", "cluster", "and", "specialised", "perfor-", "\n", "mance", "in", "related", "services", "exports", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "The", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "Azerbai-", "\n", "jan", "leads", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "the", "following", "E&I", "\n", "specialisations", ":", "\n ", "■", "Coke", "and", "refined", "petroleum", "products", "\n", "(", "NACE", "19", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", ",", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "pat-", "\n", "ents", ",", "the", "identification", "of", "a", "petrochemicals", "\n", "cluster", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "\n", "goods", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Chemicals", "and", "related", "activities", "(", "NACE", "\n", "20", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "and", "\n", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "patents", ";", "\n ", "■", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "(", "NACE", "33", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "\n", "specialisation", ",", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "\n", "related", "patents", ";", "\n ", "■", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "\n", "related", "activities", "(", "NACE", "62", ")", "based", "on", "spe-", "\n", "cialised", "performance", "in", "related", "patents", ",", "and", "\n", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "services", "\n", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Financial", "services", "(", "NACE", "64", ")", "based", "on", "spe-", "\n", "cialised", "performance", "in", "related", "patents", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "Georgia", "\n", "The", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "Geor-", "\n", "gia", "leads", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "the", "following", "E&I", "\n", "specialisations", ":", "\n ", "■", "Food", "and", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", "based", "\n", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "and", "specialised", "\n", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "exports", ";", "■", "Publishing", ",", "printing", "and", "recorded", "media", "\n", "(", "NACE", "18", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", ",", "and", "an", "innovation", "specialisation", ";", "\n ", "■", "Fabricated", "metal", "products", ",", "except", "ma-", "\n", "chinery", "and", "equipment", "(", "NACE", "25", ")", "based", "\n", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "the", "identifica-", "\n", "tion", "of", "an", "industrial", "manufacturing", "and", "pro-", "\n", "cesses", "cluster", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "\n", "related", "goods", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Tourism", "and", "travel", "(", "NACE", "55", ",", "56", ")", "based", "on", "\n", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "an", "innovation", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", ",", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "\n", "goods", "exports", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "\n", "related", "services", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Financial", "service", "activities", "(", "NACE", "62", ",", "64", ")", "\n", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "special-", "\n", "ised", "performance", "in", "venture", "capital", "and", "start-", "\n", "ups", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "\n", "services", "exports", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "Moldova", "\n", "The", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "Moldo-", "\n", "va", "leads", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "the", "following", "E&I", "\n", "specialisations", ":", "\n ", "■", "Food", "&", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", "based", "on", "\n", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "specialised", "per-", "\n", "formance", "in", "venture", "capital", "and", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "\n", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "ex-", "\n", "ports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Textiles", "&", "wearing", "apparel", "(", "NACE", "13", ",", "14", ")", "\n", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "specialisation", ",", "and", "spe-", "\n", "cialised", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Leather", "and", "related", "products" ]	[]
specific industry group j and country i, and the share of variable n in a specific industry group j for the whole Eastern Partnership region. As Ukraine accounts for most of the companies listed in Crunchbase (85%), employees (82%) and estimated revenue (76%) in the Eastern Partnership region (for the data extracted from Crunchbase), the contribution of the other Eastern Partnership countries to the denominator on the right-hand side of the above equation is negligible. As a result, the specialisation analysis carried out in this section is largely biased towards consider- ing Ukraine as a baseline rather than the whole Eastern Partnership, a fact that must be taken into due account when drawing qualitative conclu- sions. In particular, the above implies that special- isation figures for the specific case of Ukraine are not particularly informative. Therefore, this section analyses the relative specialisation in each East-ern Partnership country, and provides a final re- mark on Ukraine at the very end. Here, for each EaP country, we focus on the top 10 Industry Groups in which each country is special- ised, either per number of companies and/or num- ber of employees (revenue is also reported, but shall not be used as a weighing variable, because observations are very sparse across countries). All specialisation values sij of top-10 industries are well above the typical 1.2 threshold applied for selecting niches of high specialisation. Armenia Armenia is highly specialised in Travel & Tour- ism and Gaming across all three variables. Specialisation in Sports is very high in terms of number of employees and estimated revenue, but not so much in terms of number of companies. Other industry groups with high specialisation across more than one variable are Mobile and Apps. Software, Information Technologies and In- ternet Services, while highly relevant in terms of critical mass across all three variables, have a low relative specialisation. Armenia # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Artificial Intelligence 3.71 Sports 24.13 Sports 32.01 Gaming 3.66 Travel and Tourism 9.36 Travel and Tourism 24.30 Travel and Tourism 3.64 Gaming 6.71 Gaming 17.07 Platforms 3.03 Music and Audio 4.43 Hardware 9.91 Mobile 2.17 Apps 3.32 Administrative Services 4.28 Music and Audio 1.97 Internet Services 3.31 Content and Publishing 4.04 Apps 1.96 Mobile 2.66 Real Estate 2.52 Education 1.81 Software 2.62 Artificial Intelligence 2.32 Data and Analytics 1.65 Information Technology 2.39Lending and Investments2.16 Messaging and	[ "specific", "industry", "group", "j", "and", "country", "i", ",", "and", "the", "\n", "share", "of", "variable", "n", "in", "a", "specific", "industry", "group", "j", "for", "\n", "the", "whole", "Eastern", "Partnership", "region", ".", "\n", "As", "Ukraine", "accounts", "for", "most", "of", "the", "companies", "\n", "listed", "in", "Crunchbase", "(", "85", "%", ")", ",", "employees", "(", "82", "%", ")", "\n", "and", "estimated", "revenue", "(", "76", "%", ")", "in", "the", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "region", "(", "for", "the", "data", "extracted", "from", "\n", "Crunchbase", ")", ",", "the", "contribution", "of", "the", "other", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "countries", "to", "the", "denominator", "on", "the", "\n", "right", "-", "hand", "side", "of", "the", "above", "equation", "is", "negligible", ".", "\n", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "specialisation", "analysis", "carried", "out", "\n", "in", "this", "section", "is", "largely", "biased", "towards", "consider-", "\n", "ing", "Ukraine", "as", "a", "baseline", "rather", "than", "the", "whole", "\n", "Eastern", "Partnership", ",", "a", "fact", "that", "must", "be", "taken", "\n", "into", "due", "account", "when", "drawing", "qualitative", "conclu-", "\n", "sions", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "the", "above", "implies", "that", "special-", "\n", "isation", "figures", "for", "the", "specific", "case", "of", "Ukraine", "are", "\n", "not", "particularly", "informative", ".", "Therefore", ",", "this", "section", "\n", "analyses", "the", "relative", "specialisation", "in", "each", "East", "-", "ern", "Partnership", "country", ",", "and", "provides", "a", "final", "re-", "\n", "mark", "on", "Ukraine", "at", "the", "very", "end", ".", "\n", "Here", ",", "for", "each", "EaP", "country", ",", "we", "focus", "on", "the", "top", "10", "\n", "Industry", "Groups", "in", "which", "each", "country", "is", "special-", "\n", "ised", ",", "either", "per", "number", "of", "companies", "and/or", "num-", "\n", "ber", "of", "employees", "(", "revenue", "is", "also", "reported", ",", "but", "\n", "shall", "not", "be", "used", "as", "a", "weighing", "variable", ",", "because", "\n", "observations", "are", "very", "sparse", "across", "countries", ")", ".", "All", "\n", "specialisation", "values", "sij", "of", "top-10", "industries", "are", "\n", "well", "above", "the", "typical", "1.2", "threshold", "applied", "for", "\n", "selecting", "niches", "of", "high", "specialisation", ".", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Armenia", "is", "highly", "specialised", "in", "Travel", "&", "Tour-", "\n", "ism", "and", "Gaming", "across", "all", "three", "variables", ".", "\n", "Specialisation", "in", "Sports", "is", "very", "high", "in", "terms", "of", "\n", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenue", ",", "but", "\n", "not", "so", "much", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "companies", ".", "\n", "Other", "industry", "groups", "with", "high", "specialisation", "\n", "across", "more", "than", "one", "variable", "are", "Mobile", "and", "\n", "Apps", ".", "Software", ",", "Information", "Technologies", "and", "In-", "\n", "ternet", "Services", ",", "while", "highly", "relevant", "in", "terms", "of", "\n", "critical", "mass", "across", "all", "three", "variables", ",", "have", "a", "low", "\n", "relative", "specialisation", ".", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "#", "firms", "SI", "Firms", "#", "employees", "SI", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "SI", "Revenue", "\n", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "3.71", "Sports", "24.13", "Sports", "32.01", "\n", "Gaming", "3.66", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "9.36", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "24.30", "\n", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "3.64", "Gaming", "6.71", "Gaming", "17.07", "\n", "Platforms", "3.03", "Music", "and", "Audio", "4.43", "Hardware", "9.91", "\n", "Mobile", "2.17", "Apps", "3.32", "Administrative", "Services", "4.28", "\n", "Music", "and", "Audio", "1.97", "Internet", "Services", "3.31", "Content", "and", "Publishing", "4.04", "\n", "Apps", "1.96", "Mobile", "2.66", "Real", "Estate", "2.52", "\n", "Education", "1.81", "Software", "2.62", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "2.32", "\n", "Data", "and", "Analytics", "1.65", "Information", "Technology", "2.39Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments2.16", "\n", "Messaging", "and", "\n" ]	[]
sector, as well as large subsidies for steel. Decarbonisation is also a competitive disadvantage for the “hardest-to-abate” parts of the transport sector (aviation and maritime). Extra-EU flights and sea journeys are partly excluded from the ETS, meaning the prices of these journeys do not yet reflect their climate impact. Consequently, there is a risk of carbon leakage and business diversion from transport hubs in the EU to those in the EU’s neighbourhood, unless effective solutions for ensuring a level playing field are found at the international level. At the same time, although low-carbon fuels will be critical for the decarbonisation of these industries, ramping up the marginal production capacity that exists today is chal - lenging. In particular, the EU needs to start building a supply chain for alternative fuels, or the costs of meeting its targets will be significant. Overall, transport can play a critical role in the decarbonisation of the EU economy, but whether it proves to be an opportunity for Europe depends on planning . Transport accounts for one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions and unlike other sectors, CO2 emissions from transport are still higher than in 1990 [see Figure 8] . However, lack of EU-level planning for transport competitiveness is hindering the ability of Europe to capitalise on the possibilities of multimodal transport to lower carbon emissions. Sustainable mobility requires an integrated approach towards energy networks, charging infrastructures, standardisation of manufacturing equipment, telecoms (including satellite and navigation technologies) and financing. Yet while transport is part of the Commission’s 2040 Climate Target Plan, it is excluded from the mandatory National Energy and Climate Plans where Member States outline their strategies to execute decarbonisation. This lack of coordination results, for example, in a precise and binding regu - latory framework for carmakers and corporate logistics, increasing the demand for EVs and charging infrastructure, without an analogous obligation for energy providers to supply stable and powerful grid access of sufficient capacity. The transition to sustainable mobility is further hindered by lack of interoperability of infrastructures and of technical requirements for the deployment of fleets and equipment, as well as limited uptake of digitalisation. Only 1% of cross- border maritime operations and 5% of rail transport operations in Europe are fully paperless02. 02. Differences exist across single modes, with 40% of information exchange taking place electronically in aviation, 5% in rail and less than 1% in road and maritime. 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destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides Class 6 – Common metals and their alloys, ores; metal building materials for building and construc- tion; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal; met- al containers for storage or transport; safes; ores Class 7 – Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine cou- pling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements other than hand-operated; incubators for eggs; automatic vending machines Class 8 – Hand tools and implements (hand-oper- ated); cutlery; side arms; razors Class 9 – Scientific, nautical, surveying, pho- tographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instru- ments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data process- ing equipment, computers; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus Class 10 – Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments; artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; orthopaedic articles; suture materials; therapeutic and assistive devices adapted for the disabled; massage apparatus; apparatus, devices and articles for nursing infants; sexual activity ap- paratus, devices and articles Class 11 – Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilat- ing, water supply and sanitary purposes Class 12 – Vehicles; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water Class 13 – Firearms; ammunition and projectiles; explosives; fireworks Class 14 – Precious metals and their alloys; jewel- lery, precious and semi-precious stones; horologi- cal and chronometric instruments Class 15 – Musical instruments Class 16 – Paper and cardboard; printed matter; Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation325 bookbinding material; photographs; stationery and office requisites, except furniture; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists’ and drawing materials; paintbrushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching materials (except apparatus); plastic materials forsheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging; printers’ type,; printing blocks Class 17 – Unprocessed and semi-processed rub- ber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and sub- stitutes for all these materials; plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials; flexible pipes, tubes and 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Why you should eat your vegetables \| News \| CORDIS \| European Commission Skip to main content An official website of the European Union An official EU website How do you know? All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain. See all EU institutions and bodies Log out Logging out of EU Login will log you out of any other services that use your EU Login account. Use the CORDIS log out button to remain logged in on other services. Log out EU Login Log out (opens in new window) Log in Log in English English Select your language Close CORDIS languages: es español de Deutsch en English fr français it italiano pl polski Machine translation: This is a machine translation provided by the European Commission’s eTranslation service to help you understand this page. Please read the conditions of use . български español čeština dansk Deutsch eesti ελληνικά français Gaeilge hrvatski italiano latviešu lietuvių magyar Malti Nederlands polski português română slovenčina slovenščina suomi svenska русский Українська Translate Search Search Search Search CORDIS - EU research results CORDIS Menu Close Menu Back Previous items Next items Home Thematic Packs Projects & Results Videos & Podcasts News Datalab Search Home News Why you should eat your vegetables Article Category Article available in the following languages: DE EN ES FR IT PL Why you should eat your vegetables EU-backed researchers prove for the first time that bacteria from fruit and vegetables enhance the human gut microbiome. Health © Grispb/stock.adobe.com A new study (opens in new window) published in the journal ‘Gut Microbes’ has provided the first evidence of a link between the plant and the human gut microbiome. Supported by the EU-funded HEDIMED (opens in new window) project, the study shows that eating fruit and vegetables increases bacterial diversity in the gut, which humans need to stay healthy. The importance of bacteria in produce “Fruits and vegetables contain millions of bacterial cells, some of which can inhabit our gut and contribute to the overall diversity of gut bacteria,” confirms lead author Dr Wisnu Adi Wicaksono of HEDIMED project partner Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria, in a news item (opens in new window) posted on ‘Nutrition Insight’. The microbiologist explains that some bacterial genes found in fresh fruit and vegetables are important for our health because “they are involved in the production of vitamin B12 and short-chain fatty acids	[ "Why", "you", "should", "eat", "your", "vegetables", "\|", "News", "\|", "CORDIS", "\|", "European", "Commission", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Skip", "to", "main", "content", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "An", "official", "website", "of", "the", "European", "Union", "\n\n\n", "An", "official", "EU", "website", "\n\n\n\n ", "How", "do", "you", "know", "?", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "All", "official", "European", "Union", "website", "addresses", "are", "in", "the", "\n", "europa.eu", "\n ", "domain", ".", "\n\n\n", "See", "all", "EU", "institutions", "and", 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Ludden, David. An Agrarian History of South Asia . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Lüdkte, Alf. 'Introduction: What is the History of Everyday Life and Who are Its Practitioners?.' In The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life , edited by Alf Lüdkte, translated by William Templer, 3-30. New Jersey, 1995. Lüdtke, Alf. 'Introduction: What is the History of Everyday Life and Who are Its Practitioners?' In The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life , edited by Alf Lüdtke, 1-40. New Jersey: 1995. Lyon, Dawn. What is Rhythmanalysis? London: Bloomsbury, 2019. Martineau, Jonathan. Time, Capitalism and Alienation: A Socio-Historical Inquiry into the Making of Modern Time . Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015. Masselos, Jim. 'Bombay Time.' In Intersections: Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra , edited by M. Kosambi, 161-183. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2000. May, Jon, and Nigel Thrift, eds. Timespace: Geographies of Temporality . London and New York: Routledge 2001. McNutt, Jennifer Powell. 'Hesitant Steps: Acceptance of the Gregorian Calendar in EighteenthCentury Geneva.' Church History 75, no. 3 (2006): 544-564. Meer Hasan Ali, B. Observations on the Mussulmans of India , London: Parbury Allen And Co, 1832. Mendieta, Eduardo. 'Anthropocenic Temporalities.' Environmental Philosophy 17, no. 1 (2020): 125-141. Mirza, Shireen. 'Figure of the Halalkhore: Caste and Stigmatised Labour in Colonial Bombay.' Economic and Political Weekly LIII, no. 31 (2018): 79-85. Moore, Jason W. 'Anthropocene, Capitalocene & the Flight from World History: Dialectical Universalism & the Geographies of Class Power in the Capitalist World Ecology, 1492-2022.' Nordia Geographical Publications 51, no. 2 (2022): 123-146. Moore, Jason W. 'Anthropocene, Capitalocene & the Flight from World History: Dialectical Universalism & the Geographies of Class Power in the Capitalist World Ecology, 1492-2022.' Nordia Geographical Publications 51, no. 2 (2022): 123-146. Moore, Jason W., ed. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism . Oakland: PM Press, 2016. Moskowitz, Marina. 'Calendars and Clocks: Cycles of Horticulture Commerce in Nineteenth-Century America.' In Time, Consumption and Everyday Life , edited by Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann, and Richard Wilk. Oxford/New York: Berg, 2009. Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. Imperial Technology and 'Native' Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850-1920 . London: Routledge, 2018. Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization . New York: University of Chicago Press, 1934. Munn, Nancy. 'The Cultural Anthropology of Time: A Critical Essay.' Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992): 93-123. Naidu, M. Pauparao. The History of Railway Thieves: With Illustrations & Hints on Detection . Madras: 1915. Nanni, Giordano. The Colonisation of Time: Ritual, Routine and Resistance in the British Empire . Manchester: Manchester University Press 2012.	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streetcar ride, a long ride, through a city you do not know. For in this objective frame of mind, you may stop thinking about the ugliness long enough to think of the work that went into this mess. As a sheer manifestation of energy, it is awe - some. It says as much about the power and doggedness of life as the leaves of the forest say in spring. All else can only be oases in the desert. Hundreds of thousands of people with hundreds of thousands of plans and purposes built the city and only they will rebuild the city. (Jacobs, 1955 , p. 101) That is just what we did. Morning has broken Street vendors, water, cutting hair and the painter It’s 6.30 am in the morning and the sun is not yet up. Darkness surrounds the basti. It’s winter. The temperature is 6 degrees. Cold by any standard, never mind for Delhi. The market traders are huddling together around what resembles a campfire made from strips of paper and wood shavings. They are getting ready for the day. Their kinship is palpable. All have moved here from Bihar and now live in this basti. Friendship and trust are important in this business, they say. Supporting each other and watching each other’s backs on a daily basis form the bond needed to succeed as a street vendor in the basti. Ashok sits on a blue plastic chair, woolly ski hat and jacket pulled tightly to keep in the warmth. Lali, an elderly woman, amazingly flexible, hunkers down on a cement slab only six inches off the floor and hugs a cup of sweet tea. Her head and body are covered in a long woollen shawl.She only wears sandals. Maybe she doesn’t have shoes or socks; this is an exceptionally cold day. Sunil stands tall in Stories from the street 115 stature, pretending not to feel the cold, dressed only in a striped blue and white rugby shirt and jeans. Arjun Devi no longer sits around the fire. He used to own a barrow and was part of the traders’ clan. But he was offered a flat in Kalkaji when his slum was demolished. Lali holds a newspaper out to us. The Hindustan Times has a story about Raj. They see him as a celebrity. We take the morning paper, ready to read more about him later. 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Amadei, A., Venturelli, S., Manfredi, S. 2025 Unveiling the European plastic value chain Plastics materials flows in the EU -27 and their environmental impacts ISSN 1831 -9424 EUR 40403 JRC142860 EUR 40403 PDF ISBN 978 -92-68-30487 -7 ISSN 1831 -9424 doi:10.2760/6579757 KJ-01-25-399-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025 © European Union, 2025 The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is author ised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. 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Contact information Name: Andrea Amadei Email: andrea.amadei@ec.europa.eu 1 Contents Abstract	[ "Amadei", ",", "A.", ",", "Venturelli", ",", "S.", ",", "Manfredi", ",", "S.", " \n", "2025", " ", "Unveiling", "the", "European", "plastic", "value", "chain", " ", "Plastics", "materials", "flows", "in", "the", "EU", "-27", "and", "\n", "their", "environmental", "impacts", " \n \n", "ISSN", "1831", "-9424", " \n ", "EUR", "40403", " \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n", "JRC142860", " \n", "EUR", "40403", " \n \n", "PDF", " ", "ISBN", "978", "-92", "-", "68", "-", "30487", "-7", " ", "ISSN", "1831", "-9424", " ", "doi:10.2760/6579757", " ", "KJ-01", "-", "25", "-", "399", "-", "EN", "-", "N", "\n", "Luxembourg", ":", "Publications", "Office", "of", "the", "European", "Union", ",", "2025", " \n", "©", "European", "Union", ",", "2025", " \n \n \n", "The", "reuse", "policy", "of", "the", "European", "Commission", "documents", "is", "implemented", "by", "the", "Commission", "Decision", "2011/833", "/", "EU", "of", "12", "\n", "December", "2011", "on", "the", "reuse", "of", "Commission", "documents", "(", "OJ", "L", "330", ",", "14.12.2011", ",", "p.", "39", ")", ".", "Unless", "otherwise", "noted", ",", "the", "reuse", "of", "\n", "this", "document", "is", "author", "ised", "under", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "4.0", "International", "(", "CC", "BY", "4.0", ")", "licence", "\n", "(", "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", ")", ".", "This", "means", "that", "reuse", "is", "allowed", "provided", "appropriate", "credit", "is", "given", "and", "\n", "any", "changes", "are", "indicated", ".", " \n", "For", "any", "use", "or", "reproduction", "of", "photos", "or", "other", "material", "that", "is", "not", "owned", "by", "the", "European", "Union", "permission", "must", "be", "\n", "sought", "directly", "from", "the", "copyright", "holders", ".", "\n", "Cover", "page", " ", "artwork", " ", "illustration", "©", "Irina", "Strelnikova", " ", "/", "stock.adobe.com", ";", "cover", "page", "design", "by", "Matteo", "Trane", ";", "grey", " ", "plastic", "\n", "elements", "(", "left", "figure", ":", "bottle", ",", "bag", ",", "dispenser", ",", "spoon", ",", "toothbrush", ",", "glass", ")", "©", "Freepik", ".", " \n", "How", "to", "cite", "this", "report", ":", "Amadei", ",", "A.", ",", "Venturelli", ",", "S.", "and", "Manfredi", ",", "S.", ",", "Plastics", "materials", "flows", "in", "the", "EU", "-27", "and", "their", "\n", "environmental", "impacts", "-", "Unveiling", "the", "European", "plastic", "value", "chain", ",", "Publications", "Office", "of", "the", "European", "Union", ",", "\n", "Luxembourg", ",", "2025", ",", "https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/6579757", ",", "JRC142860", ".", "EU", "Science", "Hub", " \n", "https://joint", "-research", "-centre.ec.europa.eu", " \n", "This", "document", "is", "a", "publication", "by", "the", "Joint", "Research", "Centre", "(", "JRC", ")", ",", "the", "European", "Commission", "’s", "science", "and", "knowledge", "\n", "service", ".", "It", "aims", "to", "provide", "evidence", "-based", "scientific", "support", "to", "the", "European", "policymaking", "process", ".", "The", "contents", "of", "this", "\n", "publication", "do", "not", "n", "ecessarily", "reflect", "the", "position", "or", "opinion", "of", "the", "European", "Commission", ".", "Neither", "the", "European", "\n", "Commission", "nor", "any", "person", "acting", "on", "behalf", "of", "the", "Commission", "is", "responsible", "for", "the", "use", "that", "might", "be", "made", "of", "this", "\n", "publication", ".", "For", "information", "on", "the", "methodology", "a", "nd", "quality", "underlying", "the", "data", "used", "in", "this", "publication", "for", "which", "the", "\n", "source", "is", "neither", "Eurostat", "nor", "other", "Commission", "services", ",", "users", "should", "contact", "the", "referenced", "source", ".", "The", "designations", "\n", "employed", "and", "the", "presentation", "of", "material", "on", "the", "maps", "do", "not", "imply", "the", "expression", "of", "any", "opinion", "whatsoever", "on", "the", "part", "\n", "of", "the", "European", "Union", "concerning", "the", "legal", "status", "of", "any", "country", ",", "territory", ",", "city", "or", "area", "or", "of", "its", "authorities", ",", "or", "concernin", "g", "\n", "the", "delimitation", "of", "its", "frontiers", "or", "boundaries", ".", " \n \n", "Contact", "information", " \n", "Name", ":", "Andrea", "Amadei", " \n", "Email", ":", "andrea.amadei@ec.europa.eu", " \n \n \n", "1", "\n ", "Contents", " \n", "Abstract", " " ]	[]
upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. - Some of the MHUs 322 include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. - the optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. - optical sorters can be or include the optical sorter 1103 discussed infra w.r.t FIG. 11 . - the optical sorters can be in communication with control system 302 , where the optical sorters can provide status information 332 indicating various contaminants, materials, or objects that were detected and/or ejected by the optical sorters. - the control system 302 may use data streams 332 from optical sorters to determine the status and quality of the waste stream moving past optical sorters, and take appropriate actions as to ensure optimal operation of the MRF. - data 332 from an optical sorter may be passed downstream to a robotic sorter by the control system 302 , and the control system 302 may be able to dynamically reconfigure robotic sorter and/or the optical sorter based on the status information from the optical sorter and/or the robotic sorter. - the optical sorters may be in communication with the control system 302 , and can receive control data 333 from control system 302 . - the control system 302 can activate, deactivate, or otherwise reconfigured one or more optical sorters to monitor for and/or sort/remove different types of contaminants (e.g., within the limits/capabilities of the optical sorter hardware). - Some of the MHUs 322 include electromagnetic sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize magnetism and/or electromagnetic mechanisms on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials (e.g., recyclable metals and/or rare earth elements) and/or sort such materials from undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. - the electromagnetic sorters can include electromagnets (e.g., coils and/or solenoids in various shapes, designs, and/or arrangements), which when supplied with electric current, produce magnetic field poles to attract or repel ferromagnetic materials, permanent magnet materials	[ "upon", "the", "nature", "of", "the", "waste", "stream", "presented", "to", "those", "robotic", "sorters", ".", "\n", "-", "Some", "of", "the", "MHUs", "322", "\n", "include", "optical", "sorters", ",", "which", "are", "sorting", "machines", "that", "utilize", "optical", "recognition", "techniques", "on", "a", "waste", "stream", "to", "detect", "the", "presence", "of", "desirable", "objects", "/", "materials", "and/or", "undesirable", "objects", "or", "contaminants", "in", "a", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "optical", "sorters", "\n", "may", "employ", "a", "suitable", "light", "source", "or", "x", "-", "ray", "radiation", "to", "aid", "in", "recognition", "of", "contaminants", ".", "For", "example", ",", "where", "desirable", "materials", "reflect", "or", "absorb", 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"control", "system", "302", "\n", "can", "activate", ",", "deactivate", ",", "or", "otherwise", "reconfigured", "one", "or", "more", "optical", "sorters", "to", "monitor", "for", "and/or", "sort", "/", "remove", "different", "types", "of", "contaminants", "(", "e.g.", ",", "within", "the", "limits", "/", "capabilities", "of", "the", "optical", "sorter", "hardware", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "Some", "of", "the", "MHUs", "322", "\n", "include", "electromagnetic", "sorters", ",", "which", "are", "sorting", "machines", "that", "utilize", "magnetism", "and/or", "electromagnetic", "mechanisms", "on", "a", "waste", "stream", "to", "detect", "the", "presence", "of", "desirable", "objects", "/", "materials", "(", "e.g.", ",", "recyclable", "metals", "and/or", "rare", "earth", "elements", ")", "and/or", "sort", "such", "materials", "from", "undesirable", "objects", "or", "contaminants", "in", "a", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "electromagnetic", "sorters", "\n", "can", "include", "electromagnets", "(", "e.g.", ",", "coils", "and/or", "solenoids", "in", "various", "shapes", ",", "designs", ",", "and/or", "arrangements", ")", ",", "which", "when", "supplied", "with", "electric", "current", ",", "produce", "magnetic", "field", "poles", "to", "attract", "or", "repel", "ferromagnetic", "materials", ",", "permanent", "magnet", "materials" ]	[]
venture capital and start-ups, and specialised performance in related services exports.; ■information and communication (NACE 26, 61-63) based on specialised performance in related patents, specialised performance in venture capital and start-ups, the identifica- tion of an information and communication technologies cluster and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Azerbaijan Summary table S.2 for Azerbaijan combines the results of the various economic and innova- tion mappings. Different colours have been used to identify commonalities matching descriptions of industry names, export categories and cluster names, where possible. The economic and inno- vation analysis shows the following E&I speciali- sations: ■coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19) based on an economic specialisa- tion, specialised performance in related pat- ents, the identification of a petrochemicals cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■chemicals and related activities (NACE 20) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■repair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents, and specialised performance in related services exports; ■financial services (NACE 64) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents.E&I specialisations for Georgia Summary table S.3 for Georgia combines the re- sults of the various economic and innovation map- pings. Different colours have been used to identify commonalities matching descriptions of indus- try names, export categories and cluster names, where possible. The economic and innovation analysis shows the following E&I specialisations: ■food and beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18) based on an economic specialisa- tion and an innovation specialisation; ■fabricated metal products, except ma- chinery and equipment (NACE 25) based on an economic specialisation, the identifica- tion of an industrial manufacturing and pro- cesses cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56) based on an economic specialisation, an innovation spe- cialisation, specialised performance in related goods exports and specialised performance in related services exports; ■financial service activities (NACE 62, 64) based on an economic specialisation, special- ised performance in venture capital and start- ups and specialised performance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Moldova Summary table S.4 for Moldova combines the re- sults of the various economic and innovation map- pings.	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\| \| Reddy et al. \| 2024 \| Intelligent Under Sampling Based Ensemble Techniques for Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Cities \| \| YANG et al. \| 2019 \| Orchestrating development lifecycle of machine learning based IoT applications: A survey \| \| Gusain et al. \| 2024 \| Smart healthcare system using machine learning and IoT: Vaccine delivery and monitoring \| \| Curina et al. \| 2021 \| Rig State Identification and Equipment Optimization Using Machine Learning Models \| ## Legal Events	[ "\|", "\n", "\|", "Reddy", "et", "al", ".", " ", "\|", "2024", " ", "\|", "Intelligent", "Under", "Sampling", "Based", "Ensemble", "Techniques", "for", "Cyber", "-", "Physical", "Systems", "in", "Smart", "Cities", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "YANG", "et", "al", ".", " ", "\|", "2019", " ", "\|", "Orchestrating", "development", "lifecycle", "of", "machine", "learning", "based", "IoT", "applications", ":", "A", "survey", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Gusain", "et", "al", ".", " ", "\|", "2024", " ", "\|", "Smart", "healthcare", "system", "using", "machine", "learning", "and", "IoT", ":", "Vaccine", "delivery", "and", "monitoring", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Curina", "et", "al", ".", " ", "\|", "2021", " ", "\|", "Rig", "State", "Identification", "and", "Equipment", "Optimization", "Using", "Machine", "Learning", "Models", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Legal", "Events" ]	[ { "end": 156, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 4 }, { "end": 366, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 221 }, { "end": 582, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 438 }, { "end": 793, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 655 } ]
draft MPD 2041, section 7.6.1 states, 'Slum/JJ clusters on tenable sites shall be improved through in-situ slum rehabilitation or area improvement schemes. Relocation shall be considered ONLY in case the underlying site is untenable' (p. 54). However, in Delhi, in situ rehabilitation schemes have seen several communi -ties removed from their original sites to housing in high-rise flats kilometres away from the original bastis. Reports in the Delhi newspapers highlight the stories of those rehoused to these high-rise flats (Mehta, 2024). Not everyone in the original colony is offered relocation when demolition occurs. Those allocated flats need verified documents - Aadhaar cards/Voter ID cards/ration cards dated after 2014. It is estimated that out of the two million people living in slums across Delhi, 8,379 have been offered flats under the 'in-situ reha -bilitation scheme' ( Nabi, 2024). Indeed, these schemes have, in the past, been met with some disillusionment. At the start of the day, Lali, the street vendor, gave us the Hindustan Times to read. Around the campfire this morning, there was great excitement to see their old friend Arjun Devi featured. Arjun resided in Bhoominheen Camp but was evicted and secured for his family a flat in the newly built Kalkaji extension. These flats are an example of the Delhi Development Authority housing complex in Govindpuri, allotted to those evicted from their slum in 2022 - Bhoominheen Camp. Interestingly, the term 'in situ' rehabilitation does not mean in this case within the same neighbourhood. The in situ rehabilitation scheme transfers residents from the demolished Camp to the Kalkaji flats, some 2 km away. This move from the original neighbourhood that was made up of low-rise, high-density homes to the impersonal high-rise buildings has disrupted social networks and removed communities from their street-based livelihoods. It is little wonder that some of those being offered relocation refuse the opportunity. Relocation to a multistorey building makes the transferal of small trading and business activities that are carried out at the 'ground' level impossible - street hawkers and their carts, the owner -ship of animals for eggs and milk, the running of beauty parlours and cafes. Those stories of real people we have observed in the first part of our chapter would no longer be able to trade if they were evicted to this type of 'in-situ' rehabilitation. Nevertheless, a promise of a better life with safer homes and more amenities can	[ "draft", "MPD", "2041", ",", "section", "7.6.1", "states", ",", "'", "Slum", "/", "JJ", "clusters", "on", "tenable", "sites", "shall", "be", " ", "improved", " ", "through", " ", "in", "-", "situ", " ", "slum", " ", "rehabilitation", " ", "or", " ", "area", " ", "improvement", " ", "schemes", ".", "Relocation", "shall", "be", "considered", "ONLY", "in", "case", "the", "underlying", "site", "is", "untenable", "'", "(", "p.", "54", ")", ".", "However", ",", "in", "Delhi", ",", "in", "situ", "rehabilitation", "schemes", "have", "seen", "several", "communi", "-ties", "removed", "from", "their", "original", "sites", "to", "housing", "in", "high", "-", "rise", "flats", "kilometres", "away", "from", "the", "original", "bastis", ".", "Reports", "in", "the", "Delhi", "newspapers", "highlight", "the", "stories", "of", "those", "rehoused", "to", "these", "high", "-", "rise", "flats", "(", "Mehta", ",", "2024", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Not", " ", "everyone", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "original", " ", "colony", " ", "is", " ", "offered", " ", "relocation", " ", "when", " ", "demolition", "occurs", ".", "Those", "allocated", "flats", "need", "verified", "documents", "-", "Aadhaar", "cards", "/", "Voter", "ID", "cards", "/", "ration", "cards", "dated", "after", "2014", ".", "It", "is", "estimated", "that", "out", "of", "the", "two", "million", "people", "living", "in", "slums", "across", "Delhi", ",", "8,379", "have", "been", "offered", "flats", "under", "the", "'", "in", "-", "situ", "reha", "-bilitation", "scheme", "'", "(", "Nabi", ",", "2024", ")", ".", "Indeed", ",", "these", "schemes", "have", ",", "in", "the", "past", ",", "been", "met", "with", "some", "disillusionment", ".", "\n\n", "At", "the", "start", "of", "the", "day", ",", "Lali", ",", "the", "street", "vendor", ",", "gave", "us", "the", "Hindustan", "Times", "to", " ", "read", ".", " ", "Around", " ", "the", " ", "campfire", " ", "this", " ", "morning", ",", " ", "there", " ", "was", " ", "great", " ", "excitement", " ", "to", " ", "see", "their", " ", "old", " ", "friend", " ", "Arjun", " ", "Devi", " ", "featured", ".", " ", "Arjun", " ", "resided", " ", "in", " ", "Bhoominheen", " ", "Camp", " ", "but", "was", "evicted", "and", "secured", "for", "his", "family", "a", "flat", "in", "the", "newly", "built", "Kalkaji", "extension", ".", "These", "flats", "are", "an", "example", "of", "the", "Delhi", "Development", "Authority", "housing", "complex", "in", "Govindpuri", ",", "allotted", "to", "those", "evicted", "from", "their", "slum", "in", "2022", "-", "Bhoominheen", "Camp", ".", "Interestingly", ",", "the", "term", "'", "in", "situ", "'", "rehabilitation", "does", "not", "mean", "in", "this", "case", "within", "the", "same", "neighbourhood", ".", "The", "in", "situ", "rehabilitation", "scheme", "transfers", "residents", "from", "the", "demolished", "Camp", "to", "the", "Kalkaji", "flats", ",", "some", "2", "km", "away", ".", "This", "move", "from", "the", "original", "neighbourhood", "that", "was", "made", "up", "of", "low", "-", "rise", ",", "high", "-", "density", "homes", "to", "the", "impersonal", "high", "-", "rise", "buildings", "has", "disrupted", "social", "networks", "and", "removed", "communities", "from", "their", "street", "-", "based", "livelihoods", ".", "It", "is", "little", "wonder", "that", "some", "of", "those", "being", "offered", "relocation", "refuse", "the", "opportunity", ".", "Relocation", "to", "a", "multistorey", "building", "makes", "the", "transferal", "of", "small", "trading", "and", "business", "activities", "that", "are", "carried", "out", "at", "the", "'", "ground", "'", "level", "impossible", "-", "street", "hawkers", "and", "their", "carts", ",", "the", "owner", "-ship", "of", "animals", "for", "eggs", "and", "milk", ",", "the", "running", "of", "beauty", "parlours", "and", "cafes", ".", "Those", "stories", "of", "real", "people", "we", "have", "observed", "in", "the", "first", "part", "of", "our", "chapter", "would", "no", "\n\n", "longer", "be", "able", "to", "trade", "if", "they", "were", "evicted", "to", "this", "type", "of", "'", "in", "-", "situ", "'", "rehabilitation", ".", "Nevertheless", ",", "a", "promise", "of", "a", "better", "life", "with", "safer", "homes", "and", "more", "amenities", "can" ]	[ { "end": 549, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 538 }, { "end": 543, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 538 }, { "end": 549, "label": "YEAR", "start": 545 }, { "end": 920, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 910 }, { "end": 914, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 910 }, { "end": 920, "label": "YEAR", "start": 916 } ]
other forms of temporality and being in the world. The proposed activities were key for creating a space that allowed heavy emotions to co-exist with playfulness and joy. Furthermore, recentring the body, the connection to one another s ' bodies, and anchoring it in its surroundings not only prepared participants for deeper, emotionally charged dialogue, but was an inherent part of the healing process as it involved understanding that trauma is stored in the body as well. Fostering attention and deep presence, we started each day of the weekend with a guided meditation, seeking to bridge the senses, which helped the group to ground in the space and in their own personal experiences, as well as balance the body pressure. Both days of the weekend also started outdoors, with embodied exercises aimed at fostering awareness and connecting participants to themselves and the surrounding landscapes around them. These exercises were also moments of play and non-productive time, where the body explored movements and gestures outside its usual repertoire, with a view to inventing other possibilities for action. For instance, in the exercise titled ' Singular movement, plural resonance , ' participants gathered and formed a circle in the green area of Treptower Park, along the river Spree, in the south of Berlin; each person was then invited to create a movement, which could be a dance or an expression, and the whole group would imitate the moves. Afterwards, anyone could say the name of another person and the group would remember and reproduce the named movement. This exercise brought the group together in a joyful experience where trust and vulnerability were invited to the space in a moment of freedom of expression. The necessity to pay attention to other s movements in order to replicate them seemed to foster ' an awareness of the relational values between the individuality and the collective. Participants were then invited in a series of exercise to run, walk, look up the sky and look down to the earth in order to foster a grounding in the environment and to enter in relationship with the more-than-human beings that surrounded them. Another outside and embodied activity we proposed was about disobedience, where each participant shared a story of disobedience while also disobeying the normal ' order ' where one talks and the other listens. Here they were invited to stand in a line in groups of five,	[ "other", "forms", "of", "temporality", "and", "being", "in", "the", "world", ".", "The", "proposed", "activities", "were", "key", "for", "creating", "a", "space", "that", "allowed", "heavy", "emotions", "to", "co", "-", "exist", "with", "playfulness", "and", "joy", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "recentring", "the", "body", ",", "the", "connection", "to", "one", "another", "s", "'", "bodies", ",", "and", "anchoring", "it", "in", "its", "surroundings", "not", "only", "prepared", "participants", "for", "deeper", ",", "emotionally", "charged", "dialogue", ",", "but", "was", "an", "inherent", "part", "of", "the", "healing", "process", "as", "it", "involved", "understanding", "that", "trauma", "is", "stored", "in", "the", "body", "as", "well", ".", "\n\n", "Fostering", "attention", "and", "deep", "presence", ",", "we", "started", "each", "day", "of", "the", "weekend", "with", "a", "guided", "meditation", ",", "seeking", "to", "bridge", "the", "senses", ",", "which", "helped", "the", "group", "to", "ground", "in", "the", "space", "and", "in", "their", "own", "personal", "experiences", ",", "as", "well", "as", "balance", "the", "body", "pressure", ".", "\n\n", "Both", "days", "of", "the", "weekend", "also", "started", "outdoors", ",", "with", "embodied", "exercises", "aimed", "at", "fostering", "awareness", "and", "connecting", "participants", "to", "themselves", "and", "the", "surrounding", "landscapes", "around", "them", ".", "These", "exercises", "were", "also", "moments", "of", "play", "and", "non", "-", "productive", "time", ",", "where", "the", "body", "explored", "movements", "and", "gestures", "outside", "its", "usual", "repertoire", ",", "with", "a", "view", "to", "inventing", "other", "possibilities", "for", "action", ".", "\n\n", "For", "instance", ",", "in", "the", "exercise", "titled", "'", "Singular", "movement", ",", "plural", "resonance", ",", "'", "participants", "gathered", "and", "formed", "a", "circle", "in", "the", "green", "area", "of", "Treptower", "Park", ",", "along", "the", "river", "Spree", ",", "in", "the", "south", "of", "Berlin", ";", "each", "person", "was", "then", "invited", "to", "create", "a", "movement", ",", "which", "could", "be", "a", "dance", "or", "an", "expression", ",", "and", "the", "whole", "group", "would", "imitate", "the", "moves", ".", "Afterwards", ",", "anyone", "could", "say", "the", "name", "of", "another", "person", "and", "the", "group", "would", "remember", "and", "reproduce", "the", "named", "movement", ".", "This", "exercise", "brought", "the", "group", "together", "in", "a", "joyful", "experience", "where", "trust", "and", "vulnerability", "were", "invited", "to", "the", "space", "in", "a", "moment", "of", "freedom", "of", "expression", ".", "The", "necessity", "to", "pay", "attention", "to", "other", "s", "movements", "in", "order", "to", "replicate", "them", "seemed", "to", "foster", "'", "an", "awareness", "of", "the", "relational", "values", "between", "the", "individuality", "and", "the", "collective", ".", "\n\n", "Participants", "were", "then", "invited", "in", "a", "series", "of", "exercise", "to", "run", ",", "walk", ",", "look", "up", "the", "sky", "and", "look", "down", "to", "the", "earth", "in", "order", "to", "foster", "a", "grounding", "in", "the", "environment", "and", "to", "enter", "in", "relationship", "with", "the", "more", "-", "than", "-", "human", "beings", "that", "surrounded", "them", ".", "Another", "outside", "and", "embodied", "activity", "we", "proposed", "was", "about", "disobedience", ",", "where", "each", "participant", "shared", "a", "story", "of", "disobedience", "while", "also", "disobeying", "the", "normal", "'", "order", "'", "where", "one", "talks", "and", "the", "other", "listens", ".", "Here", "they", "were", "invited", "to", "stand", "in", "a", "line", "in", "groups", "of", "five", "," ]	[]
62.0 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; 63 Information service activities; 63.1 Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals; 63.9 Other information service activities Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation341 NABS NACE NABS07 Health86 Human health activities; 86.1 Hospital activities; 86.2 Medical and dental practice activities; 86.9 Other human health activities; 87 Residential care activities; 87.1 Residential nursing care activities; 87.2 Residential care activities for mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse; 87.3 Residential care activities for the elderly and disabled; 87.9 Other residential care activities NABS08 Agriculture1 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities; 1.1 Growing of non-perennial crops; 1.2 Growing of perennial crops; 1.3 Plant propagation; 1.4 Animal production; 1.5 Mixed farming; 1.6 Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities; 1.7 Hunting, trapping and related service activities; 2 Forestry and logging; 2.1 Silviculture and other forestry activities; 2.2 Logging; 2.3 Gathering of wild growing non-wood products; 2.4 Support services to forestry; 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products; 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery; 3 Fishing and aquaculture; 3.1 Fishing; 3.2 Aquaculture; 75 Veterinary activities; 75.0 Veterinary activities NABS09 Education85 Education; 85.1 Pre-primary education; 85.2 Primary education; 85.3 Secondary education; 85.4 Higher education; 85.5 Other education; 85.6 Educational support activities NABS10Culture, recreation, religion and mass media58 Publishing activities; 58.1 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities; 58.2 Software publishing; 59 Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities; 59.1 Motion picture, video and television programme activities; 59.2 Sound recording and music publishing activities; 60 Programming and broadcasting activities; 60.1 Radio broadcasting; 60.2 Television programming and broadcasting activities; 90 Creative, arts and entertainment activities; 90.0 Creative, arts and entertainment activities; 91 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; 91.0 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; 93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities; 93.1 Sports activities; 93.2 Amusement and recreation activities; 94.9 Activities of other membership organisations NABS11Political and social systems, structures and processes78 Employment activities; 78.1 Activities of employment placement agencies; 78.2 Temporary employment agency activities; 78.3 Other human resources provision; 84.1 Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of the community; 84.2 Provision of services to the community as a whole; 84.3 Compulsory social security activities; 88 Social work activities without accommodation; 88.1 Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and disabled; 88.9	[ "62.0", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "related", "activities", ";", "63", "\n", "Information", "service", "activities", ";", "63.1", "Data", "processing", ",", "hosting", "and", "related", "\n", "activities", ";", "web", "portals", ";", "63.9", "Other", "information", "service", "activities", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation341", "\n", "NABS", "NACE", "\n", "NABS07", "Health86", "Human", "health", "activities", ";", "86.1", "Hospital", "activities", ";", "86.2", "Medical", "and", "dental", "\n", "practice", "activities", ";", "86.9", "Other", "human", "health", "activities", ";", "87", "Residential", "care", "\n", "activities", ";", "87.1", "Residential", "nursing", "care", "activities", ";", "87.2", "Residential", "care", "\n", "activities", "for", "mental", "retardation", ",", "mental", "health", "and", "substance", "abuse", ";", "87.3", "\n", "Residential", "care", "activities", "for", "the", "elderly", "and", "disabled", ";", "87.9", "Other", "residential", "\n", "care", "activities", "\n", "NABS08", "Agriculture1", "Crop", "and", "animal", "production", ",", "hunting", "and", "related", "service", "activities", ";", "1.1", "\n", "Growing", "of", "non", "-", "perennial", "crops", ";", "1.2", "Growing", "of", "perennial", "crops", ";", "1.3", "Plant", "\n", "propagation", ";", "1.4", "Animal", "production", ";", "1.5", "Mixed", "farming", ";", "1.6", "Support", "activities", "\n", "to", "agriculture", "and", "post", "-", "harvest", "crop", "activities", ";", "1.7", "Hunting", ",", "trapping", "and", "\n", "related", "service", "activities", ";", "2", "Forestry", "and", "logging", ";", "2.1", "Silviculture", "and", "other", "\n", "forestry", "activities", ";", "2.2", "Logging", ";", "2.3", "Gathering", "of", "wild", "growing", "non", "-", "wood", "\n", "products", ";", "2.4", "Support", "services", "to", "forestry", ";", "20.2", "Manufacture", "of", "pesticides", "\n", "and", "other", "agrochemical", "products", ";", "28.3", "Manufacture", "of", "agricultural", "and", "\n", "forestry", "machinery", ";", "3", "Fishing", "and", "aquaculture", ";", "3.1", "Fishing", ";", "3.2", "Aquaculture", ";", "\n", "75", "Veterinary", "activities", ";", "75.0", "Veterinary", "activities", "\n", "NABS09", "Education85", "Education", ";", "85.1", "Pre", "-", "primary", "education", ";", "85.2", "Primary", "education", ";", "85.3", "\n", "Secondary", "education", ";", "85.4", "Higher", "education", ";", "85.5", "Other", "education", ";", "85.6", "\n", "Educational", "support", "activities", "\n", "NABS10Culture", ",", "recreation", ",", "religion", "\n", "and", "mass", "media58", "Publishing", "activities", ";", "58.1", "Publishing", "of", "books", ",", "periodicals", "and", "other", "\n", "publishing", "activities", ";", "58.2", "Software", "publishing", ";", "59", "Motion", "picture", ",", "video", "\n", "and", "television", "programme", "production", ",", "sound", "recording", "and", "music", "\n", "publishing", "activities", ";", "59.1", "Motion", "picture", ",", "video", "and", "television", "programme", "\n", "activities", ";", "59.2", "Sound", "recording", "and", "music", "publishing", "activities", ";", "60", "\n", "Programming", "and", "broadcasting", "activities", ";", "60.1", "Radio", "broadcasting", ";", "60.2", "\n", "Television", "programming", "and", "broadcasting", "activities", ";", "90", "Creative", ",", "arts", "and", "\n", "entertainment", "activities", ";", "90.0", "Creative", ",", "arts", "and", "entertainment", "activities", ";", "\n", "91", "Libraries", ",", "archives", ",", "museums", "and", "other", "cultural", "activities", ";", "91.0", "Libraries", ",", "\n", "archives", ",", "museums", "and", "other", "cultural", "activities", ";", "93", "Sports", "activities", "\n", "and", "amusement", "and", "recreation", "activities", ";", "93.1", "Sports", "activities", ";", "93.2", "\n", "Amusement", "and", "recreation", "activities", ";", "94.9", "Activities", "of", "other", "membership", "\n", "organisations", "\n", "NABS11Political", "and", "social", "systems", ",", "\n", "structures", "and", "processes78", "Employment", "activities", ";", "78.1", "Activities", "of", "employment", "placement", "\n", "agencies", ";", "78.2", "Temporary", "employment", "agency", "activities", ";", "78.3", "Other", "\n", "human", "resources", "provision", ";", "84.1", "Administration", "of", "the", "State", "and", "the", "\n", "economic", "and", "social", "policy", "of", "the", "community", ";", "84.2", "Provision", "of", "services", "to", "\n", "the", "community", "as", "a", "whole", ";", "84.3", "Compulsory", "social", "security", "activities", ";", "88", "\n", "Social", "work", "activities", "without", "accommodation", ";", "88.1", "Social", "work", "activities", "\n", "without", "accommodation", "for", "the", "elderly", "and", "disabled", ";", "88.9" ]	[]
The most relevant keywords for these Ukrainian S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. 244 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials UKRAINE Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Food Processing and Manufacturing10 Manufacture of food products • Agrifood Wood Products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Metalworking Technology25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment• Nanotechnology and materials Information Technology and Analytical Instruments26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products• Electric and electronic technologies • Energy • Fundamental physics and mathematics • ICT and computer science • Optics and photonics Production Technology and Heavy Machinery28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.• Agrifood • Energy • Fundamental physics and mathematics • Environmental sciences and industries • Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Automotive29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers• Transportation Wholesale trade46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesTable 4.6. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Ukraine Figure 4.18. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Ukraine Figure 4.19. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Ukraine Figure 4.20. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Ukraine Figure 4.21. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Environmental sciences and industries in Ukraine Figure 4.23. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Ukraine Figure 4.25. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine Figure 4.27. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Transportation in Ukraine Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 245 Figure 4.22. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Fundamental physics and mathematics in Ukraine Figure 4.24. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine Figure 4.26. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Optics and photonics in Ukraine 246 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials 4. Potential for EaP collabora- tion in combined EIST domains To complement the preceding country sections, and to provide evidence regarding common are- as of combined EIST specialisation throughout the EaP countries, Table 4.7 presents every economic cluster (E&I) and S&T domain pair	[ "The", "most", "relevant", "keywords", "for", "these", "Ukrainian", "\n", "S&T", "domains", "that", "match", "E&I", "domains", "can", "be", "\n", "found", "in", "the", "figures", "below", ";", "similar", "figures", "were", "\n", "also", "shown", "in", "Part", "3", "when", "characterising", "the", "S&T", "\n", "for", "the", "whole", "EaP", "region", ".", "\n", "244", "\n ", "Part", "4", "Identification", "of", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potentials", "\n", "UKRAINE", "\n", "Concordance", "between", "E&I", "analysis", "and", "S&T", "analysis", "\n", "Economic", "clusterE&I", "domains", " \n", "(", "NACE", "sectors)S&T", "domains", "\n", "Food", "Processing", "and", "\n", "Manufacturing10", "Manufacture", "of", "food", "products", "•", "Agrifood", "\n", "Wood", "Products16", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "\n", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", ",", "except", "\n", "furniture", ";", "manufacture", "of", "articles", "of", "\n", "straw", "and", "plaiting", "materials", "\n", "Metalworking", "Technology25", "Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "\n", "products", ",", "except", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment•", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Information", "Technology", "and", "\n", "Analytical", "Instruments26", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "products•", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "\n", "•", "Energy", "\n", "•", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "\n", "•", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "\n", "•", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "Production", "Technology", "and", "Heavy", "\n", "Machinery28", "Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "n.e.c.•", "Agrifood", "\n", "•", "Energy", "\n", "•", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "\n", "•", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "industries", "\n", "•", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery", "\n", "Automotive29", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ",", "\n", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers•", "Transportation", "\n", "Wholesale", "trade46", "Wholesale", "trade", ",", "except", "of", "motor", "\n", "vehicles", "and", "motorcyclesTable", "4.6", ".", "Combined", "EIST", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.18", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.19", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "technologies", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.20", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Energy", "in", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.21", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Environmental", "\n", "sciences", "and", "industries", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.23", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "ICT", "and", "\n", "computer", "science", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.25", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materials", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.27", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Transportation", "\n", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation", "245", "\n", "Figure", "4.22", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Fundamental", "\n", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.24", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Mechanical", "\n", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "Figure", "4.26", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonics", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "246", "\n ", "Part", "4", "Identification", "of", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potentials", "\n", "4", ".", "Potential", "for", "EaP", "collabora-", "\n", "tion", "in", "combined", "EIST", "domains", "\n", "To", "complement", "the", "preceding", "country", "sections", ",", "\n", "and", "to", "provide", "evidence", "regarding", "common", "are-", "\n", "as", "of", "combined", "EIST", "specialisation", "throughout", "the", "\n", "EaP", "countries", ",", "Table", "4.7", "presents", "every", "economic", "\n", "cluster", "(", "E&I", ")", "and", "S&T", "domain", "pair" ]	[]
COVID-19 response The government demonstrated leadership in co-ordinating the response of line ministries, development partners and non-state actors to the pandemic. Kenya developed a COVID-19 contingency plan as early as January 2020, adapting its existing National Ebola Virus Disease co-ordination structures. The COVID19 response planning was directly led by the Executive Office of the President but adopted a whole-ofgovernment approach by co-ordinating various levels and government agencies and in partnership with the private sector (Government of Kenya, 2020[21]). More specifically, it activated a Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC) and county-level Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) to co-ordinate the management of the pandemic. The government also established a National COVID-19 Taskforce that brought together stakeholders, including the Ministry of Health (MoH), other government line ministries and agencies, UN agencies, development partners, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and civil society organisations (CSOs). The task force participated in various High-level Committees that supported the implementation of 5 Kenya's response to the COVID -19 pandemic. The PHEOC provided daily situation reports that informed assessment and planning, and the Office of the Cabinet Secretary released daily news briefs and regularly engaged with the media to provide necessary updates (Mwakisha et al., 2023[22]; World Bank, 2020[23]). ## 2.2. Containment strategies: Managing mobility and social interactions during the pandemic The containment measures adopted by the government included social distancing and restrictions on most non-essential social and public gatherings such as weddings, religious worship and funerals. Other measures included the encouragement to telework, night curfews, limitations on public transport passenger capacity and school closures. The government later ensured a gradual reopening of society and the economy. For instance, schools reopened in phases and were fully reopened on 4 January 2021, after nine months of closure. Domestic flights recommenced by the middle of July 2020, while international flights commenced in August 2020. International arrivals were required to undertake a SarsCoV2 RT PCR swab test, with positive tests requiring a mandatory two-week quarantine period. In March 2021, a resurgence of COVID-19 infections prompted the government to reintroduce the restrictions lifted in mid-2020. On 26 March 2021, authorities imposed new containment measures in Nairobi and four neighbouring counties until May 2021. These measures included banning domestic movement and in-person meetings, restrictions on worship, sports and recreation, closure of restaurants and bars, extension of curfew hours and suspension of parliament. Employees were instructed to work from home, and schools and universities were closed again.	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overall score Age of statistical laws (years) Age of statistical laws (years)a. Statistical performance b. Openness of data High-income Upper-middle-income Low-income Lower-middle-income Data as a force for public good \| 69 independence of producers of public intent data also reinforces the credibility of and trust in the data and its producers, which encourages data use in both gov - ernment and civil society. 100 An indicator capturing the independence of NSOs in all African nations is included in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. 101 The indicator measures the institutional autonomy and financial independence of an NSO. A perfect score indicates that an NSO is able to publish data without clearance from another government branch and has sufficient funding to do so. A higher score on the NSO independence indicator is highly correlated with statistical performance as captured by the World Bank’s SPI (figure 2.9, panel a). In 2019 the average score on NSO independence was 34 out of 100, with low-income African countries scoring below average. These findings illustrate that NSO independence is precarious, particularly in lower-income countries. Anecdotes of attacks on NSO independence around the world suggest that fragile NSO independence is not limited to the Afri-can context. 102 For example, in 2007 the Argentine government began interfering with the independence of Argentina’s NSO, the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC). The effort initially focused on the consumer price index and later expanded to other official statistics, casting doubt especially on reported inflation statistics. Recognizing the harmful effects of these measures, by 2015 a new government had undertaken efforts to rebuild the institute, and INDEC resumed the delivery of trustworthy statistics with transparency and complete adherence to inter - national principles. 103 A government’s interest in having an independent national statistical system can be affected by several competing factors. On the one hand, a government may have a vested interest in curtailing statistical independence and the production and dissemination of reliable data, fearing these could expose poor policy decisions and performance, dilute power, and increase public scrutiny and pressure. 104 In this case, lack of independence and the availability of reliable data would make it harder to hold governments account - able. 105 On the other hand, an independent statistical system producing reliable data in a transparent fashion best informs government decision-making and increases citizens’ trust in government data and public institutions in general. 106 Such transparency	[ "overall", "score", "\n", "Age", "of", "statistical", "laws", "(", "years", ")", "Age", "of", "statistical", "laws", "(", "years)a", ".", "Statistical", "performance", "b.", "Openness", "of", "data", "\n", "High", "-", "income", "Upper", "-", "middle", "-", "income", "Low", "-", "income", "Lower", "-", "middle", "-", "income", "\n", "Data", "as", "a", "force", "for", "public", "good", " ", "\|", " ", "69", "\n", "independence", "of", "producers", "of", "public", "intent", "data", "also", "\n", "reinforces", "the", "credibility", "of", "and", "trust", "in", "the", "data", "and", "its", "producers", ",", "which", "encourages", "data", "use", "in", "both", "gov", "-", "\n", "ernment", "and", "civil", "society", ".", "\n", "100", "\n", "An", "indicator", "capturing", "the", "independence", "of", "NSOs", "\n", "in", "all", "African", "nations", "is", "included", "in", "the", "Ibrahim", "Index", "of", "African", "Governance", ".", "\n", "101", "The", "indicator", "measures", "the", "\n", "institutional", "autonomy", "and", "financial", "independence", "of", "an", "NSO", ".", "A", "perfect", "score", "indicates", "that", "an", "NSO", "is", "able", "to", "publish", "data", "without", "clearance", "from", "another", "government", "branch", "and", "has", "sufficient", "funding", "to", "do", "so", ".", "A", "higher", "score", "on", "the", "NSO", "independence", "indicator", "is", "highly", "correlated", "with", "statistical", "performance", "as", "captured", "by", "the", "World", "Bank", "’s", "SPI", "(", "figure", "2.9", ",", "panel", "a", ")", ".", "In", "2019", "the", "average", "score", "on", "NSO", "independence", "was", "34", "out", "of", "100", ",", "with", "low", "-", "income", "African", "countries", " \n", "scoring", "below", "average", ".", "These", "findings", "illustrate", "that", "NSO", "independence", "is", "precarious", ",", "particularly", "in", "lower", "-", "income", "countries", ".", "Anecdotes", "of", "attacks", "on", "NSO", "independence", "around", "the", "world", "suggest", "that", "fragile", "NSO", "independence", "is", "not", "limited", "to", "the", "Afri", "-", "can", "context", ".", "\n", "102", "For", "example", ",", "in", "2007", "the", "Argentine", "\n", "government", "began", "interfering", "with", "the", "independence", "of", "Argentina", "’s", "NSO", ",", "the", "National", "Institute", "of", "Statistics", "and", "Censuses", "(", "INDEC", ")", ".", "The", "effort", "initially", "focused", "on", "the", "consumer", "price", "index", "and", "later", "expanded", "to", "other", "official", "statistics", ",", "casting", "doubt", "especially", "on", "reported", "inflation", "statistics", ".", "Recognizing", "the", "harmful", "effects", "of", "these", "measures", ",", "by", "2015", "a", "new", "government", "had", "undertaken", "efforts", "to", "rebuild", "the", "institute", ",", "and", "INDEC", "resumed", "the", "delivery", "of", "trustworthy", "statistics", "with", "transparency", "and", "complete", "adherence", "to", "inter", "-", "\n", "national", "principles", ".", "\n", "103", "\n", "A", "government", "’s", "interest", "in", "having", "an", "independent", "\n", "national", "statistical", "system", "can", "be", "affected", "by", "several", "competing", "factors", ".", "On", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "a", "government", "may", "have", "a", "vested", "interest", "in", "curtailing", "statistical", "independence", "and", "the", "production", "and", "dissemination", "of", "reliable", "data", ",", "fearing", "these", "could", "expose", "poor", "policy", "decisions", "and", "performance", ",", "dilute", "power", ",", "and", "increase", "public", "scrutiny", "and", "pressure", ".", "\n", "104", "In", "this", "case", ",", "lack", "of", "\n", "independence", "and", "the", "availability", "of", "reliable", "data", "would", "make", "it", "harder", "to", "hold", "governments", "account", "-", "\n", "able", ".", "\n", "105", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "an", "independent", "statistical", "\n", "system", "producing", "reliable", "data", "in", "a", "transparent", "fashion", "best", "informs", "government", "decision", "-", "making", "and", "increases", "citizens", "’", "trust", "in", "government", "data", "and", "public", "institutions", "in", "general", ".", "\n", "106", "Such", "transparency", "\n" ]	[]
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of organisational clusters. The following tables showcase the sectoral criti- cal mass and specialisation of start-ups and ven- ture capital-backed companies for each of the six Eastern Partnership countries, and for each of the 102 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Locarno2011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 2018 1 -- -- -- -- 1 -- 33 7 24 24 422 364 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 38 13 44 22 303 391 3 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 19 -- -- 50 145 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 19 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- 1 502 296 6 -- -- -- 2 -- -- 96 24 321 41 632 678 7 2 -- -- -- 48 -- 45 18 247 1 176 376 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 4 18 1 236 787 9 8 38 -- -- 25 28 71 173 178 138 1 893 2 935 10 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 9 -- 2 146 305 11 107 8 -- -- -- -- 18 49 1 668 552 437 815 12 -- -- -- -- 4 31 4 3 10 12 598 993 13 -- -- -- 1 -- 2 2 1 -- 2 239 392 14 -- -- -- -- 1 13 -- 11 4 -- 78 208 15 -- -- -- -- 32 8 2 -- 1 -- 260 682 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 12 17 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- 5 4 30 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 56 3 -- 16 14 19 -- -- -- -- 2 12 34 101 283 184 2 537 3 511 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 17 247 62 403 377 21 -- 5 -- -- 13 -- 24 9 4 51 154 354 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 22 84 23 -- -- -- -- 20 5 5 -- 2 26 431 597 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 5 76 166 25 1 1 -- -- 10 4 9 37 107 493 532 900 26 -- -- -- -- -- 1 --	[ "of", "organisational", "clusters", ".", "\n", "The", "following", "tables", "showcase", "the", "sectoral", "criti-", "\n", "cal", "mass", "and", "specialisation", "of", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "ven-", "\n", "ture", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "for", "each", "of", "the", "six", "\n", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", ",", "and", "for", "each", "of", "the", "\n", "102", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "\n", "Locarno2011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "2018", "\n", "1", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--", "33", "7", "24", "24", "422", "364", "\n", "2", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "38", "13", "44", "22", "303", "391", "\n", "3", "--", "1", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "19", "--", "--", "50", "145", "\n", "4", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "19", "\n", "5", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "2", "--", "1", "502", "296", "\n", "6", "--", "--", "--", "2", "--", "--", "96", "24", "321", "41", "632", "678", "\n", "7", "2", "--", "--", "--", "48", "--", "45", "18", "247", "1", "176", "376", "\n", "8", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "8", "4", "18", "1", "236", "787", "\n", "9", "8", "38", "--", "--", "25", "28", "71", "173", "178", "138", "1", "893", "2", "935", "\n", "10", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--", "9", "--", "2", "146", "305", "\n", "11", "107", "8", "--", "--", "--", "--", "18", "49", "1", "668", "552", "437", "815", "\n", "12", "--", "--", "--", "--", "4", "31", "4", "3", "10", "12", "598", "993", "\n", "13", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--", "2", "2", "1", "--", "2", "239", "392", "\n", "14", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "13", "--", "11", "4", "--", "78", "208", "\n", "15", "--", "--", "--", "--", "32", "8", "2", "--", "1", "--", "260", "682", "\n", "16", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--", "12", "\n", "17", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "1", "--", "5", "4", "30", "\n", "18", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "35", "56", "3", "--", "16", "14", "\n", "19", "--", "--", "--", "--", "2", "12", "34", "101", "283", "184", "2", "537", "3", "511", "\n", "20", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "9", "17", "247", "62", "403", "377", "\n", "21", "--", "5", "--", "--", "13", "--", "24", "9", "4", "51", "154", "354", "\n", "22", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--", "--", "--", "22", "84", "\n", "23", "--", "--", "--", "--", "20", "5", "5", "--", "2", "26", "431", "597", "\n", "24", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "22", "5", "76", "166", "\n", "25", "1", "1", "--", "--", "10", "4", "9", "37", "107", "493", "532", "900", "\n", "26", "--", "--", "--", "--", "--", "1", "--" ]	[]
Lykknes, A., D. L. Opitz and B. Van Tiggelen, eds. For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012. - Macfarquhar, R. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution , Vol. 2, The Great Leap Forward, 1958- 1960 . New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Mack, P. E. 'What difference has feminism made to engineering in the twentieth century.' In A. N. H. Creager, E. Lunbeck, C. R. Stimpson and L. Schiebinger (eds), Feminism in Twentieth Century Science, Technology and Medicine . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Maddox, B. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA . New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Mainz, V. V. and T. E. Strom, eds. Ladies in Waiting for the Nobel Prize, The Posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Vol. 2. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2018. Malhotra, A. Gender, Caste, and Religious Identities: Restructuring Caste in Colonial Punjab . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002. Mandelbaum, D. R. 'Women in medicine.' Signs , 4: 1 (1978), 136- 45. Manning, K. E. 'Communes, canteens, and creches: The gendered politics of remembering the Great Leap Forward.' In C. K. Lee and G. Yang (eds), Re- Envisioning the Chinese Revolution: The Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in Reform China , pp. 93- 118. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. Manning, K. E. 'Making a Great Leap Forward? The politics of women's liberation in Maoist China.' Gender & History , 18: 3 (2006), 574- 93. Margulis, L. 'On the origin of mitosing cells.' Journal of Theoretical Biology , 14: 3 (1967), 225- 74. Margulis, L. 'Kingdom Animalia: The zoological malaise from a microbial perspective.' American Zoologist , 30: 4 (1990), 861- 75. Margulis, L., ed. Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy of a Scientific Rebel . White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2012. - Mark, J. and P. Betts. Socialism Goes Global: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the Age of Decolonization . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Martin, S. C., R. M. Arnold and R. Parker. 'Gender and medical socialization.' Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 29: 4 (1988), 333- 43. - Massino, J. Ambiguous Transitions: Gender, the State, and Everyday Life in Socialist and Postsocialist Romania . New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2019. - Mayberry, M. and B. Subramaniam, eds. Feminist Science Studies: A New Generation . New York and London: Routledge, 2001. McCormack, C. Women in the Picture: What Culture Does with Female Bodies . New York: Norton, 2021.	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It is important to recognize that, beyond classroom instruction, extracurricular activities, service learning and the school’s ethos can affect civic learning and engagement and compensate for a lack of civic resources at home and in the community (Campbell, 2019). It is also important to recognize that beyond traditional political participation measures, civic education helps to shape identity formation (ethnic, political or any other sort of self-image), agency and self-efficacy (Treviño et al., 2021). Analyses based on ICCS data have shown the importance of an open classroom climate and positive interactions between teachers and students to temper the impact of socioeconomic status (Brese et al., 2015). A study of English secondary schools also found positive effects of an open classroom climate on expected political participation, especially for disadvantaged groups, although the cumulative effect of civic education had a positive impact on participation only for white students (Weinberg, 2022). A study on US students found similar effectiveness on Black and Latino participation for civic education courses that had been informed by critical pedagogy, in contrast to courses that were more traditional and less critical of the status quo. In Germany, expected political participation among young adults was positively influenced by parental education level, occupational status and income, but the effect was smaller for students that followed an academic track instead of a vocational track (Barsegyan et al., 2024). Data from the 2022 ICCS also show some positive correlation between average civic knowledge scores and an index of expected political participation. Previous studies that used 2009 and 2016 ICCS data had also found civic knowledge to be a good predictor of expected political participation, support for equal gender rights and support for equal rights for all ethnic groups (Lauglo, 2013; Schulz and Fraillon, 2019). Students in schools that provide opportunities to learn and discuss political and social issues are more likely to include citizenship norms such as participating in national elections, discussing politics, working hard, obeying the law, respecting authorities, protesting against unjust laws, promoting human rights and participating in local communities (Treviño et al., 2021). There is less research on the impact of civic education in low- and middle-income countries. Examples include studies in Latin America that show the impact of civic knowledge on support for authoritarian regimes (Miranda et al., 2021) or on tolerance for corruption (Carrasco and Pavón Mediano, 2021). In Uganda, a randomized control trial evaluation showed the positive

