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http://311.columbus.gov/ | CITY OF COLUMBUS 311 |
311 SERVICE CENTER – COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS.
2021 Conversion Schedule with Impacted Areas:
Call Center hours
Monday - Friday: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Saturday/Sunday: Closed
Phone Number: (614)645-3111 or Email us
For a Police or Fire emergency, dial 9-1-1.
PLEASE NOTE: If you have a non-emergency Police or Fire issue that needs prompt attention outside the normal business hours of the 311 Service Center, please call (614)645-4545.
For water emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7788.
For electric emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7627.
For sewer emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7102.
To report pollution in our rivers and streams or to report anything other than rain entering a storm drain, call (614)645-STREAM (7873) 24 hours a day.
FOR CRIB (PACK ‘N PLAY) EMERGENCIES DURING NON-BUSINESS HOURS CALL THE COLUMBUS FIRE ALARM OFFICE AT 614-221-3132, ext. 72120.
| CITY OF COLUMBUS 311
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311 SERVICE CENTER – COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS.
The 311 Customer Service Center is open and representatives are available to accept your call Monday through Friday from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. You may also submit a service request by using the menu below, through the My Columbus mobile application and by e-mail at 311@columbus.gov.
2021 Conversion Schedule with Impacted Areas:
March, 2021
Gorgesville Road Station. BOUNDARIES: 5th Ave, 3rd Ave, Oxley, Fairview. Will convert to 90-gallon collection the week of March 22, 2021.
April, 2021
Gorgesville Road Station. BOUNDARIES: 5th Ave, 3rd Ave, Oxley, Fairview. Will convert to 90-gallon collection the week of April 19, 2021.
The City of Columbus Service Center provides a way for you, the resident, to submit a request for City Services. The Service Center is the single point of contact for requesting all non-emergency City services and is available to residents, City businesses, and visitors.
The Columbus Service Center is also known as "3-1-1"; its mission is to provide access to City services and City information with the highest possible levels of customer service. The "3-1-1" initiative strives to help City agencies provide efficient service delivery by allowing them to focus on their core missions, manage workloads efficiently, provide insight into the needs of residents, and measure how well services are delivered.
Call Center hours
Monday - Friday: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Saturday/Sunday: Closed
Phone Number: (614)645-3111 or Email us
For a Police or Fire emergency, dial 9-1-1.
PLEASE NOTE: If you have a non-emergency Police or Fire issue that needs prompt attention outside the normal business hours of the 311 Service Center, please call (614)645-4545.
For water emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7788.
For electric emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7627.
For sewer emergencies during non-business hours, call (614)645-7102.
To report pollution in our rivers and streams or to report anything other than rain entering a storm drain, call (614)645-STREAM (7873) 24 hours a day.
FOR CRIB (PACK ‘N PLAY) EMERGENCIES DURING NON-BUSINESS HOURS CALL THE COLUMBUS FIRE ALARM OFFICE AT 614-221-3132, ext. 72120.
| msmarco_doc_00_21985752 |
http://311.columbus.gov/AddrLookupnew.aspx | CITY OF COLUMBUS 311 |
Collection Schedules and Reminders
About your trash collection schedule:
To view or print the 2021 Rotating Holiday Calendar, please CLICK HERE
Regarding City-Observed Holidays:
Important:
ABOUT YOUR RECYCLING AND/OR YARD WASTE COLLECTION SCHEDULE:
To view or print the 2021 Single Page Recycling and Yard Waste Calendar, please CLICK HERE
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About your trash collection schedule:
Some residents are assigned a “color” that establishes when their collection day will be. If you reside in a “color” collection zone, your collection day moves forward one day after every observed holiday. These “color zones” are: Navy, Pink, Ruby, Gold, or Gray.
If you’re unsure of your next collection day, you’re encouraged to call the Color Collection hotline, 24 hours, 7 days a week, to find out your collection schedule.
NAVY customers can call 614-645-NAVY (6289);
PINK customers can call 614-645-PINK (7465);
RUBY customers can call 614-645-RUBY (7829);
GOLD customers can call 614-645-GOLD (4653);
GRAY customers can call 614-645-GRAY (4729).
In lieu of a “color” zone, some residents are assigned a two-day window in which their containers are to be serviced. Regular collection typically occurs on the first day of the two day window. During the week of an observed holiday, however, service will occur on day two of the two-day window, if regular collection falls on or after the observed holiday.
To view or print the 2021 Rotating Holiday Calendar, please CLICK HERE
Regarding City-Observed Holidays:
Trash, recycling or yard waste services will not take place on City-observed Holidays. For 2021, these days and dates are:
Friday, January 1, 2021 (New Year’s Day);
Monday, January 18, 2021 (Martin Luther King Day);
Monday, February 15, 2021 (Presidents’ Day);
Monday, May 31, 2021 (Memorial Day);
Monday, July 5, 2021 (Independence Day);
Monday, September 6, 2021 (Labor Day);
Thursday, November 11, 2021 (Veteran’s Day);
Thursday, November 25, 2021 (Thanksgiving Day);
Friday, December 24, 2021 (Christmas Day).
Friday, December 31, 2021 (New Year’s Day).
Important:
Collection days are NOT affected by Good Friday (Friday April 2, 2021) or by Columbus Day (Monday October 11, 2021).
ABOUT YOUR RECYCLING AND/OR YARD WASTE COLLECTION SCHEDULE:
Recycling and yard waste collection occurs on the same day, every other week. Residents are assigned to either Zone A or Zone B for each day of the week. During the week of an observed holiday, if your collection day falls on or after the holiday, your collection will be delayed one day. (Friday collections will be picked up on Saturday.) Your collection day will then return to its normally scheduled day the following week.
To view or print the 2021 Single Page Recycling and Yard Waste Calendar, please CLICK HERE | msmarco_doc_00_21989145 |
http://31144261.weebly.com/j-b-stradford.html | J. B. Stradford - Black Wall Street and Its Legacy:How Greenwood Prospered, Burned, and Rebuilt | J. B. Stradford
J. B. Stradford | J. B. Stradford - Black Wall Street and Its Legacy:How Greenwood Prospered, Burned, and Rebuilt
J. B. Stradford
J.B
Stradford was born in Kentucky, a son of a slave. He made his money in Tulsa with his rental properties and hotel, the largest African American-owned hotel in the United States. He was a lawyer, business man and political leader who represented the Greenwood residents on matters of community growth and development.
Click on image to enlarge
"Seventy-five years after the fact and six decades after his death, a black Tulsa businessman has been cleared of wrongdoing in connection with one of the deadliest race riots in American history. "
- NY Times
| msmarco_doc_00_21992365 |
http://315631605254846606.weebly.com/functionalism | Language and Learning - Functionalism |
Functionalism.
So what does this mean for teachers?
| Language and Learning - Functionalism
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Functionalism.
5/30/2015
1 Comment
Functionalism is an approach to language development that focuses on the relationship between language form and social meaning. (Emmit et al. 2015) That is, language is not so much a system of rules as posed by Chomsky, but a means of performing particular socially communicative functions.
Functionalists believe that the communicative situation motivates, constrains, or otherwise determines grammatical structure, meaning that the language choices a child makes during development are heavily influenced by the functional purpose they serve.
The functionalist theory is based on the work of Michael Halliday, who observed the ways his infant son Nigel attempted to communicate. He noticed that Nigel would use specific, recognisable vocalisations to accomplish particular functions, long before anything resembling words or sentences were used (Emmit et al. 2015). From this, he concluded that language is a matter of learning the kinds of meanings that can be shared in particular situations, and that children learn grammar based on meaningful choices rather than formal rules.
Another element of Halliday's functionalist theory are the "seven functions of language," which were designed to reflect the various conversational interactions that children develop during language acquisition. They are listed below:
1. Instrumental - "I want"
2. Regulatory - "Do as I tell you"
3. Interactional - "Me and you"
4. Personal - "Here I come"
5. Heuristic - "Tell me why"
6. Imaginative - "Lets pretend"
7. Representational - "I've got something for you"
(Zhao, n.d)
Halliday believed that children when children realise the potential that these functions serve, they will become more skilful in using them when communicating and expressing meaning to others.
So what does this mean for teachers?
According to Robin Hatfield, "the functional model of language teaching is applied when language is used for meaningful purposes and to carry out authentic functions" (2011). In other words, when adopting the functionalist perspective we are required to plan situations where language is incorporated as a medium of interaction and communication within the classroom. In doing so, we can foster the functional processes of communication in our students rather than mastery of language forms.
For example:
Each of the activities and ideas listed below can be used within classroom lessons to encourage functional language development.
Conversation and discussion sessions
Dialogues and role play
Debates
Sharing of personal experiences or describing of events
Playing and working in groups to complete tasks
Students explain rules of games
1 Comment
| msmarco_doc_00_21993379 |
http://319297235905699540.weebly.com/primary-consumers-and-secondary-consumers.html | Primary Consumers and Secondary Consumers - In the Blue Freshwater |
Welcome to: Primary Consumers And Secondary Consumers! | Primary Consumers and Secondary Consumers - In the Blue Freshwater
Welcome to: Primary Consumers And Secondary Consumers!
Articles By: Kira (P.C) and Elia ( S.C)
Plankton
You are at "In The Blue Fresh Water!" You Will Be Learning About Primary Consumers in This Article!
I n the Primary Consumers article ( what your reading), we are going to talk about Plankton! Plankton are NOT "Plankton" from SpongeBob Squarepants! The small Plankton in Spongebob Squarepants is a little similar to real Plankton! Most of our Planktons are Microscopic. The name "Plankton" is from Greek meaning "erant" (adjective). Plankton are normally found in Ocean currents. While some can swim hundreds of meters in a single day (a behavior called diel vertical migration), their horizontal position is mostly determined by the surrounding currents. There are three different type of Plankton that can be known as bacterial. There are also four types of Plankton such as bacteria, plants, archaea and animal. These provide life to many different living creatures.
N ot many people know what these little organisms eat. Most Plankton can make their own food like plants through the process of photosynthesis (using sunlight into food energy). Planktonic animals cannot make their own energy and feed on smaller Plankton. Plankton includes both archaea and bacteria that use organic material that has been left behind by other organisms. Basically like compost eaters! They can also survive by chemosynthesis and photosynthesis. They are food for zooplankton.
Cycle of Life in the Food Chain
"Basically the chain of life for food starts with the phytoplankton, then goes to the bacterioplankton, and finishes with the zooplankton. Phytoplankton feeds the most in this particular food chain. The zooplankton feed on the other two. Plankton as a whole is responsible for most of the oceanic food chain. So each one will feed the other and in one case will feed on the other two. Each provides food for the other'.Says, The Ultimate Fishing Blog.
Secondary Consumers
Secondary Consumers are even more fascinating in freshwater. Secondary consumers are predators that eat herbivores. They need to escape predators, yet they are predators themselves. This is just an inkling of what's out there. Read on! I hope you will be interested.
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow trout eat mostly insects when they are young, but start eating other fish and their eggs as they grow older. They eat almost anything if they need to. They are eaten by some fish (sculpins, larger trout, and smallmouth bass) and birds (kingfishers, herons, eagles, and osprey). Sometimes they are eaten by otters and raccoons. Their main predators are humans. They are only native to North America but have been introduced in many other places due to the popularity as game. Rainbow Trout have adapted their behavior due to environmental factors moving out of their optimum range. When the water temperature in a river becomes too hot, Rainbow trout move to cooler water. Rainbows that don't migrate usually live in fast, clean streams and in deep lakes.
Dragonflies
Dragonflies eat mostly mosquitoes, flies, bees, and ants. They are preyed upon by creatures such as fish, frogs, lizards, and birds. Their larvae,
called Nymphs, are aquatic, so they are found near water (obviously). Dragonflies have developed agile flight and great sight to escape predators. Unfortunately, they are not very good at walking, allowing predators to surprise them on land. An interesting fact is that dragonflies know when an area in polluted, so they only live in clean environments.
American Bullfrog
A Bullfrog eats mostly insects, but can eat anything that is weaker than it and fits down its stomach. It has been introduced in some places, due to its use as popular food, and some species in these areas are nearly extinct, thanks to it. It can be eaten by humans (only the back legs and back), water snakes, alligators, and snapping turtles. As you imagine, these predators don't live in all the places bullfrogs do, so the bullfrog population has flourished lately. Bullfrogs have many pores in their skin, so they can breathe through it and release a toxin that poisons and kills predators trying to eat it. They have green skin, which camouflages them in swampy environments. Their legs are about two inches longer than their bodies! This helps them make predatory jumps and lunges.
These are three Secondary Consumers found in or near freshwater. If you are interested, broaden your search! There is no telling what you'll learn. | msmarco_doc_00_21996592 |
http://319297235905699540.weebly.com/tertiary-and-apex.html | Tertiary and Apex - In the Blue Freshwater |
Tertiary Consumers
by Elena S.
Would you like to learn more about freshwater tertiary consumers? If you’d like to learn more about freshwater tertiary consumers, keep on reading!
In this paragraph, you’ll learn about freshwater tertiary consumers. A couple freshwater tertiary consumers are Eurasian otter,large fishand spectacled caiman. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Apex predators eat tertiary consumers. That’s basically what freshwater tertiary consumers are.
Next, we’ll learn about the freshwater tertiary consumer, the Eurasian otter. Eurasian otters eat birds, fish, amphibians, little mammals, and otherwater animals. Lakes, protected coasts, and rivers are the Eurasian otter’s environment. Eurasian otters live in Asia, Europe and North Africa. Eurasian otters eat birds, fish, amphibians, little mammals, and otherwater animals. Bio-accumulating pesticides and PCBs are what are causing the drop in population for Eurasian otters. Eurasian otters have become adapted to both land and aquatic life.
Large fish are what we’ll learn about second. Large fish live all over the world in freshwater streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Large fish eat smaller fish and small invertebrates. Humans eat large fish. That’s all that we’ll learn about large fish.
The final freshwater tertiary consumer we’re going to learn about is the spectacled caiman. The spectacled caiman’s habitat is swamps, lakes, and slow motionless waters. Spectacled caimans range from Venezuela to Southern Amazon Basin. Spectacled caimans eat little mammals and fish. Newly hatched spectacled caimans are eaten byJabirus, Wood Storks, Great Egrets and Raccoons.
That’s all I have to tell you about freshwater tertiary consumers. Thank you for reading my article about freshwater tertiary consumers. I hope you enjoyed it.
Apex Predators
By: Charlie Kim
Apex predators of the freshwater biome are very interesting. Apex predators are at the top of the food chain. Like sharks, what I will talk about today You’ve probably always thought that no sharks live in ponds or lakes or freshwater in that case. You probably thought only fish and beavers live in this amazing mass of freshwater. Well, there more things too find! Sharks, piranhas, and other predators roam the freshwater. We are going to learn more about some predators that live in freshwater.
Sharks are usually found in saltwater, but there are sharks that live in freshwater too!
Then there is the piranha, the fierce little thing. Piranhas are called caribes. They are known for their craving for meat.
All of these fierce predators eat anything below it,like producers or tertiary consumers. Apex predtaors like the bull shark live and adapts to its enviorment, (not really, they have a limited time in freshwater)
But the piranha adapts to its enviorment by eating anything ( they are known fro their craving for meat). They live all over the world in lakes and rivers. But they do not survive the cold winter.\
And that is all I can tell you about apex predators.
I hope you learned a lot!
| Tertiary and Apex - In the Blue Freshwater
Tertiary Consumers
by Elena S.
Would you like to learn more about freshwater tertiary consumers? If you’d like to learn more about freshwater tertiary consumers, keep on reading!
In this paragraph, you’ll learn about freshwater tertiary consumers. A couple freshwater tertiary consumers are Eurasian otter,large fishand spectacled caiman. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Apex predators eat tertiary consumers. That’s basically what freshwater tertiary consumers are.
Next, we’ll learn about the freshwater tertiary consumer, the Eurasian otter. Eurasian otters eat birds, fish, amphibians, little mammals, and otherwater animals. Lakes, protected coasts, and rivers are the Eurasian otter’s environment. Eurasian otters live in Asia, Europe and North Africa. Eurasian otters eat birds, fish, amphibians, little mammals, and otherwater animals. Bio-accumulating pesticides and PCBs are what are causing the drop in population for Eurasian otters. Eurasian otters have become adapted to both land and aquatic life.
Large fish are what we’ll learn about second. Large fish live all over the world in freshwater streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Large fish eat smaller fish and small invertebrates. Humans eat large fish. That’s all that we’ll learn about large fish.
The final freshwater tertiary consumer we’re going to learn about is the spectacled caiman. The spectacled caiman’s habitat is swamps, lakes, and slow motionless waters. Spectacled caimans range from Venezuela to Southern Amazon Basin. Spectacled caimans eat little mammals and fish. Newly hatched spectacled caimans are eaten byJabirus, Wood Storks, Great Egrets and Raccoons.
That’s all I have to tell you about freshwater tertiary consumers. Thank you for reading my article about freshwater tertiary consumers. I hope you enjoyed it.
This is the spectacled caiman in water
Apex Predators
By: Charlie Kim
Apex predators of the freshwater biome are very interesting. Apex predators are at the top of the food chain. Like sharks, what I will talk about today You’ve probably always thought that no sharks live in ponds or lakes or freshwater in that case. You probably thought only fish and beavers live in this amazing mass of freshwater. Well, there more things too find! Sharks, piranhas, and other predators roam the freshwater. We are going to learn more about some predators that live in freshwater.
Sharks are usually found in saltwater, but there are sharks that live in freshwater too!
Then there is the piranha, the fierce little thing. Piranhas are called caribes. They are known for their craving for meat.
All of these fierce predators eat anything below it,like producers or tertiary consumers. Apex predtaors like the bull shark live and adapts to its enviorment, (not really, they have a limited time in freshwater)
But the piranha adapts to its enviorment by eating anything ( they are known fro their craving for meat). They live all over the world in lakes and rivers. But they do not survive the cold winter.\
And that is all I can tell you about apex predators.
I hope you learned a lot! | msmarco_doc_00_22001466 |
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http://32.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X?
What are the prime factors of X? What is the prime factorization of X ?
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What Are the Factors of 1?
What Are the Factors of 2?
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What Are the Factors of 8?
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What Are the Factors of 12?
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What Are the Factors of 17?
What Are the Factors of 18?
What Are the Factors of 19?
What Are the Factors of 20?
What Are the Factors of 21?
What Are the Factors of 22?
What Are the Factors of 23?
What Are the Factors of 24?
What Are the Factors of 25?
What Are the Factors of 26?
What Are the Factors of 27?
What Are the Factors of 28?
What Are the Factors of 29?
What Are the Factors of 30? ... | msmarco_doc_00_22008616 |
http://32128.cc/ | Global film and television sharing platform |
Dear friend:
Hello, global film sharing group invites you to join us!
Here you can find exciting movies, TV series, variety shows and sports programs.
Hutv Install
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| Global film and television sharing platform
Dear friend:
Hello, global film sharing group invites you to join us!
Here you can find exciting movies, TV series, variety shows and sports programs.
telephone: coming soon
Hutv Install
9.00 MB
Download the way:
1. Use mouse or flying mouse (switch mouse mode for remote control)
2. Click "Hutv Install" above to download the installation
3. Tv-side file save path：File management>Local Memory (Local disk)>Download | msmarco_doc_00_22009941 |
http://321biblestudy.net/SummaryofCreation.html | Summary of Creation: Genesis Chapters 1 & 2 | Summary of Creation: Genesis Chapters 1 & 2
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Genesis:
Summary of Creation
Whenever studying the Bible, take into account three things when seeking to understand a
passage:
1) Where and How does the book the passage is found in fit into the overall scheme of the
Bible? Is it in the Old or New Testament? Was it written in the Age of the Patriarchs or the Age of
the Prophets, or the Age of the Promise? If it is in the Old Testament, is it Law, History, Wisdom
Literature, or a book of the Prophets? If it is in the New Testament, is it a Gospel, History, an
Epistle to a church, an Epistle to a person, or Apocalyptic? What is the purpose of the book?
2) Where and How does the passage fit into the overall scheme of the book? At what point
in history is the passage in relation to the book? How does the passage fit into the overall
purpose of the book?
3) Where and How does the passage fit into its chapter and/or paragraph? How does the
passage fit with what goes before it and after it? Is it interpreted, or explained, in the verses
preceding it, or following it?
Remember: A TEXT TAKEN OUT OF CONTEXT IS A PRETEXT.
Chapter 1: THE FIRST SIX DAYS OF CREATION
“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” This is the foundational fact of the
Bible. In six days, God brought into existence all that we know of the physical universe. Those
six days are spoken of here.
The book of Genesis begins with three different accounts of one creation. Chapter 1, verses
1&2, sum up the whole of creation. Chapter 1, verse 3 through Chapter 2, verse 3, speaks of the
seven days of creation. Chapter 2, verse 4 through 25, speaks of the creation of man. It is an
expanding summation of the same occasion.
• Day 1 – God brought into existence the universe. The earth was a chaotic, primordial ball of
water existing in darkness. Then, by his spoken word, God created light and the alternation of
light and dark that defines Day and Night. Experiments conducted by the University of Maryland
proved that light exists separate and apart from any luminary body, such as the sun. It is on this
first day that a twenty-four hour cycle is begun, defining the days of Genesis Chapter One as the
days we know.
• Day 2 – God divided the primordial waters into two places, divided by the firmament. The
firmament is the atmosphere, or here called “heavens” (i.e., the birds fly in the heavens). The
waters above are a canopy of clouds, and the waters below continue to be the primordial waters
of the earth. Again, this is accomplished by the spoken word.
• Day 3 – God divided the primordial waters into the Seas, and produces dry land called
Earth. The land produces grass, bushes and trees – every type of vegetation. The vegetation
reproduces after its own kind; there is no gradual change from one kind to another. It is created,
not as a seed, but full grown, mature, able to reproduce.
• Day 4 – God places the sun and the moon, as well as the stars in the heavens. By these,
one would be able to tell the years, the seasons and the days; or, in other words: keep time.
• Day 5 – God makes every creature of the water, and in the air. Each creature, whether “fish”
or “fowl” is created mature, full-grown. This is the answer to the old question: Which came first,
the chicken or the egg? The chicken. Each animal, whether in the water or in the air, reproduces
afters its own kind; there is no gradual change from one kind to another. The water creatures
and the creatures of the air are to reproduce. That is the instruction of God.
• Day 6 – God makes every creature of the land, including and culminating in man. Each
creature is created mature, full-grown. Each creature reproduces after its own kind; there is no
gradual change from one kind to another kind. Every insect, every animal that grazes, every
predator, and every scavenger is created by God.
Man is created in the likeness and after the image of God. God is a spirit. Man is created a
spiritual being. Man is body, soul and spirit. Because of his personality and his intellect, his
soul, man is given superiority over and supervision of the earth and its creatures. Man is the
dominate creature. This is true of both man and woman.
Man and animals are given the vegetation for food. It would seem that at this time both man and
animals are all vegetatarians.
Chapter 2: THE SEVENTH DAY & THE CREATION OF MAN AND WOMAN
The Creation was finished in six days.
• Day 7 – God rests. The seventh day was sanctified because God rested. This is the
Sabbath. Interestingly, the only reason for a seven day week is Creation. Three is no
astronomical phenomena which corresponds with a seven day week; yet, the seven day week is
a consistent measurement of time across every culture. That is a testimony to the verity of the
creation account.
THE CREATION OF MAN
Now, the record turns its attention to the culmination of creation, the creation of man, in greater
detail.
When God created the vegetation, there was no rain. A mist rose from the ground to water the
vegetation. And, there was no man to till the ground.
God formed man out of the dust of the ground. Only of man is it said that he has God breathe
“the breath of life” into him, and he becomes “a living soul.” This is the same as being made in
the image and likeness of God.
THE GARDEN IN EDEN
In the east part of Eden, God planted a garden, which contained the tree of life and the tree of
the knowledge of good and evil. This garden was watered by four rivers.
Man is placed in the garden to take care of it, and given instructions: you can eat of every tree in
the garden, except the tree of the knowledge of good and evil – eat that fruit and that day you will
die.
ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE
The Lord God said that is not good for man to be alone, I will make a companion and helpmate
for him. Every land animal and every animal of the air was brought to Adam, and he named
them. But, none of the animals were a fit companion for man. So, God caused Adam to fall
asleep, and took out one of his ribs. From this rib God created woman as the companion and
helpmate for man.
When Adam sees the woman, he says that she is “bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh,”
recognizing that she has been made from his flesh. For that reason, she is called woman,
which means “from man.”
This is why a man leaves his father and mother for his wife. Although they may not be “one
flesh” in the same sense as the first man and woman, in marriage they are “one flesh.” One
woman for one man for life.
CONDITION OF MAN
Both the man and the woman at this time were naked, and not ashamed.
[Read Genesis Chapters One and Two] | msmarco_doc_00_22010756 | |
http://321energy.com/editorials/bainerman/bainerman081005.html | 321energy :: What happens when oil does peak? :: Joel Bainerman |
What happens when oil does peak?
Which industries will be affected most by the rising price of petroleum?
| 321energy :: What happens when oil does peak? :: Joel Bainerman
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What happens when oil does peak?
by Joel Bainerman
Peak oil is often referred to as "Hubberts Peak", a geophysicist who observed that oil well production followed a bell curve. According to the mainstream, convention view, peak oil is set to occur around 2006-2008. When peak oil occurs, production will decline approximately 3% per year at a time where global demand is increasing at 3% per year.
What will all this mean for you and me- the average folk? Which industries will suffer the most- and which will strengthen as the new situation takes hold?
If and when oil prices start to rise substantially, it will undoubtedly translate into strong commodity based inflation. Ultimately, as the price of oil rises it will cause a severe contraction in the world economy. Most observers of this occurrence agree that this will translate into higher prices all the way down the food chain- literally- right down to bread and fruit- as not only road and air transportation will be affected directly but the price of nearly ever commodity and product consumed in the world economy will be impacted indirectly.
When world petroleum production peaks, energy prices will go up dramatically. There will be a recession similar to the recessions that followed the energy price increases of 1974 and 1979, but with one difference: the US Federal Reserve Bank is much more active in setting economic policy than it was then, and its main focus is fighting inflation, so we can expect much lower inflation and much higher unemployment than in the 1970s. As interest rates soar, housing prices will fall and the stock market will suffer.
Eventually, the rest of the decline in oil production would have to be absorbed by a prolonged economic depression. Whenever energy prices soar, the Fed will raise interest rates until they have slowed the economy enough to stop inflation. To keep the demand for energy from exceeding the physical supply, they might have to reduce the GDP by 10 or 15 percent over 15 or 20 years. That could mean unemployment over 20 percent - about as high as it was during the worst years of the Great Depression.
Says David Petch of the Market Letters Digest newsletter:
"High oil prices around $160/barrel would eventually collapse to around $30/barrel. In 2012, should that occur, it would have a positive effect on agriculture, since food would be able to be produced cheaper. However, a decline in oil prices would signal a collapse in exploration, which would only add to energy crises in the future. A decline in oil to such a level would not be a permanent thing. It would likely return to the former level of $160/barrel and remain there, rising in price as it becomes more scarce. The wild fluctuations will hurt most, since it translates into oscillating inflation/deflation cycles"
Which industries will be affected most by the rising price of petroleum?
Food and agriculture industries
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
Petrochemicals are key components to much more than just the gas in your car.
Geologist Dale Allen Pfeiffer points out that approximately 10 calories of fossil fuels are required to produce every 1 calorie of food eaten in the US. In the US, the average piece of food is transported 1,500 miles before it gets to your plate.
The size of this ratio stems from the fact that every step of modern food production is fossil fuel and petrochemical powered.
Vast amounts of oil and gas are used as raw materials and energy in the manufacture of fertilizers and pesticides, and as cheap and readily available energy at all stages of food production: from planting, irrigation, feeding and harvesting, through to processing, distribution and packaging. In addition, fossil fuels are essential in the construction and the repair of equipment and infrastructure needed to facilitate this industry, including farm machinery, processing facilities, storage, ships, trucks and roads. If the price of oil rises substantially- all of these sectors of the food industry will have to pass on the extra costs to the consumer.
Commercial food production is oil powered. Most pesticides are petroleum- (oil) based, and all commercial fertilizers are ammonia-based. Ammonia is produced from natural gas. Oil based agriculture is primarily responsible for the world's population exploding from 1 billion at the middle of the 19th century to 6.3 billion at the turn of the 21st Oil allowed for farming implements such as tractors, food storage systems such as refrigerators, and food transport systems such as trucks
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
As oil production went up, so did food production. As food production went up, so did the population. As the population went up, the demand for food went up, which increased the demand for oil. Oil is also largely responsible for the advances in medicine that have been made in the last 150 years. Oil allowed for the mass production of pharmaceutical drugs, and the development of health care infrastructure such as hospitals, ambulances, roads, etc.
Colin J. Campbell, one of the world's leading oil industry analysts, claims:
“The world's economy has been driven by an abundant supply of cheap oil-based energy for the best part of this century. The coming oil crisis will accordingly be an economic and political discontinuity of historic proportions, as the world adjusts to a new energy environment."
We are now at a point where the demand for food/oil continues to rise, while our ability to produce it in an affordable fashion is about to drop. Within a few years of Peak Oil occurring, the price of food will skyrocket because the cost of fertilizer will soar. The cost of storing (electricity) and transporting (gasoline) the food that is produced will also rise starkly.
A sharp increase in the price of oil or a reduction of oil supplies could present a far more serious threat to food security and is likely to as oil enters its depletion phase. Food production and distribution, as they are organized today, would not be able to function. The alternatives, in the form of sustainable agriculture and local food supplies which minimize the use of crude oil, are currently unable to respond to increased demand due to low investment and capacity. Localising the food system will require significant diversification, research, and public investment.
According to financial analyst Norman Church, as a result, the contemporary food system may be inherently unsustainable.
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
"Oil is required for a lot more than just food, medicine, and transportation, " he says. "It is also required for nearly every consumer item, water supply pumping, sewage disposal, garbage disposal, street/park maintenance, hospitals and health systems, police, fire services and national defence.
Church states part of the solution will be to localize the food system. Production needs to be located as near to the consumer as possible. When applied to food supply, local food systems in the form of home-delivery box schemes, farmers’ markets and shops selling local produce would replace imported and centrally distributed foodstuffs.
Some analysts predict that by 2030, the cost to transport fresh fruits and vegetables from foreign producers will become so burdensome that there will be a major resurgence in local agricultural production: e.g. truck gardening, community supported agriculture, and commercial greenhouses.
One sector of agriculture likely to benefit from the rise in the price of oil is organic farming. Organic gardeners, less reliant on expensive pesticide inputs, will become increasingly competitive at the local and regional level. A return to interest in canning and consumption of winter root crops can also be expected
Other industries to be affected by "Peak Oil"
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
It's not just transportation and agriculture that are entirely dependent on abundant, cheap oil. Modern medicine, water distribution, and national defense are each entirely powered by oil and petroleum derived chemicals.
Most of the consumer goods we buy are made with plastic, which is derived from oil.
All manufacturing processes consume huge amounts of oil. For instance, the average car - including hybrids - consumes the energy contained in 25-50 barrels (or about 1,200-2,400 gallons) of oil during its construction, while the average computer consumes 10 times its weight in fossil fuels during its construction.
All electrical devices - including solar panels and windmills - make use of silver, copper, and/or platinum, all of which are discovered, extracted, transported, and fashioned using oil-powered machinery.
One industry likely to benefit from "Peak Oil" is the recycling markets for certain commodities. For instance, used materials that were energy intensive to produce, like ceramic sinks, aluminum canoes, stainless steel grilles, will become very cost effective to recycle.
New economy and technology companies
Although it sounds strange- an industry likely to feel the effects of the rise in the price of oil is the dot-com sector.
The oil shock could have adverse effects for new-economy companies. One
immediate concern is that delivery services FedEx and UPS will raise their rates
to cover higher fuel costs. Online retailers have built their reputations on cheap prices and fast delivery. Higher transportation costs could hurt their operations.
Some dot-com companies, however, may find good news in all this. Companies that
sell oil through online marketplaces such as Petroleum Electronic Pricing
Exchange (Pepex) and American Petroleum Exchange say business is up because high
prices mean buyers are looking for ways to cut costs.
"Larger buyers are seeking all kinds of alternatives to traditional buying
methods because they are faced with the higher cost of fuel, says Stephen Gloyd, senior VP for American Petroleum Exchange, a new b-to-b fuel exchange that counts FedEx, UPS and Wal-Mart as its customers. "They are doing everything they can to create some stabilization of prices and make sure they get enough product,"
Macro economic effects of "Peak Oil"
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
Most people new to the idea of Peak Oil tend focus on finding alternatives to oil, while wholly ignoring the more fundamental issue: the ramifications of Peak Oil on our monetary system.
If the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, it could not only slow the whole economy but could also hamper investment in high technology.
"People often underestimate how cyclical tech spending and stocks are," says Martin Brookes, senior global economist at Goldman Sachs in London. "To the extent that high oil prices slow the U.S. economy, that will ripple through the technology sector as
well."
Brookes expects the rise in oil prices during the past 18 months will shave one-quarter to three-quarters of a percentage point off the growth of the world's major industrialized countries next year.
It's not enough to push the world into a recession. But it's enough to take the edge off quite robust growth.
Another less tangible consequence of higher oil prices is that they could depress consumer confidence. If people lose confidence, they start scaling back on purchases, and that is one way to get into a recession. Oil-price increases certainly have brought on recessions in the past and still have the potential to do so."
Binit Patel, an economist at Goldman Sachs, estimates that $50 oil would only add 1% to most western countries' consumer price index . However, it would have a bigger effect in the US, where CPI will rise 1.7%. This will undoubtedly mean the world will become a higher interest-rate place than it is today.
Patel estimates that after one year of oil prices at $50, G7 GDP would be 3% weaker than it otherwise might have been. Goldman Sachs equity strategists believe that each sustained 10% rise in oil prices knocks 8% off the value of European equities. US equities, meanwhile, are already falling in response to rising oil.
Although the initial effect of higher oil prices is inflationary, ultimately the result is deflation. Deflation in growth forecasts, deflation in stock prices and deflation in jobs. That means overall tax-take will be lower than he expected, which in turn means his budget deficit will remain high.
According to Matt Savinar, proprietor of lifeaftertheoilcrash :
Consequently, a declining supply of oil must be accompanied by either a declining supply of money or by hyperinflation. In either case, the result for the global banking system is the same: total collapse. This may be what led Stephen Roach, the chief economist for investment bank Morgan Stanley, to recently state,
"I fear modern day central banking is on the brink of systemic failure."
Within a few months of global oil production hitting its peak, it will become impossible to dismiss the decline in supply as a merely transitory event. Once this occurs, you can expect traders on Wall Street to quickly bid the price up to the $200 per barrel range as they realize the world is now in a state of permanent oil scarcity.
With oil at $200 per barrel, gas prices will hit about $10 per gallon virtually overnight. This will cause a rapid breakdown of trucking industries and transportation networks. Importation and distribution of food, medicine, and consumer goods will grind to a halt.
The collapse will be hastened by the fact that the US national debt will become completely unsustainable once the price of oil gets into the $100 range.
Once this mark is passed, the nations of the world will have no choice but to pull their investments out of the US while simultaneously switching from the dollar to the euro as the reserve currency for oil transactions. Along with the breakdown of domestic transportation networks, the global financial shift away from the dollar will wholly shatter the US economy.
Every dollar increase in the price of a barrel of imported oil increases the size of the U.S. trade deficit, which puts more pressure on the value of the U.S. dollar, which leads to a weaker dollar, which makes OPEC countries want to raise the dollar-denominated price of a barrel of oil to make up for the dollar’s fall, and so on.
Joel Bainerman
Joel Bainerman has been a writer on economic and Middle East issues since 1983. His published archive can be viewed on his website at www.joelbainerman.com
His new online, multi-lingual alternative newsmagazine for Europeans can be viewed at www.theotherside.org.uk
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Home » Knee » Meniscus
May 17, 2012
Meniscus
Meniscus is another word for the cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber. You have two of them medial and lateral or inner and outer. They are both C-shaped structures that are made of fibrocartilage.
The meniscus is located between the femur and the tibia or thigh and leg bone. It actually serves many functions in the knee other than shock absorber. It acts as a stabilizer preventing the lower leg from sliding forward on the femur. It also helps to push joint fluid into the surface of the joint to help the cartilage cells survive. The joint has a small coefficient of friction which is the same thing as saying it glides 10 times better than 2 pieces of ice sliding on one another. The meniscus allows the joint fluid to act as a lubricant for the joint and lets the femur glide and roll on the tibia.
It has a blood supply the only reaches the outer third. This will come in handy when we talk about tears and repairing them or trimming them. Listen up CrossFitters, I will let you in on a secret. When we are young it takes a lot of work or a bad injury to tear a meniscus… a bad twist in a soccer game, landing in a squat after a big jump. For people with more experience in life, it takes a lot less to tear them. Some will tear with a sharp twist while maneuvering around an airplane, getting up from playing with the kids, coming down from a rock hiking, PISTOLS. So you can see there is a clear difference between the amount of energy that goes in to the two types of tears. WHY US, older people are saying?
As we age our tissues dehydrate and lose some of their natural elasticity and hydration. Tissues become more brittle and can rip easier than when we were young (sounds like A Killers song). So we see tear patterns that are different and provide the appropriate treatment for each pattern. The treatment depends on location of tear, size of tear, and blood supply to tear. Blood carries oxygen and healing factors that allow tissues to heal. Without it there will be no healing.
People will classically notice swelling in their knee with pain along the inner or outer aspect of their knee. Also people often say it hurts in the back of their knee and confuse it for a hamstring injury. Clicking, buckling, or locking are severe symptoms. Most often it is a pain that is a stabbing knife-like pain accentuated by twisting, pivoting or squatting. I often describe it as a hangnail being pulled on. The tear can get bigger the more it gets pulled on. Front squats, back squats, or pistols can elicit some of these symptoms. Be careful when you are in a deep squat not to rotate or twist as this may pinch the meniscus between the bones and cause a tear
So now on to treatment, basically it is to sew it together or trim the piece that is torn. Repair requires longer recovery (ask some of our CrossFit friends) than trimming. Repair is a 4 month process and trim is a 4-6 week process to get back to feeling good again. When I do arthroscopy on the knee the decision is often made at the time of surgery based on the previous criteria mentioned. Location, size, blood supply, and tear pattern. I only want to take out the bad tissue or piece that is torn and not working anyway. Again like a hangnail I trim it at the base to prevent it from getting bigger and more painful. People often want to know if they can live with a torn cartilage. I unfortunately have seen some cartilage tears do some damage to otherwise healthy appearing knees when it is moving around in the knee causing pain.
Here are some real shots of meniscal tears before and after. | msmarco_doc_00_22033708 |
http://3224eagles.com/ | Fraternal Order of Eagles Aurora Aerie #3224 Home Page | Fraternal Order of Eagles Aurora Aerie #3224 Home Page
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Fraternal Order of Eagles, Aurora Aerie #3224 is a nonprofit organization with the motto "People Helping People". Where friendships are formed, activities and events are held to raise money for our organization and charities within our community.
The Aurora Aerie #3224 is an affiliate of the International Fraternal Order of Eagles, an international nonprofit organization uniting fraternally in the spirit of liberty, truth, justice, and equality, to make human life more desirable by lessening its ills and promoting peace, prosperity, gladness and hope. For more information about the International Fraternal Order of Eagles please visit http://www.foe.com/About
Our local Aerie hold events throughout the weeks, months and year to enhance the fraternal experience of our members and provide a facility where people can raise money for organizations in our community who help people. Some of the organizations we have donated to include Children's Hospital, Aurora Libraries, Metro Hospice, Ronald McDonald House, Alzheimer's Association and many more. http://www.3224eagles.com/charities.html
If you are interested in joining our organization or finding out more about us please call 303-695-0673 and join us as a guest to see what we are about.
| msmarco_doc_00_22040137 | |
http://32284189.weebly.com/five-year-plans.html | Five Year Plans - Mao Zedong: The Leadership and Legacy of a Modern Chinese Revolutionary |
Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan (1953-1957)
Second Five Year Plan (1958-1961 )
Third Five Year Plan (1966-1970)
| Five Year Plans - Mao Zedong: The Leadership and Legacy of a Modern Chinese Revolutionary
Five Year Plans
In the 1950's Mao began implementing Five Year Plans based on a Soviet model for economic and industrial expansion. The First Five Year Plan resulted in an increase in life expectancy, housing, and income. Due to these successes Mao instituted a second plan in 1958, however massive deceptions perpetrated by farmers and government officials led to a severe famine resulting in 40 million deaths. In 1966, a Third Five Year Plan was enacted to restore the Chinese economy and provide for its people. This plan was considered a success in almost all aspects.
"Once China's destiny has been grasped in the people's own hands, the Chinese people will see China, Shining like the Rising Sun, casting its radiance over all the land and quickly drying up the muddy puddles left behind by the reactionary government. The wounds of war will be healed. We will build up an entirely new, strong, and prosperous People's Democratic Republic of China, not only in name but in fact."
Mao Zedong, Speech at the Preparatory Committee Meeting of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference - June 15, 1949
chineseposters.net
First Five Year Plan (1953-1957)
"The Chinese Communist, during the period of their First Five Year Plan, achieved a high rate of economic growth which compares favorably to that of the Soviet Union in its First Five Year Plan (1928-1932). This progress was achieved despite relatively crude and rudimentary planning, resulting from such factors as the limited technical personnel, the lack of reliable and comprehensive statistics, the backward state of the economy and the rapid imposition of social change. "
Relations Between The Chinese Communist Regime and The USSR: Their Present Character and Probable Future Courses - Sep. 10 1952
Communist China and The USSR - Estimated Production Increases During Their First Five-Year Plans
chineseposters.net
"Then, in September 1953 after the Korean armistice, the Chinese produced a blueprint for a Soviet-style five-year plan with emphasis on the development of heavy industry. "
Alan Lawrence, China Under Communism - 1998
Second Five Year Plan (1958-1961 )
Red China To Push Consumer Output - Greg MacGregor - The New York Times - June 8, 1957
Red China To Push Consumer Output - Greg MacGregor - The New York Times - June 8, 1957
" Among the principles outlined by the two Vice Premiers were these: Maintaining a proportion between capital accumulation and consumption that would insure increasing production, steady improvement of living standards and a stable market. They also envisaged keeping a fluid economic administration to give greater power at lower levels while preserving over-all central control. Additional principles included cutting construction cost by 20 to 30 percent compared with the first Five-Year Plan and reducing waste. Also proposed was priority in heavy industry for coal, power, oil, metals and chemicals, with such exceptions as heavy and precision machines. "
Red China To Push Consumer Output - Greg MacGregor - The New York Times - June 8, 1957
Third Five Year Plan (1966-1970)
" This year saw a considerable comeback from the damage done to production by the disruptions in 1967 and early 1968 of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. On the basis of the grains, planning and experience involving in this comeback the Peking regime gave indications that it intended to make 1970 a really big year of economic growth, possibly marked by another Five-Year Plan and a campaign reminiscent of the 1958-59 production drive called the Great Leap Forward. "
Another 'Great Leap' By Chinese Reds? - Tillman Durdin - The New York Times - January 19, 1970
| msmarco_doc_00_22041772 |
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http://32966905.weebly.com/the-perfect-36.html | The Perfect 36 - Fighting for the 19th Amendment | Tennessee: The Perfect 36
Tennessee: The Perfect 36 | The Perfect 36 - Fighting for the 19th Amendment
Tennessee: The Perfect 36
The 19th Amendment needed at least 36 states to ratify it before it would be passed. On August 18th, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment, making Tennessee "The Perfect 36."
Harry Burns, a member of the Tennessee Legislature, surprised everyone by voting for the ratification of the 19th Amendment. Before he left his house to go vote, his mother wrote him a note and slipped it in his pocket. The note told him to "be a good boy and vote for women's suffrage." Because of that note, he voted yes, making Tennessee the 36th state to ratify the amendment.
The Women's Suffrage Memorial is on display in downtown Knoxville, on Market Square. It was sculpted by Alan LeQuire, a Nashville, Tennessee, sculptor.
Who are the Women on the Women's Suffrage Memorial?
Depicted from left to right on the Women's Suffrage Memorial are: Elizabeth Avery Meriwether, Lizzie Crozier French, and Anne Dallas Dudley.
Who is Elizabeth Avery Meriwether ?
Elizabeth Avery Meriwether was a Tennessee suffragist, publisher, and author. She held the first public Tennessee meeting to discuss women's rights. After hearing about Susan B. Anthony's attempt to vote in 1872, Meriwether tried to vote in the next election, in 1876.
"But counting my ballot was not important; what was important was to focus public attention to the monstrous injustice of including educated women with felons and lunatics as persons denied the right of suffrage."
-Elizabeth Avery Meriweather
Who is Lizzie Crozier French?
Lizzie Crozier French worked diligently on behalf of women's suffrage, rejoicing when Tennessee became the pivotal state in ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
"Bullets and ballots are not companions; but ballots in the hands of people are supposed to be a substitute for bullets in the hands of hired agents...Thanks be to God that in giving women the crown of motherhood he made her the giver, not the taker of life. Woman has no greater claim to the rights of the ballot than that she is a producer, not a destroyer of life."
-Lizzie Crozier French
Who is Anne Dallas Dudley?
Anne Dallas Dudley was a tireless worker, campaigning throughout the state, organizing suffrage leagues, and speaking across the United States. Under Dudley's leadership, suffrage became more acceptable, and more women joined the movement.
"We have a vision-a vision of a time when a woman's home will be the whole wide world, her children all those whose feet are bare, and her sisters all who need a helping hand: a vision of a new knighthood, of a new chivalry, when men will fight not only for women but for the rights of women."
- Anne Dallas Dudley
| msmarco_doc_00_22049093 |
http://32dd-bra.blogspot.com/2009/05/how-to-measure-your-bra-size.html | How to Measure Your Bra Size | How to Measure Your Bra Size
How to Measure Your Bra Size
Steps
| How to Measure Your Bra Size
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
How to Measure Your Bra Size
Wednesday, May 06, 2009
Believe it or not, at least 80% of women wear the wrong size bra, some studies show as much as 95%.The most common mistake is wearing a band size which is too big, and/or a cup size which is too small. Although the average bra size is often quoted as 36C, most people who wear this size should actually be wearing either a 34D, 34DD, 32E or 32DD bra. The true average bra size is around 34DD.Cup sizes are in proportion to the band size, so a D cup, for example, is not the same size in every bra. A 32D is the same size as a 34C or 36B, but on a smaller frame. A 28F is actually 2 cup sizes smaller than a 38D.If you are fairly slim, then you may well need a large cup size even though your bust doesn't look any bigger than average. You may not think of yourself as being busty, but in moving to a smaller band size you will find that you need a bigger cup size.
Your bra size changes as your weight fluctuates throughout the different stages of your life. Losing or gaining just a few pounds is likely to have an effect. Sometimes you go for so long wearing a specific size that you don't realize it doesn't fit well anymore and you stop noticing the discomfort. If you're looking for a better fit, here's how to find your true bra size.
Steps
Measure your band size. Run a tape measure all the way around your body just underneath your breasts and take a measurement in inches. Make sure the tape measure is horizontal and fairly snug. Your arms should be down. If this measurement is an odd number, round up to the nearest even number. This should be your band size.If your measurement is already an even number, you may find that this is your band size, or you may have to go up to the next size (i.e, you may have to add 2 inches.) For instance, if you measured 31 inches, your band size should be 32. If you measured 34 inches, your band size may be 34 or 36. Many bra fitting guides and calculators will tell you to add four or five inches to your underbust measurement, but this is not correct. The old method was devised by Warners in the 1930s when bra design was in its infancy and does not work with modern, elasticated bras.
Determine your cup size. The most accurate way to determine your cup size is by using your current bra size as a starting point. The cups are sized relative to the band, so if you were to try a smaller band size but keep the same cup size, the cups would be too small. Instead, you must increase the cups by one size for every band that you go down. For example, if you are currently wearing a 34C bra and your underbust measures 31 inches, then you will most likely need a 32D. On a 30" band, this would be a 30DD etc.
In UK sizing, cup sizes are as follows: AA, A, B, C, D, DD, E, F, FF, G, GG, H, HH, J, JJ, K.
Try on a bra with the band and cup size you've arrived at in these steps. You should not regard this as your definitive size until you have tried on a few bras, and even then you will often find you need a different size in different brands or styles of bra.
Check the band size. The correct band size is the smallest you can comfortably wear.It needs to be tight enough that the bra is still fairly supportive without weighing down heavily on the shoulder strapes
You should be able to run your fingers around the inside of the band, but not much more. A good rule of thumb is that you should be able to fit no more than a fist under the back of the bra.
It should fit on the biggest adjustment, but will probably be too tight if you try to fasten it on the smallest size. Bras are designed to fit like this so that you can tighten the band as the elastic starts to wear out.
If the band is roomy enough for you to be able to comfortably fasten it on the tightest adjustment, try a smaller band, for example if a 32D is too loose, try a 30DD. Remember that the cup size has to be changed when you move to a different band size - for every band you go down, you must go up by one cup size in order for the cups to remain the same capacity and vice versa.
If you can only just fasten the bra and the band is painfully tight, even on the biggest adjustment, then go up a band size, for example if a 32D is too tight, try a 34C.
Check the cup size. The correct cup size is the biggest you can completely fill out with no wrinkling of the fabric or space in the cups. You should fill out the cups, but not bulge out anywhere, even in low cut or pushup bras.
Check around the cups for any bulging, not only along the top edges but also at the sides under your arms.
Make sure the underwire encloses your whole breast and lies flat against your rib cage.
If the cups are too big, go down a cup size.
If they are too small, or even if they seem to fit ok, try on a bigger cup size as well to double check. It's a lot easier to tell if they are too big than too small. | msmarco_doc_00_22052093 |
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http://32parts.com/ | The 32 Parts of the Body | The 32 Parts of the Body
The 32 Parts of the Body | The 32 Parts of the Body
The 32 Parts of the Body
Head Hair
Body Hair
Nails
Teeth
Skin
Flesh
Sinews
Bones
Bone Marrow
Kidneys
Heart
Liver
Diaphram
Spleen
Lungs
The methodical practice of the Thirty-two Parts of the Body Meditation can help one penetrate and understand the true nature of the body. It can help one to see impermanence and comprehend that the body is made of four primary elements:
earth (solidity)
air (motion)
fire (temperature)
water (liquidity)
Practicing the Thirty-two Parts of the Body Meditation, can help one build immense levels of concentration, increase the potential for self-healing, and allow one to experience the taste of deep freedom and peace.
This meditation was introduced to the west by the late Taungpulu Kaba-Aye Sayadaw of Burma who said: “This meditation is one of the most eminent among all Satipatthanas. The meditation on the Body is unlike any other kind of meditation. It is brought to light and taught only in the times when the Buddhas arise.”
You can learn more about each of the 32 parts by clicking on the links along the left and right sides of this page.
These are the thirty-two parts of the body (with Pali translations *):
Head hair, Body hair, Nails, Teeth, Skin
(Kesa, Loma, Nakkha, Danta, Taco)
Flesh, Sinews, Bones, Bone Marrow, Kidneys
(Masam, Naharu, Atthi, Atthiminjam, Vakkam)
Heart, Liver, Diaphragm, Spleen, Lungs
(Hadayam, Yakanam, Kilomakam, Pihakam, Papphasam)
Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Stomach, Feces, Brain
(Antam, Antagunam, Udariam, Kerisam, Mattagunam)
Bile, Phlegm, Pus, Blood, Sweat, Fat
(Pittam, Semhan, Pubbo, Lohitam, Sedo, Medo)
Tears, Grease, Saliva, Mucus, Oil of the Joints, Urine
(Assu, Vasa, Kelo, Singhanika, Lasika, Muttam)
* Pali is the original language spoken by the Buddha
©2010–2014 Awareness and Relaxation Training
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http://32parts.com/bone-marrow.html | Bone Marrow | The 32 Parts of the Body |
Bone Marrow
Description
Function
Color
Shape
Direction
Location
Delimitation
| Bone Marrow | The 32 Parts of the Body
Bone Marrow
Description
The soft tissue occupying the soft cavities of bones. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells arise in red marrow. At birth, all bone marrow is red. With age, more is converted to yellow. In cases of severe blood periods, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production. Marrow is found mainly in the flat bones such as the hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebrae, and shoulder blades, as well in long bones at the end the femur and humerous.
Function
Nutrients within to store energy and formation of blood cells. The bone marrow contains those cells that are responsible for the production of the blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Color
Yellow/Red.
Shape
Soft tissues like Jell-O.
Direction
Above and below the waist.
Location
Marrow is found mainly in the flat bones such as the hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebrae, and shoulder blades, as well in long bones at the end the femur and humerous.
Delimitation
Bordered by inner surface of the bones.
Meditation on Bone Marrow | msmarco_doc_00_22063470 |
http://33.extensionfile.net/ | File extension 33 is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 33. Here is some information which will get you started.
Open 33 File
Open 33 File
To open 33 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 33 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 33. Here is some information which will get you started.
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These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
33 File Applications
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http://3318fall2011.blogspot.com/2011/09/what-kind-of-hero-is-sir-gawain.html | ENG 3318: Survey of British Literature I: What Kind of Hero is Sir Gawain? | ENG 3318: Survey of British Literature I
ENG 3318: Survey of British Literature I
Friday, September 2, 2011
What Kind of Hero is Sir Gawain?
8 comments:
| ENG 3318: Survey of British Literature I: What Kind of Hero is Sir Gawain?
ENG 3318: Survey of British Literature I
Friday, September 2, 2011
What Kind of Hero is Sir Gawain?
We talked of this somewhat in class, but how do Beowulf and Gawain compare as heroes? What qualities of each hero are admirable? How could you argue that the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a progression of the idea of the medieval heroic that makes sense as the society (insofar as we have studied it) was developing in the 14th century in Britain?
Great discussion this week.
Posted by Dr. Battles at 11:58 AM
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8 comments:
Mariah Hill said...
Beowulf and Gawain are both indeed heros, but in different ways. Beowulf is more of a hero in the sense that he set out to complete a task and is a battle hero. Whereas Gawain stood up for his leader, taking on the Green Knight, and falls into temptations along the way. Gawain is much more relatable for readers and easy to understand and feel for. Beowulf is admirable for his great skills in battle and leadership; however, he straddles the line of letting the power go to his head and is rather cocky throughout. Gawain is admirable because he has an opportunity to not go through with the task, yet remains honorable and is determined to do what he set out to do. He also admits when he is wrong. Gawain hold his values and beliefs very dearly, another admirable characteristic. This story is relevant of the time period because chivalry was an extremely important virtue to knights. Gawain stands up and takes the place of Arthur, just as a good, loyal knight would do. Although the storyline is clearly not realistic, the main theme relates well and shows progression of Britain’s society during the 14th century.
September 4, 2011 at 10:25 PM
Lisa Puente said...
Beowulf is considered a classical hero possessing characteristics such as mortality, intelligence, physical strength, determination, and leadership. Gawain is considered a chivalric hero possessing characteristics such as nobility, warrior ability, loyalty, and prowess. Underlying both types of hero is the importance of physical strength and bravery each character uses on his journey. However, it is clear that Gawain has become a new type of hero after his journey is complete. Chivalry was developing more and more into an important characteristic of knights during the 14th century in Britain. Much like the classical hero, chivalric heroes were mortal, meaning they were just like you and I, who felt emotions and met with failures. As an audience, we are able to relate in many more ways. As a result of this, the audience can better understand and perhaps even appreciate Gawain's journey in new and different ways.
September 5, 2011 at 10:25 AM
Lisa Puente said...
Mariah,
I really liked your point about Beowulf’s tendency to let his power get to his head and become overly confident at times. While I was answering the initial prompt, I didn’t consider the differences in attitude each knight had towards his own strengths. However, the point you brought up about Gawain’s honor is very important to consider. Since each knight had different views of his strengths, it created a distinction between them outside of their typical knightly characteristics of bravery and strength and leadership. While Beowulf may have boasted of his abilities, Gawain simply stood up and took Arthur’s place without any added personal acclaim. After reading your response, it's clear that each knight’s personal views of himself also stood out as major differences of their heroic qualities.
September 5, 2011 at 10:38 AM
Mariah Hill said...
Lisa,
I like how you describe and give examples of both the classical hero and chivalric hero. By explaining each type it make it easier to understand and clear why each knight is classified the way they are. I like that you focused more on the audience, and our feelings toward Gawain. I completely agree with you that we, as readers, can relate much more to Gawain than Beowulf. While reading Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, I enjoyed following him and kept wondering what was going to happen next. I was able to understand the story much more than Beowulf, too. Gawain seems very real, and as a reader I was able to understand and appreciate him, just as you said.
September 5, 2011 at 12:09 PM
Jill D. said...
Beowulf is a classical hero, who encompasses strength, bravery, intelligence as well as other characteristics. Sir Gawain also displays these same qualities, but he is a direct example of the chivalric hero. Knights of the chivalric code are noble, loyal, courteous, and chaste, all of which describe Sir Gawain.
Beowulf’s bravery is admirable, even more so that he gives most of his credit to God. Sir Gawain’s most admirable trait is his loyalty. Throughout the story, he remains true to King Arthur, his quest, his belief in the pentangle code, and even his game with the Green Knight. He is also very courteous to the host and lady of Hautdesert. These traits are what embodied a true knight of the chivalric code.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a progression of the medieval hero in that the main character, Sir Gawain is a character with very human qualities. Gawain’s fear of death and his subsequent failure in revealing his receipt of the lady’s girdle is a very human emotion that many readers could relate to. Most people have felt fear in their lives, and could understand Gawain wanting to save his life by keeping the girdle for himself. Although this story involves the supernatural, Gawain brings a sense of reality to the tale in a way that Beowulf’s superhuman strength does not. In this way, Sir Gawain is a progression of the idea of the hero legend.
September 6, 2011 at 5:50 PM
G.Frolov said...
At the heart of the two heroes, both have admirable intentions. We learn that Beowulf comes to fight Grendel because the people were in need of help. He goes to help, as well as to glorify his image, but nevertheless, his intentions are good. Gawain does the same when the Green Knight shows up. He volunteers himself in place of Arthur to play the Knight's game, and he follows through with it until the end. They are men of their word, and they follow through with their promises. Both heroes are admirable, honest, strong, sound of mind, and stay true to their values.
I suppose as opposed to Beowulf, Gawain came from a society of order, where rules were laid out and were to become part of the warriors everyday life. I think Beowulf was more wild. He was a hero that was driven by glory and so he did what he wanted to do. However, once we reach the time of Gawain, everything is more relaxed and ordered. More rules are in place and less area for selfishness. Another argument could be that the stories became more relatable. Beowulf is this incredible heroic figure who can take on anything and succeed under unimaginable circumstances. Then you see Gawain and he is flawed. He's more human, more relatable, and the reader can understand why he acts the way he does on a deeper level.
September 6, 2011 at 10:51 PM
G.Frolov said...
Jill,
I most definitely agree with you. Beowulf and Gawain fit their roles perfectly. Gawain exemplifies the qualities of the chivalric code and Beowulf does well to live up to his legend. Gawain does bring a human-esque feel to his story, something that Beowulf didn't. I think, in a sense, this was a method of the authors to appeal to their audience at the time. Maybe there was this set standard where a man needed to do everything in his power to be strong and conquer, something that is seen through Beowulf. However, as the years went by, we come across Gawain and he is as fallible as they come. The standard becomes broader and so men can be afraid and want to cling to life and still be a hero. I don't know, just a thought that came to mind. :)
September 6, 2011 at 11:12 PM
Jill D. said...
Gabby-
I like how you said, “Beowulf was more wild.” I think that describes him perfectly. Beowulf was a brave, strong hero who was willing to fight for honor and reputation regardless of whether his task brought about his own death. He fought for what was right and for his own glory.
Gawain fought because of a knight’s ingrained responsibility to stand up for his king and to honor the chivalric code. Even when met with opportunities to flee from his quest and the reality of facing death, Gawain remained true to his beliefs and continued with his task. Although Gawain also confronted his opponent regardless of death, he did not do it for his own glory. He did it because that was what a knight was meant to do.
Although both are heroes in their own respect, I believe this loyalty separates Gawain from the type of hero that Beowulf represents.
