question stringlengths 1 3.58k | context stringlengths 1 1.5k | answer stringlengths 1 1.65k | id stringlengths 5 17 | source stringclasses 23
values | difficulty stringclasses 4
values | category stringclasses 22
values | hallucination_type null | entities listlengths 0 0 | metadata unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Of the conquest of Islamic Sicily, and the Crusades, which one happened last? | Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in tho... | Crusades | advqa_9100 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Many of what combine to create new styles? | Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in tho... | cultural contacts | advqa_9101 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the job title of the people that are concerned with the taxonomy of plants? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | botanists | advqa_9102 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a taxonomic term: genera, group or species? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | group | advqa_9103 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a method of grouping organisms: physical characteristics, revisions, or ancestry? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | revisions | advqa_9104 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How were organisms grouped together before we had an understanding of molecular phylogenetics? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | shared physical characteristics | advqa_9105 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are considered to be botanical organisms? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | algae, fungi, and plants | advqa_9106 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a type of organism: algae, plants or phylogenetics? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | phylogenetics | advqa_9107 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which genetic molecule is investigated in a certain type of phylogenetics in order to determine evolutionary history? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | DNA | advqa_9108 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the most specific grouping in biological classification schemes? | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | species | advqa_9109 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does each system do to the other for survival? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | depends on | advqa_9110 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What comes from the shoot? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | food | advqa_9111 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue: xylem, leaf, or phloem? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | leaf | advqa_9112 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can shoots produce? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | new plants | advqa_9113 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What vehicle is used to provide what each system needs from the other? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | conductive tissues | advqa_9114 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not an example of a type of shoot: stolons, willows, or tubers? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | willows | advqa_9115 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What do plants need to grow? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | resources | advqa_9116 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are roots related to the sun? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | nonphotosynthetic | advqa_9117 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which types of cells can shoots produce? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | shoots or roots | advqa_9118 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is needed to produce a new plant? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | a single leaf | advqa_9119 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can each system do regarding the other? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | regrow it | advqa_9120 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not a type of plant: sugar beets, roots, or willows? | The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventit... | roots | advqa_9121 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which is more likely to cross breed, animals or plants? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | plants | advqa_9122 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What ingredient of pasta is commonly cross bred? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | wheat | advqa_9123 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where can this be seen? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals | advqa_9124 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is not able to produce cross-species offspring? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | animals | advqa_9125 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How do the boundaries influence plant life? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids | advqa_9126 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
For what reason do plants have a lot of mixed species? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | boundaries in plants may be weaker | advqa_9127 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the informal name for the plant that spearmint and Mentha aquatica make? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | peppermint | advqa_9128 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a cross breeding of two plants that is done on purpose by humans to create something new called? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | a sterile hybrid | advqa_9129 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What makes it easier to cross breed a plant? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker | advqa_9130 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the difference in animals and plants? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible | advqa_9131 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does this work in the iwld? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing | advqa_9132 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is it called when plants cross breed on their own instead of in a purposeful fashion? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | outcrossing | advqa_9133 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does this work in practice? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita | advqa_9134 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a common characteristic of an angiosperm? | Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specif... | self-incompatibility mechanisms | advqa_9135 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What top-of-the-food-chain group uses respiration to release energy? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | animals | advqa_9136 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where does the oxygen that we breathe come from? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | carbon compounds | advqa_9137 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is not a type of Photoautotroph? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | fungi | advqa_9138 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who releases the energy back into the environment in a different form? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | Heterotrophs | advqa_9139 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What absorbs the chemical and physical energy from the environment? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | Photoautotrophs, including all green plants, algae and cyanobacteria | advqa_9140 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What holds the photosynthetic energy? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | carbon compounds | advqa_9141 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Something captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration gives plants energy through what? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | photosynthesis | advqa_9142 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Something captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration is the reason we have? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | almost all life | advqa_9143 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Something captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration is used by all what? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | green plants, algae and cyanobacteria | advqa_9144 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What do heterotrophs turn oxygen into? | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | carbon | advqa_9145 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are the cells that are a great part of wood? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | sclerenchyma fibers | advqa_9146 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When did land plants become land plants? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | during the Ordovician and Silurian periods | advqa_9147 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Corn is different from the Asteraceae as it is a? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | monocots | advqa_9148 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In what cells is the product of vascular land plants secondarily used? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | sclerenchyma fibers | advqa_9149 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What fibers are used a lot in wood? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | sclerenchyma | advqa_9150 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Daisies evolved as __ | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | dicots | advqa_9151 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What produces that which is a major constituant of wood? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | Vascular land plants | advqa_9152 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where are the pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation found uniquely? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | land plants | advqa_9153 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why are C4 pathways used? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration | advqa_9154 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where is that which is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | the outer cell walls of spores and pollen | advqa_9155 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Corn evolved as a __ | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | monocots | advqa_9156 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Tomatoes could not be commercially grown if this polymer was not present. | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | Sporopollenin | advqa_9157 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Are more monocots or dicots mentioned? | Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a ... | monocots | advqa_9158 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what are cladograms? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | tree-like diagrams | advqa_9159 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what shows pattern of evolutionary branching and descent? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | cladograms | advqa_9160 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can be a plants defense? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | spine | advqa_9161 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is good for desert living? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | leafless, rounded bodies | advqa_9162 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is inherited? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | plesiomorphies | advqa_9163 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what are tree like diagrams? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | cladograms | advqa_9164 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what are apomorphies? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | a shared ancestor | advqa_9165 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is convergent evolution? | Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the str... | plants may resemble one another | advqa_9166 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What might pose a danger to plants? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | pathogens | advqa_9167 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How do people provide food security for future generations? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | study how plants produce food and how to increase yields | advqa_9168 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What form the base of most food chains? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | plants | advqa_9169 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How have these grains come to be? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics | advqa_9170 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How can more food be created? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations | advqa_9171 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How do plants affect people? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany | advqa_9172 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How is this categorized? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | the first trophic level | advqa_9173 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How do plants contribute to production of meat? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | indirectly from animals that eat them | advqa_9174 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How is food produced? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them | advqa_9175 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why do people breed plants? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | increase yields | advqa_9176 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is one way that animals benefit from photosynthesis? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals | advqa_9177 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where does food production begin? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | Plants and other photosynthetic organisms | advqa_9178 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did most of our food crops come to be? | Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that... | prehistoric selection | advqa_9179 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who did Raunkiær mentor? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Eugenius Warming | advqa_9180 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The man who made a system for describing plant life instructed which scientist? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Eugenius Warming | advqa_9181 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What profession did the person who came after Warming have? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | botanists | advqa_9182 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who originally had the idea behind how plant life forms are viewed today? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Warming | advqa_9183 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When did Nikolai Vavilov enter into the world? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | 1887 | advqa_9184 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the first name of the person credited with the idea of climax vegetation? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Frederic | advqa_9185 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When did Nikolai Vavilov cease to exist? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | 1943 | advqa_9186 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
If an environment has reached maximum complexity of plants it is in what state? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | climax vegetation | advqa_9187 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In relation to Vavilov, when did Candolle conduct his work? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | earlier | advqa_9188 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The mentor of of the man who pioneered plant ecology provided a method for what? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | describing plant life forms | advqa_9189 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was the person who produced what we use to understand plants? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Christen C. Raunkiær | advqa_9190 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the first name of the man who pioneered the idea of ecosystems? | The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition o... | Arthur | advqa_9191 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What plant group was fungi not in? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | taxonomic groups | advqa_9192 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who made up the 24 groups of plants? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | Linnaeus | advqa_9193 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What classic remains valid today? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | Species Plantarum | advqa_9194 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Species is a type of? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | taxonomic groups | advqa_9195 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was not always apparent? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | reproductive parts | advqa_9196 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The work of Linnaeus is still used in what times? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | modern | advqa_9197 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When did Linnaeus develop a system to group plants by? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | 18th century | advqa_9198 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why where plants classified into 24 groups? | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | For the purposes of identification | advqa_9199 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.