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35 4 Conclusions and recommendations This study aimed at establishing a Material Flow Analysis model (MFA) for the whole value chain of plastics in EU -27 in 2022 , from polymers production to end -of-life plastic management and recyclates production. This analysis was coupled with a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study providing system - wide insights on the environmental impacts related to the plastics value chain, across the 16 impact categories of the Environmental Footprint (EC, 2021). The MFA analysis focused on sector -specific MFAs for a total of 9 sectors (namely: Packaging, Construction, Transport, Electronic, Agriculture, Textiles, Healthcare, Fishing and ‘Other ’), through a top-down approach. Thanks to the granularity of data achieved in this study, these sectors were further detailed via polymer -specific MFAs, capturing a total of 15 different polymers (namely: LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, EPS, PVC, PET, PUR, ABS, PA, PMMA, PC , bio -PP, bio -PUR, and CA ). Results of the sector -specific MFA highlighted a plastic production volume equal to 57.9 Mt (of which 98.9% related to fossil -based and 1.1% to biopolymers). During the production and manufacturing life cycle stages, 5.4 Mt pre -consumer waste was generated (9% of the total plastic being manufactured) and ultimately separately collected. Meeting the total plastic consumption needs (equal to 62.8 Mt) w as possible solely through the additional imports of plastic products and polymers , on top of the total quantities of plastic products manufactured within the EU territory . Of the total quantity of post -consumer waste generated (42. 5 Mt), only 41.5% was separately collected (of which 41. 7% sent to recycling facilities) . A significant fraction (42.0%) was still collected as a mixed waste fraction (and mostly disposed of in landfills or incinerated ), with only 4. 3% of mixed waste being sent to recycling . Out of the total was te collected (36.6 Mt), incineration and landfilling remained the dominant waste management route in the EU -27, accounting for 43.6% and 22.5% of total waste collected, respectively. On top of the waste collected as a mixed fraction or separately to incineration, landfill and recycling, other relevant waste streams were identified. Notably, around 8 .6% of the total waste generated in the EU (3.6 Mt) was mismanaged , representing the waste fraction inadequately disposed or inappropriately treated/managed . Plastic could not only be mismanaged , but also lost in the environment, accumulating