September 6, 2011 at 11:37 PM
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http://33202576.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/6/8/14680198/graham8_sample_ch03.pdf | Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards
27
CHAPTER
3
Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards
A physical education program for children which begins with an organized sport is analogous to a language arts program beginning with a Shakespearean sonnet. — IRISWELSH[STUDENT] ggra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 27 10/23/08 10:07:21 AM user-s174ra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 27 10/23/08 10:07:21 AM user-s174 //Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03
28 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
O
ur primary goal is to provide children with a degree of competence leading to the confi dence that encourages them to become, and remain, physically active for a lifetime. Our intent is to help children gain enough skills and confi dence for them to participate enjoyably in many activities, not just a few traditional team sports, and to avoid the abysmal failure and embarrassment that often result from a total lack of skill. By focusing on learning and practicing skills rather than on the rules or structure of a game or sport, we can dramatically increase the amount of practice the children actually receive, thereby heightening their opportunities to learn the fundamental motor skills that form the foun- dation for becoming a lifetime mover. We are also able to do this in ways that children fi nd enjoyable.
objects of various sizes, shapes, heights, et cetera, the student will have more effective “elements” for the per- formance of the next jumping tasks (e.g., the running long jump in high school).
— RICHARDSCHMIDT, “Schema Theory: Implications for Movement Education”
† Children need to become suffi ciently competent in basic motor skills if they are going to eventually enjoy playing sports or games as teens and adults. † In the elementary school, the emphasis is placed on practicing motor skills rather than learning rules or the structures of sports. Typically, children who are learning to read are † Skill themes are analogous to verbs (i.e., they are action words). They are subdivided into three categories: loco- motor, nonmanipulative, and manipulative skills. † Movement concepts are analogous to adverbs (i.e., they describe how an action is performed). They are also sub- divided into three categories: space awareness, effort, and relationships. † In the primary grades, movement concepts are taught before the skill themes. † The movement analysis framework “wheel” is based on an analysis of human movement and describes how the skill themes and movement concepts interact with one another. † The “spirals” outline a developmentally appropriate pro- gression for each of the skill themes. † Children Moving directly addresses national and many state physical education standards.
Key Concepts taught fi rst to recognize letters, then parts of words, then complete words, and fi nally sentences. Children who are studying mathematics learn to solve problems after they’ve grasped the basic functions of numbers and signs. Children learning to play a musical instru- ment typically study the scale before attempting a song. In physical education, however, all too often children are taught games, dances, or complex gym- nastic stunts before they’re able to adequately perform fundamental motor skills. Too often, children know the rules for a game or the formation of a dance but don’t have the motor skills needed for successful and enjoyable participation. Our way of teaching children how to participate effectively in various activities is to focus on the development of the necessary motor skills. We call this approach teaching by skill themes. One of the easiest ways to understand skill themes is to think of a popular sport. Let’s pick softball. What skills do people use when they play softball? The major ones include throwing, catching, batting, and running. Let’s pick another popular sport—basketball. Throw- ing, catching, running, dribbling with hands, jumping and landing, and chasing and fl eeing skills are used frequently in basketball (Figure 2.2). Obviously we could list a number of other sports. The point is that some of the same skills—for example, throwing, catch- ing, and running—are used in both sports, and in many more sports that you know of. Thus if children learn to throw and catch, for example, their odds of playing and enjoying a sport such as softball or basket- ball increase, because they have a reasonable chance to succeed at that sport. We have termed these skill themes because they apply to many different sports, although the way they are used (the context) differs from one sport to another. Table 3.1 lists various skill themes and indicates which sports emphasize them.
Characteristics of Themes
In music, a theme recurs in different parts of a song, some- times in exactly the same way, at other times in a slightly different form. The Random House Dictionary of the English Languagedefi nes theme as “a short melodic subject from
Essentially, the notion is that these elements (funda- mental motor skills) are learned in early life through the various activities performed (such as jumping, throwing, striking, and the like), and then when a new act is to be learned in later life, the student can piece together these elements in a more effi cient way to achieve the new motor goal. The assumption is that by jumping over
ggra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 28 10/23/08 10:07:23 AM user-s174ra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 28 10/23/08 10:07:23 AM user-s174 //Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03
CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 29
which variations are developed.” In physical education, various movements can be thought of as a theme. By revisiting a movement—sometimes in the same context as previously and sometimes in a radically differ- ent context—we provide children with variations of a skill theme. These variations lead to profi ciency as well as diversity. Jumping can be presented as jumping from an object—a box or a table—and landing softly. This move- ment can be revisited with a slight variation: jumping from an object and landing facing in a different direction from the takeoff position. Jumping for distance or leap- ing in synchronization with the leap of a partner would be radically different, yet the theme would still be jump- ing (Gallagher 1984). So, too, would the high jump and the long jump for track and fi eld athletes as would jump- ing to catch a ball in football, softball, or basketball. Some movements, such as jumping, traveling, and balancing, can be focused on in games, gymnastics, and dance contexts. Other movements, such as throw- ing and dribbling, are primarily used in games. When- ever possible, we point out to students the similarities in movements used in different contexts to enhance students’ cognitive understanding of the principles that underlie successful performance of a movement. We’re not certain that this infl uences skill performance (transfer of learning), but it doesn’t seem to have any adverse effects. The instructor who teaches by themes can focus on helping children become skillful movers. Youngsters will have plenty of opportunities as they grow older to learn games, sports, dance, and gymnastics activities, but fi rst they must learn the basic motor skills needed for successful participation.
Table 3.1 Skill Themes Used in Sports*
Sports Skill Themes Traveling Chasing, fl eeing, dodging Jumping, landing Balancing Transferring weight Rolling Kicking Punting Throwing Catching Volleying Dribbling Striking with rackets Striking with golf clubs Striking with bats Striking with hockey sticks
*This table is intended only to suggest how various skill themes are applied in sports contexts.
Aerobics Basketball Football Dance Golf Hockey Martial Arts Rock Climbing Soccer Softball Tennis Track and Field Tumbling Ultimate Frisbee Volleyball
Many adults choose not to play tennis or swim or dance. They don’t enjoy these activities because they don’t possess the skills needed to participate success- fully. An unskilled adult attempting to learn a complex set of dance steps may be embarrassed and frustrated. So will the adult who is trying to learn to play tennis
Fundamental activities such as running, jumping, skipping, sliding, catching, kicking, and striking are the basic components of the games, sports, and dances of our society. Children who possess inadequate mo- tor skills are often relegated to a life of exclusion from the organized and free play experiences of their peers, and subsequently, to a lifetime of inactivity because of their frustrations in early movement behavior.
— VERNSEEFELDT, JOHNHAUBENSTRICKER,
ANDSAMREUSCHLEIN
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30 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
forms that we typically identify as games, sports, gymnastics, and dance. The key word, however, is ready. We try to lead children to these experiences gradually rather than forcing them into adult set- tings prematurely. Let’s use the batting skill theme as an example. In Chapter 28 we explain a variety of enjoyable ways children can practice the skill of bat- ting without placing them in an adult-rules nine- against-nine softball game. Constantly striking out in a softball game in front of your classmates is hardly conducive to wanting to play softball as an adult. Therefore we have developed a sequence of batting tasks and activities that gradually progress into fun batting-type games that also provide for plenty of practice opportunities. We do the same for each of the other skill themes (Part 4).
Skill Themes and Movement Concepts
We hope by now you understand why we have chosen to develop our curriculum using skill themes. In this section you will fi nd two tables and two fi gures that are especially important to a thorough understanding of the skill theme approach. The movement concepts are listed in Table 3.2 and the skill themes in Table 3.3 . These tables organize the content to be taught in physical education, not by sports, but by an analysis of movements that are used in most sports and physi- cal activities. These tables also serve as a guide to be certain that we teach all the important movements and do not leave any out. The skill themes and move- ment concepts are defi ned and thoroughly explained in Parts 3 and 4. but cannot even hit the ball into the opponent’s court. Our goal in the skill theme approach is to lead young- sters to become skillful adults who enjoy a variety of physical activities and sports. As children become ready, they begin to combine skill themes and movement concepts into the movement
Try to bat the ball without hitting the cone.
Table 3.2 Movement Concepts*
Space Awareness Effort (where the body moves) (how the body moves) Relationships Location: Self-space and general space Time: Fast/slow Of body parts: Round (curved), narrow, wide, Sudden/sustained twisted, symmetrical/nonsymmetrical Directions: Up/down Forward/backward Force: Strong/light With objects and/or people: Over/under, on/off, Right/left near/far, in front/behind, along/through, Clockwise/counterclockwise Flow: Bound/free meeting/parting, surrounding, around, alongside Levels: Low/middle/high With people: Leading/following, mirroring/ Pathways: Straight/curved matching, unison/contrast, alone in a mass, Zigzag solo, partners, groups, between groups Extensions: Large/small Far/near
* This table represents many of the movement concepts taught in elementary school physical education. It is not meant to be all-inclusive, but to provide examples of movement concepts.
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CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 31
Table 3.3 Skill Themes *
Locomotor Skills Walking Running Hopping Skipping Galloping Sliding Chasing, fl eeing, and dodging Nonmanipulative Skills Turning point, however, it is important to understand the Twisting Rolling Balancing Transferring weight Jumping and landing Stretching Curling Manipulative Skills Throwing Catching and collecting Kicking Punting
* This table represents many of the skill themes taught in physical education. It is not meant to be all-inclusive, but to provide examples of skill themes.
The movement analysis framework, which has been termed “the wheel” ( Figure 3.1 ), is intended to show how the skill themes and movement concepts interact with each other. The spiral ( Figure 3.2 ) is an example of one of the developmentally appropriate progressions that we have developed for each of the skill themes in Part 4. Both the movement analysis framework and the spiral are explained later in this chapter. Obviously the movement content of our program consists of more than just skill themes. In fact, it’s diffi cult to focus on a skill theme for long without introducing one or more movement concepts. The two terms, skill themesand movement concepts, dif- ferentiate the movements (skill themes) from the ideas (movement concepts) used to modify or enrich the range and effectiveness of skill employment. Chapters 16–18 are devoted specifi cally to ideas and examples for teaching the movement concepts, while Chapters 19–28 do the same for skill themes. At this differences between them. The distinction between movement concepts (Ta- ble 3.2) and skill themes (Table 3.3 * ) can be clarifi ed by a comparison to grammar. Skill themes are always verbs—they’re movements that can be performed. Movement concepts are always modifi ers (adverbs)— they describe how a skill is to be performed. This dis- tinction also clarifi es how movement concepts are employed to embellish, enhance, or expand the qual- ity of a movement. A verb by itself—strike, travel, roll—is typically less interesting than one that is modifi ed by an adverb—strike hard, travel jerkily, roll smoothly. Skills can stand by themselves. You can roll or gallop or jump, but you can’t low or high or under. Concepts modify skills. Our initial focus with the primary-grade children is on learning and understanding the movement con- cept vocabulary (see Table 3.2) and Chapters 16–19; for this reason, the movement concepts are listed
Children enjoy learning the vocabu- lary of the skill theme approach. This teacher has posted her skill themes on the gym wall. * The major source for this explanation of skill themes and movement concepts is Sheila Stanley, Physical education: A movement orientation,2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977). ggra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 31 10/23/08 10:07:25 AM user-s174ra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 31 10/23/08 10:07:25 AM user-s174 //Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03
32 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
Solo Alone in a m ass ast Slow Strong Light Bound Self-space General space / down
Forward/ backward
left / counterclockwise Low Middle High Straight ved Zigzag / small /near ved)
R e l a t i o n s h i p s E f f o r t : H o w t h e b o d y m o v e s S p a c e a w a r e n e s s : W h e r e t h e b o d y m o v e s
O f b o d y p ar t s W i t h o b j e c t s a n d / o r p e o p l e W i h p e p l e T i m e F o r c e F l o w L o c a t i o n D i r e c t i o n s L v e l s P a t h w a y ( f l o o / a i r ) E xt e nsions Curling Stretching Jumping and landing ransferring weight Balancing Rolling wisting urning Dodging Running Hopping Skipping Galloping Chasing Fleeing alking Striking with long- handled implements Striking with rack ets olleying Dribbling Punting Kicking Collecting Catching Throwing tners Groups Between groups Unison contrast Mirroring / matching / following Alongside Around Surrounding /par ting through / behind /far off /under / nonsymmetrical wisted Narrow ide
Locomotor Manipulative Nonmanipulative
Free
Figure 3.1 Movement analysis framework (wheel) depicting the interaction of movement concepts and skill themes. An “interactive” wheel is located inside the back cover of this book.
before the skill themes (see Table 3.3). We focus on movement concepts before skill themes because children in preschool and the primary grades spend a great deal of time studying vocabulary (learning new words), and many of the movement concepts are part of this vocabulary. This is also the time when children truly enjoy the challenge of learn- ing and moving as they demonstrate their under- standing of such words as symmetrical, zigzag, and twisted. It’s important to remember, however, that although the children are focusing on learning the movement concepts, they are also practicing the skill themes in Chapters 19–28. As soon as the children begin to move, they are practicing one or more skill themes, even though they may not be thinking about it at the time. For example, if we ask children to skip in a curved pathway, they may be thinking about the curve, but they are also practicing skipping. If we ask them to land in a low level (from a jump), they are also getting
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CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 33
PUNTING
Proficiency Level
Playing Punt-Over Punting while traveling Receiving and punting against opponents
Utilization Level
Playing rush the circle Punting within a limited time Receiving a pass, then punting Punting to a partner Punting at angles
Control Level
Punting for height Punting for accuracy Using punting zones Punting for distance Punting different types of balls Punting with an approach Punting over low ropes Punting for consistency
Precontrol Level
Dropping and punting Dropping, bouncing, and kicking lightweight balls Figure 3.2 Progression spiral illustrating the contextual variations in which skill themes can be studied.
jumping and landing practice. In later grades, the teacher’s focus will shift from the low level (movement concept) to providing cues for soft, safe landings— from the concept to the skill. In fact, however, this is an artifi cial separation, because the skill themes and movement concepts are constantly interacting. The Wheel (Movement Analysis Framework) The interaction between the movement concepts and the skill themes listed in Tables 3.2 and 3.3 is represented schematically by fi ve concentric circles (Figure 3.1). (For easy reference, we call the movement analysis frame- work “the wheel,” a term our students coined.) The two inner circles represent the skill themes; the three outer circles represent the movement concepts. The fi rst inner circle contains the general categories of the skill themes from Table 3.3: manipulative, non- manipulative, and locomotor skills. The next inner circle contains the breakdown of the skills in each cat- egory, such as walking and running for locomotor skills, balancing and rolling for nonmanipulative skills, and throwing and kicking for manipulative skills. The outer circle contains the three categories of the movement concepts from Table 3.2: space awareness (where the body moves), effort (how the body moves), and relationships. * The second circle subdivides each of
The movement concept of “direc- tions” is illustrated on the gym wall. * Some movement analysis frameworks include the concept of space (direct and fl exible) as a quality of movement. In our teaching, however, we use this concept so infrequently that we don’t include it in our discussion of the qualities of movement. ggra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 33 10/23/08 10:07:26 AM user-s174ra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 33 10/23/08 10:07:26 AM user-s174 //Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03Users/user-s174/Desktop/TempWork/October/23:10:08/Graham:Revices/MHSF096-03
34 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
the three movement concept categories. For example, the subdivisions of space awareness (Chapter 16) include location and directions; the subdivisions of effort (Chap- ter 17) include time and force; and among the relation- ship subdivisions (Chapter 18) are body parts and people. Finally, in the third circle, the movement concepts are subdivided even further. In the wheel that is provided with your copy of Chil- dren Moving,you will see that the two inner circles representing the skill themes are stationary. The three outer circles are connected to each other but are able to rotate around the two inner circles. This rotation illus- trates the idea that the same movement concept can be used to enhance the development of different skills. The concept of levels in space, for example, is useful for refi ning such skills as catching, striking, volleying, and balancing (e.g., catching at high level). The concept of fast and slow can be applied to the study of such skills as traveling, rolling, dribbling, transferring weight, and dodging (e.g., rolling at a slow speed). At times, some concepts blend with other concepts. For example, fast or slow may modify pathways, and forward and back- ward may modify over and under (e.g., galloping slowly forward in a zigzag pathway). Progression Spiral Just learning the terminology for the movement concepts (Table 3.2) and the skill themes (Table 3.3) is not enough to begin actually teaching them. We have developed thorough explanations for each of the movement con- cepts and skill themes, along with a plethora of activities, in subsequent chapters. Part 3 (Chapters 16–18) contains the defi nitions and suggested activities for teaching the movement concepts. Part 4 (Chapters 19–28) does the same for the skill themes. In each of these chapters we provide tasks and ac- tivities in a progression from the easiest to the hardest, and from less to more complex. The content in each of the skill theme chapters is outlined in a fi gure that we call a progression spiral (Figure 3.2). The spiral is in- tended to be read from the bottom to the top—that is, the easiest tasks are at the bottom, the hardest at the top. It also suggests that tasks may need to be retaught when, for example, it has been several months since the chil- dren have practiced that skill or it is the beginning of a school year. The movement concepts that are emphasized de- pend on the skill theme being studied. The concepts of fast and slow, for example, can be used to make a task more interesting or challenging. The skill theme of rolling or transferring weight can be made more diffi - cult by challenging the children to move more slowly. But with a skill such as dribbling, which is easier to perform at a slower rate, the challenge “dribble faster” increases the complexity of the task. In short, there’s no standard formula that can be used as a guide for varying the contexts in which all skill themes are stud- ied. Each skill theme is different as are the children. The spirals do not suggest the length of time, or the number of lessons, to be spent studying a particular theme. In refl ective teaching, as explained in Chapter 8, these decisions are based on the time allocated for phys- ical education classes (e.g., two days a week versus daily) and the children and their home backgrounds and the opportunities available in the community. Finally, the spiral represents a progression from the precontrol (beginner or novice) level up to the profi - ciency level (varsity athlete) (see Chapter 7). The move- ment concept and skill theme progressions in Parts 3 and 4 are based on our knowledge of the pertinent literature and on years of teaching experience. But you may fi nd that a different ordering of the tasks (activities) is more appropriate for a particular teaching situation. Each child, each class, each teaching environment differs from all others, and the refl ective teacher adapts to these differ- ences. See Box 3-1 for an example of one school’s use of skill themes in its physical education curriculum.
The National Standardsand the Skill Theme Approach
In this eighth edition of Children Moving, we attempt to show how our program fi ts with the content of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education’s Moving into the Future: National Standards for Physical
Education(NASPE 2004). We think this will be espe- cially useful for those teachers who are interested in revising their programs to refl ect the content suggested in the National Standards. Before describing how Chil- dren Movingmight be used as a guide to developing a program designed on the National Standards, it seems important to provide a brief background of the process that led to the development of those standards. Background of National StandardsDevelopment In the late 1980s, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education formed a blue-ribbon task force and asked its members to: • Defi ne a person who is “physically educated” • Defi ne “outcomes” and “benchmarks” that could serve as guidelines for constructing physical educa- tion program curriculums The Outcomes Task Force worked on the project for more than fi ve years, and each year, at NASPE’s national
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CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 35
Box 3-1
Adapting the Skill Theme Approach
Since the fi rst edition of Children Movingwas published in 1980, a number of school districts throughout the United States have based their curriculums on skill themes. In Gwinnett County (near Atlanta, Georgia), an overview of each area of the curriculum is described on a poster that many elementary schools in the county display on their walls. The poster is prominently displayed alongside math, reading, and science posters, an arrangement conveying the message that the teachers of Gwinnett County are dedicated to edu- cating the total child.
Physical Education K–5 Curriculum
The fundamental objective of the physical education program is to provide opportunities for the development of motor skills and physical fitness. Skill Themes and Fitness Concepts Students in grades K–5 will experience a developmentally designed program of skill and fitness development, including educational games, educational dance, and educational gymnastics. The following motor skills and fitness concepts are included: † body awareness † balancing † chasing, fleeing, dodging † kicking and punting † striking with implements (short and long handled) † rolling † throwing and catching † traveling † volleying and dribbling † transferring weight † jumping and landing † cardiorespiratory endurance † flexibility † muscular strength and endurance † fitness testing Becoming physically educated is a developmental process that begins in early childhood and continues throughout life. The physical education program involves the total child and includes physical, mental, social, and emotional growth experiences. The physical education program provides instruction that will enable the pursuit of physical fitness and a lifetime of physical activity.
Gwinnett County Public Schools
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36 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
conference, physical educators from throughout the United States were invited to review and critique the work. The task force then revised its work based on these recommendations and presented it again the fol- lowing year. Over several years, the work of the task force was reviewed by hundreds of physical educators and as a result refl ects the collective wisdom of much of the profession. The result of this work, published in 1992, was a document entitled The Physically Educated Person(NASPE 1992, p. v), which defi ned a physically educated person as an individual who: • HAS learned skills necessary to perform a variety of physical activities • IS physically fi t • DOES participate regularly in physical activity • KNOWS the implications of and the benefi ts from involvement in physical activity • VALUES physical activity and its contributions to a healthful lifestyle Outcome statements were also developed for each of the fi ve parts of the defi nition, along with benchmarks for kindergarten, second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. Using the same process, NASPE built upon the foun- dation of the “Outcomes Project” to develop national content standards for physical education, including examples for assessment. The standards were initially published in 1995 (NASPE 1995) and were revised in 2004 (NASPE 2004). They were especially important because they paralleled work that was also being done in other disciplines, such as mathematics, science, and geography. The skill theme approach, as defi ned in Children Moving, is aligned with the National Standards for Physical Education. Skill Themes and the Content Standards Box 1-3 (in Chapter 1) lists the six content standards for physical education from the National Standards. Children Movingaddresses all the standards throughout the text, but many readers will fi nd Parts 3 and 4 of the book especially helpful for designing, delivering, and assessing the fi rst two content standards. The fi rst two content standards, and part of the general description for each one, follow: 1. A physically educated person demonstrates compe- tency in motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. The intent of this standard is development of the phy-
sical skills needed to enjoy participation in physical activities. Mastering movement fundamentals estab- lishes a foundation to facilitate continued motor skill acquisition and gives students the capacity for success- ful and advanced levels of performance to further the likelihood of participation on a daily basis. In the pri- mary years, students develop maturity and versatility in the use of fundamental motor skills (e.g., running, skipping, throwing, striking) that are further refi ned, combined, and varied during the middle school years. These motor skills, now having evolved into specialized skills (e.g., a specifi c dance step, chest pass, catching with a glove, or the use of a specifi c tactic), are used in increasingly complex movements . . . through the middle school years (NASPE 2004, p. 12).
2. A physically educated person demonstrates under- standing of movement concepts, principles, strate- gies, and tactics as they apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. The intent of this standard is facilitation of learners’
ability to use cognitive information to understand and enhance motor skill acquisition and performance. . . . In the lower elementary grades, emphasis is placed on establishing a movement vocabulary and applying in- troductory concepts. Through the upper elementary and middle school years, an emphasis is placed on applying and generalizing these concepts to real-life physical activity situations (NASPE 2004, p. 12).
In subsequent chapters you will fi nd many exam- ples of how you can teach children the skills and con- cepts suggested in the National Standards. It will also help to refer to Boxes 3-2 and 3-3 , which contain sam- ple performance outcomes from the National Standards, and Box 3-4 , which contains guidelines for promoting lifelong physical activity from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. After each sample benchmark you will see one or more chapter references that indicate where you can learn more about that specifi c benchmark and the activities that teachers use to help children achieve the sug- gested goal. In many chapters we have also quoted sample per- formance outcomes from the National Standardsto assist you in understanding how the content of the Children Moving chapters can be developed to meet these benchmarks. When appropriate, we have also included assessment examples in those chapters to assist you in determining how well your students are progressing in regard to the benchmarks. As we conclude this section on skill themes and movement concepts and how they are described in the National Standards,it is important to remember that the standards are not intended as a prescribed set of goals or outcomes to be achieved by all physical education programs. The National Standardsdocument
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CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 37
Box 3-2
A more detailed description of each performance indicator, along with activities to teach it, is included in the Children Movingchapter(s) listed below at the end of each benchmark. The critical elements (cues) of a mature form are also de- scribed in these chapters.
Grades K–2
† Skips (or hops, gallops, slides, etc.) using mature form (Chapter 19) † Performs a simple dance step in keeping with a specifi c tempo (Chapter 29) † Demonstrates clear contrasts between slow and fast movements when skipping (hopping, galloping, sliding, etc.) (Chapters 17, 19) † Travels forward and sideways, changing directions quickly in response to a signal or obstacle using a variety of motor skills (Chapters 16, 17, 19) † Demonstrates a smooth transition between locomotor skills in time to music (Chapters 17, 19) † Drops a ball and catches it at the peak of the bounce (Chapter 25) † Throws a ball underhand using mature form (Chapter 25) † Discovers how to balance on different body parts, at differ- ent levels, becoming “like” a statue while making symmetri- cal and nonsymmetrical shapes (Chapters 16, 22)
Grades 3–5
† Balances with control on a variety of objects (e.g., balance board, large apparatus, skates) (Chapter 22) † Catches a fl y ball using a mature form (Chapter 25) † Jumps vertically and lands using mature form (Chapter 21) † Throws a ball overhand and hits a target on the wall (Chap- ter 25) † Develops and refi nes a gymnastics sequence (or creative dance sequence) demonstrating smooth transitions. (Chap- ters 29, 30) † Dribbles, then passes a ball to a moving receiver (Chapter 26) † Throws a ball to a partner 15 yards away using mature form (Chapter 25)
Grades 6–8
† Serves a volleyball underhand using a mature form (Chapter 26) † Dribbles a ball while preventing an opponent from stealing the ball (Chapter 26) † Places the ball away from an opponent during a tennis rally (Chapter 27) † Designs and performs gymnastics (or dance) sequences that combine traveling, rolling, balancing, and weight trans- fer into smooth, fl owing sequences with intentional changes in direction, speed, and fl ow (Chapters 16–19, 23)
Sample Performance Indicators for National Standard 1: Movement Forms
Box 3-3
A more detailed description of each performance indicator, along with activities to teach it, is included in the Children Movingchapter(s) listed below at the end of each perfor- mance indicator.
Grades K–2
† Identifi es correctly various body parts (e.g., knee, foot, arm, palm) (Chapter 16)
Grades 3–5 by a fellow student and provides feedback to that student
† Identifi es four characteristics of a mature throw (Chapter 25) † Uses concepts of space awareness and movement control to run, hop, and skip in different ways in a large group with- out bumping or falling (Chapters 16,19) † Identifi es and demonstrates the major characteristics of mature walking, running, hopping, and skipping (Chapter 19)
Grades 6–8
† Transfers weight from feet to hands at fast and slow speeds using large extensions (e.g., mule kick, handstand, cart- wheel) (Chapter 23) † Accurately recognizes the critical elements of a throw made (Chapter 25) † Consistently strikes a softly thrown ball with a bat or paddle, demonstrating an appropriate grip (Chapters 27, 28)
Sample Performance Indicators for National Standard 2: Movement Concepts
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38 PART 1 Introduction and Content Overview www.mhhe.com/graham8e
Box 3-4
Almost 30 years ago the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) made the fol- lowing recommendations for “developing students’ mastery of and confi dence in motor and behavioral skills for participating in physical activity.” They still apply today: † Students should become competent in many motor skills and profi cient in a few to use in lifelong physical activities. † Elementary school students should develop basic motor skills that allow participation in a variety of physical activities. † Older students should become competent in a select number of physical activities they enjoy and succeed in. † Students’ mastery of and confi dence in motor skills occur when these skills are broken down into components and the tasks are ordered from easy to hard. † Students need opportunities to observe others performing the skills and receive encouragement, feedback, and re- peated opportunities for practice during physical education class. † Active student involvement . . . that focuses on building confi dence may increase the likelihood that children and adolescents will enjoy and succeed in physical education and physical activity.
Source:NCCDPHP 1977, p. 209.
Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity
is not a national curriculum! As detailed in Chapter 5, “Refl ective Teaching,” teachers must determine the goals of their program based on the specifi c charac- teristics of the schedule, the children, and the com- munity. The suggested grade levels, for example, are only that—suggestions. The National Standardscan be immensely helpful, however, as they represent the professional judgment of hundreds of physical education teachers and professors about the content of a quality physical education curriculum that pro- vides the movement foundation for a lifetime of physical activity. It must be emphasized, however, that the National Standardsare designed for programs that have daily physical education for grades K–12. Even then, how- ever, the standards may represent optimistic goals. The challenge for many schools and districts that have physical education only one or two days a week is to carefully select the standards that they can truly ac- complish in the amount of time they have allocated for their physical education programs. The standards can also provide the foundation for a strong argument for more time for physical education in the school day. It always diffi cult to decide which of the standards a school or district will ignore because of the lack of time allocated for physical education. Since the National Standardswere fi rst published in 1995, a number of states have revised or developed state standards, many of them based on the National Standards. If you are interested in seeing if your state has developed standards, go to PE Central ( www. pecentral.org/professional/statestandards.html ). It might be interesting also to see how your state standards compare to the ones developed at the national level.
Summary
Teaching by skill themes focuses on developing chil- dren’s competence in a variety of motor skills and movement concepts that, if practiced frequently out- side of the school setting, will eventually enable the children to acquire confi dence and enjoy physical ac- tivity throughout their lifetimes. Games, sports, gym- nastics, and dance typically require children to use combinations of motor skills and movement concepts that are developed only after a substantial amount of practice. Therefore the teacher places emphasis on teaching children how to acquire the skills and confi - dence necessary to participate in games, gymnastics, and dance with enjoyment and confi dence. Teaching by themes also involves revisiting the same skills or concepts continually throughout the program at different times and in different contexts. In preschool and the primary grades, the focus is on learning the vocabulary associated with the movement concepts. Once the vocabulary has been learned, the emphasis shifts to the skill themes. In fact, however, the skill themes and movement concepts constantly interact, as depicted in the movement analysis frame- work (the wheel). The progression and activities for each of the skill themes are illustrated by the spiral. The spiral is a visual reminder that the child revisits each task to enhance skill acquisition and retention
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CHAPTER 3 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards 39
and that skills are best learned when they are presented in a progression from basic to advanced. Support for the skill theme approach can be found in three national statements, the National Standards for Physical Education(NASPE 1995, 2004); Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education Practices for Children
(COPEC 1992); and Appropriate Practices for Elementary School Physical Education(COPEC 2000; NASPE 2009). Essentially, these sources recommend that physical education programs at the preschool and elementary school levels focus on helping children improve their fundamental motor skills. Physical fi tness, rather than being a separate unit, is interwoven throughout the program as we help children understand and value its importance while they also learn to develop their own programs of physical fi tness.
Reading Comprehension Questions
1. What do children need to learn in physical edu- cation before they’re ready to play a game? Why? 2. What are movement concepts? How do they modify skill themes? 3. How can you distinguish skill themes from move- ment concepts? 4. What does “revisiting themes” mean? 5. What does the spiral indicate about skill develop- ment? (Use Figure 3.1, the wheel, to explain your answer.) 6. What three skill themes relate most directly to dance? To games? To gymnastics? You may not use the same skill theme twice. 7. Explain how two skill themes might be combined in a task and write three samples for a third-grade class. Use Chapters 19–28 if you need assistance. 8. Select a team sport. List fi ve examples of how space awareness concepts are important for that team to succeed. You may want to refer to Chapter 16 for the more expanded explanation of skill themes. 9. Explain what the authors mean when they write that the skill themes may be used to develop a program that refl ects the content suggestions in the National Standards. 10. Attempt to locate your state physical education standards at PE Central ( www.pecentral.org/ professional/statestandards.html ). (If your state has not posted them, you can refer to the national standards.) Find three examples of state (national) standards for the elementary school grades that directly address the teaching of movement con- cepts or skill themes. Copy the standard (include the grade level and standard number) and indicate which skill theme or movement concept the stan- dard addresses.
References/Suggested Readings
[COPEC] Council on Physical Education for Children. 1992 . Developmentally appropriate physical education practices
for children: A position statement of the Council on Physical Education for Children. Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education . [COPEC] Council on Physical Education for Children. 2000 . Appropriate practices for elementary school physical
education: A position statement of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Reston, VA: National As- sociation for Sport and Physical Education . Gallagher , J. 1984 . Making sense of motor development: Interfacing research with lesson planning. In Motor skill
development during childhood and adolescence, ed. J. Thomas, pp. 123–38 . Minneapolis: Burgess . Holyoak , C. , and H. Weinberg . 1988 . Meeting needs and
pleasing kids: A middle school physical education curriculum. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt . [NASPE] National Association for Sport and Physical Edu- cation. 1992 . The physically educated person. Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education . [NASPE] National Association for Sport and Physical Edu- cation. 1995. Moving into the future: National standards for
physical education. Reston, VA: NASPE . [NASPE] National Association for Sport and Physical Edu- cation. 2004 . Moving into the future: National standards for
physical education.2nd ed. Reston, VA: NASPE. [NASPE] National Association for Sport and Physical Edu- cation. 2009 . Appropriate practices for elementary school
physical education. 3rd ed. Reston, VA: National Associa- tion for Sport and Physical Education . [NCCDPHP] National Center for Chronic Disease Preven- tion and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1977 . Guidelines for school and commu- nity programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people. Journal of School Health 76(6): 202–19 . Schmidt , R. A. 1977 . Schema theory: Implications for move- ment education. Motor Skills: Theory into Practice 2: 36–48 . Stanley , S. 1977 . Physical education: A movement orienta-
tion. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill .
ggra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 39 11/21/08 9:47:32 AM user-s173ra76450_ch03_027-039.indd Page 39 11/21/08 9:47:32 AM user-s173 //Users/user-s173/Desktop/TEMPWORK/NOVEMBER/21:11:08/graham-revise/MHSF096Users/user-s173/Desktop/TEMPWORK/NOVEMBER/21:11:08/graham-revise/MHSF096-03
Created Date
11/21/2008 9:35:09 PM
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http://333.extensionfile.net/ | Open 333 File | Open 333 File
Open 333 File
How to Open 333 file
What is 333 File?
333 File Applications
| Open 333 File
Open 333 File
To open 333 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 333 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 333. Here is some information which will get you started.
How to Open 333 file
To see if you have an application which support 333 file format you need to double click on the file.
This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 333 either on web or on local computer.
If there is no application on your computer which can open 333 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 333 files.
What is 333 File?
File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 333 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix).
These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
333 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 333 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form.
For more information on how to open 333 files read other articles on this website.
| msmarco_doc_00_22127935 |
http://338373gasexchange.weebly.com/insects.html | Insects - Gas Exchange |
Gas Exchange in Insects | Insects - Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange in Insects
Environment
Insects live on land. This means the gas exchange surface is at risk of desiccation. Because of this, an insect's gas exchange system is internal to keep in as much moisture as possible. Because they live on land, insects get oxygen from the air, which has a relatively high oxygen concentration. Air is also easy to ventilate across the gas exchange surface.
Structures and Adaptations
Insects have air tubes called tracheae and tracheoles throughout their body. The tubes are held open by hard rings of chitin. Insects don't have a circulatory system, so the tracheoles must reach every cell in the body as they rely on diffusion to take in oxygen. At the end of each tracheole is a small amount of liquid which allows gasses to dissolve and then diffuse into the cells. The places where the tubes leave the body are called spiracles, and these can open and close to control water loss. When they need lots of oxygen, or the environment is moist, the spiracles will be open. When they don't need as much oxygen or the environment is dry, the spiracles will be closed or only slightly open to reduce water loss. Insects ventilate their gas exchange system by opening and closing their spiracles in a certain order and compressing the trachea to pump air in one end of the insect and out the other end. This keeps fresh air flowing into the body and old air flowing out. There are bristles in the spiracles which filter unwanted particles out of the air so they don't damage the gas exchange surface. Insects also have air sacs which can store extra air until it is needed. This means the insect can keep its spiracles closed in a dry environment and use the oxygen it has stored inside. The air sacs are also used when the insect has a high energy demand. An example of this is when the insect is flying. The air sacs allow the insect to take in more air and therefore more oxygen that can be used for respiration. The gas exchange system is inside the insect's body where it is humid to help to prevent desiccation.
Advantages and Limitations
An advantage of the insect gas exchange system is that they have air sacs which can store extra air for when it is needed. This is useful when an insect has a high energy demand (e.g. while flying), or when it is in a dry environment and needs to close it's spiracles to keep moisture in. They allow the insect to get enough oxygen without loosing to much moisture.
Another advantage is that the spiracles can open and close. This controls how much moisture is lost, while still making sure the insect gets enough oxygen. This helps the gas exchange surface to stay moist and allow for more efficient diffusion of oxygen. It is important that the gas exchange doesn't dry out, because oxygen must dissolve in water before it can diffuse into the cells.
A limitation is that insects rely on diffusion to get oxygen to every cell. Insects don't have a circulatory system to carry oxygen around their bodies. Instead the tracheoles reach each individual cell so oxygen can diffuse straight into the cells. Because insects rely on diffusion for oxygen, their size is limited and they don't get very big. As insects get bigger, it is harder for oxygen to diffuse to every cell. If the insect got too big, oxygen wouldn't be able to reach every cell, so some cells would die.
Another limitation is tidal ventilation. Because the air goes in and out of the tracheoles the same way, not all of the oxygen is absorbed from the air that is taken in. Some air taken in never reaches the gas exchange surface, and not all of the air that has been to the gas exchange surface and lost its oxygen to the cells makes it out of the body. This means only some of the oxygen that comes into the body makes it into the cells.
Header photo taken by myself
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http://33coffeemakers.com/how-to-clean-a-hamilton-beach-brew-station-coffee-maker/ | How to clean a Hamilton Beach coffee maker | How to clean a Hamilton Beach coffee maker
How to clean a Hamilton Beach coffee maker
How to clean a Hamilton Beach BrewStation 6-Cup
How to clean a Hamilton Beach BrewStation coffee urn
How to Clean Mineral Deposits and Buildup
How to Remove Discoloration
How to clean Hamilton Beach FlexBrew single serve coffee maker
Hamilton Beach The Scoop Single-Serve
| How to clean a Hamilton Beach coffee maker
How to clean a Hamilton Beach coffee maker
How to clean a Hamilton Beach BrewStation 6-Cup
Cleaning with Coffeemaker Cleaner:
Coffeemaker cleaner is the recommended method for cleaning and is preferred over
vinegar as it is more effective and leaves NO odor.
Follow package directions on coffeemaker cleaner.
Dispense several cups before discarding solution.
Cleaning with with Vinegar:
Clean BrewStation at least once a month (once a week for areas with hard water).
Pour 1 pint (2 cups/500 ml) vinegar into water reservior.
Press ON. Turn OFF after 20 seconds and wait 30 minutes. Press ON. Turn OFF when finished.
When cool, dispense several cups before emptying and rinsing reservoir.
Run 2-3 more brew cycles with CLEAN WATER only. Allow to cool between cycles.
How to clean a Hamilton Beach BrewStation coffee urn
Electrical Shock Hazard. Do not immerse the base or tank in water.
Periodically clean appliance with water and white vinegar solution.
Unplug unit completely.
Remove stem assembly, basket, and lid. The metal urn parts will be hot. Use a pot holder or oven mitt to remove the lid.
Clean inside of appliance with warm, soapy water.
NOTICE: To avoid damage to the urn, do not use abrasive cleaners or pads on any part of the coffee urn.
Unscrew coffee tank seal/filter assembly from inside tank. Wash in warm, soapy water.
Replace assembly. Tighten to avoid leaking coffee. To ensure proper operation, periodically scrub the heat well located at the bottom of the urn.
DO NOT use the “SANI” setting when washing in the dishwasher. “SANI” cycle temperatures could damage your product.
How to Clean Mineral Deposits and Buildup
Clean urn every 15 to 20 cycles to remove mineral deposits and buildup, or more frequently if using hard water.
Remove basket and lid. Pour equal parts water and white vinegar into urn.
Plug in and let percolate one cycle.
After one cycle, let sit 15 minutes. For best results, drain liquid from urn using coffee dispensing bar. This will clean both the urn and the tank/seal filter assembly.
Remove assembly as shown in Step 4 and clean this area with paper towel. Once urn is completely cool, follow steps in “How to Clean” section.
How to Remove Discoloration
Add water to 40-cup fill line.
Replace stem assembly and coffee basket. Add 2 Tablespoons (30 ml) cream of tartar.
Replace lid. Plug in and let percolate one cycle.
After one cycle, unplug and let sit 15 minutes. Drain liquid from urn. Let cool; then clean. See “How to Clean” section.
How to clean Hamilton Beach FlexBrew single serve coffee maker
All appliance s should be cleaned at least once a month (once a week for areas with hard water).
Do not immerse cord, plug, or coffeemaker in any liquid.
Removable single-serve pack holder has a sharp blade. Piercing
needle on underside of lid also is sharp. Use caution when handling.
Pour 3/4 cup (177 ml) of plain white vinegar and 3/4 cup (177 ml) of cold water into reservoir. Place a 14-oz. (414 ml) cup or travel mug underneath to catch the water/vinegar solution. Press the REGULAR or BOLD button once. After 30 seconds, unplug unit and allow vinegar to clean. After 30 minutes, plug in unit.
Press REGULAR button and allow it to finish the brew cycle. When brew cycle is finished, wait for unit to cool.
Empty cup and rinse. Run 2 to 3 cycles of cold tap water. The unit is cleaned and ready to make drinks.
Routine Cleaning of the Needle: The needle is located in the lid of the coffeemaker. Bend a small paper clip as shown; insert the tip of the paper clip through the hole/eye of the needle and up into the needle to ensure grounds have been removed. Brew 2 or 3 times with cold water to make sure grounds have been removed from the piercing needle.
Hamilton Beach The Scoop Single-Serve
Pour 1/2 cup (125 ml) of plain white vinegar and 1/2 cup (125 ml) of cold water into reservoir.
Press the ‘cup’ button once.
After 30 seconds, turn unit OFF (O) using the ‘cup’ button and allow vinegar to clean. After 30 minutes, plug in unit and allow it to finish the brew cycle. When brew cycle is finished, wait for unit to cool.
Empty cup and rinse.
Replace accessories. Run two to three cycles of cold tap water.
The unit is now cleaned and ready to make coffee.
Discard grounds after each use.
Rinse and/or clean with soapy water. Towel dry or hang dry on brew basket holder.
Hamilton Beach coffee makers are fit with sensors and indicators, which serve for notification of householders. Our Hamilton Beach troubleshooting desk can help you to know these notifications.
| msmarco_doc_00_22134300 |
http://33jdc.com/ | 33rd Judicial District Court - Allen Parish, Louisiana | 33rd Judicial District Court - Allen Parish, Louisiana
Home Jury Information Docket A Docket B Contact Us Local Court Rules
Courthouse Hours
Monday - Friday
8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Closed on Holidays
The Allen Parish Courthouse
Oberlin, Louisiana
ATTENTION: A metal detector has been installed at the front entrance of the Allen Parish Courthouse. The public must enter and exit at the front door and walk through the metal detector. The handicap entrance is accessible through the basement for handicap persons only. Cell phones will not be allowed in the building . Please arrive at least 30 - 45 minutes early in order to be on time for court.
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ON HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE
| msmarco_doc_00_22139598 | |
http://34.222.140.244/fintech/is-plaid-safe/ | Is Plaid Safe to Use for Consumers? - Blog Nachonacho | Is Plaid Safe to Use for Consumers?
Is Plaid Safe to Use for Consumers?
Plaid Popularity
But Is It Safe?
| Is Plaid Safe to Use for Consumers? - Blog Nachonacho
Is Plaid Safe to Use for Consumers?
January 20, 2021
January 13, 2021 by Clay Jamieson
Plaid Popularity
Plaid, a fintech newcomer-turned-behemoth, has become the go-to company connecting consumers’ bank accounts to online payments for big-name companies like Venmo, Robinhood, Coinbase (and NachoNacho !). The Plaid API adds a lot of value to both vendor companies and the buyers connecting to them, because, under the hood, it does the difficult work of coordinating all the complicated and sensitive banking information necessary to link accounts to apps. One company spokeswoman described Plaid as similar to a travel power adapter that allows you to plug in your hair dryer to a foreign outlet without having any problems.
And clearly there’s been a lot of demand for this ‘adapter.’ Plaid connects over 11,000 banks with more than 200 million consumer accounts, and these numbers jump by huge margins each year. Plaid’s technology and stance in the market are so strong and promising that, until today, Visa had been planning to acquire Plaid for $5.3 billion. The only reason the deal didn’t go through is because the United States Department of Justice classified Plaid as such a powerful competitive threat to Visa that giving Visa control over it would create a monopoly.
But Is It Safe?
So Plaid is obviously a huge player in the fintech and payments space, but just because something is big and popular doesn’t necessarily mean it’s safe for a consumer to use. Thankfully in this case, Plaid maintains strong financial security as well. The company’s technology has been successfully used without issues since 2013.
They use a plethora of techniques to secure users’ financial data: AES and TLS data encryption, Multi-Factor Authentication to block unauthorized access, and constant monitoring and customer service. Furthermore, being in the spotlight for so long has subjected Plaid to countless stress tests to uncover and fix any possible bugs or security weaknesses. Plaid users choose the specific data they want to share with the application they’re trying to connect to, and no data is ever shared with outside parties.
So, in short, Plaid is quite safe. It’s a large company trusted by an enormous swath of businesses and consumers with strong security standards and protection measures in place. When you want to use Plaid to connect to apps like NachoNacho and make payments, you can rest assured that you’re using a safe and secure tool. | msmarco_doc_00_22140479 |
http://340228012606221970.weebly.com/the-hanging-gardens-of-babylon.html | The Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wonders Of The World | the hanging gardens of babylon
the hanging gardens of babylon
how the gardens were built
| The Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wonders Of The World
the hanging gardens of babylon
An interpretation of the gardens by a Dutch artist
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are thought to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon. Even though there is no proof that they actually existed, they are considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is called the Hanging Gardens because the gardens were built high above the ground on multi-level stone terraces. The plants weren't rooted in the earth like a traditional garden. If it existed it was likely the most beautiful man-made gardens ever created. It is the only wonder of the list that we are not sure really existed, despite the fact that lots of Greek writers wrote about them and how they were built. The most popular theory is that the gardens were built by the king of the neo-Babylonian empire Nebuchadnezzar II to make his wife happy. She was homesick for the plants and gardens of her homeland. The innovative structure and the advanced water irrigation system utilized by the Babylonians made the Hanging Gardens earn a spot in the List. Nowadays they would be by the city of Bagdad, Iraq.
learn more about the hanging gardens
The ruins of the Hanging Gardens
A reconstruction on computer of the Gardens
Another graphic reconstruction
how the gardens were built
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http://343fire.com/bags/bags_air.php | 343Fire | SCBA Mask Bags | Air Mask Bags
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Air Mask Bags
SCBA Mask Bags
Lined Air Mask Bags are made of rugged MagnaTuff material. Soft, internal lining protects masks from scratches and dust. Side Velcro opening. Includes reflective Triple-Trim, and scissor snap hook for hanging. Webbing pull tabs allow quick opening of bag. Sized to hold standard SCBA Masks. Choice of 1000D MagnaTuff or lighter 600D MagnaTuff material.
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14"H x 11"W
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Deluxe Two-Tone Bag can be used to carry air mask, or as a rope bag. Made of rugged MagnaTuff material with 200D nylon top for smooth and easy drawstring closure. Side ID Tag Window and Scissor Snap Hook. Brass grommet in bottom of bag for rope use. This bag can hold 100-ft of 1/2" rope or 60-ft of 5/8" rope. Mask Bag is unlined.
Reflective striping choice: 2" LimeYellow/Silver Triple-Trim or 2" Silver Trim
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Style
Description
Dimensions
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14"H x 9"Dia.
Economy Air Mask Bags
MASK-3: Large Mask Bag with front pull tab for quick opening of Velcro flap. Two D-rings on back. Made of rugged MagnaTuff material. Soft, internal lining protects masks from scratches and dust.
MASK-5: Large Mask Bag with front pull tab for quick opening of Velcro flap. Four eyelets for wall mounting. Made of rugged MagnaTuff material. Soft, internal lining protects masks from scratches and dust.
MASK-4: Small Mask Bag has same construction and is designed for removable face piece regulators. Soft, internal lining protects masks from scratches and dust.
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Style
Description
Dimensions
#MASK-3
Large Air Mask Bag
14"H x 9"L x 7"D
#MASK-5
Large Air Mask Bag
14"H x 9"L x 7"D
#MASK-4
Small Air Mask Bag
9"H x 7"W x 6"Dia.
Lined Mask Bags
Lined Air Mask Bags are made of rugged MagnaTuff material. Soft, internal lining protects masks from scratches and dust. Top Velcro closure. Includes ID Window and D-Ring for hanging. Brass grommet in bottom.
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Style
Description
Dimensions
#MASK-7
Large lined mask bag
14"H x 9"Dia.
#MASK-8
Small lined mask bag
12"H x 6"Dia.
Break-Away Mounted Mask Holder
When lives are on the line, there is no time for fumbling for your air mask. Break-Away Mask Holder opens fully - top and sides - instantly, even while you are wearing gloves! Hangs or mounts in any vehicle - wall or overhead. Designed by Pennsylvania Firemen.
Unique Features:
BREAK-AWAY - Velcro closure on top and along sides allows holder to "Break Open" for immediate mask access
Choice of 4 wall eyelets for mounting or hanging O-ring
Heavy, 20-oz. vinyl is washable and durable
Scratch-proof / dust-proof internal soft lining
Fits all standard SCBA mask
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#MBB
Break-Away Mounted Mask Holder
11.5"W x 14"H
#MBY
Break-Away Mounted Mask Holder with EyeGlass bag
4.5"W x 8"H EyeGlass bag
NEW!! - Available with EyeGlass Bag - Velcro bag attaches directly to Mask Holder so glasses stay put and are protected while wearing sealed air masks. A Great Fireman Idea! Just slap it on - and GO! | msmarco_doc_00_22145631 |
http://343fire.com/highrise_packs.php | 343Fire | HighRise and Hose Packs | HighRise & Hose Packs
HighRise & Hose Packs
Hose Pack, Shoulder or 2-Man Carry with End Access
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HighRise Tool Bag
Large Carry Pack
Tool Pack
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Standpipe Bag
Rabbit Tool Bag
RIT SCBA Pack
Hydraulic Hose Bags
Hose Harness
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Hose Jackets
Hose Straps
Nozzle Covers
| 343Fire | HighRise and Hose Packs
HighRise & Hose Packs
Hose Pack, Shoulder or 2-Man Carry with End Access
New Hose Carry Packs are designed to carry 150 ft. of 1-1/2" or 1-3/4" hose. Allows for shoulder carry or 2-person carry with webbing carry handles on each end.
Unique features:
ANSI-certified reflective striping along each side of pack.
4" wide Velcro belts secure hose across pack.
BOTH ends of the hose pack open with quick Velcro to allow easy access for laying hose.
Constructed of durable 18.5oz vinyl with reinforced stitching.
Size: 39"L x 11"H x 11"W
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#FRO-3B
Hose pack, Black
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3R
Hose Pack, red
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3W
Hose Pack, white
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3Y
Hose Pack, yellow
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
Pack with adjustable shoulder strap
Bag is same as FRO-3, but also includes 4 corner D-Rings on hose pack, with a detachable, adjustable shoulder strap for easy shoulder carry.
Style
Description
Dimensions
#FRO-3BA
Hose Pack w/ strap, black
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3RA
Hose Pack w/ strap, red
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3WA
Hose Pack w/ strap, white
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
#FRO-3YA
Hose Pack w/ strap, yellow
39"L x 11"H x 11"W
HighRise Packs
High Rise Carry Packs are made of heavy 18-oz. red vinyl with reflective ANSI Triple-Trim on sides of packs. Any packs can be made in yellow, red, white, black or orange 18-oz vinyl to allow color-coding designation of packs. All High Rise packs are also available with hard bottoms and rails. Discounts available for 10+ quantities.
HighRise Kit - includes all three bags - HP100 Tool Pack, HP200 Hose Pack and HP300 Carry Pack.
Tool Pack - holds 50 feet of 2" hose with nozzle and adaptors for standard pipe hook-ups. Reinforced hard bottom, covered with extra layer of MagnaTuff material.
Hose Pack - with wrap around Velcro closures holds 150 feet of 1-3/4" double jacket hose and nozzle. Carry handles on ends for 2-man carry, or can be carried on shoulder. Padded center made of MagnaTuff material.
Carry Pack - holds 150 feet of 1-3/4" double jacket hose with nozzle, adaptors, gated wye with room for spanners and door stops. Soft bottom, covered with extra layer of MagnaTuff material.
HighRise Kit
Tool Pack
Hose Pack
Carry Pack
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Style
Description
Dimensions
#HP-400
High Rise Kit
All 3 bags included
#HP-100
High Rise Tool Pack
15"L x 12"H x 10"D
#HP-200
High Rise Hose Pack
60"L x 10"H x 10"D
#HP-300
High Rise Carry Pack
27.5"L x 12"H x 12"D
#HP-100WR
High Rise Carry Pack with rails, & hardbottom
15"L x 12"H x 10"D
#HP-300WR
High Rise Carry Pack with rails, & hardbottom
27.5"L x 12"H x 12"D
HighRise Tool Bag
Padded, Divided, Tool Bag with full front cover, reflective TripleTrim, additional 2-section pocket under flap. Includes custom title, detachable shoulder strap. Four padded internal compartments, and hard bottom protect tools and equipment inside bag. Made of 18oz vinyl with Velcro closure.
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Style
Description
Dimensions
#HP-800
HighRise Tool Bag
16"L x 14"H x 6"D
Large Carry Pack
Large carry pack has one external pocket, removable padded carry strap. Pack can carry 150 feet of 1-3/4" double-jacketed hose, 25 feet of 2" hose, gated wye, multiple nozzles and spanners, door stops and hand lights. Available with Soft bottom, or hardbottom with rails.
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Style
Description
Dimensions
#HRP-S
Large Carry Pack
34"L x 12"H x 12"D
#HRP-WR
Large Carry Pack, hard bottom w/ rails
34"L x 12"H x 12"D
Tool Pack
made of heavy 18-oz Red RipStop Vinyl with reflective ANSI Triple-Trim on both sides of pack. Webbing is sewn completely around the tool pack to support equipment. Designed to hold two 60-degree Elbows, a 2-1/2" Line Gauge, Spanner Wrenches, short "pony" lengths of 2-1/2" hose, and multiple Hinge Hooks.
Unique features:
Padded sides and three internal padded compartments to prevent damage to tools and equipment
Includes three internal pockets, 7"high each, to securely hold spanner wrenches for quick retrieval, even with gloves on
Reinforced hard bottom covered in extra layer of MagnaTuff material
Top Tool Pack cover is adjustable, and secured with 2" quick-release buckles on the front of the bag
Includes padded shoulder strap
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#HP-700
Padded HighRise Tool Pack
16"L x 12"H x 6"D
Design Your Own Bag!
Example: Bag pictured here shows custom internal pockets, and external spanner wrench pockets.
Standpipe Bag
Fully padded standpipe bag protects pressure gauges, nozzle heads, elbows and adapters. Includes hard bottom, and removable shoulder strap. Large external pocket stores spanner wrenches, pipe wrenches, etc.-all protected by a bag cover flap to keep everything in the bag, even if dropped. Reflective TripleTrim and reflective Standpipe label make bag easy to spot and retrieve, even in low light conditions.
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#STAND-C
Standpipe bag made of MagnaTuff w/ hard bottom
20"L x 14"H x 6"D
#STAND-V
Standpipe bag made of 18oz. vinyl w/ hard bottom
20"L x 14"H x 6"D
Rabbit Tool Bag
Rabbit Tool Bag offers padded sides and a hard bottom to protect bag contents. Includes two 15" rails on bottom of bag for extreme durability. 4" Foldover velcro belt secures tools and equipment. Includes adjustable shoulder strap for easy carry and transport. Choice of 18oz vinyl or MagnaTuff (Cordura-like material).
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#RABBIT-V
Vinyl Rabbit Tool Bag
20"L x 8"H x 12"D
RABBIT-C
MagnaTuff Rabbit Tool Bag
20"L x 8"H x 12"D
RIT SCBA Pack
RIT SCBA PACK with five compartments: Main Body, Mask Pouch, Lifeline Pouch and two outside pockets with velcro closure. Mask Pouch includes padded walls, 'pass-thru' opening for regulator hose, reflective trim, molded end handle and velcro closure. Main Body includes padded walls and bottom, dual-zipper quick opening top, and carry handles sewn around bag to support contents. Optional Add-Ons: hard bottom with rails, reflective title. Made of 1000D MagnaTuff.
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#HP-600
RIT SCBA Operations Pack
34"L x 12"H x 12"D
Hydraulic Hose Bags
Holds up to 100ft of hydraulic rescue hose - keeping couplings protected and hose properly coiled. Velcro closure, Webbing carry straps sewn around body of bag to support weight of hose. Also includes bottom handle to allow quick release from bag. Made of MagnaTuff material.
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#HB-1
Hydraulic Hose Bag
22" x 22" x 4"
#HB-2
Hydraulic Hose Bag with reflective Triple-Trim
22" x 22" x 4"
Hose Harness
Three webbing hose straps and cross piece (spine) create a hose harness system that keeps hands free, and weight close to your center of gravity. Easy to transport hose, especially through narrow stairwells. Transports 50-200 ft. of 1.5" or 1.75" fire hose or shorter lengths of larger diameter hose.
Unique features:
Velcro closure or seatbelt buckles are easy to use — even with gloves on
Harness straps are designed to fit any size hose
All Shoulder Straps have reflective Triple-Trim to ensure harness can be easily retrieved in dark environments
#HH
#HH-44
#HH-32G
click for larger image
Style
Description
#HH
Hose Harness with 44" webbing spine and (3) 48" velcro closure straps, includes shoulder strap
#HH-44
Hose Harness with 44" webbing spine and (3) 48" straps with Seatbelt Buckles, (no shoulder strap)
#HH-32G
Hose Harness with 32" webbing spine and (3) 48" straps with Seatbelt Buckles includes shoulder strap
Hose Jackets
Hose Jackets are used to temporarily stop leaks in fire hose. Made of thick black leather with riveted straps and 4 steel buckles. Wraps around 2-1/2"-3" hose or 5" hose.
click for larger image
Style
Description
#HJ-1
Hose Jacket for 2-1/2" & 3" hose
#HJ-2
Hose jacket for 5" hose
Hose Straps
Heavy-duty orange nylon straps wrap around hose and secure with steel patented seatbelt buckle. 2-inch wide straps are adjustable from 18" to 32", with reinforced stitching. Nylon Tensile Strength: 4400 lbs. per inch. Straps are sold individually, or in sets of three.
click for larger image
Style
Description
#HS-O
Hose Strap, individual
#HS-O-SET
Hose Straps, set of 3
Nozzle Covers
Nozzle Covers allow you to dedicate a line for RIT/FAST operations. Cover has adjustable drawstring closure, and fits all size nozzles. Standard cover comes with RIT or FAST in black print on a 3M Scotchlite™ reflective panel for easy identification. Panel size is 4" wide x 9" high. Any letters can be placed on panel, if desired, for no additional cost.
click for larger image
Style
Description
Dimensions
#NOZZ-R
Nozzle Cover, RIT
Size: 13"H x 8"dia
#NOZZ-F
Nozzle Cover, FAST
Size: 13"H x 8"dia
#NOZZ-C
Nozzle Cover, custom printing
Size: 13"H x 8"dia
| msmarco_doc_00_22149230 |
http://347strokerkit.com/how-to-build-a-347-stroker.html | For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. | msmarco_doc_00_22158890 | ||
http://348-409.com/torquesm.html | Small block Chevy Torque Specifications | Small block Chevy Torque Specifications
Part
Bolt Size
Minimum Torque:
Maximum Torque:
Camshaft sprocket
5/16"-18
15 ft. lbs.
25 ft. lbs.
Connecting rod
3/8"-24
30 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
* Cylinder head (oiled)
7/16"-14
60 ft. lbs.
70 ft. lbs.
Exhaust Manifold to Cylinder Head (Center)
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
30 ft. lbs.
Exhaust Manifold to Cylinder Head (Ends)
3/8"-16
15 ft. lbs.
20 ft. lbs.
Fan Blade Assembly to Flange
5/16"-24
15 ft. lbs.
20 ft. lbs.
Flywheel Housing to Crankcase
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
30 ft. lbs.
Flywheel Housing plate cover
1/4"-20
10 ft. lbs.
12 ft. lbs.
Intake Manifold to Cylinder Head
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
Main Bearing Cap bolts (oiled)
7/16"-14
60 ft. lbs.
70 ft. lbs.
Oil Pan Drain Plug
Special
25 ft. lbs.
30 ft. lbs.
Oil Pump Cover to Body
1/4"-20
6 ft. lbs.
9 ft. lbs.
Oil Pump to Rear Bearing Cap Bolt
7/16"-14
45 ft. lbs.
50 ft. lbs.
Pulley to Balancer Hub
3/8"-24
15 ft. lbs.
20 ft. lbs.
Carburetor Nuts
5/16"-24
12 ft. lbs.
15 ft. lbs.
Water Pump Bolts
3/8"-16
30 ft. lbs.
20 ft. lbs.
Thermostat Housing
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
Oil Filter bolt
1/2"-13
20 ft. lbs.
30 ft. lbs.
Starter Bolts
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
Generator Bolts
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
Fuel Pump Bolts
3/8"-16
25 ft. lbs.
35 ft. lbs.
Valve cover screws (inch lbs)
1/4"-20
20 in. lbs.
25 in. lbs.
Temperature switch
1/2"-pipe thread
15 ft. lbs.
20 ft. lbs.
Spark plugs
14 mm
25 ft. lbs.
25 ft. lbs.
| msmarco_doc_00_22159183 | |
http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-cobol-comp.html | COBOL Computational Fields: comp, comp-3, packed decimal, binary - A Disc Interchange technical article
This is a discussion of COBOL Computational fields, including the common 'packed' and 'comp-3' fields.
COBOL Computational Fields:
Need to convert COBOL data?
That's our business!
This is a discussion of COBOL Computational fields. Several numeric
data types are discussed, including the common "packed" and "comp-3" fields.
By default, numeric values
in COBOL files are stored in "display", or character, format, in the same
way the letters of the alphabet are stored. That
is, the value is stored as a base-ten number, with each digit represented
by the corresponding EBCDIC (or ASCII) character. For example, the
value 1234 is stored in four bytes which contain "1", "2", "3", and "4"
(F1, F2, F3, F4 Hex for EBCDIC or 31, 32, 33, 34 hex for ASCII).
But because computers perform
computations with binary numbers, it is more efficient to store values
in their native binary form than to store them in human readable base ten. If the number is stored in its native binary format it can be input from
the file and used directly. If it's stored in a base ten format it
needs to be converted to binary before performing calculations on it, then
converted back to base ten for storage. Binary is faster -- typically about
8 times -- and usually requires less storage space.
COBOL Numeric Data Types
In addition to display format,
COBOL defines several binary data types. We will explain some here,
but before we start, there is one very important point to understand:
The COBOL standard leaves the actual implementation of most data types
up to the vendor who writes the COBOL compiler. The reason for this
is because different computers -- CPUs -- use different binary representations
internally, and function best with their own type of binary numbers. This approach results in better and faster compilers and programs, but
also causes confusion, because a "comp" data type on one machine is not
necessarily the same as "comp" on another machine.
Some of the differences between platforms that create this situation are:
• The register size of the CPU
The register size of the
CPU is typically some binary multiple of 8 bits; 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. The computer is more efficient when working in its native register size.
• The word order -- big endian or little endian
Some CPUs store the most-significant-byte
of the value first (big endian), while some store the least-significant-byte
of the value first (little endian).
• The smallest binary data size
The minimum unit of computation
on some machines is 16 bits, so the smallest size of a binary value on
many machines is 2 bytes. But others can use 1 byte. Sometimes this
is a compiler option.
• The increment in binary size
Most binary values are stored
in either 2, 4, or 8 bytes. Some COBOL compilers only permit these multiples,
while others permit one byte increments: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bytes.
• Floating point representation
Many vendors use the IEEE floating point standards, but others, notably IBM, don't.
• The representation of the sign
Most pure binary integers use 2's-complement, but each vendor is free to
chose his own method for all types.
The following common COBOL data types are discussed below, under Data Types:
Binary
Computational (comp)
Comp-1
Comp-2
Comp-3
Packed Decimal
Some compilers have comp-4 and
comp-5 data types, usually to emulate a comp type of another system, like
an IBM mainframe. There are other COBOL binary data types, such as
index and pointer, but they are used internally in the program, and are
not found in files, so are not of concern to us. Comp-3 is so common and
so uniform across platforms that we have written a separate Tech Talk brief
for it. See COBOL Comp-3 Packed Fields.
How the PIC and USAGE affect storage size
Which data type a field uses for storage is determined by the "usage is"
clause in the field definition. For example,
05 BALANCE-DUE PIC S9(6)V99 USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-3.
says to store the field in the
computational-3 format. The "usage is" part is optional and generally
left off, and "computational" can be abbreviated "COMP", so you will more
commonly see this written:
05 BALANCE-DUE PIC S9(6)V99 COMP-3.
The number of bits, bytes,
or words that are stored for any given field usually depends on the number
of digits given in the COBOL PIC. For binary numbers, 8 bits, or
1 byte, will store unsigned values from 0 to 255 or signed values from
-128 to +127. This is enough to store values up to two digits (99),
but not up to three digits (999). So a PIC 9 or PIC 99 would
require 1 byte, but a PIC 999 would require 2 bytes.
In addition, most compilers
have some minimum requirements for comp storage. For example, the
smallest unit of storage may be 2 bytes, so even if you specify PIC 9 (only
1 digit), the compiler will reserve two bytes. Also see Synchronization
and Alignment below.
Floating point numbers, however,
follow standard binary formats and as such their sizes are not determined
by a PIC, and no PIC is used in the field definition.
Comp-3 stores two digits per byte, in BCD form, as explained below.
Data Types
Typical storage for common data types is given below.
Binary
The COBOL standard specifies
that this should be a binary data type, but the exact implementation is
up to the vendor. Negative numbers are typically in 2's-complement.
Comp (Computational)
Comp (with no suffix) leaves
the choice of the data type to the compiler writer. The intent of
this data type is to make it the most efficient format on any given machine,
which is usually some binary format. Because of this, comp varies greatly
between platforms, more than most other types.
Comp-1
Comp-1 is usually a single precision
floating point value, stored in 4 bytes. Many vendors follow the
IEEE floating point standard, but IBM does not.
Comp-2
Comp-2 is usually a double precision
floating point value, stored in 8 bytes. Many vendors follow the
IEEE standard, but IBM does not.
Comp-3
Although comp-3 is "vendor specific",
the format of comp-3 fields is almost universal across platforms, even
on ASCII machines. Comp-3 stores data in a BCD -- binary coded decimal
-- format with the sign after the least significant digit. Comp-3
is so common that we have written a separate Tech Talk brief about it. See COBOL Comp-3 Packed Fields.
Packed Decimal
This is the "official" BCD packed
format of the COBOL standard. It is implemented as "comp-3". See comp-3,
above.
Synchronization and Alignment
This topic is a bit involved
for this tutorial, but you should be aware of it. When using binary storage
(binary and comp), some compilers on some machines (computers) may require
that a numeric field start on some boundary. For example, on a 32
bit machine, it may require that a comp field start on a 32 bit boundary.
If you specify a comp field
in the middle of a record, and it doesn't happen to begin on a 32 bit (4
byte) boundary, the compiler will "align" it to a 32 bit boundary to "synchronize"
it. What's actually stored in the file is not the same as the PICs
on the layout. This is not a very common problem, partly because
binary and comp fields are not very common in files, but you should be
aware of it.
Related Information
Signed display fields were not discussed here because they are not binary data types. See EBCDIC to ASCII Conversion of Signed Fieldsfor
a discussion.
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion, see our
TechTalk Index.
Our COBOL Conversion Services
Disc Interchange Service Company's primary business is converting mainframe
COBOL files. From the simplest mailing list to the most complex financial
data, we have the tools to properly convert and Q.C. your files efficiently and accurately.
DISC can convert most COBOL numeric data types, including all the
IBM mainframe EBCDIC data types. Our library of conversion routines permits
us to handle those difficult jobs that standard COBOL compilers can't convert. With over 32 years of experience with thousands of files,
we have the knowledge to catch problems with the data before they cause you grief.
Mainframe & AS/400 Conversion to PC
With 32 years experience, we are the experts at transferring mainframe data to PCs.
Disc Interchange Service Company, Inc.
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
Home | msmarco_doc_00_22160918 | ||
http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-floppy-disks.html | Floppy Disk Specifications - A Disc Interchange technical article
Briefly discusses cylinders, tracks, sectors, FM & MFM recording on 8, 5.25, and 3.5 inch floppy disks
Floppy Disk Media Specifications
This is a brief description
of 8", 5.25", and 3.5" floppy disk media. The media characteristics
and physical recording schemes are discussed. Logical recording schemes are not discussed.
8" Floppy Disks
This is the original diskette, introduced by IBM as a way to distribute code for
their mainframe computers. It is a round flexible "cookie" (the magnetic disk itself)
enclosed in a flexible sleeve approximately eight inches by eight inches, and dubbed a
"Flexible disk", and commonly called a "Floppy disk". There are hard sector
and soft sector disks, with soft sector the most common. Hard sector disks
have small holes punched in a circle near the hub of the disk that
mark the locations of the sectors on the disk. Soft sector disks write
magnetic patterns on each track to indicate the start of a sector.
The original IBM disk was single-side single-density, but the 256KB capacity
wasn't enough when it started being used as a data storage medium for personal computers, and "double density" recording
was invented. Single density recording uses FM (Frequency Modulation) and double density
recording uses MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation), which stores twice as much data in the
same space.
Both hard and soft
sector disks have an "index hole" punched in the disk to indicate where each track
on the disk begins. This hole is near the hub (the large center hole of the disk). You will
see a small, quarter-inch hole punched in the jacket. If you rotate the cookie
(the magnetic media), you will find one hole in the cookie for soft sector disks,
and multiple holes for hard sector disks. Most disks
are soft sector; Wang is the largest user of hard sector 8" disks.
The disks can be one or two
sided; the index hole in the jacket is punched in different locations for one and two
sided disks, so the drive can detect the type of disk. Disks are certified
for single or double density, but the magnetic coating is the same for
both. A disk certified for "Double Density" can be recorded at Single Density, but
disks certified for "Single Density" have not been tested for Double Density and should
not normally be recorded in Double Density, as they have not been certified for the more
critical Double Density magnetic bit patterns.
Soft sector disks can be
recorded with any sector size, but the common sizes are 128, 256, 512,
and 1024 bytes of data per sector. Single density, also known as FM (frequency
modulation) recording, is usually recorded at 128 bytes per sector, and
double density, also known as MFM (modified FM), is usually recorded at
256 to 1024 bytes per sector, but this is not mandatory.
All 8" disks have 77 cylinders
recorded at 48 TPI (tracks per inch), and rotate at 360 RPM. Each
sector on the disk contains a header which, among other things, contains
the "address" of the sector. The address is the side, cylinder, and sector
number. This uniquely identifies that sector. Sector, track,
and side numbering schemes vary and are determined by the operating system
device driver. Capacities range from about 256 KB for single-sided single-density,
to 1.2 MB for double-sided double-density.
Although this article does not
discuss the logical disk formats (how data is organized on the disk), we should
mention that there are several thousand
schemes used to write data to these disks. Some of the best known are the
IBM "Exchange" formats, which come in single and double sided, single and
double density formats with both blocked and unblocked records and spanned
or unspanned sectors, with the disk recorded in EBCDIC. DEC (Digital
Equipment Corporation) used 8" disks on their PDP-11 computers, under several
different operating systems, all using ASCII. CP/M computers
often used 8" disks, and there are several hundred different CP/M disk formats, all
recorded in ASCII. Many early dedicated word-processors used 8" floppy disks, such as
the IBM DisplayWriter, DEC DECMate, CPT, NBI, and several Wang systems. Each of these
products wrote a different logical disk format. Most were some variant of ASCII, but
the IBM Displaywriter was EBCDIC. All used their proprietary WP codes.
5.25" Floppy Disks
These are smaller versions of the 8" disks, with similar characteristics. Although there are hard sector
5.25" disks, they are rare today, and virtually all 5.25" disks are soft sector,
and nearly all soft sector disks are formatted with 512 byte sectors.
There are three basic types of 5.25" drives:
40 cylinder, 48 TPI, single or double density recording on single or double sided 300 oe media.
80 cylinder, 96 TPI, single or double density recording on single or double sided 300 oe media.
80 cylinder, 96 TPI, high density recording on double sided 600 oe media.
These three types of drives are discussed below. There was a unique 100 TPI drive
manufactured, but it never gained popularity and is seldom seen today.
40 cylinder, 48 TPI
This was the first type of 5.25" drive made. Some early drives were only
single sided, but most were double sided. They could record in single density
FM and double density MFM. Most could read hard sector disks. This is the
drive used by the original IBM PC, and commonly called 360K.
Capacity ranged from about 80K for single-side, single-density, to 360K for
double-side, double-density. They use 300oe media, and the drive rotates at 300 RPM.
80 cylinder, 96 TPI
This was the second type of 5.25" drive made, and the least popular (and known) of the
three types of drives. These double the capacity of
the original drive by doubling the number of cylinders (tracks) from 40 to 80. They use the same media as the the 40 cylinder 48 TPI drives, but it is certified (tested)
on all 80 tracks, as opposed to the standard disks which were only certified at
40 tracks.
These drives were never common on PCs, although DEC used a single sided
version called the RX-50, in the DECMate word-processor, the DEC Rainbow and several other DEC computers,
including the PDP-11 and the VAX.
Other than the DEC RX-50, these drives were almost always double sided,
and recorded in double density MFM. They had a capacity of around 720K. Like the 40 track drives,
they used 300oe media, and the drive rotates at 300 RPM
80 cylinder, 96 TPI High Density
This is the familiar "1.2 MB High Density" drive found on the XT and later
PCs, until the 3.5" drives took over the market. This drive is also 80 cylinders recorded
at 96 TPI, but the drive uses a higher coercivity 600oe disk which allows
a higher bit density, and hence greater capacity. The drive rotates at 360 RPM, and records at
a higher data rate. The rotational speed and data rate match those of the 8" disks, so
an 8" floppy decoder circuit can be used.
Media types
The types of media correspond roughly to the types of drives, so there are
48 TPI 40 cylinder, 96 TPI 80 cylinger, and 1.2 MB high density diskettes.
Early diskettes were sold as certified for either single-density or
double-density, but as the product lines matured all disks were certified
for double-density (which can be used at either density). The 300oe media was
generally sold in both single-side and double-side products, but the high density media
was always double-sided.
Ignoring the single/double density certification, and
hard sector disks, there are then 5 basic types of media:
40 cylinder 48 TPI single-sided
40 cylinder 48 TPI double-sided
80 cylinder 96 TPI single-sided
80 cylinder 96 TPI double-sided
80 cylinder 96 TPI double-sided high density
When the 80 cylinder 96 TPI drives were introduced, disk vendors needed a way to distinguish the 80 cylinder media from
the 40 cylinder media. The media was normally referred to as 48 TPI or 96 TPI. The 40 cylinder drives were
sometimes referred to as "double density", and the new 80 cylinder drives were referred to as "quad density". When the 80 cylinder high density drives became available they were called "1.2 MB", "High Density", or "1.2 MB High Density"
The table below summarizes the range of drive and diskette combinations and parameters. Not all combinations are listed.
Cylinders
Sides
Density
oe
RPM
Capacity*
40
1
SD
300
300
80 KB
40
1
DD
300
300
180 KB
40
2
DD
300
300
360 KB
80
1
DD
300
300
360 KB
80
2
DD
300
300
720 KB
80
2
HD
600
360
1200 KB
* Capacity is dependent on the number of sectors per track,
which is under control of the computer.
As with 8" disks, there are
thousands of recording schemes in use. MSDOS 360K and 1.2 MB are
the most common 5.25" disk formats.
3.5" Floppy Disks
These are the most popular today. The media is flexible, just like the 5.25 and 8" disks, but is enclosed
in a hard plastic shell. A metal hub is attached to the cookie (disk) and engages
the drive motor in the disk drive. This solves a common problem of center hole
damage found with 8" and 5.25" disks. A shutter provides further protection from damage.
There are both single and double sided and single and double density, as well as high density (HD) and "extended density" (ED),
but only the high density are commonly found today. Single and double
density disks are 600 Oe, high density are 750 Oe, and extended density
are 900 Oe. Most disks are recorded with 80 tracks at 135 TPI, but a few
early drives had 40 tracks at 67.5 TPI. Most drives are now double sided.
Most drives rotate at 300
RPM, but some, Sony/HP in particular, rotate at 600 RPM. Either speed records
the same thing on the disk. Although any sector size can be recorded, 512
byte sectors with MFM recording is almost universal, with the notable
exception of the Macintosh 400K and 800K formats which vary the speed of
the disk as the track radius changes, and record in a GCR (Group Code Recording)
format. Macintosh 1.4 Meg disks use MFM recording and a fixed rotational speed,
the same as IBM and all the others.
Capacity ranges from about
90K (for the 40 track single side, single density) to 2.88 MB for the ED disk, but the
1.44 MB are the vast majority of disks in use today.
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion, see our TechTalk Index.
Disc Interchange Service Company, Inc.
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
Last revised 1-12-2010
Home | msmarco_doc_00_22169941 | ||
http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-implied-decimal.html | Implied Decimal: COBOL implied and real decimal fields - A Disc Interchange technical article | Implied Decimal
Implied Decimal
Additional Information
Home
| Implied Decimal: COBOL implied and real decimal fields - A Disc Interchange technical article
Implied Decimal
Need to convert COBOL data?
That's our business!
Implied decimal simply means there is a decimal point implied at a specified location in a field, but not actually present in the file. For example, the number 123 with an implied decimal of two digits represents the actual value 1.23 Using implied decimal saves space in the file. Implied decimal can apply to any kind of numeric field, including a binary, packed, or comp-3 field.
Most PC applications don't understand implied decimal and need a real decimal. DISC can add a real decimal during the conversion of your file. If we are writing a COBOL program to convert your data, changing implied decimal to real decimal is not much more work or cost. If we are doing a simple EBCDIC to ASCII conversion via a translation table, it's not simple to add a real decimal.
Converting implied decimal to real decimal increases the size of the field, and this may cause other complications, such as shifting other fields in the record, and alignment issues with redefined fields.
See also: Reading COBOL Layouts
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion, see our TechTalk Index .
Disc Interchange Service Company, Inc.
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Home | msmarco_doc_00_22181007 |
http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-reading-cobol-layouts-1.html | Tutorial on reading COBOL layouts. Part 1: COBOL Basics.
Reading COBOL Layouts, Part 1: COBOL Basics
Reading COBOL Layouts
This tutorial on how to read
a COBOL layout was written specifically for our customers who have had a conversion
performed at Disc Interchange and have received a COBOL layout with the data. It is intended to give you enough information to read most
simple layouts. It does not cover all topics or everything you would
find in a complex layout, and it is intended to explain COBOL layouts only
so you can use your converted data, not so you can write COBOL programs.
This article begins here: Reading COBOL Layoutswhere you will also find a topic index.
Part 1: COBOL Basics
We will look at some basic COBOL
rules, then at some examples, expanding on the concepts as we go. Newly introduced terms are listed in bold.
Contents of this section:
Need to convert COBOL files?
That's our business!
Record
Layouts
Fields
and the PIC Clause
Filler
Special
Formatting Characters
Columns,
Line Numbers, and Comments
Levels
and Groups
COBOL
's 66 and 88 Levels
Record
Layouts
A record layout is a
description of all the individual fieldsthat comprise each recordin the data file. COBOL layouts follow specific rules. Since we
are not teaching you how to program in COBOL, we will only discuss the
rules you need to know to readlayouts.
The layout specifies at-least
the name of each field, its type, size, and position in the record. A layout may give a detailed description of the use of each field and the
values found in it, but that information is often contained in the data
dictionary. A COBOL layout usually pertains to a single
disk or tape file, as opposed to a tablewithin a database.
Fields
and the PIC clause
The lowest level data item in
a COBOL layout is a field, also called an elementary item. Several fields can be associated to form a group. All the
fields together form a record.
A COBOL layout is comprised
of a line for each fieldor group. A COBOL field definition
gives the level(discussed later), field name, and a "picture",
or PICclause, which tells you the data typeor data categoryof the field, and its size. The three data types you are likely to
see are:
"A" for alpha (A-Z, a-z,
and space only).
"9" for a numeric field
(numbers 0-9, but no letters).
"X" for any character,
(including binary).
For example, the following field
(elementary item) is called ZIP-CODE and is 5 digits wide, as specified
by the five 9s. i.e., the "picture" of the field is "99999".
05 ZIP-CODE PIC 99999.
This could also be written:
05 ZIP-CODE PIC 9(5).
Where the 9 means the field
type is numeric, like the first example, and the (5) says there are five
digits. The 9(5) and the 99999 are identical field specifications. The parentheses are usually used when it makes the definition shorter or
clearer, as in 9(11) vs: 99999999999. The period at the end separates
this field definition from the next one.
A character field such as
last name could be written:
05 LAST-NAME PIC A(15).
Meaning it's a 15 character
alphabetic field. But it's actually more common to see character fields
specified as PIC X, like:
05 LAST-NAME PIC X(15).
PIC X allows anycharacter,
including numbers, punctuation, and binary codes.
Like the numeric example above, a PIC X field specification could be written
as either multiple Xs or a count in parentheses, like these two identical field
specifications:
05 LAST-NAME PIC X(15).
05 LAST-NAME PIC XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Although not commonly seen
in COBOL files, you can mix types in a field. For example,
05 ZIP-PLUS-9 PIC 99999X9999.
permits a dash (or anything)
between ZIP and ZIP+4, like 01886-2001.
A decimal point in a PIC,
like "PIC 999.99" separates the integer portion from the decimal
portion. This is discussed in more detail later, along with implied
decimal.
Let's practice one more,
just to get the point across. The following are different ways of
specifying the same thing:
05 AMOUNT PIC 999.99. 05 AMOUNT PIC 9(3).9(2). 05 AMOUNT PIC 9(3).99. 05 AMOUNT PIC 999.9(2).
Filler
There is a special type of COBOL
field called FILLER. This reserves space in a COBOL record,
commonly for future expansion or to fill a gap created by a redefined
field. FILLER is a reserved word, and you can have as
many FILLER fields in a record as you want -- the name does not have to
be unique as field names generally must be.
Filler can also be used to
create a field, or place holder, that you will never need to refer to by
name, so you might find it contains actual data, not just blank space.
It's also common for a vendor to use fields for some internal purpose,
for example as a key field, but to mark those fields as FILLER when the data
is sent outside the company. So FILLER fields can contain anything, including
binary data. You should not expect them to be neatly filled with spaces.
Special
Formatting Characters
There are a number of special
characters that cause specific actions on the data, such as leading zeros
or spaces, floating signs, leading or trailing signs, decimal points, etc. We will mention only a few common ones:
1. A literalin a
field causes that character to appear in that location. For example,
05 ZIP-PLUS-9 PIC 99999-9999.
specifies a field with five
digits, a dash, and four more digits. The dash is not part of the
variable data -- it is a literal character.
2. A decimal point in a numeric
field does two things: it places an actual decimal point into the
file, and determines the location of the decimal for calculations. The following field is sixbytes wide and has a "real decimal"
in the file:
05 AMOUNT PIC 999.99.
If you view a record containing
the value 123.45 in this field, you will see "123.45"
3. A "V" in the PIC
clause specifies the location of an implied decimal. This
is discussed later, in the section on numeric fields. The following
field is fivebytes wide and has an "implied decimal" at the location
of the V:
05 AMOUNT PIC 999V99.
If you view a record containing
the value 123.45 in this field, you will see "12345" .
4. A minus sign, "-", reserves
a byte in the record for an actual sign, and puts a "-" in negative values,
and a space in positive values.
5. Similarly, a "+" in the
PIC puts a "-" in negative values and a "+" in positive values. See
the section below on "signed fields" for the representation of PIC
S9 fields.
6. A "P" in a PIC
clause scales the value. This is seldom seen, so we will be brief,
via two examples:
PIC 999PPP.
The three 9s cause this field to be three bytes in
size, and the three Ps scale it UP by 1000. If the field contains the digits
123, the actual value represented is 123,000.
PIC PPP999.
This scales the value DOWN. If the field contains
the digits 123 the actual value is 0.000123
Columns,
Line Numbers, and Comments
Columns 1-6 in most COBOL layouts
are ignored by the compiler, as is everything after column 72. You
will often find line numbersor other comments(such as when
a field was added or changed, or where it originated) in these columns. These may be useful to you in finding your way around a large layout; just
be aware they are ignored by the compiler.
COBOL layouts are divided
into "areas", and there are many rules for what data may be found
in which area, but one you should remember is that an asterisk, *, in column
7, the "indicator area" turns the entire line into a comment, which
is ignored by the COBOL compiler. Even if that line contains a field
specification, it will be ignored if there is an * in column 7.
There are variations on COBOL
layouts that discard columns 1-6, shifting the entire layout left. And, some printed documentation may not show these columns. You can
usually find your place in the layout from the 01 level, which normally
starts in column 8. All other levels should start in column 12 or
above.
A COBOL field definition
does not need to be entirely on one line. A line-ending has no significance
to the compiler; it's the period at the end that's the COBOL separator,
not the carriage-return.
Levels
and Groups
COBOL layouts have levels,
from
level 01 to level 49. These levels tell the COBOL compiler how to
associate, or group, fields in the record. Level 01 is a special
case, and is reserved for the record level; the 01 level is the name
of the record. Levels from 02 to 49 are all "equal" (level 2 is no
more significant than level 3), but there is a hierarchy to the structure. Any field listed in a lower level (higher number) is subordinate to a field
or group in a higher level (lower number). For example, LAST-NAME
and FIRST-NAME in the example below are part of, or belong to, the group
CUSTOMER-NAME, as can be seen by the level numbers of 05 and 10.
05 CUSTOMER-NAME. 10 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 10 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8).
Notice that CUSTOMER-NAME does
not have a PIC, since it's a group, not a field. Also notice
that the two fields within the group are at a lower level, level 10, than
the 05 group. Lower levels are normally indented further for clarity,
but this is not required, and in fact the compiler doesn't care.
For the rest of this tutorial
we will use levels 05, 10, and 15 to be consistent. Just remember
these choices are arbitrary; we could have used 02, 03, and 04, or any
other numbers between 02 and 49.
There can be many levels. Here is a brief example of a record with three levels:
01 MAILING-RECORD. 05 COMPANY-NAME PIC X(30). 05 CONTACTS. 10 PRESIDENT. 15 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 15 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8). 10 VP-MARKETING. 15 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 15 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8). 10 ALTERNATE-CONTACT. 15 TITLE PIC X(10). 15 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 15 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8). 05 ADDRESS PIC X(15). 05 CITY PIC X(15). 05 STATE PIC XX. 05 ZIP PIC 9(5).
Most of the fields in this record
(company, address, city, state, zip) are simple fields that need no comment. But there are some interesting things about the contact fields:
There is a group called CONTACTS
at the 05 level. Within this group are three 10 level groups. The first one is PRESIDENT, and within this group are the LAST-NAME and
FIRST-NAME fields for the president. So far this is similar to the
previous example, with one more level. This group is 23 bytes (15
+ 8).
Next we have a group to contain
the name of the VP of Marketing. This group is also 23 bytes. Notice
it uses the same field names, LAST-NAME and FIRST-NAME, as used in the president's
group. Although this isn't commonly seen, it is permitted in
COBOL. They are considered different fields because they are within different
groups. In COBOL you distinguish them by referring to "LAST-NAME
OF PRESIDENT" for the president's name, and "LAST-NAME OF VP-MARKETING"
for the name of the VP of Marketing.
The last group in the CONTACTS
group is for "alternate contacts". This one contains a field called
TITLE which contains the title of the alternate contact (e.g., CEO). Like
the others, it contains LAST-NAME and FIRST-NAME fields. This group is
33 bytes.
COBOL's
66 and 88 Levels
These two levels have special
meaning. The 66 level assigns an alternate name to a field or group. It doesn't add a new field to the record, it just assigns an alternate
name to an existing field. You are not likely to see level 66.
You are likely to see the
88 level, though. The 88 level simply equates a value with a name. Here's a simple example:
05 SEX PIC X.
88 MALE VALUE "M". 88 FEMALE VALUE "F".
This equates the value "M" with
"MALE", and the value "F" with "FEMALE" for the field SEX. (This
allows your COBOL program to, for example, test IF MALE rather than having
to say IF SEX IS EQUAL TO "M"). Since we are not teaching COBOL programming,
this is incidental to us, but here's what is important to know about the
88 level:
The 88 level does not define
a field, and does not take space in the record; it is merely a value definition.
The 88 level does not limit
the possible codes to only those listed. There could be other
values used in that field; M and F are not the only values you might
find. (Although a good layout willlist them all.) In this case there might be a "U" (unknown), or a blank.
If the layout is complete, this
is a handy list of the values you can expect to find in this field. Sometimes it's all you have to go on.
88 levels may specify multiple
values, or a range of values, such as:
88 ODD-NUMBERS VALUE 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. 88 PRE-SCHOOL VALUE 0 THROUGH 4.
Next: Part 2 Simple COBOL Layouts
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion,
see our TechTalk Index.
Our COBOL Conversion Services
Disc Interchange Service Company's primary
business is converting mainframe COBOL files. From the simplest mailing list
to the most complex financial data, we have the tools to properly convert and Q.C.
your files efficiently and accurately. With over 32 years of experience with thousands of files,
we have the knowledge to catch problems with the data before they cause you grief.
We can read nearly all IBM mainframe tapes and convert the IBM EBCDIC files. DISC also has extensive support for VMS, UNIX, and PC tapes, and can convert most
COBOL files from those systems.
Mainframe & AS/400 Conversion to PC
With 32 years experience, we are the experts at transferring mainframe data to PCs.
Disc Interchange Service
Company, Inc.
Media Conversion Specialists
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
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http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-reading-cobol-layouts-3.html | Tutorial on reading COBOL layouts. Part 3: Redefined Fields.
Reading COBOL Layouts, Part 3: Redefined Fields
Reading COBOL Layouts
This tutorial on how to read
a COBOL layout was written specifically for our customers who have had a conversion
performed at Disc Interchange and have received a COBOL layout with the data. It is intended to give you enough information to read most
simple layouts. It does not cover all topics or everything you would
find in a complex layout, and it is intended to explain COBOL layouts only
so you can use your converted data, not so you can write COBOL programs.
This article begins here: Reading COBOL Layoutswhere you will also find a topic index.
Part 3: Redefined Fields
This section introduces the concept of Redefined Fields and explains their use. There is a simpler introduction to redefined fields and records in the article
Redefined Fields & Records
Contents of this section:
Problems with Redefined fields?
We can help!
The Concept of Redefined Fields
Determining
Which Definition to Use
Other
Reasons for Redefining Fields
Ignoring
Redefined Fields
The
Concept of Redefined Fields
The area occupied by a field
in a COBOL layout can be re-used for different data by redefiningthe original field. This does exactly what it says -- it redefines
the space used by a field for another use.
In the example below, the
field PO-BOX redefines the field STREET-ADDRESS.
05 STREET-ADDRESS PIC X(20). 05 PO-BOX REDEFINES STREET-ADDRESS PIC X(20).
Notice these are both 20 bytes,
and they bothoccupy the same20 bytes in the record, because
the second definition redefinesthe first one. When you add the field
sizes to determine the starting column of each field, be sure you don't count
the size of the redefining fields. To do so would count those fields twice.
Fields and groups can both
be redefined by other fields or groups. That is, a field can redefine
another field or group, and a group can redefine a field or another group.
In the example below, the
field PO-BOX redefines the group STREET-ADDRESS.
05 STREET-ADDRESS. 10 ADDRESS-LINE-1 PIC X(20). 10 ADDRESS-LINE-2 PIC X(20). 05 PO-BOX REDEFINES STREET-ADDRESS PIC X(40).
Again, notice they are both
the same size -- 40 bytes.
In the example below, the
group RURAL-ADDRESS redefines the group STREET-ADDRESS.
05 STREET-ADDRESS. 10 ADDRESS-LINE-1 PIC X(20). 10 ADDRESS-LINE-2 PIC X(20). 05 RURAL-ADDRESS REDEFINES STREET-ADDRESS. 10 RURAL-ROUTE PIC 9(3). 10 RR-BOX-NUMBER PIC X(10). 10 FILLER PIC X(27).
The total size of the fields
in both the original group and the redefining group is 40 bytes. Notice
the use of the FILLER to make up the difference. Notice, too, that RURAL-ROUTE
is a numeric field redefining an alpha-numeric field.
Also notice that the field sizes in the two groups are not the same. RURAL-ROUTE is three bytes, while ADDRESS-LINE-1 is 20 bytes. This, and
the filler at the end, precludes you from using just the first definition and
ignoring the second definition. (Recall that FILLER fields can contain anyvalue, so you can't count on them containing spaces).
Now let's add a redefined
field to the layout of the previous section:
01 CUSTOMER-RECORD. 05 CUSTOMER-NAME. 10 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 10 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8). 05 COMPANY-NAME REDEFINES CUSTOMER-NAME
PIC X(23). 05 STREET-ADDRESS PIC X(20). 05 CITY PIC X(17). 05 STATE PIC XX. 05 ZIP-CODE PIC 9(5). 05 FILLER PIC X(10).
COMPANY-NAME is a field that
redefines the group CUSTOMER-NAME. COMPANY-NAME is at the same level,
05, as the field it redefines, and it names the field it redefines, CUSTOMER-NAME. Notice the field specification can span lines; it's the period that ends
it, not the CR-LF. A field or group can be redefined multiple times; there
could be a third definition for that area of the record.
In versions of COBOL prior
to COBOL 85 the size of a redefining field (COMPANY-NAME) or group had
to be the same size or smaller than the field or group it redefined. If it is smaller it's good practice to add a FILLER field to make up the
difference, although this is not mandatory. It is no longer required that
the first definition be the largest, although it's still common practice.
Starting with the 1985 COBOL
standard; compilers will adjust the size of all redefines to make
them all the same size. But the layout really shouldspecify
these sizes to minimize confusion. Just be aware that a redefines
couldchange the size of another field or group at compile time.
To recap what we have in
our record above, bytes 1-23 contain either a person's name (last name
then first name), or a company name. Bytes 24-43 contain a street address,
bytes 44-60 the city, bytes 61-62 the state code, bytes 63-67 the ZIP-CODE,
which must be numeric, and bytes 68-77 are FILLER.
Determining
Which Definition to Use
Our record layout can now accommodate
either individual name or company name, but we have no way to know if a
particular record has a company name or an individual name. So we'll
add a field called "TYPE-OF-NAME" to indicate which data the record contains
-- i.e., which definition to use.
01 CUSTOMER-RECORD. 05 TYPE-OF-NAME PIC X.
88 PERSON VALUE 0. 88 CORPORATION VALUE 1. 05 CUSTOMER-NAME. 10 LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 10 FIRST-NAME PIC X(8). 05 COMPANY-NAME REDEFINES CUSTOMER-NAME
PIC X(23). 05 STREET-ADDRESS PIC X(20). 05 CITY PIC X(17). 05 STATE PIC XX. 05 ZIP-CODE PIC 9(5). 05 FILLER PIC X(10).
If TYPE-OF-NAME is set to 0
we know this record contains a person's name, and if it's set to 1 we know
it contains a company name. These values are the binary values 00
hex and 01 hex, so when using this file you will have to deal with the
binary data (or have us convert it).
Other
Reasons For Redefining Fields
The reason for the redefined
fields above is that we may want to alternate using individual and company
names, but sometimes fields get redefined for other reasons. Some possible reasons are:
1. Sometimes a redefined
field is just to have two different viewsof the same data. The date in the example below is always the same data (i.e., it's not changedby the redefine), but you can refer to the entiredate by referencing
the field EXPIRATION-DATE, or you can perform calculations on just the
year, month, or day by using the redefined fields (note the redefined is
numeric).
05 EXPIRATION-DATE PIC X(8). 05 EXPIRATION-DATE-NUMERIC REDEFINES EXPIRATION-DATE. 10 EXPIRATION-YEAR PIC 9(4). 10 EXPIRATION-MONTH PIC 99. 10 EXPIRATION-DAY PIC 99.
2. A program may no longer use
a field, and the programmer will re-use that space for completely new
datawith a redefine. This is safer than just changing the name
of the field, since any old programs that might be left around would crash
if the old field was simply gone. In this case there may be no information
like the "TYPE-OF-NAME" field above; the newly modified program will simply
use the new definition. That may be okay for the originator of the
data, because he knows what he did, but it leaves a new user of the file
wondering which definition to use. The data dictionary may help explain
this change.
3. Sometimes the same type
of data will be stored two different ways. For example, an account
number may be in alpha-numeric format in some records and comp-3 format
in others. Although that may sound absurd, there may be valid historical
reasons for it, and we see it more often than you'd expect. One company
may acquire another and merge the two databases. The original company
may use a 5 character alpha-numeric with a letter prefix, and the new company
may use a 9 digit packed field. To convert either could mean major reprogramming,
but they will both fit in the original 5 byte field with a redefine.
Ignoring
Redefined Fields
If a redefined field is a different data type
than the original definition, such as a binary numeric field redefining a character field,
generally you cannot ignore the redefinition. You will need to treat the records with
binary numbers as numeric data and the records with letters as character data. However, if both the
original field and the redefined field are the same data type, such as character fields,
you may be able to use the original definition and ignore the redefines.
For instance, in the address example at the beginning of this section, perhaps it doesn't matter to you
that the address may be a street address or a Post Office Box -- you will treat
both the same way. In this case you can ignore the redefines.
However, even if the data types are the same, the content may force you to
deal with both definitions. For example, consider two records, one for the
individual "Smith John " and
the other for the company "Disc Interchange ". If you ignore the redefined issue, and treat the field as the company definition, then "Disc Interchange" will be correct, but the mail to John Smith will be addressed to "Smith John" (including the spaces). If you treat the fields as an individual's name and put the first name before the last name, then the individual's name will be correct, like "John Smith", but any company name will get scrambled, like "ange Disc Interch". If your application can't deal with this, Disc Interchange can convert the data to a record with bothindividual name fields and company name fields.
Next: Part 4 Numeric Fields
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion,
see our TechTalk Index.
Our COBOL Conversion Services
Disc Interchange Service Company has
been dealing with redefined fields for over twenty years. We know how to
convert them into a useful file for your application.
Mainframe & AS/400 Conversion to PC
With 32 years experience, we are the experts at transferring mainframe data to PCs.
Disc Interchange Service
Company, Inc.
Media Conversion Specialists
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
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http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-reading-cobol-layouts-4.html | Tutorial on reading COBOL layouts. Part 4: Numeric Fields.
Reading COBOL Layouts, Part 4: Numeric Fields
Reading COBOL Layouts
This tutorial on how to read
a COBOL layout was written specifically for our customers who have had a conversion
performed at Disc Interchange and have received a COBOL layout with the data. It is intended to give you enough information to read most
simple layouts. It does not cover all topics or everything you would
find in a complex layout, and it is intended to explain COBOL layouts only
so you can use your converted data, not so you can write COBOL programs.
This article begins here: Reading COBOL Layoutswhere you will also find a topic index.
Part 4: Numeric Fields
This section describes several numeric data types and the handling of signs and decimal points.
Contents of this section:
Need to convert Numeric fields?
That's our business!
The
"Usage Is" Clause
Usage is Display
Signed Fields
Sign is Separate
Computational and Binary Fields
Real Decimal
Implied Decimal
Synchronization and Alignment
COBOL has several types of numeric
fields. These data types include a "DISPLAY" field, which is composed of
characters (the EBCDIC or ASCII characters for 0 - 9), binary fields, packed
fields, and floating-point fields. There are
also options for a separate + or - sign or a sign overpunch, and for real or implied
decimal. The data type is specified by the "USAGE IS" clause.
The
"USAGE IS" Clause
There is actually more to the
picture statement than we've previously described. There is a "USAGE IS"
clause that specifies the type of storage of a numeric field -- "display",
binary,
or computational. The full syntax, via an example, is:
05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE PIC S9(6)V99 USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-3.
This says to store the field
in the computational-3 format. The "usage is" part is optional and
generally left off, and "computational" can be abbreviated "COMP", so you
will more commonly see this written
05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE PIC S9(6)V99 COMP-3.
The types of numeric fields
you will commonly see in COBOL layouts are:
Display (including Signed fields)
Binary
Computational, or comp
Comp-1
Comp-2
Comp-3
Display, including "Signed" or "Zoned"
fields, is the most common, and comp-3 is the second most common type of numeric
field. Some compilers may also have comp-4 and comp-5 data types, usually
to emulate comp on another compiler.
Usage
is Display
Displayformat is the
default for numbers in COBOL. If no "usage is" clause is specified, the
default is "usage is display", which means the value is stored as EBCDIC
characters (digits), as opposed to binary. The value may or may not have a decimal -- implied
or real -- and may be unsigned or have an embedded or a separate sign
-- which can be either leading or trailing. The default "signed display" format
field contains an embedded trailing sign, and is commonly called a "Signed", or
"IBM Signed", or "Zoned" field. This data type is described below.
Signed
Fields
There is a common numeric data
type used in COBOL on IBM mainframes called "Signed" (also called
"IBM Signed", or "Zoned"). COBOL represents this type of
field by an "S" in the picture clause of a display format field, e.g. PIC
S9(6). A Signed field is composed of regular EBCDIC numeric characters,
one character per byte, for all digits except the one that holds the sign,
either the most-significant (sign leading) or the least-significant
(sign trailing) digit -- usually the least-significant digit. The
digit that holds the sign combines, or "over punches" the sign of
the number onto that digit. This saves one byte that the sign would
otherwise occupy. The value of that digit is stored as a binary value,
and is OR'd with the sign code, which is D0 hex for negative numbers, C0
hex for positive values, and F0 hex for "unsigned" values.
Because of the overpunch,
the digit that holds the sign will not appear as a number when the field
is viewed in EBCDIC character mode. If you have the field
05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE PIC S9(6)V99.
and view a value of 1.23 with
an EBCDIC editor, it will read "0000012C".
ASCII COBOL compilers also use a Signed data type with an overpunch, but
the sign bits are different and not standardized between compilers. See our Tech-Talk brief Signed
Fieldsfor further details on both EBCDIC and ASCII Signed fields.
Sign
is Separate
COBOL signed fields embed the
sign in the value by default (see signed fields above). But there
is a provision in COBOL for a separate sign, and it can be either leading
or trailing. The statement for this is
SIGN IS SEPARATE (or SIGN SEPARATE)
This may be combined with the
leading or trailing clause:
SIGN IS LEADING SEPARATE (or SIGN LEADING SEPARATE)
or SIGN IS TRAILING SEPARATE
This statement can be applied
to an elementary item (field) or to the entire record.
Computational
and Binary Fields
Because computers perform computations
with binary numbers, it is more efficient to store those values in the
file in their native binary form than to store them in human readable base
ten. If the number is stored in its native binary format it can
be input from the file and used directly. If it's stored in a base
ten format it needs to be converted to binary before performing calculations
on it, then converted back to base ten for storage.
COBOL defines several binary
data types. We will list a brief summary here, and you can find more
detail in COBOL Computational Fieldsand in COBOL Comp-3 Packed Fields. Before we start, there is one important point to understand: The
COBOL standard leaves the actual implementation of most data types up to
the vendor who wrote the COBOL compiler. The reason for this is because
different computers -- CPUs -- use different binary representations internally,
and function best with their own type of binary numbers. This approach
results in better and faster compilers, but also causes confusion, because
a "comp" data type on one machine is not necessarily the same as "comp"
on another machine. The table below lists the common uses; not all
compilers will follow these types. For more details on word order
and signs see the link above.
Which data type a field uses
for storage is determined by the "usage is" clause in the field definition,
and in most cases the number of bytes of storage is determined by the number
of digits in the PIC. Floating point numbers follow standard binary formats
and as such their sizes are not determined by a PIC, and no PIC is used
in the field definition.
Data Type
Description of how this
data type is stored
Binary
This is a pure binary number,
usually in 2's-complement, and usually either 2, 4, or 8 bytes.
Comp
The COBOL standard intends
that the comp data type be implemented using the most efficient data type
for a particular machine. The compiler vendor will chose the best
type for the CPU, probably binary.
Comp-1
This is generally a single
precision floating point data type.
Comp-2
This is generally a double
precision floating point data type.
Comp-3
Comp-3 is very common and
its format is nearly universal across platforms. It "packs" two digits
into each byte. See COBOL Comp-3
Packed Fieldsfor a full description of this data type.
Packed Decimal
Packed decimal is usually
implemented as comp-3. See comp-3.
When reading a binary or comp
field specification, the size listed in the PIC is the number of decimal
digits afterthe number is converted from binary to base ten. In the case of a packed field, it's the size after unpacking.
Real
Decimal
Most PC programmers tend to
think in terms of "real decimal" in numeric values. On a PC, if you
have a dollars and cents field for, say, invoice total, in the amount of
$123.45, the file will contain the six bytes "123.45" (and probably
a sign). In other words, there is a real decimal point in
the file. COBOL can do this, too, via the following:
05 INVOICE-TOTAL PIC 999.99.
OR:
05 INVOICE-TOTAL PIC 9(3).9(2).
The presence of the "." in the
PIC causes a real decimal in the file. Implied decimal, however, is much
more common in COBOL.
Implied
Decimal
Implied decimal simply means
there is a decimal point impliedat a specified location in a field,
but not actually stored in the file. The location of the implied decimal is
indicated by a "V" in the PIC. Using implied decimal saves space
in the file. Implied decimal can apply to any kind of numeric field, including
a packed, or comp-3 field.
For example,
05 ACCOUNT-BALANCE PIC 9(6)V99.
is an implied decimal field. There are 6 digits,
then an implieddecimal - the V - and 2 more digits, for a total
of 8 digits. The field is 8 bytes in size; there is no "." in the
file -- the location of the decimal point is impliedto be between
the 9(6) and the 99. If the field contains "00000123" then the account
balance is $1.23, because there is a decimal impliedbetween the
dollars and cents.
Synchronization
and Alignment
This topic is a bit involved
for this tutorial, but you should be aware of it. When using binary storage
(binary and comp), some compilers on some machines may require that a numeric
field start on some boundary. For example, on a 32 bit machine, it
may require that a comp field start on a 32 bit boundary.
If you specify a comp field
in the middle of a record, and it doesn't happen to begin on a 32 bit (4
byte) boundary, the compiler will "align" it to a 32 bit boundary to "synchronize"
it. What's actually stored in the file may not be the same as the
PICs on the layout indicate. This is not a very common problem, partly
because binary and comp fields are not very common in files, but you should
be aware of it.
Next: Part 5 Tables
and Occurs
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion,
see our TechTalk Index.
Our COBOL Conversion Services
Disc Interchange Service Company can convert
most numeric data types, including all the IBM mainframe EBCDIC data types, and most
ASCII data types from PC and UNIX systems. Our library of conversion routines permits
us to handle those difficult jobs that standard COBOL compilers can't convert.
Mainframe & AS/400 Conversion to PC
With 32 years experience, we are the experts at transferring mainframe data to PCs.
Disc Interchange Service
Company, Inc.
Media Conversion Specialists
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
Home | msmarco_doc_00_22208020 | ||
http://3480-3590-data-conversion.com/article-record-size.html | Differences in records between mainframe computers and PCs
Understanding Record Size and Record Delimiters - A Disc Interchange technical article
Understanding Record Size and Record Delimiters
The seemingly simple concept
of record size can be confusing to some people when converting records
from one computer to another. This discussion is about the differences
in fixed length records between mainframes and PCs. Variable length
records are not considered here.
Fixed-Length Records Defined
A file that has "Fixed-Length
Records" is a file where the records are of a fixed (unchanging) size. All records in the file are the same size. Such a file will also
have fixed-length fields. Each field will have a predetermined and
unchanging size, set when the record layout is designed, and the sum of
the field sizes will add up to the record size. If the data stored in a given field contains
fewer characters than the defined size, the rest of the field will be filled
with spaces, or some other character. For example, if the "LASTNAME"
field in a file is set to 15 characters, and the last name is "Smith" there
will be 10 spaces after the name, to fill out the field.
Field Delimiters
Fixed length records don't have
field delimiters. This is true on both mainframe and PC platforms. Since the fields are always the same size, they are always in the same
location in the record, and no delimiter is needed to locate any field.
Record Delimiters
As we will see below, fixed
length records sometimes have record delimiters. A "record delimiter"
is a character or set of characters that are used to mark the end of a
record. If records vary in size, as they do in a variable length
file, this is necessary to be able to separate records. A record
delimiter must be a code that is not found in the data; the only place
it will be found is at the end of a record, so every time the computer
finds that code, it knows it has reached the end of the record. The most
common record delimiters are the carriage-return (CR), line-feed (LF),
or carriage-return line-feed (CR-LF) combination.
Accessing Fixed-Length Records
Because the size of each fixed-length
record is known in advance, you don't reallyneed a record delimiter
to locate any record in a fixed-length file. For example, if your
records are 100 bytes in size, then the first record begins at byte 1 of
the file, record 2 begins at 101, record 3 begins at 201, etc., and each
record is always 100 bytes in size.
Technically, fixed-length
records can be accessed perfectly well without delimiters. However,
many PC programs expect record delimiters, even on fixed-length records,
and won't work properly without them.
Fixed-length records take
more disk space than variable-length records, but they have advantages. For example, there is no need to read the record byte-by-byte, searching
for a record delimiter, and there is no danger of a rogue CR falsely indicating
the end of the record. But more importantly, you can locate any record
in the file by a simple calculation, which makes random access possible
and efficient, as you can jump to any record in the file without reading
through the previous records. You cannot do that with variable-length
records.
Fixed-Length Records on Different Computer Systems
Fixed-length records are stored differently on mainframe computers and PCs.
Fixed-Length Mainframe Records
Data on a mainframe computer
is almost always stored as fixed-length records with no record or field
delimiters. (This article will not deal with indexed or other database
files). When these records are written to tape, the same is true
-- there are no record delimiters on the tape.
Fixed-Length PC (MSDOS and Windows) Records
Although fixed-length records
can be accessed perfectly well without delimiters, many PC applications
require record delimiters, even on fixed-length records. So record
delimiters are standard practice for fixed-length PC files. The standard
record delimiter is the two byte carriage-return and line-feed (CR-LF)
pair, 0D, 0A hex.
Fixed-Length UNIX Records
Many UNIX applications work with fixed-length records with no delimiters. Those that use a delimiter
usually use the UNIX "newline", which is the LF character, 0A hex.
Fixed-Length Macintosh Records
The Macintosh record delimiter
is a single CR, which is 0D hex. You are more likely to find variable
length records on Macintosh than fixed-length, but when fixed-length records
are used they are usually delimited with a CR.
Need to convert Mainframe files?
That's our business!
Converting Between Mainframe and PC Records
Now that we have the necessary
background, let's discuss converting fixed-length records between a mainframe
and a PC.
When fixed-length mainframe
records are written to a tape, they are written as fixed-length with no
delimiters, just like they are stored on disk. Since most PC applications
have trouble with that type of file, DISC normally adds a record delimiter
to the end of each record during the conversion process. For Microsoft operating systems we add
a carriage-return and a line-feed, CR-LF. For UNIX applications we
add a "newline", which is the LF character, and for Macintosh we add a
carriage-return, CR. The CR is 0D hex and the LF is 0A hex.
When we convert a file from
a PC to a mainframe tape, we remove the record delimiter, as the mainframe
neither needs nor wants a delimiter. Writing the PC record delimiter
to a mainframe tape would cause the mainframe programmer quite a bit of
grief. Mainframe languages generally have no provision for handling
a record delimiter automatically, so the programmer would have to treat
it as junk data at the end of the record, and define a 2 byte filler field
to hold it, and increase his defined record length in the JCL accordingly.
Measuring Record Length
If a mainframe record is 100
bytes long, then it's clear the size is 100 bytes, period. There
is no ambiguity to the size. But that same record, when transferred
to a PC, is 100 bytes of data plus a CR-LF, for a total of 102 bytes. And on a Macintosh or a UNIX system, it's 100 bytes plus a 1 byte delimiter. So is it a 100 byte record, a 101 byte record, or a 102 byte record? In each case the record contains 100 bytes of actual data, and such a record
is commonly referred to as a "100 byte record" on all the computers. For common references to record length, the record size is considered to
be the amount of data the record holds, and any record delimiters are part
of the file structure, not the data. This makes for consistency between
systems.
But clearly the physical
space occupied by the PC record is 102 bytes, not 100. Many times
you will have to use the physical size, such as when calculating where
in a file the 89th record starts, or the disk space required to store a
million records. So it becomes necessary to use both values in different
situations.
When you need to make the
distinction between the two numbers, you usually call the sum of the data
(100) the "logical record size", and the data plus delimiter(s) the "physical
record size".
Summary
Mainframe computers do not use
record delimiters. Almost all MSDOS and Windows applications require
record delimiters, and the standard delimiter is the two byte CR-LF (carriage
return - line feed) pair. The standard Macintosh delimiter is a single
CR, and the standard UNIX delimiter is a LF, called "newline" in UNIX. The CR is 0D hex and the LF is 0A hex.
When converting files from
a mainframe to a PC, DISC adds a delimiter, and when converting PC files
to a mainframe, we remove the delimiter.
The "record size" is the
number of characters you can type in a record. The number of bytes
occupied by a record on a PC disk will be two bytes greater than the record
size, to account for the CR-LF record delimiter.
If you need to make the distinction
between these two values, the number of characters in the record is called
the "logical record size", and the number of bytes including any delimiters
is called the "physical record size".
Additional Information
For more articles on data conversion, see our TechTalk Index.
Disc Interchange Service Company, Inc.
15 Stony Brook Road
Westford, MA 01886
Copyright © 1997 - 2015 by Disc Interchange
All rights reserved. See our copyrightpage.
Last edited 1-17-2010
Home | msmarco_doc_00_22219115 | ||
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http://35.223.115.159/business-bankruptcy/small-business-bankruptcy/ | Small Business Bankruptcy in Canada | Small Business Bankruptcy in Canada
Small Business Bankruptcy in Canada
Need Help Reviewing Your Financial Situation?
Contact a Licensed Trustee for a Free Debt Relief Evaluation
The Type of Small Business Will Impact Your Small Business Bankruptcy
Partnerships / Sole Proprietorship Business
Incorporated Businesses
Are you Personally Liable for Small Business debts?
Does Your Small Business Make Money?
| Small Business Bankruptcy in Canada
Small Business Bankruptcy in Canada
Corporate Bankruptcies Canada: Bankruptcy is a common way for a small business that is trapped in debt to formally shut down the business. It is a way for a business owner to shut down the business and have a trustee handle the file so that all affected will know everything was done in a transparent manner.
For larger corporations it is more common for lenders to force a bankruptcy.
Need Help Reviewing Your Financial Situation?
Contact a Licensed Trustee for a Free Debt Relief Evaluation
Call 877-879-4770
or
Schedule Your Free Consultation
Filing business bankruptcy in Canada can be quite complex, because the types of creditors you have and how your business is structured will have an impact on your bankruptcy.
A small business bankruptcy can be quite costly as well and you need the services of a professional business bankruptcy trustee who has experience with working with insolvent small businesses.
As there are alternatives to bankruptcy that could be available for a small business, your trustee will help you explore any such available alternatives that could save your insolvent business from going bankrupt.
The Type of Small Business Will Impact Your Small Business Bankruptcy
Partnerships / Sole Proprietorship Business
If your small business is structured as a partnership or as a sole proprietorship then you will have to file personal bankruptcy as the business and the person that operates the business are not legally separate; your personal and business assets and liabilities are not legally separated in a sole proprietorship or a partnership.
Incorporated Businesses
If you have an incorporated company the business is legally a separate entity with the assets and liabilities being held by the business and separately from the business owner.
If your business is incorporated then you do not have to file bankruptcy personally and your business can go bankrupt.
Certain assets that your incorporated business holds will be sold by your licensed insolvency trustee to distribute the funds to your creditors.
In a small business bankruptcy there might be certain creditor classes that have preference over the assets and these creditors will be paid first and receive preference when funds raised by the sale of your business assets are distributed by the trustee.
Are you Personally Liable for Small Business debts?
Business debts that you have personally guaranteed can be included in your bankruptcy, although if you do this your creditors will simply come after you personally for any debt that you personally guaranteed; this means you might have to file personal bankruptcy as well.
If possible you can negotiate with your creditors to maintain new payment terms if you have personally guaranteed business debts because you must proceed very carefully.
As with any serious consideration, you need to seek the professional advice of a Licensed Insolvency Trustee, who is federally regulated and licensed by the OSB (Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy).
Does Your Small Business Make Money?
If your small business is profitable over the long term but is facing temporarily money problems and difficulties paying debts, your licensed insolvency trustee can help you explore other ways other than bankruptcy to help restructure your liabilities.
A business proposal is an effective way to save a business.
If your small business has been losing money for a longer period of time, you might want to consider closing the business.
To learn more about business bankruptcy please contact a government licensed business bankruptcy at 1-877-879-4770 or by email.
Declaring bankruptcy can give your business bankruptcy protection which can give it a chance to restructure its operations.
The purpose of the bankruptcy proceedings is to save your business so it can continue to operate.
If you decide to have your business go bankrupt, it won’t affect your personal assets depending on the structure of your business. | msmarco_doc_00_22230659 |
http://353.extensionfile.net/ | Open 353 File | Open 353 File
Open 353 File
How to Open 353 file
What is 353 File?
353 File Applications
| Open 353 File
Open 353 File
To open 353 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 353 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 353. Here is some information which will get you started.
How to Open 353 file
To see if you have an application which support 353 file format you need to double click on the file.
This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 353 either on web or on local computer.
If there is no application on your computer which can open 353 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 353 files.
What is 353 File?
File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 353 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix).
These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
353 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 353 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form.
For more information on how to open 353 files read other articles on this website.
| msmarco_doc_00_22235324 |
http://36-156-343districtcourts.org/ | 36th 156th 343rd District Courts | 36th 156th 343rd District Courts
36th 156th 343rd District Courts
COVID-19 UPDATES:
Minimum Health Standards for In-Person Hearings in
the 36th, 156th, and 343rd District Courts
Requests for hearings to be held via Zoom may be made to
the Presiding Judge's Court Administrator at least two business days prior to the hearing.
For further information and to request a hearing be by Zoom:
| 36th 156th 343rd District Courts
36th 156th 343rd District Courts
Quicklinks
Home
General Information
General Information
Contact Information
Public Notices
Court Calendar
Jury Duty
Civil & Family Cases
Criminal Cases
Attorneys & Pro Se
District Clerks
Official County Websites ▲
Aransas County
Bee County
Live Oak County
McMullen County
San Patricio County
District Clerks ▲
COVID-19 UPDATES:
Minimum Health Standards for In-Person Hearings in
the 36th, 156th, and 343rd District Courts
Criminal sentencing hearings will be held in-person beginning April 5, 2021. Virtual sentencings may be held with advanced approval of the sentencing judge. Public terminals for Zoom Meetings are available to attorneys and parties at the courthouses in Aransas, Bee, Live Oak, McMullen, and San Patricio Counties.
Requests for hearings to be held via Zoom may be made to
the Presiding Judge's Court Administrator at least two business days prior to the hearing.
PUBLIC ACCESS TO COURTS: While COVID-19 Emergency Orders from the Texas Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals are in effect, the three District Courts are allowing public access of Zoom video hearings where the county courthouse is closed to spectators via YouTube Channels - Below are the links:
Honorable Starr B. Bauer, 36th District Court: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOBL3HxIhWLImdq97ktfAwA/live
Honorable Patrick L. Flanigan, 156th District Court: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3e2zuPcNOUWmfKOkcjvDUQ/live
Honorable Janna K. Whatley, 343rd District Court: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChbVjHVVzOo0ij7voJ1mIXA/live
Listing of other State Courts' Channels: http://streams.txcourts.gov
Reset Request Forms, Click Here
NO SCHOOL CLOSINGS SHALL ALLOW A CHANGE TO POSSESSION OF A CHILD WITHOUT A COURT ORDER. THE CHILD'S ORIGINAL SCHOOL CALENDAR SHALL BE FOLLOWED.
For further information and to request a hearing be by Zoom:
Form for Zoom hearing Requests, Please click here
Please click here for instructions and to read the Courts' Vulnerable Population Notice
Judge Starr
Bauer
36th Judicial District
36districtcourt@gmail.com
Court Administrator:
Nina De La Garza
Court Reporter:
Sarah Riemenschneider
Judge Patrick
Flanigan
156th Judicial District
156districtcourt@gmail.com
Court Administrator:
Sylvia Mejias
Court Reporter:
Kori Hosek
Judge Janna
Whatley
343rd Judicial District
343districtcourt@gmail.com
Court Administrator:
Jennifer Surginer
Court Reporter:
Jennifer Hill
36th, 156th & 343rd Deputy Court Reporter: Lisa Riley
Aransas, Bee, Live Oak, McMullen and San Patricio Counties
The 36th, 156th and 343rd District Courts jurisdiction includes the counties of Aransas, Bee, Live Oak, McMullen and San Patricio. Each of the courts sit in all 5 counties throughout the year. A calendar listing where each court is sitting is posted under the Court Calendar tab on this site.
The District Judges of these 5 counties hear criminal felony matters, general civil lawsuits with a jurisdictional value over $500, family law matters and in Bee, Live Oak and McMullen Counties juvenile cases.