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one ML model and/or other data capable of achieving a certain function and/or performing a set of actions or tasks in an operational environment. - the terms “ML application”, “AI application”, “AI/ML application”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - matrix at least in some examples refers to a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which may be used to represent an object or a property of such an object. - model parameter in the context of ML, at least in some examples refer to values, characteristics, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Additionally or alternatively, “model parameter” and/or “parameter” in the context of ML, at least in some examples refer to a configuration variable that is internal to the model and whose value can be estimated from the given data. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. - model parameters/parameters include weights (e.g., in an ANN); constraints; support vectors in a support vector machine (SVM); coefficients in a linear regression and/or logistic regression; word frequency, sentence length, noun or verb distribution per sentence, the number of specific character n-grams per word, lexical diversity, and the like, for natural language processing (NLP) and/or natural language understanding (NLU); and/or the like. - weights e.g., in an ANN - constraints support vectors in a support vector machine (SVM); coefficients in a linear regression and/or logistic regression - word frequency, sentence length, noun or verb distribution per sentence the number of specific character n-grams per word, lexical diversity, and the like, for natural language processing (NLP) and/or natural language understanding (NLU); and/or the like. - NLP natural language processing - NLU natural language understanding - object function at least in some examples refers to a function to be maximized or minimized for a specific optimization problem. - an objective function is defined by its decision variables and an objective. - the objective is the value, target, or goal to be optimized, such as maximizing profit or minimizing usage of a particular resource. - the specific objective function chosen depends on the specific problem to be solved and the objectives to be optimized. Constraints may also be defined to restrict the values the decision variables can assume thereby influencing the objective value (output) that can be achieved. - an

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[]

is also used as a substitute for /v/, /w/, and/b/ in the following varieties of creole English: Gullah, Bahamian, Liberian, Bay Islands of Islands of Honduras, and the speech of whites in coastal South Carolina (Holm, ibid). Child language is another domain where one can seek more information in connection with the acquisition of fricative sounds. It is well known that children struggle in their attempt to acquire these sounds, and in most cases they are replaced by homorganic corresponding stops. At some stage, however, the child-knowing that these stops are not the ultimate target- exerts more effort to approximate the sound attempted. For instance, in the acquisition of the above fricative, the child has been reported to come up with a looser articulation by producing the semi-vowel [w], instead (Cruttenden, 1979; Crystal, 1987). Verma et al.'s (1992) children, the speakers of Punjabi-Urdu whose language lacks it, produced a labio-dental approximant [ ʋ ] as a substitute for the fricative in question. The fricatives /f/ and /v/ failed to become established in the English of a Garo and English-speaking child. According to Burling (1978), these fricatives disappeared completely for sometime from the child's Garo and were replaced in English words by bilabial stops. Although the labio-dentals were fairly distinct at a later stage, they were more often bilabial fricatives. Use of a bilabial fricative in the place of a labio-dental fricative is also characteristic of defective children; in their speech [ ɸ ] is used as a substitute for /f/ (Winitz, 1969). The acquisition of English voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ by speakers of other languages is also marked with difficulty. In other words, speakers of varied L1s were reported to substitute it with the nearest sound in their phonemic inventories. Thus, Indians replace it with the labio-dental frictionless continuant / ʋ /, Germans and Hungarians with the bilabial fricative / β / (Gimson, 1980) and many Arabs are said to use its voiceless counterpart /f/ (Mitchell & El-Hassan, 1989). Before we elaborate on the use of /b/ and / β / as substitutes for /v/, we would like to discuss our learners' behaviour with respect to its acquisition. Our learners have problems both in identifying and producing this fricative. The beginners perceived it and produced it as /f/. The principle of setting up oppositional symmetries in the L1 sound pattern proposed by Jakobson (1968) would explain this error. That is,

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countries perform comparatively well in the data portal and metadata categories, but even here they lag. A larger gap remains in terms of advance release calendars, which commit government units to release data on a predetermined timetable. Only Figure 2.4 Lower-income countries, especially those affected by fragility and conflict, have less comparable poverty data than other country groups Source: WDR 2021 team calculations, based on World Bank, PovcalNet: Data (database), http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/data.aspx. Data at http:// bit.do/WDR2021-Fig-2_4. Note: Only those economies with at least one international poverty estimate are included. FCS status refers to the World Bank’s “Classification of Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations” (World Bank 2020a).020406080100Share of countries (%) Lower-middle-incomeLow-income Upper-middle-incomeHigh-income Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the CaribbeanEast Asia and PaciﬁcSouth Asia Middle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaNon-FCSFCS Income group Region FCS status Less than three poverty data points Last three poverty data points not comparable Last three poverty data points comparable Table 2.1 Assessment of the openness of data, by country income group Indicator Low-incomeLower-middle- incomeUpper-middle- income High-income Openness score (0–100) 38 47 50 66 Available in machine readable format (%) 37 51 61 81 Available in nonproprietary format (%) 75 85 81 84 Download options available (%) 56 68 68 78 Open terms of use/license (%) 11 19 22 44 Source: WDR 2021 team calculations, based on 2020/21 Open Data Inventory indicators (Open Data Watch, ODIN [Open Data Inventory] [database], https://odin.opendatawatch.com/), also used as part of the World Bank’s Statistical Performance Indicators database, http://www.worldbank.org/spi. Note: The openness score is the average by country income group on a scale of 0–100. All other indicators are the percentage of published data averaged by country income group. 64 | World Development Report 2021 30 percent of NSOs in low-income countries pub- lish such calendars, compared with almost all high- income countries. Across the board, only a few NSOs utilize user satisfaction surveys, which could play an important role in gauging and understanding data demand (table 2.2). Limitations to interoperability . The use of common standards, methodologies, and classifications across public intent data sources ensures interoperability and enables data integration. Common and unified identification is needed across producers of pub-lic intent data for geographic divisions below the national level, such as regions, states, and districts. There is significant scope for expanding the use of georeferencing in censuses, surveys, and collection of administrative data, particularly in low-income settings. The use of common and

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impacts cascade through entire food webs and ecosystems,” Baum concluded. RELATED TOPICS Plants & Animals New Species Fish Nature Animals Earth & Climate Global Warming Ecology Energy and the Environment Environmental Issues RELATED TERMS Tooth Antibiotic resistance Ocean Shark Great White Shark Sei Whale Microorganism Hunting dog Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference : Maximilian Baum, Timo Haussecker, Timo Haussecker, Oliver Walenciak, Steffen Köhler, Christopher R. Bridges, Sebastian Fraune. Simulated ocean acidification affects shark tooth morphology . Frontiers in Marine Science , 26 August 2025 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1597592 Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago Frontiers. "Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 27). Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas. ScienceDaily . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm Frontiers. "Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010714.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Nature's Design Marvel: How Shark Skin's Denticles Adapt to Wide Speed Aug. 5, 2024 — New findings on how sharks achieve drag reduction could inspire the design of riblets for more efficient aircraft and boats. In their investigation of great white shark denticles, researchers found ... Why Two Prehistoric Sharks Found in Ohio Got New Names Feb. 19, 2024 — Until recently, Orthacanthus gracilis could have been considered the 'John Smith' of prehistoric shark names, given how common it was. Three different species of sharks from the late ... Shark Shock: Scientists Discover Filter-Feeding Basking Sharks Are Warm-Bodied Like Great Whites July 20, 2023 — Approximately 99.9% of fish and shark species are 'cold-blooded', meaning their body tissues generally match the temperature of the water they swim in -- but researchers have just ... Estimating the Long-Term Effects of Whale Shark Feeding Practices July 3, 2023 — Increasing opportunities for up-close encounters with sharks and other animals are making wildlife tourism one of the fastest growing tourism sectors -- leading ecology experts to venture to one of ... Toxins from Harmful Algae Found in Bull Sharks of Florida's Indian River Lagoon Nov. 17, 2022 — The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) is a bull shark nursery habitat crucial to survival and recruitment of Atlantic coast bull sharks. Analysis

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heavy equipment manufacturer NKMZ, with the remaining top private actors being in the domains of either Nanotechnology and ma- terials or Mechanical engineering.Nanotechnology and materials Fundamental physics and mathematics Biotechnology Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Environmental sciences and industries Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Electric and electronic technologies Governance, culture, education and the economy Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Energy Agrifood Transportation National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine11 329 7 876 4 955 3 092 1 870 3 577 2 536 2 674 1 790 1 482 1 930 1 585 637 322 Taras Schevchenko National University of Kyiv2 077 1 982 1 487 746 597 794 999 505 271 870 139 123 171 33 National Technical University of Ukraine ‘Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute’1 113 809 294 244 1 089 215 203 414 667 337 677 584 50 166 National University Lviv Polytechnic1 235 581 508 117 1 164 180 173 190 432 558 339 326 49 134 National University of Kharkiv979 1 071 421 281 343 207 461 556 503 274 74 107 42 21 National Science Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology900 2 219 56 90 132 57 45 32 414 32 68 248 21 11 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv1 195 749 311 172 125 172 212 74 89 254 111 64 46 7 National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine54 26 256 2 088 32 34 44 19 19 52 46 18 9 3 National Aviation University165 158 74 45 713 65 19 80 172 290 231 99 21 328 National University of Food Technologies102 53 296 20 27 45 173 14 41 66 372 126 881 14Figure 3.44. Top actors in Ukraine by number of records (all types), across all domains 206 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential UKRAINE Top 10 actors classified as ‘Public sector (excluding higher education and research institutions) NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains National Cancer Institute 288Health and wellbeing; Biotechnology; Environmental sciences and industries State Enterprise Research Institute Kvant227Electric and electronic technologies; Optics and photonics; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery State Enterprise Yuzhnoye Design Office named after Mikhail Yangel119ICT and computer science; Transportation; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery State Scientific and Technical Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety119Energy; Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine87ICT and computer science; Nanotechnology and materials; Fundamental

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[]

downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 35 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, T anzania, Ghana, South Africa, and the Cook Islands (see Box 11). BOX 11. SELECTED RING -FENCING PRACTICE WHERE COUNTRIES RING -FENCED MINING FROM NON -MINING ACTIVITIES Zimbabwe “In a case where a person earns income from mining operations and income from other trade and investment, any amounts allowed to be deducted in terms of this section shall only be claimed in respect of the income to which they relate.” Source: Section 15, paragraph 1, subparagraph c, Income T ax Act . Kenya “Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act – • the gains or profits of a person derived from one of the seven sources of income respectively specified in paragraph (e) of this subsection (and in this subsection called “specified sources”) shall be computed separately from the gains or profits of that person derived from any other of the specified sources and separately from any other income of that person; • where the computation of gains or profits of a person in a year of income derived from a specified source results in a loss, that loss may only be deducted from gains or profits of that person derived from the same specified source in the following year and, in so far as the loss has not already been so deducted, in subsequent years of income; • the specified sources of income are – ⁰ (ivB) income of a licensee from one license area or a contractor from one contract area as determined in

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symbol of regeneration, embedding stories of pain, ancestral resilience and visions for collective healing in an organic, tactile piece of art. ## Part One: Soil, Patterns and Interconnection of Traumas As we were researching how to anchor the CHC within creative practices, we developed the idea of the soil as a metaphor for collective healing. We drew on recent research that explores the metaphorical use of soil in collective healing processes, particularly in contexts of environmental racism and colonial legacies. It is a potent metaphor to address historical injustices and promote socio-ecological repair.² ⁸ Artists have also used soil-related imagery to reconnect with land and challenge colonial narratives, and soil-based metaphors have been used to discuss Indigenous knowledge and land ownership.² ⁹ For this activity, we invited the participants to sit in a circle around a large blank canvas with a pile of soil in its centre, symbolising both the ground we come from and the earth we return to -a visual and sensorial presence of our interconnectedness with the more-than-human world. Facilitated by the CHCprocess mediators, the sharing circle began, and participants were invited to vocalize their personal stories of generational, individual and/or systemic traumas and life wounds. We connected these with the idea of ' poisoned soil ' as a materialization of harmful narratives and systems, highlighting the idea that the poison can contaminate the soil but is not the soil itself, and the soil s potential to be ' healed. Just as oppressive narratives can contaminate an individual s ' and communities ' inner landscape, so too can society s historical harms linger in the ' collective memory. But soil teaches us the capacity of restoration when nurtured. This metaphor became especially poignant as participants discussed their migration experiences, the search for belonging, the multilayered identities they 28 See Shostak (2022). When you heal the soil ' …' : Environmental racism and socioecological repair in contemporary urban agriculture; Goburdhone and Dombroski (2023). Thinking with soils: Can urban farms help us heal metabolic rifts in Aotearoa? 29 Pongen & Bosman (2023). Epistemologies of Land Relations in India s Tribal Frontier. ' carry, and the current disturbing moment we are witnessing with correlated genocides and ecocides. As they did so, each story shared was accompanied by a gesture of taking soil from the pile and spreading it outwards from the centre. The soil patterns traced pathways, each beginning at

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black reclining chair is occupied by a man having his morning beard trim. His shoulders and chest are covered by a tea towel. Vishal holds the razor in one hand and a comb in the other, snipping and cutting away. A mirror takes up the whole side of one wall. The other houses styling products neatly stacked on shelves waiting for the correct customer. A poster on the back wall illustrates numerous hairstyles, some more creative than others. It’s still quite early, but the next unit’s lights are on too. Standing on a ladder, holding a paint brush in one hand and a plastic container holding white gloss in the other, is a white haired man in a yellow, black and white checked shirt and jeans. Covered in paint splashes, he must have been working for some time. The walls are looking clean and bright. A makeover certainly worth doing to ensure customers that the business within provides a clean and hygienic environment. The man climbs down from the ladder. He almost hits his head on the revolving plastic cream coloured fan hanging inches away on the ceiling. He smiles, knowing that we think he’s had a close call with the fan. He wants to put us right. He tells us his name is Chandan. Arriving from the Baliya district of Uttar Pradesh in 1997 with his uncle and living in the basti, his first real job was with a detergent company in Okhla. The pay was only Rs. 400 (£3.79) per month, so Chandan took a labourer’s job with a construction company nearby. After 20 years of working in various unrelated jobs, specialising in one vocation seemed to be a more lucrative option. So, he decided to go it alone. He now owns his own interior and exterior painting company, earning Rs 10,000 (£94.75) per month. The demand for painting services in the neighbourhood is ongoing. Business will always be there. Chandan lives in the basti in a three-room house shared with his wife, Usha, and two children. He is proud to tell us that both children have completed their education up to college level. This accomplishment is a source of immense pride. Education provides his children with opportunities he never had. With a solid edu - cational foundation, his children will have a better start in life and be able to pursue brighter futures. Chandan proudly surveys the

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[]

from the material waste stream. Example [0181] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0180] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control the at least one material handling unit to extract recyclable materials from the material waste stream. Example [0182] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0181] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: receiving a data stream from each of one or more environmental sensors; processing the one or more data streams to determine a status of the MRF; and controlling at least one material handling unit in the MRF on the basis of the one or more data streams to alter its handling of a material waste stream to optimize the purity and/or recovery of at least one recyclable material stream extracted from the material waste stream, wherein the status of the MRF includes a composition of the material waste stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of the at least one material handling unit. Example [0183] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0182] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling a servicing unit to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0184] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0183] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the at least one material handling unit comprises a disc separation screen, and further comprising controlling the servicing unit to remove an obstruction from an interfacial opening on the disc separation screen. Example [0185] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0184] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: signaling an operator of the MRF to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0186] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0185] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling the at least one material handling unit to extract recyclable materials from the material waste stream. Example [0187] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0186] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: controlling the at least one material handling unit to extract contaminants from the material waste stream. Example [0188] includes a method for material handling, comprising: receiving sensor data from sensing means; and controlling material handling means based

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[]

is concentrated in countries with which the EU is not strategically aligned. For example, China is the single largest processer of nickel, copper, lithium and cobalt, accounting for between 35-70% of processing activity, and has shown willingness to use its market power [see Figure 2] . Export restrictions from the country grew by a factor of nine between 2009 and 2020. Little progress is being made so far with diversification. Compared with three years ago, the share of the top three producers for key CRMs either remains unchanged or has increased further. FIGURE 2 Concentration of the extraction and processing of critical resources Share of top-three producing countries in total production of selected resources and minerals, 2022 Source: IEA. Based on S&P Global, USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries and Wood Mackenzie, 2024. Faced with these constraints, CRMs are subject to a global race to secure supply chains, and Europe is currently falling behind . Other major economies are moving to secure independent supply chains and reduce their vulnerability. Alongside its dominant position in processing and refining, China is actively investing in mining assets in Africa and Latin America and overseas refining via its Belt and Road initiative. Its overseas investment in metals and mining through the Belt and Road Initiative reached a record high of USD 10 billion in the first half of 2023 alone, and it plans to double the ownership of overseas mines containing critical minerals by Chinese companies. The US has deployed the IRA, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act and defence funding to develop at scale domestic processing, refining and recycling capacity, as well as using its geopolitical power to secure the global supply chain. Japan is highly dependent on other regions for CRMs, and since the 2000s it has developed a strategic approach to increase access to overseas mining projects. The Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security invests equity in mining and refining assets around the world, manages strategic stockpiling and, since the introduction of the recent 56THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 4 economic security law, has powers to develop processing and refining facilities within Japan. Europe, by contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply

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[]