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 700
Sinton, Texas 78387
Phone: (361) 364-9310
Fax: (361)364-9410
Email: districtjudges@gmail.com
Physical Address:
San Patricio County Courthouse
400 W. Sinton, Second Floor
Sinton, Texas 78387
Local Rules of the 36th, 156th and 343rd Judicial District Courts
To see all public notices about Jury Duty, the Courts' Calendar, and other Attorney information, click here.
***The District Courts and their staff cannot give legal advice and nothing in this web site is intended to be legal advice.*** | msmarco_doc_00_22237561 |
http://36.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of 36? | What Are the Factors of 36?
What Are the Factors of 36? | What Are the Factors of 36?
What Are the Factors of 36?
The factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.
Here is how you calculate the factors of 36. First, every number is divisible by itself and 1.
Try 1. 1 x 36 = 36, so put these into our factor list.
1
...
36
Take 2. 2 x 18 = 36, which means we add these to our factor list.
1
2
...
18
36
Now take 3. 3 x 12 = 36, so now we put these in our list of factors.
1
2
3
...
12
18
36
Next try 4. 4 x 9 = 36, so we add these to our list of factors.
1
2
3
4
...
9
12
18
36
Now try 5... nope! 36/5 isn't a whole number. So we skip 5.
Try 6. 6 x 6 = 36, so we add it to our list of factors. There are no numbers between 6 and itself, so we can stop.
1
2
3
4
6
9
12
18
36
... What Are the Factors of 7?
What Are the Factors of 8?
What Are the Factors of 9?
What Are the Factors of 10?
What Are the Factors of 11?
What Are the Factors of 12?
What Are the Factors of 13?
What Are the Factors of 14?
What Are the Factors of 15?
What Are the Factors of 16?
What Are the Factors of 17?
What Are the Factors of 18?
What Are the Factors of 19?
What Are the Factors of 20?
What Are the Factors of 21?
What Are the Factors of 22?
What Are the Factors of 23?
What Are the Factors of 24?
What Are the Factors of 25?
What Are the Factors of 26?
What Are the Factors of 27?
What Are the Factors of 28?
What Are the Factors of 29?
What Are the Factors of 30?
What Are the Factors of 31?
What Are the Factors of 32?
What Are the Factors of 33?
What Are the Factors of 34?
What Are the Factors of 35?
What Are the Factors of 36?
What are the prime factors of 36? What is the prime factorization of 36 ?
What Are the Factors of 37?
What Are the Factors of 38?
What Are the Factors of 39?
What Are the Factors of 40?
What Are the Factors of 41?
What Are the Factors of 42?
What Are the Factors of 43?
What Are the Factors of 44?
What Are the Factors of 45?
What Are the Factors of 46?
What Are the Factors of 47?
What Are the Factors of 48?
What Are the Factors of 49?
What Are the Factors of 50?
What Are the Factors of 51?
What Are the Factors of 52?
What Are the Factors of 53?
What Are the Factors of 54?
What Are the Factors of 55?
What Are the Factors of 56?
What Are the Factors of 57?
What Are the Factors of 58?
What Are the Factors of 59?
What Are the Factors of 60?
What Are the Factors of 61?
What Are the Factors of 62?
What Are the Factors of 63?
What Are the Factors of 64?
What Are the Factors of 65?
What Are the Factors of 66? ... | msmarco_doc_00_22241795 |
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http://360cloudservices.com/what-is-the-difference-between-verizon-cloud-and-lcloud/ | What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud? | 360 Cloud Services | What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud?
What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud? | What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud? | 360 Cloud Services
What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud?
May 24, 2016
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What is the difference between Verizon Cloud and ICloud?
Very simple: Verizon Cloud is hosted by Verizon, iCloud is hosted by Apple. Both Verizon Cloud and iCloud backup most of the same content (contacts, photos, songs, videos, etc.) Both provide 5 GB of storage for free, with the option to upgrade. If you have a More Everything plan, you receive 25 GB free.
Verizon Cloud says it can backup text messages which iCloud does not. However, iCloud has some features that Verizon Cloud doesn’t have. I’d recommend using one has a primary, and the other as a backup. I use Verizon Cloud has a backup incase I ever decide to change my phone.
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http://360graphicsolutions.com/2012/04/design-firm-or-studio-vs-advertising-agency/ | Design Firm or Studio vs Advertising Agency | Design Firm or Studio vs Advertising Agency
Design Firm or Studio vs Advertising Agency
The Role of an advertising agency
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| Design Firm or Studio vs Advertising Agency
Design Firm or Studio vs Advertising Agency
April 28, 2012 By 360GS 2 Comments
What is the difference between a design firm/studio and an advertising agency? All perform similar tasks and provide professional services. They all will propose the best creative tactics to convey your marketing and promotional messages and achieve campaign objectives. Although the terms are often interchangeable, it usually depends on the image that the company wants to portray. The distinction is often blurred, but primarily comes down to organizational size and costs.
The type of provider you will require will depend upon the scale of your planned advertising and the skills of your internal teams, as well as your planned communications activities. Communications service providers may include designers, photographers, advertising agencies, copywriters, media planning/buying agencies, public relations, event management and digital agencies.
The Role of an advertising agency
An advertising agency is often thought of as being a huge marketing machine, that encompasses public relations, marketing activities and graphic art services. The agency usually supports a large staff of professional and creative personnel. Larger advertising companies offer a “one stop shop” providing many or all of the above types of services, whilst other companies will specialize in one or only a few of these services, and out-source on a project need basis. The agency is normally broken into three working groups: Public Relations, Marketing and Research and Creative Services. The agency normally has a substantial internal sales force to support the agency itself, seeking and securing clients and projects. In most cases, the sale’s executive represents the client within the agency and is the sole contact that the agency has with the client. His interpretation of the client’s preferences and goals plays an important role to the success of the advertising and marketing materials are are produced.
Public Relations: Public relations professionals work with the media to build public awareness and promote a favorable image for a company or client within stories and articles found in relevant media outlets. They closely monitor numerous media channels for public comment about a company and its products and manage crises that threaten company or product image. Their efforts creates goodwill among an organization’s target market through community, philanthropic and special programs and events.
Marketing and Research: The marketing department will handle product development, marketing research, demographics, and perform product surveys. The marketing efforts define the clients’ target market or audience and help position the product or services. With the collaboration of the art director and to some extent the sales person, the marketing team develops an advertising campaign for the client.
Creative Services: The agency will recommend the advertising concepts and a variety of advertising options, e.g. events or presentations, handouts, website, collateral (posters, stickers, brochures) to best meet the client’s marketing goals. Once the approach of the ad campaign has been agreed upon, the advertising agency responsibilities would typically involve all aspects of the production of the advertising materials and despatch of materials to the media. The agency will employ creative art directors, graphic designers, copywriters production artists and media buyers. If the agency has a consistent need for a specialist, they may also have in-house illustrators, photographers, event managers and digital service providers. Advertising agencies typically charge head hour costs plus any third party production or other services they commission. Client commit to the agency on an annual contract basis for all of their marketing and advertising needs; client often pay monthly retainer fees to the agency.
The design firm is often thought of as the larger of the two, although not as large and varied as the advertising agency. It usually employs more employees on staff, whereas the studio may be a sole proprietorship consisting of only the designer/owner or a small company of two or three partners. Both offer a full range of professional services, usually specializing in a given niche market or talent. Established firms or studios are robust in networking with other independent contractors that provide specialty or complementary services with the need arises. They also offer public relations, marketing services, media buying and internet or digital services. Studio can also refer to the workplace of a self-employed artist, who usually shares office space or works from their home. The client would hire and work directly with designer themselves and creating a more personal working relationship.
Smaller companies are often intimidated by the larger advertising agencies, and feel that the agency has pressured them into spending more than their advertising budget can afford. Within today’s economy, most companies are handling their own advertising and marketing internally. By hiring a smaller design firm or studio, they are actually acquiring an extension to their own company and have someone on-call as needed. The company can contract with the provider on a project to project basis, which overall is usually less costly than the annual contract commitment required by the agency. Also design firms or studios will often accept smaller individual projects, whereas an advertising agency will not. The design firms or studios usually don’t have a large cash flow, and rely on deposits to off-set the initial costs of the project, as well as to substantiate the project agreement between the client and artist.
A simple campaign which requires the production of simpler print materials might require the services of a graphic design firm or studio, rather than an advertising agency. In these cases, you may consider directly engaging the specialist services that you require.
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http://360guide.info/surfing/history-of-the-surfboard.html | History Of Surfboards: From 150lb/68kg Straight Planks To Modern Quads - 360Guide | History Of Surfboards: From 150lb/68kg Straight Planks To Modern Quads - 360Guide
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Surfing April 25, 2019 <February 14, 2020
History Of Surfboards: From 150lb/68kg Straight Planks To Modern Quads
by K
We came a long way in the history of surfboards. Can you imagine riding a 35kg/77lb heavy wooden surfboard with no fins and no rocker? I can’t. This is exactly how the first solid surfboards looked like. So these days we can be grateful for new materials and light surfboards that fit under our arm as the fist surfers were (actually would be, if they knew what lays ahead) grateful for clean oceans and empty lineups. How surfboards evolved through history from unimaginably heavy wooden planks to light and maneuverable surfboards? Read on…
Table of Contents
Solid Surfboards
The worlds oldest surfboard?
Hollow Surfboards
Lets Rock – Who Invented Surfboard Rocker?
Surfboard fin invention
Surfboard Leash History
Modern Surfboards
Solid Surfboards
What are solid surfboards? The name speak for itself – a solid surfboard is made out of one solid piece of material that is most likely to be wood. They have been in use since ancient times and their use was recorded by ancient explorers and travelers including the Englishman Captain Cook when he visited Hawaii in 1777. Actually – his diary is also the first written document that mentions surfing.
Wood used to make solid surfboards came from a variety of different trees depending upon what was available locally. For example in California – Redwood was commonly used. In ancient Hawaii, where surfing was a part of the culture, surfboards were more that just big pieces of wood. Special types of trees could only be used by Hawaiian Royalty to shape their own royal surfboards.
Needless to say, a solid wooden surfboard does not float as well as a modern surfboard made out of foam. To compensate for this, old boards were just a little bit longer and heavier than modern surfboards.
You had to be in good shape just to bring your surfboard to the beach!
Solid surfboards could be anywhere from 10 feet (3m) up to 20ft (6m) long and were extremely heavy (they started at around 35Kg/77lbs and went up to 68kg/150lbs or even 91kg/200lbs). Once you trucked your surfboard to the ocean you found another bug in these surfboards – old solid surfboards had no fin and no rocker, so they could only be surfed in a straight line. Good side of this was that one wave one surfer rule was none existent and everybody could ride the same wave. There were also no feather light groms in the water as they were unable to move the surfboard from daddy’s garage.
Solid surfboards were still in use up until the late 1930’s.
The worlds oldest surfboard?
The world’s oldest surfboard is displayed in the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. It celebrated more that 230 birthdays. The board was used on Hawaii and was ridden by Hawaiian royalty. It dates back to the time when Captain Cook first saw surfing in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.
Hollow Surfboards
It is obvious what was the problem with old solid surfboards besides the fact they had no fins and no rocker – they were to heavy and had to little buoyancy. The logical thing to do next was to make a hollow surfboard and reduce the weight.
New materials and techniques brought the use of marine plywood and waterproof glues into surfboard construction and made it possible to build a hollow surfboard. They were constructed using a wooden framework which was covered with plywood and then varnished.
Who came up with the idea of a hollow surfboard?
Hollow surfboards were invented in 1926 by a surfer named Tom Blake (1902 – 1994). Besides being one of the most influential and important figures in the history of surfing Tom Blake was also a national swimming champion, inventor, author and actor. Hollow surfboards soon replaced the old solid surfboards. They were much lighter (around 20kg/44lbs) and easier to handle. Still the shapes of hollow surfboards were similar to solid boards which gave them the same “poor” performance. These hollow-core surfboards dominated the surfing world until the late 1940’s.
Lets Rock – Who Invented Surfboard Rocker?
The invention of the surfboard rocker could be credited to Bob Simmons (1919-1954). Bob Simmons is also the guy you could call the “Father of the Modern Surfboard”. He introduced number of innovations and new shapes. Bob Simmons was constantly experimenting with surfboard designs. One of them was called Simmons Spoon. Spoon had a kicked up nose and from this shape on Bob Simmons made surfboards with a little curve instead of being straight. This was the beginning of the rocker in surfboards.
Surfboard rocker is the most important design feature on a surfboard, since it has a great influence on the water flow. Even small changes in rocker make quite a difference in performance.
Surfboard fin invention
The first fin
The first fin was placed on the surfboard by Tom Blake in 1935 (I told you he was one of the most influential and important figures in the history of surfing).
Tom Blake had this to say about his first time out with a newly invented fin: “ When I first paddled out the board felt like it was much easier to keep in a straight line, although I thought I might be imagining it. My first wave revealed the truth. Never before had I experienced such control and stability. There was much to work out, but the seed had been sown. ”
The surfboard fin prevents the surfboard from sliding sideways on the wave. Before the invention of fins, surfers would stabilize the surfboard by hanging the toes of their back foot over the edge of the board. Fins allowed surfers to direct the board and keep it stable.
The single fin
Surfboard fin as we know it today was developed by George Greenough (surfer from Santa Barbara, California, now lives in Byron Bay, Australia) in the late 1960s. Before George the fins were more like keels – pretty much useless by today’s standards. The single fin did not change until the late 70’s.
Twin fin
Then an Australian surfer Mark Richards (aka MR, born in march 1957) added a second fin to the surfboards tail, which allowed him to make more flowing carves. Mark Richards cashed in his new twin fin setup and his surfing mastery by dominating the world competitive scene from 1979 to 1983 and winning four world titles.
Now we are almost at the end of fin evolution.
Three fins – Thruster
In 1980 another Australian surfer Simon Anderson was developing a fin set up that again changed the surfing world. Simon Anderson attached a third fin to the surfboards tail and positioned it centrally behind the twin fins. Three fin set up is also called the thruster set up. Simon Anderson blew away most of the doubts about the thruster by winning a world cup event on his new surfboard. Most of the surfboards today have a thruster fin set up that allows smooth carving turns, gives control over the surfboard and provides drive on the wave.
Four fins – Quad
It is funny that four fin setup was discovered at about the same time as the thruster. But since the 3 fins took the surfing world by storm aided by the big success of Simon Anderson the four fin brother stayed in the shadows until recently. These days they are quits popular. Why? This is a comment from one of the riders: “ I find they are faster because they don’t create as much drag as a thruster because there’s no center fin. With a quad, the water just flushes out the back of the board, as there is a lot more area there in between the rear fins allowing it go faster. ”
Removable fin systems
Removable fin systems were developed in the late 90’s. Removable fin system allows you to take off the fins from your surfboard for transport and even more important – to replace your fins with different fins that can alter the riding characteristics of a surfboard.
Surfboard Leash History
Surfboard leash was developed by Pat O’Neill and introduced in 1971. Before the invention of the surfboard leash surfers who fell off their surfboards had to swim to the shore to retrieve them. Surfer without a surfboard caught in the ocean and big surf can be in danger (strong currents) and has to be a good swimmer to reach the shore. Loose runaway surfboards were also a danger for other surfers (think 68kg/150lbs wooden surfboard directed towards your head).
Pat O’Neill is son of Jack O’Neill, the inventor of the wetsuit. Pat O’Neill used a surgical cord and attached it to a surfboard with a suction cup. Pat O’Neill introduced his leash in the 1971 Malibu international surfing competition, but he was disqualified from the event for wearing his leash. But surfboard leash proved itself and is today attached to 99% of surfboards. Later surgical cord was replaced with a less stretchy material. First leashes tend to overstretch and then launch the surfboard back towards the surfer. That is how Jack O’Neill lost his eye btw.
Modern Surfboards
Modern surfboards – modern materials. The introduction of fiberglass in the 1940’s meant that strong, light, waterproof modern surfboards could be constructed.
Balsa Core
At first balsa wood (very light type of wood) was used as the surfboards core. Balsa core was hand shaped into the desired surfboard shape and then laminated with a thin fiberglass skin.
Foam Core
Balsa wood was later replaced with polyurethane foam that is still used today. It is much lighter and easier to shape.
Shortboard Revolution
But still – even with these advancements – most of the surfboard were in the 10′ range – longboards. Again George Greenough helped out. Together with Bob McTavish they started experimenting with shorter surfboards. Fortunately Robert “Nat” Young took one of their boards to the 1966 World Contest in San Diego and threw nose riding into the corner, committed surfing in the curl was here. The shorter length of the surfboards and the thruster fin set up paved way for the modern style of performance surfing. Light weight of the surfboards also enabled many more people to take up the sport.
Shaping Today’s Surfboards
So where are we today in the history of surfboards? Today surfboard design is something that is constantly experimented with. You can ride a 6ft (1.8m) twin fin or 12ft (3.6m) gun and everything in between. Although various other materials and techniques have been tried (like epoxy/Styrofoam construction), most modern surfboards were made (up until 2006) in basically the same way as they were 30 years ago. Using polyester resin to glass a shaped polyurethane foam core.
What happened then? In 2006 the biggest and best polyurethane foam blanks manufacturer (blank is base for every surfboard) – Clark Foam closed its operations. Clark Foam covered a huge share of the blanks market and now it was suddenly gone. There was a big gap to be filled and faced with this people started turning towards new materials and exploring new ways of surfboard construction.
Foam Surfboards
Foam, or soft top, surfboards are a modern evolution and made out of the same materials as a bodyboard; polypropylene deck, foam core with stringer and hard bottom. Their popularity has been on the rise in recent years, while they have been used by beginners in the past few decades they are now becoming popular among intermediate and pro riders as a fun alternative to the hard shortboard. Due to their rise in popularity and demand there are many new companies producing these boards and no shortage in quality options to choose from in the market today.
Retro Movement
One last thing worth mentioning here is the “recent” retro movement. A called it retro but it’s actually a mix of things. First some very good surfers started experimenting with old school shapes – riding single fins, fishes and even old Hawaiian style alaias. Having fun. And then the having fun moved to “ordinary” surfers which stopped riding pro shapes and started riding shapes that help the enjoy themselves more (easier paddling & catching more waves). Today boards are generally shorter and have more volume than they used to.
For a full list of every possible wave riding surfboard (from shortboards to guns, from surf mats to wooden doors:) ), check this article.
Time will tell which way the surfboard construction technology and surfboard design will go and what will be the next chapter in the surfboard history. Until then…keep riding.
PS: check this article for some travel surfboard packing tips and this one if you are a beginner looking for your first surfboard.
Tags from the story
Bob Simmons, epoxy surfboard, first fin, first leash, George Greenough, History of surfboard, hollow surfboard, Mark Richards, modern surfboard, Pat O'Neill, polyester surfboard, Simon Anderson, solid surfboard, Tom Blake, wooden surfboard
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Join the Conversation
28 Comments
says: old board
January 18, 2007 at 9:13 am
Old Hawaiian surfboard had up to 200 pounds? Wow! :o It’s a good thing there were no leashes, you coul say goodbye to your leg.
Reply
says: Kevin Babcock
March 15, 2007 at 7:22 pm
this website is the shit. It helped me so much. I just did an informative essay with a speech based on the history of surfboards. I couldnt find anything i needed till i found this bomb ass site. Not only did it have shit loads of info on old boards it got into modern to. I ended up doing really well on both the essay and speech so thanks.
Reply
says: Lisa
July 18, 2007 at 9:58 pm
who invented the surf board
Reply
says: ecsurfer
July 18, 2007 at 10:04 pm
Lisa, I think the surfboard is so old that you can’t pin it to one person, especially because there are no written records from that time.
Reply
says: 360guide
July 18, 2007 at 10:06 pm
right, when Captain Cook visited Hawaii (1777) surfing was already in full swing :) and that is the first written record of surfing itself, first surfboard must had been invented long before that.
Reply
says: liam
October 15, 2007 at 3:48 pm
hi i am doing a project at school and i was wondering if i could get some pictures of ancient surfboards
Reply
says: 3G
November 14, 2007 at 1:23 am
Liam, try http://www.legendarysurfers.com, but it’s hard to get really quality and high resolution pictures…
Reply
says: maggie
March 18, 2008 at 7:40 am
Its totally interesting. You dont think about this kinda stuff when your surfing. You forget about how it all started its kewl to relearn it again :-*
Reply
says: Kylee
March 26, 2008 at 3:27 pm
hi, got some info 4 my assignment on this site, and i need to reference it… i was wondering if i could have an author and date of the info on the history of the surfboard?
Reply
says: Kerri
June 12, 2008 at 3:13 pm
Put a Frog board on the website (Byrne Board)
very useful site thenks Bra!
Kerri
Reply
says: savannah
June 17, 2008 at 4:16 pm
hey, I’m doing a paper for woodshop, and I’d really like to thank the author for all of this really good information. It’s helped me alot!
Thanks!
Reply
says: jesse
September 4, 2008 at 11:08 am
thanks for the info. helped alot with my project. anyone know who invented the surfboard? just post here. thanks ;D
Reply
says: Paige
September 15, 2008 at 6:14 pm
heyy.. my name is paige and i am doing a assesment on the changes and development of the surf boards i think that you should have put more pics. i mean your informations is good but i needed more pics thanks!! ;D
Reply
says: Lisa
September 22, 2008 at 4:20 pm
Are any surboards so mass produced that they just slap 2 pieces together and call it a board. I understand there are handmade boards and those that have been “shaped” by computer. Is there another way? Trying to compare technigues for a project.
Reply
says: Bryan
October 20, 2008 at 6:22 am
There is a growing movement out there for more sustainable surfboard building materials to cut down on the pollution generated by the traditional board building methods. In short, people are going back to wooden boards, but made by modern methods. The “Tree to Sea” forum is one place to see what I’m talking about. There are various methods pioneered by people such as: Rich Blundell, Paul Jensen, Roy Stewart, Tom Wegener, and others. Some builders are using balsa, cedar, red wood, pine, and paulownia woods built around a ribbed frame and then oiled or fiber-glassed over.
Reply
says: pat
May 2, 2009 at 2:41 pm
tahiti is the home of surfing , by many years. also the twin-fin was around long before Mark Richards—–do your homework
Reply
says: van
November 21, 2009 at 7:14 am
hi im doing a project on the change in the design of the surfboard.Ive read on wikipedia tha the first boards were made by three logs tied together…whats the passage from this rudimental board to the ones made from only one piece of tree…sorry for my english, im italian
thank you
Reply
says: Woody
January 11, 2010 at 11:03 am
What a flash back! I was the Malibu trash guy from 1968 to 1971.
Great years, I remember O’ Neil showing up with that leash, caused quite a commotion. Also, remember the Auzies coming with their V-bottoms. In those days I Knee boarded the 3rd pt. Everyone was pretty cool… I was the guy who kept the beach clean.
Reply
says: Hadley
January 23, 2010 at 6:35 am
We had to do a research project on an invintion in school, so I chose the surfboard!! Thanks to this site, my project was a success!!! Thanks!! :D
Reply
says: SKERDS
July 14, 2010 at 7:01 pm
this text is the greatest
i spent ages looking for something like this for my assinment now ive found what ive been looking for.
thanks writer happy surfing ayye
Reply
says: Ryan Doherty
May 9, 2011 at 7:50 pm
My Name is ryan doherty and i recon that i am the best surfer in australia and really think this is a helpful website, though my dad greg doherty said that our ansestor Archy doherty created the fist surf board in 1745, he was the first englishmen to discover hawaii before Captin james cook, though he didnt get any of the credit, he was sent to dicover places and sail back home to tell Captin James Cook that was he discovered was worth discovering, this website is a load of shit i personally think that all you kooks dont have a clue what your talking about.
Yours sincerly Ryan Doherty ;D
Reply
says: Lexi
May 17, 2011 at 7:37 am
That is really cool!;)im doing a project on the surfboard and im going to take your word on this website cuz i belive you;)about the rocker dude that is the stupidest thing i havr ever heard
Reply
says: will pascoe
June 21, 2011 at 3:57 am
why am i weirdly addicted to this site
Reply
says: CAIT
July 28, 2011 at 8:49 pm
THIS IS A FANTASIC WEBSITE AND WAS VERY HELPFUL AT SCHOOOL ;);););)
Reply
says: Glenn Morgan
September 25, 2020 at 1:31 pm
Jack O’Neil is usually credited with inventing the wet suit, but I might suggest that you read about the invention of the first neoprene sport wet suit by my uncle Bev Morgan in the book “Diving Pioneers and Innovators” by Brett Gillliam. Although Bev was a quiet man, he is the only person in the world to be inducted into all three, the surfing hall of fame, diving hall of fame and commercial diver’s hall of fame. He was also an editor and photographer for Surfer Magazine. He and my father cut, pieced and glued together the first ever neoprene sport wet suit in our garage in about 1955, which I witnessed and remember vividly. To my knowledge, Jack O’Neil modified this idea and added colors and a rear zipper. If there is more to this story, I am not aware of it.
Reply
says: K
September 28, 2020 at 3:19 am
Hi Glenn, thank you for that input! I have added a section about your uncle to the article that covers the invention of the first wetsuit. You can check it out if you wish: https://360guide.info/wetsuits/wetsuit-history.html
Reply
says: Chris
November 17, 2020 at 5:54 pm
I’m very intrigued by the picture at the top of this article. Does anyone know who the person is in the picture and when it was taken?
It obviously was taken at Waikiki beach.
Reply
says: K
November 19, 2020 at 4:06 am
Sorry Chris, I don’t have the information. Would be interesting to know, I agree.
Reply
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Surfing January 2, 2014 <October 23, 2019
Board Construction – How Surfboards are Made
by K
A quick and easy explanation on how the surfboards are made. From hand shaped custom surfboards to molded surfboards, soft surfboards, body boards and injection molded boards. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each construction technique and who is it meant for.
There are a few main methods of constructing surfboards.
Custom Surfboards Shaping – PU surfboards
Machine shaped PU surfboards
Firewire technology
Molded Surfboards
Soft Surfboards
Bodyboards
Injection Moulded Boards
Table of Contents
Custom Surfboards Shaping
Shaping a custom surfboard
Laminating a custom surfboard
Machine shaped PU Surfboards
Firewire Technology
Surftech surfboards (Tuflite technology)
Salomon S-Core surfboards
The Vent (Firewire, Tuflite, S-Core and others…)
Molded Surfboards (Pop outs)
Injection Molded Surfboards
Soft Surfboards
Bodyboards
Surfboard Types
Custom Surfboards Shaping
Surfboard blanks in a wearhouse. (source: usblanks.com)
Custom surfboards are shaped from blanks.
What is a blank? Blank is a polyurethane (PU, hard foam) core in the rough shape of a surfboard which is split from nose to tail and a wooden strip, called a stringer, approx. 6mm wide is glued between the 2 halves. The stringer strengthens the board, reducing the risk of the board twisting or snapping.
Shaping a custom surfboard
The blank is then shaped by hand using a variety of tools. First a saw is used to cut the desired outline and then an electric plane is used to take off the hard outer skin of the blank and any large areas of foam that need to be removed. Extra Rocker can also be added using the power plane. A rasping tool (surform) and then sandpaper are used to fine tune the blank and give the custom surfboard its finished shape. Custom surfboard may now be spray-painted using acrylic or other paint prior to laminating.
NOTE: If you will be painting your surfboard make sure your read this how to article.
Laminating a custom surfboard
In the laminating process the surfboard is covered with woven fibreglass cloth. Shortboards usually have 1 layer of 4 oz weight cloth on the bottom and 2 layers on the deck. Longboards often use a stronger 6oz cloth and may have more layers. The cloth is then saturated with polyester or isothalic resin. After this sets and the fins have been attached (if you have glass-on fins) a coat of sanding resin is applied and when this has hardened it is sanded down to give the final shape. A further coating of resin (the gloss coat) may be given which can then be polished to a high gloss finish.
Epoxy and polystyrene foam is more and more used instead of polyester and polyurethane foam. Polystyrene foam makes the boards lighter and epoxy resin makes them stronger so epoxy surfboards are more durable, but they are still not thoroughly accepted because ‘the feel’ when riding them is different.
Hand shaping a surfboard.
• PRO: Custom boards can be shaped to the exact requirements of the surfer, they are light and they give a high performance.
• CON: They are expensive and they ding easily.
• WHO RIDES THEM? Custom shaped surfboards are mostly meant for intermediate and experienced surfers that know what they want.
Machine shaped PU Surfboards
Machine shaped PU Surfboards are basically made the same way as custom shaped surfboards. Again instead of polyurethane foam you can use polystyrene and epoxy.
The difference is that the blank is shaped by a machine. This means that the shaping process is quicker but on the other hand, every board is completely the same. With custom shaped surfboard you can talk to the shaper about what you want, with machine shaped surfboard you can only choose from a range of pre-designed surfboard shapes.
Since machines shape automatically without measuring it can also happen that the blank is not correctly aligned while shaped and the board is not even if you measure it from the stringer.
It is hard to tell from the finished surfboard if it was machine or hand shaped. This one from SALT Surfboards ( saltsurf.com) was made using both.
• PRO: Light, high performance, can be cheaper than custom made surfboards.
• CON: Still expensive, ding easily, you can only choose from a range of pre-designed surfboard shapes.
• WHO RIDES THEM? Machine shaped surfboards come in different shapes and sizes from shortboard to minimals etc. but are generally suited for more advanced surfers.
Firewire Technology
The original idea behind Firewire surfboards was in the rails. Surfboards usually have one stringer in the middle of the board that makes the board stronger, rails are just foam. But when you are surfing, making turns and putting pressure on the rails this is where you would need the flex – in the rails. to propel you out of turns. S Firewire put the stringer into the rails instead of in the middle of the board. Besides improved flex reinforced rails are also much less prone to damage. Most of the dings you get are on the rails and Firewire solves that.
Today Firewire is not only about rails, they are an advanced manufacturer that put lots of effort into new technologies. How are their boards made?
They use EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) foam for their cores. It is lighter (1lb vs. 2.5 – 3lb per cubic foot) and more eco friendly. EPS waste can also be recycled. They then put a 3mm layer of high density aerospace composite on top of it to stabilize the core and increase strength. They laminate this core using epoxy resins. Rails are made using balsa wood, sometimes even carbon rods.
Firewire Hellrazor surfboard. Firewire uses bamboo to reinforce the deck, this is where the wooden look comes from.
• PRO: Light, high performance, durable.
• CON: Expensive, you can only choose from a range of pre-designed surfboard shapes (if you are not a pro surfer).
• WHO RIDES THEM? Intermediate and advanced surfers.
Surftech surfboards (Tuflite technology)
Tuflite technology is an epoxy sandwich surfboard technology. Surftech is producing some of the strongest lightweight epoxy surfboards in the world. It gives high performance and maximum durability and is used by many shapers throughout the world. Tuflite technology was introduced by Randy French in 1992 when he started Surftech. French, a shaper since the late 1960’s has been on the leading edge of surfboard design and evolution for over 30 years. His industry leading windsurf company, Seatrend, set technological and design standards in windsurfing for over 10 years. French has chosen to share his technology with the best craftsmen in our sport. Allowing shapers to replicate their most sought after designs (models / shapes ) and freeing them to work further on the evolution of the surfboard. Surf Tech’s are ‘generally’ more expensive than traditional foam and fibreglass surfboards.
Al Merrick Flyer II Tuflite surfboard
• PRO: Lightweight, high performance, maximum durability.
• CON: High price, some surfers also do not like the increased buoyancy of the epoxy surfboards and call them pop outs because the look ‘plastic’.
• WHO RIDES THEM? Intermediate and advanced surfers.
Salomon S-Core surfboards
S-Core surfboard
Salomon’s new S-core technology was inspired by aeronautic technologies, creating boards which are FLEXIBLE, PROFILED, LIGHT, and STRONG at the same time. The S-core construction method starts with a carbon fiberglass frame base which provides the stiffness necessary for speed and responsiveness. Three Polypropylene foam stringers are then glued to the carbon fiber frame to provide support and dampening. This completes the core structure of the board. The top layers consist of 4oz fiberglass and extruded polystyrene (EPS) foam. The EPS top coat provides a “soft” feeling under your feet, similar to that of a traditional PU board. Once the EPS foam/fiberglass topcoat has been attached to the core, the board is then given to the individual shaper for hand finishing. Once the board is finished by the shaper, it is then hand glassed by the laminator using epoxy resin. The motivation behind creating the s-core surfboard construction method was twofold. Firstly, this method produces a lighter, more durable board. Secondly, this method is much more environmentally friendly. The EPS foam used in producing S-core surfboards is CFC/HCFC free, 100% recyclable, PVC free and non-polluting due to the fact that it is dilutable into water and air. The epoxy resin used in producing these surfboards contains 4x less volatile organic compounds and is less toxic than the polyester resin used in traditional surfboard construction. Salomon is now working with a number of shapers and surfboard companies to construct S-core versions of their original surfboard designs. S-Core is no longer being produced as Salomon canceled the surf program.
Some key features regarding the S core:
The S core surfboard is 10% stronger than a PU board,
S-Core surfboard has 20% more flex and damping than a PU board,
S-Core surfboard is made from extruded polystyren and is “blue”
The S core is not an Epoxy sandwich board (like Surf Tech).
• PRO: More responsive, lighter, stronger and faster than a traditional PU shortboard.
• CON: VERY high price.
• WHO RIDES THEM? Intermediate and advanced surfers.
NOTE: both Surftech and S-Core technologies were made popular after the Clark Foam crash when the biggest blank supplier closed its doors. Today the surfboard blanks market is a lot more balanced and epoxy boards are no longer a “NEW” thing.
The Vent (Firewire, Tuflite, S-Core and others…)
This is not a construction process, just some useful info: If you have a Firewire, Tuflite, S-Core (and others…) you might have noticed that your surfboard has a metal vent integrated into the deck. Why? Surfboards that are made using very light EPS foam contain lots of air, hollow surfboards even more. During temperature and air pressure changes (hot car – cold water, air travel…) air inside the surfboard can expand or contract considerably. The vent allows air to pass back and forth between the core and the exterior of the board when needed so no stress is put on the materials. Most vents are designed in such a way that this is done automatically. They have a GORE–TEX membrane that is permeable to air but waterproof. Just make sure the vent is clean and there is no wax in it. If your vent is not automatic make sure you open it to equalize the pressure when needed and then close it before going into the water.
If you have water inside your board you have either forgot to close the vent or your vent is broken and needs to be replaced.
Molded Surfboards (Pop outs)
Molded surfboards are also called Pop-Outs. The name Pop Out implies how they are made. Pop outs are not shaped but they pop-out of a mold that duplicates hundreds or thousands of surfboards. Molded surfboards construction process is the following: a female mold of a surfboard in two halves, top and bottom, is fiber glassed. The two halves are then brought together and liquid polyurethane foam is allowed to expand to fill the void in the center. The join line is later cleaned up and finished with a strip of special tape.
Molded surfboards are durable and hard to damage, the are shaped for the beginner surfers, so you can pick up waves easily. They are the surfboards that take you from a complete novice to basic level of surfing. The downside of the durability is weight – they are heavier than a custom board. This can cause problems for smaller and weaker surfers. Molded surfboards come in a range of shapes and sizes from shortboards to longboards, they are designed with lots of width, thickness and volume so they are stable and catch waves easily. Molded surfboards manufacturers: BIC, NSP, South Point…
Mini Malibu, a 7’3″ molded surfboard from BIC. Very popular with beginners.
• PRO: Molded boards are cheap and durable, they are perfect for progressing from novice surfer to intermediate surfer – these boards are long, wide and thick so they are easy to paddle and catch waves easily.
• CON: Molded boards are heavier than custom boards and are unsuitable for high performance surfing. If dinged (which happens rarely) they can soak up water and become very heavy.
• WHO RIDES THEM? Perfect for beginner surfers.
Injection Molded Surfboards
Injection Molded Surfboards look very similar to pop-outs but are stronger and more important – lighter. They are also more expensive. The construction process is the following:
The core of the surfboard or a blank if you will is made in a mold with expanded polystyrene foam (E.P.S.). Expanded polystyrene foam is very light and at the end gives only about 10% of the total weight of the surfboard. EPS core is sometimes hand shaped to remove any irregularities, then it is laminated with multiple layers of fiberglass and epoxy resin. At the end, the surfboard is again placed into a mold where the thermoformed (P.V.T.) top sheet material is heat pressed to the top and bottom of the surfboard. Heat causes the top sheet to bond with the epoxy and for the epoxy to cure. This is the final addition that makes these surfboards extra strong and because of the light core not much heavier that ordinary custom surfboards.
Again these surfboard also come in a range of shapes and sizes from shortboards to longboards. In comparison to pop-outs they are more performance shaped and aimed at better surfers. Manufacturers that make them are pretty much the same that make pop-outs.
BIC 7’6″ Performer.
• PRO: Injection molded boards are lighter and offer better performance than a pop-outs, still they keep great durability and are available at a very good price in comparison with custom shaped surfboards. They are fast and easy to paddle.
• CON: They are more expensive than pop outs and still heavier that custom made boards.
• WHO RIDES THEM? They are aimed at beginners and intermediate surfers.
Soft Surfboards
These are made from a semi-rigid inner foam core blown in a mold which is covered with a soft foam exterior. They are very user friendly, they come in a variety of shapes and sizes and the Soft top surfboards are probably the most ideal surfboards to start on. They are shaped to have lots of volume and stability so you can catch lots of waves and be more stable when you are trying to stand up. They soft deck reduces the risk of accidents and injuries. All these are the reasons that soft surfboards are widely used in surf schools.
But if you are considering buying your own surfboard then perhaps a slightly more progressive surfboard would be more suitable. You can outgrow a soft surfboard quite quickly.
A soft surfboard.
• PRO: Soft boards are extremely safe and generally very durable. They inspire great confidence in beginners. Soft surfboards are big, float well and you catch waves easily.
• CON: Soft surfboards are heavier than a traditional custom surfboards and progression with them is limited, they are only suitable for performing basic maneuvers.
• WHO RIDES THEM? First time surfers, children, surf schools.
Bodyboards
These are made in a similar fashion to softboards but are under 5ft in length and are designed to be ridden lying down or whilst crouching on one knee. They are ideal for beginners and experts alike and can be used in all types and sizes of waves.
Surfboard Types
Are you searching for a new surfboard? Even more than construction, shape determines which surfboard is good for your surfing level and for the conditions you surf in. What kind of different surfboard types and shapes can be made using these construction techniques? This ultimate surfboard type guide explains surfboards from shortboards, longboards, hybrids, fishes to kneeboards, mini simmons, alaias and everything in between. And if you decided that you want a custom made surfboard then here are a few tips for you.
Tags from the story
bodyboard, custom surfboard, laminating surfboard, moulded, shaping surfboard, softboard
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Join the Conversation
18 Comments
says: shlomi
December 15, 2007 at 9:46 am
fire wire?
Reply
says: lew lansdon
January 11, 2008 at 10:17 pm
how can i make a mold to make plyurethane foam blanks? im a 21 year old that loves surfing and makeing boards and i want to make the blank the boards made out of so i can say i made it from ground up please right me back thank you?
Reply
says: lew lansdon
January 11, 2008 at 10:17 pm
my email is ss-bmf-spitfire03@hotmail.com
Reply
says: 3G
January 23, 2008 at 5:26 am
Hi Lew, ugh that’s a bit advanced :o I think first you need a shape that will become a model for your mold, usually you would cover the model with a special paste that prevents your mold from sticking to the model, but if you would take a foam blank as a model that paste might not work. Then you make a fiberglass mold around your model and reinforce it with steel wire. Make sure you make the mold in such way that the top and bottom part can be separated, so you can open it later. I’m not sure what kind of chemicals do you use to make foam, so fiberglass mold might not work :o I heard blank companies use concrete molds.
I used to make Styrofoam blanks but I ordered two pre-shaped Styrofoam blocks and glued the stringer in the middle.
Hope this helps ;)
Reply
says: Andrew
July 21, 2008 at 12:32 am
Hi I’ve spray painted my blanc with acrylic paint, I don’t want it to bleed when I put on the resin as its red with white lines any ideas how to stop it?
Reply
says: 3G
July 22, 2008 at 2:34 am
@Andrew:
1. I heard that hair spray helps fixing the color (I never tried it).
2. Use air compressor (or something like that…) to blow away all the dust from your board.
3. If your acrylic paint layer is thin, you shouldn’t have to much bleeding, it’s worse if you have put on a thick layer of paint.
4. It also very much helps if you work quickly. Don’t push the resin over the same spot over and over again. One stroke to wet the fiberglass and second stroke to eliminate excess resin. This will reduce the problem.
I have a feeling that resin doesn’t actually dissolve the paint. But by pressing the resin into and up and down the fiberglass you break up the paint and little pieces of colored dust mix with the resin.
Reply
says: Krista
November 8, 2008 at 11:02 am
i dont know if this is the right place but i was hopeing u could help me, i have a 8′ soft top foam surfboard and i took care of it, it was not exposed to the elements when it wasnt in use andwhen i used it i washed it off and dryed it when i was done, it was standing upright in my garage and the (im guessing fiberglass) bottom and the foam top had come apart do you know why it would have done that and if there is any way to fix it? kit is about 4-5 years old but hasnt really been used to super much
Reply
says: bags
November 10, 2008 at 4:16 am
@Krista: if your board was not exposed to the sun that much than I guess you can’t blame it on anything but bad construction, I had some similar experiences with foamboards where the whole bottom layer started peeling off. Then again 4-5 years is a decent age for a surfboard and probably the time when some of the glues used in surfboard construction start loosing their “grip”.
You can try and glue the foam layer back using an epoxy glue. Make sure you clean both surfaces really well before you do so, maybe even use some sandpaper on the polyester side.
Reply
says: Luca
January 5, 2009 at 6:06 pm
hey, i just bought a channel islands s-core board. What does that object on the bottom of the board do, and how do you use it?
Reply
says: CI
January 8, 2009 at 4:27 am
I think its a valve to regulate the pressure inside the board…like when it gets hot the air inside expands etc..
Reply
says: Luca
January 11, 2009 at 5:14 pm
i’ve only used the CI Flyer S-Core one time and it got waterlogged. i dont know how, but i suspect it was through the thing that regulates the pressure inside the board. Is this Common? If not, how do i take the water out?
Reply
says: pdid
March 12, 2009 at 7:10 pm
I just bought a bushman 6’10 in hawii. The glass dents when you barely press on it.
Could i put another coat of resin on it?
Reply
says: Dan
June 9, 2009 at 1:12 am
I’ve just got a second hand Webber Salomon S Core board and found that water is able to enter the board through what looks live a little valve at the bottom of the board (like Luca above). Is this normal and if so why does it happen? I have found out that i can get the water out through unscrewing the valve and emptying the water, but was wondering why it happens?
Reply
says: Tim
June 23, 2009 at 12:49 am
I have bought a cheap minimal after being without a board for a few years (married, kids, mortgage). It was in brand new condition but when i got it home i found out why it was so cheap. I have the same problem as pdid above and the glass dented as soon as i had a wipe out and knocked the board lightly. It only had 1 layer of glass and had been grinded back with really rough paper. I tried to get a quote to put a second layer of glass and resin on but was told it wasn’t worthwhile. It only has a couple of stripes of paint down the middle that i can quickly sand off. Could you give me some guidance to apply a second coat of glass, and is this practical.
Reply
says: santo
August 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm
The reason the eps and hollow boards are taking in excessive water is because they are being put in the water while in a heated state. The cooling down when dropped in the water causes them to contract and suck in water, though the valve is supposed to be one way. I find when repairing an eps core board, it must be glassed while temperature is dropping or the expanding air (if the temp is rising) will cause the resin to bubble out and leave pinholes in the repair. Eps boards will delaminate when exposed to high heat even though they are not in direct sun, due to this same expansion issue, such as Krista’s board.
Reply
says: Raine
October 1, 2009 at 3:25 am
I have an s-core with one of those valve things, the screw was really tight one day, and i used to much force and now the whole thing is loose like the screw and the fitting attached to the deck, am i up shit creak? Im thinking some epoxy resin around the edge of the valve to seal it? will this work?
Reply
says: Will
July 11, 2011 at 1:34 pm
Where can I find styrofoam cores for board construction? And how do you shape the styrofoam to needs??
Reply
says: 3g
October 6, 2011 at 7:56 am
You shape styrofoam pretty much as you would a normal blank… just be a bit careful because of the different structure of the foam…
Reply
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http://360guide.info/wetsuits/complete-wetsuit-guide.html | The Ultimate Wetsuit Guide (long) - 360Guide | The Ultimate Wetsuit Guide (long) - 360Guide
Wetsuits March 5, 2019 <February 14, 2020
The Ultimate Wetsuit Guide (long)
by K
Table of Contents
Intro
Neoprene
What is neoprene?
Alternatives?
Wetsuits
Types
Wetsuit Warmth vs. Wetsuit Flexibility
How does a wetsuit work?
Features
Thickness
How thick wetsuit should you buy?
Flushing, sizes, and perfect fit
The science behind wetsuit stitches
Wetsuit design and neoprene panels
Zippers and flushing
Bat flap / Bat wing / Dry max / Drain hole etc
Zipperless wetsuit /Chest zip
Battery Heated Wetsuits
The Heated Vest
Other Features
Double lined neoprene
Single lined neoprene
Mesh skin / sharkskin / smooth skin / glide skin / and any other skin
Wrist seals
Titanium and 2nd generation titanium
Super elastic, super stretchy, extra stretchy, maximum elasticity
Flash Lining / DryMax / Th3rmodry /Aero core / Fire skin / Merino wool etc…
Reinforced knees
Anatomic shape and pre-bent knees
Buying a wetsuit?
Intro
A complete wetsuit guide: how wetsuits work, how are they made and stitched, what is neoprene, types of neoprene, and other features that modern suits have. Read this before you buy your next wettie.
NOTE: This wetsuit guide is based on our experience with surfing wetsuits. There are many other wetsuits for different sports and water activities, but with the popularity of surfing, money invested by the big surf wear companies and the fact that surfing is very demanding of the suit, surfing wetsuits are among the best and most versatile ones out there. Surfing demands an unlimited range of movement, warmth for long surf sessions in cool water and a cool look. Therefore this wetsuit guide can be easily also used for wetsuits for windsurfing, kite surfing, wake boarding, rafting, swimming, rafting, kayaking etc. Only suits designed for scuba diving are a bit different, a few reasons why they are different will be listed below. But still neoprene is neoprene and you can learn a lot from this guide even if you are looking for scuba suit. BTW, if you don’t feel like reading there is a video that sums up this article at the end.
Boots, gloves, and a hood – as warm (cold) as it gets.
Neoprene
Wetsuits – also called neoprene suits are made (surprisingly) from neoprene.
What is neoprene?
The correct chemical name for this material is actually polychloroprene. It was named neoprene by DuPont when the were choosing a trade name for this material and the name stuck. Today all polychloroprene material out there is called simply neoprene. What is it? It is an elastic synthetic rubber material with very good insulation properties thanks to millions of microscopic bubbles (the micro cells) trapped inside of the material. These cells are filled with either air or nitrogen gas (better insulator). These bubbles make up the basic insulation of neoprene.
Neoprene foam sheet
When you break it down it is based on oil and not the most eco friendly material out there. There are some people that are allergic to neoprene itself or to substances used in its production. One of these substances ethylene thiourea (ETU) has been classified as reprotoxic.
Alternatives?
Limestone Based Neoprene
Geoprene
Lately a more eco friendly version of limestone based neoprene called geoprene (it’s a Matuse proprietary name for limestone neprene, but it kind of sticked) also became available. Besides being somewhat better for the environment (the manufacturing process is still nowhere near 100% clean) it also absorbs less water, is warmer, less water impermeable, and lasts longer. Not all companies use this type of neoprene in their suits. At the moment Matuse, Patagonia and West are the most well known ones. Apart from the mentioned benefits it can also be an alternative for people who can’t use neoprene suit because of allergies, but I guess it depends on what exacts substance you are allergic to. To learn more about geoprene, here is an article I wrote about this material with all the pros and cons.
Plant Based Neoprene
In recent years Patagonia has been working on plant based neoprene called Yulex. Yulex is a natural rubber made out of a plant. This makes it way more environmentally friendly as it has a lot less impact on the environment than regular neoprene. Patagonia has been kind enough to offer the technology to other wetsuit manufacturers but so far at the moment this wetsuit guide is being refreshed no other companies are using it. As with limestone based neoprene, Yulex (proprietary name of Patagonia) might be a good option if you are allergic to regular neoprene.
Wetsuits
Types
Considering which body parts the neoprene covers we have the following types of wetsuits:
Top – neoprene only covers your upper body
Shorty – neoprene only covers the body and upper parts of the arms and legs
Spring suit – neoprene covers the body and usually legs and upper arms, but vice versa combination is also possible – neoprene entirely covers the arms and only upper parts of the legs.
Full suit – neoprene covers the body, arms, and legs to your wrists and ankles and possibly also the head when it has an integrated hood.
Fullsuit (steamer), woman’s springsuit, shorty, and wetsuit top.
When it gets really cold and a wetsuit alone is no longer enough you will also need neoprene hoods, gloves and booties.
Wetsuit Warmth vs. Wetsuit Flexibility
Even though wetsuits made it possible to enjoy water sports in cold places where you wouldn’t think entering the water without instant hypothermia was even possible, the best wetsuit would still be not wearing one at all :). Oh, the freedom of movement! Even the thinnest material on your body makes it harder and more tiring to move. The thicker the neoprene the more energy it sucks out of you. That is why we always want to find balance between warmth and flexibility. Wearing the thinnest suit possible while still staying warm.
This is why the goal of all manufacturers is to make their suits warmer without making them thicker and more flexible without making them thinner.
Stretching the Elastomax
BTW: If you want to learn who invented the first wetsuit and stuff like that, click here.
How does a wetsuit work?
The basic thing that wetsuit does to keep us warm is this – it catches a thin layer of water between our skin and the neoprene. Body heat warms this layer of water and we are all warm and comfortable in the freezing surroundings. The better the fit, the warmer we are. Because every time we fall, wipe out, duck dive, get our asses kicked by the white water etc… cold water wants to enter the suit and flush the warm water out. That is how we get cold. Cold water can penetrate:
Obviously through holes for your head, hands and feet.
Through stitches that keep the neoprene panels together.
Through the zipper.
Most people won’t go into the sea at sub zero temperatures. But those who do, don’t want the ice cold water behind their neck :).
BUSTING THE MYTH: With this ‘thin layer of water’ being mentioned in every other ‘how wetsuits work’ explanation let’s get one thing clear. You would be warmer if absolutely NO water would get into the wetsuit. Water conducts body heat away up to 26 times faster than air so no water just air would be heaps warmer. But since you are wearing it in water and it is impossible to get a perfect seal unless you are wearing a drysuit some water WILL get in, it WILL create a thin layer and you will still be warm. There is no need to let water in for the wetsuit to function properly. The insulation properties of it that depend on the thickness of the neoprene will do the job.
Features
Thickness
Wetsuit thickness or better the thickness of the neoprene is the insulation between us and the forces of nature that provide us with fun environment for our sport. The thicker the warmer! It is usually given with two numbers like 3/2, 4/3, 5/3, or three numbers like 5/4/3. These numbers tell us that neoprene panels of different thickness are used. In 3/2 thickness of the neoprene is 3 millimeters on the body and legs and 2 millimeters on arms. The goal of this variable thickness is better and easier movement. Parts that move a lot and where thick neoprene would cause us to tire quickly are made thinner. Same logic applies to 4/3, 5/4/3 etc…
A 2/2 shorty, and a 3/2 and 5/4/3 steamers.
Divers are an exception, they usually have only one thickness. They do not have to move much (and in fact should not, they want to keep the heart rate low to use less oxygen ) and their range of movement is much smaller than lets say when paddling a surfboard. This is why they don’t need thinner panels on their suits. Even more – because they are less active and because neoprene looses some insulation capabilities when the pressure underwater increases scuba diving wetsuits are generally thicker.
How thick wetsuit should you buy?
You need to ask yourself where and when are you going to use it? The location and the season more or less determine the water temperature and that is the main factor if you want to avoid freezing your ass. Other things to be aware of are air temperature, wind, your cold sensitivity and activity. What you want is a wetsuit that will be just warm enough, if it’s too thick you will just tire yourself faster.
Generally a 3/2 wetsuit is suited for summer and autumn, while 4/3 and 5/3 keeps us warm in winter and spring. Dry suits and those with neoprene thicker than 5mm (OK, with exception of some surfers in Norway, Alaska and other really cold places that surfing has spread to) are to clumsy to surf or do any other sport that requires lots of movement. Neoprene thicker than 5 – 6mm is used only in diving suits.
If you tend to travel to different places we generally find a long wetsuit to be more versatile and useful than a shorty. Then again, if you are lucky enough to live on an tropical island and surf in sun and warm water and you consider a day with temperatures below 75F/24 C to be a cold one, then you can stop reading this guide (you lucky son of a… ).
Sometimes just boardshorts are enough.
NOTE: To learn more about the required thickness for specific water temperature ranges check this chart dedicated solely to choosing the right wetsuit thickness. And this one if you are a diver. There is also lots of useful info in both articles.
Flushing, sizes, and perfect fit
Cold water wants to get into your wetsuit. That is why the most important thing to look for when buying one is the right size. The better it fits, the less flushing we get and the less place we leave for the cold water. Even the best, warmest, high-tech, feature packed wetsuit won’t help, if its to big. This might be the most important feature of this wetsuit guide…and it is not even a feature:). Lucky for us, the modern neoprene is stretchy and elastic so it fits and hugs our body better that ever.
Women wetsuits usually come in …6-8-10… sizes and men in S, M, MT…
When trying it on it will probably be dry (if you’re not buying it from someone’s back) – wet neoprene is looser and feels a bit bigger than dry neoprene. So if a dry neoprene feels a little tight it is very likely that a wet one won’t. When you put it on it should really feel snug but without making you crouch. If it makes you all shriveled and unable to breathe then yes, it’s too small :). So try to get the right size. Here is a bit more detailed article on sizes.
The science behind wetsuit stitches
Now we are moving on to the next flushing factor – the stitches. The deal on stitches is simple – to stitch neoprene together you need a thread and a needle. Needle makes holes in neoprene. Water and wind use holes to get inside. Less holes through the neoprene – warmer wetsuit.
Over lock stitch
Over lock stitch is the thing of the past or maybe it is still the thing of the cheap, thin tourist wetsuits. You can recognize it by the big stitches on the inside that stick out of the neoprene and can therefore also be uncomfortable. Over lock stitch is very strong, but leaves a lot of needle holes for water and wind to get in.
Conclusion: cheap, durable, strong, for summer use, for beginners (not very flexible).
Flat lock stitch
Is what replaced over lock stitches. It looks better and the wetsuit is more comfortable, but the stitch itself leaves the same amount or even more holes. No improvement for warmth here. Flat lock stitch is strong, but the thread is exposed on the outside and more likely to tear.
Stitches on a summer shorty.
Conclusion: still pretty cheap, strong and durable, good for summer surfing, also good performance for demanding surfers (flexibility).
Blind stitch
Blind stitch is the stitch for the warm wetsuits. It has more versions that have different effect on warmth, durability, flexibility and price. Wetsuits that are made using blind stitches which are “waterproof” are called steamers.
Basic blind stitch & glued
Blindstitch on the outside.
All wetsuits that have blind stitch are made in a similar way. First the neoprene is glued together. Then a curved needle brings the thread through the neoprene in such way, that it exits on the same side that it went in, without punching through. The result is watertight stitch with no holes that would go all the way through. But there is a problem. The elasticity of the neoprene is different from the elasticity of the glue. And together with salt water and sun the glue cracks up and opens the stitch from the inside. That means you have to repair the stitches.
On the picture you can see the blindstitch from the outside, on the other side you can not see the thread, just glued neoprene panels.
Conclusion: warm, flexible (of course also depending on the neoprene type and thickness), variable durability and expensive.
Blind stitch, glued & spot taped
Taped seams AND taped stress points.
Same as above with the addition of taping the stress points of the wetsuit. Stress points are places where three or more stitches come together. This stitch is common with super stretchy high performance wetsuits, where performance is more important than durability. Extra taping on the stress points is used with most seams except maybe with overlock and flatlock.
Double blind stitch & glued
Double blind stitch is first sewed the same way as the above basic blind stitch. Then the neoprene is turned around and is sewed again from the other side. This is a good compromise used with cheaper winter wetsuits. The problem is that sometimes holes from stitches from one side link to holes from the other side and we have some holes that go the whole way through the neoprene. And again we get some flushing.
Conclusion: warm, flexible (of course also depending on the neoprene type and thickness), durable and reasonably priced.
Blind stitch, glued & fully taped
All the inner parts of stitches are completely covered and glued at high temperature and with special tape. That means no opening of the stitches and no water. This type of stitch is very time consuming to make and therefore expensive.
Taped seams.
Conclusion: very warm, OK flexibility (not the best), durable and expensive.
Blind stitch, glued & fully taped with neoprene tape
Instead of taping the stitches with special tape at high temperature they are taped with glue and neoprene tape. This eliminates the lower flexibility of the taped stitches.
Flash dry lining on the inside (more on that later) and neoprene taped seams.
Conclusion: very warm, flexible (of course also depending on the neoprene type and thickness), durable and very expensive.
Liquid taping / Liquid seal
Liquid sealed seam.
Also called S or Super Seal or something else, depends on which company uses it. Special rubber is used when sewing the neoprene to seal the inner or/and outer side of the stitches. That makes them stronger and additionally closes any holes. 100% waterproof stitches!
Stitchless / Seam less / Fusion
The newest thing in stitching neoprene is not stitching it at all. No stitches no holes! Advances in glues and technology allow the neoprene panels to be fused and glued together and be strong enough to withstand everyday abuse. The glued ‘stitch’ is then liquid taped to make it stronger.
Having no stitching has 2 major benefits: 1. It allows the seam to stretch further and 2. It eliminates pin hole leaking – which means that a suit using stitchless technology is both stretchier and warmer.
So basically now you are doctor of stitching neoprene together and know more than enough about them. Every year companies come up with new ways of stitching and gluing neoprene, some more useful some less, but these are the basics. Now we move on to the third flushing factor – the zipper.
There is also a cool article on how wetsuits are made here.
Wetsuit design and neoprene panels
This one is kind of connected to stitching. Manufacturers want to minimize the number of different neoprene panels that are then stitched into the final product. Even with all the different stitching techniques seams are the less flexible part of the wetsuits and a part that is most likely to get damaged. So less seams means less problems and a warmer more flexible suit.
Zippers and flushing
Back zipper.
Zipper helps us get in and out of our wetsuit. The longer the zipper the easier that process. But the longer the zipper the more water can flush through it. So some winter suits have special, short zippers. The size and shape of the teeth on the zipper also matters but. Note also that metal zippers are more durable than plastic ones. We are talking about the part that slides up and down, the teeth of the zipper are always plastic. There is also a small Velcro safety belt that stops the zipper from opening.
Bat flap / Bat wing / Dry max / Drain hole etc
Most of winter wetsuits now have an additional piece of neoprene under the zipper. This neoprene membrane is thin and stretchy so it doesn’t bother you too much when dressing, but it stops the water that comes through the zipper and keeps it away from the body.
Left: Drymax membrane that acts as a water berrier for water that gets through the zipper. Right: Drain holes that let this water out.
Water caught between the zipper and the membrane then runs down and exits the suit through drain holes at the bottom of the zipper. That’s what those holes are for.
Zipperless wetsuit /Chest zip
How to get into a wetsuit that has no zipper? Most brands had their own zipperless system that more or less successfully let you into the suit. I wrote had, because now most of them were replaced by a short chest zip, so the entry system is no longer completely zipperless.
The benefits of this system are of course no flushing through the zipper and better fit and flexibility. Without the zipper or with short chest zipper the neoprene on our back, chest and shoulders flows freely and is more flexible. The downside is trickier changing into the suit and bigger abuse of neoprene in the place where you try to squeeze yourself into the wetsuit through some ridiculously small hole. I think that this was also the reason they want back to short chest zipper.
Battery Heated Wetsuits
Worlds first heated wetsuit was Rip Curl H-Bomb and it came out in 2007. The idea here is that your wetsuit not only keeps you warm by insulation properties of neoprene but also by generating and radiating heat towards your body. Heating panels are integrated into the wetsuit and connected to a small battery. Electrical power heats the wires in the panels and for the next 1:30-2:30 hours you don’t have to worry about being cold. Yes, the heated wetsuit actually works! There are probably two reasons that this didn’t really catch on – this suit is really expensive and really “necessary” only in the coldest surf environments.
The Heated Vest
Few years later heated wetsuits little brother was developed – the heated vest. The principle of creating warmth is the same but vest has some advantages that made it quite popular:
it is cheaper and more affordable (300$ vs over 1000$)
it can be worn under any wetsuits that you already own.
With a heated vest you can turn any of your wetsuits into a heated one, just wear the vest under it. Go here for a full 1st hand review of this vest.
Other Features
Are few terms and features that you might also come across.
Double lined neoprene
This means that neoprene is surrounded on both sides by a layer of nylon. Nylon on the outer side protect the suit from damage and makes it more durable. Nylon on the inner side stops the neoprene from sticking to your skin.
Single lined neoprene
Same as above, just that nylon in only on one side, the other side looks rubbery. You can see the example of both types on the picture. Single lined neoprene is on the right and looks smoother.
Chest zipper and single/double lined neoprene. Single lined is the smooth rubbery one.
Mesh skin / sharkskin / smooth skin / glide skin / and any other skin
These are all different types of single lined neoprene and are used in places where you want the neoprene to stick to the skin. Places like the collar, and holes for hands and feet. Here you want a good seal to reduce flushing.
In surfing wetsuits it is also often used on the body because it makes the suit warmer in wind. Nylon absorbs some water and makes you colder, but from a smooth single lined neoprene water just runs off. In windsurfing and kite surfing wetsuits you will notice that they have a lot more single lined neoprene because of the constant wind. Lots of times whole suits are single lined.
Neoprene is by itself a very stretchy material, more than nylon. So single lined is more elastic that double lined. The already mentioned downside is that single lined neoprene is more prone to damage. Don’t use it on on parts that get hit by rocks or something, don’t use it on the knees etc… :).
Wrist seals
Wrist seal. First one is also found on surfing, windsurfing, kite surfing wetsuits…second one is more common in diving suits.
Some brands put extra piece of thin rubbery membrane on the end of wetsuit sleeves (and on top of neoprene booties for instance) to make these holes even more watertight.
Titanium and 2nd generation titanium
A layer of titanium is placed between the neoprene and the nylon. Titanium helps reflect the body heat back into the body and makes a wetsuit warmer. One of the tests mentioned somewhere says that you are supposed to be 24% warmer if your suit is lined with titanium.
Second generation titanium is supposed to be twice as effective as normal titanium.
Super elastic, super stretchy, extra stretchy, maximum elasticity
Most of the wetsuit companies are developing and using some kind of new neoprene that is much more elastic that “old” ordinary neoprene. The word on the street is that all neoprene comes from Japan anyway, so differences between companies can’t be that big. But a difference between an ordinary and a stretchy wetsuit is more than evident.
E3 Elastomax neoprene
Wetsuits made from stretchy neoprene are much more flexible – you loose less energy when moving, they fit better, and are more comfortable.
Also – with constant improvements in neoprene flexibility you have to know that what was considered extra stretchy a few years ago is just normal entry model neoprene of today. Yey technology!
Flash Lining / DryMax / Th3rmodry /Aero core / Fire skin / Merino wool etc…
All wetsuits used to be lined just with nylon and that was it. Today the internal lining plays a big part in the best wetsuit out there game. The inside of the suit is where the magic happens, this is what we feel when wearing the suit and this is a place to score some additional extra warmth points. In addition to nylon all sorts of new artificial (and some natural) fabrics are used. The goal if the internal lining is to give you some added insulation and warmth, to be as flexible as the neoprene itself, not to soak up water and to dry as quickly as possible.
In order of appearance: Th3rmodry (Xcel), Drymax (Billabong), Flash (Rip Curl), and Merino/polyester (Patagonia)…linings.
Fibers in this fabric are usually made of polyester and contain large amounts of trapped air, which is one of the best insulation materials. Besides that, fibers are light, they don’t suck in water, dry quickly and are pretty stretchy.
Different brands have different names for these materials. Rip Curl has Flash lining, Billabong has Drymax, XCel has Th3rmody, Patagonia uses merino wool and recycled polyester fibers etc.
Especially Rip Curls Flash lining wicks away water so fast that the lining is dry to the touch in 15 minutes. The neoprene itself is of course still wet, but the part that touches your skin feels dry. Great for putting on a cold wet wetsuit.
Layers of a wetsuit: first you have outside nylon lining (red), then you have 3mm of stretchy neoprene (blask), and finally internal lining, in this case Flash dry lining (orange). On the top you can also see how a blindstitch looks like.It doesn’t go all the way through the material.
Reinforced knees
If you are a beginner there is a big possibility that you will spend some time on your knees and even if you are not, some added protection for the knees and for the neoprene on the knees is very welcome. Some wetsuits only have anti-skid print on the knees, some have another patch of neoprene sewn onto the knees, some have knees reinforced with Kevlar. The efficiency of protection kind of rises in that order too.
reinforced knees
Anatomic shape and pre-bent knees
Hurley Fusion with pre-bent knees. 99% of wetsuits have this feature.
When sewing, the panels are joined in such a way that they mimic the usual posture of your body. This way the natural position of our body is the most comfortable one and it’s less likely that you will get rash from rubbing into the material.
Buying a wetsuit?
If you came all the way to the end you are now a pretty smart buyer :). With all the features mentioned here – what matters most?
Top of the line models should have most of them. But if I had to name two they would be:
If you want a warm winter wetsuit look for blind stitches with liquid seal or stitchless with liquid seal.
Get the most stretchy neoprene you can afford! You won’t be sorry.
These two really make the most of the difference. And get one that fits of course.
Expensive models at the moment should be almost seamless. Other features are fine, but don’t get caught in the fancy feature promo talk from companies that can, at the end, only mean a wetsuit has single lined neoprene on the neck or something.
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says: k
November 25, 2006 at 12:46 pm
This is hands down the most comprehensive wetsuit guide I have found so far, nice job!
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says: Kevin
December 14, 2006 at 11:55 pm
It is so hard to find honest, free advice from someone online who is not trying to sell the item – making the advice slightly suspect. Thanks for the great info
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says: adan
September 28, 2007 at 4:04 pm
hey you guyz muchos thanks!! :-*
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says: john Michaels
October 10, 2007 at 12:12 pm
Great write up. A little more can be found here as well.
Scuba Wetsuit Guide
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says: Aaron B.
October 12, 2007 at 12:59 pm
Great Site! Knew fair amount about wetsuits and now i know more so i can help others in their purchasing of a wetsuit. Come Surf Isla Vista, CA!
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says: Ian
January 27, 2008 at 3:04 am
Very, very good ,no need to buy rubbish after reading this guide. Go rip
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says: silas
June 14, 2008 at 6:47 pm
I knew nothing about wet-suits, looked all over the net until I came across this website. For those of us, who are not aware of this secret world of wet-suits, this has been a eye opener. Thanks, for the research and dedication form making this information available.
At least now, I know what to look for when I buy a W-suit
:)
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says: lirun
December 11, 2008 at 9:01 am
thanks people.. have been surfing for a while and finally convinced to start winter surfing and youve really helped me understand my suit and its benefits..
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says: Jim
January 14, 2009 at 6:48 am
thanks a ton for some honest talk about looking for wetties. It’s easy to get lost in all the promo stuff out there and I swear I go blank once I walk into the shop. Update this puppy when you can!
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says: Brian
February 21, 2009 at 9:22 am
First site I landed on. I won’t be needing to go to another wetsuit guide page :) Thanks a ton!
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says: Nicole
March 11, 2009 at 6:35 pm
Super informative!! Let the kite season begin!!
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says: ben
March 15, 2009 at 5:50 pm
I would like to be given some general guidelines for which wetsuit to buy for different water (and maybe air) temperatures. Saying one suit is good in the springs is only somewhat helpful (spring where?? New England?). But overall, I found this website quite helpful, and would certainly recommend it to a friend.
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says: Philip
March 23, 2009 at 3:35 pm
i’m not an average size….rather tall, and find 99% of wetsuits dont fit tight around the lower-back. most leave about inch space : ( how big a problem is this since i want heat. planning on buying a wettie with lots of features (liquid and/taped sealed stiching, shortened zip with halfe a “batwing”, streatchy…. makes contact with lower-back, but no a tight fit as with rest of body……expensive suit, and dont want to buy a dud becuase a such a small, yet worrying factor, for the money i’m gonna spend.
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says: Ian
March 24, 2009 at 2:35 pm
what can i say superb, i d buy a wetsuit from you.
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says: Nadine
May 11, 2009 at 2:57 pm
Cool guys!! This made my choise much easier!
As a girl from the cold land Norway, I wouldn’t know anything about wetsuits =P Thanks!!!
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says: Joselo
July 2, 2009 at 6:53 am
Well done writer! seriously this is the best free guide I’ve ever found.
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says: Andrew
July 27, 2009 at 10:38 am
Thanks – really useful guide – can now make sense of what wetsuit adverts mean!
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says: alvin joseph
August 7, 2009 at 11:20 am
thanks a lot for guys like you who find time and effort to share the knowledge to our brothers and sisters.keep up being a human.:-* God speed!:D
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says: Pete
August 10, 2009 at 2:16 am
Thanks for the great advice, I’m new to Surfing and In Tasmania / Australia it’s really really cold. Your walk through has helped get rid of the jargon and made a lot of sense.
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says: Peter 2
September 2, 2009 at 5:16 am
Good guide.
Question: What is the difference between a SCUBA wet suit and a surfing wet suit? I’ve done a lot of SCUBA, and I’m about to go into surfing, and I was thinking of buying my own wet suit.
I know for the same water temperature, SCUBA will be thicker, and that in theory, SCUBA neoprene is higher grade for compressions/decompressions, but is there a difference in fit or mobility or something else? Can I get a tropical SCUBA wetsuit, and use it for windsurfing?
Reply
says: jimbob
January 7, 2010 at 6:12 am
no sucuba suits are less flexible than wetsuits for surfing a a big desighn difference!!!!!!!
Reply
says: wetsuit
February 3, 2010 at 8:47 pm
Hi
Really excellent news and information provided here about wetsuit. I saw 4 wetsuits images here. I like that third. Really with beautiful colours.
wetsuit
Reply
says: Gabzorro
March 22, 2010 at 10:15 pm
Seriously, this is the best, most informative (without lacking humour ;)) website I’ve ever seen… PERIOD! Awesome work guys- keep it up!!
Peace;D
Reply
says: David
May 7, 2010 at 6:27 am
Thanks for the great wetsuit guide.
You’ve helped me choose my next suit properly.
Reply
says: artaps
June 15, 2010 at 9:07 pm
is there a ‘most flexible’ wetsuit for swimming breast stroke. I’m swimming in a cold bay. I only swim breaststroke.Thanks.
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says: bill
February 26, 2017 at 7:01 pm
back zip
Reply
says: russT
July 18, 2010 at 9:47 pm
Thanks for all the helpful info. I’m finally giving in to buying a wet suit after many years of polar bearing the cold water in SoCal.
I am looking for a multipurpose suit for swimming, boogie boarding and snorkeling.
This article really helped.
Reply
says: Kevin
September 30, 2010 at 1:14 pm
Thanks so much i just bought a hyperflex with taped seals because of your advice. It fits real snug but i realized on the size chart its made for 5’11 and 35″ waise and i am 6’3 with a 32″ waste, do you think its a problem ?
Reply
says: mj
October 3, 2010 at 12:53 pm
Hello,
With a heavy heart I write this to inform you of the latest loss to the surfing world. Oniell wetsuits has decided to pull their size XXXL wetsuits from their product line leaving us larger men unable to purchase there fine suits and to be comfortable in colder climates. It was explained to me that the XXXL suits were not profitable enough to continue there production. Rip Curl too has a product line that I had used for some time but their XXXL suits became too short in the legs so I had to move on. This is beginning to look like the trend.
I am not fat nor abnormally formed and arms are not large. I am 6’3″ tall 220. An XXXL is less restrictive in the chest and shoulders, the Oneill XXXL has more stomach pooch material from an XXL to an XXXL though annoying its worth the ability to actually paddle. I have surfed for thirty two years and have purchased new suits just about every year. A 3/2mm and 4/3mm for the winter and a spring and vest in the summer. Two growing boys too close together in age to hand me down and growing fast need full’s, springs, and vests each year and one full and spring for the wife every couple of years. That’s just about seven to ten rubber products a year.
Industry needs to realize that the younger generation that is moving product faster are not the buyers, the older or larger guy is, he is the one that forks out the cash for the entire family. If my loyalty to a company is repaid by the removal of a product that I need to continue the sport I love then what is left to be said about that company. I intend on taking my business, my entire business , suits, apparel accessories on down the road to a manufacturer that values my business enough to realize that I am the one that is their key buyer and I am encouraging my friends to follow.
If you can supply a suit that will get me back in the water I want to hear from you. You will get my business, my family’s business, and every person within screaming distance of every surf break I go to around the world will know that you did not sell out their key buyer and person that helped build their company to what it is today
Reply
says: Hope
February 23, 2011 at 9:42 pm
Thanks! This is the information I have been looking for but really couldn’t find.
Reply
says: Hails
July 26, 2011 at 7:18 pm
What do you know about this new? eco-friendly bioprene (lime based)?
Reply
says: Mary
August 2, 2011 at 9:00 am
Great advice – have been struggling to find a suit for my 7 year old daughter as kept getting blinded by the science not to mention the sales patter!
Reply
says: Marcelo
September 9, 2011 at 12:03 am
Well done guys!! really nice to finally understand what Im looking for!!
Cheers
Reply
says: lary hinds
December 21, 2011 at 9:46 am
This may be the most comprehensive page on wetsuits there is. Wow. A masterful job. Thank you.
Reply
says: frey
January 12, 2012 at 3:26 am
Thanks for the info. I just tried to get Rip Curl to replace the tape on my F-Bomb. It had a lifetime guarantee on stiching and all they would do is offer me an upgrade,said they couldn’t repair it. I reluctantly said OK if I can keep the old one,she said no, they will make thongs out of the old one. I said no,it is such a waste. I would have paid for the upgrade if she said i could keep it. Never again RipCurl
Reply
says: Jen
April 16, 2012 at 6:15 pm
Loved it…. Particularly the blah blah blahs! Thanks for the succinct, jargonless explanations.
Reply
says: Eric Hansen
November 29, 2012 at 2:58 pm
Great guide! Anyone interested in specific recommendations can check out the results of a summer of testing in Iceland. http://www.outsideonline.com. I’d be curious to hear any feedback and happy to answer questions.
Reply
says: SM
June 2, 2015 at 1:02 pm
Extremely well done! Hard to find such complete and unbiased info, (with a bit of good humor too), these days. Kudos!
sm
Reply
says: Robert Bookout
July 6, 2017 at 6:51 am
My arms bruise easy and I do not need for warmth. Just for protection when I crash riding a flow rider. Please let me know what you suggest.
Reply
says: K
July 7, 2017 at 7:29 am
If you need lots of protection then maybe use elbow protectors, maybe a thinner xc bike ones like POC VPD air? If you want neoprene then a wetsuit top, but here the thicker it is the more protection it give but it is also warmer. So a thick one that would give any noticeable protection would be very hot. 0.5 or 1mm thick top I dont think it gives much protection against bruises.
Reply
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Wetsuits February 5, 2019 <October 22, 2019
Water Temperature Chart And Required Wetsuit Thickness
by K
NOTE: If you are looking for wetsuit thickness/water temperature chart for scuba diving check this article.
What wetsuit, what thickness of neoprene to choose for certain water temperature? It depends on a couple of factors and water temperature is just one of them. When choosing the right wetsuit for a certain water temperature and conditions, the main factors to consider are water temperature, air temperature, wind, cold sensitivity and activity. Lets take a look at what each of them means (if you just want the thickness/temperature chart skip this and go down):
Water temperature
This one is the main factor and the most obvious one – in colder water you need a thicker wetsuit. Obviously. An interesting fact here is that water pulls heat out of your body about 25 times faster than air! Or to be more precise – it’s conductivity is 25 x conductivity of air (conductivity of a substance is defined as ‘the ability or power to conduct or transmit heat). Basically this means that you wouldn’t last very long in cold water without a wetsuit and would die of hypothermia.
How Long Can a Person Survive in Cold Water (Without a Wetsuits)?
The coldest water you can find will usually be around 39-41-degree F/ 4-5 degree C (remember the water density before it turns to ice lesson from high school?). Generally, a person can survive in water at that temperatures for 10 to 20 minutes. This is how long it would take for the body temperature to drop down to between 70 and 80 degrees F/ 21 – 27 degrees C. This is when cardiac arrest usually occurs. Even before that moment muscles get weak, you lose coordination and strength… But ice cold water is not the only one that is dangerous. Because of the before mentioned conductivity even water temperatures as high as 75 – 80 degrees F / 24 – 27 degrees C can be dangerous. Here is the expected survival time in correlation with water temperature:
Water Temperature And Expected Time of Survival Chart
Water Temperature
Expected Time Before Exhaustion or Unconsciousness
Expected Time of Survival
(°F)
(°C)
32.5°
0.3°
< 15 minutes
45 minutes
32.5–40°
0.3–4.4°
15 – 30 minutes
30 – 90 minutes
40–50°
3.3–10°
30 – 60 minutes
1 – 3 hours
50–60°
10–15.6°
1 – 2 hours
1 – 6 hours
60–70°
15.6–21.1°
2 – 7 hours
2 – 40 hours
70–80°
21.1–26.7°
3 – 12 hours
3 hours – indefinite
> 80°
> 26.7°
Indefinite
Indefinite
Air temperature
Air temperature is a lot of times connected with water temperature. Warmer air & water in summer, colder in winter time. But there are places where ocean currents influence water temperature so much, that it can be way off from what you would expect. So there are times when air and water temperature are “out of sync”. This is usually a problem if you expect warm water in hot weather. If its vice versa and you are surprised by warm water in cold winter you can just do a fist pump :). Anyway – a really hot and sunny day can decrease the feeling of cold despite the cold water.
Wind
Wind cools the surface of your body and increases the feeling of cold. So if you use your wetsuit in wind you need a thicker one. Wind is a serious factor and has quite a big influence on the feeling of cold. Check out this chart to get the feeling what kind of wind chill certain wind strengths bring:
How wind strengths affect the feeling of cold.
Cold sensitivity
Just how quickly do you get cold? Everyone has a bit different personal aversion to cold. Usually also men are more “immune” to cold than women.
Activity
What are you doing in the water and how active are you? For instance, you can surf so hard smoke comes from your ears or you can sit on your surfboard thinking, meditating and contemplating whatever. You can paddle your raft with all your power or you can calmly float underwater while diving. An active body produces more heat.
The Chart
The wetsuit thickness chart below is not carved in stone. It is for your orientation and is a bit on the safe side, so you can stay in the water longer. Or lets put it this way – it takes into the account that there is some wind present. A few more thoughts:
Every person knows for himself how sustainable to cold he is and how quickly he gets cold.
Thicker wetsuit also means you get tired sooner because your movements are more restricted.
New and snug wetsuit will be warmer that an old, stretched out one of the same thickness.
Quality of the wetsuit definitely counts (this is why good winter suits for low temperatures aren’t cheap).
Before we get to the temperature chart I can see some hardcore surfers complaining that they can surf in a shorty wetsuit in 59F (15 C) degree water. But why would you want to? I’ve had moments when blood slowly starts coming back to your fingers that are so numb you can’t get out of your wetsuit for half an hour and every heartbeat feels like someone is smashing your fingers with a hammer. When I thought my feet belong to some rubber dummy while I was cobblestone dancing out of the water. It is a part of why I love what I do and a great after dinner story. But I will take a little water behind my neck to cool down instead of this shit every time:).
You probably also found wetsuit/water temperature charts done by major wetsuit companies. Lots of them are in my opinion not very realistic. I guess they also partly use them for marketing purposes. Like: “You only need a 3/2 XY wettie in 54F (12C) water…because this the most technically advanced wetsuit on the planet is so advanced you can sleep in a freezer.” If they are not talking about the battery heated wetsuit, then they are probably full of shit.
WATER TEMPERATURE WETSUIT CHART
WATER TEMPERATURE
WETSUIT THICKNESS
WHAT TO WEAR
> 77 F
> 25 C
You don’t need a wetsuit, unless you usually wear a wetsuit to jacuzzi, sauna, to the beach…
72F–77F
22C-25C
Shorty when it gets colder outside, like in the morning, evening and if it is windy. If the weather is warm, you still don’t need a wetsuit. You can also get away with a good wetsuit top/vest.
68F–72F 20C–22C
This is the comfortable bottom limit for surfing in shorty. Spring suit or 3/2 full suit is better for days without sun or if it gets windy.
64F–68F
18C–20C
Spring suit or full suit 3/2. If you only have one wetsuit and it is 4/3 – no worries, you can also use it.
59F–64F
15C–18C
A good 3/2 full suit is OK, but in the lower part of this range 4/3 wetsuit works better and in any weather.
54F–59F
12C–15C
Somewhere in the middle of this range booties become necessary, at least if you like to feel you feet. A 4/3 wetsuit will work. If you will do a lot of surfing in water at the bottom of this temperature range, you should get a 5/3.
48F-54F
9C-12C
5/3 or 5/4/3 wetsuit with booties. If it’s cold and windy also wear a hood and gloves. I hate wearing gloves so they are the last piece I put on.
< 48 F
< 9 C
5/3 can work, 6/5/4 is better, depends on how extreme do you want to get. Often it is not the thickness of the wetsuit, but bad booties, gloves etc that are the source of cold. So not only the wetsuit, also the booties, gloves and hood must be thick (at least 5mm).
With good equipment, there is no limit for cold water surfing. With all the possible combinations people often ask which wetsuit thickness should they buy? In my experience: “ If you only get one wetsuit – get a 4/3!” It is the most versatile and useful in widest range of temperatures.
Two Cold and Wet Wetsuit ‘Tricks’
Since we finished the chart with some really cold water, here are also two useful tips for putting on a cold wet wetsuit.
Wet wetsuit is harder to put on than dry, not just because of the great and enjoyable wet and cold feeling but also because it sticks to your skin and it won’t go on. So to do it faster, put a PVC bag on you leg or arm before you push it through your wetsuit. Your arms/legs will slide through the sleeves like a hot knife through butter.
The other trick is to have a dry rash guard in store. Put it on before you get into a wet wetsuit and you won’t feel the cold neoprene on your body.
The final trick would be to just suck it up and get over it as quickly as possible and then get into the water and catch a few while your buddies are still whining in the parking lot :).
PS: The is one more chart in this article as well.
PPS: If you find this article and char useful please share it on FB/Twitter etc… Many tnx!
Tags from the story
cold water, neoprene thickness, water temperature, water temperature chart, wetsuit chart, wetsuit thickness
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Join the Conversation
65 Comments
says: Jeff
May 29, 2007 at 3:54 pm
I recently started surfing, mostly east coast of canada. As you can imagine lots of cold water. Turns out I am allergic to neoprene, as all the good suits are made of neoprene I have no idea what to do. Tried fleece layering no good. I found the surfing drysuit possible solution, but I still need hood, boots and gloves as the best times are when really cold. If you have any help at all that would be great.
Thanks
Reply
says: Ryan
February 23, 2012 at 1:42 am
hey man you should try the new rip curl flash bomb wet suit.. its made of a completely different kind of material. might save ya. far as booties and gloves no idea. unless ya look for something with a different backing on it. or go hardcore and dont wear any..
Reply
says: K
January 1, 2013 at 5:37 pm
Jeff, try also the new geoprene neoprene. its made out of limestone, maybe it will work.
Reply
says: robbie p
June 16, 2013 at 5:08 pm
move south my blue friend but if not drysuit and wear a wool beanie under your squid lid
Reply
says: connor
July 11, 2013 at 7:37 am
Is a 4/3 wetsuit too thick for spring / fall north florida surf? It gets as low 55, but would a 4/3 be to warm for when it gets around 67 degrees?
Reply
says: K
July 12, 2013 at 1:29 am
If it gets down to 55 you definitely need a 4/3. For 67 degrees water it will be a bit hot especially if you are active and catch a few waves in a row. If there are only a few days when you surf in water below ~59 then get a 3/2 otherwise a 4/3.
says: Mike D
December 31, 2007 at 3:09 pm
Dude this was totally helpful. I always wondered why a froze my ass off in Cali even in the summer. ;D I had some bullshit Play it Again Sports oldie suit that fit like dogbladder.
Reply
says: shell
May 28, 2008 at 10:28 am
Cheers for this, the guide is fab and just what I need as I am soon to be training for my first open water 1 mile swim, needed some wetsuit info and now I have it! marvellous, thanks dudes
;D
Reply
says: trace carlos
July 6, 2008 at 10:31 pm
yes the stormtrooper 6/5/4 bodyglove is awesome i trace carlos live in alaska and its my year round wet suit i kite surf and if you no what a slerpy is that what its like in the winter time in the ocean very cold but im farm in my wet suit good boots and warm gloves are key and hood ,,,
Reply
says: Al
April 2, 2009 at 7:15 am
good guide i reckon, worth investing in a thermal rash vest too. with that i am warm down to 6 degrees with gloves boots and 2mm hood. (kitesurfing) Also means you can get your summer suit on sooner and have more freedom to move
Reply
says: TC
November 18, 2009 at 8:06 pm
If you need to wear a 3/2 fullsuit in 72 degree water, please go see a doctor immediately for a full physical.
Reply
says: YeahRight
December 18, 2009 at 3:12 pm
I guess this guide is basically a good starting point for someone who has never stepped foot into water. You guys are playing it on the overly safe side a bit don’t you think?
Reply
says: MooMoo
January 12, 2010 at 11:26 am
I agree with what YeahRight stated. I’ve been in waters 68~ish° with boardshorts on. Round 66° was when the shorty came out. I guess take it with a grain of salt
Reply
says: yeah-ok
May 8, 2010 at 5:03 pm
i think you guys went a little overboard i pull out a shorty in about 65, 3/2 wet suit u can use when its 58 or higher
Reply
says: Michele
October 21, 2010 at 6:41 pm
I grew up in Manhattan Beach, Ca and water temps in the summer are between 65-68 and EVERYONE swims and boards in bikinis and shorts. Every once in a while you’d see people in half suits… but they’re wussies!!! :)
Reply
says: Bryan Bugyi
November 5, 2010 at 6:51 am
I have been surfing for a few years now. i would say this is deffinitly a great guide for a beginner. just a few flaws:
if the water is above 70 you don’t need anything. maybe a 1 or 2mm jacket but not a spring.
spring=65-70
3/2=58-65
4/3=50-62 (most versitile)
5/4=40-50
any colder then 40f then wtf are you doing out there?!?! but if you must get a 6/5
p.s. the bootie and glove suggestions are on the point, but the rest of the guide is playing it very safe. YOU WILL NOT BE COLD IN 70F WATER!!!!
Reply
says: K
January 1, 2013 at 5:39 pm
it is safe :) also, as said, wind also a factor here.
Reply
says: Andre
November 20, 2010 at 3:05 pm
Snorkeling regularly from spring time through fall, in depths usually no more than 20 feet, for the past five or so years off the cool coastal waters off Cape Cod shores, my friends and I typically use 3/2 full suits with rash suits, booties, gloves and hats of varying types to offset the numbing chill of the water quite well. We start the year as the water temp approaches 53 degrees F and go as long as Mid to late October to take in a full season of getting catching lobsters by hand. It’s a real hoot to outwit and capture these delectable creatures then have over for dinner the next couple of nights.
Do you know how many you are allowed to catch per day?
Reply
says: Clay
December 23, 2010 at 10:39 pm
is it just me or is 68-72 beyond a trunking it situation?
Reply
says: xenki
January 5, 2011 at 4:45 am
Don’t know but it is looking strange to me
Reply
says: sux2bme
January 19, 2011 at 6:14 pm
;D just went out in 40 f water and almost died…….p.s. i was bareback…cant feel my head
Reply
says: Michael
February 1, 2011 at 1:38 pm
I’m a wakeboarder and I’ve ridden in 42 degree weather with a full body wetsuit and it’s not bad. I don’t wear a wetsuit when it’s 60+ It’s not that bad!
Reply
says: jeff
February 16, 2011 at 5:09 pm
the temps posted are for sull submersion under the water– not surface boarding or snorkling! for the wussy coment you trying staying at 64 degree water 60 ft under for an hour and see if you don’t get cold
Reply
says: Jim
February 19, 2011 at 8:28 am
yeah..it seems like the temps are a bit on the safe side, but remember that is YOUR comfort in the water that matters. To all the chillers out there, my 5/4/3 keeps me warm in 34 degree water. :)
Reply
says: Rob
March 24, 2011 at 5:47 am
Looking back on 25 years surfing I think the guide is pretty good. It gives you a range for water temps in the context of topside conditions, which are critical to choosing the right suit on the day. Your personal cold resistance is going to depend on how much fat you carry, how active you are in the water and how well rested and fed you are on the day. If you want the most out of your time in the water, go for the slightly warmer option without unduely restricting your freedom of movement. I always take two with me and choose after I’ve scoped out the conditions. Keep ripping…
Reply
says: Paul
April 11, 2011 at 11:49 pm
Honestly, the warmer you are the better you surf. If you follow this guide, you’ll never be cold and you’ll never be constricted by too much neoprene. If you wanna show off by showing people how cold of water you can stand then go for it, but it’s better to let your surfing do the talking.
Reply
says: Ben
December 15, 2011 at 7:45 am
That is the best comment I have seen on here! While I’m waiting for the next wave it’s nice not to feel cold.
Reply
says: Agu
December 20, 2011 at 6:53 pm
Agree W/Ben and with the original comment, of course.
says: Carmen Tyler
August 14, 2011 at 2:16 am
I was a bit cold surfing in morocco, I was in rashie and shorts, I dont need a full suit and hate surfing in them so I was going to get a long sleeved thermal rashie or a neoprene one, which is warmer does anyone know?
Reply
says: K
December 13, 2013 at 8:44 am
Neoprene is warmer than thermal rashie.
Reply
says: Duncan
September 1, 2011 at 8:03 am
The chart is on the safe side, but it is a lot better to be safe than sorry. Nothing worse than your feet going numb after an hour and the waves are going off.
And I dont care how cold you can handle it. I am not trying to prove anything when I go out in 50 degree water. I am going out because the surf is good, and if the surf is good I want to be warm (not anywhere close to cold).
Reply
says: Frank
September 14, 2011 at 7:21 am
If the air temperature is 55 degrees and it’s windy and cloudy then 72 degree water will make you feel cold, and you’ll likely want a 3/2 suit (especially if you’re in the water awhile). This can be typical in the northeast U.S. particularly early morning in the summer.
Reply
says: Kate
August 14, 2012 at 12:43 pm
Air temp in NY was in the low 80s yesterday, but with overcast skies, my teeth were chattering after an hour. Woulda gladly been called a wussy, but warm. :)
Reply
says: bobby
February 24, 2013 at 4:49 pm
awesome awesome awesome!!! Where would farmer johns fit in??
Reply
says: Ed
February 25, 2013 at 3:41 am
Bobby, long john is about the same as springsuit
Reply
says: Chris
March 29, 2013 at 3:57 pm
I work as a beach life guard in England east coast current water temp is 4 degrees c. During peak summer season it peeks at 9 to 12. We always wear a 3/2 shorty during this period, there is no need for a hood, gloves, boots and full thickness wetsuit you get exhausted after 5 mins of being in. I’ve always found rip curl wetsuits to be the best as well as I have used many different ones during my time working the beach and surfing.
Reply
says: K
April 2, 2013 at 11:31 am
A 3/2 shorty in 9C water??? :D :D :D
Reply
says: joel
April 11, 2013 at 10:23 am
I had just bought a 2/3 full suit and was anxious to see just how well it worked so I filled the bathtub up and got the water down to about 45 degrees, I lasted about 6 min. Just incase anyone was retarded enough to try it. Thats the results your going to get lol.
I do have a realistic question and it might be a stupid one to some, but I just bought a very nice 12’6 paddle board and really wanting to take it out, problem is I live in Denver and the water temp is 50 degrees? Outside Temp is 50 degrees as well. So heres my question, would it be warmer to just put the 2/3 wet suit on with gloves and booties and get right on the board without getting anything wet, or soak for a couple minutes to get the suit wet then climb on the board? didnt know if getting the water in the suit would keep me warmer with my body then just letting the suit stay dry??? dont laugh to hard
thx
im assuming keep it dry
Reply
says: K
April 11, 2013 at 11:30 am
Joel, stay dry for sure!!! :) Neoprene insulation properties are not connected to the material being dry or wet, it’s just that wetsuits are never 100% waterproof (you have drysuits for that) and you always get some water inside the wetsuit. This water then gets heated by the body and you stay warm…but this is more of a consequence…not a conditions. Water pulls heat out of the body about 25 times faster than air so you are always warmer being dry than wet.
Reply
says: Sebastian D
April 12, 2013 at 11:33 pm
Here’s a trick you probably didn’t know about but works incredibly well.
I live in the south west of France and when the water gets really cold in jan/feb (11°C – 51°F) before putting on my 4/3 e-bomb I rub on some Bengay/Icy Hot on my arms, chest and legs. (+booties and gloves)
You can surf for over 2 hours and you won’t be cold. And it doesn’t leave a bad smell on your wetsuit. Just be careful not to touch your balls or your eyes when you put the cream on cos it’ll burn..
Reply
says: Steve B
June 15, 2013 at 11:56 am
Great chart. Had to do some F/C conversion but not bad otherwise.
Question: if I have a 3/2 full, and its 11c air, 18c water with 15knot wind, will it be enough? I’ve got a 15 min walk to/from the beach and don’t want to get sick on the way back
Reply
says: K
June 16, 2013 at 1:35 am
3/2 will be enough
Reply
says: Dan Coyne
July 14, 2013 at 2:19 pm
Me and the boys in Ireland be out for a few hours in 15 degrees in boardies. If your on a budget don’t bother with more than a good set of boardies unless the water temp is below 15°
Reply
says: Gabriel
August 12, 2013 at 10:24 am
Could you do a chart for spearfishing/freediving wetsuits? It is different from (above-)watersports wetsuits since you spend more time in the water, both at the surface and below and also different from scuba diving since you spend more time in the water and there is less of a pressure problem.
Thanks in advance
Reply
says: K
August 13, 2013 at 4:13 am
We might, thanks for the idea.
Reply
says: Manu
November 11, 2014 at 6:36 pm
I wonder how much warmth is kept by a (woman’s) one piece neoprene swimsuit, 1 or 2 mm thick depending on brands, with either shorty legs or medium height leg cut ? Down to which temperature may it be comfortable for swimming or surfing ? Is there so much body heat loss around shoulders and hips and thighs that there is a price to pay on freedom of motion ?
Reply
says: K
November 12, 2014 at 3:22 am
Manu, a good 2mm swimsuit could IMHO be used in the same water conditions as a shorty wetsuits, somewhere down to 72F (22C). But I guess it depends on the design and cut of the swimsuit. If it’s more like a fashion type of suit with lots of holes then flushing could make it almost useless. But if it’s cut for minimal water leakage, reaching all the way up to the neck with smaller holes for arms and tight fitting, meant to keep swimmers warm, then it makes a difference.
Also – if you are using it for active swimming, you can shave off a few degrees.
Reply
says: Michelle
November 10, 2015 at 9:04 pm
What about wearing a 2mm vest with a 3/2 suit for 50F water (and 50F air – plus hood, booties, gloves)? And does it need to be worn under the suit as I’ve read one place? Can it be worn over?
Reply
says: K
November 11, 2015 at 2:45 am
Michelle, 50F is pretty cold, 5/3 wetsuit range. If you have hood, booties and gloves you will “survive” :) but but don’t expect to be in the water for a very long time. And put the vest under the 3/2, I think it works better this way.
Reply
says: zytigon
November 12, 2015 at 6:11 pm
I was out twice this week (11th November) in 50F water and 50F air temperature windsurfing for 2.5 hours each time, 25mph wind first day. I wore 7mm Rip Curl flash bomb boots which kept my feet toasty warm – much better than the 5mm Gul boots I have, I also had a 5/3 Gul winter wetsuit with gul thermal hooded vest, 3mm Gul gloves. I was fine + warm.
Reply
says: Sally
September 28, 2016 at 7:11 pm
Thanks for this! I just got a wetsuit that’s pretty much doesn’t count as a wetsuit (long sleeve top, comes down to the upper thigh so works more like a jacket)
But I hate it when the weather is super hot, but then when I get into the water BOOM! too cold. So yeah, I want to at least keep my torso warm.
Reply
says: Mark
October 11, 2016 at 7:47 am
Todays wetsuits are SO MUCH better than before. I have been in 40degree water in a 4/3 with hood, 7 mm booties and 5mm gloves and was comfortable for two hours…..Whenever I am asked about what to buy I always tell the person not to skimp on quality for price. A good sealed 3/2 is better than those older 4/3 that we used to wear 10 years ago….they would leak through the seams and flush like mad….not fun. Your feet are always under the water so get the best boots you can afford. I only buy Xcel Drylock Booties. Cold feet or hands will ruin any surf session regardless of your core temp. Today, wetsuits do not have to be made of Neoprene. Limestone (Geoprene) and Rubber (Yulex) are two that are out there. They are more expensive but worth it (as well as being environmentally friendly) . They absorb much less water making them lighter to wear and warmer….something to look at.
Reply
says: K
October 12, 2016 at 2:38 am
Mark, thanks for the input! I agree, if there is one thing that you don’t want to be cheap on – it’s your wetsuit. I mean…if you surf cold water a lot. 40 degree is damn cold!:) Over here we usually get lots of wind together with the waves, so I prefer thicker neoprene, it’s not the water temp.that gets to you, its the windchill.
Reply
says: Ethan Kramer
April 18, 2017 at 6:29 pm
“Todays wetsuits are SO MUCH better than before.” Absolutely right. I’ve been surfing at Lake Ontario where water is near freezing point with 30+ mph winds – around 2 months ago, we had to walk through ice blocks to reach breaking point but 4/3 O’Neill Mutant (hooded) with 5mm gloves and boots always kept me warm for hours..it is crazy how much has evolved.
Reply
says: Maca
April 7, 2018 at 4:36 am
This is my second year of kayaking . I bought a short wet suit from R E I . I had it on this year and I am glad that I did . Because not only did I end up rolling the kayak once but twice . I don’t know the thickness of the wet suit . I just bought a new full body wet suit thats a 3/2 . I was looking at other wet suits to see if I got a good wet suiot and at a good price . But then I came upon a wet suit thats a 7m m and I was thinking of buying that suit . But I had found out that Thicker is not always better ..
Reply
says: K
April 10, 2018 at 4:19 am
It depends, it’s best if the thickness is just right for the water temperature. Thicker wetsuit just restricts your movements.
Reply
says: Bill
February 13, 2019 at 6:22 pm
Canoeing in 50 degree (F) open ocean water, where an emergency could result in a long swim. We only end up in the water if we flip, an outrigger breaks or a hull comes apart. I’m looking at the Patagonia Long John (2 mil Yulex, with a vest-style top) and the NRS Long John (3 mil Neo, with a vest style top). Our upper body moves a lot more than you might think, thus the vest-style tops. I’d love to know how many minutes we could expect to survive in these suits. Also if anyone has any suggestions for upper-body protection that won’t bind our arms.
thanks!
Reply
says: K
February 14, 2019 at 3:15 am
I would go with 3mm, how long would a swim be? I think with a 3mm long john you could swim a really long time. 4mm would be ideal for that water temperature but it might be to warm for paddling, because swim is just the worst case scenario.
Reply
says: Adriah
May 13, 2019 at 5:14 pm
looks like i’m getting the 4/3. btw how warm can this get me? say a 58-62F water temp?
Any suggestion on a good brand? (with options for allergy friendly materials)
Reply
says: K
May 14, 2019 at 5:36 am
Yeah, a 4/3 is good for that temperature range. Wetsuits from all the main brands are pretty darn good these days, if you go with RipCurl, Xcel, Billabong, Oneil…you can not go wrong. For allergies it depends on what you are allergic to…check out Patagonia wetsuits, super warm and like 80% made out of yulex, plant based neoprene. Or maybe wetsuits made out of Geoprene, limestone based neoprene, I know Matuse wetsuits uses it.
Reply
says: Angi
July 28, 2019 at 9:16 pm
Great guide thank you so much!
Reply
says: Mark
December 13, 2019 at 7:07 am
How much of a difference do the various thermal linings and such that are marketed make? Could one buy a thinner wetsuit based on technology, or does neoprene thickness trump all the rest, with features just being a bit of a bonus boost?
Reply
says: K
December 13, 2019 at 6:17 pm
I wouldn’t buy a thinner wetsuit, thermal lining helps, but as you said neoprene thickness still wins. For me the biggest difference is that thermal lining feels much better/warmer on your skin than wet neoprene.
Reply
says: colton
July 23, 2020 at 9:55 am
would a 4/3 wetsuit be too thin for 37 degrees i live in indiana and want to surf lake michigan in spring and they pretty much only sell 4/3 kids wetsuits. I can swim in 60 degree water without a wetsuit and be cold but not so cold that i can’t bear it.
Reply
says: K
July 23, 2020 at 11:09 am
Hey, yes, definitely to thin! For 37 degree water a 5/4 with integrated hood is bare minimum, I would get a 6/5 integrated hood and also thick 7mm booties and thick gloves. I guess there is usually also wind on the spot?
Reply
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HISTORY 101-ALL THE CONFEDERATES WERE DEMOCRATS
Politics
HISTORY 101-ALL THE CONFEDERATES WERE DEMOCRATS
Fact: Southern Democrats led the charge to secede from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Fact: Southern Democrats ruled the South up until Bill Clinton was reelected in 1996. Both Bill Clinton and Al Gore were Southern Democrats and ran as Dixie Democrats in what they called “Their Southern Strategy” against the Northerner Moderate Republican George H. Bush.
In fact, Bill Clinton won half the Southern States, but President George Bush had very strong roots as a Texas oilman and he actually ran in the 60’s for Congress from Texas.
The fact is President Obama was the first Democrat from the North elected as President since JFK. Lyndon Jonhson was from Texas, Carter was from Georgia and Clinton from Arkansas. So it’s only in the last 8 years that the Democrat Party lost all power in the South and moved away from its Southern Dixie roots.
As the progressives try to tear down Confederate Statues, every History 101 class should be teaching in our country that every Confederate Leader in the Civil War was a Southern Democrat. So all the statues the progressives are trying to tear down are of Democrats. The progressives of today are trying to whitewash the Democrat’s history claiming the mantle of Lincoln as their own and further claiming Republicans of today are the racists of yesterday. Many teachers in public schools are literally teaching that Lincoln would be a Democrat today.
It’s time Republicans stand tall and proud of our Party’s long history of ending Slavery and ending the Jim Crowe Laws and destroying the KKK, a part of the Southern Democrat Party.
It was the Republican President Lincoln and a Republican Congress who the passed the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ending slavery forever.
It was Executive Order 10730 issued by Republican President Dwight Eisenhower on September 24, 1957, dispatching federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, that lead to desegregation of public schools that Southern Democrat Governor Orval Faubus attempted to block with National Guard troops.
Democrat Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace vowed “segregation forever” and blocked the door to keep black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963, in Tuscaloosa, Ala.
The civil rights act of 1964 only passed with the help of Republicans.
So we can see why these modern-day book burners on the left are so desperate to tear Statues of Democrats, I mean Confederates, across the country in an effort to rewrite the hate and racist history of the Democratic Party over the last 240 years.
Rob Lauer
Political Reporter
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Effects of Supramalleolar Orthoses on Children
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Kathy Martin PT DHS, Assistant Professor of Physical
Therapy, Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of
Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA.
Correspondence to author at Krannert School of Physical
Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
E-mail: kmartin@uindy.edu
This study explored the effects of a flexible supramalleolar
orthosis (SMO), indicated to decrease pronation associated
with hypotonia, on postural stability in children with Down
syndrome. Seventeen children with Down syndrome (nine
males, eight females; mean age 5 years 10 months, SD 17.2
months; range 3 years 6 months to 8 years) were tested three
times in a 10-week period (weeks 1, 3, and 10) using the
Standing and the Walking, Running, and Jumping dimensions
of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and the
Balance subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor
Proficiency (BOTMP). Range of motion measurements were
used to explore the influence of joint laxity. Significant
improvement was found with SMOs compared with shoes only
in the Standing dimension (p=0.001) and the Walking,
Running, and Jumping dimension (p=0.0001) of the GMFM,
both at the time of fitting (week 3) and after 7 weeks of
wearing SMOs (week 10). For the BOTMP Balance subtest,
significant improvement (p=0.027) was seen only at the end
of the 7-week study period. Amount of joint laxity did not
influence response to orthotic intervention. This study showed
that young children with Down syndrome showed immediate
and longer-term (after 7 weeks of use) improvement in
postural stability with the use of flexible SMOs.
Down syndrome, a genetic disorder occurring in 1.3 per 1000
live births in North America, is a common cause of neurodevelopmental
disability (Harris and Shea 1991) that includes
hypotonia, joint laxity, delayed achievement of motor milestones,
and disturbances in postural control (Rast and Harris
1985, Shumway-Cook and Woollacott 1985, Lauteslager et al.
1998, Russell et al. 1998). In a longitudinal study, Connolly et
al. (1993) found that children with Down syndrome continued
to have problems with postural stability into adolescence.
The neuropathology associated with Down syndrome, including
a smaller cerebellum and brainstem, is thought to be a factor
in these deficits (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott 1985,
Connolly et al. 1993).
Improving postural stability leads to better functional
motor performance (Westcott et al. 1997, Lauteslager et al.
1998). Anecdotal reports from physical therapists and parents
indicate that children with Down syndrome have improved
postural stability when they use orthoses. However, this belief
has not consistently been supported in the literature (Knutson
and Clark 1991). Only one study has investigated the use of
orthoses during gait in children with Down syndrome and it
showed decreased external rotation in the foot progression
angle, more consistent foot function during gait, and decreased
heel eversion in standing with foot orthoses (Selby-
Silverstein et al. 2001).
Genaze (2000) recommended supramalleolar orthoses
(SMOs) for children with Down syndrome as conventional foot
orthoses are usually not sufficient to control pronation secondary
to hypotonia and joint laxity; yet no study has investigated
the use of SMOs in children with Down syndrome. The
purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the immediate
and longer-term effects of a flexible SMO on postural stability
and physical disability in children with Down syndrome.
In addition, the influence of joint laxity on response to the
orthoses was investigated. The primary research hypothesis
was that flexible SMOs would improve postural stability in
children with Down syndrome, as measured by dimensions
of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM; Russell et al.
1993) and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency
(BOTMP; Bruininks 1978). Secondary hypotheses were that
this effect would be greater after several weeks of wearing the
orthoses and that children with Down syndrome with greater
joint laxity would benefit more from SMOs.
Method
PARTICIPANTS
Participants were recruited from central and northern Indiana,
USA through local parent support groups. They were eligible
for the study if they met the following criteria: aged between
3 years 6 months and 10 years; diagnosis of Down syndrome;
no parent-reported history of inner ear impairment or
uncorrected visual impairment; ability to follow simple commands;
no history of seizures; and independent ambulation
for 30 yards. This study was approved by the Committee on
Research Involving Human Participants at the University of
Indianapolis, USA. Informed, written consent was obtained
from a parent or guardian before participation in the study.
Seventeen children (nine males, eight females) with Down
syndrome participated in the study between July 2002 and
January 2003. Data from three children were eliminated from
the final analysis: one was unable to participate appropriately
in the testing, one did not tolerate the orthoses, and one was a low-scoring outlier on all dependent variables. For the 14
remaining participants, mean age at initial testing was 5 years
10 months (standard deviation [SD] 17.2 months) and range
was 3 years 6 months to 8 years.
To view the entire study Click here. It will open in a new window.
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What is a patta and how to obtain it
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Posted in 360 Property Management, Chennai, Chennai Real Estate, Coimbatore, NRI, Property Management, Real Estate On Apr 06, 2014
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A patta is often the main document to establish ownership.
Questions are often raised regarding patta, its use and the necessity and manner of obtaining it. It may therefore be useful to provide some clarifications regarding these aspects.
There are many types of patta. However, the most common are the “Extract from Permanent Land Register,” “Extract from Town Survey Land Register” and the patta issued in respect of holdings as per available records. This discussion is confined to these types of patta only.
What is a patta?
This is an extract issued from the Register of Land holdings maintained, usually at the Office of the Tahsildar concerned. This is issued in the name of the person or persons in whose name the records relating to the holdings are maintained or may be available The issuance of patta signifies the lawful possession.
Who issues the patta?
Usually, the Tahsildar issues the Patta. Other officers are also empowered to do so depending on the facts and circumstances of each case.
What is the procedure for obtaining patta?
Normally, an application has to be made to the Tahsildar in the form of a simple requisition to issue the patta, providing necessary details and documents. It is issued in the name of owner or in the case of joint holdings, in the names of the joint owners. If required, the officer concerned may require the applicant to furnish details in a particular format and may also hold enquiry before granting the patta. A survey may also be made if so deemed fit.
Does every patta has a plan or sketch?
In cases of patta which are “Extracts from Permanent Land Register” and “Extracts from Town Survey Land Register”, a topo plan is issued and is part of the patta. In the case agricultural holdings, the topo Plan is not usually issued.
Is it mandatory to have a patta for every property?
In case of properties which have buildings or structures, physical occupation and possession may be demonstrable. In case of vacant lands, this may not be possible. In such instances, patta is the main document for establishing lawful possession. Even in case of properties with buildings and structures, patta is the primary document to establish lawful possession. It also has other uses, especially when one is dealing with one’s property, as it contains many other vital details including the extent of holdings and in many cases, the measurements.
Is patta required for establishing ownership of apartments?
Patta is a document relating to land and not buildings, although the patta may include particulars relating to the buildings. In respect of apartments the land is usually owned by the co-owners in undivided shares and Patta is not issued for undivided shares of land. However, it may be possible to get the patta in the names of all the co-owners jointly. Patta issued in the names of joint owners does not specify the shares of the individual owners and in such cases of joint patta, there is scope for confusion. Also, depending on the nature of holding, Urban Land Tax or other taxes may become payable on the basis of joint patta. Otherwise, as related to individual holdings alone, the same may not be payable.
In what cases are patta transferred?
There are a few instances when patta needs to be transferred. Take the case of an owner, having a patta, expiring without leaving a Will. In such cases, the legal heirs of the deceased person are entitled to have patta for the property in their names.
In the case of a person leaving a Will, patta can be transferred to the beneficiary with the consent of others who will be the immediate heirs of the deceased person. The officer concerened may also require the production of Letters of Administration or Order of Probate in appropriate cases.
My seller has a patta in the name of previous owner. Is it mandatory for my seller to have patta in his or her name?
Although, it is possible to have the patta directly in the name of a purchaser or a transferee, after purchase or transfer, it is desirable that patta is available in the name of the seller or the transferor. To a certain extent, there could be an element of comfort if the seller is a known person or the transferor a close relative. It is also possible to ascertain whether patta will be issued in the name of the purchaser or the transferee and in cases where patta is not obtained by the seller or the transferor but documents are in order, it is best to check whether it will be issued directly in favour of the purchaser or the transferee.
The title deeds are in the name of one person. Patta is in the name of somebody else or one or more other persons?
This has to be approached on a case to case basis.
It is also possible to obtain a correct patta if there is an error or omission or oversight. Decision may be taken after obtaining legal advice.
Courtesy: The Hindu
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360pms, Apartment, Land, Patta, Property, Property Management, Real Estate | msmarco_doc_00_22418692 |
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http://360rumors.com/google-maps-virtual-tours/ | How to create Google Maps Virtual Tours (not just 360 photos) automatically - 360 Rumors | How to create Google Maps Virtual Tours (not just 360 photos) automatically
How to create Google Maps Virtual Tours (not just 360 photos) automatically
Google Maps Street View Virtual Tours
Creating a Google Maps Street View Virtual Tour manually
CUPIX: Create Street View Virtual Tours automatically
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Mic Ty
| How to create Google Maps Virtual Tours (not just 360 photos) automatically - 360 Rumors
360 Camera Software and Platforms • 360 Camera Techniques • Virtual Tour Software
How to create Google Maps Virtual Tours (not just 360 photos) automatically
March 19, 2018
Mic Ty
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How to create a Google Maps Virtual Tour easily
Everyone knows that you can share 360 photos on Google Maps’ Street View. But how would you like to be able to post a virtual tour to Google Maps? Cupix is a software will do it for you automatically. But it won’t teach you how to fight off the hugs and kisses that your clients will inevitably try to give you.
Google Maps Street View Virtual Tours
Google Street View is one of the most popular platforms for sharing 360 photos, particularly of businesses and places. But in addition to 360 photos, Google Street View can also include virtual tours. Here is a sample virtual tour of Disneyland:
Unlike a typical 360 photo on Street View, you’ll notice that the cursor becomes an arrow, letting you know that you can move to that direction within the photo.
By allowing viewers to ‘move around,’ the virtual tour gives viewers an even more immersive view,
Google street view virtual tour arrow indicator
Creating a Google Maps Street View Virtual Tour manually
Some of the steps required for Google Street View Virtual Tour
Before we discuss Cupix, I wanted to show you first how to create a virtual tour the conventional way on Street View. Besides uploading the 360 photos, you need to connect them. If they have GPS data, they can be automatically connected. Otherwise, you’ll need to connect them manually. Here’s how to connect them manually:
1. On the Street View app, go to the Profile tab.
2. Select the photos you want to connect and tap on the upper right corner and select “Move and connect photos.”
3. On the next screen, you’ll see all the photos on a map. You’ll then have to position each node in the correct location vis-a-vis each other.
4. Tap on a line between photos to connect them.
5. For each photo, you must also reorient the photo by sliding the equirectangular view left or right.
6. For each photo, you must also place the correct compass orientation by sliding the compass indicator left or right.
For a tour with only a few nodes, it’s not too bad. But for a tour with many nodes, it is quickly becomes very tedious.
CUPIX: Create Street View Virtual Tours automatically
The good news is that there’s now a shortcut for creating Street View Virtual Tours automatically – with Cupix, a web-based virtual tour software. I’ve covered Cupix before (see here). If you’re not familiar with it, it’s a unique virtual tour software that lets you upload several 360 photos, which it can analyze and automatically connect in relation to each other, and even create a 3D model in the process.
Now Cupix has added a new function: you can export your Cupix virtual tour as a Street View Virtual Tour. Since the photos are already connected in Cupix, you won’t have to connect the photos manually in Street View! Here’s a video demo:
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Cupix therefore enables you to upload several 360 photos, have Cupix’s powerful software connect them, and then you can upload the tour to Google Maps, allowing you to create a virtual tour on Street View without the need to connect any of the photos manually, whether or not your photos have GPS geolocation data.
Now that you know how to post virtual tours easily to Google Maps, which virtual tour are you going to post first? Let me know in the comments!
Tags 360 photo google maps google street view TECHNIQUE virtual tour
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Mic Ty
Purple Got You Seeing Red? Why Purple Fringing is Such a Big Deal
How to shoot a hands-free POV and selfie video at the same time with a 360 camera
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http://360rumors.com/play-htc-vive-oculus-rift-games-oculus-quest/ | How to play HTC Vive or Oculus Rift games on Oculus Quest (Vridge Riftcat tutorial) - 360 Rumors | How to play HTC Vive or Oculus Rift games on Oculus Quest (Vridge Riftcat tutorial)
How to play HTC Vive or Oculus Rift games on Oculus Quest (Vridge Riftcat tutorial) | How to play HTC Vive or Oculus Rift games on Oculus Quest (Vridge Riftcat tutorial) - 360 Rumors
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How to play HTC Vive or Oculus Rift games on Oculus Quest (Vridge Riftcat tutorial)
May 23, 2019
How to play SteamVR games on Oculus Quest
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Yes, you can play HTC Vive and even Oculus Rift games on your Oculus Quest (reviewed here), and in fact you’ll be able to do it untethered. However, you will need a VR-ready PC . Here’s a tutorial by Tyriel Wood. UPDATE: Here is a new tutorial using ALVR, which works much, much better than RiftCat Vridge for now.
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After Riftcat Vridge and SteamVR are installed, you’ll be able to play games for HTC Vive (reviewed here) . To play games for the Oculus Rift (reviewed here), you’ll also need to install the Oculus desktop app and Revive . For more detailed installation instructions, see the main article.
Tyriel’s video shows that you can get playable performance this way but on my system, the performance was very poor, with a very low (around 20fps) framerate. I was using an i7-7th gen, 32GB, GTX 1070 with 5ghz router. I’m still trying to experiment with the settings and will update this post. UPDATE: I found that the performance improved significantly if my PC is connected to the internet via Ethernet cable rather than wireless. It improved to the point of being somewhat usable but only marginally so. I would say it is similar to the tracking of a Gear VR that is at the point of overheating, with judder. In addition, right now the controllers are not mapped correctly, so for example there is no map for the Vive’s trackpad. The experience is so poor that I would much prefer playing Quest games natively than the VRidge-streamed desktop VR games.
UPDATE: On May 20, RiftCat issued version 2.4.2 of Vridge that seemed to improve the performance. However, the performance is still noticeably worse than ALVR.
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Tags htc vive oculus oculus quest oculus rift steam vr virtual reality vr headset | msmarco_doc_00_22430583 |
http://360rumors.com/tutorial-how-to-use-oculus-rift-and/ | Tutorial: how to use the Oculus Rift and Touch for roomscale VR with just two sensors - 360 Rumors | Tutorial: how to use the Oculus Rift and Touch for roomscale VR with just two sensors
Tutorial: how to use the Oculus Rift and Touch for roomscale VR with just two sensors | Tutorial: how to use the Oculus Rift and Touch for roomscale VR with just two sensors - 360 Rumors
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Tutorial: how to use the Oculus Rift and Touch for roomscale VR with just two sensors
December 12, 2016
Mic Ty
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Officially, Oculus says that the maximum tracking area of the Oculus Rift with two sensors is 5 feet x 5 feet (25 square feet; or 1.5 meters x 1.5 meters = 2.25 square feet), and you need three sensors for roomscale. However, I was able to push the limits of the Rift with just two sensors to do roomscale tracking. Here’s how.
The Oculus Rift was designed for seated or standing VR. The user would stand in one place and perhaps take up to one step away. Roomscale VR allows the user to walk around a space. It significantly increases the sense of immersion and presence (the illusion of being there).
Oculus initially claimed that roomscale is impractical and that no one had the space for it. However, at least among enthusiasts, there was apparent demand for it, as enthusiasts preferred the HTC Vive with roomscale VR by a 12:1 margin over the Oculus Rift:
Finally, Oculus started pivoting and began to claim informally that the Rift was capable of roomscale when used with a second sensor. Finally, Oculus announced at Oculus Connect 3 that with two sensors, users could do 360 tracking, and roomscale would be possible with three sensors.
Oculus Touch includes a second sensor, which opens the door to 360 tracking. But can it do even more than what Oculus claims? That’s what I tried to find out.
THE LIMITS OF THE OCULUS CONSTELLATION SENSOR’S TRACKING
There are several limits to the tracking volume of the two sensors:
1. The sensors are rated for a maximum range of 10 feet (3 meters).
2. They have to be connected via USB to your PC. The sensors come with cables that are 8.2 feet (2.5 meters) long. You can use an extension cable but if you use a passive extension cable, you can only add up to 10 feet (3 meters) before the signal becomes too weak. Beyond that, you need an active extension cable.
3. The cameras have a field of view of only slightly more than 90 degrees. Imagine a 90-degree cone, and that would be a reasonable approximation of the sensor’s coverage. This means that the closer you are to the sensor, the smaller its coverage area becomes.
4. The headset cable length is 13 feet (4 meters).
Based on these limits, Oculus says the maximum tracking area with two sensors is 5 feet x 5 feet (1.5 meters x 1.5 meters). The sensors are actually on a square that is around 7.2 feet x 7.2 feet (2.2 m x 2.2 m) but because the coverage decreases as you move closer to the sensor, Oculus recommends that you stay at least 2.83 feet away from the sensor. (Actually, in the diagram below, it should be possible to increase the tracking area by rotating the square diagonally so that the corners are at the midpoints of the outer perimeter).
ACTUAL USAGE
I experimented with a few setups and initially I would have agreed with Oculus’ findings. However, I found that the sensors did not have to be within range of each other, and I found that if I raised the height of the sensor, I would be able to cover an area that is closer to the sensor than shown in the diagram.
My sensors were around 7 feet high on opposite corners:
Each sensor was angled down 45 degrees:
Instead of aiming the sensors at each other or toward the center, I aimed each sensor around 45 degrees from the corner of the imaginary rectangular play area. This would maximize the coverage area.
With this setup, I was able to get a tracking area of around 5 feet x 10 feet (each square in the grid represents 1 square feet). This is the same playing area that I used with my Vive. Note how close the edge of the tracking area is to each camera (less than 1 feet away) because of the height and tilt angle of the sensor.