₋₂ ᵢ | | | 85 ₋₂ ᵢ | | | 70 ₋₃ | | | 62 ₋₂ ᵢ | 1 ₋₂ ᵢ | | | | 96 ₋₂ ᵢ | 60 ₋₃ | 60 ₋₃ | 67 ₋₃ | 1,835 ₋₃ | 6,871 ₋₃ | | | | 92 ₋₂ ᵢ | 39 ₋₂ ᵢ | | | 124 ₋₂ ᵢ | MOZ NAM | | 74 ₋₂ | 38 ₋₁ ᵢ | 57 ₋₁ ᵢ | 52 ₋₂ ᵢ | 21 ₋₂ ᵢ ₋₁ ᵢ | | NER | | | 63 ₋₂ ᵢ | | 56 ₋₁ ᵢ | 2,591 | 8,138 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | … | … | … | … | | | 90 ₋₁ 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | 1,772 ₋₁ | | | 78 ₋₁ ᵢ | 79 ₋₁ | 38 ₋₁ | 57 ₋₁ | 279 ₋₁ | 8 ₋₁ ᵢ | RWA STP | | 99 ₋₃ ᵢ | 94 ₋₁ ᵢ 58 ₋₁ ᵢ | 45 ₋₁ ᵢ 56 | 72 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 ₋₁ ᵢ | 4,227 ₋₁ ᵢ | SEN | | | 96 ₋₃ ᵢ | ₋₁ ᵢ 19 ₋₃ ᵢ | 65 ₋₁ ᵢ 41 ₋₃ | 740 ₋₁ ᵢ 0.1 ₋₃ ᵢ | 3 ₋₃ ᵢ | | | 73 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | ᵢ | | | SYC | | 71 ₋₁ | 49 ₋₁ ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ | | 465 ₋₁ ᵢ | 2,659 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | 97 ₋₂ | | ᵢ 59 ₋₁ | 57 ₋₁ ᵢ 62 ₋₁ | 1,008 ₋₁ | | SLE SOM | | … | 90 ₋₂ | 37 ₋₂ | | | 4,197 ₋₁ 4,219 ₋₂ | | | 88 ₋₄ | … | … | 56 ₋₂ | 310 ₋₂ | … | ZAF SSD | | | | | … | … | | | | 92 ₋₁ ᵢ 87 ₋₁ | 67 ₋₄ | | | 187 ₋₄ | 1,564 ₋₄ | TGO | | | 81 ₋₁ | 66 ₋₄ 43 ₋₁ | ₋₄ | | 4,976 ₋₁ ᵢ | UGA | | 93 ₋₃ | 82 ₋₁ ᵢ | ᵢ | 62 ₋₁ ᵢ | 839 ₋₁ ᵢ | 6,560 ₋₁ ᵢ | TZA | | ᵢ | 88 ₋₃ ᵢ | 47 ₋₁ ᵢ | 61 ₋₁ ᵢ

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[]

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in the other domains is quite diverse, with Ukraine being a relevant link in most networks (due to its volume of activity and diversified research). Extra-EaP international collaboration The Russian Federation was (before the unjustified agression on Ukraine) the largest scientific partner of EaP institutions, followed by Germany, Poland and the United States of America. At some dis- tance, other European countries follow: France, the UK, Italy, Spain and Switzerland can be observed as recurrent partners. A considerable share of these co-publications are the result of great endeavours in physics, mainly classified under the Fundamen- tal physics and mathematics domain. China is the only Asian country appearing on the list. In EC-funded projects, the top European partners identified in scientific publications are repeated, complemented by Belgium and the Netherlands, very active countries in Horizon 2020, and Greece and Romania, which are geographically closer to the EaP countries.Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia 130 1 471 1 756 42 980 Azerbaijan 130 49 73 26 138 Belarus 1 471 49 1 440 83 1 268 Georgia 1 756 73 1 440 58 1 058 Moldova 42 26 83 58 202 Ukraine 980 138 1 268 1 058 202 Publications Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia 10 21 26 19 21 Azerbaijan 10 8 11 8 11 Belarus 21 8 20 17 33 Georgia 26 11 20 23 32 Moldova 19 8 17 23 25 Ukraine 21 11 33 32 25 EC projectsFigure IV. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 24 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Figure V. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries Agrifood BiotechnologyChemistry and chemical engineeringElectric and electronic technologies BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AMUA BY MD GE AM AZUAEnergyFundamental physics and mathematicsEnvironmental sciences and industriesGovernance, culture, education and the economy BY MD AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA Health and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer scienceNanotechnology and materials BY MD GE AM AZUA BY MD GE AM AZUA Transportation Optics and photonics Strong collaboration BY MD GE AM AZUA BY UA BY MD GE AM AZUA Intermediate collaborationColour indicates the relative

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professional diploma from the Queen Rania Teacher Academy. He works closely with the principal and school staff to improve instructional practices and help students overcome the challenges associated with their rural, economically disadvantaged community. Uma Mahadevan Dasgupta is Additional Chief Secretary at the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in the Indian state of Karnataka. With the help of panchayats (village councils in India), she has worked to improve literacy by opening rural libraries for children. She helped build a movement around the Oduva Belaku (The Light of Reading) initiative, with the support of many individuals, nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Over 1 million books have been collected and 4,000 libraries have been given with computers and internet connections. Tozen Leokana took office as the Minister of Education of the Solomon Islands in May 2024. He was a secondary school tutor before earning a Master's in Business Management while serving as president of the Solomon Islands Student Association. He was a technical advisor for Plan International before being appointed as Minister of Education. He described, 'my vision for education is one that is student-centred, innovative and forward-thinking', and stated his desire 'to work together with the senior management team and staff to implement the ministry's education reform plan in the next four years'. Ester Simon is a youth leader and education activist who became the first female president of the Namibia National Students Union. She has continuously advocated for access to quality, relevant education for all at the national level, and subsequently also at the regional level as the Secretary General of the Southern Africa Students Union, a coordination body, and at the continental level through the All African Students Union.       Education journalists can drive debate and discussion, acting as thought leaders for education and holding others to account for their promises and record. Liz Willen is editor in chief of the award-winning education-focused Hechinger Report online media outlet. At the start of her career, she spent nearly a decade at Newsday , another outlet, where she won numerous prizes for covering New York City public school issues before becoming a senior writer focused on higher education at Bloomberg Markets magazine. At the Hechinger Report , she has covered issues such as affirmative action in US college admissions. She won the Above & Beyond award

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meeting its targets will be significant. Overall, transport can play a critical role in the decarbonisation of the EU economy, but whether it proves to be an opportunity for Europe depends on planning . Transport accounts for one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions and unlike other sectors, CO2 emissions from transport are still higher than in 1990 [see Figure 8] . However, lack of EU-level planning for transport competitiveness is hindering the ability of Europe to capitalise on the possibilities of multimodal transport to lower carbon emissions. Sustainable mobility requires an integrated approach towards energy networks, charging infrastructures, standardisation of manufacturing equipment, telecoms (including satellite and navigation technologies) and financing. Yet while transport is part of the Commission’s 2040 Climate Target Plan, it is excluded from the mandatory National Energy and Climate Plans where Member States outline their strategies to execute decarbonisation. This lack of coordination results, for example, in a precise and binding regu - latory framework for carmakers and corporate logistics, increasing the demand for EVs and charging infrastructure, without an analogous obligation for energy providers to supply stable and powerful grid access of sufficient capacity. The transition to sustainable mobility is further hindered by lack of interoperability of infrastructures and of technical requirements for the deployment of fleets and equipment, as well as limited uptake of digitalisation. Only 1% of cross- border maritime operations and 5% of rail transport operations in Europe are fully paperless02. 02. Differences exist across single modes, with 40% of information exchange taking place electronically in aviation, 5% in rail and less than 1% in road and maritime. European Environment Agency, Transport and environment report 2022, Digitalization in the mobility system: challenges and opportunities , 2022. 48THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3FIGURE 8 Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the EU Greenhouse gas emission1, Index 1990=1 Notes: 1 Excluding LULUCF emissions and international maritime, including international aviation and indirect CO2. 2 Excluding international maritime (inter - national traffic departing from the EU), including international aviation. 3 Emissions from Manufacturing and Construction, Industrial Processes and Product Use. 4 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and other Emissions from Agriculture. Source: European Commission, 2023 The automotive sector is a key example of lack of EU planning, applying a climate policy without an indus - trial policy [see the chapter on automotive] . The technology neutrality principle has not always been

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Ray (1969) considers the 'barrios' (urban squatter settlements/neighbourhoods) of Venezuela and their importance to the political system. He sets out how and why the 'invasion' occurred to the cities by those living in rural areas. The first wave of migrants occurred in 1945 after the coup to dismiss General Isaías Medina. Those from rural areas began to enter Caracas or oil towns in the Oriente and around Lake Maracaibo. The building of 'ranchos' (shacks) on public or private land began the formation of the illegal 'barrios'. The second wave of migration occurred between 1950 and 1957, when Venezuela enjoyed an economic boom under Pérez Jiménez's policies and the expansion of the production of oil. The next wave came in 1958, again associated with another political change when Pérez Jiménez was overthrown. The barrios became very powerful voting areas, which Ray perceives as 'slums of hope' and neighbourhoods that house aspira -tional residents. The barrios divided themselves into neighbourhoods with defin -able boundaries and community names. Community improvements, Ray states, were undertaken through cooperative action where there was the motivation to do so. The communities worked together to obtain urban utility and social services from the government. Over time, the barrios' buildings and provision of public ser -vices improved visibly. However, if the residents were dissatisfied, then this would be expressed during elections. At the time, he predicted the emergence of leaders within the barrios from a more educated and aggressive youth. Their commitment and vision could turn to authoritarian models outside the political system (including Castroism), attracted by promises to prioritise the welfare needs of the poor. Cornelius (1975) considers the political significance of those living in slums in Mexico City in the 1970s. Colonias proletarias (slum communities/colonies) resi -dents have different political attitudes and behaviours. These depend upon how the colony was originally established, and partly due to the experience of the migrant concerning property rights and tenure. The longer a family resides in a colony, the more supportive of the political system, which they believe assists in vertical class mobility. Cornelius spends a chapter looking at 'community leadership' and how 'caciquismo' (political power wielded by local leaders and translated as 'boss politics') is flourishing in the neighbourhoods of Mexico City. He describes several types of politically active migrants in the neighbourhoods, including voting specialists, demand-makers, complete activists and community problem-solving. Perlman (1976) sets out to dismiss the myths

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a patriarchal discourse. It also shows that, even within this patriarchal framework, her status as a woman was instrumental in challenging ideas about women’s social roles and making Indian women in general more visible, for example, by editing an encyclo - paedia of 100 Indian female historical figures. Anne Hardgrove uses historical analysis and interviews with three gradu - ates of Lady Irwin College in New Delhi – Shyamala Gopalan, ‘Ritu’ and Flower Siliman – to document the establishment of domestic science for women in India, a development which was crucial to opening scientific opportunities for them, but also played an important political and ideologi - cal role. As Hardgrove puts it, ‘domestic science became the perfect “back door” to women seeking careers, and an innovative way of bringing [them] into both higher education as well as scientific fields’. Studying domestic science offered a certain degree of invisibility to women, allowing them to escape the male gaze, if temporarily, and in some cases becoming a stepping stone towards a career in science.

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or extending them? Not relevant to the technical datasets yielded within this project. Will your data include qualified references1 to other data (e.g. other data from your project, or datasets from previous research)? Yes, when appropriate. ## 2.4. Increase data re-use How will you provide documentation needed to validate data analysis and facilitate data re-use (e.g. readme files with information on methodology, codebooks, data cleaning, analyses, variable definitions, units of measurement, etc.)? Depending on the data, we will use the most appropriate among the following options: readme file, technical report, comments on the code. Will your data be made freely available in the public domain to permit the widest re-use possible? Will your data be licensed using standard reuse licenses, in line with the obligations set out in the Grant Agreement? The published data will be made available 1 A qualified reference is a cross-reference that explains its intent. For example, X is regulator of Y is a much more qualified reference than X is associated with Y, or X see also Y. The goal therefore is to create as many meaningful links as possible between (meta)data resources to enrich the contextual knowledge about the data. (Source: https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/i3-metadata-include-qualified-references-metadata/) MEMRINESS: Data Management Plan upon request. Data will be licensed in line with the obligations set out in the Grant Agreement. Will the data produced in the project be useable by third parties, in particular after the end of the project? Yes. Will the provenance of the data be thoroughly documented using the appropriate standards? Yes. Describe all relevant data quality assurance processes. No data quality assurances processes are available. Further to the FAIR principles, DMPs should also address research outputs other than data, and should carefully consider aspects related to the allocation of resources, data security and ethical aspects. Research outputs other than data will carefully consider aspects related to the allocation of resources, data security and ethical aspects. ## 3. Other research outputs In addition to the management of data, beneficiaries should also consider and plan for the management of other research outputs that may be generated or re-used throughout their projects. Such outputs can be either digital (e.g. software, workflows, protocols, models, etc.) or physical (e.g. new materials, antibodies, reagents, samples, etc.). Other research outputs that may be generated or re-used throughout their projects will be managed in accordance to the FAIR principles and in accordance to the data

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fuels, blending EU grants with support by EIB and National Promotional Banks, and Regulatory Asset Based models for investment in (high speed) railway infrastructure. At the same time, a global level playing field for EIIs and transport operators should be ensured during the transition. While CBAM is an important instrument for European companies to stay competitive against their international peers that face lower or no carbon prices, its success is still uncertain. The EU should closely monitor and improve the CBAM design during the transition phase and consider postponing the phase out of free ETS free allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineff.ligaective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufacturing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies]. The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth - such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should off.ligaer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to off.ligaset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production off.ligatake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For 'infant industries', it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a 'launch customer' for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and off.ligasetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technologies are highly concentrated,

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[]

have been commercially available since 1991, and in 2009, their production reached approximately 1 billion cells per year [ 16]. By 2022, the market was EUR 3 billion, and it is expected that by 2030 it will grow to EUR 4.1 billion [ 17]. Before the emergence of Li-ion batteries, NiMH batteries were the dominating technology in electric and hybrid vehicles, and they have received extensive investment from main manufacturers [ 18]. One important advantage of NiMH batteries is safety (in comparison with Li-ion batteries). To our knowledge, there have been no reports of fire accidents in the press mentioning NiMH batteries. Moreover, NiMH batteries are the preferred system for industrial and consumer applications for PBGUs due to their design flexibility and low maintenance and cost (as of 2018, 80 EUR/kWh to 250 EUR/kWh) [ 19], and it is expected that by 2040, NiMH batteries will still be used in hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles [ 20]. Due to the strong presence of NiMH batteries in the market, various IEC standards have been created to guarantee interoperability and compatibility between the many elements of a battery system (e.g., design, manufacturing [ 21], and testing of battery equipment [ 22]). Other considerations covered by standards are performance [5] and safety [23]. This research uses European and international standards for NiMH batteries, such as IEC 61951-2:2017+AMD1:2022 CSV [ 5,6], as references. These standards have been analyzed previously by our group at JRC [24–26]. The goal of this study is to present our research on analyzing the performance of NiMH batteries used as PBGUs. This is to create a base for setting minimum performance values listed in the batteries regulation Annex III [ 1]. The analysis is developed using the current standard IEC 61951-2 for portable NiMH batteries as a base for testing battery performance. This research is organized as follows: In Section 2, the materials and methods are presented. In Section 3, we show the capacity analysis. In Section 4, the charge (capacity) retention is presented. In Section 5, charge (capacity) recovery is shown. In Section 6, the endurance in cycles is analyzed. Results are discussed in Section 7. In Section 8, the analysis of NiMH batteries in application test is shown. And lastly, Section 9 presents the conclusions. 2. Materials and Methods This section presents the materials and methods used in this research. Two items are presented: the battery regulation link

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local rather than one located further away (Černauskas et al., 2018). Female respondents showed a preference for private providers. Older respondents and females have a stronger preference for doctors with a friendly attitude and respect towards their patients and are known to them personally, engendering a sense of trust and continuity. Similarly, in poor areas of Gurugram, Haryana the attitude of public health care doctors towards the poor, flexible opening and visiting hours, the likelihood of having medicines in stock, as well as inefficient public provision are highlighted as reasons for the prefer -ence of private health providers. If anybody wants to get hassle-free services, then government facilities are not an option. The staffs are irresponsible and behave rudely with poor patients. Along with waiting time, such attitudes of staff make the patients move away from government facilities . (E P, A. A et al., 2021, p. 90) Rude behaviour and the lack of empathetic attitudes by government healthcare professionals towards the poor in government facilities reoccur as reasons why private healthcare is preferred. Themes include 'unpleasant experience from government hospitals', 'rudeness', 'discrimination of the poor', 'symptoms not taken into con -sideration', 'long queues'. In contrast private healthcare providers are regarded with satisfaction, where doctors are 'respectful', provide 'dignified treatment', 'empathetic', 'listening' and 'caring'. In poor areas of Gurugram city, Haryana, the poor seek treatment from private healthcare providers: Participants have experienced a glaring difference in the behaviour of staff in other facilities they accessed earlier, especially the government-run hospitals and centres. People felt discriminated due to their identity of being outsiders. However, the facilities provided by IHPs (Informal Healthcare Providers) values them and 'treat' equal. Such positive behavioural and treatment attributes of the practitioners not only increased their morale but also sustain to seek healthcare from such practitioners.  Collecting data from 2,000 households making up 10,929 individuals in slums situ -ated in four cities of India - Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain - 68% of house -hold heads indicated that their family only visited private health facilities in their slum, while 14% said they used both private and public. Private health care provi -sion was typically within 2 km of the residence and within walking distance ( Gupta and Guin, 2015). A key concern is the corruption in the delivery of public services, including health ( Gupta and Guin, 2015). This includes the payment of 45,000

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overlooked in the past. The perti - nent question to ask here is whether double standards existed in awarding the Nobel Prize. The low number of female laureates was long believed to be due to the oversight of the Nobel Prize selection committee, but in 2017 the American Chemical Society made a positive statement that outstanding female researchers had not received sufficient recognition.17 Although information on the Nobel Prize selection process remained undisclosed for the first fifty years, by that time the status of nominations of Nobel Prize winners up to the mid- twentieth century had become clear. The number of female candidate nominations, which was almost zero for the first twenty years, was counted at around four since the 1930s.18 The first woman who received many nomi - nations but did not go on to win a prize was Lise Meitner in nuclear phys - ics. She was nominated every year between 1924 and 1965 in chemistry or physics or both, with a total of forty- eight nominations. Incidentally, this is a much larger number than Maria Goeppert- Mayer’s twenty- seven nomina - tions for the physics prize by 1963 and Dorothy C. Hodgkin’s thirty- two nominations for the chemistry prize by 1964. One reason for the histori - cally low number of women nominees in science fields was that the institu - tion was male- dominated; the low ratio of women among nominators was another problem. Rossiter has described this disadvantageous situation for women in science as the ‘Matthew Matilda effect’.19 Figure 0.2 (top of the timeline) divides the first nine female Nobel laure - ates in the twentieth century into three generations, each comprising three women. The first generation of female Nobel laureates conducted their research alongside their husbands, achieved significant results and even shared the Nobel Prize with their spouses.20 The next generation conducted their research independently of their husbands. The third generation con - sisted of single women who received their Nobel Prizes in the 1980s. The first and second generations were all married and bore children. Marie Curie and her daughter were awarded the Nobel Prize in their thir - ties, with the subsequent four women following in their fifties. This does not preclude the possibility that decisions to award Nobel Prizes to single women may have been delayed in their earlier careers. Feminism had more than a little to do with the fact

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15/11/2017: PhD, Political Science, dissertation in a joint program between the University of Berlin and the University of Vienna, entitled: “The Shifting Dynamics of Political Elites in Central Europe: A Comparative Study of Germany and Austria Since 1990,” supervisors: Robert Klein, Natalie Hofmann. MA in Political Science, University of Berlin. MA in International Relations, University of Vienna. Summer schools: Summer school “The Politics of Modern Europe: A Historical Approach” organized by the European Union Research Center (EURC) and the University of Barcelona, June 15-18, 2018, Barcelona. “Theories of Political Representation” summer school organized by the European Political Science Association (EPSA) and the University of Warsaw, June 5-9, 2017, Warsaw. Awards, grants/Prix, distinctions, bourses 2021 / Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for a 6-month stay at the University of Chicago, not realized (pandemic-related restrictions). 2021 / Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the European Institute in London, for 9 months (starting in January 2022) – not realized (pandemic and job offer at University of Berlin). 2020 / Best Paper Award, European Journal of Political Science, for the article "Elite Political Strategies in Post-Communist States," Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 45-63. 2016 / Young Scholar Prize, awarded by the Austrian Political Science Association, Austria. 5 publications/5 publications What is the major contribution of this publication /Quel est l’apport majeur de cette publication ? 1 Smith, J., “Ethical Governance and Managerial Policies in Public-Private Partnerships,” in Müller, S. (dir.) Reconfiguring Political Accountability: A New Framework for Public Administration, Berlin, Springer, 2025, p. 245-267. A study of the ethical frameworks and managerial strategies used in public-private partnerships, particularly in post-communist states, tracing the diffusion of governance models across different sectors. 2 Smith, J., “Lobbying Regulation in Germany and Austria: Shaping Public-Private Relationships,” Journal of Political Science, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 123-146. This article discusses the lobbying regulation processes in Germany and Austria, focusing on how these regulations are crafted and enforced within the broader context of political systems and governance models. 3 Smith, J., “Political Polarization and the Rise of Right-Wing Movements in Central Europe,” in T. Novak, M. Petrov, and L. Stevens (dir.), Political Movements in Europe: Emerging Trends, Prague, Charles University Press, 2022, p. 85-112. This paper explores the rise of right-wing political movements in Central European countries, analyzing the sociopolitical dynamics that lead to their success in recent elections. 4 Smith, J., “Scandals in Politics: Political Mobilization through Crisis,” Journal of European Political Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, 2021, p. 567-589.

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to co-corresponding investigator Albert Y. Chen, PhD, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, “Integrating FD riders into the EMS system could reduce defibrillator arrival times, decreasing patient waiting time for defibrillation. This approach is particularly effective during peak hours, when a higher proportion of OHCAs can be addressed.” “We were encouraged to see that even low response rates might yield meaningful time savings, and that the model appeared effective during off-peak hours despite reduced availability,” adds co-corresponding investigator Jen-Tang Sun, MD, MS, Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. #### Journal Canadian Journal of Cardiology #### DOI 10.1016/j.cjca.2025.07.017 #### Method of Research Experimental study #### Subject of Research People #### Article Title Enhancing the Community Chain of Survival: A Simulation Study of Defibrillator Delivery by Food Delivery Riders in a High-Density City #### Article Publication Date 28-Aug-2025 Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. Media Contact Astrid Engelen Elsevier cjcmedia@elsevier.com Cell: +31 614395474 Expert Contact Kuan-Chen Chin, MD, MPH National Taiwan University Hospital chinkuanchen@gmail.com Office: +886-921-612-995 ### More on this News Release ### Food for thought: Using food delivery services to provide rapid cardiac arrest response and potentially save lives Elsevier #### Keywords - /Health and medicine/Diseases and disorders/Vascular diseases/Cardiovascular disorders/Cardiac arrest - /Health and medicine/Health care - /Health and medicine/Human health - /Health and medicine/Health care/Emergency medicine - /Health and medicine/Medical specialties/Cardiology Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) - facebook.com/EurekAlert - @EurekAlert - youtube.com/EurekAlert - Help / FAQ - Services - Eligibility Guidelines - Contact EurekAlert! - Terms & Conditions - DMCA - Privacy Policy - Disclaimer Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ✓

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scholars investigating the gendered histories of science to be asked to explain the relevance of their research by reference to the historically low number of 5 5 Introduction women who have pursued professional careers in STEMM. In her book on African American women mathematicians at NASA, Margot Lee Shetterly reveals that the ‘magnitude of the story’ she wanted to write was questioned, especially in the early stages of research: ‘How many women are we talking about? Five or six?’10 Since the proportion of women was often limited to begin with, the argument usually goes, their contributions to STEMM and the topic itself must also be of little historical consequence. ‘Real’ science, we are told, happened elsewhere, in the laboratory of an Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and, occasionally, Marie Curie. Low numbers, real or imag - ined, are used to justify the exclusion of marginalized groups from historical accounts and the public imagination of science because low numbers are equated with insignificant, unrepresentative contributions. Documenting diversity in science – and the lack thereof – thus becomes a dangerous fad rather than a crucial step towards understanding how knowledge was pro - duced and circulated. This volume suggests that arguments about the low number of women in science are particularly problematic with regard to the twentieth cen - tury. As we discussed above, the last century brought increased opportuni - ties for women’s participation in science, but those developments did not necessarily translate into higher visibility for them as historical actors of science- making, education, institutionalization and communication. On the contrary, with the possible exception of Russia, regions of the world with the highest proportions of women in STEMM – such as Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Arab States, and Central and Eastern Europe – remain poorly documented in the history and historiography of science. At the other end of the spectrum, countries like Japan and India, with notoriously low numbers of women in STEMM, often feature in rel - evant literature in tokenistic ways that remind us of Abha Sur’s cogent point that ‘The twinning [ sic] of exclusion and exoticism continues to be a staple of the recent historiography of science.’11 Biographical dictionaries are emblematic of these trends. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science features primarily scientists from North America, the UK and Western Europe, and only seventeen (out of a total of 2,500) from India,

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147Ce 0.401* 6 (2) – – – 152Nd 2.243* 71 (6) 63 (7) [ 40]6 3 158Sm 1.279* 74 (12) 74 (6) [ 41]7 4 Fig. 9 Level scheme of108Tc obtained from this work, based on the ones proposed in Refs. [ 43,45]. The half-lives of the isomeric states that were measured in this work are noted in red, and the γ-ray energies are given in blue. The widths of the arrows are proportional to the intensities of the transitions as obtained from our data set. These intensities relative to the 153.9 keV transition are reported below the γ-rays energy Fig. 10 Populating γ-ray energy vs. time difference spectra obtained for different isomeric transitions in108Tc, from the multiple isomers analysis. γ-γcascades from108Tc level scheme are highlighted in red are AL=(100.5±0.2)u and AH=(147.8±0.2)u, respec- tively. As the mass determination is known for exhibiting a slight charge-dependent deviation due to neutron emission [46], these characteristics are consistent with the known level scheme of147Ce from the excited level E∗=401.1k e V 123 5 Page 8 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 [47]. The nuclear charge distribution obtained from the IC (see Sect. 3.2) also supports this identiﬁcation. Interestingly, although this isotope was already observed in the sponta- neous ﬁssion of252Cf [48], no isomeric state was reported. This could be explained by the time resolution of HPGedetectors, which is much worse than for LaBr 3(Ce) detec- tors. This is of particular importance for such a short-lived isomer, as the deduced half-life is T1/2=(6±2)ns. It is noteworthy that for short-lived isomers with a half-life below 10 ns, such as147Ce and137Xe, most of the relevant data was cut out during the analysis, being below the T= 35 ns threshold used to suppress (n,n/prime)events. 3.1.394Rb Theγ-ray spectra we obtained for the isomer in94Rb was consistent with the level scheme proposed in Ref. [ 20], although less precise due to the limited resolving power ofour scintillator array compared to HPGe detectors. We wereable to observe the γ-rays from the main isomer cascade, which are 111-217-339-649-169 keV, as well as the 590 keV line feeding this isomer. However, the time spectra associatedwith these events are in disagreement with the half-lives of the 2.075 and 1.485 MeV levels previously reported. Using the multiple isomers analysis to disentangle the half-lives ofthese levels, we deduced 65 ns and 42 ns instead of 107 ns and 18 ns, respectively. Our data

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of optical instruments and photographic equipment1.021 3.111 0.905 0.344 0.527 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media 0.816 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors 0.704 0.920 0.624 1.363 0.971 1.418 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulator 2.812 1.823 0.896 0.297 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 2.517 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 1.404 1.495 1.660 0.789 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 0.515 0.718 1.865 1.066 1.413 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment 1.632 0.856 1.173 1.627 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 0.321 1.005 0.931 1.521 1.110 1.112 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 0.569 0.688 0.991 1.205 1.233 1.315 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 0.273 0.295 0.689 1.212 2.169 1.363 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools0.308 1.335 0.999 1.619 1.739 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 0.140 1.233 1.438 0.859 0.904 1.427 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 0.446 0.867 1.560 1.594 0.583 0.950 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles 4.781 0.784 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 0.273 0.954 1.810 1.147 0.381 1.435 31 Manufacture of furniture 0.711 1.786 1.544 1.255 32 Other manufacturing 0.498 0.651 2.299 0.780 0.870 0.901 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies0.223 1.187 0.901 0.658 1.131 1.900 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. 1.142 0.282 2.019 0.364 1.276 0.918 42.2 Construction of utility projects 1.274 0.667 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 4.245 1.320 0.347 43 Specialised construction activities 0.132 2.186 0.941 0.827 1.359 0.555 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 1.415 1.695 0.793 1.036 0.318 0.743 96 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 10 Manufacture of food products 3.526 0.217 0.318 0.837 0.611 0.492 10.5 Manufacture of dairy products 1.726 1.169 11 Manufacture of beverages 3.147 0.185 0.445 0.915 0.769 0.539 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 3.145 2.334 0.154 13 Manufacture of textiles 3.220 0.737 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 2.274 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 4.103 1.081 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork 2.382 2.845 0.773 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products 0.836 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 2.617 1.732 0.755 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 2.909 0.511 1.373 0.359 0.743 20.1 Manufacture of basic chemicals 0.456 1.771 0.853 0.739 1.445 0.736 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 0.664 0.564 0.470 3.479 0.823 20.3 Manufacture of paints 2.069

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| 5.2 2.8 | 11.6 12.4 | 13.6 17.5 | GAB | | | | | | | | | | | | | | … … … | … … | … | | … | … | … | | … | … … | … 86 | … 88 ₋₂ | … 90 | ₋₂ | 94 83 | 2.2 ₋₁ 2.7 2.9 ₋₁ | 2.2 3.7 2.5 | ᵢ | 12.0 | GMB | | | | | | | | | | | | | | … … … | … | … … | … | … | … | … | | … | | | 66 ₋₂ | 70 | 69 77 ₋₂ | | 80 ₋₂ 81 ₋₂ … | | 23.8 11.6 | 10.0 | GHA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | … | | … | … | … | … | … | | … | … … | 55 76 | 69 ₋₂ | … | … | … … | | ₋₂ | 16.2 ₋₂ | … 17.9 ₋₃ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | … | … | | | … | … | | | | | | | | | | 2.0 | 2.0 ₋₁ … | | | GIN GNB | | | | | | | | | | | | | | … … | … | … | … | | | … | | … | … | … | … | … | … … | | … … | 4.9 | … 13.9 | | ₊₁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 48 ₋₂ … … | 26 | … | 37 | … | … … | … | | … | … | … 79 | … | … | | … … | | … | 4.0 6.7 | 7.6 | KEN LSO | | 10.4 7.4 ₋₂ | | | | | | | | | | | | … | 11 | 10 ₋₂ | 20 | … … | … | … … | | … | … | | 100 62 ₋₁ | … 62 | … 82 ₋₃ | 60 | 83 ₋₃

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Sections Figures References Abstract Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Extended data figures and tables Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article Advertisement Fig. 1: Spread of the Great Fear in France in the summer of 1789. Fig. 2: Epidemiological features of the Great Fear. Fig. 3: Spread of the Great Fear depended on demographic and socio-economic conditions. Fig. 4: Spread of the Great Fear depended on socio-economic conditions. Fig. 5: Message spread during the Great Fear in the Soissonnais region. Extended Data Fig. 1 Spatio-temporal evolution of the Great Fear. Extended Data Fig. 2 Spatio-temporal evolution of the road network. Extended Data Fig. 3 Distance and time distributions. Extended Data Fig. 4 Alternative epidemic models. Lefebvre, G. The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France (Princeton Univ. Press, 1983). Del Vicario, M. et al. The spreading of misinformation online. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 554–559 (2016). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. & Starnini, M. The echo chamber effect on social media. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118 , e2023301118 (2021). CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Pastor-Satorras, R., Castellano, C., Van Mieghem, P. & Vespignani, A. Epidemic processes in complex networks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 , 925–979 (2015). ADS MathSciNet Google Scholar Perret, J., Gribaudi, M. & Barthelemy, M. Roads and cities of 18th century France. Sci. Data 2 , 150048 (2015). PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cagé, J. & Piketty, T. Une histoire du conflit politique: Elections et inégalités sociales en France, 1789–2022 (Seuil, 2023). Labrousse, C.-E. Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au 18e siècle (Dalloz, 1933). Markoff, J. Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution (Penn State Press, 2010). Hesse, P.-J. Géographie coutumière et révoltes paysannes en 1789: una hypothèse de travail. Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 51 , 280–306 (1979). Google Scholar Root, H. L. Challenging the seigneurie: community and contention on the eve of the French Revolution. J. Mod. Hist. 57 , 652–681 (1985). Google Scholar Vovelle, M. La Chute de la monarchie (1787–1792) (Seuil, 2014). Zapperi, R. Sieyès et l’abolition de la féodalité en 1789. Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 44 , 321–351 (1972). Google Scholar Parent, A. France after 1789: essay on Elster’s France before 1789. J. Econ. Lit. 62 , 1230–1255

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[]

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and data source size independent (% change for 2015-2018 over previous period 2011-2014) Change in share of publicationsChange in share of patents Change, weighted average of publications and patents Nanotechnology and materials -13.27% -3.39% -11.40% Health and wellbeing 30.28% 0.03% 18.24% Fundamental physics and mathematics -18.34% -6.19% -17.38% Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery18.18% 3.70% 7.01% ICT and computer science 27.42% 17.74% 25.03% Biotechnology -15.17% 2.87% -8.53% Governance, culture, education and the economy44.99% 20.29% 44.27% Environmental sciences and industries 8.60% -11.43% 3.85% Electric and electronic technologies -4.88% -10.54% -8.00% Energy 10.66% -21.14% -5.87% Chemistry and chemical engineering -27.29% 15.53% -17.43% Optics and photonics -25.31% -11.38% -22.61% Agrifood 25.21% 5.89% 12.24% Transportation 63.04% -2.89% 32.63%Table 3.6. Temporal evolution of S&T domains in the Eastern Partnership region Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation159 scheme for patents. These native classifications are exploited here to further characterise the iden- tified S&T specialisation domains. Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 present the most rele- vant native taxonomies in the original data sourc- es associated with the documents appearing in the respective S&T domain. These tables provide a deeper understanding of the most relevant and distinctive scientific disciplines or technological areas for each domain. Table 3.7 shows, for each domain, the bibliometric categories that appear relatively more frequently in each domain with re- spect to the average in terms of the subject fields adopted by Scopus to categorise scientific publica- tions. Table 3.8 instead reports the top IPC patent classes (by number of records) that categorise the patent families included in the different domains. Top publication subject fields in the S&T specialisation domains Domain ASJC Description No recordsRelative freq. Agrifood1106 Food science 184 260.38% 1108 Horticulture 71 179.75% 1102 Agronomy and crop science 194 173.99% 1110 Plant science 229 146.95% 2716 Genetics (clinical) 84 137.70% Biotechnology1600 General chemistry 2 047 329.32% 1606 Physical and theoretical chemistry 1 037 311.41% 1500 General chemical engineering 968 297.50% 2304 Environmental chemistry 346 184.78% 1303 Biochemistry 976 183.80% Chemistry and chemical engineering1606 Physical and theoretical chemistry 1 319 396.10% 1600 General chemistry 2 209 355.38% 1604 Inorganic chemistry 867 350.30% 1500 General chemical engineering 797 244.95% 1605 Organic chemistry 1 862 211.95% Electric and electronic technologies2102 Energy engineering and power technology 824 190.61% 2104 Nuclear energy and engineering 514 188.69% 2208 Electrical and electronic engineering 2 196 159.04% 1705 Computer networks and communications 601 115.24%

[ "and", "data", "source", "size", "independent", "\n", "(", "%", "change", "for", "2015", "-", "2018", "over", "previous", "period", "2011", "-", "2014", ")", "\n", "Change", "in", "\n", "share", "of", "\n", "publicationsChange", "in", "share", "\n", "of", "patents", "Change", ",", "weighted", "average", "of", "\n", "publications", "and", "patents", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "-13.27", "%", "-3.39", "%", "-11.40", "%", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "30.28", "%", "0.03", "%", "18.24", "%", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "-18.34", "%", "-6.19", "%", "-17.38", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery18.18", "%", "3.70", "%", "7.01", "%", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "27.42", "%", "17.74", "%", "25.03", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "-15.17", "%", "2.87", "%", "-8.53", "%", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy44.99", "%", "20.29", "%", "44.27", "%", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "8.60", "%", "-11.43", "%", "3.85", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "-4.88", "%", "-10.54", "%", "-8.00", "%", "\n", "Energy", "10.66", "%", "-21.14", "%", "-5.87", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "-27.29", "%", "15.53", "%", "-17.43", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "-25.31", "%", "-11.38", "%", "-22.61", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "25.21", "%", "5.89", "%", "12.24", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "63.04", "%", "-2.89", "%", "32.63%Table", "3.6", ".", "Temporal", "evolution", "of", "S&T", "domains", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "region", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation159", "\n", "scheme", "for", "patents", ".", "These", "native", "classifications", "\n", "are", "exploited", "here", "to", "further", "characterise", "the", "iden-", "\n", "tified", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", ".", "\n", "Table", "3.7", "and", "Table", "3.8", "present", "the", "most", "rele-", "\n", "vant", "native", "taxonomies", "in", "the", "original", "data", "sourc-", "\n", "es", "associated", "with", "the", "documents", "appearing", "in", "\n", "the", "respective", "S&T", "domain", ".", "These", "tables", "provide", "\n", "a", "deeper", "understanding", "of", "the", "most", "relevant", "and", "\n", "distinctive", "scientific", "disciplines", "or", "technological", "areas", "for", "each", "domain", ".", "Table", "3.7", "shows", ",", "for", "each", "\n", "domain", ",", "the", "bibliometric", "categories", "that", "appear", "\n", "relatively", "more", "frequently", "in", "each", "domain", "with", "re-", "\n", "spect", "to", "the", "average", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "subject", "fields", "\n", "adopted", "by", "Scopus", "to", "categorise", "scientific", "publica-", "\n", "tions", ".", "Table", "3.8", "instead", "reports", "the", "top", "IPC", "patent", "\n", "classes", "(", "by", "number", "of", "records", ")", "that", "categorise", "the", "\n", "patent", "families", "included", "in", "the", "different", "domains", ".", "\n", "Top", "publication", "subject", "fields", "in", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "Domain", "ASJC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Agrifood1106", "Food", "science", "184", "260.38", "%", "\n", "1108", "Horticulture", "71", "179.75", "%", "\n", "1102", "Agronomy", "and", "crop", "science", "194", "173.99", "%", "\n", "1110", "Plant", "science", "229", "146.95", "%", "\n", "2716", "Genetics", "(", "clinical", ")", "84", "137.70", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology1600", "General", "chemistry", "2", "047", "329.32", "%", "\n", "1606", "Physical", "and", "theoretical", "chemistry", "1", "037", "311.41", "%", "\n", "1500", "General", "chemical", "engineering", "968", "297.50", "%", "\n", "2304", "Environmental", "chemistry", "346", "184.78", "%", "\n", "1303", "Biochemistry", "976", "183.80", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering1606", "Physical", "and", "theoretical", "chemistry", "1", "319", "396.10", "%", "\n", "1600", "General", "chemistry", "2", "209", "355.38", "%", "\n", "1604", "Inorganic", "chemistry", "867", "350.30", "%", "\n", "1500", "General", "chemical", "engineering", "797", "244.95", "%", "\n", "1605", "Organic", "chemistry", "1", "862", "211.95", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologies2102", "Energy", "engineering", "and", "power", "technology", "824", "190.61", "%", "\n", "2104", "Nuclear", "energy", "and", "engineering", "514", "188.69", "%", "\n", "2208", "Electrical", "and", "electronic", "engineering", "2", "196", "159.04", "%", "\n", "1705", "Computer", "networks", "and", "communications", "601", "115.24", "%", "\n" ]

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engineering 187 196.84% 2200 General engineering 249 103.25% 2203 Automotive engineering 149 100.00% 162 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Top IPC patent classes in the S&T specialisation domains Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Agrifood A23LFoods, foodstuffs, or non-alcoholic beverages, not covered by subclasses a23b - a23j; their preparation or treatment, cooking, modification of nutritive qualities, physical treatment1 075 810.10% Agrifood A01C Planting; Sowing; fertilising 533 298.32% Agrifood A01D Harvesting; mowing 492 372.73% Agrifood A21DTreatment, e.g. preservation, of flour or dough for baking, e.g. by addition of materials; baking; bakery products; preservation thereof384 298.45% Agrifood A23CDairy products, e.g. milk, butter or cheese; milk or cheese substitutes; making thereof312 480.00% Biotechnology A61K Preparations for medical, dental, or toilet purposes 1 679 368.06% Biotechnology A61PSpecific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations844 259.19% Biotechnology C07D Heterocyclic compounds 625 405.41% Biotechnology G01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties568 144.21% Biotechnology C12NMicroorganisms or enzymes; compositions thereof; propagating, preserving, or maintaining microorganisms; mutation or genetic engineering; culture media468 506.63% Chemistry and chemical engineeringA61K Preparations for medical, dental, or toilet purposes 295 64.67% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC01BNon-metallic elements; compounds thereof; {metalloids or compounds thereof not covered by subclass c01c}189 303.86% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC07D Heterocyclic compounds 184 119.35% Chemistry and chemical engineeringA61PSpecific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations182 55.89% Chemistry and chemical engineeringC07C Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds 159 198.75% Electric and electronic technologiesH03K Pulse technique 546 197.47% Electric and electronic technologiesG01RMeasuring electric variables; measuring magnetic variables533 392.87% Electric and electronic technologiesG01SRadio direction-finding; radio navigation; determining distance or velocity by use of radio waves; locating or presence-detecting by use of the reflection or reradiation of radio waves; analogous arrangements using other waves513 164.78%Table 3.8. Top IPC symbols per number of records associated with the patents classified within each domain, at subclass level Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation163 Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Electric and electronic technologiesG06F Electric digital data processing 445 342.31% Electric and electronic technologiesG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties394 100.04% Energy F03D Wind motors 252 197.39% Energy H02K Dynamo-electric machines 235 190.03% Energy F24HFluid heaters, e.g. water or air heaters, having heat- generating means, e.g. heat pumps, in general172 154.26% Energy G01RMeasuring electric variables; measuring magnetic variables171 126.04% Energy H01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for168 166.52% Environmental

[ "engineering", "187", "196.84", "%", "\n", "2200", "General", "engineering", "249", "103.25", "%", "\n", "2203", "Automotive", "engineering", "149", "100.00", "%", "\n", "162", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Top", "IPC", "patent", "classes", "in", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "Domain", "IPC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Agrifood", "A23LFoods", ",", "foodstuffs", ",", "or", "non", "-", "alcoholic", "beverages", ",", "not", "\n", "covered", "by", "subclasses", "a23b", "-", "a23j", ";", "their", "preparation", "or", "\n", "treatment", ",", "cooking", ",", "modification", "of", "nutritive", "qualities", ",", "\n", "physical", "treatment1", "075", "810.10", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A01C", "Planting", ";", "Sowing", ";", "fertilising", "533", "298.32", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A01D", "Harvesting", ";", "mowing", "492", "372.73", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A21DTreatment", ",", "e.g.", "preservation", ",", "of", "flour", "or", "dough", "for", "baking", ",", "\n", "e.g.", "by", "addition", "of", "materials", ";", "baking", ";", "bakery", "products", ";", "\n", "preservation", "thereof384", "298.45", "%", "\n", "Agrifood", "A23CDairy", "products", ",", "e.g.", "milk", ",", "butter", "or", "cheese", ";", "milk", "or", "cheese", "\n", "substitutes", ";", "making", "thereof312", "480.00", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "A61", "K", "Preparations", "for", "medical", ",", "dental", ",", "or", "toilet", "purposes", "1", "679", "368.06", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "A61PSpecific", "therapeutic", "activity", "of", "chemical", "compounds", "or", "\n", "medicinal", "preparations844", "259.19", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "C07D", "Heterocyclic", "compounds", "625", "405.41", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "G01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties568", "144.21", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "C12NMicroorganisms", "or", "enzymes", ";", "compositions", "thereof", ";", "\n", "propagating", ",", "preserving", ",", "or", "maintaining", "microorganisms", ";", "\n", "mutation", "or", "genetic", "engineering", ";", "culture", "media468", "506.63", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringA61", "K", "Preparations", "for", "medical", ",", "dental", ",", "or", "toilet", "purposes", "295", "64.67", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC01BNon", "-", "metallic", "elements", ";", "compounds", "thereof", ";", "{", "metalloids", "\n", "or", "compounds", "thereof", "not", "covered", "by", "subclass", "c01c}189", "303.86", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC07D", "Heterocyclic", "compounds", "184", "119.35", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringA61PSpecific", "therapeutic", "activity", "of", "chemical", "compounds", "or", "\n", "medicinal", "preparations182", "55.89", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringC07C", "Acyclic", "or", "carbocyclic", "compounds", "159", "198.75", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesH03", "K", "Pulse", "technique", "546", "197.47", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01RMeasuring", "electric", "variables", ";", "measuring", "magnetic", "\n", "variables533", "392.87", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01SRadio", "direction", "-", "finding", ";", "radio", "navigation", ";", "determining", "\n", "distance", "or", "velocity", "by", "use", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "locating", "or", "\n", "presence", "-", "detecting", "by", "use", "of", "the", "reflection", "or", "reradiation", "\n", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "analogous", "arrangements", "using", "other", "\n", "waves513", "164.78%Table", "3.8", ".", "Top", "IPC", "symbols", "per", "number", "of", "records", "associated", "with", "the", "patents", "classified", "within", "each", "domain", ",", "at", "\n", "subclass", "level", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation163", "\n", "Domain", "IPC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG06F", "Electric", "digital", "data", "processing", "445", "342.31", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "\n", "technologiesG01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties394", "100.04", "%", "\n", "Energy", "F03D", "Wind", "motors", "252", "197.39", "%", "\n", "Energy", "H02", "K", "Dynamo", "-", "electric", "machines", "235", "190.03", "%", "\n", "Energy", "F24HFluid", "heaters", ",", "e.g.", "water", "or", "air", "heaters", ",", "having", "heat-", "\n", "generating", "means", ",", "e.g.", "heat", "pumps", ",", "in", "general172", "154.26", "%", "\n", "Energy", "G01RMeasuring", "electric", "variables", ";", "measuring", "magnetic", "\n", "variables171", "126.04", "%", "\n", "Energy", "H01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for168", "166.52", "%", "\n", "Environmental", "\n" ]

[]

3.472 0.417 0.730 0.394 0.831 0.407 0.967 NACE 60, 63 – Transport and storage0.243 0.324 2.707 2.782 0.497 0.452 0.618 0.692 1.105 1.012 0.830 0.738 NACE 67 – Financial intermediation0.262 0.262 1.691 0.000 0.536 0.930 1.575 2.007 0.740 1.298 1.196 1.503 NACE 72, 73 – Computer-related activity, research and development1.107 0.335 1.145 2.299 1.359 1.385 0.394 0.464 0.731 0.591 1.264 0.925Table 2.36. Trademark specialisations for a number of combined manufacturing industries sign Database46. Industrial designs are classified into 32 classes using the Locarno Classification. The full list is shown in Annex 6. Industrial design data by Locarno class are also used in mapping the 46 Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control.technological potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. The same industrial design data cannot be used for NACE industries as an official Locarno to NACE concordance does not exist. A Spanish Lo- carno to NICE concordance47 shows that the level of NACE detail is much higher than the correspond- 47 https://www.oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/docu- mentos_relacionados/varios_todas_modalidades/Con- cordancia_CNAE_LOCARNO.pdf Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation101 ing level of Locarno detail, implying that a reversed concordance is not feasible as an industrial design could be allocated to multiple NACE industries. The industrial design data will not be used to map the innovation potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. Design applications for the different Lo- carno classes and for two time periods are shown in Table 2.37. The distribution is highly skewed with low numbers for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, higher numbers for Moldova and much higher numbers for Ukraine. 3.5. Start-ups and venture capi- tal-backed companies It is now well understood that start-up companies are key in job creation48 and as a driving force in local innovation and consequent economic devel- opment49. To mitigate the lack of national data on innovation potential, we resorted to Crunchba- se50, one of the world’s leading data sources for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies51. Crunchbase compiles data on companies’ industri- al sectors, revenue, acquisition, funding and more via crowdsourcing. This allows for a considerable degree of accuracy, but it also represents a pos- sible shortcoming of the source itself: since it is based on bottom-up initiatives to populate its database,

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and nuts (not including oil nuts), fresh or dried X 8.5% X 8.5% 058Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) X 0.3% 059Fruit juices (including grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added spirit, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matterX 1.7% X 1.7% 061 Sugars, molasses and honey X 1.7% 062 Sugar confectionery X 0.2% 073Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. X 0.3% 1 Beverages and tobacco 111 Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. X 0.2% 112 Alcoholic beverages X 8.1% 122Tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) X 0.6%Table 2.19. Goods export specialisation for Moldova 72 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 211 Hides and skins (except furskins), raw X 0.2% 222Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits of a kind used for the extrac¬tion of ‘soft’ fixed vegetable oils (excluding flours and meals)X 8.1% X 8.1% 273 Stone, sand and gravel X 0.5% X 0.5% 288 Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. X 0.7% X 0.7% 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 334Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s., containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils X 0.5% 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) X 3.6% 551 Essential oils, perfume and flavour materials X 0.1% 554 Soap, cleansing and polishing preparations X 0.5% X 0.5% 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 651 Textile yarn X 0.2% 654 Other textile fabrics, woven X 0.3% X 0.3% 655Knitted or crocheted fabrics (including tubular knit fabrics, n.e.s., pile fabrics and openwork fabrics), n.e.s.X 0.6% 658 Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. X 0.7% X 0.7% 659 Floor coverings, etc. X 0.9% 665 Glassware X 1.6% 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X 0.8% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation73 SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 7 Machinery and transport equipment 741 Heating and cooling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. X 0.5% 742Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device; liquid

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[]

OOF financing would underestimate the international effort to help overcome the crisis and would not give a global picture of the events. ## Figure 3.1. Official development finance to Kenya, by component, 2016-2023 USD million commitments, 2023 prices  Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. As of 2023, private sector instruments (PSI) are presented as a distinct category in the CRS, whereas in previous years these activities were included within ODA and OOF. Source: OECD (2023[46]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (Database), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1. As shown in Figure 3.2, the intern ational community's overall official assistance to Kenya in this period continued to prioritise economic infrastructure support, which received 26% of total ODF over the period in the analysis, followed by social infrastructure and services (25%). Assistance to health and reproductive health increased markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic, up by 144% in 2020 and then again by 10% in 2021. While ODF increased significantly in 2020, reaching USD 7.2 billion overall, it went back down to prepandemic levels in 2021 (USD 4 billion), with providers deprioritising certain areas, particularly within the economic infrastructure sector, including transport and storage, as well as banking and financial services. The production sector also witnessed a decrease, due to a deprioritisation of agriculture-related support. ## Figure 3.2. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023  Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. ' Social infrastructure and services includes education, population ' policies, governance, and water and sanitation. Economic infrastructure includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial ' ' services, and business. Other sectors includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling. ' ' Source: OECD (2025[47]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (Database), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1. ## 3.2. International co-operation during Kenya's COVID-19 response Development cooperation played a major role in supporting Kenya's COVID -19 response, particularly covering its health response, including strengthening the health systems, vaccine deployment, and supporting the socioeconomic recovery of Kenya's economy. The international community's COVID -19-related assistance commitments to Kenya in 2020-22 amounted to USD 1.2 billion, equivalent to almost 8% of the total assistance committed to the country over this period. Two-thirds of COVID-19-related assistance to Kenya comprised ODA flows (61% in grants and 8% in concessional loans), and the remaining third was delivered as non-concessional loans.  ## Figure 3.3. COVID-19-related official development finance in Kenya, by component, 2020-2022 USD commitments,

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work, these parameters are evaluated using IEC 61951-2:2017 [5], the standard used as a basis for the ongoing work in WG 08. It is observed that the performance of the tested commercial portable NiMH batteries generally complies with the performance and durability requirements in the current IEC 61951-2 standard. The capacity test is developed to charge batteries for long periods, sacrificing columbic and energy efficiency. This method is looking at the maximum discharge output that a battery can provide under a constant load. However, as suggested in Figure 2, NiMH batteries can be charged for shorter periods (e.g., 8 h charge) to increase the electrical efficiency of the system (e.g., to >90% columbic efficiency), thus reducing electrical energy consumption. However, it is possible that reducing battery charging time may affect the rated capacity of the battery. This requires further analysis. In terms of the analysis of capacity, we observed that for the analyzed batteries, using two cycles is sufficient to reach the rated capacity of the battery (see Figure 7), whereas IEC 61951-2 allows cycling up to 5 times for checking the declared capacity of the battery. Nevertheless, it is not possible to guarantee that any NiMH battery can pass the rate capacity test with two or five cycles; based on our observations, one cycle is not enough to pass the rated capacity test. Capacity increases after the first cycle may be related to the easier access of NaOH to the electrode’s surface after the first cycle. Initially the NaOH is not able to reach all areas inside the cell, and this can show less capacity. In the case of the charge (capacity) retention of portable NiMH batteries, it is observed that the batteries can provide up to 90% of the declared capacity (see Figure 8), and in all cases, the discharge time is longer than 4 h (above the IEC requirement of 3 h). This increase could be achieved thanks to new materials (e.g., better AB composites) and better construction of NiMH batteries that can provide less self-discharge [ 38]. It is important to note that the standard refers to this as a “charge (capacity) retention” test, but this terminology can be misleading. What is actually being measured is the amount of charge still available after storage, rather than the battery’s ability to retain its full initial capacity. For the capacity (charge) recovery of NiMH batteries, it is observed

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military invasion of the Gaza Strip in the State of Palestine, in response to the Hamas-led militant groups’ attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, has led to the systematic destruction of Gaza’s education system, described as a ‘scholasticide’ by the UN Special Rapporteurs, leaving over 625,000 students without access to education (United Nations, 2024). As of July 2024, 61% of schools in Gaza had been directly hit, including 110 of the 187 schools run by the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) (Occupied Palestinian Territory Education Cluster, 2024). A study using satellite imagery found that 85% of schools would need either full reconstruction or major rehabilitation work to be functional again (Occupied Palestinian Territory Education Cluster, 2024). At least 320 schools have been used as shelters for displaced Gazans, over half of which were also hit by military strikes (Stack and Shbair, 2024). As of the end of August 2024, it was estimated that 9,839 students and 411 teachers had been killed, while another 15,394 students and 2,411 teachers had been injured (OCHA, 2024). All 12 universities in Gaza have been bombed and either wholly or partly destroyed, halting studies for about 90,000 Palestinians (Desai, 2024). Campuses were occupied by military forces and used as shelters (Stack and Shbair, 2024). Numerous cultural and educational centres such as libraries, museums, publishing houses, bookstores, heritage sites and archival storage have been damaged or destroyed (OHCHR, 2024). These attacks have harmed an education sector that was already suffering from a severe lack of resources. In 2023, over 70% of UNRWA schools in Gaza operated on double or triple shifts, and most classes had over 40 students. School buildings were often old and dilapidated, and ongoing conflict had already caused considerable damage to the education infrastructure. The blockade of Gaza had restricted the entry of construction materials, education supplies and learning materials (UNRWA, 2023). The impact of these attacks on education will be long-lasting. Students have already experienced a long gap in their education. Over 1 million children in Gaza are in need of psychosocial support, as are teachers (Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge et al., 2024). Some children attempt to continue studying through homeschooling or thanks to makeshift schoolhouses in camps and volunteer teachers (Stack and Shbair, 2024). While the Palestinian Ministry of Education launched an e-learning initiative, lack of electricity and internet and constant displacement make it

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rules were viewed as being restrictive to new investment, other factors—such as the lack of new major mineral discoveries, the decline in the global gold industry, and the political instability that preceded South Africa’s independence—also might have encouraged disinvestment. PNG In 2002, when mineral prices were near record lows, PNG’s mining fiscal regime was reviewed with the intention of attracting investment. The PNG Income T ax Act was amended to introduce relaxation rules for ring-fencing. Specifically, PNG allowed a tax deduction of up to 25% of allowable exploration expenditures undertaken outside the producing mine.16 Other changes include more attractive accelerated depreciation arrangements and the elimination of loss carry forward time limits (Hogan & Goldsworthy, 2010). Neither South Africa nor PNG saw fit to suspend their ring-fencing rules. Instead, they modified them to rebalance the policy objectives of securing early revenues, protecting their tax base on the one hand, and attracting and maintaining mining investment on the other. 16 See, for example, Department of Petroleum and Energy, Petroleum Division (2005).Photo: Raina Hattingh3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 21 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.2.2 Ring-Fencing May Make It Harder for an Investor to Attract Capital Mining is a highly capital-intensive industry. As such, significant upfront finance during the exploration and development phases and additional funding throughout the mine’s life are required to maintain operations and fund expansions. Mining investors may look to raise funds through debt or equity, depending on the stage and risk profile of the project, as well as the creditworthiness of the taxpayer (IGF & OECD, 2017b). A good cashflow position and lower tax costs can enhance the after-tax profitability—and thus creditworthiness—of a specific project and can also make it more attractive for equity investment. Ring-fencing rules may have a negative impact on this fundraising capability since they may accelerate tax payments. 3.2.3 Under Ring-Fencing, Mining Investors May Register Permanent Losses Mining typically requires substantial upfront expenditures during the exploration and development phases, as well as additional investments throughout the mine’s life to maintain operations and fund expansions (IGF & OECD, 2017a, p. 17). Exploration and development expenditures, including additional investments, can be costly. Only a small percentage of exploration projects are successful: “It takes 500-1,000 grassroots exploration projects to

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a symbol of the Common Ground project s core aim: to ' create a space where every participant -human, plant, soil and spirit -is coresponsible for the whole belonging. Through this collective and emotional process we became more aware that challenging coloniality and intergenerational trauma and seeking collective healing require articulating a political ecology. A political ecology recognizes the imperative to address the wounding inflicted upon the human and the more-than-human through systemic transformation. ## Conclusive Remarks: Healing as a Collective, Collaborative and Co-creative Practice This chapter has proposed an approach and application of collective healing as an inclusive practice that draws on intercultural, intergenerational and interspecies collaboration. By extending learning and collaborating to the more-than-human, and recognizing our entangled lives within ecosystems, this approach offers a pathway to resist the oppressive forces that underpin modern systems of exploitation and exclusion. The project s emphasis on an intercultural, intergenerational ' and interspecies dialogue was especially evident in the process of creating Flag -a hands-on, sensory engagement with both the traumas and hopes of human and non-human communities that explored the always under-creation beauty of coexistence. ## Weaving Artistic and Co-Creative Processes into the CHC Approach

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: * ------ * box : mesh contained in the box *-------------------------------------------------- * x = coor 1 m; 155 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 sx = x POIN COMP x1 x2; y = coor 2 sx; sy = y POIN COMP y1 y2; z = coor 3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d31_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d31.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d31.epx SC3D31 ECHO CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP GROU 2 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM 'pcub' LECT cube TERM COND APPU LARG LECT cub1 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 1.4E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 2 LECT cub6 TERM FONC NUM 1 TABL 2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 NUM 2

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is converted into monomers or other basic chemicals, through depolymerisation (via e.g. methanolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis, etc.), solvent -based processes (via e.g. dissolution or precipitation) or thermal processes (via e.g. pyrolys is or gasification). 9 Mechanical recycling refers to a process where plastic waste is physically broken down into smaller pieces, melted and then reformed into new plastic products without changing the chemical structure of the plastic . 9 2 Methodology 2.1 Overview of goals of the analysis The MFA models developed for this study aim at detailing plastic mass flows ( either expressed as megatonnes [Mt] or kilotonnes [kt ]) along the main steps of the value chain of plastics. A “plastic flow ” is here defined as a single flow at sector level (e.g., in the case of the Packaging sector , a “packaging plastic flow” stands for a general plastic flow for the “packaging” sector). Plastic flows might be composed of several polymers. A “polymer flow ” is instead defined as a flow expressed directly at the level of specific polymers (e.g., in the case of the packaging sector, a “LDPE packaging plastic flow” stands for specifically a polymer flow for the “packaging” sector). On the MFA analysis, the key methodological approaches are presented in the following Sections: • Section 2.4.1 – Overview of the logic of the sector -specific model s, including the system boundar ies and main assumptions . Sector -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of plastic sectors ; • Section 2.4.2 – Overview of the approach of the polymer -specific model s, including its main assumptions . Polymers -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of polymers ; • Section 2.4.3 – Overview of the logic of the product -specific model s. Product -specific models are intended as material flow analysis model where the granularity detail of data is at the level of polymers for a given plastic product in a given plastic . Sankey diagrams visualizations (generated via an ad-hoc tool developed at the JRC) were employed for the sector -specific, polymer -specific and product -specific MFAs presented in the report (Section 2.4.1 ; Section 2.4.2 ; Section 2.4.3 ). The MFA results were also employed as the starting point to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of

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[]

relationships with those who could help solve local problems. The basti had no public services or infrastructure. Houses were being built on publicly owned land not designated for housing in the Delhi Plan - no electricity, no paved roads, no drainage, no water or sanitation. Mahesh points above our heads where a signboard hangs. Proudly, he announces that he is a senior party worker for the ward councillor, the signboard displaying the logo and name of the party. Not only does he have connections with the councillor but also with the members of the Legislative Assembly and through them the members of Parliament. He is a key bridge between politicians and residents, working to ensure that the community's voice is heard. He tells us how he arranges for water tankers to come to the colony every day, and as a senior party worker, has had his councillor's name displayed on the side of the water tankers. This allows residents to recognise him and possibly vote for him in the future. At this point, a woman tries to enter the room but is ushered away. Mahesh tells us that he is helping her to obtain different documents to gain her ration card. This he does frequently as he knows the process and how to complete the documents needed in a timely and efficient manner. He stands up as he wants to show us the community from his rooftop. We climb the cement stairway so we can look out at the rich tapestry of the colony, which now sprawls over an area of just under 2 km . It is home to around 30,000 people with 2 a population density three times that of New York. Mahesh points to the garbage skips, the water tankers, the entrepreneurial street vendors selling from their hand carts, people going about their daily lives, 'this' he says 'shows our neighbourhood flourishing, coming together to solve problems, creating better lives for each other through community solutions'. He pauses, 'this' he says 'fills my heart with pride. I was here at the start. I have been a part of this success, and I will continue to be so as long as I live'. The seminal work in the area of slum governance was undertaken in Latin American cities ( Ray, 1969, Caracas, Venezuela; Cornelius, 1975, Mexico City, Mexico; Perlman, 1976, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Stokes, 1995, Lima, Peru).