I might have gotten a larger area, perhaps up to 10 feet by 10 feet, but our sofa and Christmas tree limited the available area.
PERFORMANCE
With this setup, I would say the tracking was close to what I was getting from the Vive, maybe around 90% of the Vive. The Vive’s tracking is near perfect, and everything appears very solid, plus there is no occlusion. With the Rift’s 2-sensor setup above, there would be occasional subtle shifts in the world when I turn around at certain angles, which is why I wouldn’t say the tracking is exactly as good as the Vive. But overall, it still works pretty well. UPDATE: As of version 1.13 of Oculus Home, the tracking performance of the Rift is now almost identical to that of the Vive, as long as it is setup according to the instructions above.
Another limitation is that with the sensors angled down, it doesn’t track the controller well when the controller is very high, as when I’m jumping (careful, don’t hit your ceiling!). But for ordinary vertical movements such as raising my arms for some spells in the Unspoken, there is no issue with vertical tracking at all.
STEP BY STEP
To do this setup you will need the following additional accessories:
1. Two extension cables. Not all extension cables work. If passive, it must be 3m or less. The ones I used were by Cable Matters. Note that my headset and sensors are all connected via USB 2.0 (against Oculus’ recommendations).
2. Two ways to mount the sensors high. Any of these will work:
a. wall mount with 1/4-20 attachment: this is the ideal choice and the lowest cost, but it’s permanent. It will also require drilling into your walls or ceiling.
b. quick support stand + clamp + mini ballhead: if you want something removable and your ceiling is 9 feet or less, this is the most stable choice.
c. lightstand + mini ballhead: not as stable as the first two options, but it’s perhaps the most convenient.
When you have these accessories, mount the sensors as follows:
1. Place the sensors at opposite corners of your playing area, about 7 feet high.
2. Tilt the sensors down 45 degrees (using the ballhead).
3. Aim the sensors 45 degrees from the corner. If your area is rectangular, then the sensors will not be facing each other directly, and that’s ok.
Now proceed to setup the Touch as you normally would. (If you already setup the Touch, just repeat the sensor setup: go to Oculus Home on your PC, click on the Settings icon on the top right, choose Devices, and on the dropdown selection on the upper right, select Reset Sensor Tracking.)
In the part where you’re asked to hold the controller at eye level, just stand in the middle and hold down the trigger as you normally would. You’ll then get a warning that says the sensors need to be between 3 and 6 feet apart:
Just ignore the warning and click on “Next” anyway. You’ll get another warning screen — just ignore it:
On the next screen, you’ll setup the guardian boundaries. It will also show you the tracking area of each sensor. If you did it right, it should look like a parallelogram or rhombus. Draw the perimeter of the playing area, being careful not to go outside the blue tracking zone.
That’s it for Oculus Home. Now assuming you want to play Steam games as well, here’s how to do it:
1. On Oculus Home’s Settings, under General, select Unknown Sources and switch it on.
2. Download and install Steam.
3. Install Steam VR.
4. Install Steam VR beta:
– Launch Steam.
– Under Library, right-click SteamVR, and then click Properties.
– Select the Betas tab.
– Select beta – SteamVR Beta Update.
– Close the window, and then wait for SteamVR to finish updating.
5. Launch Steam VR.
6. On the upper left corner, click on the dropdown menu and select Run Room Setup
7. Follow the instructions. In the part where you’re asked to draw the Chaperone boundaries, be sure that that the headset can is within sight of both controllers and both sensors. Also check if the headset is tracking. If it’s not, it probably went on standby and you’ll need to move it a bit. If the headset is not tracking, you won’t be able to draw the boundaries of the Chaperone.
Now you’ll be able to use roomscale games on Steam as well. I’ve tested this setup with several games, including Vanishing Realms, and Gnomes and Goblins and most games work. But there are some limitations on using the Rift + Touch with Steam games that were designed for the Vive. I’ll post about those later today.
Meanwhile, I also have a third sensor on order. When I receive it, I’ll post about how well it works compared to a 2-sensor setup.
Tags htc vive oculus rift oculus touch rift roomscale steam TECHNIQUE vive | msmarco_doc_00_22433101 |
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What makes 360 Safety Solutions different?
Did OSHA visit your site or facility?
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Why 360 Safety Solutions?
Good, successful safety protects your business, personnel and profitability.
360 Safety Solutions is a limited liability company (LLC) that uses best practices safety management principles provided by high caliber professionals to bring safety solutions to your industry. Everything we do and all that we believe in as an organization challenges the industry status quo to provide cost-effective, goal-oriented, successful safety management and emergency preparedness solutions. Our goal is to help your organization develop a healthy safety culture to create a safe, OSHA-complaint work environment while reducing costs and improving your bottom-line.
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We succeed where others fail, and we take the time to understand your unique safety needs. Our team specifically engineers programs to improve the overall safety of your organization – all designed with your people, partners, processes, industry and customers in mind. While many safety consultants use a cookie-cutter approach to safety, we know that it’s paramount to deliver custom safety solutions that are professional, relevant, repeatable and compliant with all of the required regulatory agencies.
360 Safety Solutions is a safety consulting, education and training firm for your specific business and industry needs. We focus on providing occupational safety expertise, experience and leadership to ensure our clients establish successful safety programs. Using the highest standards of excellence in best practice safety management, we provide customized and affordable safety solutions establishing healthy safety culture to promote a safe working environment that also meets the expectations for OSHA compliance in a wide range of industries.
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People are our most valuable assets. Providing a safe environment is simply the right thing to do, and the only alternative in today’s marketplace. Safety can not be thought of as a luxury, it’s a requirement. Plus, a culture of safety is not only more productive, it’s the smartest financial move a company can make. Everyone knows that a quality safety program can save lives, but it also saves money.
Owners know the cost for project insurance can be overwhelming. Compliance with regulatory laws enforced by federal and state public agencies in your world of business is essential to keep your insurance rates low and accident rates at a minimum. 360 Safety Solutions has the experience and ability to provide specific solutions that solve these concerns.
360 Safety Solutions has successfully created, supported and assisted in OSHA regulatory compliance programs for construction companies, industrial manufacturing entities, insurance, and governmental entities to improve worker and company safety, as well as reduce insurance costs. | msmarco_doc_00_22442314 |
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http://364daysofthanksgiving.com/ashes/ | Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down - 364 Days of Thanksgiving | Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down
Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down
Ring around the rosie,
Pocket full of posies,
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down!
| Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down - 364 Days of Thanksgiving
Ashes, Ashes, We All Fall Down
by schroera on February 18, 2015 in Christianity • 6 Comments
Ring around the rosie,
Pocket full of posies,
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down!
You probably at some time or another have heard that popular nursery rhyme. For at least 150 years, children have been singing “Ring around the Rosie” or a variant of it. What you may not know is the great debate which rages about its meaning.
The rhyme was first published in print in the year 1881. Even then, though, people weren’t exactly sure what it meant. By the mid twentieth century, some scholars proposed that it was a reference to the bubonic plague which swept through Europe in the Middle Ages and in England specifically in the late 1600’s.
The bubonic plague presents with pink sores around one’s mouth. Posies were sometimes used as a folk remedy. Ashes were the result of cremating the dead bodies.
No one, however, can say for sure what the strange words of the nursery rhyme actually mean – especially the odd inclusion of the word “ashes.”
Today is Ash Wednesday. For centuries Christians have received ashes on their foreheads in the sign of a cross. Ashes remind us from where we came and what we will be: Ashes to ashes, dust to dust.
In Biblical times, ashes were a sign of sorrow and repentance. People would sit in sack cloth and ashes as they mourned or repented. Though we don’t know why ashes were included in “Ring around the Rosie,” we can say for sure why ashes are used on Ash Wednesday.
Because we all fall down.
Every day we sin. We fail. We fall – in school, at our jobs, in our marriages. We are dirty, lousy sinners who deserve to die. We are dirty, lousy sinners who deserve to burn in the flames of hell.
That is what Ash Wednesday is all about. As we begin the season of Lent, as we begin our journey following Jesus on his road to the cross, we do so mourning the fact that it is our fault. Those are our sins he bears. That is our punishment.
Yet we do so remembering that he bore our punishment willingly. Lent begins with ashes on Ash Wednesday and ends at the cross on Good Friday. On that cross Jesus willingly suffered the pain of hell we deserve for all the times we fall down. At the cross we see our Savior’s forgiving love.
On Ash Wednesday, we sorrowfully sit in sack cloth and ashes. We confess our failings and fallings to God. But then we receive the sign of the cross on our foreheads – the sign of forgiveness. All our failings and fallings are forever forgiven because of what Jesus did on that old, rugged cross.
Ash Wednesday is a day of sorrow over sin, but it is also a day in which we remember the peace and joy of God’s forgiving love. Though we fall, we are forgiven.
What better way to begin our Lenten journey?
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TOPICS: Follow The Coast
Last Updated: 04/25/2021
Atlanta is a great town, except for one thing — it’s not on the water! To find a great beach, you need to travel. If you live in Atlanta, you might ask yourself, “Where is the closest beach to Atlanta?” Great Question!
There are a few Georgia beaches that are simple day trips from Atlanta, but most options are best suited for an oceanside beach vacation. We’ll tell you what seaside beach is closest to Atlanta, and give you the scoop on several more driveable favorites.
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Experience Beachfront Luxury with Spectrum Resorts
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When you’re looking for an upscale, beachfront experience with all the extras, you’ve got to check Spectrum Resorts! They are the premier rental management company along the Alabama Gulf Coast, providing luxury rentals at Turquoise Place in Orange Beach as well as The Beach Club in Gulf Shores. They provide guests with gigantic condos up to 5 bedrooms. Each condo includes the amenities families need, such as a full-size kitchen, washer and dryer, and a clean bed guarantee. (They even clean the duvet before every single rental!) Look for complimentary activities for kids and adults, fabulous beach amenities, and personalized service that will keep you coming back for more!
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Alabama
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Visit Idyllic North Topsail Beach in Onslow County, NC
Why drive when you can fly? Check direct flights here!
Plan Your Onslow Adventure Now
Topsail Beach is a hidden gem only 1.5 hour flight from Atlanta (or about a 7 hour drive)! If you’re looking for a clean beach, with beautiful surf, few people, and great vacation rental options, North Topsail Beach in Onslow County is the place for you. It is gorgeous – without the crowds of other beaches in the area!
The beach is so wide and great for lounging, playing frisbee with kids, building sandcastles, and playing in the water. There’s fantastic fishing here too! Pack your beach gear – let’s go!
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Onslow County, North Carolina
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Wade Back Into Adventure in Gulf County Florida
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Ready to come back to the beach? The serene, uncrowded beaches of Gulf County, FL are encouraging you to wade back in. Take it slow and enjoy a scenic outdoor adventure with your family. This serene, small beach town is awaiting you with cool ocean breezes and soft white sand. Plan your trip now!
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Gulf County, Florida
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Beach Bound? Consider an RV Rental
Find you Ideal RV Rental Here
Have you considered renting an RV for your beach trip? You can have one delivered and waiting for you when you arrive…or select one that you can drive from beach to beach. It’s your own rolling luxury hotel room – without all the packing and repacking!
Wake up to sunrises on the water, just steps away from your front door. You can make your own meals (eat healthy & save money) and haul all your beach gear without issue. Virtual-school breaks? Quick conference call while the kids build sandcastles? No Problem!
Whether you want to drive your rig on a road trip or have it set up and waiting on you, RVShare is the ideal place to rent from! Check out a few options and see what is possible!
The closest beach to Atlanta technically may be at a lake, but when I think of the beach, I’m really thinking about oceanside family getaways searching for sea shells! Or fun weekend getaways that include restaurants with amazing seafood caught nearby.
There are plenty to choose from in the southeast, and if you're looking for the ideal place to stay then also check out our Beach House Rentals post, too.
Beaches in Georgia
Beaches Near Me may not be the first thing you think of when you think of this amazing state -- but it should be! Georgia has some of the most beautiful and unique beaches around, and lucky for you -- they're not too far away from the ATL.
Tybee Island
Tybee Island is sometimes called Savannah's Beach because it’s so close to the city. In fact, you could stay in Savannah and enjoy a city and sand vacation like we did recently. But how far is Savannah from Atlanta? It’s about 3.5 hours, or if you’d rather measure the distance from Atlanta to Savannah in miles, it’s around 250 miles, making Tybee Island the closest beach to Atlanta, and perfect for quick getaways.
In addition to enjoying the sand between your toes on the Tybee Island beach, be sure to check out Sea Kayak Georgia for a tour of the marshes and waterways around the island.
If you’d rather enjoy the marshes from the land, order the low country shrimp boil at the Crab Shack and enjoy it out on the deck with marsh views. You can even feed the gators while you're there! (Seriously!)
Places to Stay: Excellent Kid-Friendly Accommodations And Hotels In Savannah Ga (& Tybee!)
St. Simons Island
There are several Georgia beaches, but my favorite Georgia vacations are usually at St. Simons Island. Probably because I’ve spent the most time there.
The King and Prince is where you want to stay to be on the St. Simons Island beach. They also have several swimming pools. My favorite is the main pool that overlooks the ocean. It’s the perfect compromise for my son who likes the pool and me who feels like we can swim in a pool anywhere, I want an oceanside beach destination.
The King and Prince also has a wonderful restaurant called Echo. In addition to delicious food you can eat oceanside (the only oceanside restaurant on the island), they also have a great happy hour.
The Cloister at Sea Island
The most luxurious beaches in Georgia are at the The Sea Island family of beach resorts. I’m still dreaming about the beds at The Cloister at Sea Island, and the spa -- where I had one of the best massages of my life.
Although this is a very family friendly resort, it's also a great place if you are looking for romantic getaways in Georgia. In fact, it's a favorite for honeymooners.
The Beach Club at Sea Island is the place to be for ocean views. Rent a catamaran on the beach, or just relax on one of the lounge chairs under an umbrella. If the kids get too antsy, they can walk across the sand to the Beach Club and either play in the pool, hit the arcade, or participate in any number of games like basketball or shuffleboard. If you need a break from the sun, there is a free movie theater (popcorn is extra).
And for the adults, there are several beachside bars and an ice cream shop that serves up the famous Sea Island Gold Brick Sundae – well maybe that’s for the kids, or all the kids at heart.
Looking to enjoy Sea Island luxury for less? Check out a stay at The Inn at Sea Island.
Jekyll Island Beach
Jekyll Island is going through an amazing renaissance. If you’ve never been, now is the time to go. If you’ve been in the past, it’s worth a second look.
I’ve always enjoyed staying at the Historic Jekyll Island Club, but it’s not on the beach. The new Jekyll Ocean Club is part of the Historic Jekyll Island Club family and IS on the beach. Want more hotels on the Georgia beach? The Westin at Jekyll Island, the Holiday Inn at Jekyll Island, and the Hampton Inn are all good choices too.
Have you ever wanted to see a beach absolutely filled with the haunting silhouettes of trees and driftwood? Beaches like that don't exist -- except on Jekyll Island! Driftwood Beach is an absolute must-do. It's an amazing beach, truly unique, and you cannot take a bad picture there. Spend the day relaxing there, or get some great pictures during the sunset -- you won't regret it.
You can’t visit Jekyll without seeing the Georgia Sea Turtle Center, but I’d also recommend a visit to the less flashy, but equally fun Tidelands Nature Center. If you have kids with you, Summer Waves water park is a must.
Little St. Simons Island
Little St. Simons Island is the perfect family getaway for anyone who loves nature, but hates camping. Additionally, the food can compete with the best Atlanta restaurant, and there is always a cooler of adult beverages chilling on the porch.
This is truly one of my favorite island beaches, and thankfully it's also one of the closest beaches to Atlanta.
Sapelo Island
Although visitors won’t run into many people on Sapelo Island, what they will find are unspoiled beaches, dense maritime forests, miles of undisturbed salt-marsh land, a mansion from a by-gone era, and a community of slave decedents preserving an almost forgotten culture.
Cumberland Island National Seashore
While we're at it, don't miss another of the "by-ferry-only" barrier islands - Cumberland Island. You can stay at the historic Greyfield Inn, or rough it on the beach. Plan your trip when the bugs are gone...but do it early, as the prime camping spots fill up quick.
Rent a bike and tour the island that way, or hiking isn't a bad way to see this island either. Make sure you stop by to see the ruins of Dungeness!
I mean, this is a beach where you will see wild horses! Need I say more?
Private Islands of Georgia
Eagle Island isn’t just for quick getaways, but true escapes. Just like the name suggests, it’s your own private island, accessible only by boat.
Beaches in Florida
Some of the best beaches in the United States are located in Florida, and lucky for us -- we don't have to travel far to get there!
Jacksonville Beaches
Twenty-two miles of wide open beaches are at your fingertips just south of the Georgia/Florida border in Jacksonville, Florida . The Jacksonville Beach Pier is a must-see, and you'll find lots of waterfront dining in the area too! You'll find golf courses, and plenty of water sports on Jacksonville Beach, including some of the best surfing around.
Looking for something more rustic and less "big city?" Try nearby Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park. You've got over a mile of beach, prime for surfing...plus a fresh-water lake and a splash pad for the kiddos. You can even camp here!
Tampa Beaches
It's more than 6 hours from Atlanta to Tampa, but you can sometimes get really good flights that make the Tampa beaches closer.
The best part about the closest beaches to Tampa is there are so many to choose from -- all within an hour drive of the city. Clearwater Beach is probably what you think of when you think Tampa beach, but I have friends who live in the area that love Caladesi Island State Park too.
The nearest beach to Tampa is probably the Ben T. Davis public beach, but it is on the bay, not the gulf. And if you want something super special, then take a dip when the weather is cold - you can swim with Manatees!
Grayton Beach
Florida ’s panhandle has some of the nicest beaches in the entire world. Parts of it are known as the Emerald Coast because of the shimmering green ocean. A lesser known spot in this area is Grayton Beach. Grayton has one of the best beachside campgrounds.
Traveling with your furry four-leg friend? Check out these dog-friendly beaches in Florida.
Amelia Island
Amelia Island has oodles (and by that we mean 40+) public beach access points, making it easy to enjoy the waterfront no matter where on the island you’re staying.
In addition, there are lots of things to do out of the water like visit Fort Clinch State Park or wander around historic downtown Fernandina.
Panama City Beach
Panama City Beach is a popular beach town in the northwest Florida sector -- known more commonly as the panhandle. In addition to sugar-white sands, there are tons of things to do in Panama City Beach! You'll find water recreation and outdoor fun, along with other attractions, activities and amenities.
A visit here is not just for Spring Break anymore. You'll find plenty of family friendly activities here too!
New Smyrna Beach
Just south of world famous Daytona Beach is glorious New Smyrna. It's truly a surf hub, which makes it so fun! You'll find nearby Canaveral National Seashore which makes a fun day trip or overnight camping spot.
Visit Ponce Inlet and its lighthouse, the historic Canal Street District for shopping and food, and don't miss the Black Heritage Museum.
Cape San Blas
Cape San Blas Florida is more remote than the aforementioned Georgia vacation spots, but that’s what I like about it.
Relax on the beach -- you can even have a bonfire there -- or bike down to the state park. If you need more action, there is a lot to do in neighboring towns like Port St. Joe, if you know where to look (and you will if you read this Gulf County Florida post ).
Destin
One of our favorite destinations, Destin, offers gorgeous emerald waters and equally stunning white-sand beaches. There are tasty culinary treasures and tons of cool things to do here, too! Try water adventures like cruising, paddleboarding, seeing dolphins and more...or hit up one of several state parks on the beach.
Don't confuse this with Sandestin. Sandestin is kind of the South’s answer to the Atlantic beaches boardwalk, and a completely different experience.
Stuart
I'm cheating a little here - Stuart and Martin County are not super close...but we have been here 3-4 times and absolutely love playing in the Atlantic along these shores. I can't recommend it here enough!
Beaches in South Carolina
Our neighbors in South Carolina have some beautiful beaches too! It's time to check them out, and maybe add a visit to their beaches to your vacation list.
Daufuskie Island
South Carolina's southernmost sea island is just a mile from Hilton Head, but a world away. You'll need a boat to get to Daufuskie Island, since there is no bridge.
Once there, soak up some sun on the beaches, hit up the local artist scene, try delicious seafood (like the crab cakes at Lucy Belle's - oh my!) And if you, like us, can't stand to part the island then consider calling it home with property or a National Membership at Haig Point.
Charleston Beaches
Another perfect place to combine a city and sand vacation is in Charleston. At the Cottages at Charleston Harbor, you have your own private beach area, just off the rocking chair screened porch. There is also a pool and hot tub at the clubhouse. It’s a perfect set up for family getaways or a group of friends.
Down the road is the marina with boat transportation to downtown Charleston. We rode the Cottages' bikes to Patriots Point to view the USS Yorktown aircraft carrier and the beautiful Mt. Pleasant Memorial Park with a marine-themed playground and fishing pier. But this is a post about real oceanside beaches, and the closest one here is Sullivan’s Island, a 15-minute drive away.
Considered one of Charleston's Beaches, Isle of Palms is only a stone's throw away. We adore the wide beaches and luxurious but comfortable resort of Wild Dunes on this island. It's great for couples, but PERFECT for families!
Kiawah Island
A stay at the Sanctuary on Kiawah Island is like combining luxury accommodations with a nature-filled vacation. It is simply divine to open up the doors to the ocean, and sit out on the balcony overlooking the waves.
Head on over to Beachwalker County Park for public beach access!
Hilton Head Island
When I originally put this post up, reader Kathi Girard asked via Facebook why we didn't include her favorite beach destination -- Hilton Head Island. It's been a looong time since I've been to Hilton Head, so I asked Kathi to give us the inside scoop. Here is what she said.
"We always stay at Hilton Head Beach and Tennis on Folly Field Rd. It has a huge pool right on the ocean (although I'm like you, I can swim in a pool anytime, I go for the ocean), also a smaller adult-only pool, tennis courts and most units have a view of the ocean (some better than others). There's a tiki bar at the main pool, as well as as sports bar and pizza joint on the property. I think there may be a sit down restaurant as well as on site bike rentals. Most importantly, the beach is beautiful. Wide stretches of beautiful white sand.
Because it's a condo and we want to spend as much time on the beach as possible, we don't really eat out, but there is a huge Kroger, a Walmart and a Publix nearby, so picking up stuff to cook or from the deli is easy.
As for Hilton Head itself there are bike trails everywhere and it's relatively flat so easy riding. There are also three mini golf courses, as well as numerous 18-hole courses.
The three main areas are Coligny Plaza and Public Beach, and Harbour Town at Sea Pines Resort, and Shelter Cove. Lots of restaurants, shops and activities. In the summer, Shelter Cove has HarbourFest every Tuesday night, live music, carnival games and fireworks."
Thanks Kathi - sounds fantastic...but I must admit to being partial to Beaufort, just north of there!
Myrtle Beach
If you’re looking for a vacation with no shortage of activities to keep the whole family busy that also won’t break the bank, consider Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. From miles of Atlantic Ocean beaches and shopping, to entertaining shows and attractions, the Grand Strand is affordable and tons of fun. From the amusement park to the boardwalk, there is so much to do!
I've not "overnighted" in Myrtle Beach - only stopped in for the day - but we did visit Georgetown just south of the big tourist area, and we loved the more quiet beaches and relaxed feel offered here.
Beaches in Alabama
You may have heard -- Alabama's got some great beaches too! Head west and see what the excitement's all about.
Gulf Shores/Orange Beach
Gulf Shores and neighboring Orange Beach are on the southern coastal community of Alabama’s lower quadrant, sitting just across the state line from Pensacola and known for white sand beaches juxtaposing glorious, emerald-tinted Gulf of Mexico waters.
Packed with water recreation, fresh seafood, and family fun, Gulf Shores is an easy trek from Atlanta via I-85 to I-65 and then to AL 59 – less than six hours and you’re on the beach!
Beaches in North Carolina
North Carolina has some of the best family friendly beaches around! Pack up your swimsuits and the kids' floaties, and get ready for a memorable vacation.
Outer Banks Beaches
Looking for beach towns the whole family can enjoy? The beaches of The Outer Banks in North Carolina offer everything you could possibly dream of.
Soar like the Wright Brothers with hang gliding lessons through Kitty Hawk Kites, or enjoy horseback riding on the beaches of the National Seashore.
Climb the lighthouses, go on a fishing expedition, or simply let the large Atlantic waves toss you about as you soak up the sun.
Places to Stay: 49 Most Charming AirBnB Outer Banks Rentals For Every Budget
Wilmington's Beaches
Wilmington is home to Carolina, Kure, and Wrightville Beaches. There are water tours, a sea turtle camp, kayaking adventures, and a beautiful reserve - Masonboro Island Reserve - perfect for escaping to for some natural beauty!
Be sure to try these NC Day Trip s when you visit!
Mississippi Gulf Beaches
The Mississippi Gulf Coast is about a 6-hour journey from Atlanta, so it isn't necessarily "close" -- but it's worth the journey! The white sandy beaches are gorgeous, and there is so much to do - for couples, for families...and everyone in between.
Beaches in Atlanta
If you really don't have time for a quick getaway and are thinking you really need THE closest beach, then there are a few Atlanta beaches to try!
The closest beach to Atlanta is the Beach at International Park in Jonesboro, Georgia. The Jonesboro Beach, as well as the beaches at Callaway Gardens (80 miles), Lake Lanier Resort (46 miles) and other area lakes make great day trips from Atlanta or quick getaways.
Make sure you check out some of your local Georgia State Parks. Many of them have popular lake beaches too!
Our Favorite SE Beach Rentals
Don't see something in your favorite destination? Try changing the dates to see more options!
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Sue Rodman | Co-Founder
Sue came to Atlanta after finishing the Walt Disney World College Program where she was a tour guide then guest relations hostess (and no she did not moonlight as Snow White). Sue spent 25 years in PR before adding freelance travel writing to her resume. Prior to 365 Atlanta Traveler, Sue published an award winning family travel blog called Field Trips with Sue for eight years, and produced a TV segment with the same name on CBS Better Mornings Atlanta. Her favorite place to visit is anywhere with her husband and three sons. Sue believes anytime is a good time for dessert and there are no bad field trips, just better stories. @SueRodman
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Sue Rodman
Co-Founder at 365 Atlanta Traveler
Sue came to Atlanta after finishing the Walt Disney World College Program where she was a tour guide then guest relations hostess (and no she did not moonlight as Snow White). Sue spent 25 years in PR before adding freelance travel writing to her resume. Prior to 365 Atlanta Traveler, Sue published an award winning family travel blog called Field Trips with Sue for eight years, and produced a TV segment with the same name on CBS Better Mornings Atlanta. Her favorite place to visit is anywhere with her husband and three sons. Sue believes anytime is a good time for dessert and there are no bad field trips, just better stories.
Latest posts by Sue Rodman ( see all)
Atlanta Music Festivals: A Noteworthy List of 43+ of the Metro’s Best - 04/01/2021
Hidden Treasures: 13 Stunning Small Towns in Georgia (& what to do there) - 03/05/2021
Visitors Guide to Walkable Neighborhoods in Nashville - 12/30/2020 | msmarco_doc_00_22452420 |
http://365beautytips.com/diy/diy-scalp-detox-treatment/ | DIY: Homemade scalp detox treatment - 365BeautyTips | DIY: Homemade scalp detox treatment - 365BeautyTips
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June 14, 2016 May 28, 2018 Ana
DIY: Homemade scalp detox treatment
The toxins from the hair styling products that we use daily can clog roots and cause dead skin cells build-up, leading to dull, damaged, greasy hair and slower hair growth. So, instead of focusing on the split ends, you should start the hair repairing from the beginning- the hair follicles/roots. Having a healthy scalp can promote the growth of some new, healthy, beautiful strands. Therefore, a scalp detox is a treatment you should consider doing.
For a simple DIY scalp detox treatment you will need: coconut oil, baking soda and cinnamon.
The recipe:
1 teaspoon of baking soda
2 tablespoons of coconut oil
1 teaspoon of cinnamon
The treatment:
Mix the ingredients together.
Apply the mask on your scalp.
Massage gently with your fingers in a circular motion.
Don’t scratch! You don’t want to damage the scalp with your fingernails.
Leave it on for 15 minutes, then rinse off using your regular shampoo.
The longer your hair is, the harder you’ll get the cinnamon and baking soda out of it. Make sure you rinse off a couple of times so there are no leftovers all over your hair.
This scalp detox mixture will:
Remove dead skin cells
Stimulate and speed up hair growth
Fight off dandruff
Prevent hair loss
Remove bacteria
Stimulate blood circulation
Overtreating can only lead to damage, so make sure you don’t do this treatment too often. Once a month is enough to get some nice results!
I try to keep up and have this scalp detox mask once a month. However, I do admit that it’s a bit time consuming and I’m struggling to wash out all the ingredients from my hair, cause it’s so long. The bright side: my hair feels reborn and smells so good!
*Please do not use this treatment if you’re allergic to any of these ingredients.
If you’re into DIY hair treatments, check out these other ones I use: Protein hair treatment
What’s your favorite homemade hair treatment? Would you give this one a try? Let me know in the comments below!
*This post contains affiliate links, meaning I get a few cents for every purchase through these links. It won’t cost you anything extra but you will get to support my blog!
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Hey there! I'm Ana, a 20 - something beauty blogger, makeup lover & skincare enthusiast. Love creating DIY projects, testing out new makeup and writing about all things beauty!
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CPO 365: Chief Petty Officer Selectee Leadership Course
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http://365daysofcrafts.nikimeiners.com/15-minute-badger-mask-halloween/ | 15 minute Badger Mask for halloween - 365 Days of Crafts | 15 minute Badger Mask for halloween
15 minute Badger Mask for halloween
To make the Badger Mask you will need:
Instructions for Badger mask:
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| 15 minute Badger Mask for halloween - 365 Days of Crafts
Fabric » 15 minute Badger Mask for halloween
Autumn Crafts Fabric Holidays
15 minute Badger Mask for halloween
Honey Badger ain’t got nothin’ on my badger mask. If you are not familiar with the honey badger youtube videos and you do not mind a few bad works then check them out. My son wants to take his little sister trick or treating and does not want to get all dressed up. He is at the in-between stage where he wants to be cool yet he still wants to be a little kid. And by all means, I am going to encourage him to be a kid. To please him and his need for a costume we came up with several masks that he can wear and his little sister can play with after trick or treating.
To make the Badger Mask you will need:
sewing machine or fabric glue
thread & scissors
oly-fun in black white and grey
pattern or freehand the mask
large eyelets and eyelet setting tool
elastic cording
hole punch ( I use a crop-a-dile)
Instructions for Badger mask:
Freehand draw or download pattern. Transfer to grey oly-fun.
Cut two bases of slate grey and sew or glue together.
Cut a strip of white for the center and sew on. ( I freehanded)
Cut a small oval for the nose. ( I freehanded)
Punch holes in the side of the mask. Insert eyelets and set.
Tie elastic on to fit head of the wearer snuggly – but not tight.
ENJOY
This is a picture of the mask. Print or enlarge to fit your child.
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http://365daysofcrafts.nikimeiners.com/image-transfer-onto-burlap-fabric/ | Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial - 365 Days of Crafts | Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial
Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial
Supplies for image transfer onto burlap fabric:
Instructions for image transfer onto burlap fabric gift bags:
Clay embellishments for image transfer onto burlap:
How to sew embellishments for image transfer onto burlap:
Tip for fire starters in the image transfer onto burlap fabric gift bag:
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| Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial - 365 Days of Crafts
Holidays » Winter - Christmas » Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial
Fabric Holidays Mixed Media Polymer Clay Winter - Christmas
Easy image transfer onto burlap fabric tutorial
Create a stunning image transfer onto burlap fabric gift bags for Christmas gift packaging. Adding an image transfer onto burlap is easier than you might think because the transfer paper does all the work. Don’t let the supplies and long instructions fool you.
Supplies for image transfer onto burlap fabric:
Burlap: wine bag, 1/3 yd.; pinecone starters, 1/2 yd. or premade
Jute twine: 12” length, 20” length
Wooden tags, 2-1/2”, two
Polyform Sculpey III Clay: Red Hot Red, Moss, White
Fabric scraps: natural canvas, green ticking, muslin
Clipart: wine bottle, pinecone
Artificial holly berry stems, two
Self-adhesive rhinestones
Green ribbon, 7/8”-wide, 10” lengths, two
Jacquard Transfer Paper
Polyform Sculpey Nature-Themed Mini Metal Cutters
Polymer clay flower press mold
Alphabet rubber stamps and black pigment ink
DecoArt Americana Acrylic Paints: Lamp Black, Snow White, Antique Green
Emperor’s Gold Dazzling Metallics
Jacquard Black Tee Juice Marker
The Warm Co. Lite Steam-A-Seam
Sewing machine and thread
Computer and printer
Clay-dedicated rolling-pin, parchment-lined baking sheet, and oven
Beacon Adhesives Gem-Tac
BASIC SUPPLIES
scissors, rotary cutter and cutting mat, iron, towel, cornstarch, paintbrushes, wax candle, sanding block, newspaper (to cover work surface)
Instructions for image transfer onto burlap fabric gift bags:
Use rotary cutter and mat to cut two 7″x14″ (wine) burlap rectangles or two 13″ (pinecone) burlap squares. Press seams 1/2″ at short sides of wine rectangle and 1″ on one side of each pinecone square with iron; sew seams closed. (Note: This will be top opening of bags.)
Download and print wine bottle or pinecone clip art onto inkjet transfer paper. (Note: Print on plain copy paper first to make sure size is correct). Follow manufacturer’s instructions to trim images from remainder of paper, leaving 1/2″ border on all sides. Place towel on firm work surface. Heat iron to med-high non-steam setting.
Place image transfer face down on burlap (for front of bag). Working slowly, move iron across image, getting each piece of image thoroughly heated to ensure image transfer. Pay close attention to edges of image. Peel back edges of paper to check if image is adhering to fabric. If image pulls up with paper, continue ironing image to fabric. When adhered, allow image to cool; peel backing off.
Clay embellishments for image transfer onto burlap:
On clean work surface, roll 1/2″ ball of Red Hot Red clay. Use paintbrush to dust flower mold lightly with cornstarch. Pinch off dime-sized piece of Red Hot Red clay; press into mold. Remove flower; set aside. Roll 1/2″ ball of Moss clay; use acrylic roller to roll clay into 1/8″ thickness on work surface. Dust lightly with cornstarch.
Use leaf mini metal cutter to cut out several leaves. Roll 1/8″ ball of White clay into tiny balls; press onto flower center. Repeat process, creating second flower for other bag. Follow manufacturer’s instructions to bake flowers and leaves on parchment-lined baking sheet in oven. Let cool.
On covered work surface, paint wooden tags Lamp Black. Let dry. Rub surface of tag with wax candle. Paint tag Snow White (for wine bag) or Antique Green (for pinecone bag). Sand surface of tag to reveal distressed finish. Drybrush clay flowers and leaves Emperor’s Gold. Let dry.
For pinecone bag, cut 3-1/2″x2-1/2″ and 1-1/2″x3-1/4″ rectangles from canvas. Paint both rectangles Emperor’s Gold. When dry, use Black marker to draw script font design by hand. Set aside 3-1/2″x2-1/2″ rectangle.
How to sew embellishments for image transfer onto burlap:
Follow manufacturer’s instructions to fuse muslin and ticking rectangles to fusible webbing. Cut ticking rectangle to 2-1/4″x4″; fuse to burlap over pinecone image. Pin 1-1/2″x3-1/4″ painted canvas on top; cut fused muslin to 1″x2-3/4″ and stamp “peace warmth” using black pigment ink.
Fuse muslin onto top of painted canvas. Use sewing machine to sew edges of ticking, canvas, and muslin rectangles onto front of bag.
Position burlap pieces together with right sides facing. Sew seams together along right side, bottom, and left side with 1/2″ seam allowance. Use iron to steam seams open. Cut small slits, 1″ apart, around outside of bag approximately 5″ down from top for wine bag and 1″ down from top for pinecone bag. Thread jute lengths in and out of holes; tie bow on front of bag.
For wine bag, use tacky glue to secure leaves and poinsettia onto front of bag on wine image label. Stamp “cheers” on tag using alphabet stamps and black pigment ink. For pinecone bag, use tacky glue to adhere wooden tag onto remaining painted canvas rectangle. Stamp “merry” on tag using alphabet stamps and black pigment ink. Use tacky glue to secure leaves and poinsettia onto front of tag.
Adhere gems on tags as shown. Tie tags and berry stems around bag using green ribbon.
Tip for fire starters in the image transfer onto burlap fabric gift bag:
To make pinecone fire starters, position pinecones on wax paper. Boil water in double boiler and melt wax in top boiler. Add recycled crayons to wax to color. As crayons melt, add ground cinnamon into wax; mix well. Remove wax from heat. On covered work surface, pour melted wax over pinecones. Let cool.
Try out this holiday gift idea using burlap.
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http://365daysofcrafts.nikimeiners.com/sit-upon-girl-scout-craft/ | Sit Upon - girl scout craft - 365 Days of Crafts | Sit Upon – girl scout craft
Sit Upon – girl scout craft
Materials for a Sit Upon – girl scout craft:
Instructions for Sit Upon – girl scout craft:
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Mixed Media » Crafts » Sit Upon – girl scout craft
Crafts
Sit Upon – girl scout craft
A sit upon is a girl scout craft tradition. I am not sure when the girl scout craft started but I know it has been around for over 40 years because I remember my older cousin making one at camp and teaching me how to make one too. What is a sit-upon? They are homemade, usually waterproof pads used to protect the user’s backside from the cold and damp while “sitting upon” the ground! They are also great for sitting any where the sitting surface is hard… a Girl Scout craft tradition for camping.
The material being used on the sit upon is called Oly*Fun and it is weather friendly and water resistant. It is not meant for long term use outside. But it is perfect for using and washing off when you are finished and it comes in 18 colors and it acts like a paper because you can cut it with scissors and does not fray. It is similar to a fabric because it can be sewn and washed. Like the best of both worlds.
If you would like to see more Girl Scout Crafts click on the link at the bottom and it will take you to another site loaded with ideas.
Materials for a Sit Upon – girl scout craft:
Olyfun (your favorite colors)
Cushion
Measuring Tape or Ruler
Pencil
Scissors
Needle and thread or embroidery floss (optional)
Sewing Machine and coordinating thread
Instructions for Sit Upon – girl scout craft:
Draw a shape for the top of the sit upon on the Olyfun fabric. We free handed the shapes then cut the shape out and set it a side.
Cut enough Olyfun to cover the cushion on all sides with an extra two inches all around. The cushions use were 15×17 so I cut 17×19.
If you are going to add embellishments sew them on by hand now or with sewing machine.
Fold the material in half and sew up two sides. You can leave the seams on the outside or you can flip it inside out and the seams will be on the inside.
Cut strips of Olyfun for straps. I cut them 4 inches wide and folded them in half for extra strength Insert the cushion into the opening.
Insert the strapping and pin in place if needed. Sew the opening closed and trim off any excess material.
Enjoy your sit upon and be part of the girl scout tradition.
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http://365medicalindia.com/alevicyn.php | 365 Medical An Innovative HealthCare Company |
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Home → Our Products → Alevicyn™
Alevicyn™
The right choice to treat Atopic Dermatitis
A person with Atopic Dermatitis, also known as Atopic Eczema, suffers from super sensitive skin that itches and is extremely dry. Although the cause of Atopic Dermatitis is unknown, it is suggested that this type of Eczema is a combination of various factors like genetic, allergic factors and family history. In many patients with Atopic Dermatitis, an allergy factor like hay fever or asthma is present.
In Atopic Dermatitis there is a dysfunction in the skin‘s barrier function. Due to this dysfunction the skin is unable to withhold moisture which results in an extremely dry skin. This will result in itching, which is the most important fact in Atopic Dermatitis. Besides the itch sensation the skin might turn red and as the person has the tendency to scratch the effected area, consequently damage of the skin could result in inflammation and bacterial infections.
This need to scratch the effected area is published in various studies and is called the vicious “Itch-Scratch cycle”, as itch evokes the behavior of scratching. Increasing inflammation and nerve fibers stimulation, leading to more itching and scratching. (Hagermark & Wahlgren, 1995). The itch sensation and need to scratch can have a great impact on people’s Quality of Life and can lead to depressions, agitation, sadness and many other negative effects. Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis is focused on treating the side effects as there is no medical cure through medication to treat the cause itself. Therefore the primary goal of a physician is to suppress the side effects to the skin and brake the “itch-scratch cycle”.
1. Heal the skin
2. Keep the skin healthy
3. Prevent infections
Healing the skin and keeping it healthy are of primary importance both in preventing further damage and enhancing the patient‘s Quality Of Life.
The international guidelines to treat Atopic Dermatitis is to develop a daily skin-care routine to minimize the side effects. Besides cleaning through lukewarm bathing, with or without soap substitutes, it is key to use a gel and/or emollient to moisture the skin and break the “Itch-Scratch cycle”.
The advantage of using a moisturizer has multiple effects:
1. It restores the skin moisture
2. It inhibits the evaporation of water
3. It increases the rate of healing
4. Establishes a barrier against further drying and irritation
Another key to protect and restore the skin is to take steps to avoid repeated skin infections caused by frequent and long scratching. Oculus Innovative Sciences has developed the silicon based Alevicyn™ Atopic Dermatitis Management Hydrogel, formulated with the patented Microcyn® Technology which has a significant advance in the management of Atopic Dermatitis. Microcyn® Technology has been used for a decade to treat various acute and chronic wounds and has shown to be very effective in the healing process due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect. As a result it stimulates the body to perform its own healing process, resulting in faster tissue healing. Clinically proven to help reduce the dryness, itching and redness associated with Atopic Dermatitis, Alevicyn™ helps softening and moisturizing the skin. A clinical pilot study, performed by Dr. R. Smith, among 15 patients with mild to moderate Atopic Dermatitis, the treatment of Alevicyn™ in combination with an emollient was investigated. The outcome of this pilot study was: Reduction in itch, pain, dryness, redness by 50% or more and over 60% reduction in symptoms of AD, - i.e. induration, excoriation, erythema and lichenification (a thick, leathery skin, usually the result of constant scratching and rubbing).
As the risk of inflammation and bacterial infection is present as result of the “itch-scratch-itch cycle”, it is recommended to use an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial product to prevent skin damage and scar development. One of Alevicyn’s hydrogel active ingredients is Sodium Hypochlorite (NAOCL). In a published clinical study it was found that “Sodium hypochlorite is beneficial because of its bacterial count inhibiting activities. It may be advised to every treatment in Atopic Dermatitis”*
*Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part I J. Ring et al JEADV2012,26,1045–1060 Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2012 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology “Topical hypochlorite products are also available as an alternative to dilute bleach baths”**
*Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part I J. Ring et al JEADV2012,26,1045–1060 Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2012 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology “Topical hypochlorite products are also available as an alternative to dilute bleach baths”**
**Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis Eichenfield et al J AM ACAD DERMATOL JULY2014
In addition Alevicyn™ contains Hypochlorous Acid (HOCL), well known for its strong antimicrobial efficiency.
Product Name
Product Code
Product Description
Alevicyn™
47215-00
15 g / 24 bottles per box (individual packed)
Alevicyn™
47213-00
45 g / 24 bottles per box (individual packed)
Alevicyn™ is the new generation of silicon based hydrogel, which also incorporates an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect to treat Atopic Dermatitis. The gel is easy to apply to the skin and will moisture the skin. It is not sticky or has known side effects and ideal for effected areas located in the face and neck. The Alevicyn™Atopic Dermatitis.
Management Hydrogel includes the following features:
Itch reduction
Redness reduction
Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial
pH neutral
Safe to use around mouth, eyes and nose
Non-toxic and non-cytotoxic
Non Irritating | msmarco_doc_00_22494951 |
http://365rosaries.blogspot.com/2011/07/july-29-saint-martha-lords-worker-and.html | a year of prayer: 365 Rosaries: July 29: Saint Martha, "The Lord's Worker and Servant" | Why pray the Rosary every day for a year?
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July 29: Saint Martha, "The Lord's Worker and Servant"
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To submit a request, please visit the " contact " tab at the top of this page, or click on the link below. Please feel free to request a specific date for me to pray the Rosary with your intentions in mind. Each day, I will post the intentions prayed for on that day, indicating the requestor's name by first initial included parenthetically. Most requests remain on my intention list for at least one week. No request is too small... or too big! The power of prayer is awesome. In return, I simply ask that you pray for me-- that this project is an enriching and faith-deepening spiritual journey toward the Lord!
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If you would like, please feel free to make a donation. All donated money will be used to purchase Rosary-construction supplies (to be sent to military personnel deployed overseas and missionaries working with those in need of prayer aids). If a financial donation is not possible at this time, prayers are always greatly appreciated! Number of Rosaries Constructed to Date: 2000
About me
I am just an ordinary guy who had an extraordinary experience at the grotto at Lourdes, France in October 2009. Since that time, I have been repeatedly struck with the thought that I should devote a full year-- 365 days in a row-- to praying the Holy Rosary. In response to that call, I have started this blog to both chronicle my efforts and provide the opportunity for anyone who sees it to make a prayer request. Each day I pray the Holy Rosary, I will keep the intentions sent to me in mind, through the intercession of the Blessed Mother, in service of the Lord. Thanks for visiting my blog, and God bless you.
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Why pray the Rosary every day for a year?
Each time the Blessed Virgin has appeared-- whether it be to Saint Bernadette Soubirous at Lourdes; to Lucia, Jacinta, and Francisco at Fatima; or to Mariette Beco at Banneux-- she has asserted the importance, saving grace, and power of praying the Holy Rosary on a daily basis. Based upon her words, the Rosary is penance and conversion for sinners, a pathway to peace, an end to war, and a powerful act of faith in Jesus Christ. Pope Paul VI presented the Rosary as a powerful means to reach Christ "not merely with Mary but indeed, insofar as this is possible to us, in the same way as Mary, who is certainly the one who thought about Him more than anyone else has ever done."
To show us how this is done, perhaps no one has been more eloquent than the great Cardinal Newman, who wrote: "The great power of the Rosary consists in the fact that it translates the Creed into Prayer. Of course, the Creed is already in a certain sense a prayer and a great act of homage towards God, but the Rosary brings us to meditate again on the great truth of His life and death, and brings this truth close to our hearts. Even Christians, although they know God, usually fear rather than love Him. The strength of the Rosary lies in the particular manner in which it considers these mysteries, since all our thinking about Christ is intertwined with the thought of His Mother, in the relations between Mother and Son; the Holy Family is presented to us, the home in which God lived His infinite love."
As Mary said at Fatima, "Jesus wants to use you to make Me known and loved. He wishes to establish the devotion to My Immaculate Heart throughout the world. I promise salvation to whoever embraces it; these souls will be dear to God, like flowers put by Me to adorn his throne."
July 29: Saint Martha, "The Lord's Worker and Servant"
Posted by Jacob
Today, July 29, we celebrate the feast day of Saint Martha, sister of Mary and Lazarus (whom the Lord raised from the dead), and friend and follower of Jesus. Saint Martha is frequently referred to as “the Lord’s Worker and Servant,” given her role in Scriptures as cooking and serving the Lord upon his visits to the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus. Following the initial rebuke of her resentment by Jesus, Martha became recognized for her embodiment of Christian hospitality. She remains the patron saint of cooks and servants.
We first encounter Martha in the Scriptures, during a visit that Jesus and the disciples make to her home. Apparently Jesus was a frequent guest at Martha's home in Bethany, a small village two miles from Jerusalem We are told in the Gospel of John that " Jesus loved Martha and Mary and Lazarus," suggesting the quality of the special relationship Jesus shared with these three siblings.
38As Jesus and his disciples were on their way, he came to a village where a woman named Martha opened her home to him. 39She had a sister called Mary, who sat at the Lord's feet listening to what he said. 40But Martha was distracted by all the preparations that had to be made. She came to him and asked, "Lord, don't you care that my sister has left me to do the work by myself? Tell her to help me!"
41"Martha, Martha," the Lord answered, "you are worried and upset about many things, 42but only one thing is needed. Mary has chosen what is better, and it will not be taken away from her." (Luke 10: 38-42)
Martha, initially resentful of her sister, must have dwelt upon the words of Our Lord during her household tasks, and over time, realized that Jesus was speaking of the promise of eternal salvation. When next we encounter Martha, it is following her brother’s death. Having sent word to Jesus (who risked certain death upon returning to Judea), Martha is overjoyed when he arrives, and runs to greet him while her sister stays behind. It is here that we see the true conversion of Martha’s heart, as she proclaims her faith in Jesus: "Yes, Lord," she told him, "I believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God, who was to come into the world." (John 11: 27) She then says to her sister, and in turn, to each of us: "The Teacher is here and is asking for you."
1Now a man named Lazarus was sick. He was from Bethany, the village of Mary and her sister Martha. 2This Mary, whose brother Lazarus now lay sick, was the same one who poured perfume on the Lord and wiped his feet with her hair. 3So the sisters sent word to Jesus, "Lord, the one you love is sick."
4When he heard this, Jesus said, "This sickness will not end in death. No, it is for God's glory so that God's Son may be glorified through it." 5Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. 6Yet when he heard that Lazarus was sick, he stayed where he was two more days.
7Then he said to his disciples, "Let us go back to Judea."
17On his arrival, Jesus found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days. 18Bethany was less than two miles from Jerusalem, 19and many Jews had come to Martha and Mary to comfort them in the loss of their brother. 20When Martha heard that Jesus was coming, she went out to meet him, but Mary stayed at home.
21"Lord," Martha said to Jesus, "if you had been here, my brother would not have died. 22But I know that even now God will give you whatever you ask."
23Jesus said to her, "Your brother will rise again."
24Martha answered, "I know he will rise again in the resurrection at the last day."
25Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; 26and whoever lives and believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?"
27"Yes, Lord," she told him, "I believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God, who was to come into the world."
28And after she had said this, she went back and called her sister Mary aside. "The Teacher is here," she said, "and is asking for you." 29When Mary heard this, she got up quickly and went to him. 30Now Jesus had not yet entered the village, but was still at the place where Martha had met him. 31When the Jews who had been with Mary in the house, comforting her, noticed how quickly she got up and went out, they followed her, supposing she was going to the tomb to mourn there.
32When Mary reached the place where Jesus was and saw him, she fell at his feet and said, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died."
33When Jesus saw her weeping, and the Jews who had come along with her also weeping, he was deeply moved in spirit and troubled. 34"Where have you laid him?" he asked.
"Come and see, Lord," they replied.
35Jesus wept.
36Then the Jews said, "See how he loved him!"
37But some of them said, "Could not he who opened the eyes of the blind man have kept this man from dying?"
38Jesus, once more deeply moved, came to the tomb. It was a cave with a stone laid across the entrance. 39"Take away the stone," he said.
"But, Lord," said Martha, the sister of the dead man, "by this time there is a bad odor, for he has been there four days."
40Then Jesus said, "Did I not tell you that if you believed, you would see the glory of God?"
41So they took away the stone. Then Jesus looked up and said, "Father, I thank you that you have heard me. 42I knew that you always hear me, but I said this for the benefit of the people standing here, that they may believe that you sent me."
43When he had said this, Jesus called in a loud voice, "Lazarus, come out!" 44The dead man came out, his hands and feet wrapped with strips of linen, and a cloth around his face.
Jesus said to them, "Take off the grave clothes and let him go."
45Therefore many of the Jews who had come to visit Mary, and had seen what Jesus did, put their faith in him. (John 11: 1-7, 17-45)
We last find Martha, in Scripture, back where she began—toiling in the kitchen, serving the Lord, His disciples, and her brother and sister. This time, she does so without complaint, preparing a Last Supper of sorts for the family, as Jesus was moving steadily toward his arrest and crucifixion. We hear how Mary causes a commotion at dinner by anointing Jesus with expensive perfume. But all we hear about Martha is the simple statement: "Martha served." She isn't in the spotlight, she doesn't do showy things, she doesn't receive spectacular miracles. She simply serves Jesus.
1Six days before the Passover, Jesus arrived at Bethany, where Lazarus lived, whom Jesus had raised from the dead. 2Here a dinner was given in Jesus' honor. Martha served, while Lazarus was among those reclining at the table with him. 3Then Mary took about a pint of pure nard, an expensive perfume; she poured it on Jesus' feet and wiped his feet with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume.
4But one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, who was later to betray him, objected, 5"Why wasn't this perfume sold and the money given to the poor? It was worth a year's wages." 6He did not say this because he cared about the poor but because he was a thief; as keeper of the money bag, he used to help himself to what was put into it.
7"Leave her alone," Jesus replied. " It was intended that she should save this perfume for the day of my burial. 8You will always have the poor among you, but you will not always have me."
9Meanwhile a large crowd of Jews found out that Jesus was there and came, not only because of him but also to see Lazarus, whom he had raised from the dead. 10So the chief priests made plans to kill Lazarus as well, 11for on account of him many of the Jews were going over to Jesus and putting their faith in him. (John 12: 1-11)
Where Scripture leaves off, tradition steps in. We are told that Saints Martha, Mary, and Lazarus went to southern France in A.D. 48, accompanied by Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Maximin. Here, Saint Mary Magdalene retired to a life of penance, and Saint Lazarus acted as Bishop of Marseilles. St. Martha's life in Europe was a very interesting one according to the Golden Legend:
“After the Ascension of our Lord, when the disciples were departed, she with her brother Lazarus and her sister Mary, also Saint Maximin which baptized them, and to whom they were committed of the Holy Ghost, and many others, were put into a ship without sail, oars, or rudder, which by the conduct of our Lord they came all to Marseilles, and after came to the territory of Aquense or Aix, and there converted the people to the faith. Martha was right fecund of speech, and courteous and gracious to the sight of the people.
There was that time upon the river of Rhone, in a certain wood between Arles and Avignon, a great dragon, half beast and half fish, greater than an ox, longer than an horse, having teeth sharp as a sword, and horned on either side, head like a lion, tail like a serpent, and defended him with two wings on either side, and could not be beaten with cast of stones nor with other armor, and was as strong as twelve lions or bears; which dragon lay hiding and lurking in the river, and perished them that passed by and drowned ships. He came thither by sea from Galicia, and was engendered of Leviathan, which is a serpent of the water and is much wood, and of a beast called Bonacho, that is engendered in Galicia. And when he is pursued he casts out of his belly behind, his ordure, the space of an acre of land on them that follow him, and it is bright as glass, and what it toucheth it burneth as fire.
To whom Martha, at the prayer of the people, came into the wood, and found him eating a man. And she cast on him holy water, and showed to him the cross, which anon was overcome, and standing still as a sheep, she bound him with her own girdle, and then was slain with spears and glaives of the people.
The dragon was called of them that dwelled in the country Tarasconus, whereof, in remembrance of him that place is called Tarasconus, which tofore was called Nerluc, and the Black Lake, because there be woods shadowous and black. And there the blessed Martha, by license of Maximin her master, and of her sister, dwelled and abode in the same place after, and daily occupied in prayers and in fastings, and thereafter assembled and were gathered together a great convent of sisters, and builded a fair church at the honor of the blessed Mary virgin, where she led a hard and a sharp life. She eschewed flesh and all fat meat, eggs, cheese and wine; she ate but once a day. An hundred times a day and an hundred times a night she kneeled down and bowed her knees.”
Saint Martha assembled a holy company of women, with whom she lived in great austerity of life and admirable sanctity at Tarascon where her tomb is venerated. Saint Mary’s tomb is at La Sainte-Baume; Saint Lazarus is venerated as the founder of the Church of Marseilles.
The life of Saint Martha, recorded in the Gospels of John and Luke, remind us of the importance of hospitality and service. But more importantly, they direct us back to the importance of placing Jesus at the center of our lives. Jesus clearly (and kindly, suggesting his love for Martha) says to Martha: "you are worried and upset about many things, but only one thing is needed.” In that moment, we can all identify with this humble saint—how frequently do the small worries of our lives distract us from the love of the Lord, His plan for our salvation, and the grace which comes to us from Him, through the intercession of Our Blessed Mother? He tells Martha that her sister has, by dropping the cares and worries of the world and sitting at His feet “has chosen what is better, and it will not be taken away from her." Martha, upon hearing these words, opens herself to the Lord, professes her faith, and continues to serve him humbly and wholeheartedly, without complaint—a lesson which we might all benefit from!
Father,
your Son honored St. Martha
by coming to her home as a guest.
By her prayers
may we serve Christ in our brothers and sisters
and be welcomed by you into heaven, our true home.
We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
Prayer for Hospitality
O Sweet Jesus, Saint Martha lived in Bethany with her brother and sister, Saints Lazarus and Mary. She attended to Your physical needs while You rested and fellowshipped with good friends. I ask her to pray for my gift of hospitality. Teach me, dear Lord, how to truly welcome friends, family, and strangers. Increase in me the same respect for them as I would give to You if You appeared in the flesh. Help me to invite You into my home through the choices I make in television shows, conversations with others, and the type of jokes I tell or listen to. Give me a spirit of holy hospitality. Saint Martha, pray for me. Amen.
| Labels: Conversion , Feast Day , Hospitality , Jesus , Saints , Service
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http://365science.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/6/3/22636618/mineral_review_tc.pdf | Name Minerals Review
Name Minerals Review
1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A, B, C, and D. 1)green color2) felsic composition 3) folded layers 4) metallic luster Which characteristic of rock B could be caused by the minerals pyroxene and olivine? 1) talc 2) calcite 3) muscovite mica 4)selenite gypsum
2.Which mineral is the major component of drywall? 1) graphite, talc, and selenite gypsum 2)potassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole
3) calcite, dolomite, and pyroxene 4) biotite mica, fluorite, and garnet 3.Silicate minerals contain the elements silicon and oxygen. Which list contains only silicate materials? 1)feldspar, quartz, and olivine
2) granite, rhyolite, and basalt 3) cobbles, pebbles, and silt 4) conglomerate, sandstone, and shale 4.In which group are all the earth materials classified as minerals? 1) pyroxene 2) quartz 3)biotite4) potassium feldspar 5.Which mineral can be found in all samples of rhyolite and andesite? 1)rock salt2) rhyolite 3) basalt 4) conglomerate 6. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) Most rocks are monomineralic. 2) All rocks are polymineralic. 3)Many rocks have a number of minerals in common.
4) Only igneous rocks contain quartz. 7.The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples. Which statement is an accurate conclusion based on the information provided in the table? 1) Pyroxene 2)Biotite Mica
3) Gypsum 4) Magnetite 8.Which mineral has a hardness of 2.5 – 3 and makes a good electrical insulator?
9. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire's most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003 1) NaCl 2)SiO23) FeS24) PbS The rock of the Old Man of the Mountain most likely includes a mineral with a composition of 1) They are formed from molten material. 2) They are produced by heat and pressure. 3)They are composed of minerals.
4) They exhibit crystals, banding, and distinct layers. 10.What do most igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks have in common? 1) magnetite 2) pyrite 3)hematite4) olivine 11.Which mineral is an ore of iron and has a characteristic reddish brown streak? 1) color 2)hardness
3) luster 4) cleavage 12.Scratching a mineral against a glass plate is a method used for determining the mineral's 1)a lubricant
2) an abrasive 3) a source of iron 4) a cementing material 13.The mineral graphite is often used as 1) cleavage and color 2)luster and color
3) hardness and streak 4) streak and cleavage 14.Which two properties are most useful in distinguishing between galena and halite? 1)hardness2) color 3) size 4) texture 15.Which property is most useful in mineral identification?
Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the mineral chart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The mineral chart lists some properties of five minerals that are the major sources of the same metallic element that is used by many industries. 1) brucite and carnallite 2) carnallite and dolomite 3)dolomite and magnesite4) magnesite and olivine 16.Which two minerals have compositions that are most similar to calcite? 1) brucite 2) canallite 3) magnesite 4)olivine
17.Which mineral has a different common color from its color in powdered form? 1) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a fingernail. 2) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a steel nail. 3)Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail.
4) Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a steel nail. 18.The table below shows the hardness of four common materials. Which statement best describes the hardness of the mineral dolomite? 1) galena 2)magnetite
3) pyroxene 4) graphite 19.Which mineral has a metallic luster, a black streak, and is an ore of iron? 1) yellow to amber color 2) bubbling in hydrochloric acid 3) cleaves at 56° and 124° 4)hardness of 5 to 6
20.Which characteristic do samples of the mineral pyroxene normally exhibit? 1) galena 2) graphite 3) hematite 4)pyrite
21.Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate? 1) Galena 2) Olivine 3)Garnet4) Biotite Mica 22.Which mineral has a greater hardness? 1) 1.8 g/cm32)5.7 g/cm3
3) 6.1 g/cm34) 12.2 g/cm3
23.What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? 1)hardness2) texture 3) color 4) luster 24.One of the most abundant minerals in beach sand is quartz. Which property of quartz could account for its abundance?