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Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique to nearly 100% in several European and Latin American countries ( Figure 15.5). The proposed indicator measures coverage by the number of children in a level of education who receive school meals divided by total enrolment at that level. However, data for this indicator do not come from individual schools or students but from school meals programmes, which are mostly government-led and government-funded and tend to only target students in public institutions (WFP, 2023). The Gambia, for example, has a targeted school meals programme that provides a hot mid-morning meal to children enrolled in public schools in the country’s most vulnerable regions. In 2022, about 180,000 children in primary education were fed, which corresponds to a coverage of 47% of total enrolment at that level. But one third of primary school students in the Gambia are enrolled in private institutions, and therefore not eligible for the school meals programme. If only public school students are considered, the corresponding coverage is 70% ( Figure 15.6). FOCUS 15.1. SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE MUST ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change and education are interlinked: climate change disrupts education while education is key to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts (UNESCO and MECCE, 2024). An important dimension of this mutual relationship is the physical infrastructure of school buildings. Schools must limit their impact on the environment as well as the impact of the changing environment on them. Schools are a major source of energy and water consumption. In France, schools top the list of energy-consuming municipal public buildings, accounting for 30% of all energy (France Ministry of National Education and Youth, 2023). In the United States, public schools alone occupy 2 million acres of land. They are responsible for 53,000 tons of food waste and operate 480,000 school buses (Bauld, 2021). UNESCO’s Greening Every Learning Environment project provides a quality standard for greening schools that integrates sustainability principles and climate action across four core areas, one of which is facilities and operation. The publication sets out several examples of low to high resource-intensive steps that can help schools reduce energy and water consumption. These include the development of rainwater harvesting, composting systems, and the regular maintenance of heating and ventilation systems (UNESCO, 2024). Minimizing the environmental impact of schools’ infrastructure must go hand-in-hand with increasing their resilience to the consequences of climate change. Two types of climate-related

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in Petten, NL, and for this research, we used the following equipment:  Three Maccor battery cyclers with the following capabilities:  Series 4000 with 32 channels rated 20 A @ −2/+8 V, and 32 T-Type thermocouple inputs.  Series 4000 M with 48 channels rated 5 A @ −2/+8 V, and 32 T-Type thermocouple inputs.  Series 4000 M with 16 channels rated 25 A @ 0–18 V, and 16 T-Type thermocou- ple inputs. Figure 1. Experimental facilities at JRC Petten, The Netherlands: (a) Maccor battery cycler with BIA temperature chambers; (b) Maccor battery cycler with a Vötsch temperature chamber.  Three BIA MTH 4.46 units (see Figure 1a), each composed of four independent and identical temperature chambers with a temperature control range between −40 °C Figure 1. Experimental facilities at JRC Petten, The Netherlands: ( a) Maccor battery cycler with BIA temperature chambers; ( b) Maccor battery cycler with a Vötsch temperature chamber. Table 2. Batteries from JRC database. ManufacturerCommon DesignationRated Capacity mAhType Energyzer AA 2500 NiMH GP AA 2100 NiMH Duracell AA 2500 NiMH Soshine AA 2700 NiMH Duracell AAA 900 NiMH Tronic AAA 1000 NiMH GP AAA 650 NiMH Duracell AAA 750 NiMH Duracell C 3000 NiMH GP C 3000 NiMH Energizer C 2500 NiMH Energizer D 2500 NiMH Duracell D 3000 NiMH Phillips D 3000 NiMH Energizer 9V 175 NiMH Agfaphoto AA 2300 NiMH Ansmann C 4500 NiMH RS pro D 10000 NiMH Agfaphoto AAA 900 NiMH Varta C 3000 NiMH GP D 5700 NiMHBatteries 2025 ,11, 30 5 of 20 Table 2. Cont. ManufacturerCommon DesignationRated Capacity mAh Type Duracell 9V 170 NiMH Energizer AAA 700 NiMH Energizer AA N/A Alkaline primary Duracell 9V N/A Alkaline primary Varta AAA N/A Alkaline primary Duracell Plus C N/A Alkaline primary Energizer D N/A Alkaline primary 3. Capacity Analysis of Portable NiMH Batteries The analysis of the capacity is divided into three parts: first, an analysis of the charging profile; second, an analysis of discharge profile characteristics; and third, an analysis of the capacity protocols for portable NiMH batteries in IEC-61951-2. 3.1. Charge Analysis of Portable NiMH Batteries There are three commonly used criteria for ending the charging of portable NiMH batteries denoted as temperature difference, time detection, and negative delta voltage [ 31]. These methods are applied by different manufacturers; however, in IEC-61951-2-2017-7.2.1, the method for charging portable NiMH batteries for verifying capacity is the time detection

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The leap to equality 2002 Education for All: Is the world on track? ## Contents | Short summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . .v | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------| | Forewords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . vii | | Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . .x | | Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . xiii | | List of figures, tables and boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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19.1 8₋₂ … 2₋₂ … 28 25₋₁ 9 8₋₁ … 73 87 100₋₂ 88 100₋₂ 79 100₋₂ 3.6 3.9₋₁ 21.5₋₁ 21.9₊₁ DOM Ecuador 98ᵢ 94₋₁ᵢ 1 9 3 4 23 20 95 99 85 95 65 75 6.1 7.8 24₋₂ … 14₋₂ … … … … … 76₊₁ 79 … 90 … 80 … 75 5.1 3.9 11.6 9.7 ECU El Salvador 86 80 9 16 9 23 30 46 88 93 65 72 34 35 4.2 7.5 … … … … … 28₋₁ … 11₋₁ … … 96 98 93 97 90 93 3.9 3.2 17.2 12.0₋₂ SLV Grenada 78 49₋₁ᵢ 0.5 0.3 1 - 6 0.2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₋₁ 64 60₋₁ 42 … 42 … 4.2 3.9₋₁ 9.9 14.5₊₁ GRD Guatemala 81 86 11 9 28 35 58 67 78 86 48 57 33 39 -0.5 0.9 19₋₂ … 9₋₂ … … 32₋₁ … 13₋₁ 59₊₁ … … … … … … … 3.0 3.2 20.4 18.9₋₁ GTM Guyana … 83 4 10 13 18 36 33 98 99 86 90 60 69 13.2 14.8 … … … … … … … … … … 77 66 … … … … 3.9 … 17.9 … GUY Haiti … … 7 8 4 8 24 20 41 49 32 39 15 19 -0.2 2.3 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1.9 1.3₋₁ 14.6 10.3₊₁ HTI Honduras 70 65 18 18 34 38 53 59 86 92 58 69 44 51 9.1 9.9 16₋₂ … 7₋₂ … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6.4 4.0 24.6 15.4 HND Jamaica … 93 12 29 15 26 26 22 99 99 96 98 93 95 3.0 2.2 … … … … … 50₋₁ … 26₋₁ 100₊₁ 56 93 95 … … … … 5.5 5.7 20.1 16.9₋₁ JAM Mexico … 98₋₁ᵢ 1 3 6 10 29 31 97 98 85 89 50 58 3.0 4.5 43₋₂ … 45₋₂ … 58 53₋₁ 43 34₋₁ 51₊₁ 53₋₂ 84 91₋₂ … … … … 5.1 4.2₋₂ 19.0 15.9₋₂ MEX Montserrat 85 88₋₃ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₊₁ … 72₋₁ … … … … … 6.0 7.6₋₁

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[]

■average relative share of the total output for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for output for two time periods – between 2012 and 2015, and between 2014 and 2017. Degrees of specialisation have been calculated relative to the unweighted average of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Spe- cialised industries with critical mass are iden- tified as those industries for which the degree of specialisation and relative size for both the number of employees and turnover are above the thresholds for at least 5 out of 6 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.8. Emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisa- tion and relative size are identified as those in- dustries for which the change in the degree of Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation57 specialisation for both the number of employ- ees and output are above the thresholds shown in the last column in Table 2.8. To identify current strengths for both the number of employees and output, the same minimum relative size of 0.1% has been used for each country, and for the degree of specialisation a minimum location quotient of 1.25 (which is lower than the 1.5 used in Section Current strengths Emerging strengths Degree of specialisationRelative size Change in degree of specialisation Armenia > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Azerbaijan > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Georgia > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Moldova > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0 Ukraine > 1.25 > 0.1% > 0Table 2.8. Thresholds used to identify economic specialisations in Manufacturing2.1). For changes over time, for both the number of employees and output, changes in both degrees of specialisation have to be positive for both time periods for all countries. Results for all five countries are shown in Annex 2. Next, we discuss the results for each of the coun- tries individually. 58 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Armenia Results of the economic mapping for Armenia are shown in Table 2.9. In total, 3 manufacturing in- dustries have been identified as having a current strength and 5 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Bev- erages (110),

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[]

Full text | | Codina-Filba J.; Bouayad-Agha N.; Burga A.; Casamayor G.; Mille S.; Muller A.; Saggion H.; Wanner L.. Using genre-specific features for patent summaries. Information processing & management 2017; 53(1): 151-174. Publication link Full text | | Espinosa-Anke L.; Oramas S.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. ELMDist: A Vector Space Model with Words and MusicBrainz Entities. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2017; 10577 LNCS(0): 355-366. Full text | | Ferres D.; AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. Spanish morphological generation with wide-coverage lexicons and decision trees. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2017; 58: 109-116. Full text | | Saggion H.; Ronzano F.; Accuosto P.; Ferres D.. MultiScien: A bi-lingual natural language processing system for mining and enrichment of scientific collections. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2017; 1888: 26-40. Full text | | Barbieri F.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Saggion H.. Revealing patterns of Twitter emoji usage in Barcelona and Madrid. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 2016; 288: 239-244. Publication link Full text | | Espinosa-Anke L, Ronzano F, Saggion H. TALN at SemEval-2016 Task 14: semantic taxonomy enrichment via sense-based embeddings. Proceedings of the Conference Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2016; 1332-1336. Full text | | Espinosa-Anke L.; Tello J.; Pardo A.; Medrano I.; Ureña A.; Salcedo I.; Saggion H.. Savana: a global information extraction and terminology expansion framework in the medical domain. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2016; 57: 23-30. Full text | | Ferres D.; Marimon M.; Saggion H.; AbuRa¿ed A.. YATS: Yet Another Text Simplifier. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 335-342. Publication link Full text | | Oramas S.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Sordo M.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. Information extraction for knowledge base construction in the music domain. Data and Knowledge Engineering 2016; 106: 70-83. Publication link Full text | | Ronzano F, Freire A, Saez-Trumper D, Saggion H. Making sense of massive amounts of scientific publications: the scientific knowledge miner project. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 36-41. Full text | | Ronzano F.; Saggion H.. An Empirical Assessment of Citation Information in Scientific Summarization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 318-325. Publication link Full text Other resources | | Saggion H.; Abura''ed A.; Ronzano F.. Trainable Citation-enhanced Summarization of Scientific Articles. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 175-186. Full text | | Saggion H.; Bott S.; Rello L.. Simplifying Words in Context. Experiments with two Lexical Resources in Spanish. Computer Speech and Language 2016; 35: 200-218. Publication link | |

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coverage is not uniform across geogra- phies. Unsurprisingly, in the case of Eastern Part- nership countries, we find that Ukraine is by far better covered than the rest of the countries, both when looking at the absolute number of reported companies and when normalising with respect to the country size (either via population or gross do- mestic product). When normalising by size, we see that Crunchbase covers – in a roughly homogeneous fashion – all 48 Kane, T. J., ‘The importance of start-ups in job creation and job destruction’, 2010. 49 Malizia, E., Feser, E. J., Renski, H. & Drucker, J., Under- standing local economic development, Routledge, 2020. 50 https://www.crunchbase.com/ 51 Crunchbase Expands Paid Services, Raises $18 Million, Wall Street Journal, April 2017.Eastern Partnership countries, with the exception of Azerbaijan (for which the normalised number of companies is slightly lower) and Ukraine, whose number of companies per inhabitants and GDP is about 3-4 times larger than the rest of the East- ern Partnership countries. With these precautions in mind, fair comparisons between Eastern Part- nership countries can be drawn, as we shall do in the following section. Crunchbase adopts a native taxonomy which cat- egorises companies into 47 Industry Groups (such as, e.g. Biotechnology, Transportation, Real Estate, etc). The taxonomy features a second level, which encompasses 744 Industries (such as, e.g. Biopharma, Automotive, Building Material, etc). In terms of granularity, the second level of the tax- onomy is slightly biased towards the technological sectors and it may prove inapt for the mapping exercise at stake, which aims at a more transver- sal analysis of the service sector. For this reason, in the following, we will use the Crunchbase In- dustry Groups to measure sectoral critical mass and the specialisation of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies in the different Eastern Partnership countries. We shall look at the follow- ing three variables in particular: 1. combined number of companies per Industry Group 2. combined number of employees per Industry Group 3. combined estimated revenue per Industry Group. While the number of employees per company is available for most of the organisations featured in Crunchbase, the estimated revenue is available for only about 18% of the companies. This sparsity will be taken into due account in our assessments; indeed, average estimated revenue per industry group is only reported in descriptive tables for in- formational purposes, but is not considered for the final selection

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what's the point of all this? I didn't see any of it was going to help me in the future. And, to be honest, I was thinking about dropping out. I thought, why not? What's the difference? Things like that, you know. But my parents were always on my case about staying in school; they'd say education is the key to success. If you don't finish school, you won't have the opportunities. I would just like, yeah, yeah, yeah. You know that. You know that. So, I didn't really listen to them at first, but eventually, their words started to sink in. I began to realize that maybe they were right. Maybe education was the key to a better life. And that was when I started to think, okay, maybe I can do this. Maybe I can make it through high school. ## At the time, what was your purpose for being in high school? My purpose for being in school at the time? Hmm! I didn't actually see my purpose as a freshman. I didn't really feel like I had a purpose in school; I mean, I was just going through the motions, trying to get by. But if I'm being honest, I think my purpose was more about pleasing my parents than anything else. I came from a traditional Hispanic family where education was highly valued. My parents had sacrificed a whole lot for me to have opportunities they never had, and I felt like I owed it to them to succeed. So, I was in school because I felt like it was what was expected of me, not necessarily because I had a passion for learning or a clear goal in mind. It wasn't until I started to connect with some amazing teachers and mentors that I began to discover my own purpose and passion for learning. They helped with that. They helped me see that education wasn't just about pleasing my parents or getting good grades but about discovering my own strengths and talents and using them to make a positive impact in the world. ## Sorry, when I'm quiet, it's because I'm taking notes. No problem. I understand, ma'am. I understand. ## 2. Describe your attitude towards teachers when you started high school. My attitude towards teachers. I'd say that as a freshman, I have to admit, I didn't really have much respect for my

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[]

Delhi life offers”. Rajkumar has finished his smoke. He throws the butt on the ground, into a puddle, swivelling his shoe on it to ensure it has gone out. His next fare has arrived. A smartly dressed young woman walks over, nodding at the driver and smiling at us in acknowledgement all at the same time. She wears a light blue jacket over an orange t-shirt, sporting a pair of khaki trousers and ankle boots. With a large red tote bag over her shoulder, she constantly refers to her iPhone in the palm of her hand. Rajkumar and the new arrival, who we later learn is called Jahnvi, greet each other with a ‘namaste’. They know each other well, as it tran - spires the auto driver provides her transport every day to the local metro station. Jahnvi has a degree in English, which she gained from Bharati College. Her parents Stories from the street 117 sent her to the local low-cost private school to enable her to learn English from an early age. All with the expectation that she would succeed and attain a role in an international company. And this she has done working in Gurugram at a British- based company call centre. “I am very busy supporting traveller’s queries and issues, not only on the phone, but also using Live Chat”, she says. Jahnvi has her own desk and computer, working alongside 1,400 other operators. Her colleagues work around the clock, and she feels she is fortunate that, owing to her upgraded position and promotion, she has secured day shifts. This makes the one-hour metro journey in the women’s carriage feasible. She still lives in the basti, although mov - ing could be an option. The support given to her by her mother and father in the past, she believes, she now needs to return. Looking at her Apple watch, she tells us she must go and steps into Rajkumar’s auto, who has been waiting patiently, staring into the distance from his cab. Our conversation has distracted us from the street. Darkness has turned to light, the puddles reflecting the brightness of morning. The children have disappeared. All now sitting at their desks, no doubt. What has replaced them is a scene of ordered chaos. The pavement has been taken over by rows of extra-large blue and white plastic containers. A multitude of women stand guard over

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[]

6% to those in the EU. For quantum computing, EU companies attract only 5% of global private funding compared with a 50% share attracted by US companies. Regulatory barriers to scaling up are particularly onerous in the tech sector, especially for young companies [see the chapters on innovation, and digitalisation and advanced technologies] . Regulatory barriers constrain growth in several ways. First, complex and costly procedures across fragmented national systems discourage inventors from filing Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), hindering young companies from leveraging the Single Market. Second, the EU’s regulatory stance towards tech companies hampers innovation: the EU now has around 100 tech-focused lawsxi and over 270 regulators active in digital networks across all Member States. Many EU laws take a precau - tionary approach, dictating specific business practices ex ante to avert potential risks ex post. For example, the AI Act imposes additional regulatory requirements on general purpose AI models that exceed a pre-defined threshold of computational power – a threshold which some state-of-the-art models already exceed. Third, digital compa - nies are deterred from doing business across the EU via subsidiaries, as they face heterogeneous requirements, a proliferation of regulatory agencies and “gold plating”04 of EU legislation by national authorities. Fourth, limitations on data storing and processing create high compliance costs and hinder the creation of large, integrated data sets for training AI models. This fragmentation puts EU companies at a disadvantage relative to the US, which relies on the private sector to build vast data sets, and China, which can leverage its central institutions for data aggregation. This problem is compounded by EU competition enforcement possibly inhibiting intra-industry cooperation. Finally, multiple different national rules in public procurement generate high ongoing costs for cloud providers. The net effect of this burden of regulation is that only larger companies – which are often non-EU based – have the financial capacity and incentive to bear the costs of complying. Young innovative tech companies may choose not to operate in the EU at all. The lack of a true Single Market also prevents enough companies in the wider economy from reaching sufficient size to accelerate adoption of advanced technologies . There are many barriers that lead to compa - nies in Europe to “stay small” and neglect the opportunities of the Single Market. These include the high cost of adhering to heterogenous national regulations, the high cost of tax compliance, and

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[ { "end": 1353, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1351 } ]

like are n-channel transistors. Thus, unless otherwise specified, the threshold voltage (also referred to as Vth) is higher than 0 V. - parallel indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to ⁇ 10° and less than or equal to 10°. Accordingly, the case where the angle is greater than or equal to ⁇ 5° and less than or equal to 5° is also included. Moreover, “substantially parallel” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to ⁇ 30° and less than or equal to 30°. In addition, “perpendicular” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to 800 and less than or equal to 100°. Accordingly, the case where the angle is greater than or equal to 850 and less than or equal to 950 is also included. Moreover, “substantially perpendicular” indicates a state where two straight lines are placed at an angle of greater than or equal to 600 and less than or equal to 1200. - a barrier film means a film having a function of inhibiting the passage of oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen, and the barrier film having conductivity is sometimes referred to as a conductive barrier film. - a metal oxide is an oxide of metal in a broad sense. Metal oxides are classified into an oxide insulator, an oxide conductor (including a transparent oxide conductor), an oxide semiconductor (also simply referred to as an OS), and the like. For example, a metal oxide used in a semiconductor layer of a transistor is referred to as an oxide semiconductor in some cases. That is, an OS FET or an OS transistor can also be referred to as a transistor including an oxide or an oxide semiconductor. - “normally off” means that a current per micrometer of channel width flowing through a transistor when a potential is not applied to a gate or a ground potential is applied to the gate is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 A or lower at room temperature, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or lower at 85° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or lower at 125° C. - FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 An example of a semiconductor device functioning as a memory device of one embodiment of

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[]

“a complex and challenging task”. Names would have to be submitted to the Israeli authorities for approval, after which the students would travel to a third country, likely to be Jordan, for visa biometric checks, which are not currently available in Gaza . Campaigners for the students welcomed the news, but expressed concern that the latest group had received no direct contact from the government or been given details of what might happen next, while others with full funding appeared not to have been included. Dr Norah Parr, a researcher at the University of Birmingham who has been coordinating efforts to support the students, said: “We are relieved that the government has agreed to assist a larger group of students and ensure their arrival to the UK for the start of their autumn term, but we remain concerned about a lack of transparency or clear guidelines. “At our last count, at least 53 students had full funding and support from UK universities. There may be more we are not aware of. As it stands, the news is causing further concern and anxiety. Who will be included and by what parameters will inclusion be determined?” Soha, 31, who is due to start her PhD in the UK, said: “We were very excited to read the news and learn that there’s action and a plan for another 30 students, but we are really scared that it might not come through. We will not rest until every one of us receive the same news – not nine, not 30, but every one of us.” Abtisam Mohamed, the Labour MP for Sheffield Central, has been among those urging the government to help evacuate the scholarship students, winning the backing of more 100 parliamentarians in a letter at the weekend. “Stranded, many students feared that they would die under Israel’s bombs before being able to take up their university places,” she wrote on X. “Our message to the students was that they are not alone. And I’m relieved to share the news that the government will offer almost all funded scholarship students the same assistance with safe routes out of Gaza. This is the right decision.” A Home Office source said: “This remains a complex and challenging task, but the home secretary has made it crystal clear to her officials that she wants no stone unturned in efforts to ensure there are arrangements in place

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[]

Tobacco products (120) and Other manufacturing (32). Industries with emerging strength include Tobacco products (120); Manu- facture of wearing apparel (14); Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials (16); Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); and Other manufacturing (32). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 5 5 3 10 8 5 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X 107 Other food products X X 110 Beverages X X X 120 Tobacco products X X X X X X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X X X 15Manufacture of leather and related products X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X X X 181Printing and service activities related to printing X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsX X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X X X 310 Furniture X 32 Other manufacturing X X X X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.9. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Armenia Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation59 Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Azerbaijan Results of the economic mapping for Azerbaijan are shown in Table 2.10. In total, 2 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Manu- facture of coke and refined petroleum products (19) and Repair and installation of machinery and equipment (33). Industries with emerging strength include Beverages (110), Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (20), Manu- facture of rubber and plastic products (22) and Repair and installation of machinery and equip- ment (33). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 6 5 2 6 11 4 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X X 110 Beverages X X X 13 Manufacture of textiles X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and

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[]

devices, server(s), network appliances, smart appliances or smart factory machinery, network infrastructure elements, robots, drones, sensor systems and/or IoT devices, cloud compute nodes, edge compute nodes, an aggregation of computing resources (e.g., in a cloud-based environment), and/or some other computing devices capable of interfacing directly or indirectly with network 1299 or other network(s). - mobile phones e.g., “smartphones” - tablet computers portable media players - wearable devices e.g., tablet computers - server(s) portable media players - network appliances e.g., smart appliances or smart factory machinery - network infrastructure elements e.g., robots, drones, sensor systems and/or IoT devices - cloud compute nodes e.g., edge compute nodes, an - the compute node 1200 may represent any of the computing devices discussed herein, and may be, or be implemented in one or more of the control system 302 , AI/ML system(s) 312 , sensor systems 321 , MHUs 322 , 522 , functions/elements 410 , 420 , 430 , 440 , 450 , 460 , sorters 1102 , 1105 , 1106 , conveyors 525 , 1104 , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. - the compute node 1200 includes one or more processors 1201 (also referred to as “processor circuitry 1201 ”). - the processor circuitry 1201 includes circuitry capable of sequentially and/or automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, and recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Additionally or alternatively, the processor circuitry 1201 includes any device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. - the processor circuitry 1201 includes various hardware elements or components such as, for example, a set of processor cores and one or more of on-chip or on-die memory or registers, cache and/or scratchpad memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface circuit, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. - LDOs low drop-out voltage regulators - interrupt controllers serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface circuit - RTC real time clock - timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers - general purpose I/O memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, interfaces, mobile

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[]

This book investigates urban life in the slums of Delhi, demonstrating how individuals and communities self-organise to solve problems that arise in their neighbourhoods. Around one-quarter of the world’s urban population live in informal, slum and squatter settlements, representing a significant economic and cultural force. Despite this, settlements are often perceived as marginal, homogenous places, overlooking the resilience and agency of the diverse actors, networks and social groups working collectively within them. This book draws on extensive qualitative and quantitative data from squatter and resettlement colonies in and around Delhi, foregrounding the voices of residents to build a bottom-up picture of place and urban development. The book analyses the contexts in which households operate within their communities and the adaptiveness of individuals living in different slum types, with differing levels of governance. In doing so, the book demonstrates the effect which different institutional agreements and governance systems have on enterprise, empowerment, resilience, trust, dignity and engaging in a life that has purpose and meaning. This book’s detailed assessment of slum spaces and networks will be of interest to researchers across a range of fields, including international development, geography, urban planning, politics and sociology, as well as to policymakers and civil society organisations. Pauline Dixon , PhD, FAcSS, FRSA, is a world-class researcher at Newcastle University in the U.K. and a Professor of International Development and Education. She has established herself as a leading authority both nationally and internation - ally in grassroots research for development in the Global South. Her research advances knowledge and understanding that allows for the provision of creative solutions to solve global problems. Pauline’s research is transformative, carried out within and between disciplines. Regarded as a leading global expert by aca - demics and policymakers she has worked in India for over 25 years. Her research has also led her to carry out projects focusing on comparative analysis as well as census and survey fieldwork on a large scale in both Asia and Africa. She is called on to appear on multiple platforms and media, winning awards and accolades from around the world. Her work focuses on dispelling myths and carrying out research that informs policy initiatives that are based on solutions from the grassroots and poor communities themselves.Urban Life in Delhi Slums Steve Humble , PhD, MBE, FIMA, is a Reader in Global Development at Newcastle University in the U.K. He carries out research in

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[]

the mapping exercise described in the previous section. Specif- ically, an S&T domain is assigned to a cluster if: 1. at least 3 IPC classes and/or Scopus ASJC fields produced a mapping to NACE sectors within the cluster; or 2. for Clusters with no assigned S&T domains via method 1 above, a concordance was allowed if at least 2 IPC classes and/or Scopus ASJC fields produced a mapping to NACE sectors within the cluster, but only if critical mass or specialisation was observed for the S&T do- main, in the respective EaP country. Therefore, by definition, each of the clusters fea- ture one or more E&I domains identified in Part 2 and, if a concordance has been identified by the methodology presented above, also features one or more S&T domains identified in Part 3. Although some E&I domains identified in Part 2, such as Hospitality and Tourism or Tobacco, can- not be mapped onto S&T domains via the current exercise, concordances could be found within most of the E&I and S&T domains. Additionally, some S&T domains may be relevant for other economic sectors which were not found to be potential E&I specialisation domains in Part 2; these additional areas of application are discussed in Part 3. The following tables present the clusters for all EaP countries and show the identified concord- ances between E&I and S&T domains for each country. 73 Ketels, C., Protsiv, S., Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Related Sectors, Center for Strategy and Competitiveness – Stockholm School of Economics, October 2014. 236 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials Armenia For Armenia, the following concordances between E&I and S&T domains were identified: ■in the ‘Communications Equipment and Ser- vices’ cluster, the S&T domain ‘ICT computer science’ could be aligned with the E&I domain ‘Telecommunications’ exclusively via publica- tions; ■in the ‘Information Technology and Analytical Instruments’ cluster, the S&T domains ‘Electric and electronic technologies’ and ‘Nanotech- nology and materials’ could be mapped with the E&I domain ‘Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products’ via both pat- ents and publications. Notably, the weight of patents in producing the concordance is much higher for the ‘Electric and electronic technol- ogies’ S&T domain than for ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ (where, conversely, publica- tions are mainly driving the concordance). By inspecting the semantic content of the latter domain, it is possible to observe

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of the project, irrespective of subsequent legislative changes. Stability clauses can vary significantly in form and scope. Some clauses are very specific to some types of taxes, such as CIT and royalties, withholding taxes or VAT, or simply apply to 'all taxes or tax rules' applied to a project, in addition to customs and other fiscal obligations. It may need to be considered whether the introduction of ring-fencing rules for existing projects would violate a specific stability clause. The outcome of such an analysis will depend on how the stabilization provision has been formulated. Where the introduction of such rules is contemplated in the future, it is recommended that ring-fencing rules be taken out of the scope of stabilization to avoid further disputes. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION Furthermore, Principle VIII of the OECD Policy Development Tool Guiding Principles for Durable Extractive Contracts says: The adoption of bona fide anti-avoidance measures or the interpretation of existing laws by host governments to protect the revenue base against tax base erosion and profit shifting (e.g., on interest deduction limitations and transfer pricing) and consistent with internationally recognised tax practices should not be considered a change in law constrained by stabilisation clauses. (OECD, 2020, p. 20) ## 5.1.7 The Interaction of Ring-Fencing Rules With CIT Progressive Rates and Deductions Limits There are two features of a tax system that interact with ring-fencing rules and could create practical implementation challenges that need to be carefully considered when the ring-fencing rules are designed and drafted into law: - 1. Resource-rich countries could have progressive CIT rates for different levels of profitability (i.e., 10% and 25%). Where such progressive tax rates apply, poorly designed ring-fencing rules could actually result in a reduction of the tax liability. This would be of concern, especially where the relevant progressivity thresholds are high and both the tax base and the overall tax liability-meaning also the tax rate-are also determined in relation to each project separately. In such a case, the law should be drafted clearly to clarify whether the ring-fencing rules - · require full determination of tax liability, i.e., application of tax base and tax rate for each project separately and thus actually benefiting the taxpayer with application of the lower CIT rate, or - ·

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from 13.1 to 14.6 cm from the252Cf source. A schematic view of this setup is depicted in Fig. 1, and the position of the LaBr 3(Ce) detector is reported in Table 1. As described in Ref. [ 1], the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors were energy-calibrated from 80 keV to 9 MeV using standard sources. The energy resolution of the detectors was also obtained from this calibration data. For Eγ=661.7 keV, the relative Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) lied between 2.7 % and 3 %, as indicated in Table 1. In addition to their good energy resolution, the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors also have excellent timing properties. γ-γcoinci- dence measurements were performed on various calibration sources, as depicted in Fig. 2. The time resolution (FWHM) associated with these coincidence spectra was about 0.4 ns forthe 60Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV). It worsened at lower ener- gies, e.g., for the152Eu coincidence (344 keV and 799 keV) where the FWHM became 0.7 ns. In Fig. 2,t h e133Ba time spectrum (80 keV/356 keV coincidence) demonstrates how the good time resolution of the detectors makes them well suited for half-life determination at the nanosecond scale. Along with these γ-ray detectors, the setup contained an ionization chamber similar to the one described in Ref. [ 7], which served two purposes. First, it gave the ﬁssion trigger, i.e., the time stamp corresponding to the detection of a ﬁssionevent. This trigger, combined with the timing information from the scintillators, was used to sort the γevents relative to ﬁssion, which enabled us to distinguish prompt transitionsfrom isomeric level decays. As can be observed in Fig. 3,w e observed three main sources of γ-rays following ﬁssion: the γ-rays coming from the decay of the isomers, but also the prompt γ-rays (prompt peak), and neutrons. This last con-Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the VESPA setup for isomers stud- ies, consisting in ﬁve 2/prime/prime×2/prime/primeLaBr 3(Ce) detectors placed around a twin Frisch-grid ionization chamber. B(resp. S) indicates the backing side (resp. source side) of the IC Fig. 2 Coincident γ-γtime spectra between any LaBr 3(Ce) com- bination from standard sources:60Co (1173 keV, 1332 keV),152Eu (344 keV, 799 keV) and133Ba (80 keV, 356 keV) 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 3 of 12 5 Table 1 Characteristics of the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors used in the VESPA setup. The position of the detectors is deﬁned by the distance rbetween the source (at the

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ground waters from galleries kariz are used for irrigation. In many mountain areas the most primitive water intakes are constructed on springs, and this water is used for irrigation. During flooding periods these systems are practically completely destroyed. Investigations carried out by international organizations and Soviet specialists have shown that every year up to 10% of the crop are lost due to failure and interruptions in the use of canals, while up to 30% of lands in the lower reaches of these canals remain without water because of the absence of regulation structures on them. Construction of modern engineering irrigation systems in Afghanistan began largely in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. But constructed were only large projects with a view to get in the future a considerable growth of irrigated lands. As we know, in the 1960s the US EXIM Bank granted credits for construction of irrigation structures in the valleys of the Helmand and Arghandab Rivers that was started still in 1946 by the Company 'Morrison-Nadsen'. All in all the Americans constructed more than 250 km of main canals, several dams and hydropower plants. Experience of development of new irrigated lands with the help of irrigation systems Sarde, Parvana, Kelagai and Helmanda has shown that such practice was not successful. As there was no an integrated approach to design and construction of many large and regionally significant irrigation projects the basic structures in these projects were constructed, but bringing of thus prepared lands into agricultural production requires additional investments and time. The only finished integrated engineering project tat gives economic benefits is the Jalalabad irrigation complex that was built with technical support of the former Soviet Union. This complex was damaged seriously in the course of military actions in this region. ## Water Resources and Irrigation in the Northern Regions of Afghanistan Northern regions of Afghanistan are supposed to include the valley on the left bank of the Panj and Amudarya Rivers, beginning from the Kowkchen River valley in the east and ending with the Shirintagao River valley on the border with Turkmenistan in the west. On the north this territory is rimmed by the Panj and Amudarya Rivers, on the south - by outspurs of the Bandi-Torkestan (more correctly Tirbandi-Torkestan) and Hindukush Ridges . 1 Mountain glaciers are an important indicator of climatic changes in the region. Investigations that had been carried out recent by the

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[]

1290 , or entirely on the remote system 1290 . In the latter scenario, the remote system 1290 may be connected to the system 1200 through any type of network 1299 . - the instructions 1201 x , 1203 x , 1204 x are shown as code blocks included in the processor 1201 , memory 1204 , and/or storage 1220 , any of the code blocks may be replaced with hardwired circuits, for example, built into memory blocks/cells of an ASIC, FPGA, and/or some other suitable IC. - the storage circuitry 1204 is stores computational logic/modules configured to implement the techniques described herein. - the computational logic 1204 x may be employed to store working copies and/or permanent copies of programming instructions, or data to create the programming instructions, for the operation of various components of compute node 1200 (e.g., drivers, libraries, APIs, and/or the like), an OS of compute node 1200 , one or more applications, and/or the like. - the computational logic 1204 x may be stored or loaded into memory circuitry 1203 as instructions 1203 x , or data to create the instructions 1203 x , which are then accessed for execution by the processor circuitry 1201 via the IX 1206 to carry out the various functions, processes, methods, algorithms, operations, tasks, actions, techniques, and/or other aspects described herein (see e.g., FIGS. 1 - 11 and 13 ). - the various elements may be implemented by assembler instructions supported by processor circuitry 1201 or high-level languages that may be compiled into instructions 1201 x , or data to create the instructions 1201 x , to be executed by the processor circuitry 1201 . - the permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into persistent storage circuitry 1204 at the factory/OEM or in the field through, for example, a distribution medium (e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface) and a communication interface (e.g., communication circuitry 1207 ) from a distribution server (e.g., remote system 1290 ) and/or the like. - a distribution medium e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface - OTA over-the-air - the instructions 1201 x , 1203 x , 1204 x can include one or more operating systems (OS) and/or other software to control various aspects of the compute node 1200 . - the OS can include drivers and/or APIs to control particular devices or components that are embedded in the

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[]

20 million ( Chakravorty and Sircar, 2021 ). Delhi is made up of dif - ferent spaces that are planned, unplanned, authorised and unauthorised, with those living in them coming from different religions and castes with varying education levels, languages and migration status. From diplomats to members of Parliament, to daily wage earners to maids and security guards, college students and auto rick - shaw drivers, those living in Delhi form a rich tapestry of communities living in adjoining districts, where the rich live next to the poor, who supply them with entrepreneurial services and products. “Even if the wealthy do not desire to live near poorer settlements such as bastis, as is typically the case, the very structure of socioeconomic dependence guarantees a spatially heterogeneous pattern of settle - ment” ( Sircar, 2021 , p.67). The draw of the city 7 Planning and policy documents state that there are eight types of settlements in Delhi. One is ‘planned’ (23.7% of the total population of the city lives in planned colonies), the remaining seven, ‘unplanned’ (76.3% of the total population of the city). The eight types are JJ clusters (slum), slum designated areas, unauthorised col - onies, JJ Resettlement Colonies, Rural Villages, Regularised-Unauthorised Colonies, Urban Villages and Planned Colonies. Therefore, three-quarters of Delhi’s popu - lation live in ‘unplanned’, ‘illegal’ and ‘informal settlements’ ( Bhan, 2016 , p.19). Informal or illegal settlements are also known as bastis. Delhi’s bastis grew in num - ber between 1981 and 2000. Typically, residents do not own the land, which may be public or private, upon which they have built their homes and businesses, thus violat - ing planning norms and standards. Between 2002 and 2010 the number of bastis was reduced through evictions. The clearances of ‘encroachments’ are ordered through the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court of India. It is then typically the role of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Public Works Department, the Delhi Jal Board and the Central Government to oversee the removals and evictions. From the 2001 to the 2011 census there is a fall of 25% in population from two central districts in Delhi ‘it has been established that removal of slum clusters is the primary reason for the fall in population in New Delhi district vis-à-vis 2001’ (Government of India, 2012 , p.44). The Court’s portray the poor as ‘encroachers’

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can observe two huge earthquakes, one that increased and the other that decreased political tension. In the Armenian earthquake of December 1988, a time when a hot Armenian -Azeri conflict was present, between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 injured. Most injured Armenians refused to accept blood donated by Azerbaijanis after the earthquake. This illustrated resistance to ' mixing blood ' with the enemy. In contrast, in Turkey in August 1999, a massive earthquake killed an estimated 20,000 people. Only a few years earlier, Turkey and Greece had almost gone to war in a dispute over two rocky islets 5 Lifton & Olson (1976). The human meaning of total disaster: The Buffalo Creek experience. 6 Williams & Parks (1975, p. 304). Psychosocial effects of disaster: Birth rate in Aberfan. (Kardak/Imia) near the Turkish coast, ⁷ and there remained high tension between the two countries. After the earthquake, rescue workers from many nations rushed to Turkey to help, among them Greeks. By publishing pictures and stories of Greek rescue workers, Turkish newspapers helped to ' humanize ' the Greeks as a large group. The Turkish disaster and an earthquake in Greece the following month initiated a new relationship between the two nations. Many people in diplomatic circles at that time used the term ' earthquake diplomacy ' to characterize this positive outcome. When a massive trauma results from deliberate oppression or widespread torture by the Other who has a different large-group identity, narcissistic investment in large-group identity, its symbols and undigested historical images, becomes inflamed. The heavy shadow of large-group identity falls upon individual identities. ## Individual and Large-group Identities Unlike the terms ' character ' and ' personality , which are observed and perceived ' by mental health clinicians, individual identity refers to a person s inner working ' model -he or she, not an outsider, senses and experiences it. Erik Erikson described this as ' a persistent sameness within oneself … [and] a persistent sharing of some kind of essential character with others . ' ⁸ Individual identity is interconnected with large-group identity. Using an analogy of a large canvas tent helps explain large-group identity. Think in terms of learning to wear two layers of clothing from the time we are children. The first layer, the individual layer, fits each of us snugly. It is one s personal identity. The second layer is the canvas of

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| 76 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | | Estonia | 93 ᵢ | 94 ₋₁ ᵢ | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 99 | 100 | 97 | 97 | 84 | 85 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | | Finland | 98 ᵢ | 96 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 88 | 89 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | | France | 100 ᵢ | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.2 | 5 | 2 | 99 | 100 | 98 | 98 | 84 | 87 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | | Germany | 98 ᵢ | 96 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 100 | 100 | 92 | 92 | 80 | | 3.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | | Greece | 96 ᵢ | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | 2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 99 | 99 | 95 | 96 | 91 | 82 95 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | | Hungary | 91 ᵢ | 96 ₋₁ ᵢ | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 19 | 99 | 99 | 96 | 96 | 84 | 86 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | | Iceland | 98 ᵢ | 97 ₋₁ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 13 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 65 | 66 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 17.1 | | Ireland | 97 ᵢ | ᵢ 93 ₋₁ ᵢ | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | 100 | 100 | 98 | 99 | 92 | 95 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | | Italy | 98 ᵢ | 95 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 81 | 86 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 4.9 | | Latvia | 97 ᵢ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 98 | 98 | 84

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Introduction: History of forensic medicine extends back to the early civilization of Babylon, Egypt andChina from 2000 BC. In European context allpresent day system has organized in Italy andGermany in 16 th century1. 449 BC in Roman period medico legal factors concerning the insane, unborn child, personal injuries andexternal post mortem examination in criminaldeaths carried out. From this point onward theera of modern forensic medicine in thecontinental European countries can be said to have commenced. The acceptance of the continental institutions in medical jurisprudence was much slower inGreat Britain. Scotland took the first realinterest in academic forensic medicine, a tradition which is thankfully preserves to this day 2. Like Britain, the development of legal medicine in United States has been a patchy andindividualistic process, rather than the moreorderly system in the European continent. TheFORENSIC MEDICINE: BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE RAHMAN KGM1, OSMAN MK2, MAHMUD S3 Abstract In this paper the remnants of British medical jurisprudence, the medico legal service of Bangladesh were discussed to improve the current medico legal practice and to propose futureplan. In Bangladesh, all unnatural deaths are to be reported at the nearest police station andan appointed police officer should visit the scene of occurrence for investigation and to arrangepostmortem if required. The forensic services of the country are delivered partly by academicstaffs of government medical colleges’ forensic medicine department and rest by the civilsurgeons - the district health administrator. The civil surgeons perform postmortem by thedoctors under him in district hospitals, most of them have no forensic qualifications. Currentlyacademic and professional postgraduate courses are available. The chemical examiner’slaboratory is situated at Dhaka with the facility of quantitative tests only. The Government ofBangladesh is trying to standardize the existing system. A workshop on medico legal servicewas organized recently at Dhaka by the Medico Legal Society of Bangladesh. A DNA profilinglaboratory was established at Dhaka Medical College Forensic Medicine Department. Suchprogress is a milestone in the development of medico legal service in Bangladesh. However,with a few exceptions teaching and training facilities are still lacking. Key words: Forensic, Bangladesh Perspective. J Dhaka Med. Coll. 2010; 19(1) : 61-64. 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic, Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic, Medicine, Pabna Medical College, Pabna.3. Lecturer, Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka.Correspondence : Dr. Kazi Golam Mukhlesur RahmanEnglish styled law was transplanted by the early settlers, coroner’s system and medicalexaminer’s system developed from that

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Further details on the economics of the projects are available on request.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 15 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.1.2 Mining Tax Base Issues Addressed By Ring-Fencing 3.1.2.1 Permanent Losses Derived From Unsuccessful Projects A mining investor holding two licences, one for exploration and one for mining, may offset costs from an unsuccessful exploration project against the profits of a producing mine. If the exploration project had been successful, the loss would have been temporary because once production starts, these costs will be recouped. An unsuccessful project may result in a permanent loss for governments as costs will not be recoverable except where ring-fencing rules exist (see Box 5). While this outcome of protecting the tax base from permanent losses is attractive from the tax revenue policy perspective, it may conflict with the intention of attracting investment into exploration activities. Unsuccessful projects are a reality of the extractives industry, given the risk involved.

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agriculture. Nevertheless, in terms of exports of goods – excluding Azerbaijan which concentrates most of its exports in Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials – for the remaining EaP countries, Food and live animals and Beverages and tobacco represent between 10% and 32% of the total exports (Moldova at the higher end). Beyond the primary sector, the previous section presented a set of specialisations resulting from the economic and innovation analysis for each EaP country, summarised in the following transversal table. It shows the NACE codes that have been selected for at least one country, and includes a ‘potential for economic and innovation collabora- tion’ indicator based on the number of times it has been selected as an E&I specialisation domain. The first clear transversal E&I domain of potential collaboration consists of NACE codes 10 Manu- facture of food products and 11 Manufacture of beverages in the Food Processing and Manu- facturing industry. This potential domain of collaboration directly concerns Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and is aligned with the com- mon agricultural strength identified in the previ- ous paragraphs. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials, NACE code 16, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Moldova and Ukraine.Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, NACE code 20, is identified as an E&I specialisa- tion in two countries: Azerbaijan and Moldova. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two coun- tries: Georgia and Ukraine. Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, NACE code 26, is identified as an E&I spe- cialisation in two countries: Armenia and Ukraine. Accommodation, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Georgia. Telecommunications, NACE code 61, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Moldova. Several advanced services, notably NACE code 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities, NACE code 63 Information service activities and NACE code 64 Finan- cial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, concern, to varying degrees, 4 EaP countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova, creating an economic cluster of potential collaboration. The above E&I domains of potential collaboration are solely those emerging from the selected E&I domains for each country, and other potential ar- eas of cooperation may exist. This said, there is obviously

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[]

the regulation is “portable batteries of general use” (PBGUs), which refers to the most commonly used batteries directly sold to end- users with the common designations AAAA, AAA, AA, C, D, 4.5V , 9V , and A23. These batteries are found online, at supermarkets, and other retail businesses. In most cases, the batteries are used in domestic appliances (e.g., remote controls, clocks, radios, smoke detectors, toys). In the market a consumer may find common designation batteries with different chemistries. These batteries can be non-rechargeable batteries (also called ‘primary’ batteries), e.g., alkaline, zinc–carbon and lithium batteries, and rechargeable batteries (also called ‘secondary’ batteries). Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) is the most common chemistry, while nickel cadmium (NiCd) [ 2], nickel zinc (NiZn) [ 3], and lead acid [ 4] are used much less. In this study, we analyze the performance and durability of commercial secondary NiMH batteries, focusing on their capacity, charge retention, charge recovery, and cycle endurance. By aligning our methodology with the IEC 61951-2 standard [ 5,6], we seek Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010030Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 2 of 20 to establish a basis for future minimum performance requirements as mandated by the European batteries regulation in Article 9 [ 1]. Our findings will provide insights into both manufacturers and consumers, promoting the development of better battery technologies. NiMH batteries contain valuable metals. At the positive electrode (cathode), nickel is present as a hydroxide compound. The negative electrode (anode) is composed of an intermetallic alloy with a combination of transition metals in a graphite substrate (nickel, cobalt, and manganese) and rare earth elements (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium) that allow hydrogen storage [ 7]. The cathode and the anode are electrically separated by a polyolefin material, usually a non-woven polypropylene soaked in a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide [ 8]. Research on improving the technology has been focused on the following: increasing cycle life [ 9], second life and reuse [ 10], recovery of rare metals from used batteries [ 11,12], and scaling up processes for battery recycling [13]. In terms of the energy storage market, the NiMH battery has gained attention for the different performance characteristics that it provides at the system and cell levels, such as a specific energy of 60–120 Wh/kg, an energy density of 140–300 Wh/L [ 14], an energy efficiency of 60–92%, a lifetime of 1800–2000 cycles, and its availability worldwide [15]. NiMH batteries

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Insights and questions like these prompted us to convene an international conference on 'Hidden Histories: Women and Science in the Twentieth Century' in May 2021. Held online at the height of the Covid- 19 pandemic, the event was organized in connection with Bonea's 'Archives of the Earth' project based at the Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies, funded by the German Research Foundation and co- hosted by the Faculty of Political Science, University of Bucharest. The initial call for papers attracted almost 100 submissions, leading to fifty- four presentations. More than half introduced case studies from the UK, France, Germany, the US and Russia, but a substantial number discussed histories of women in science, engineering and medicine in South Asian, East Asian, as well as Southern, Eastern and Central European contexts. A paper each was also presented on Trinidad and Tobago and Israel, with the remaining two focusing on the colonial contexts of Portuguese Africa and the French Pacific. Mariko Ogawa and Andrea Pető delivered keynote lectures. In a volume concerned with absences and invisibility, it is essential to acknowledge the gaps in our own research. Despite efforts to circulate the call for papers in relevant academic forums, we received only one submission each pertaining to South America and Africa for the conference and no submissions for the present volume. As a result, African and South American case studies are absent, although Rees Koerner and Gooday's chapter discusses the participation of engineers from Morocco, Uganda, Nigeria and Ghana in the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES). Such limitations notwithstanding, the volume prides itself on its geographical and linguistic diversity, featuring three chapters on India, two on China, one each on Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Greece, two on the UK and three on the US. Mariko Ogawa's foreword discusses the changing contours of women's engagement with professional science in Japan against broader international developments in the field. Equally importantly, many of the chapters engage with the history of women in science, engineering and medicine from border- defying, trans- regional perspectives, demonstrating that the 'science' they document was itself a transregional enterprise. The volume combines individual and collective portraits of women in science, engineering and medicine with discussions of institutional structures, work and associational cultures, medical practice and education, science and domesticity, science communication and activism, and science policy. By bringing together case studies that are not usually discussed

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[]

years, suggesting that training next-genera - tion AI systems could soon be as expensive as USD 1 billion and reach USD 10 billion by the end of the decadexiv. At the same time, deploying AI will require faster, lower latency and more secure connections. Yet, the EU is behind its 2030 Digital Decade targets for fibre and 5G deployment. The investment levels required to support EU networks are estimated at around EUR 200 billion to ensure full gigabit and 5G coverage across the EU. But Europe’s per capita investment is markedly lower than other major economies [see Figure 9] . A key reason for lower rates of investment is Europe’s fragmented market. For example, there are 34 mobile network operator groups in the EU and only a handful in the US or China, in part because the EU and Member States have tended to view mergers in the sector negatively. This fragmentation makes the fixed costs of investing in networks relatively more onerous for EU operators than for continent-scale companies in the US or China. Fragmentation also makes it harder to capitalise on new technolo - gies. Europe currently has virtually no presence in edge computing05, while opening network services to third-party developers and innovators using Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) is hindered by lack of coordination of standards. 05. Edge computing refers to the distribution of computational tasks across smaller nodes closer to customers, reducing data transport to smaller distances. As the EU builds highly automated manufacturing plants requiring low latency and significant data volumes steered by AI, edge computing for industrial applications could better enable performance and reduce latency for industrial connected robotics, keeping data transfers more secure. While the Digital Decade sets the goal of deploying at least 10,000 climate- neutral, secure edge nodes by 2030, there are today only three commercially deployed edge computing nodes in the EU. 31THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2FIGURE 8 Average monthly revenue per unit and CAPEX per capita Source: ETNO, 2023 The EU’s position in other innovative sectors like pharma is declining due to the same challenges of low investment in R&I and regulatory fragmentation [see the chapter on pharma] . While the EU’s pharma sector still leads globally in trade measured by value, it is falling behind in the most dynamic market segments and losing market share to US-based companies. Of the top ten best-selling

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| | … | … | - ₋₂ … … | 1 0.2 ₋₁ | 1 ₋₁ 3 ₋₁ ᵢ | … … | TCA | | | | 100 | … 100 | 100 | … 100 | 100 | … 100 | … 82 | … … | 1 ₋₄ … | 41 ₋₁ | | 0.2 ₋₁ ᵢ 6 ₋₁ | … … … | | | | | 100 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | | | | 100 ₋₁ | 62 ₋₁ | … | 39 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | | | | | … | … | 100 ₋₁ … | 100 ₋₁ | | … | | 2 ₋₁ … | 3 ₋₁ | 4 ₋₁ | 32 ₋₂ | | | 1 | URY | | | | | | | ₋₁ | | | | ᵢ | | | | | | | | | | | | | … | | | | | | | | | … | | | | | | | … | | | | | | | ᵢ | | | | | | … | | | | | | | … | | | … | ᵢ | 8 | | | VEN | | | | | | 100 | | | | 1 ₋₂ | … | | | | | | | ## TABLE 6: Continued | | A to which global citizenship education sustainable development | A to which global citizenship education sustainable development | A to which global citizenship education sustainable development | A to which global citizenship education sustainable development | B | Extent and education for are mainstreamed | |-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------| | Country or territory | Education policies/ frameworks | | In-service teacher training | Student assessment | % of schools providing life skills-based HIV/AIDS education | Curriculum | | SDG indicator | | | | | 4.7.2 | 4.7.1 | | Reference year | | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2023 | | | Europe and Northern | | | | | | America | | Albania | 0.72 | … | 0.68 | 0.83 | 85 ₋₂ | | | | 1 | | 0.77 | 0.92 | 100 | Andorra 0.94 | | Austria | 0.83 | … | 0.7 | … | … | |

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identification of domains following the topic modelling, some do- mains in some countries failed to emerge due to being too small, in particular: Transportation in Ar- menia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova; Electric and electronic technologies in Azerbaijan and En- ergy in Georgia. The first graphic presents data for publications. As already presented at the beginning of the cur- rent chapter, large science-oriented S&T domains dominated the EaP and the countries, notably Fundamental physics and mathematics and Na- notechnology and materials, particularly in Arme- nia and Georgia. Health and wellbeing also ranks highly in all countries, with small differences in rank. Governance, culture, education and the economy has a high rank in most countries, al- though the share of publications in these domains varies notably. The second graphic presents data for patents, al- beit the low number of patents compiled for some of the countries (notably Armenia and Azerbaijan) must be taken into account. As expected, Mechan- ical engineering and heavy machinery dominates the EaP, with a relevant weight for Health and wellbeing (Azerbaijan, Moldova, Ukraine), Electric and electronic technologies (peaking in Armenia), Nanotechnology and materials and Agrifood (no- tably in Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine). Finally, the third graphic presents data for EC R&I projects. As noted earlier, the distribution of S&T domains across EC projects is not only af-fected by the underlying specialisation and initi- ative of EaP actors, but also by the orientation of the programmes (7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020) as well as the differences in accessing the funding by the EaP countries. Due to the nature of the programmes and the coop- eration framework between the EU and the EaP countries, Governance, culture, education and the economy is by far the largest S&T domain in projects. Some differences then emerge, with Nanotechnology and materials having consider- able weight in Ukraine; Environmental sciences in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine; and ICT and computer science across the board (peaking in Armenia and Georgia). Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation167 168 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.20. Top 7 identified domains in each EaP country in publications (number of identified publications in the domain | percentage of the total number of publications analysed in the country) Nanotechnology and materials (29 067 | 23.12%) Nanotechnology and materials (1 265 | 14.56%) Nanotechnology and materials (682 | 12.4%)Chemistry and

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[]

N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.238E-01 2.238E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.796E-01 1.796E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.271E-01 1.271E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 6.717E-02 6.717E-02 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 We see that between step 1 and step 4 there appears one redundant contact (in the REDP sense). Until step 4, the contact normals of all non-redundant contacts are vertical, thanks to the ASN 98 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 technique, but the normal of the redundant contact is oblique (always at 45 °). One could use the REDU technique (alone) to get rid of redundancies and to obtain an average contact, but the result, in particular the average normal, would not be perfectly vertical due to the presence of the inclined normal in one of the raw contacts. Applying the REDP technique before REDU should solve the problem, since it will discard the contact with the inclined normal before the averaging process. Between steps 5 and 9 there is only one raw contact, so the REDP and/or REDU techniques would have no eect. The contact normal of such contact is always inclined (at 45 °). This is inevitable and must be accepted as an intrinsic approximation of the ASN technique when contact occurs vertex-on- vertex (in 2D). This defect is particularly evident here due to the extreme coarseness of the mesh and the low level of recursion in the pinballs hierarchy. From the .PIN le we can only read the maximum measured penetration (PENEMX). At step 0 the penetration is equal for both contacts and has the value p= (p 21)=2 = 0:207, i.e. half the value in the previous test, as expected. Then the (maximum) penetration increases between steps 1 and 3 and decreases a little at step 4. To investigate this phenomenon, let us consider in detail the conguration at step 1, for example, see Figure 112.

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[]

Brown, Stanley. 1971. 'The Next 25 Years in the Electricity Supply Industry.' Lecture, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Technical Engineers, November 16, 1970, Central Electricity Generating Board Information Services, London. Christiaensen, Luc Jozef, Céline Ferré, Tomasz Janusz Gajderowicz, Maddalena Honorati, and Sylwia Michalina Wrona. 2022. 'Towards a Just Coal Transition: Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Wielkopolska.' June, World Bank, Washington, DC. Daily Sabah . 2020. 'Turkey Opens 1st Integrated Solar Panel Manufacturing Facility.' Energy (blog), August 19, 2020. https:/ /www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkey-opens-1st-integrated-solar-panel-manufacturing-facility. De Kleine Feige, Annette Irmgard. 2021. 'State-Owned Enterprises and Climate Action.' World Bank, Washington, DC. - Dobrotkova, Zuzana, Aditya Lukas, and Jas Singh. 2018. 'Energy Efficiency in Industry.' Live Wire Brief 2018/96, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Energy and Extractives Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC. Ernst, Iulian. 2023. 'Turkish PV Panels Producer to Build Factory in Romania.' Energy (blog), November 7, 2023. https:/ /www.romania-insider.com/turkish-alfa-solar-factory-romania-2023. ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), GIF (Global Infrastructure Facility), and Hydrogen Council. 2024. Scaling Hydrogen Financing for Development . ESMAP Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. Gonguet, Fabien, Claude P. Wendling, Ozlem Aydin, and Bryn Battersby. 2021. 'Climate-Sensitive Management of Public Finances: 'Green PFM.'' IMF Staff Climate Note 2021/002 (August), International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Hallegatte, Stéphane, Catrina Godinho, Jun Erik Maruyama Rentschler, Paolo Avner, Ira Irina Dorband, Camilla Knudsen, Jana Lemke, and Penny Mealy. 2024. Within Reach: Navigating the Political Economy of Decarbonization . Washington, DC: World Bank. Hasna, Zeina, Florence Jaumotte, Jaden Kim, Samuel Pienknagura, and Gregor Schwerhoff. 2023. 'Green Innovation and Diffusion: Policies to Accelerate Them and Expected Impact on Macroeconomic and Firm-Level Performance.' IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/2023/008 (November), International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. - IDA (International Development Association). 2024. Multiphase Programmatic Approach of the Scaling-Up of Energy Efficiency in Europe and Central Asia . Project Appraisal Document PAD00193 (May 29). Washington, DC: World Bank. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2021. 'The Cost of Capital in Clean Energy Transitions.' Report, December 17, IEA, Paris. https:/ /www.iea.org/articles/the-cost-of-capital-in-clean-energy-transitions. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2022a. The Future of Heat Pumps Paris: IEA. - . World Energy Outlook Special Report, December. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2022b. 'World Energy Employment.' September, IEA, Paris. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2023a. Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5°C Goal in Reach . 2023 Update (September). Paris: IEA. - IEA (International Energy Agency). 2023b. The Oil and Gas Industry in Net Zero Transitions . World Energy Outlook Special Report, November. Paris: IEA.