1) Most minerals crystallize at the same temperature. 2) Most felsic minerals usually crystallize before most mafic minerals. 3)Muscovite mica and quartz are the last minerals to crystallize as magma cools.
4) Biotite mica is the first mineral to crystallize as magma cools. 25.The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools. Which statement is best supported by Bowen's Reaction Series? 26. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The table provides information about four minerals, A through D. 1) talc 2) selenite gypsum 3)fluorite4) quartz Which mineral can scratch A, B, and C, but can not scratch D? 1)Calcite
2) Pyroxene 3) Potassium Feldspar 4) Garnet 27.Which mineral bubbles when acid is placed on it? 1) graphite 2) calcite 3)olivine4) dolomite 28.Which mineral will scratch fluorite, galena, and pyroxene? 1) garnet 2) pyroxene 3) plagioclase feldspar 4)selenite gypsum
29.Which mineral would most likely become rounded at the fastest rate when tumbled along 1) galena 2) quartz 3)potassium feldspar4) muscovite mica 30.Which mineral scratches dolomite and is scratched by olivine?
1) sulfur and lead 2) sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen 3)oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and magnesium
4) oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron 31.The table below shows some observed physical properties of a mineral. Based on these observations, the elements that make up this mineral's composition are 1) color and type of luster 2) streak and hardness 3)composition and atomic arrangement4) density and magnetism 32.The diagrams below represent the crystal shape and type of cleavage of two different minerals. The crystal shape and type of cleavage of these two minerals are determined mainly by the minerals' 1) density 2)identity
3) cleavage 4) internal atomic structure 33.Scratching a mineral against a glass plate and rubbing a mineral on a streak plate are helpful procedures for determining a mineral’s 1) gypsum 2) fluorite 3)potassium (orthoclase)
4) quartz 34.Which mineral will scratch glass (hardness = 5.5), but not pyrite? 1)galena2) quartz 3) magnetite 4) gypsum 35.Which mineral is commonly mined as a source of the element lead (Pb)? 1) Na 2) Al 3) Si 4)Pb
36.Which of the following elements is not found in Plagioclase Feldspar? 1) Amphiboles 2) Calcite 3) Hematite 4)Fluorite
37.Which mineral is composed of Calcium and Fluorine?
38. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and table below. 1) hardness 2) luster 3)cleavage4) streak The original shape of mineral sample A was altered when it was hit with a rock hammer. Which physical property caused the mineral to break as it did? 39. Base your answer to the following question on map below, which shows areas where certain minerals were mined in significant amounts during 1989. 1)garnet2) halite 3) talc 4) gypsum The mineral wollastonite has a hardness of 4.5 to 5. Which New York State mineral could easily scratch wollastonite? 1) biotite mica and muscovite mica 2) sulfur and amphibole 3) quartz and calcite 4)halite and pyroxene
40.Which two minerals have cleavage planes at right angles? 1)internal arrangement of atoms
2) external arrangement of flat surfaces 3) number of pointed edges 4) member of cleavage planes 41.Differences in hardness between minerals are most likely caused by the
42. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows three minerals with three different physical tests, A, B, and C, being performed on them. 1) rate of weathering of the minerals 2)identity of the minerals
3) environment where the minerals formed 4) geologic period when the minerals formed The results of all three physical tests shown are most useful for determining the 1)tetrahedron2) cube 3) sphere 4) cylinder 43.The diagram below represents a basic atomic structure that forms when oxygen and silicon unite. This structure is called a 1) sample size 2) hardness 3) type of luster 4)angles of cleavage
44.Which property is most useful in distinguishing pyroxene from amphibole? 1) density and color 2) texture and color of streak 3) type of cleavage and hardness 4)internal arrangement of atoms
45.The physical properties of minerals result from their
46. Base your answer to the following question on Moh's mineral hardness scale and on the chart below showing the approximate hardness of some common objects. 1) A fingernail will scratch calcite, but not quartz. 2) A fingernail will scratch quartz, but not calcite. 3)A piece of glass can be scratched by quartz, but not by calcite.
4) A piece of glass can be scratched by calcite, but not by quartz. Which statement is best supported by this scale? 47. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below. 1) 1 2)93) 3 4) 4 The durable gemstones ruby and sapphire are valuable due to their color and hardness. These gemstones would most likely be located on Moh's scale at the hardness level of 1) is very hard 2) is very dense 3) contains large amounts of iron 4)has a regular arrangement of atoms
48.The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock hammer. This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces because it 1) light reflects from crystal surfaces 2) energy is released during crystallization 3) of impurities that produce surface variations 4)of the internal arrangement of the atoms
49.The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because 1) hardness 2) abundance in nature 3)arrangement of atoms
4) exposure to the hydrosphere and atmosphere 50.A mineral’s crystal shape and cleavage are a direct result of the mineral’s
51. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the crustal temperature and pressure conditions under which three different minerals with the same chemical composition (Al2SiO5) crystallize. 1) pyrite 2) gypsum 3) dolomite 4)potassium feldspar
Which mineral has a chemical composition most similar to andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite? 1) crystal shape 2) cleavage 3) luster 4)hardness
52.Which property of the mineral diamond allows diamond powder to be used to shape gems for jewelry?
Base your answers to questions 53 and 54 on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). 1)corundum2) diamond 3) fluorite 4) topaz 53.Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral on Moh's scale of hardness? 1) emerald and spinel 2)emerald and zircon
3) sapphire and spinel 4) sapphire and zircon 54.Which gemstone minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth's crust?
1) hydrosphere 2) troposphere 3)lithosphere4) stratosphere 55.The diagram below represents top and side views of a model of the silicate tetrahedron. This tetrahedron is found in large amounts in the Earth's 1)internal arrangement of the atoms in the crystal
2) emperature at which the crystal formed 3) type of surface on which the crystal formed 4) stream erosion that changed the crystal 56.The diagram below shows a broken crystal of the mineral halite The shape of the halite crystal is a direct result of the 1) is very dense 2) is very soft 3) contains certain impurities 4)has a regular arrangement of atoms
57.The photograph below shows a broken piece of the mineral calcite. The calcite breaks in smooth, flat surfaces because calcite
1) age of formation 2) infiltration rate 3)physical properties4) temperature of formation 58.The diagram below represents a part of the crystal structure of the mineral kaolinite. An arrangement of atoms such as the one shown in the diagram determines a mineral's Base your answers to questions 59 through 62 on the photographs below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photographs show eight common rock-forming minerals. 59.Identify the two minerals shown that exhibit fracture as a dominant form of breakage. 60.Identify the two most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth's crust that are part of the composition of all eight of these minerals.
61.In the table below, place an X in the appropriate box to indicate whether each mineral is found mainly in felsic or mafic igneous rock. 62.Identify the mineral shown that can scratch all of the other minerals shown. Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The table shows the elements and their percent compositions by mass in the five minerals present in a rock sample. 63.All five of the minerals listed in the table are silicate minerals because they contain the elements silicon and oxygen. State the name of one other mineral found on the "Properties of Common Minerals" chart that is a silicate mineral. 64.Identify one mineral in this rock sample that can scratch the mineral olivine. 65.Identify one use for the mineral garnet.
Answer Key Mineral Review
1. 1 2. 4 3. 2 4. 1 5. 3 6. 1 7. 3 8. 2 9. 2 10. 3 11. 3 12. 2 13. 1 14. 2 15. 1 16. 3 17. 4 18. 3 19. 2 20. 4 21. 4 22. 3 23. 2 24. 1 25. 3 26. 3 27. 1 28. 3 29. 4 30. 3 31. 3 32. 3 33. 2 34. 3 35. 1 36. 4 37. 4 38. 3 39. 1 40. 4 41. 1 42. 2 43. 1 44. 4 45. 4 46. 3 47. 2 48. 4 49. 4 50. 3 51. 4 52. 4 53. 1 54. 2 55. 3 56. 1 57. 4 58. 3 59. Olivine and quartz 60. oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) 61. 62. – quartz 63. —talc, —biotite mica/biotite, —pyroxene, —potassium feldspar/orthoclase, —olivine 64. —garnet or quartz 65. —jewelry, —abrasives, —gemstone
Created Date
3/15/2020 3:39:12 PM
| msmarco_doc_00_22524564 | ||
http://365shaves.com/alcolado-superior-70/ | Alcolado Superior 70 – 365 Shaves | Alcolado Superior 70
Alcolado Superior 70
Resources
| Alcolado Superior 70 – 365 Shaves
Alcolado Superior 70
Ron Gallant March 2, 2014 General Wet Shaving, Wet Shaving Destinations
Antonio Figueras Cerdà (1866-1933) was born in 1866, Mallorca, Spain and migrated to Puerto Rico in 1884 at the age of 18.
Antonio Figueras Cerdà
When the three founders of the Casa de Roses distillery retired to Spain, they left their business to his nephews Lorenzo Roses Borrás, Vicente Caballero and Antonio Figueras Cerdá, calling the company “Roses & Co. Successors”. Figueras grew the company and founded new companies and along with several distilleries in Arecibo, PR, merged into the Puerto Rico Distilling & Co. on February 2, 1911. Now known for the famous “Ron Rico” or the Central Sugar Cambalache, among other businesses as coffee plantations.
Puerto Rico Distilling & Co.
During Prohibition the company made the decision to start producing denatured alcohol, bay rum and other industrial products.
The company also manufactured alcoholado, a preparation obtained from the distillation, the alcohol, of one or more medicinal or aromatic substances. First f abricaban the alcoholado Santa Claus and in 1923, they took to market the Superior alcoholado 70, which still this date, remains the best-selling Puerto Rico. Up to 265 different brands of bay rum were eventually produced at the main distilling plant.
Ron Rico Corporation
For much of the 20th century, Superior Alcoholado 70 was in every Puerto Rican home. It was uses as an ailment to sooth sore muscles, reduce fever, colds, sooth sich children and as an aftershave and cologne.
In Puerto Rico, the scent of alcoholado still brings back memories of grandparents and great grandparents. It is a part of their heritage and is still in use today.
Resources
In 1985, Serrallés, Inc., under the leadership of Felix Juan Serrallés, Sr., purchased Puerto Rican Distillers, Inc., from the Canadian liquor giant Joseph E. Seagram and Sons, LTD.
Destilería Serrallés – Wikipedia
Destilería Serrallés Homepage
Story of Destilería Serrallés
Museo Castillo Serralles | msmarco_doc_00_22539949 |
http://365tests.com/personality-tests/free-color-personality-test/ | 🌈 Color Personality Test: What Color Are You? | 🌈 Color Personality Test: What’s Your True Personality Color?
🌈 Color Personality Test: What’s Your True Personality Color?
What are the 4 personality colors?
Can colors really tell your personality?
What is True Colors personality test?
Taking the Color Personality Type Test
Personality Color = Personality Type
Use Your Skills to Your Advantage
| 🌈 Color Personality Test: What Color Are You?
🌈 Color Personality Test: What’s Your True Personality Color?
What color is your true personality? If you want to move up in the working world, you need to know your strengths and weaknesses. That will make it easier to ace an interview or a job assessment. This Color Personality test will provide you with insight that you can use, whether you already have a job or if you’re looking for one right now. Small businesses and Fortune 500 companies alike use this test to assess their employees, and now you can take it from the comfort of your own home.
This test will give you a brief but effective personality profile. The result is that you’ll know what you’re best at, and where you can improve. This test is based on the popular theories of color psychology. Based on the work of people such as Carl Jung, this test will give you your personality color, which is determined by the answers you give to the questions. This test will give you valuable insight into how you interact with others at work and in your personal life. This personality color test will also help you to better understand your strengths and weaknesses. You’ll get a quick read on what your personality color is and what colors you work best with. This personality color test will also help you to understand your best career path. So, what color is your personality? Take this test to find out!
How many questions:
25
4 personality colors:
Gold, Green, Blue and Orange
Based on:
True Colors personality profiling system
What are the 4 personality colors?
The 4 personality colors are red, blue, yellow and green.
Blue – Conservative and structured
Orange – Progressive and innovative
Yellow – Optimistic and enthusiastic
Green – Balanced and practical
Can colors really tell your personality?
Colors are not completely perfect in describing your personality. However, it is a good way to know more about yourself. People often use colors to express their feelings - for example, you can easily understand people by looking at their clothes. Colors are also used for decorating your room. You can decorate your room with colors that reflect your personality.
What is True Colors personality test?
The test is based on a theory of personality, which was created by two researchers, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae. They believe that personality is a combination of five main factors:
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
This theory is called "Five Factor Model" or "Big Five". The results are very accurate if you were honest and answered the questions of the test honestly.
Taking the Color Personality Type Test
As you move through the quiz, you will answer a series of questions that will provide insight into your personality. The questions won’t have anything to do with colors. Instead, you’ll answer questions related to the type of car you would choose and what you do when you’re given a briefing paper. Move through the personality quiz, answering each question honestly. It’s important that you look at each question critically and give the correct answer so you will receive an accurate score.
Personality Color = Personality Type
After you take this Hartman-style color quiz, you’ll receive one of four colors as your score. The colors are red, blue, white, and yellow. Each color is associated with a set of your true personality traits.
Red is a power color. If you score a red, you are logical and determined. You are able to look at tasks without emotion. This makes you a great leader. You’re able to go in and make the difficult decisions that others can’t make.
Blue is the color associated with perfectionists. People who score a blue are loyal, committed, and creative employees who can get the job done, even in stressful situations.
White is the color of peace. People associated with this color avoid confrontation and are incredibly patient. These employees work great in groups. They get along with everyone, even people who are known to be difficult.
Yellow is associated with enthusiasm and fun. These people are also very persuasive. They are natural-born salespeople and are excellent at getting people on board with projects.
Use Your Skills to Your Advantage
Once you know what color is your true personality, use that knowledge to your advantage. Highlight your skills in your next interview or job assessment. Your hiring manager or boss will be impressed that you have taken the assessment and will be excited to see how you use your skills to help the company thrive. | msmarco_doc_00_22542336 |
http://365thingsinhouston.com/2014/06/01/houston-public-pools-hours-locations-phone-numbers/ | Houston Public Pools | 365 Things to Do in Houston | Make a splash this summer at Houston’s public pools
Make a splash this summer at Houston’s public pools
Public Pools Northwest of Downtown Houston
Public Pools Northeast of Downtown Houston
Public Pools Southwest of Downtown Houston
Public Pools Southeast of Downtown Houston
Houston Public Pools
| Houston Public Pools | 365 Things to Do in Houston
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Make a splash this summer at Houston’s public pools
By
Jill Jarvis | BigKidSmallCity
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Jun 1, 2014
Photo courtesy of BigKidSmallCity
Cool off and teach your kids to swim, for free at Houston’s 37 public pools that are open from Memorial Day through Labor Day.
Houston Public Pools
Northwest of Downtown
Northeast of Downtown
Southwest of Downtown
Southeast of Downtown
Houston Pool Hours
Use our handy list below to find a pool near you for free swimming all summer long.
To make this even better, the city offers free swim lessons for kids ages 6 to 13.
Remember that in addition to the pools, Houston has 23 free splashpads that are open all year long. That means there are at least 60 places to cool off as Houston heats up!Splashpads are open every day. For the pools, be sure to check on schedule and holiday hours before heading out.
Public Pools Northwest of Downtown Houston
Agnes Moffitt – 713-468-5666 | 10645 Hammerly Blvd, Houston, TX 77043
Inde Heights – 713-862-1284 | 603 East 35th, Houston, TX 77022
Lincoln – 281-447-2525 | 1048 Grenshaw, Houston, TX 77007
Love – 713-867-0490 | 1000 West 12th St, Houston, TX 77008
Oak Forest – 713-684-1819 | 1400 Du Barry Ln, Houston, TX 77018
Schwartz – 713-973-6310 | 8203 Vogue, Houston, TX 77055
Stude – 713-862-5762 | 1031 Stude, Houston, TX 77009
T.C. Jester – 713-686-6800 | 4205 T.C. Jester, Houston, TX 77018
Public Pools Northeast of Downtown Houston
Greenwood – 713-455-5165 | 602 Beresford, Houston, TX 77015
Hobart Taylor – 713-673-3774 | 8100 Kenton, Houston, TX 77028
Moody – 713-238-2215 | 3201 Fulton, Houston, TX 77009
Northline – 713-742-1512 | 6911 Nordling, Houston, TX 77076
Tidwell – 713-633-1618 | 9720 Spaulding, Houston, TX 77016
Tuffly – 713-674-3367 | 3200 Russell, Houston, TX 77026
Public Pools Southwest of Downtown Houston
Alief – 281-983-8137 | 11903 Bellaire, Houston, TX 77072
Memorial – 713-862-1426 | 6402 Arnot, Houston, TX 77007
Sharpstown – 713-272-3690 | 6600 Harbor Town, Houston, TX 77036
Townwood – 713-434-3508 | 3403 Simsbrook, Houston, TX 77045
Westbury – 713-723-2192 | 10605 Mullins, Houston, TX 77096
Windsor Village – 713-726-7112 | 14441 Croquet Ln, Houston, TX 77085
Public Pools Southeast of Downtown Houston
Beverly Hills – 713-948-9063 | 9800 Kingspoint, Houston, TX 77075
Clinton – 713-675-9336 | 200 Mississippi, Houston, TX 77029
Cloverland – 713-734-8948 | 11800 Scott, Houston, TX 77047
Denver Harbor – 713-673-7140 | 1020 Gazin, Houston, TX 77020
DeZavala – 713-923-7220 | 7521 Avenue H, Houston, TX 77012
Eastwood – 713-923-8058 | 5000 Harrisburg, Houston, TX 77011
Emancipation – 713-284-1977 | 3018 Dowling, Houston, TX 77004
Finnigan – 713-673-7311 | 4900 Providence, Houston, TX 77020
George T. Nelson – 713-748-0449 | 6900 La Salette, Houston, TX 77021
Glenbrook – 713-645-7187 | 8201 North Bayou, Houston, TX 77017
J. Robinson, Sr. – 713-672-8958 | 1422 Ledwicke, Houston, TX 77029
MacGregor – 713-748-0317 | 5225 Calhoun, Houston, TX 77021
Mason – 713-928-4826 | 541 South 75th, Houston, TX 77023
Reveille – 713-645-6544 | 7700 Oak Vista, Houston, TX 77087
Sagemont – 281-922-2312 | 11507 Hughes, Houston, TX 77089
Sunnyside – 713-734-0757 | 3502 Bellfort, Houston, TX 77051
Wilson Memorial – 713-948-9051 | 100 Gilpin, Houston, TX 77034
Houston Public Pools
Dates: Memorial Day through Labor Day. Click here for specific details on dates and hours for individual pools.
Times: 1pm to 8pm
Location: 37 pools around Houston. Click here to see specific pools.
Phone: 832-395-7129
Admission: Free and open to the public
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http://365thingsinhouston.com/2014/08/26/things-to-do-this-labor-day-weekend-houston-august-28-september-1-2014/ | Things To Do Labor Day Weekend in Houston | 365 Houston | Plan Your Labor Day Weekend: August 28 to September 1, 2014
Plan Your Labor Day Weekend: August 28 to September 1, 2014
Make the most of your weekend with our Houston Weekend Guide for Thursday, August 28 to Monday, September 1, 2014.
Click here to see our 2015 Labor Day Weekend Guide, covering Thursday, September 3 to Monday, September 7, 2015.
Things to Do All Weekend
Thursday, August 28, 2014
Friday, August 29, 2014
| Things To Do Labor Day Weekend in Houston | 365 Houston
This Weekend
Weekends Past
Plan Your Labor Day Weekend: August 28 to September 1, 2014
By
365 Houston Staff
-
Aug 26, 2014
Photo credit: Mitchel Jones via CC
Make the most of your weekend with our Houston Weekend Guide for Thursday, August 28 to Monday, September 1, 2014.
Click here to see our 2015 Labor Day Weekend Guide, covering Thursday, September 3 to Monday, September 7, 2015.
Labor Day Weekend may unofficially mark the end of summer but, with hot days lasting well into September, it may better signify the beginning of fall activities. School’s back in session. Football stadiums, including the Houston Texans ‘ newly rebranded home and UH’s new TDECU Stadium, are filling up with home teams and teams from out of state.
Meanwhile, NobleMotion Houston’s Dark Matter: Evidence of Things Unseen debuts at the Barn. And Houston Restaurant Weeks wraps up after Labor Day itself, drawing a close to special menus at 200 restaurants including avocado miso soup at Nara, seafood courtboullion at Danton’s Gulf Coast Seafood Kitchen and chef Kiran Verma ‘s sliders at Kiran’s.
There’s a lot more great stuff to do this long Labor Day Weekend in Houston.
Things to Do All Weekend
The Final Days of Soto: The Houston Penetrable at MFAH | Daily – If you have had a chance to step into exhibit and become part of the art itself at this Museum of Fine Arts, Houston exhibit, you’d best get there before the museum closes on Labor Day. Jesús Rafael Soto ‘s final and grandest entry in his larger-than-life Penetrables series closes after this weekend. Hours vary.
The Final Days of Houston Restaurant Weeks | Daily – Get out and dine for the last few days of Houston Restaurant Weeks, ending after Labor Day on Monday. You get great meals at some of Houston’s best restaurants while saving money and supporting the Houston Food Bank. That’s a win-win-win.
Godspell Musical at Miller Outdoor Theatre | FREE | Thursday and Friday – See AD Player’s production of Stephen Schwartz’s electrifying, captivating family-friendly musical based on the Gospel of St. Matthew. 8pm both nights.
Houston Astros vs. the Texas Rangers at Minute Maid Park | Thursday to Sunday – Houston hosts the boys from Big D in this four-day series. You will likely find cheaper or better seats on the ticket resale market. Times vary.
5th Annual BrewMasters Craft Beer Festival at Moody Gardens in Galveston | Friday to Sunday – Celebrate and sample more than 400 specialty and hard-to-find brews at this massive craft beer festival that’s begun attracting attention from across Texas and beyond. Hours, events and subsequent prices vary.
The Amazing Houston Comic Con 2014 in Downtown Houston | Friday through Sunday – Get your geek on at this convention dedicated to comic books and related popular culture. You’ll find comic book and animated television writers, illustrators, animators and creators at the George R. Brown Convention Center. Kids Day on Sunday. Hours vary.
Dark Matter: Evidence of Things Unseen presented by NobleMotion Dance at the Barn | Friday and Saturday – Experience a daring and visually stunning dance production from NobleMotion that explores deep space. The Barn performance venue will be tranformed into a planetarium and dancers will demonstrate an intense test of gravity.
Pete and Keely at the Stages Repertory Theatre | Thursday through Sunday – This local production of the hilarious Off Broadway hit spoofs the singing couples of the 50s, as Pete and Keely have to settle their differences for a live NBC reunion show in cheesy1968. $19 to $39; Discounted $9.50 to $19.50 tickets are available. Times vary.
Full Gallop at Stages Repertory Theatre | Thursday through Sunday – See Houston actress Sally Edmundson take on former Vogue editor Diana Vreeland in this hilarious one-woman show. Discounted tickets available. Discounted tickets available. Times vary.
Family Activities inside the Loop from BigKidSmallCity | Daily – Find events, recommendations and family-friendly activities from Houston mom-in-the-know Jill Jarvis of BigKidSmallCity.
Houston Texans Season Tickets on Sale | Sponsored – Score season tickets to what everyone is counting on being the Texans’ comeback. Don’t miss a game and grab hard-to-get seats on the ticket resale market.
Thursday, August 28, 2014
Pete Simple in Concert on the Lawn at GreenStreet in Downtown | FREE – Enjoy the pop rock music at Downtown’s newest green space, the 2,193-square foot outdoor Lawn at GreenStreet. 5pm to 8pm.
Bayou City Outdoors Summer Party and Meet and Greet at Last Concert Café | FREE to attend – Unwind under the trees at the patio of the Last Concert Café in Downtown’s Warehouse District and meet other fun and active Houstonians. 6:30pm to 9pm.
Summer Night Salsa at Discovery Green | FREE – Dance to the music, soul and passion of street-style salsa, bachata, merengue and salsa suelta. 6:30pm to 7:30pm.
Houston Texans vs. San Francisco 49ers Pre-season Game – The Texans continue their build up to the regular season by facing off against the 49ers. You can find tickets under $15 at the ticket resale market. 7pm.
Clory Martin Live at Alley Kat Bar and Lounge – Blues, folk and Americana singer kicks off Labor Day Weekend 2014 with style. 8:30pm.
More Great Things to Do All Labor Day Weekend Long – Some of the biggest things happening in Houston this weekend are happening all weekend long. Click here to scroll up and see our list.
Friday, August 29, 2014
LSU Kickoff Party at the Saint Arnold Brewery – Saint Arnold’s weekly pub night becomes a Houston-based rally party for LSU season kickoff (happening at NRG Stadium on Saturday night. All are welcome, but expect plenty of purple and gold. No cover. Most beers are $4. 5pm to 10pm.
Critical Mass Houston Bike Ride starting at Market Square Park | FREE – Join thousands of accomplished and novice cyclists and bike riders in a large community ride through the streets of Downtown Houston and throughout the Loop. Riders gather around 6:30pm; depart at 7pm.
Better Than Ezra in Concert at House of Blues – New Orleans’ alt-rockers are fittingly at home in Downtown’s House of Blues outpost. You may find cheaper or better seats on the ticket resale market. 7:30pm.
Chicago and REO Speedwagon in Concert in The Woodlands – Classic rock icons band together at the Cynthia Mitchell Woods Pavilion. You may find cheaper or better seats on the ticket resale market. 7:30pm.
ComedySportz Houston Family Improv – Take the family to enjoy a fast-paced, spontaneous comedy show and competion. $18; discounted $9 tickets are available in advance for most shows. 8pm.
University of Houston Cougars vs. UTSA Roadrunners – UH kicks off the season and inaugurates the brand-spanking new TDECU Stadium. Be among the first to check out the new digs and cheer on the home team (or UTSA if San Antone is your home team). You may find cheaper or better seats on the ticket resale market.
More Great Things to Do All Labor Day Weekend Long – Some of the biggest things happening in Houston this weekend are happening all weekend long. Click here to scroll up and see our list.
Click here to find more things to do in Houston on Labor Day Weekend from Saturday, August 30, Sunday, August 31 and Labor Day itself, Monday, September 1, 2014.
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http://366weirdmovies.com/the-weird-movie-list/ | The List (and more) | 366 Weird Movies | The List (and more)
The List (and more)
THE CANONICAL LIST OF 366:
APOCRYPHA CANDIDATES (movies we’re still considering)
CAPSULES
TV/WEBSERIES/MISCELLANEOUS
Like this:
| The List (and more) | 366 Weird Movies
The List (and more)
Here is an alphabetical listing of all the movies (so far) that have been certified as among the 366 weirdest ever made, along with links to films reviewed in capsule form only.
Our short film reviews have been moved to this page: Shorts.
(Note that the numbers that appear beside the original entries don’t indicate any sort of rank, but refer solely to order of publication).
THE CANONICAL LIST OF 366:
3-Iron [ Bin-jip] (2004) – A homeless young Korean man trains himself to be invisible so he can romance another man’s wife
3 Women (1977) – Identities merge and personalities shift when ingénue Pinky becomes obsessed with delusional Millie
8 1/2 (1963) – Memories and dreams collide with reality in Fellini’s self-reflexive, stream-of-consciousness classic about a director trying to make a movie
200 Motels (1971) – Frank Zappa’s psychedelic review includes Ringo Starr as Larry the Dwarf, Keith Moon as a nun groupie, and an oratorio devoted to the penis
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) – Space monoliths turn apes into men and men into star children
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953) – A mad doctor enslaves 500 boys to play his giant piano in this surreal musical fantasy courtesy of Dr. Seuss
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) – Art-deco B-movie with fascinating production design and campy acting from star Vincent Price
Adaptation. (2002) – Charlie Kaufman can’t get started on an adaptation of “The Orchid Thief,” so he writes himself (and his twin brother) into the screenplay
The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension (1984) – Buckaroo’s a neurosurgeon/particle physicist/secret agent/rock star with a backing band of soldier-of-fortune scientists opposed by transdimensional aliens and… it just goes on from there
After Hours (1985) – A word processor stranded in SoHo overnight is bedeviled by a series of odd women and odder coincidences
After Last Season (2009) – An amateurish embarrassment about two med students, a killer on the loose, and a ghost, so full of misguided directorial choices and failed attempts at cinematic poetry that it takes on a dreamlike character
Akira (1988) – A telekinetic maniac wrecks Neo-Tokyo in this trendsetting cult anime
Akira Kurosawa’s Dreams [ Yume; AKA Dreams] (1990) – The master filmmaker relates eight “dreams,” including one where he wanders through Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings
Alice [ Neco Z Alenky] (1988) – Ultra-creepy Czech stop-motion animated version of the Lewis Carroll classic, shot in eerie stop-animation in a decaying house
Alice in Wonderland (1966) – Surreal and dreamlike adaptation of the nonsense classic depicts the main characters as Victorian ladies and gentlemen rather than talking animals
Allegro non Troppo (1976) – “The Italian Fantasia ” has some mildly surreal animated sequences, with black and white sequences of an orchestra of old ladies that may be even stranger
Altered States (1980) – Ken Russell’s visionary tale of genetic regression under the influence of magic mushrooms may be the greatest “trip” movie ever made
Amarcord (1973) – A year in the life of an Italian town under Fascist rule, as Federico Fellini (mis)remembers his youth in comic vignettes that range from strange to surreal
The American Astronaut (2001) – An absurdist indie sci-fi/western/musical/comedy co-starring the Boy Who Actually Saw a Woman’s Breast
Antichrist (2009) – Controversial, extremely graphic allegory about a man and woman lose their child and retreat to a cabin in the woods where they go crazy
The Apple (1980) – Nutty, campy musical flop that is simultaneously an allegory for the Garden of Eden and the rise of disco
Archangel (1990) – Surreal, nearly silent meditation on forgetfulness set in an icy Russian city just after World War I
Arise! The SubGenius Movie (1992) – “Bob” just might save abnormals from the flying saucers on X-day; learn how in this bizarrely edited fake cult recruitment video
Arizona Dream (1993) – A dream fish swims through the desert and Johnny Depp is romantically trapped between a cougar who dreams of flying and her suicidal daughter
Audition (1999) – A widower holds a fake audition to select a new wife, and makes the absolute worst pick possible
Bad Boy Bubby (1993) – Relentlessly offbeat character study of a man who was locked in a basement until age 35, then unleashed on modern Australia
Barbarella (1968) – Slinky Barbarella flies through the sinful galaxy finding herself in sexy psychedelic situations
Barton Fink (1991) – A leftist Hollywood screenwriter endures a case of writer’s block that turns into a living nightmare on the eve of WWII
Batman Returns (1992) – The Caped Crusader faces off against a capitalist, an S&M themed feline feminist, and a deformed survivor of an infanticide attempt with an army of missile-equipped penguins in the weirdest summer blockbuster ever
The Beast [ La Bête] (1975) – A drawing room nuptial drama, only with scenes of explicit (simulated) bestiality
The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961) – Dadaist narration courtesy of the eccentric Coleman Francis makes this tale of a nuclear blast turning Tor Johnson into a ravaging desert “beast” weird indeed
Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) – Six-year old Hushpuppy lives in “the Bathtub” with her dying daddy, and imagines aurochs coming to get her
Beauty and the Beast [ La Belle et la Bete] (1946) – One of the greatest fairy tale films ever made, with Surrealist-inspired set design including living candelabras
The Bed Sitting Room (1969) – Ralph Richardson mutates into a bed sitting room in this absurd post-apocalyptic comedy
Begotten (1991) – Legendary experimental film, featuring God disemboweling himself and other metaphysical atrocities
Being John Malkovich (1999) – You can enter the head of the titular actor through this weird metaphysical comedy, the screenwriting debut of bizarre movie titan Charlie Kaufman
Belladonna of Sadness [ Kanashimi no Beradonna] (1973) – A medieval beauty is raped on her wedding night and makes a revenge pact with Satan in this violent, erotic, psychedelic anime
Belle de Jour (1967) – A young French housewife has bondage fantasies that gradually merge with her everyday reality in this once-salacious arthouse hit
Beyond the Black Rainbow (2010) – Modern recreation of a circa 1983 midnight movie, about a telepath imprisoned in the mysterious New Age Arboria Institute
Birdboy: The Forgotten Children (2015) – Cute teenage animals are wracked with despair, delinquency and drug-abuse on a post-apocalyptic island
The Black Cat (1934) – The first and best of the Boris Karloff/Bela Lugosi team-ups is an Expressionist horror masterpiece about Satanism and vengeance
Black Moon (1975) – Louis Malle’s unexpected venture in surrealism features gender genocide, breastfeeding, and a unicorn
Black Swan (2010) – A ballerina goes mad as she encounters her lustful double while preparing to dance the lead in “Swan Lake”
Blancanieves (2012) – A modern silent retelling of the legend of Snow White set in the bullfighting culture of 1920s Spain
Blood Diner (1987) – Severely out-of-whack horror-comedy with (possibly unconscious) fascist undertones
Blood Freak (1972) – Pot + experimental turkey meat turns Herschell into a turkey-headed killing machine in the world’s only Christian anti-drug gore movie
The Blood of a Poet [ Le sang d’un poète] (1930) – Early Surrealist work where a poet gets a mouth stuck on his hand, visits a strange hotel, and commits suicide after losing a card game on a snowy Parisian street
Blood Tea and Red String (2006) – The Dwellers Under the Oak seek to recover their stolen doll from depraved white mice in this surreal stop-motion animated fairy tale for adults
Blue Velvet (1986) – Jeffrey finds a severed ear and it leads him to a melancholy nightclub singer, a deranged drug-huffing pervert, and a suave karaoke version of Roy Orbison
The Boxer’s Omen [ Mo] (1983) – Surreal black magic battles featuring an evil wizard with a detachable head and a nude she-demon birthed from crocodile carcass
A Boy and His Dog (1975) – Post-apocalyptic tale of a wasteland rapist and his far more intelligent telepathic dog companion
Branded to Kill [ Koroshi No Rakuin] (1967) – Seijun Suzuki’s surreal, scrambled yakuza thriller about a rice-sniffing hitman famously got him fired by the studio who financed it
Brand Upon the Brain! (2006) – “Guy Maddin” “remembers” his childhood growing up with a domineering mother and a mad scientist father in a lighthouse/orphanage
Brazil (1985) – Terry Gilliam’s must-see dystopian black comedy mixes expressionism, surrealism, fantasy, and film noir to create a keen satire of bureaucracy
Bronson (2008) – Overwhelmingly stylized biopic of Charlie Bronson (born Michael Peterson), the self-mythologizing celebrity who prides himself on being Britain’s most violent prisoner
Bubba Ho-Tep (2002) – Elvis and black JFK team up to fight a mummy terrorizing their rest home
The Butcher Boy (1997) – Neglected and largely left to his own devices, the incredible Francie Brady goes insane before our very eyes
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) – The titular Dr. engages a somnambulist to commit murders in a strangely slanted Expressionist town
Careful (1992) – Residents of an Alpine village fear avalanches and their own incestuous desires in this comic surrealist melodrama shot in “two-strip” Technicolor
Carnival of Souls (1962) – Low-budget creepfest is a minor miracle on film
Catch-22 (1970) – Mike Nichols’ underappreciated adaptation of the classic novel is star-studded absurdism
Cat Soup [ Nekojiru-so] (2001) – The surreal adventures of an anthropomorphic cartoon cat and his half-dead sister
Cemetery Man [ Dellamorte Dellamore] (1994) – Surrealist arthouse zombie gore film about the caretaker of a graveyard where the dead refuse to stay down
Un Chien Andalou (1929) – A razor through an eyeball announces the Surrealist revolution
Christmas on Mars (2008) – The Flaming Lips bring us the most vaginal imagery ever seen in a psychedelic science fiction Christmas movie
The City of Lost Children [ La cité des enfants perdus] (1995) – Visionary steampunk fairytale from Jeunet & Caro
City of Women [ La città delle donne] (1980) – An aging Lothario finds himself lost in a province populated and ruled by females, until he finds refuge at the citadel of the world’s last macho man
Clean, Shaven (1993) – A deinstitutionalized man seeks his lost daughter in what may be the most clinically accurate depiction of schizophrenia ever filmed
A Clockwork Orange (1971) – Kubrick weirds it up in this disturbing moral fable
The Color of Pomegranates [ Sayat Nova] (1969) – Impressionistic, poetic retelling of the life of Armenian bard Sayat Nova in a series of surreal tableaux
Come and See (1985) – Bleak and intense Soviet WWII classic about a boy solider, with dreamlike passages
The Company of Wolves (1984) – “Little Red Riding Hood” told as the werewolf nightmare of a pubescent girl
Conspirators of Pleasure [ Spiklenci Slasti] (1996) – A man with a chicken complex and a woman who snorts dough are two of the six characters whose bizarre fetishes intersect in this intricate Surrealist joke
The Cook the Thief His Wife & Her Lover (1989) – Peter Greenaway’s lavish Jacobean revenge fable is set in a French restaurant where a boorish Thief terrorizes the staff and customers
Cowards Bend the Knee, or, the Blue Hands (2003) – Typically surreal modern silent from the inimitable Guy Maddin mixing melodrama, Greek tragedy, psychosexual guilt, and hockey highlights
The Cremator [ Spalovac Mrtvol] (1969) – An oddball Czech cremator harmonizes his homegrown Buddhism with Nazi ideology
Crime Wave (1985) – A silent screenwriter who can only complete beginnings and endings struggles to create the great Canadian “colour crime movie”
Cube (1997) – Five strangers wake up in a hi-tech booby-trapped cube, with no idea who built it or why
Daisies [ Sedmikrásky] (1966) – Sexy Czech hippie chicks wreaking havoc in this banned satire of something or other
The Dance of Reality [ La Danza de Realidad] (2013) – Alejandro Jodorowsky’s surrealistic autobiography is one of his most accessible films, although it still features a woman who can only sing opera and who cures plague with her urine
The Dark Backward (1991) – The world’s worst comic nearly becomes an overnight success when he grows a third arm out of his back in this grotesque show business satire
Dark City (1998) – Mysterious bald Strangers manipulate events and geometries in a city of endless night for their own purposes
Dead Alive [ AKA Brain Dead] (1992) – A rabid monkey incites the most absurdly gory zombie movie ever made
Dead Leaves (2004) – Hyperactive anime about a guy with a television head and a girl with mismatched eyes breaking out of a mutant clone prison on the moon
Dead Man (1995) – Hypnotic, dreamlike Western about a man bearing the name of a dead poet and an Indian named Nobody
Dead Ringers (1988) – Twin gynecologists (!) go crazy in this odd psychodrama from horror maestro David Cronenberg
Death Bed: The Bed That Eats (1977) – Rediscovered oddity about a man-eating bed is a surreal horror/art film/black comedy, or something?
Death by Hanging [ Koshikei] (1968) – A Korean killer survives his execution, and puzzled police bureaucrats try to recreate the capital crimes to cure the condemned’s amnesia
Death Laid an Egg [ La morte ha fatto l’uovo] (1968) – A Surrealist giallo set at an experimental poultry farm that’s breeding headless chickens
Delicatessen (1991) – Jeunet & Caro’s first film is a bizarre but oddly sweet black comedy involving cannibalism in post-apocalyptic Paris
Dementia [ Daughter of Horror] (1955) – Silent, experimental, and noirish horror about a woman soon to be involved in a “mysterious stabbing”
Der Samurai (2014) – A man with a katana in an evening dress terrorizes a rural German town
Desperate Living (1977) – This grunge fairy tale includes cross-dressing, cannibalism, necrophilia, bat rabies, and gap-toothed queen Edith Massey serviced by leather-bound Nazis
Destino (2003) – Reconstruction of an abandoned 1946 collaboration between Salvador Dalí and Walt Disney; it’s a five minute moving Dalí canvas
The Devils (1971) – Ken Russell’s most violently deranged film is the true-ish story of a convent of nuns who accuse a priest of being an incubus in league with the Devil
Dillinger is Dead [ Dillinger e Morto] (1969) – Nearly forgotten late 1960s avant-garde alienation piece about a gas-mask designer who spends an evening puttering about his apartment
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie [ Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie ] (1972) – Six upper-class twits (and a bishop) attempt to have dinner together, but they are always interrupted
Django Kill… If You Live, Shoot! [ Se sei Vivo Spara] (1967) – An ambiguously dead antihero who shoots golden bullets fights Mr. Sorrow and his gang of gay fascist cowboys
Doggiewogiez! Poochiewoochiez! (2012) – A remake of The Holy Mountain composed entirely of found footage of dogs
Dog Star Man (1964) – A man climbs up a mountain, a star explodes, a baby suckles, and probably more things happen, although you can hardly tell through the four layers of superimposed images
Dogtooth [ Kynodontas] (2009) – Three children are raised to adulthood in a bizarre estate where words mean just what the tyrannical father wants them to in this shocking Greek art film
Dogville (2003) – This misanthropic fable is like de Sade’s “Justine” played out on the set of Wilder’s “Our Town”
Donnie Darko (2001) – Angsty, apocalyptic, fantastical drama about a screwed-up, possibly time-traveling teen is an irresistibly lovable mess
Don’t Look Now (1973) – Classic psychological horror with a weird twist
The Double (2013) – In a comically nightmarish nowhere, meek clerk Simon James is bedeviled by James Simon, his exact double and his exact opposite
Dr. Caligari (1989) – This pop-surrealist work by a hardcore porn director suffers from bad acting, but it is weird as hell
Eden and After [ L’éden et après] (1970) – Bored college students steal a painting and end up in Tunisia, although it could just be the drugs in this surreal sadomasochistic story that could be described as Alice in Wonderland meets Justine meets The Trip
Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015) – Delirious biopic postulating that Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein lost his virginity to his guide while in Mexico to film a movie that never got made
Elevator Movie (2004) – Surreal and minimalist independent feature about two people trapped in an elevator for months; well-scripted and weird as hell but very amateur
El Topo (1970) – Mystical and surreal Spaghetti Western from Alejandro Jodorowsky
Enemy (2013) – A history professor is obsessed with tracking down a man who appears to be his exact double; spiders appear
Enter the Void (2009) – Provocative and pretentious, Gaspar Noé’s “psychedelic melodrama” is nonetheless the best trip film of the young millennium
Eraserhead (1977) – The ultimate nightmare experience, about horror at procreation and loathing for one’s own offspring
Escape from Tomorrow (2013) – Surrealist satire secretly shot in Disney World, with mad scientists, evil witches, French jailbait, and a cat flu plague
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) – Jim Carrey unexpectedly shines as he fights against a memory-erasing procedure he impulsively undertook; a weird crowd-pleaser
Even Dwarfs Started Small [ Auch Zwerge haben klein angefangen] (1970) – Dwarf inmates revolt against their dwarf oppressors at an unnamed institution; they burn flowerpots, crucify monkeys, and laugh at defecating camels
Evil Dead II (1987) – The frenetic, fantastic and crowd-pleasing movie about a man trapped in a cabin menaced by evil spirits, mixing equal parts horror and absurd slapstick comedy
The Exterminating Angel [ El àngel exterminador] (1962) – Attendees at a fancy soiree find they cannot leave the premises–for no reason whatsoever
Eyes Without a Face [ Les Yeux sans Visage] (1965) – Georges Franjou’s influential, poetic horror film
The Face of Another [ Tanin no kao] (1966) – A man whose face has been burned in an accident gets a synthetic mask based on a stranger’s face and sets out to seduce his own wife
The Falls (1980) – Absurdist mockumentary about the 92 survivors of the Violent Unexplained Event whose names begin with “Fall”
Fantasia (1940) – Dinos, demons and hippos illustrate the classical music canon in Walt Disney’s weirdest classic
Fantastic Planet [ La Planète Sauvage] (1973) – Tale of humans kept as pets by giant blue aliens, told in a Terry-Gilliam-meets-Salvador-Dalí-in-space animation style
Fantasy Mission Force [ Mi ni te gong dui; AKA Dragon Attack] (1983) – An anachronistic team of misfits (including Jackie Chan and guys in kilts) fight Amazons and stay at a haunted house while on a quest to rescue Allied generals captured by Japanese Nazis in Canada
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) – Terry Gilliam’s adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson’s cult novel about two burnouts taking insane quantities of drugs in the City of Sin
Fellini Satyricon (1969) – Bizarre androgynous costuming and mythological leaps of logic gird a great director’s decadent extravaganza
Female Trouble (1974) – Juvenile delinquent Dawn Davenport (Divine) proves that “crime is beauty” on her way to the electric chair
A Field in England (2013) – Deserters from the English Civil War eat psychedelic mushrooms and hunt for buried treasure at an alchemist’s command
Fight Club (1999) – Manhood finds itself tested at the millennium when an actuary and an eccentric soap-maker found an underground “fight club” and find it taking on cult proportions
Final Flesh (2009) – Four separate porn-troupes-for-hire enact an absurdist prank script about the apocalypse
The Forbidden Room (2015) – Guy Maddin’s collection of reimagined lost films, with tales curled inside each other like Russian nesting dolls
Forbidden Zone (1982) – Frenchie is lost in the 6th Dimension and her family and friends must save her from the king and queen in this surreal musical that often looks like a Fleischer Brothers cartoon
Freaks (1932) – A trapeze artist marries a dwarf for his money, leading to gruesome revenge in this infamous film populated by real carnival freaks
Funeral Parade of Roses [ Bara no sôretsu] (1969) – Basically, a psychedelic Japanese drag adaptation of “Oedipus Rex”
Funky Forest: The First Contact (2005) – Selection of surreal, interwoven sketches from three Japanese directors is uneven, as you would expect, but contains some of the weirdest sequences you’re likely to come across
Glen or Glenda (1953) – Ed Wood’s pro-transvestite documentary, with Bela Lugosi as an omniscient one-man Greek chorus and a dream sequence featuring bondage
The Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973) – A mutant sheep embryo develops into a monster that threatens an old-West themed town involved in a sticky real estate deal
Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell [ Kyuketsuki Gokemidoro] (1968) – Survivors of an airline crash squabble among each other while psychedelic space vampires pick them off
Goodbye Uncle Tom (1971) – A fake shockumentary about slavery in the American south, with nudity and depravity on an epic scale
Gothic (1986) – Hallucinatory excess from Ken Russell, about the night Mary Shelley conceived “Frankenstein”
Gozu [ Gokudô kyôfu dai-gekijô: Gozu] (2003) – Erotically charged, grotesquely surreal Takashi Miike horror/yakuza mashup
La Grande Bouffe (1973) – Four successful men lock themselves inside a chateau and eat themselves to death
Greaser’s Palace (1972) – A zoot-suited Jesus visits a Western town to enact a series of absurd parables
The Greasy Strangler (2016) – Lard-loving Big Ronnie (who doubles as the Greasy Strangler) and his son live together and conduct scam walking tours, until a “disco cutie” comes between them
Gummo (1997) – Indisputably weird but ceaselessly unpleasant portrait of hopeless white trash
Häxan [ Witchcraft Through the Ages] (1922) – Silent documentary about witchcraft containing the most diabolically visionary horror images of all time
Head (1968) – Prefab pop band the Monkees commit career suicide with this psychedelic spit in the eye of their young fans
Heavenly Creatures (1994) – Peter Jackson brings the fantasy world of two teenaged murderesses to life in this crime drama based on a real-life case
Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001) – Hedwig, a punk band leader and victim of a botched sex change operation, chases the rock star who stole her songs across the U.S.
Hellzapoppin’ (1941) – Anarchic musical comedy from vaudevillians Chick Johnson and Ole Olsen is probably the weirdest Hollywood musical of all time
Help! Help! The Globolinks [ Hilfe! Hilfe! Die Globolinks] (1969) – The world’s only psychedelic children’s opera about an alien invasion
Holy Motors (2012) – “Mr. Oscar” drives around Paris taking on “assignments” that require him to become a hit man, accordionist, and a fashion-model abducting leprechaun
The Holy Mountain (1973) – An extravagant, psychedelic tour of world mysticism has a guru lead a Christ-figure and companions on a quest to storm the Holy Mountain
The Horrors of Spider Island [ Ein Toter hing im Netz] (1960) – A bad misogynist fever dream involving poorly dubbed buxom women, and some spiders, on an island
The Hourglass Sanatorium (1973) – A man meets strange characters at a dreamy sanatorium where the rules of time and logic do not apply
Hour of the Wolf [ Vargtimmen] (1968) – An artist is invited to visit the castle of—demons? ghosts? hallucinations?—in Ingmar Bergman’s Gothic horror
House [ Hausu] (1977) – The weirdest haunted house movie ever made; no one forgets the scene where the piano eats the girl
Howl’s Moving Castle [ Hauru no ugoku shiro] (2004) – An 18-year old girl is turned into an old woman and goes to work for a wizard in a steampunk castle
How to Get Ahead in Advertising (1989) – A hotshot ad exec grows a pimple that turns into a head in this bizarre, biting satire
Hugo the Hippo (1975) – Hugo’s family is brutally slaughtered by Paul Lynde, who later subjects the hippo and his human pal to horrifying hallucinations in this delightful children’s fare
The Hypothesis of the Stolen Painting (1978) – A Collector poses actors into tableaux vivants in an attempt to divine the esoteric message in a series of 19th century paintings
I Can See You (2008) – This “psychedelic campfire tale” is slow to start, but climaxes in a 20 minute freakout
Idiots and Angels (2008) – A loathsome man grows wings in this occasionally surreal animated black comedy that expertly mixes cynicism with romanticism
If…. (1968) – Malcolm McDowell debuts as a rebellious youth in a British boarding school who fights a (largely imaginary) battle with the authorities
I’m A Cyborg, But That’s OK [ Saibogujiman Kwenchana] (2006) – Romantic comedy set in a mental asylum is likely to remain the weirdest example of its genre
The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle (2009) – Experimental cookies cause hallucinations and pregnancy in male janitors in this indie comedy sleeper
Indecent Desires (1968) – This roughie about the symbiotic sexual relationship between a transient, a magic ring, a doll, and a blonde secretary is our choice to represent the oeuvre of Doris Wishman
Inherent Vice (2014) – Pot-smoking detective “Doc” Sportello investigates kidnappings, fake murders, a sinister consortium of dentists, and more in this baffling adaptation of Thomas Pynchon’s novel
Ink (2009) – Visually impressive low-budget fantasy about a mysterious figure who snatches a sleeping girl into a world of dreams
INLAND EMPIRE (2006) – This story of Laura Dern trapped in a nightmare while filming a cursed script is perhaps David Lynch’s weirdest movie
Innocence (2004) – A girl arrives, in a coffin, for her first day at a strange all-female boarding school
Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life (1995) – An ambitionless man enrolls in a school for servants and enters into ambiguous relationships with the brother and sister who run the institute
It’s Such a Beautiful Day (2011) – Psychedelic animation about the life and death of a terminally ill, terminally confused stick figure in a hat
I Will Walk Like a Crazy Horse [ J’irai Comme un Cheval Fou] (1973) – Accused of murdering his mother, a man flees to the desert where he meets—and falls for—a mystical dwarf
Jacob’s Ladder (1990) – Big-budget cult mindtrip movie with unforgettable demonic hallucinations
Japanese Summer: Double Suicide [ Muri shinjû: Nihon no natsu] (1967) – A nympho who can’t get laid meets a suicidal man who can’t get killed in the surreal Sixties satire
John Dies at the End (2012) – A psychedelic drug called “Soy Sauce” gives two slackers the psychic powers necessary to sense an incoming extra-dimensional invasion
Johnny Got His Gun (1971) – Antiwar classic about a limbless, blind and deaf casualty of the first World War, trapped inside his own head where he lives out a mixture of dreams and fantasies
Keyhole (2011) – A gangster journeys through a haunted house unlocking forgotten family memories
Kin-Dza-Dza (1986) – Russian junkyard sci-fi satire about a planet with bizarre customs and an absurdly arbitrary class structure. Also, koo!
Kontroll (2003) – A kontroller living in the Budapest subway chases after a mysterious killer pushing people onto the train tracks in this mythic thriller
Kung Fu Hustle [ Kung Fu] (2004) – Totally off-it’s-rocker kung fu comedy/fantasy that became a smash international hit
Kwaidan (1964) – Old Japanese ghost stories turned into Expressionist art
L’Age d’Or (1930) – A documentary about scorpions turns into the story of a man and woman’s frustrated love, then into Jesus’ Sadean orgy
The Lair of the White Worm (1988) – Ken Russell’s ultra-fun, tongue-in-cheek horror movie filled with phallic symbols and impaled nuns
Last Year at Marienbad [ L’Année Dernière à Marienbad] (1961) – Trapped in a ghostly hotel, a man insists he met a woman last year; the woman denies it; things get strange
The Legend of Suram Fortress [ Ambavi Suramis Tsikhitsa] (1984) – The fortress of Suram is doomed to crumble eternally until a youth entombs himself in its walls
Lemonade Joe [ Limonádový Joe aneb Konská Opera] (1964) – Anarchic Czech Communist musical Western spoof about a lemonade-drinking cowboy who challenges the whiskey monopoly in a frontier town
Léolo (1992) – A French Canadian boy who believes he was conceived from an Italian tomato contaminated with semen uses imagination to escape from his dysfunctional family
L’Immortelle (1963) – A professor in Istanbul finds and loses a mysterious woman in novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet’s directorial debut
L’Inhumaine [ The Inhuman Woman] (1924) – Arty avant-garde sci-fi melodrama about a stuck-up diva and the men she drives to madness
Liquid Sky (1982) – Tiny aliens harvest endorphins from New Wave punks at the point of orgasm, killing them in the process
Lisztomania (1975) – Composer Franz Liszt battles composer/vampire Richard Wagner in this crazy classical music comedy
Little Otik [ Otesánek] (2000) – A barren woman adopts a log as a child, and it comes to life and begins eating the neighbors in this black comedy adaptation of an Eastern European folktale
The Lobster (2015) – Find a mate in 45 days or be turned into an animal of your choice
Lost Highway (1997) – A jazzman allegedly kills his wife, then one day disappears and a totally different man wakes up in his death row cell
Love Exposure (2008) – A virginal Catholic who makes his living as a pornographer with ninja skills at upskirt photography tries to save his unrequited love from a religious cult in this bizarrely plotted four hour comedy epic
The Love Witch (2016) – A mix of witchcraft, campy romantic melodrama, and bubbling feminist subtext, presented as a tribute to 1960s Technicolor spectacles
Lucifer Rising (1981) – Egyptian gods and goddess conjure Lucifer and flying saucers in this short (30 minutes), occult, avant-garde masterpiece
Lunacy [ Sileni] (2005) – Jan Svankmajer directs the Marquis de Sade in a pair of tales by Edgar Allan Poe
The Lure [ Córki Dancingu] (2015) -Poland’s disco-musical about killer mermaids
Maelstrom (2000) – This tale of a pretty young socialite’s guilt is narrated by a talking fish
Malpertuis (1972) – Harry Kümel’s big weird dark house tale was confusing and a flop despite the presence of Orson Welles, but drips with surreal atmosphere nonetheless
Mandy (2018) – When a hippy cult leader kills lumberjack Nicolas Cage ‘s girl, he goes on a psychedelic revenge rampage
Maniac (1934) – Resurrection of the dead, an orangutan-man rapist and edible cat eyeballs all feature heavily in this deranged exploitation movie that seems to have been directed by an actual maniac
Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966) – Could have been the worst movie ever made, if not for the redemptive presence of the great oddball character Torgo, the spastic satyr
The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) – David Bowie is the alien who falls to Earth and corrupted in this nonlinear, experimental sci-fi movie
Marquis (1989) – The story of the Marquis de Sade’s imprisonment in the Bastille, performed by characters in animal masks and featuring Sade’s penis in a speaking role
Meet the Feebles (1989) – Fragile egos, double-dealings, accidental killings, pornographic sidelines, rohypnol-aided assault, and drug and sex addictions plague puppets at a variety show
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) – This fifteen minute afternoon nightmare with cloaked figures with mirrored faces gave birth to the American avant-garde
Metropolis (1927) – Fritz Lang’s futurist fantasia, a political allegory with Biblical imagery, undercover robots and Bauhaus designs
The Milky Way [ La Voie Lactee] (1969) – A dry and cerebral, but very weird, story by surrealist master Luis Buñuel about two tramps meeting various Biblical characters and embodiments of Catholic heresies while traveling on a pilgrimage
Millennium Actress [ Sennen joyû; AKA Chiyoko: Millennium Actress] (2001) – A retired actress recounts her life, with her interviewers entering a story which mixes up reality with scenes from her movies
Mind Game (2004) – Nishi goes on a psychedelic journey after being killed by a yakuza, returns to Earth, and lives in the belly of a whale with an old hermit in this anime with rapidly shifting art styles
Monty Python’s The Meaning of Life (1983) – Monty Python discusses life in a series of (frequently weird) sketches
Mood Indigo (2013) – A wealthy inventor’s wife grows ill from a water lily growing in her lung in this whimsical and surreal adaptation of Boris Vian’s novel
mother! (2017) – Jennifer Lawrence finds hordes of boorish guests descending on, and wrecking, the tranquil home she is refurbishing with her celebrity poet husband
Mr. Nobody (2009) – The last mortal man in the world remembers dozens of parallel reality variations of his life
Mulholland Drive (2001) – Radical identity shifts and surrealistic nightclub acts ignite this dreamlike noir fable about love, guilt and Hollywood
My Winnipeg (2007) – In Guy Maddin’s Winnipeg, sleepwalkers roam the streets at night, horses freeze in the river, and mother is everywhere
Naked Lunch (1991) – David Cronenberg’s adaptation of the unadaptable William S. Burroughs novel features film’s scariest typewriters
Natural Born Killers (1994) – A pair of serial killers become celebrities as they slay their way across a hallucinogenic America
Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion (1997) – This apocalyptic anime feature, serving as an alternate ending to Hideaki Anno ‘s popular TV series, is basically Jungian psychoanalysis acted out by giant robots
Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941) – The “Great Man” (W.C. Fields) tries to sell a studio an absurd script that begins when he falls out of an airplane chasing his plummeting whiskey flask
Night of the Hunter (1955) – A homicidal Preacher with “LOVE” and “HATE” tattooed on his hands hunts children carrying treasure in this Southern Gothic Expressionist fable
Night Train to Terror (1985) – God and Satan watch badly edited horror films on a train while a New Wave band practices one compartment down
Ninja Champion (1985) – Rose seeks revenge against her diamond-smuggling rapist, while in another movie clumsily pasted on to that one, an Interpol ninja assassinates evil ninjas while they practice circus tricks
The Ninth Configuration (1980) – A psychiatrist argues for the existence of God in an experimental military mental hospital, but is he as crazy as his patients?
Nosferatu [ Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens; Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror] (1922) – F.W. Murnau’s unauthorized Expressionist adaptation of “Dracula” is a melange of sex and disease
No Smoking (2007) – Quit smoking, the Bollywood way, in one of India’s few intentionally weird films
Nostalghia (1983) – Andrei Tarkovsky’s slow, beautiful, dreamlike spiritual parable about a homesick Russian poet in Italy
Nothing but Trouble (1991) – Dan Akroyd’s grotesque Hollywood misfire about a weird old “reeve” ruling from a junkyard in a backwoods New Jersey “shire”
November (2017) – A tragic romance set in a world where our forefathers’ craziest superstitions are literally true
Nuit Noire [ Black Night] (2005) – In a world where the sun only shines fifteen seconds a day, a strange African woman crawls into a solitary entomologist’s bed to die
O Lucky Man! (1973) – Sprawling satire with Malcolm McDowell, Kafkaesque interrogations, a half-man half-hog, and breastfeeding
Orpheus [ Orphée] (1950) – When Jean Cocteau refashions the Greek myth for postwar France, Orpheus and Death fall in love, and Death’s chauffeur gets the hots for Eurydice
A Page of Madness (1926) [ Kurutta ippêji] – A janitor takes a job in an asylum where his wife is held in this silent Japanese film heavily influenced by the European avant-garde
Pan’s Labyrinth (2006) – Guillermo del Toro’s beautiful fairytale; a girl completes quests at a faun’s behest, while her real world Fascist stepfather is a monster beyond all fantasy
Paprika (2006) – Stunning Satoshi Kon animation; scenario involves terrorists invading dreams, then turning them loose on the streets of Tokyo
Perfect Blue [ Pafekuto buru] (1997) – A Japanese pop idol tries her hand as an actress, and the pressure of unhappy fans and selling out leads her to a psychotic break with reality
Performance (1970) – Gangster James Fox is fed magic mushrooms and turned into a hippie by Mick Jagger and groupies in this psychedelic stunner
Persona (1966) – A mute actress and her nurse switch personalities at a vacation home – maybe?