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the possibility that speakers of creoles based on other European languages than Spanish have been linguistically affected by the speakers of Spanish-based creoles such as the one spoken in Trinidad and Tobago, for instance. As for the influence of West African languages on the speech of our informants, it has been argued that it is not clear whether their [ β ] is typical of that of Bambara and Malinke, i.e., an allophone of /b/, inter-vocalically, or a fully fledged phoneme such as the one in Eve. In this West African language, bilabial fricatives contrast with labio-dental fricatives, hence [ έβέ ]='Eve' while [ ἑ v ] 'two'; [é ἑ ɸἁ ] 'he polished' while [ ἑ ἑ f ] 'he was cold' (Ladefoged, 1982, p. 144). Our informants seem to have produced the above fricative as an allophone and not as a fully-fledged phoneme. That is, their production is in accordance with the behaviour of the first two West African languages. Our arguments are as follows. First, there is no evidence in their speech that [ β ] contrasts with [v]. Secondly, fricatives are marked sounds, therefore, stops are acquired first and used as substitutes for them (Jakobson, 1968), as a first transitional strategy. The second strategy towards the attempted fricative is to spirantize (Note 1) the stop, and this is an intermediate stage. Our informants are here now. The final stage is to produce the fricative in question. In fact, our informants did produce both [ β ] and [v] in the pronunciation of 'seven'. This is interpreted as that the fricative in question is on the way of mastery and that they have moved along the continuum. In other words, they are between the mesolect and the acrolect stages (Note 2). The gradual acquisition of the labio-dental fricative has also been reported in many varieties of pidgin and creole English. According to Hall (1966), /f/ and /v/ which are quite rare in the languages of the world were 'replaced' in the initial stages by /p/ and /b/, respectively, e.g., Neo-Melanesian /p õ ŋ g (r)/- 'finger' and /b lib m/- 'believe ə õ õ him'; or Chinese Pidgin English /b έ li/- 'very' (pp. 30-31). Likewise, Caribbean creolized English has exhibited remnants of /b/ for English /v/, e.g., /beks/ 'to be annoyed', from English 'vexed'; /nabel/ from English 'navel' (Holm, ibid). The bilabial fricative [  ]

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(NACE 53, 55) based on specialised performance in venture capital (VC) and start-ups, and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports; ■Information and communication (NACE 26, 61-63) based on specialised performance in related patents, specialised performance in venture capital and start-ups, the identifica- tion of an information and communication technologies cluster and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Azerbaijan The economic and innovation analysis for Azerbai- jan leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19) based on an economic specialisa- tion, specialised performance in related pat- ents, the identification of a petrochemicals cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Chemicals and related activities (NACE 20) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■Repair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents, and specialised performance in related services exports; ■Financial services (NACE 64) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents. E&I specialisations for Georgia The economic and innovation analysis for Geor- gia leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Food and beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18) based on an economic specialisa- tion, and an innovation specialisation; ■Fabricated metal products, except ma- chinery and equipment (NACE 25) based on an economic specialisation, the identifica- tion of an industrial manufacturing and pro- cesses cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56) based on an economic specialisation, an innovation spe- cialisation, specialised performance in related goods exports and specialised performance in related services exports; ■Financial service activities (NACE 62, 64) based on an economic specialisation, special- ised performance in venture capital and start- ups and specialised performance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Moldova The economic and innovation analysis for Moldo- va leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisations: ■Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, specialised per- formance in venture capital and start-ups and specialised performance in related goods ex- ports; ■Textiles & wearing apparel (NACE 13, 14) based on an economic specialisation, and spe- cialised performance in related goods exports; ■Leather and related products

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[]

specific industry group j and country i, and the share of variable n in a specific industry group j for the whole Eastern Partnership region. As Ukraine accounts for most of the companies listed in Crunchbase (85%), employees (82%) and estimated revenue (76%) in the Eastern Partnership region (for the data extracted from Crunchbase), the contribution of the other Eastern Partnership countries to the denominator on the right-hand side of the above equation is negligible. As a result, the specialisation analysis carried out in this section is largely biased towards consider- ing Ukraine as a baseline rather than the whole Eastern Partnership, a fact that must be taken into due account when drawing qualitative conclu- sions. In particular, the above implies that special- isation figures for the specific case of Ukraine are not particularly informative. Therefore, this section analyses the relative specialisation in each East-ern Partnership country, and provides a final re- mark on Ukraine at the very end. Here, for each EaP country, we focus on the top 10 Industry Groups in which each country is special- ised, either per number of companies and/or num- ber of employees (revenue is also reported, but shall not be used as a weighing variable, because observations are very sparse across countries). All specialisation values sij of top-10 industries are well above the typical 1.2 threshold applied for selecting niches of high specialisation. Armenia Armenia is highly specialised in Travel & Tour- ism and Gaming across all three variables. Specialisation in Sports is very high in terms of number of employees and estimated revenue, but not so much in terms of number of companies. Other industry groups with high specialisation across more than one variable are Mobile and Apps. Software, Information Technologies and In- ternet Services, while highly relevant in terms of critical mass across all three variables, have a low relative specialisation. Armenia # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Artificial Intelligence 3.71 Sports 24.13 Sports 32.01 Gaming 3.66 Travel and Tourism 9.36 Travel and Tourism 24.30 Travel and Tourism 3.64 Gaming 6.71 Gaming 17.07 Platforms 3.03 Music and Audio 4.43 Hardware 9.91 Mobile 2.17 Apps 3.32 Administrative Services 4.28 Music and Audio 1.97 Internet Services 3.31 Content and Publishing 4.04 Apps 1.96 Mobile 2.66 Real Estate 2.52 Education 1.81 Software 2.62 Artificial Intelligence 2.32 Data and Analytics 1.65 Information Technology 2.39Lending and Investments2.16 Messaging and

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[]

sector, as well as large subsidies for steel. Decarbonisation is also a competitive disadvantage for the “hardest-to-abate” parts of the transport sector (aviation and maritime). Extra-EU flights and sea journeys are partly excluded from the ETS, meaning the prices of these journeys do not yet reflect their climate impact. Consequently, there is a risk of carbon leakage and business diversion from transport hubs in the EU to those in the EU’s neighbourhood, unless effective solutions for ensuring a level playing field are found at the international level. At the same time, although low-carbon fuels will be critical for the decarbonisation of these industries, ramping up the marginal production capacity that exists today is chal - lenging. In particular, the EU needs to start building a supply chain for alternative fuels, or the costs of meeting its targets will be significant. Overall, transport can play a critical role in the decarbonisation of the EU economy, but whether it proves to be an opportunity for Europe depends on planning . Transport accounts for one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions and unlike other sectors, CO2 emissions from transport are still higher than in 1990 [see Figure 8] . However, lack of EU-level planning for transport competitiveness is hindering the ability of Europe to capitalise on the possibilities of multimodal transport to lower carbon emissions. Sustainable mobility requires an integrated approach towards energy networks, charging infrastructures, standardisation of manufacturing equipment, telecoms (including satellite and navigation technologies) and financing. Yet while transport is part of the Commission’s 2040 Climate Target Plan, it is excluded from the mandatory National Energy and Climate Plans where Member States outline their strategies to execute decarbonisation. This lack of coordination results, for example, in a precise and binding regu - latory framework for carmakers and corporate logistics, increasing the demand for EVs and charging infrastructure, without an analogous obligation for energy providers to supply stable and powerful grid access of sufficient capacity. The transition to sustainable mobility is further hindered by lack of interoperability of infrastructures and of technical requirements for the deployment of fleets and equipment, as well as limited uptake of digitalisation. Only 1% of cross- border maritime operations and 5% of rail transport operations in Europe are fully paperless02. 02. Differences exist across single modes, with 40% of information exchange taking place electronically in aviation, 5% in rail and less than 1% in road and maritime. European

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[ { "end": 2513, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2511 } ]

destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides Class 6 – Common metals and their alloys, ores; metal building materials for building and construc- tion; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal; met- al containers for storage or transport; safes; ores Class 7 – Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine cou- pling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements other than hand-operated; incubators for eggs; automatic vending machines Class 8 – Hand tools and implements (hand-oper- ated); cutlery; side arms; razors Class 9 – Scientific, nautical, surveying, pho- tographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instru- ments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data process- ing equipment, computers; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus Class 10 – Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments; artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; orthopaedic articles; suture materials; therapeutic and assistive devices adapted for the disabled; massage apparatus; apparatus, devices and articles for nursing infants; sexual activity ap- paratus, devices and articles Class 11 – Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilat- ing, water supply and sanitary purposes Class 12 – Vehicles; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water Class 13 – Firearms; ammunition and projectiles; explosives; fireworks Class 14 – Precious metals and their alloys; jewel- lery, precious and semi-precious stones; horologi- cal and chronometric instruments Class 15 – Musical instruments Class 16 – Paper and cardboard; printed matter; Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation325 bookbinding material; photographs; stationery and office requisites, except furniture; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists’ and drawing materials; paintbrushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching materials (except apparatus); plastic materials forsheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging; printers’ type,; printing blocks Class 17 – Unprocessed and semi-processed rub- ber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and sub- stitutes for all these materials; plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials; flexible pipes, tubes and hoses, not of metal Class 18 –

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[]

Why you should eat your vegetables | News | CORDIS | European Commission Skip to main content An official website of the European Union An official EU website How do you know? All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain. See all EU institutions and bodies Log out Logging out of EU Login will log you out of any other services that use your EU Login account. Use the CORDIS log out button to remain logged in on other services. Log out EU Login Log out (opens in new window) Log in Log in English English Select your language Close CORDIS languages: es español de Deutsch en English fr français it italiano pl polski Machine translation: This is a machine translation provided by the European Commission’s eTranslation service to help you understand this page. Please read the conditions of use . български español čeština dansk Deutsch eesti ελληνικά français Gaeilge hrvatski italiano latviešu lietuvių magyar Malti Nederlands polski português română slovenčina slovenščina suomi svenska русский Українська Translate Search Search Search Search CORDIS - EU research results CORDIS Menu Close Menu Back Previous items Next items Home Thematic Packs Projects & Results Videos & Podcasts News Datalab Search Home News Why you should eat your vegetables Article Category Article available in the following languages: DE EN ES FR IT PL Why you should eat your vegetables EU-backed researchers prove for the first time that bacteria from fruit and vegetables enhance the human gut microbiome. Health © Grispb/stock.adobe.com A new study (opens in new window) published in the journal ‘Gut Microbes’ has provided the first evidence of a link between the plant and the human gut microbiome. Supported by the EU-funded HEDIMED (opens in new window) project, the study shows that eating fruit and vegetables increases bacterial diversity in the gut, which humans need to stay healthy. The importance of bacteria in produce “Fruits and vegetables contain millions of bacterial cells, some of which can inhabit our gut and contribute to the overall diversity of gut bacteria,” confirms lead author Dr Wisnu Adi Wicaksono of HEDIMED project partner Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria, in a news item (opens in new window) posted on ‘Nutrition Insight’. The microbiologist explains that some bacterial genes found in fresh fruit and vegetables are important for our health because “they are involved in the production of vitamin B12 and short-chain fatty acids

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[]

Ludden, David. An Agrarian History of South Asia . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Lüdkte, Alf. 'Introduction: What is the History of Everyday Life and Who are Its Practitioners?.' In The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life , edited by Alf Lüdkte, translated by William Templer, 3-30. New Jersey, 1995. Lüdtke, Alf. 'Introduction: What is the History of Everyday Life and Who are Its Practitioners?' In The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life , edited by Alf Lüdtke, 1-40. New Jersey: 1995. Lyon, Dawn. What is Rhythmanalysis? London: Bloomsbury, 2019. Martineau, Jonathan. Time, Capitalism and Alienation: A Socio-Historical Inquiry into the Making of Modern Time . Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015. Masselos, Jim. 'Bombay Time.' In Intersections: Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra , edited by M. Kosambi, 161-183. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2000. May, Jon, and Nigel Thrift, eds. Timespace: Geographies of Temporality . London and New York: Routledge 2001. McNutt, Jennifer Powell. 'Hesitant Steps: Acceptance of the Gregorian Calendar in EighteenthCentury Geneva.' Church History 75, no. 3 (2006): 544-564. Meer Hasan Ali, B. Observations on the Mussulmans of India , London: Parbury Allen And Co, 1832. Mendieta, Eduardo. 'Anthropocenic Temporalities.' Environmental Philosophy 17, no. 1 (2020): 125-141. Mirza, Shireen. 'Figure of the Halalkhore: Caste and Stigmatised Labour in Colonial Bombay.' Economic and Political Weekly LIII, no. 31 (2018): 79-85. Moore, Jason W. 'Anthropocene, Capitalocene & the Flight from World History: Dialectical Universalism & the Geographies of Class Power in the Capitalist World Ecology, 1492-2022.' Nordia Geographical Publications 51, no. 2 (2022): 123-146. Moore, Jason W. 'Anthropocene, Capitalocene & the Flight from World History: Dialectical Universalism & the Geographies of Class Power in the Capitalist World Ecology, 1492-2022.' Nordia Geographical Publications 51, no. 2 (2022): 123-146. Moore, Jason W., ed. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism . Oakland: PM Press, 2016. Moskowitz, Marina. 'Calendars and Clocks: Cycles of Horticulture Commerce in Nineteenth-Century America.' In Time, Consumption and Everyday Life , edited by Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann, and Richard Wilk. Oxford/New York: Berg, 2009. Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. Imperial Technology and 'Native' Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850-1920 . London: Routledge, 2018. Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization . New York: University of Chicago Press, 1934. Munn, Nancy. 'The Cultural Anthropology of Time: A Critical Essay.' Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992): 93-123. Naidu, M. Pauparao. The History of Railway Thieves: With Illustrations & Hints on Detection . Madras: 1915. Nanni, Giordano. The Colonisation of Time: Ritual, Routine and Resistance in the British Empire . Manchester: Manchester University Press 2012.

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streetcar ride, a long ride, through a city you do not know. For in this objective frame of mind, you may stop thinking about the ugliness long enough to think of the work that went into this mess. As a sheer manifestation of energy, it is awe - some. It says as much about the power and doggedness of life as the leaves of the forest say in spring. All else can only be oases in the desert. Hundreds of thousands of people with hundreds of thousands of plans and purposes built the city and only they will rebuild the city. (Jacobs, 1955 , p. 101) That is just what we did. Morning has broken Street vendors, water, cutting hair and the painter It’s 6.30 am in the morning and the sun is not yet up. Darkness surrounds the basti. It’s winter. The temperature is 6 degrees. Cold by any standard, never mind for Delhi. The market traders are huddling together around what resembles a campfire made from strips of paper and wood shavings. They are getting ready for the day. Their kinship is palpable. All have moved here from Bihar and now live in this basti. Friendship and trust are important in this business, they say. Supporting each other and watching each other’s backs on a daily basis form the bond needed to succeed as a street vendor in the basti. Ashok sits on a blue plastic chair, woolly ski hat and jacket pulled tightly to keep in the warmth. Lali, an elderly woman, amazingly flexible, hunkers down on a cement slab only six inches off the floor and hugs a cup of sweet tea. Her head and body are covered in a long woollen shawl.She only wears sandals. Maybe she doesn’t have shoes or socks; this is an exceptionally cold day. Sunil stands tall in Stories from the street 115 stature, pretending not to feel the cold, dressed only in a striped blue and white rugby shirt and jeans. Arjun Devi no longer sits around the fire. He used to own a barrow and was part of the traders’ clan. But he was offered a flat in Kalkaji when his slum was demolished. Lali holds a newspaper out to us. The Hindustan Times has a story about Raj. They see him as a celebrity. We take the morning paper, ready to read more about him later. The handcarts

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Amadei, A., Venturelli, S., Manfredi, S. 2025 Unveiling the European plastic value chain Plastics materials flows in the EU -27 and their environmental impacts ISSN 1831 -9424 EUR 40403 JRC142860 EUR 40403 PDF ISBN 978 -92-68-30487 -7 ISSN 1831 -9424 doi:10.2760/6579757 KJ-01-25-399-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025 © European Union, 2025 The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is author ised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the European Union permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders . Cover page artwork illustration © Irina Strelnikova / stock.adobe.com ; cover page design by Matteo Trane; grey plastic elements (left figure : bottle, bag, dispenser, spoon, toothbrush , glass ) © Freepik. How to cite this report: Amadei, A., Venturelli, S. and Manfredi, S., Plastics materials flows in the EU -27 and their environmental impacts - Unveiling the European plastic value chain, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/6579757, JRC142860 . EU Science Hub https://joint -research -centre.ec.europa.eu This document is a publication by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence -based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The contents of this publication do not n ecessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology a nd quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concernin g the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Andrea Amadei Email: andrea.amadei@ec.europa.eu 1 Contents Abstract

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upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. - Some of the MHUs 322 include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. - the optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. - optical sorters can be or include the optical sorter 1103 discussed infra w.r.t FIG. 11 . - the optical sorters can be in communication with control system 302 , where the optical sorters can provide status information 332 indicating various contaminants, materials, or objects that were detected and/or ejected by the optical sorters. - the control system 302 may use data streams 332 from optical sorters to determine the status and quality of the waste stream moving past optical sorters, and take appropriate actions as to ensure optimal operation of the MRF. - data 332 from an optical sorter may be passed downstream to a robotic sorter by the control system 302 , and the control system 302 may be able to dynamically reconfigure robotic sorter and/or the optical sorter based on the status information from the optical sorter and/or the robotic sorter. - the optical sorters may be in communication with the control system 302 , and can receive control data 333 from control system 302 . - the control system 302 can activate, deactivate, or otherwise reconfigured one or more optical sorters to monitor for and/or sort/remove different types of contaminants (e.g., within the limits/capabilities of the optical sorter hardware). - Some of the MHUs 322 include electromagnetic sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize magnetism and/or electromagnetic mechanisms on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials (e.g., recyclable metals and/or rare earth elements) and/or sort such materials from undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. - the electromagnetic sorters can include electromagnets (e.g., coils and/or solenoids in various shapes, designs, and/or arrangements), which when supplied with electric current, produce magnetic field poles to attract or repel ferromagnetic materials, permanent magnet materials

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[]

venture capital and start-ups, and specialised performance in related services exports.; ■information and communication (NACE 26, 61-63) based on specialised performance in related patents, specialised performance in venture capital and start-ups, the identifica- tion of an information and communication technologies cluster and specialised perfor- mance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Azerbaijan Summary table S.2 for Azerbaijan combines the results of the various economic and innova- tion mappings. Different colours have been used to identify commonalities matching descriptions of industry names, export categories and cluster names, where possible. The economic and inno- vation analysis shows the following E&I speciali- sations: ■coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19) based on an economic specialisa- tion, specialised performance in related pat- ents, the identification of a petrochemicals cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■chemicals and related activities (NACE 20) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■repair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related patents; ■computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents, and specialised performance in related services exports; ■financial services (NACE 64) based on spe- cialised performance in related patents.E&I specialisations for Georgia Summary table S.3 for Georgia combines the re- sults of the various economic and innovation map- pings. Different colours have been used to identify commonalities matching descriptions of indus- try names, export categories and cluster names, where possible. The economic and innovation analysis shows the following E&I specialisations: ■food and beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation, and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18) based on an economic specialisa- tion and an innovation specialisation; ■fabricated metal products, except ma- chinery and equipment (NACE 25) based on an economic specialisation, the identifica- tion of an industrial manufacturing and pro- cesses cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56) based on an economic specialisation, an innovation spe- cialisation, specialised performance in related goods exports and specialised performance in related services exports; ■financial service activities (NACE 62, 64) based on an economic specialisation, special- ised performance in venture capital and start- ups and specialised performance in related services exports. E&I specialisations for Moldova Summary table S.4 for Moldova combines the re- sults of the various economic and innovation map- pings.

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draft MPD 2041, section 7.6.1 states, 'Slum/JJ clusters on tenable sites shall be improved through in-situ slum rehabilitation or area improvement schemes. Relocation shall be considered ONLY in case the underlying site is untenable' (p. 54). However, in Delhi, in situ rehabilitation schemes have seen several communi -ties removed from their original sites to housing in high-rise flats kilometres away from the original bastis. Reports in the Delhi newspapers highlight the stories of those rehoused to these high-rise flats (Mehta, 2024). Not everyone in the original colony is offered relocation when demolition occurs. Those allocated flats need verified documents - Aadhaar cards/Voter ID cards/ration cards dated after 2014. It is estimated that out of the two million people living in slums across Delhi, 8,379 have been offered flats under the 'in-situ reha -bilitation scheme' ( Nabi, 2024). Indeed, these schemes have, in the past, been met with some disillusionment. At the start of the day, Lali, the street vendor, gave us the Hindustan Times to read. Around the campfire this morning, there was great excitement to see their old friend Arjun Devi featured. Arjun resided in Bhoominheen Camp but was evicted and secured for his family a flat in the newly built Kalkaji extension. These flats are an example of the Delhi Development Authority housing complex in Govindpuri, allotted to those evicted from their slum in 2022 - Bhoominheen Camp. Interestingly, the term 'in situ' rehabilitation does not mean in this case within the same neighbourhood. The in situ rehabilitation scheme transfers residents from the demolished Camp to the Kalkaji flats, some 2 km away. This move from the original neighbourhood that was made up of low-rise, high-density homes to the impersonal high-rise buildings has disrupted social networks and removed communities from their street-based livelihoods. It is little wonder that some of those being offered relocation refuse the opportunity. Relocation to a multistorey building makes the transferal of small trading and business activities that are carried out at the 'ground' level impossible - street hawkers and their carts, the owner -ship of animals for eggs and milk, the running of beauty parlours and cafes. Those stories of real people we have observed in the first part of our chapter would no longer be able to trade if they were evicted to this type of 'in-situ' rehabilitation. Nevertheless, a promise of a better life with safer homes and more amenities can

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other forms of temporality and being in the world. The proposed activities were key for creating a space that allowed heavy emotions to co-exist with playfulness and joy. Furthermore, recentring the body, the connection to one another s ' bodies, and anchoring it in its surroundings not only prepared participants for deeper, emotionally charged dialogue, but was an inherent part of the healing process as it involved understanding that trauma is stored in the body as well. Fostering attention and deep presence, we started each day of the weekend with a guided meditation, seeking to bridge the senses, which helped the group to ground in the space and in their own personal experiences, as well as balance the body pressure. Both days of the weekend also started outdoors, with embodied exercises aimed at fostering awareness and connecting participants to themselves and the surrounding landscapes around them. These exercises were also moments of play and non-productive time, where the body explored movements and gestures outside its usual repertoire, with a view to inventing other possibilities for action. For instance, in the exercise titled ' Singular movement, plural resonance , ' participants gathered and formed a circle in the green area of Treptower Park, along the river Spree, in the south of Berlin; each person was then invited to create a movement, which could be a dance or an expression, and the whole group would imitate the moves. Afterwards, anyone could say the name of another person and the group would remember and reproduce the named movement. This exercise brought the group together in a joyful experience where trust and vulnerability were invited to the space in a moment of freedom of expression. The necessity to pay attention to other s movements in order to replicate them seemed to foster ' an awareness of the relational values between the individuality and the collective. Participants were then invited in a series of exercise to run, walk, look up the sky and look down to the earth in order to foster a grounding in the environment and to enter in relationship with the more-than-human beings that surrounded them. Another outside and embodied activity we proposed was about disobedience, where each participant shared a story of disobedience while also disobeying the normal ' order ' where one talks and the other listens. Here they were invited to stand in a line in groups of five,

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[]

62.0 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; 63 Information service activities; 63.1 Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals; 63.9 Other information service activities Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation341 NABS NACE NABS07 Health86 Human health activities; 86.1 Hospital activities; 86.2 Medical and dental practice activities; 86.9 Other human health activities; 87 Residential care activities; 87.1 Residential nursing care activities; 87.2 Residential care activities for mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse; 87.3 Residential care activities for the elderly and disabled; 87.9 Other residential care activities NABS08 Agriculture1 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities; 1.1 Growing of non-perennial crops; 1.2 Growing of perennial crops; 1.3 Plant propagation; 1.4 Animal production; 1.5 Mixed farming; 1.6 Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities; 1.7 Hunting, trapping and related service activities; 2 Forestry and logging; 2.1 Silviculture and other forestry activities; 2.2 Logging; 2.3 Gathering of wild growing non-wood products; 2.4 Support services to forestry; 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products; 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery; 3 Fishing and aquaculture; 3.1 Fishing; 3.2 Aquaculture; 75 Veterinary activities; 75.0 Veterinary activities NABS09 Education85 Education; 85.1 Pre-primary education; 85.2 Primary education; 85.3 Secondary education; 85.4 Higher education; 85.5 Other education; 85.6 Educational support activities NABS10Culture, recreation, religion and mass media58 Publishing activities; 58.1 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities; 58.2 Software publishing; 59 Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities; 59.1 Motion picture, video and television programme activities; 59.2 Sound recording and music publishing activities; 60 Programming and broadcasting activities; 60.1 Radio broadcasting; 60.2 Television programming and broadcasting activities; 90 Creative, arts and entertainment activities; 90.0 Creative, arts and entertainment activities; 91 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; 91.0 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; 93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities; 93.1 Sports activities; 93.2 Amusement and recreation activities; 94.9 Activities of other membership organisations NABS11Political and social systems, structures and processes78 Employment activities; 78.1 Activities of employment placement agencies; 78.2 Temporary employment agency activities; 78.3 Other human resources provision; 84.1 Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of the community; 84.2 Provision of services to the community as a whole; 84.3 Compulsory social security activities; 88 Social work activities without accommodation; 88.1 Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and disabled; 88.9

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The most relevant keywords for these Ukrainian S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. 244 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials UKRAINE Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Food Processing and Manufacturing10 Manufacture of food products • Agrifood Wood Products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Metalworking Technology25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment• Nanotechnology and materials Information Technology and Analytical Instruments26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products• Electric and electronic technologies • Energy • Fundamental physics and mathematics • ICT and computer science • Optics and photonics Production Technology and Heavy Machinery28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.• Agrifood • Energy • Fundamental physics and mathematics • Environmental sciences and industries • Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Automotive29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers• Transportation Wholesale trade46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesTable 4.6. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Ukraine Figure 4.18. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Ukraine Figure 4.19. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Ukraine Figure 4.20. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Ukraine Figure 4.21. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Environmental sciences and industries in Ukraine Figure 4.23. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Ukraine Figure 4.25. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine Figure 4.27. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Transportation in Ukraine Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 245 Figure 4.22. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Fundamental physics and mathematics in Ukraine Figure 4.24. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine Figure 4.26. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Optics and photonics in Ukraine 246 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials 4. Potential for EaP collabora- tion in combined EIST domains To complement the preceding country sections, and to provide evidence regarding common are- as of combined EIST specialisation throughout the EaP countries, Table 4.7 presents every economic cluster (E&I) and S&T domain pair

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COVID-19 response The government demonstrated leadership in co-ordinating the response of line ministries, development partners and non-state actors to the pandemic. Kenya developed a COVID-19 contingency plan as early as January 2020, adapting its existing National Ebola Virus Disease co-ordination structures. The COVID19 response planning was directly led by the Executive Office of the President but adopted a whole-ofgovernment approach by co-ordinating various levels and government agencies and in partnership with the private sector (Government of Kenya, 2020[21]). More specifically, it activated a Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC) and county-level Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) to co-ordinate the management of the pandemic. The government also established a National COVID-19 Taskforce that brought together stakeholders, including the Ministry of Health (MoH), other government line ministries and agencies, UN agencies, development partners, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and civil society organisations (CSOs). The task force participated in various High-level Committees that supported the implementation of 5 Kenya's response to the COVID -19 pandemic. The PHEOC provided daily situation reports that informed assessment and planning, and the Office of the Cabinet Secretary released daily news briefs and regularly engaged with the media to provide necessary updates (Mwakisha et al., 2023[22]; World Bank, 2020[23]). ## 2.2. Containment strategies: Managing mobility and social interactions during the pandemic The containment measures adopted by the government included social distancing and restrictions on most non-essential social and public gatherings such as weddings, religious worship and funerals. Other measures included the encouragement to telework, night curfews, limitations on public transport passenger capacity and school closures. The government later ensured a gradual reopening of society and the economy. For instance, schools reopened in phases and were fully reopened on 4 January 2021, after nine months of closure. Domestic flights recommenced by the middle of July 2020, while international flights commenced in August 2020. International arrivals were required to undertake a SarsCoV2 RT PCR swab test, with positive tests requiring a mandatory two-week quarantine period. In March 2021, a resurgence of COVID-19 infections prompted the government to reintroduce the restrictions lifted in mid-2020. On 26 March 2021, authorities imposed new containment measures in Nairobi and four neighbouring counties until May 2021. These measures included banning domestic movement and in-person meetings, restrictions on worship, sports and recreation, closure of restaurants and bars, extension of curfew hours and suspension of parliament. Employees were instructed to work from home, and schools and universities were closed again.

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overall score Age of statistical laws (years) Age of statistical laws (years)a. Statistical performance b. Openness of data High-income Upper-middle-income Low-income Lower-middle-income Data as a force for public good | 69 independence of producers of public intent data also reinforces the credibility of and trust in the data and its producers, which encourages data use in both gov - ernment and civil society. 100 An indicator capturing the independence of NSOs in all African nations is included in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. 101 The indicator measures the institutional autonomy and financial independence of an NSO. A perfect score indicates that an NSO is able to publish data without clearance from another government branch and has sufficient funding to do so. A higher score on the NSO independence indicator is highly correlated with statistical performance as captured by the World Bank’s SPI (figure 2.9, panel a). In 2019 the average score on NSO independence was 34 out of 100, with low-income African countries scoring below average. These findings illustrate that NSO independence is precarious, particularly in lower-income countries. Anecdotes of attacks on NSO independence around the world suggest that fragile NSO independence is not limited to the Afri-can context. 102 For example, in 2007 the Argentine government began interfering with the independence of Argentina’s NSO, the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC). The effort initially focused on the consumer price index and later expanded to other official statistics, casting doubt especially on reported inflation statistics. Recognizing the harmful effects of these measures, by 2015 a new government had undertaken efforts to rebuild the institute, and INDEC resumed the delivery of trustworthy statistics with transparency and complete adherence to inter - national principles. 103 A government’s interest in having an independent national statistical system can be affected by several competing factors. On the one hand, a government may have a vested interest in curtailing statistical independence and the production and dissemination of reliable data, fearing these could expose poor policy decisions and performance, dilute power, and increase public scrutiny and pressure. 104 In this case, lack of independence and the availability of reliable data would make it harder to hold governments account - able. 105 On the other hand, an independent statistical system producing reliable data in a transparent fashion best informs government decision-making and increases citizens’ trust in government data and public institutions in general. 106 Such transparency

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of organisational clusters. The following tables showcase the sectoral criti- cal mass and specialisation of start-ups and ven- ture capital-backed companies for each of the six Eastern Partnership countries, and for each of the 102 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Locarno2011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 2018 1 -- -- -- -- 1 -- 33 7 24 24 422 364 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 38 13 44 22 303 391 3 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- 19 -- -- 50 145 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 19 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- 1 502 296 6 -- -- -- 2 -- -- 96 24 321 41 632 678 7 2 -- -- -- 48 -- 45 18 247 1 176 376 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 4 18 1 236 787 9 8 38 -- -- 25 28 71 173 178 138 1 893 2 935 10 -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 9 -- 2 146 305 11 107 8 -- -- -- -- 18 49 1 668 552 437 815 12 -- -- -- -- 4 31 4 3 10 12 598 993 13 -- -- -- 1 -- 2 2 1 -- 2 239 392 14 -- -- -- -- 1 13 -- 11 4 -- 78 208 15 -- -- -- -- 32 8 2 -- 1 -- 260 682 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 12 17 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- 5 4 30 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 56 3 -- 16 14 19 -- -- -- -- 2 12 34 101 283 184 2 537 3 511 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 17 247 62 403 377 21 -- 5 -- -- 13 -- 24 9 4 51 154 354 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 22 84 23 -- -- -- -- 20 5 5 -- 2 26 431 597 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 5 76 166 25 1 1 -- -- 10 4 9 37 107 493 532 900 26 -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

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