Phantasm (1979) – Crazy, nightmarish, obstinately illogical drive-in horror flick about a kid and a sinister funeral home, featuring the terrifying “Tall Man”
The Phantom of Liberty (1974) – A series of Surrealist sketches by the great Luis Buñuel
Phantom of the Paradise (1974) – A rock n’ rollin’ mix of Phantom of the Opera and “Faust,” with just the right amount of crazy
Pi (1998) – Amazing black and white photography and a pulsing electronica soundtrack drive this intellectual thriller about a mad math genius seeking a mystical number
Pierrot le Fou (1965) – A television personality goes on the lam with his babysitter in this playfully fractured, classic Nouvelle Vague road movie
The Pillow Book (1996) – Gorgeous experimental video, full of layered images, illustrates this story of a woman obsessed with creating living books by drawing on nude bodies
Pink Flamingos (1972) – Divine goes to excessive lengths to prove she is the filthiest person in the world
Pink Floyd the Wall (1982) – Bombastic, unfocused, overwrought and often brilliant rock opera, with knockout animation from British political cartoonist Gerald Scarfe
Playtime (1967) – A plotless “day in the life” of modernist Paris that ends with chaotic revelry in a crumbling restaurant
The Pornographers [ “Erogotoshitachi” yori Jinruigaku nyūmon] (1966) – Ogata makes pornographic movies while sleeping with his landlady and lusting after her teenage daughter, under the watchful eye of a carp the widow believes is her reincarnated husband
Possession (1981) – Anna leaves her husband, but not for another man… or even another human
Prospero’s Books (1991) – Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” as an avant-garde video version of Renaissance painting come to life, with plentiful nudity and all parts voiced by Sir John Gielgud
Reality [ Réalité] (2014) – An aspiring filmmaker gets lost in nightmares inside of nightmares when he is tasked with finding an award-winning scream as a prerequisite to funding his movie
The Red Squirrel [ La Ardilla Roja] (1993) – A suicidal man pretends to be the boyfriend of a beautiful amnesia victim, but how long can he keep up the charade?
The Reflecting Skin (1990) – Uneven but sometimes powerful flick teeming with symbolism about a kid who thinks his widow neighbor is a vampire, among other strangenesses
Reflections of Evil (2002) – A bizarrely edited piece of avant-outsider art about an angry, obese street peddler who is watched over by the ghost of his dead junkie sister in a purgatorial L.A.
Repo Man (1984) – A punk kid takes a job as a repo man and searches for a car with a mysterious glowing cargo in the trunk
A Report on the Party and Guests [ O slavnosti a hostech] (1966) – Picnickers are kidnapped and taken to a party in this Kafkaesque allegory on totalitarianism made (and banned) in Communist Czechoslovakia
Repulsion (1965) – Disturbing Roman Polanski peek inside Catherine Deneuve’s disintegrating mind
Robot Monster (1953) – A gorilla alien in a diving helmet and his bubble machine invade Bronson Canyon
The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) – Even without its bizarre cult following, this naughty musical b-movie spoof would have earned a place on the list
Roma (1972) [AKA Fellini’s Roma] – An infamous ecclesiastical fashion show with roller-skating cardinals highlights this Felliniesque sequence of vignettes set in the Eternal City
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) – The two minor characters from “Hamlet” wander around the castle of Elsinore, unaware that they are actually characters in a play
Rubber (2010) – The best animated tire serial killer movie ever made gets bonus points for including an audience that comments on the absurdly comic proceedings
Rubin & Ed (1991) – Antisocial weirdo Rubin agrees to attend a real estate seminar with sad sack salesman Ed, if Ed will help him bury his dead pet cat first
The Ruling Class (1972) – The 14th Earl of Gurney is unfit to serve in the House of Lords because he believes he is God, but he becomes even worse after he is “cured”
Run Lola Run (1998) – Lola has twenty minutes to raise 100,000 Deutschmarks and get it to her desperate boyfriend; fortunately, she gets a do-over
The Saddest Music in the World (2003) – A legless Winnipeg beer baroness holds a contest to discover the titular music in this typically retro comic outing by Guy Maddin
Sans Soleil (1983) – Remarkable, meandering mondo-style arthouse documentary that mixes a trip to a cat shrine and a monkey porn museum with cinematic poetry
Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny (1972) – Insanely bad holiday cheer about Santa’s sleigh stuck on a Florida beach, and Thumbelina, and the sad-sack Pirates World amusement park…
Santa Claus (1959) – With the assistance of his henchman Merlin, Santa fights the Devil while delivering presents on Christmas Eve in this culturally confused Mexican take on Kris Kringle
Santa Sangre (1989) – Psychedelic slasher film about a man raised in a circus who acts as the hands for his armless mother
The Saragossa Manuscript [ Rekopis Znaleziony w Saragossie] (1965) – A Napoleonic soldier listens to stories inside of stories, all of which may be related to two women claiming to be his Muslim cousins who want to seduce him
Save the Green Planet [ Jigureul jikyeora!] (2003) – A man kidnaps and tortures a pharmaceutical executive, believing him to be an alien spy from the Andromeda galaxy
A Scanner Darkly (2006) – An undercover cop addicted to a powerful future narcotic is assigned to investigate himself in this rotoscoped adaptation of the paranoid Philip K. Dick novel
Schizopolis (1996) – Fletcher Munson struggles to write a speech for a Scientology-like leader while his doppelgänger is having an affair with his wife
The Science of Sleep (2006) – The melancholy love life of a man who can’t distinguish dreams from reality
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) – A Toronto slacker must defeat his new girlfriend’s seven evil exes in this video game styled cult pic
The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993) – The fairy tale retold in stop-motion animation and pixilation, set in a dystopian city full of bugs and monstrosities
A Serious Man (2009) – The Coen brothers’ retelling of the Book of Job as an absurdist comedy is mystifying and brilliant in equal parts
Seven Servants (1996) – A dying Anthony Quinn hires shirtless young men to stick their fingers up his nostrils
Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (1964) – An old Ukrainian folk tale told as an elliptical experimental film by incomparable stylist Sergei Parajanov
Shanks (1974) – A mute puppeteer (played by Marcel Marceau) learns to operate dead bodies like marionettes, and ends up fighting bikers
Shock Corridor (1963) – Eccentric auteur Sam Fuller imagines Cold War America as a mental asylum in this campy melodrama with remarkable expressionist visuals
Silent Hill (2006) – Sloppy scripting and apocalyptic imagery combine to create a truly weird experience
Sin City (2005) – Visually stunning, ultraviolent postmodern noir
The Singing Ringing Tree [ Das Singende, Klingende Bäumchen] (1957) – This magical fairytale featuring an evil dwarf, a prince in a bear suit, and a nightmarish mechanical goldfish terrified a generation of British children
Sita Sings the Blues (2008) – An animated retelling of the Indian epic “Ramayana,” with music video interludes featuring a Betty Boop-like demigoddess singing the torch songs of Annette Hanshaw
Skidoo (1968) – Carol Channing strips, Jackie Gleason drops acid and Groucho Marx is “God” in this all-star psychedelic misfire
Skins [ Pieles] (2017) – The lives of a butt-faced woman, a reluctant pedophile, an eyeless prostitute, and other internally and externally deformed people intersect in unexpected ways
Society (1989) – This horror satire about a teen who doesn’t fit in with his high society family is famous for its wild, surrealist makeup effects
Solaris [ Solyaris] (1972) – Minimalist, mystical science fiction about a conscious planet that recreates a cosmonaut’s dead wife
Songs from the Second Floor (2000) – Millennial and existential panic in a nameless Swedish city, told in a spare, absurd style
Sorry to Bother You (2018) – Far-left-field absurdist agitprop satire about a black telemarketer who shoots up the corporate ladder when he learns to use his “white voice”
Spider Baby, or the Maddest Story Ever Told (1967) – The Merrye family reverts to savagery as they age in this horror/comedy with an utterly unique tone
Spirited Away [ Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi] (2001) – Hayao Miyazaki’s masterpiece about a girl trapped in a bathhouse of spirits is Japan’s answer to “Alice in Wonderland”
Stalker (1979) – Andrei Tarkovsky’s slow, mystifying, beautiful science fiction parable about three men’s journey to a room which can grant their innermost wishes
Steppenwolf (1974) – The psychedelic effects in this faithful adaptation of Herman Hesse’s novel have dated badly
Strange Frame: Love & Sax (2012) – Romance and intrigue on the moons of Jupiter in this psychedelic animated lesbian science fiction musical
Street of Crocodiles (1986) – Eerie reminiscences unfold when a gaunt man is brought to life after a globule of spittle activates a machine
Survive Style 5+ (2004) – Five fantastical interlocking stories about a revenant wife, a hypnotized salaryman, three teenage burglars, an ad exec, and an assassin with a translator
Suspiria (1977) – Bizarre, unreal color schemes and a pounding score surrealize this horror fairy tale about a coven of witches operating a ballet academy
Sweet Movie (1974) – A beauty contest winner’s prize is to marry a billionaire, while in a second plotline a socialist sea captain sails down an Amsterdam canal with a hold full of sugar in this scatological political satire
Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song (1971) – The first blaxploitation movie was actually an experimental art film with explicit sex and a cop-beating hero who spends the movie evading the Man
The Swimmer (1968) – Cheerful go-getter Ned decides to swim home through his neighbor’s pools, but has he forgotten something important?
Swiss Army Man (2016) – A suicidal, shipwrecked man uses for a flatulent, talking corpse to find his way home
Synecdoche, New York (2008) – Charlie Kaufman working without a net in this absurdist, recursive, and dreamlike story of a sad-sack theater director who builds a replica of New York City inside a warehouse
Tales from the Quadead Zone (1987) – We chose this ultra-low-budget anthology of horror stories to represent the work of outsider VHS shlockmeister Chester N. Turner
The Taste of Tea (2004) – The quaintly surreal adventures of a rural Japanese family include a girl plagued by a giant doppelganger only she can see
Taxidermia (2006) – A penis ejaculating fire is the take-home image from this surreal and twisted Hungarian generational epic; barf bags recommended
Tekkonkinkreet (2006) – Orphans White and Black scrape out an existence on the surreal streets of Treasure Town
The Telephone Book (1971) – A nymphomaniac falls in love with the world’s greatest obscene phone caller in this arty underground sexploitationer that climaxes with a surreally obscene animation
The Tenant (1976) – A new roomer in an odd apartment complex takes on the personality of the previous tenant, who committed suicide
Teorema (1968) – A handsome stranger sleeps with each member of a bourgeois family, and their lives self-destruct when he disappears
The Testament of Orpheus (1960) – The conclusion of Jean Cocteau ‘s “Orphic” trilogy casts the poet as a time-traveler interrogated by his own fictional characters
Tetsuo: The Iron Man [ Tetsuo] (1989) – A man inexplicably transforms into metal, set to an industrial soundtrack in grainy 16mm black and white
That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) – A wealthy French businessman romances a young Spanish girl over the years, but she will never submit to him
Thundercrack! (1975) – An absurdist underground spoof of Old Dark House movies, with hardcore sex scenes and an amorous gorilla
Tideland (2005) – Terry Gilliam’s dark and controversial riff on Alice in Wonderland
Time Bandits (1981) – Time-traveling, thieving dwarfs feature heavily in this weird kiddie film mixing fantasy, comedy and theology
The Tin Drum [ Die Blechtrommel] (1979) – A three-year old German boy refuses to grow up, then witnesses the rise of Nazism
The Tingler (1959) – A creature that lives in your spine and causes you to die if you don’t scream gets loose in this very theater
Titus (1999) – Anachronistic avant-garde adaptation of Shakespeare’s most exploitative play, with gang rape, body parts cut off, and cannibalism
Tokyo Gore Police [ Tôkyô Zankoku Keisatsu] (2008) – A female cop hunts spontaneously mutating serial killers in this very weird, often imitated splatterpunk classic
Toto the Hero [ Toto le Heros] (1991) – A man nurses a lifelong grudge against the neighbor he believes stole his life (and maybe the love of his sister)
Trash Humpers (2009) – Geriatric miscreants vandalize a trash-strewn Nashville and force Siamese twins to eat soap-soaked pancakes in this non-narrative celebration of VHS aesthetics. A “reader’s choice” poll winner.
The Tree of Life (2011) – Terrence Malick wonders how best to tell the tale of a Texas boy’s strained relationship with his demanding father, and concludes the answer is to include dinosaurs
The Trial (1962) – Josef K. finds he’s accused of a crime, but no one will tell him what it is in Orson Welles’ adaptation of Franz Kafka’s absurdist/existentialist classic
The Triplets of Belleville [ Les Triplettes de Belleville, AKA Belleville Rendez-vous] (2003) – Three retired jazz singers help a nearsighted grandma and her overweight dog save a bicyclist from art deco gangsters in this dialogue-free animation set in a surrealistic 1940s milieu
Tromeo & Juliet (1996) – The creators of The Toxic Avenger remake the Bard’s tale as an obscene punk epic, with predictably bizarre results
True Stories (1986) – A deadpan narrator in a cowboy hat observes the lives of the strange residents of fictional Virgil, Texas
Tuvalu (1999) – Can Anton get his family’s Turkish bathhouse to pass inspection while winning the heart of the girl who blames him for her father’s death?
Twelve Monkeys (1995) – A time-traveler from a dystopian future trying to investigate a cult called “12 monkeys” is mistaken for a madman
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992) – David Lynch took an on-the-edge TV series over the cliff with this divisive prequel exploring Laura Palmer’s last days
Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives [ Loong Boonmee raleuk chat] (2010) – Meditative Thai movie where the border between this world and the next is as thin as a strip of film
Underground (1995) – A Yugoslavian gangster tricks his partner into hiding out in a cellar for decades, making him believe WWII is still raging outside
Under the Skin (2013) – An alien dissolves single men in black goo
Upstream Color (2013) – An examination of what happens when a woman is infected with a will-sapping worm that is then implanted in a pig to create a psychic link
Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (1984) – The characters of an anime sitcom about an amorous flying alien find themselves trapped in one of the cast’s dream
Valerie and Her Week of Wonders [ Valerie a Týden Divu] (1970) – The onset of menses turns 13-year old Valerie’s innocent world of childhood into a dream of rapist priests, lesbians, incest, and vampires
Vampire’s Kiss (1988) – Nicolas Cage’s weirdest role features him overacting brilliantly as a literary agent who believes he’s turning into a vampire
Vampyr (1932) – Dreamlike early talkie about a student of the occult who wanders into a French village suffering a vampiric infestation
Vertigo (1958) – An acrophobic detective falls for a mysterious woman in Alfred Hitchcock’s obsessive exploration of sexual desire
Videodrome (1983) – Discovery of a pirate snuff film broadcast leads to a hallucinatory melding of man and media
Visitor Q [ Bijitâ Q] (2001) – Takashi Miike’s story about a mysterious visitor who disrupts dysfunctional family dynamics breaks the lactation taboo
Viva la Muerte [ Long Live Death] (1971) – Fernando Arrabal’s surreal, semi-autobiographical story about a boy who discovers his mother turned his father in to the Spanish Fascists
Waking Life (2001) – The story of a young man who finds he’s dreaming and can’t wake up, with serious philosophical monologues and dialogues interspersed, painstakingly animated by over thirty artists in differing styles
Waltz with Bashir (2008) – Dreamlike animated documentary about the director’s loss of memories related to his time as a conscripted Israeli soldier during the 1982 war in Lebanon
Wax, or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991) – An experimental mock documentary about a computer programmer who begins communing with Mesopotamian bees, who set him to a strange task
Weekend (1967) – A money-grubbing couple travel through a surreal French countryside full of burning wrecks, fictional characters and feral hippies as they try to secure an inheritance from the wife’s dying father
Werckmeister Harmonies (2000) – A Whale and a Prince bring a local apocalypse to a poor but peaceful Hungarian town
Why Don’t You Play in Hell? [ Jigoku de naze warui] (2013) – A team of amateur filmmakers luck out when a real-life yakuza asks them to film a bloody raid
The Wicker Man (1973) – Horrifying and intelligent tale of a devout detective’s search for a missing girl on a Scottish island where the residents have adopted an ancient pagan religion
Wild at Heart (1990) – Sailor and Lulu flee mother’s assassins as they tool down the yellow brick road that leads to madness
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971) – A laborer race of orange and green dwarfs and the bad acid boat trip from hell tip this kiddie musical into the weird column
The Woman in the Dunes [ Suna no onna] (1964) – Existential allegory where an amateur entomologist is trapped in a sand pit with a widow, forced to shovel sand to survive
Wool 100% (2006) – Our only weird movie revolving around knitting is the tale of a strange girl who appears in the lives of two reclusive old pack-rat sisters
WR: Mysteries of the Organism (1971) – A celebration of the sexual revolution that begins as a straightforward documentary on controversial psychologist William Reich and ends with a decapitated head declaring she’s not ashamed of her Communist past
Yellow Submarine (1968) – Animated film inspired by Beatles songs is a psychedelic trip through surreal seas in a quest to defeat the music-hating Blue Meanies
You, the Living [ Du Levande] (2007) – 50 bittersweet, absurdist sketches on the crushing mundanity of everyday life
Zardoz (1974) – John Boorman’s pretentious, campy sci-fi epic full of floating stone heads, psychedelic effects and Sean Connery in a red diaper
Zazie dans le Metro (1960) – 10-year old Zazie explores a Paris filled with transvestites, dirty old men, desperate widows and polar bears in this absurdist tribute to slapstick comedy
A Zed and Two Noughts (1985) – Two zoologist brothers enter a strange menage a trois with the legless woman who survived an accident that killed their wives
Zéro de conduite (1933) – Boys in a French boarding school rebel in this anarchist/surrealist anti-establishment classic
APOCRYPHA (alternates that just missed the cutoff for Canonical status):
Big Man Japan (2007) – Mockumentary about Japan’s last giant monster fighter, featuring remarkably kooky kaiju
Celine and Julie Go Boating [ Céline et Julie vont en bateau] (1974) – The whimsical, magical title characters take memory candies to solve an old mystery
Electric Dragon 80000V (2001) – B&W Japanese punk superhero musical with ample industrial noise guitar solos
The Fabulous Baron Munchausen [ Baron Prásil] (1962) – An astronaut finds he’s been beaten to the Moon by Baron Munchausen, who thinks he’s a native and returns him to Earth to learn the ways of earthlings
Gemini (1999) – Shinya Tsukamoto adapts an eerie Edogawa Rampo story about a successful doctor’s discovery of the evil twin who was separated at birth
The Happiness of the Katakuris (2001) – A musical about a Japanese family who keep discovering corpses in their bed and breakfast—partly done in claymation
The Lighthouse (2019) – Against his superior’s warning, an apprentice lighthouse tender harms a seabird; madness follows
She’s Allergic to Cats (2016) – A would-be director makes “weird video art that no one watches,” while pursuing a beautiful woman and his dream project: a remake of Carrie featuring a cast of cats
Singapore Sling (1990) – While searching for his lost love, a detective is kidnapped by two psychotic women who use them in their S&M roleplaying games in this bizarre cross between film noir and torture porn
Under the Silver Lake (2018) – A California slacker becomes embroiled in perhaps the biggest cover-up that has ever bamboozled the Golden State
The Wolf House (2018) – Constantly shifting stop-animation illustrating the fairy tale story of a girl who flees a cult and holes up in an abandoned cabin
APOCRYPHA CANDIDATES (movies we’re still considering)
1 (2009) – The Reality Defense Institute investigates a mysterious book which is turning the whole world mad
7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964) – A shapeshifting “Chinaman fakir” brings his allegorical circus to a Western town
964 Pinocchio (1991) – A cybernetic male sex-slave is cast adrift in a weird world in this underground Japanese cyberpunk film
9 Lives of a Wet Pussy (1976) – Underground legend Abel Ferrara ‘s directorial debut was a XXX film about a lesbian fortune teller and her promiscuous friend
The Acid House (1998) – A trio of tawdry, disturbing fantasies penned by Irvine (“Trainspotting”) Welsh
The Adventure of Denchu-Kozo (1987) – Shinya Tsukamoto ‘s warm-up for Tetsuo: The Iron Man involves time travel, vampires, and a boy with a rod growing from his back
The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985) – Claymation selection of Twain stories, with a wraparound story about the author flying a homemade blimp to catch Haley’s comet
Aegri Somnia (2008) – The sick dreams of a disturbed man
The Aerial [ La Antena] (2007) – Mr. TV’s monopoly on voices is threatened by a mutant eyeless boy in this modern silent
Alice in Wonderland (1933) – This “star-studded” (W.C. Fields, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant) version of Lewis Carrol flopped on release—could it be because it was too weird for 1933 audiences?
Alien Crystal Palace (2018) – An ancient demigod tries to meld a director and a musician into a single androgyene
Alphaville (1965) – Jean-Luc Godard ‘s dystopian science fiction movie involves Phillip Marlowe-style detective Lemmy Caution facing off against a tyrannical computer
Amélie (2001) – A pixysh girl improves the lives of those around her in a kitschy version of Paris in this magical romantic comedy
Amer (2009) – Atmospheric, erotic giallo tribute
Angel’s Egg (1985) – Surreal anime about a girl tending an egg in a Gothic city
Angelus (2000) – A few decades in the life of a secret apocalyptic cult in Communist Poland
Angst (1983) – Intense Austrian movie that traps the viewer in the mind of a serial killer
Anguish (1987) – Spiral movie-within-a-movie (within-a-movie?) about a serial killer loose in a theater
Antiviral (2012) – In a satirical dystopian future, people pay to be infected with viruses taken from their favorite celebrities
April and the Extraordinary World (2015) – French steampunk animation about the world that results when Napoleon III tries to create an army of invulnerable monkeys
Asparagus (1979) – Surreal 18 minute tour de force featuring obscene iterations of the title vegetable. Included on The Films of Suzan Pitt.
Atmo HorroX (2016) – A creature with balloons tied to his crotch hunts people who are prescribed a certain medication (I think)
The Atrocity Exhibition (2000) – Series of bizarre sketches based on a J.G. Ballard anthology
The Attic Expeditions (2001) – Mindbending psychological horror that loses its mind, mixing occultism, medical experimentation and general weirdness into a confusing B-movie blend
Avida (2004) – Surreal comedy centered around a dognapping
The Baby of Macon (1993) – The story of a pseudo-miraculous infant unfolds in an elaborate passion play
The Bad Batch (2016) – A girl exiled into the desert in a future dystopia seeks revenge on the bodybuilding cannibals who ate part of her
Bad Girls Go to Hell (1965) – A housewife descends into a dreamlike sexual hell in this roughie with lots of random shots of feet and furniture
The Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2009) – Nic Cage unloosed, iguanas, and an ambiguous ending give this crazy thriller some weird cred
Beetlejuice (1988) – Possibly Tim Burton ‘s most beloved movie, about a “bio-exorcist” attempting to scare the living out of the home of a nice newly-deceased couple
La Belle Captive (1983) – A man seeks a mysterious woman who may be a ghost, a vampiress or a dream in this film that visually references the paintings of Rene Magritte
Berlin Alexanderplatz (1980) – The misadvenutres of a pimp/murderer trying to go straight in Weimar Germany; a fifteen hour character study told through a fluid mix of drama, melodrama, poetic monologue, and surrealism
Between Worlds (2018) – The “other” weird Nicolas Cage movie of 2018 has the spirit of Nic’s dead wife possessing a younger woman’s body
Birds Without Feathers (2018) – The lives of six isolated, unhappy characters intersect in increasingly surreal ways
Blind Woman’s Curse (1970) – A feminist yakuza ghost story
Bloodsucker’s Handbook (2012) – Neo-noir about a priest hunting a vampire in an absurd alternate future
Blue Sunshine (1977) – People who took a particular brand of LSD in the Sixties find themselves transformed into bald killers ten years later
Border (2018) – A Swedish customs officer with a “chromosonal abnormality” and a superhuman ability to detect when travelers are hiding something meets a traveler with a similar appearance
Borgman (2013) – A criminal insinuates himself into a Dutch family’s home
The Bothersome Man (2006) – A freethinker seeks escape from a bland paradise
Brain Damage (1988) – The Aylmer attaches himself to Brian’s brainstem, feeding him an addictive drug in return for grisly murders
The Brain That Wouldn’t Die (1962) – A mad scientist searches for a hot new body for the recently decapitated fiancée whose head he’s keeping alive in his basement
Brewster McCloud (1970) – Bizarre, bird-oriented Robert Altman cult satire about a boy who dreams of flying inside the Houston Astrodome
Buffet Froid (1979) – A trio of Parisians commit a dreamlike series of murders
Buster’s Mal Heart (2017) – A hermit warns about the impending “Inversion”
Calvaire (2004) – Strange, surreal, and excessive Belgian horror about a lounge singer stranded in a remote town full of perverted and sadistic men
Capone (2020) – Literally demented biopic with Tom Hardy firing a gold-plated Tommy gun while wearing a diaper and chomping on a carrot
The Catechism Cataclysm (2011) – The world’s least likely (and maybe least effective) priest goes on a beer-drinking, headbanging canoe trip with his high school idol
Cats (2019) – The uncanny valley adaptation of the Broadway musical has camp potential
Charms (1973) – Some sort of biker/western/witchcraft counterculture mishmash
Chicken with Plums [ Poulet aux Prunes] (2011) – The deathbed hallucinations of a master musician who gives up on life after his beloved violin is destroyed
Chronopolis (1982) – Reader review by Morgan Hoyle-Combs. Seldom-seen abstract stop-motion animation from France
Climax (2018) – Someone spikes the dance troupe’s punchbowl with LSD, and things get weird
CoinCoin and the Extra-Humans (2019) – Black tar falls from the sky and duplicates French people in this strange sequel to L’il Quinquin
collective:unconscious – Experimental anthology wherein six underground directors film each others’ dreams
“The Comb” (1990) – Quay Brothers animation about a man trying to reach a sleeping woman in her dream
Come to Daddy (2019) – A recovering alcoholic hipster reunites with his estranged father, followed soon by his aggrieved criminal associates
The Congress (2013) – An aging actress (Robin Wright, playing a version of herself) allows her image to be digitized for virtual reality use in the future in this partly animated mindbender
Crash (1996) – A jaded man finds thrills among an underground cult who get turned on by automobile accidents
Crumbs (2015) – A long-dormant spaceship hovers over an apocalypse-blasted earth, so Ethiopian dwarf Candy goes on a quest to secure himself a seat on board
The Cult of the Damned [ Angel, Angel, Down We Go] (1969) – A rock singer influences a Hollywood household in this psychedelic musical satire
Cure (1997) – Pretty weird Japanese twist in the serial killer/police procedural genre
A Cure for Wellness (2017) – An up and coming young executive goes on a mission to retrieve his presumably insane CEO from a cult-like Swiss wellness resort and finds eels, lots of eels
Dark Country (2009) – Noir-thriller mix about a honeymooning couple who run over a man in the desert
Dark Star (1974) – Cult sci-fi satire with a farting beach ball alien
Dark Waters (1993) – Nun-too-scary movie about a female island cult
The Death King (1990) – A suite of seven stories about suicide
Decasia (2002) – An atonal symphony scored to decaying nitrate images from silent films
Der Bunker (2015) – A Student comes to stay with a very strange family who live in an underground bunker
The Devil (1972) – A Polish soldier goes on a rampage, encouraged by a Mysterious Stranger
Diamantino (2018) – A slow-witted Portuguese soccer idol is manipulated into becoming the spokesman for a right-wing party, while being subjected to cloning experiments
The Double Hour (2009) – A woman is haunted by apparitions of the dead and visions from what seem to be an alternate, parallel version of her life
Down and Dirty Duck (1974) – 1970s adult underground animation about a Walter Mitty-style insurance adjuster and his duck companion
Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971) – A cauliflower-faced Frankenstein’s monster squares off against Dracula with an afro in a very bad (but weird) movie
Dreamland [ Bruce McDonald’s Dreamland] (2019) – Stephen McHattie in a dual role as a world-weary jazz musician and the world-weary hitman sent to assassinate him
Duck Soup (1933) – Groucho’s lack of diplomacy leads Freedonia into war in the surrealest of the Marx Brothers features
Edward Scissorhands (1990) – A mad scientist fashions a creature with razor-sharp fingers, who then must adapt to suburbia
The Endless (2017) – Two brothers are lured back to the UFO cult they grew up in after receiving a mysterious videotape
Endless Poetry (2017) – The second installment of Alejandro Jodorowsky ‘s autobiographical project that began with The Dance of Reality
Entertainment (2015) – An anti-comic on a tour of the Southwest bombs, existentially
Executive Koala (2005) – A koala in a business suit is accused of killing his wife and girlfriend
eXistenZ (1999) – Bizarre scenarios inside a virtual reality game world
The Falling (2014) – Students at an all-girls school experience a collective mass hysteria after one of their group unexpectedly passes away
A Family (2019) – A Ukranian man hires actors to portray his family, but the newest actress has ideas of her own
Fando y Lis (1968) – Alejandro Jodorowsky’s first film, from a Fernando Arrabal play, is about a man carrying his lame lover through the desert on a quest to find the magical city of Tar
Father’s Day (2011) – A serial killer who preys on fathers is just the starting point for this lunatic bad-taste comedy that literally winds up in Hell
Faust (1994) – Veteran stop-motion surrealist Jan Svankmajer’s take on the Faust legend
Faust (2011) – Aleksandr Sokurov’s hallucinatory version of the Faust story
Film (1965) – An avant-garde collaboration between Samuel Beckett (writing his only screenplay) and Buster Keaton
The Flesh (1991) – A nightclub pianist drops everything to shack up with a mysterious woman and ends up a paralyzed sex slave
Flooding With Love for the Kid (2010) – Zachary Oberzan’s one-man Rambo adaptation, made for less than $100, is beyond weird or normal
The Forest of Love (2019) – A con-man takes over an amateur film production about his life and turns the crew into a family of serial killers
The Fountain (2006) – The search for the fountain of youth, and also the story of a modern-day scientist seeking a cure for cancer, and also the story of a tree-tending guru floating in a space bubble
Frank (2014) – A mediocre songwriter joins a band led by a genius who refuses to remove his giant papier-mâché head
Frankenstein Island (1981) – Balloon racers land on the titular island and encounter Amazons in bikinis, Dr. Frankenstein’s granddaughter, and extreme foolishness in this incoherently hilarious horrro
Frankie in Blunderland (2011) – Low budget hallucinatory trip through a bizarre hipster L.A.
Fried Barry (2020) – An alien possesses a South African heroin addict
Frownland (2007) – Painfully emotionally intense character study of a loser whose social anxiety disorder ironically turns him into loathsome company
Get Mean (1976) – The only Spaghetti Western with Mongol hordes and a Spanish princess
Girl Slaves of Morgana le Fay [ Morgane et ses Nymphes] (1971) – A fairy tale for lesbian sex fetishists
Greatland (2020) – Ulysses must live up to his namesake when his friend Ugly Duck is exiled to Repentance Island
Grendel, Grendel, Grendel (1981) – The animated, existential, singing and dancing adventures of Beowulf’s nemesis
Greener Grass (2019) – Jill gives her new baby away to her best friend, but regrets the decision when her remaining child turns into a dog
Hansel and Gretel (2007) – Korean adaptation of the fairytale switches the roles of the children and adults; it’s a beautifully made movie but perhaps too predictable in the end
Hard to Be a God (2013) – Undercover Earth visitors are forbidden to intervene in the affairs of a planet stuck in its own filthy version of the Middle Ages
The Hawks and the Sparrows (1966) – Two men meet a talking Marxist raven on the road
Heart of Glass (1976) – Werner Herzog had his cast lietrally hypnotized for this dreamy story of the slow death of a German town after its master glassblower dies, taking his secrets to his grave
Heavy Traffic (1973) – An underground cartoonist animates the highlights of his lowlife neighborhood in this edgy and occasionally surreal mix of animation and live action
Hellzapoppin’ (1941) – Original List Candidate entry
Hereditary (2018) – Disturbing events unfold after the death of a family matriarch, culminating in a bizarrely violent pagan ritual infused with supernatural occurrences
High Life (2018) – A scientist performs strange reproductive research on a crew of convicts on a spaceship headed to a black hole
Hitler Lives! (2017) – As the title suggests, but in a bunker in Australia with puppet hallucinations and aliens
Holy Trinity (2019) – A dominatrix finds she can speak to the dead after huffing some new age air freshener
The Honor Farm (2017) – Teens take shrooms on prom night and grow up fast
House of 1,000 Corpses (2003) – Rob Zombie’s cruel and self-indulgent Texas Chainsaw Massacre tribute is weird but not much fun
House of Evil (1968) – One of Boris Karloff’s final, half-Mexican films; also one of his worst
Human Highway (1982) – Neil Young’s anarchic musical comedy about a slightly pre-apocalyptic desert town next to a nuclear reactor
Idaho Transfer (1973) – Pantsless time-traveling teens try to avert a future dystopia
I [Heart] Huckabees (2004) – An activist hires two existential detectives to investigate the Huckabee’s corporation
I Lost My Body (2019) – An (animated) severed hand searches for it’s owner, who has troubles of his own
Immortal (Ad Vitam) (2004) – The Egyptian god Horus visits future Manhattan in this trippy French sci-fi feature mixing live and computer generated actors
I’m Thinking of Ending Things (2020) – A woman goes to visit her boyfriend’s parents while secretly thinking of ending things, and things get strange
The Isle [ Seom] (2000) – A mute woman falls for a suicidal man among the floating cabins of a fishing resort in this bizarre sadomasochistic romance
Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) – The film adaptation of the rock opera chronicling the passion of Jesus
Jesus Shows You the Way to the Highway (2019) – Gonzo comedy about a virus named “Soviet Union” infecting social media
Je T’aime, Je T’aime (1968) – French New Wave pioneer Alain Resnais tackles the time travel genre, with weird results
Kaboom (2010) – College student stumbles upon odd murder mystery in this mix of sex and weirdness
Keep an Eye Out (2018) – An absurdsly comic interrogation of a murder witness
The Killing of a Sacred Deer (2017) – Giorgos Lanthimos ‘ first explicit horror film is every bit as unnerving as you’d imagine
Koko-Di, Koko-da (2019) – A Scandinavian nightmare about folkloric creatures killing a grieving couple over and over
Kung Fu Arts [ Hou Fu Ma] (1980) – A Chinese princess marries “Sida, the French Monkey Star” in this zany chopsocky
Labyrinth of Cinema (2019) – Japanese teenagers find themselves thrown into the movies screening at a cinema on the last night before it closes
Lake Michigan Monster (2019) – A clever, mindless monster romp in a scratchy, black and white world à la Guy Maddin
The Last of England (1988) – Utterly avant-garde and abstract, it’s a mad meditation on the decline of Britain in the 1980s
Lemora: A Child’s Tale of the Supernatural (1973) – An innocent tween-age girl navigates a nightmare vision of post-Prohibition America in a search of her long-lost father, running into danger at every turn
Let the Corpses Tan (2017) – Surreal revisionists Hélène Cattet and Bruno Forzani tackle the poliziotteschi genre
L’il Quinquin (2014) – When human body parts are discovered in cows, it’s up to a detective with bizarre facial tics to not solve the murder in a French coastal town full of eccentrics
Livide (2011) – Surreal modern French haunted house movie
Lost River (2014) – An urban fantasy/fairy tale set in a city in decline
Lowlife (2017) – The plans of a luchador bodyguard and other lowlifes intersect in this Pulp Fiction -esque multi-narrative feature
Luz (2018) – A police psychologist comes between a cab driver and the demon that lusts after her
The Machinist (2004) – Possibly predictable mindbender starring an emaciated Christian Bale
The Mad Fox (1962) – Opens as a medieval Japanese epic with a folkloric spin and then suddenly goes mad, turning into kabuki theater
Maggie (2019) – Socially aware South Korean madness narrated by a catfish
The Magic Christian (1969) – A billionaire induces people to degrade themselves for money in this series of bizarre satirical sketches
Make-out with Violence (2008) – A young man rekindles romance with his ex; the only issue is, she’s dead
The Manitou (1978) – A native-American medicine man grows out of Susan Strasberg’s back, and fake psychic Tony Curtis must defeat it
Man Under Table (2021) – Surreal satirical meta-movie set in the world of indie filmmaking
Maribeto (2004) – A photographer finds a modern vampire living in the sewers
Master of the Flying Guillotine (1977) – Crazy kung fu spectacle featuring a decaptitating sidearm and a monk with extensible arms
Maximum Shame (2010) – The tagline describes it as “an apocalyptic fetish horror musical chess sci-fi weird feature movie”—and it is!
Meek’s Cutoff (2010) – Westbound pioneers gamble on a shortcut and find themselves unsure which guide they can trust
Meet the Hollowheads (1989) – Surreal parody of 50s sitcoms
MFKZ (2018) – French/Japanese anime where a pizza-delivery guy and his flaming-skulled roommate fight aliens with the help of a secret society of luchadores
Mindflesh (2008) – A taxi driver is haunted by an alien nymphomaniac from another dimension
Modus Operandi (2009) – Grindhouse spy spoof with ridiculous amounts of nudity and violence and about a 5% admixture of surrealism
The Mouse and His Child (1977) – Philsophical children’s film about two clockwork toy mice seeking autonomy
My Own Private Idaho (1991) – Weaves two weird premises together: the story of a narcoleptic searching for his mother and a modern adaptation of Shakespeare’s “Henry IV, Part I.”
Mystics in Bali (1981) – A witch turns a black magic researcher into a flying head
Nails (2003) – Low-budget Russian video about a hitman who fights ennui by driving nails into his own head
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) – Opposing factions clash in a struggle to survive a post-apocalyptic earth plagued by toxic jungles and giant bugs
Night Across the Street (2012) – Raoul Ruiz’ last completed film is an absurdist meditation on death
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) – Macabre stop-motion animated cult favorite about the Pumpkin King of Halloweentown trying to reproduce Christmas in his own ghoulish style
Night on the Galactic Railroad (1985) – Two kitty cats take a trip on a train to see the sights: candy-flavored herons, self-replicating apples, and stairways that lead to the center of the universe
No Trace [ Nulle Trace] (2021) – Tarkovskian post-apocalypyic indie about a smuggler and her human cargo
The Nude Vampire [ La Vampire Nue] (1970) – A man kidnaps a vampire hoping to learn the secret of immortality, but it turns out she’s from another dimension, and her kinsfolk want her back
Oldboy (2003) – Excellent, if extreme, Korean revenge drama could stand just a teaspoon more weirdness…
One Point O [ Paranoia 1.0] (2004) – Computer programmer Simon J develops crippling paranoia, and a craving for branded milk
On the Silver Globe (1977/1988) – Andrzej Zulawski ‘s unfinished science fiction epic about the religious rituals of a tribe of humans descended from stranded astronauts
The Ornithologist (2016) – An ornithologist birdwatching in the Portuguese wilderness wrecks his kayak and undergoes hallucinations (?) that mirror the life of St. Anthony
Palindromes (2004) – A 13-year old girl desperately wants to become pregnant; she’s played by 8 different actresses of different ages, weights and races
Paperhouse (1988) – A feverish girl dreams of a house
The Passion of Darkly Noon (1995) – A refugee from a religious cult shacks up with a mute carpenter and a possible witch
The Peanut Butter Solution (1985) – This odd story of a kid losing all his hair, then growing it back with the help of hobo ghosts freaked out lots of unsuspecting kids in the 1980s
Philosophy of a Knife (2008) – 4+ hours (!) of surreal re-enactments of torture scenes mixed with documentary footage about Japanese WWII atrocities
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes (2005) – This Quay Brothers fairy tale about a piano tuner, a mad doctor and a withdrawn opera diva overflows with dream sequences
Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) – The 1900 St. Valentine’s Day disappearance of schoolgirls from a picnic goes unexplained
A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014) – More existential sketch comedy from the unique Roy Andersson, featuring two chronically depressed novelty salesmen and King Charles XII
Pigsty [ Porcile] (1969) – Parallel stories of a medieval cannibal and an ex-Nazi industrialist
Pom Poko (1994) – Tanuki (“raccoon dogs”) fight against the encroachment of humans into their forests in this animated fantasia from Studio Ghibli
Possession (1981) – The original (and controversial) List Candidate entry
Possum (2018) – A creepy puppeteer can’t get rid of his spider-legged dummy
Punch-Drunk Love (2000) – A man with anger management issues (Adam Sandler, in a bizarre casting choice) finds love in this eccentric romantic black comedy
Putney Swope (1969) – A militant black man becomes head of a Madison Avenue advertising agency in this absurdist satire from the Swinging Sixties
R100 (2013) – A man hires dominatrixes to attack him in public, but then things get strange
Raggedy Ann and Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977) – Raggedy Ann and Andy to pursue a toy pirate into a mystical fantasy world to rescue a French waif
The Rambler (2013) – A man is released from prison and hitchhikes across the West meeting mummy-toting professors and a femme fatale who will not die
Rape of the Vampire [ Le Viol du Vampire] (1968) – A psychotherapist tries to convince four sisters they aren’t vampires, then gets killed and resurrected to defeat the Queen of the Vampires in this surrealist horror
Re-Animator (1985) – Dr. Herbert West re-animates the dead in this seminal horror/comedy
Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967) – Marlon Brando is a repressed homosexual in John Huston’s way overheated melodrama
Relaxer (2018) – As Y2K approaches, a slacker tries to achieve a perfect score on Pac Man
Repo! the Genetic Opera (2008) – An all singing, all the time sci-fi/horror hybrid about organ repossession
Requiem for a Vampire (1973) – An aging vampire needs two killer lesbian clowns to regenerate his race in Jean Rollin’s most sexually explicit erotic horror movie
Resolution (2012) – Strange things happen when a man tries to kick his meth habit in a remote cabin in this mindbending meta-horror
Rondo (2018) – Hyperstylized, grindhouse-y movie about a vet pulled into a sordid world of revenge fantasies
Rubber’s Lover (1996) – In a modern update of the Frankenstein plot, a team of rogue scientists conduct experimental research on abducted subjects in a secret government torture lab
Saint Clara [ Clara Hakedosha] (1996) – A psychic Russian immigrant girl in Israel gives her classmates test answers, until she falls in love
Satantango (1994) – Bela Tarr’s glacially paced, almost 8 hour long Hungarian black comedy is a classic and/or an exercise in minimalist extremes
Savages (1972) – A tribe of “mud people” follow a croquet ball to an abandoned manor and turn into dinner-party-hosting dandies
Savage Witches (2012) – Two teenage girls seek to play games and avoid responsibility in this modern experimental tribute to Daisies
Sequence Break (2017) – Nipple console buttons, white goo circuitry, and coital gaming seizures adorn this sci-fi thriller featuring a Cronenberg-inspired video game
Sex and Lucia [Lucia y el Sexo] (2001) – Arty dirty movie with a meta-narrative and nude Paz Vega
Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) – If you hate the Beatles, you’ll love this bizarrely bad disco-era insult to their memory
Sherlock Jr. (1924) – Buster Keaton’s movie projectionist dreams himself onto the big screen as a detective
The Short Films of David Lynch (2002) – The short “The Grandmother” is a weird classic; the rest of this collection, less so
Simon of the Desert (1965) – Truncated (45 minute) surrealist feature about the temptation of a saint who lives on a pillar in the desert
Sitcom (1998) – A rat plays the role of God in this sticom-set variation on Teorema
Six-String Samurai (1998) – Buddy Holly is a sword-swinging rock n’ roller seeking to claim Elvis’ throne in an alternate post-apocalyptic reality
Slack Bay (2016) – Weird families, bumbling detectives and unexplained disappearances at a Calais resort
Slapstick of Another Kind (1982) – A pair of ugly twins turn out to be aliens; one of the weirdest (but not the best) adapations of a Kurt Vonnegut novel
Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) – Billy Pilgrim comes unstuck in time in what’s arguably the only decent film adaptation of a Kurt Vonnegut story
Sleepaway Camp (1983) – 1980s teen slasher whose unforgettable ending has given it a cult reputation
Sleeping Beauty (2011) – A young girl takes job as an unconscious prostitute
A Snake of June (2002) – A photographer blackmails a woman into acting out her own sex fantasies; it’s weirder than it sounds
Snowflake (2017) – The hitmen characters in a dentist’s amateur screenplay force him to update it on the fly to give them a happy ending
Solve et Coagula (2020) – Experimental occult film about the erotic adventures of Orpheus’ severed head
Some Call it Loving (1973) – A jaded, modern, softcore porn take on “Sleeping Beauty”
Son of the White Mare [ Fehérlófia] (1981) – The title character takes on dragons to rescue a princess in this Slavic folktake delovered in mindblowing stylized animation
Sound of Noise (2010) – A tone deaf detective tries to stop a gang of musical terrorists from staging a conceptual composition in the public spaces of a Swedish city
Southland Tales (2006) – Crazy, near-incoherent apocalyptic epic; a famous flop from the creator of Donnie Darko
Space Ninjas (2019) – A movie combining The Breakfast Club with… space ninjas
Speed Racer (2008) – The Wachowskis (then brothers) followed up T he Matrix with this hyperactive, candy-colored live action version of the beloved racing anime
Spider (2002) – David Cronenberg turns inward for this story of a schizophrenic misremembering a family tragedy
Spirits of the Air, Gremlins of the Clouds (1987) – The odd post-apocalyptic story of a crippled inventor, his child-like sister, and a stranger on the run
Stingray Sam (2009) – It’s a six part musical/Western/sci-fi serial; need we say more to catch your interest?
The Strange Color of Your Body’s Tears (2013) – A businessman searches for his missing wife in this stylized neo-giallo from the makers of Amer
Suicide Club (2002) – Japanese surrealism about an unexplained wave of suicides among Tokyo teens
Super (2010) – Uneven comic entry in the “average guy decides to become a masked vigilante” subgenre
Suture (1993) – In an experiment/gimmick that takes non-traditional casting to the extreme, man takes the identity of his “nearly identical” brother
Symbol (2009) – A Japanese man wakes up in a white room full of cherub phalluses, while a Mexican luchador prepares for a match
Tale of Tales (2015) – Interlocking adaptation of a trio of Giambattista Basile fairy tales
Tales of Ordinary Madness (1981) – There’s little that’s ordinary in these magical realist tales based on the life of skid-row poet Charles Bukowski
Tampopo (1985) – The tale of a wanderer training a widow to establish the perfect noodle shop, interrupted by absurdist foodie skits
The Temptation of St. Tony (2009) – Kafkaesque Estonian retelling of the temptation of St. Anthony
The Theatre Bizarre (2011) – A puppet version of Udo Kier introduces six perverse tales of terror
Things (1989) – “Things” menace three Canadians in an incompetent horror film that reaches Zen levels of disorientation
The Third Part of the Night (1971) – Andrzej Zulawski ‘s first film is a WWII drama where a man finds a double of his dead wife
Three Crowns of the Sailor (1983) – A sailor related the surreal tales of his travels to exotic ports to a student
Time of Moulting (2020) – A series of tableaux showing Stephanie growing up to become a troubled teenager
To Die for Tano [ Tano da Morire] (1997) – This amateur mafia musical is a cult classic in Italy
Tokyo! (2008) – Tryptich of weird tales set in the titular metropolis, from directors Michel Gondry, Leos Carax and Joon-ho Bong
Tokyo Fist (1995) – Shinya Tsukamoto ‘s take on the boxing drama is typically eccentric
Tommy (1975) – A deaf, dumb and blind kid plays a mean pinball in this psychedelic version of the Who’s best-selling rock opera
A Town Called Panic (2009) – The outright insanity of this picaresque children’s adventure appeals to weirder adults
Toys in the Attic (2009) – A dictatorial Head kidnaps a motherly doll in this Czech stop-motion animated kids fantasy
Trans-Europ-Express (1967) – A producer and director invent a movie about a drug smuggler in Antwerp with a strangulation fetish
The Twentieth Century (2019) – Comic and highly fictional biopic of Canadian Prine Minister Mackenzie King made in the style of Guy Maddin
Twice Upon a Time (1983) – A shapeshifting “all-purpose animal” and a silent tramp try to save the world from nightmare bombs in this uniquely conceived animated feature
Twilight of the Cockroaches (1989) – Half-animated, half-live-action, anime allegory about the politics of cockroach tribes and human extreminators
Umbilical World (2019) – A remixed collection of David Firth ’s absurdist flash animation cartoons
Undergods (2020) – “K” and “Z” drive their van around a ruined shell of a city collecting dead bodies and telling each other about their dreams
Up! (1976) – Alfred Eaker contends it’s Russ Meyer’s “most surreal live-action X-rated cartoon”
Urotsukidōji: Legend of the Overfiend – The only tentacle porn entry we’re currently considering (but never say never!)
Vera (2003) – A Mexican miner encounters an alien spirit who leads him into the land of the dead in this mystical movie whose visual ambitions exceed its budget
Violence Voyager (2018) – Experimental “gekimation” about the titular location, a mysterious adventure park
A Virgin Among the Living Dead (1973) – This dreamlike tale of a beautiful girl who inherits a home full of strange relatives may be Jess Franco’s best work
Viridiana (1961) – A novice nun inherits her uncle’s estate and turns it into a charitable haven, with disastrous results
The Visitor (1979) – Jesus is an alien in this incoherent flop Exorcist ripoff
Vivarium (2019) – A couple move to the suburbs and are soon trapped with a rapidly–growing kid they’re forced to adopt
The Voices (2014) – A schizophrenic takes advice from his talking dog and cat
The Wayward Cloud (2005) – Taiwanese minimalism mixing porno shoots, a watermelon fetish, and musical numbers
We Are Little Zombies (2019) – Four orphans meet at their parents’ funerals, run away, and form a pop band
We Are the Flesh (2016) – A hermit orchestrates two teenage siblings in enacting his depraved and hallucinatory fantasies
Why Don’t You Just Die? [ Papa, Sdokhni] (2018) – A movie-length battle with a Rasputin-style assassin
Witching and Bitching [ Las Brujas de Zugarramurdi] (2013) – Robbers rip off a pawn shop and then fall into the clutches of a coven of witches in this over-the-top horror comedy
The Wild Boys (2017) – After raping and accidentally murdering their literature teacher—under the prodding of TREVOR—five miscreant boys are sent to sea for discipline
Wild in the Streets (1968) – Psychedelic nugget with a pop star getting elected President after scheming to get the voting age lowered to 14
Wonderwall (1968) – An absent-minded professor spies on a fashion model frolicking in a psychedelic wonderland by peeping through the hole in his apartment wall
World on a Wire (1973) – Werner Rainer Fassbinder does The Matrix 25 years earlier, and does it with more artistry
Wrong (2012) – Absurdist comedy about a man searching for his kidnapped dog
Xtro (1983) – incoherent alien exploitation pic that’s fairly standard, up until when the dwarf clown hits the nanny on the head with a rubber hammer and uses her to incubate alien eggs
Yakuza Weapon (2011) – An already nearly invincible yakuza warrior is turned into a killer cyborg with armaments for arms
Yellowbrickroad (2010) – Decades ago, the residents of a New England town mysteriously disappeared; a new generation unwisely sets out to discover the cause
Yokai Monsters: Spook Warfare (1968) – Japanese yokai unite to defeat a Babylonian vampire in this puppet fantasy
Yumeji (1991) – Seijun Suzuki ‘s imaginary bioic of painter Takehisa Yumeji may be his most purely surreal work
CAPSULES
@SuicideRoom (2011)
11:14 (2003)
1BR (2019)
2000 Maniacs (1964)
2012 Aficionado DVD Zine: Issue #0
3 Dev Adam (1973)
3-Iron (2004)
4 (2005)
42nd Street (1933)
44 Inch Chest (2009)
7th Day (2012)
7 Women (1966)
8 (2019)
88 (2015)
9 (2009)
$9.99 (2008)
Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
The ABCs of Death (2012)
The ABCs of Death 2 (2014)
Absurdistan (2008)
The Acid Eaters (1968)
Acid Head: The Buzzard Nuts County Slaughter (2011)
Across the Universe (2007)
The Act of Killing (2012)
The Act of Seeing with One’s Own Eyes (1971)
The Addiction (1995)
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988)
The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926)
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005)
After.Life (2009)
Against the Clock (2019)
Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Aimy in a Cage (2015)
Air Doll (2009)
A Journey into the Mind of P (2001)
Aladdin (2019)
À L’aventure (2009)
The Alchemist Cookbook (2016)
Aleister Crowley’s the Rites of Mars: A Rock Opera (2014)
Alice (2009)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Alice in Wonderland (1986)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1973)
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016)
Alien Terror (1971)
Alien vs. Ninja (2010)
All My Friends Are Funeral Singers (2010)
All That Jazz (1979)
All the Colors of Giallo (2019)
All the Colors of the Dark (1972)
All You Can Eat Buddha (2017)
Alps (2011)
Alyce Kills (2011)
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014)
The Amazing Transplant (1970)
Amazon Women on the Moon (1987)
American Fable (2016)
American Grindhouse (2010)
An American Hippie in Israel (1972)
American Pop (1981)
American Sniper (2014)
Andrei Rublev (1966)
Angel Heart (1987)
Anna Karamazoff (1991)
Annie Hall (1977)
Annihilation (2018)
Anomalisa (2015)
The Antenna (2019)
Antibirth (2016)
Ant-Man (2015)
The Ape Man (1943)
Aphrodisiac! The Sexual Secret of Marijuana (1971)
Apocalypse Now Redux (1979/2001)
Apocalypsis (2018)
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie for Theaters (2007)
Arabian Nights (2015)
The Arbor (2010)
Aria (1987)
Army of Darkness (1992)
Ascanio in Alba (2006)
Assassin 33 A.D. (2020)
As the Gods Will (2014)
Asylum (1972)
At Eternity’s Gate (2018)
At Midnight I’ll Take Your Soul (1964)
Attenberg (2010)
Automatons (2006)
Autumn Sonata (1978)
Avatar (2009)
Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
The Babadook (2014)
Baba Yaga (1973)
Babe: Pig in the City (1998)
Babo 73 (1964)
The Baby (1973)
Baby Face (1933)
Bacurau (2019)
Bad Biology (2008)
Bad Chicken (2013)
Bad Milo (2013)
Bad Taste (1987)
Bad Timing (1980)
Bag Boy Lover Boy (2014)
The Banishment (2007)
The Banshee Chapter (2013)
Basket Case (1982)
Baskin (2015)
Bathory (2008)
Batman (1989)
Batman Ninja (2018)
Batman the Movie (1966)
Batman vs. Superman (2016)
Battle at Beaver Creek (2014) –
Battle in Heaven (2005)
Battle Royale (2000)
The Beach Bum (2019)
Beauty and the Beast [ Panna a Netvor] (1978)
Because of Eve (1948)
Beat Girl (1960)
Bedways (2010)
Bellflower (2011)
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Beneath the Valley of the Ultravixens (1979)
Berberian Sound Studio (2012)
Between Men (1935)
The Beyond (1981)
Beyond Re-Animator (2003)
Beyond the Door (1974)
Beyond the Grave (2010)
Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970)
The Big Bang (2011)
Big Calibre (1935)
Big Eyes (2014)
Big Fish (2003)
Big Money Rustlas (2010)
Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966)
The Birds (1963)
Birds of Neptune (2015)
Bitch Slap (2009)
Birdemic: Shock and Terror (2008)
Birdman (2014)
Bird People (2014)
The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933)
Black Belly of the Tarantula (1971)
The Blackbird (1926)
Black Cat, White Cat (1998)
Black Cobra Woman [ Eva Nera; AKA Emmanuelle and the Deadly Black Cobra] (1976)
Black Devil Doll (2007)
Black Devil Doll from Hell (1984)
Black Dragons (1942)
Black Sunday (1960)
Blacula (1972)
Blank City (2010)
Blind Beast (1969)
Bliss (1985)
Blonde Venus (1932)
Blood Feast (1963)
Blood for Dracula [ Andy Warhol’s Dracula] (1974)
Blood Paradise (2018)
Blood Sabbath (1972)
Bloodsucking Freaks (1976)
Blow-Up (1966)
Blue (1993)
Bluebeard (1944)
Blue Beard [ Barbe Bleue] (2009)
Blue Movie (1978)
Blue Movie (1971)
Blue My Mind (2017)
The Body Snatcher (1945)
Bowery at Midnight (1942)
The Box (2009)
The Boys from Brazil (1978)
Braid (2018)
Brain Dead (1991)
Brainiac [ El barón del terror] (1962)
Branded (1950)
Branded (2012)
The Brand New Testament (2015)
The Bravados (1958)
The Brave Little Toaster (1987)
Breakfast of Champions (1999)
Brides of Dracula (1960)
The Bride of Frank (1996)
The Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
Bride of the Monster (1955)
Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974)
Britannia Hospital (1982)
The Brood (1979)
The Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001)
Bruiser (2000)
A Bucket of Blood (1959)
Buffalo ’66 (1998)
Bug (2006)
The Bulgarian Prophet (2010)
Bunny and the Bull (2009)
Bunraku (2010)
Buñuel in the Labyrinth of the Turtles (2018)
The Burial of Kojo (2018)
Burning Inside (2010)
Burnt Offerings (1976)
Bushido Man (2013)
Butt Boy (2019)
Buttwhistle (2014)
Buzzard (2014)
The Cabin in the Woods (2012)
Cafe Flesh (1982)
Caligula (1979)
Calvary (2014)
The Cameraman (1978) – Buster Keaton plays a cameraman with a monkey sidekick
Candy (1968)
Caniba (2017)
Cannibal Holocaust (1980) – Filmmakers torture a cannibal tribe and are eventually eaten by them; turtles are beheaded
Cannibal: the Musical (1993)
Can’t Kill This (2019)
Carmel (2009)
Carrie (1976)
The Cars That Ate Paris (1974)
La Casa del Terror (1960) – Spanish-language musical horror-comedy involving both a mummy and a werewolf (and a grunting Lon Chaney, Jr.)
Casino Royale (1967) – This all-star spy spoof, from five different directors and based on a James Bond novel, is a famously overindulgent flop
The Casserole Masters (200?) – Amateur avant-garde film with some interesting animation; currently available for viewing online (and not available any other way)
Castle in the Sky (1986) – Kid-friendly anime about a floating city is magical, but not weird
Castle of Fu Manchu (1971)
Castle of the Living Dead (1964)
The Cat and the Canary (1927) – Early silent “old dark house” movie that set the standards for the genre
Catch My Soul (1974)
Caterpillar (2010) – A dutiful wife cares for her deaf and dumb quadruple-amputee husband after the Japanese Emperor declares him a “living war god”
Cat People (1942) – A Serbian woman fears that she will turn into a panther and kill her husband if she loses her virginity in this “quiet horror” classic
Cat People (1982) – Strange, hypereroticized and occasionally surreal update of Val Lewton’s classic about a race of people who turn into panthers when sexually aroused
Cauldron of Blood (1970) – Mild psychedelia pervades this otherwise uninteresting horror film, one of Boris Karloff’s final efforts
Cave of Forgotten Dreams (2010) – Werner Herzog’s remarkable documentary about the world’s oldest cave paintings, originally in 3D
The Cell (2000)
Cemetery of Splendor (2015)
Certified Copy (2010) – An unexplained identity shift provides refined weirdness in this otherwise talky and intellectual arthouse drama
Chafed Elbows (1966) – Walter has a breakdown, gives birth to ten dollar bills and marries his mom in this seminal underground comedy
Chained for Life (2018)
The Chair (2007) – Interesting Canadian indie horror film about possession that lacks true weirdness
Chamber of Horrors (1966)
Charley Bowers: The Rediscovery of an American Comic Genius – Collection containing most of the nearly lost silent films of absurdist stop-motion animator and comedian Bowers
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
The Chase (1946)
The Chaser (1928) – Early gender-switch comedy has Harry Landon sentenced to play the role of wife
Cherry, Harry & Raquel (1970)
Child Bride (1938) – This salacious, leering “exposé” of child marriage among hillbillies is 1930s filmmaking at its most shamelessly exploitative
Children Shouldn’t Play with Dead Things (1972)
Chimes at Midnight (1966)
Chi-Raq (2015)
The Choppers (1961)
Christmas Evil (1980) – Offbeat, low budget character study about a killer Santa that’s not as exploitative as future films exploring the same territory
The Chumscrubber (2005)
The Circus (1928) – Charlie Chaplin’s Tramp invades a circus
Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV (2000) – the long running series hits a new low in bad taste with this installment, but of course, that was what they were aiming at
City Lights (1931) – The Tramp romances a blind flower girl
City Ninja [ Tou Qing Ke; AKA Ninja Holocaust] (1985) – Another crazy ninja movie, but this time with steamy sex scenes
City of the Living Dead (1981)
Climate of the Hunter (2019)
Closet Monster (2015)
Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs (2009)
The Cloverfield Paradox (2018)
C Me Dance (2009) – The Devil battles a cancer-stricken teen ballerina for the soul of the world in this embarrassingly earnest proselytizer
Codex Atanicus (2007) – A compilation of three perverse, surreal shorts from Spanish underground filmmaker Carlos Atanes
Coherence (2013) – Mindbending, largely improvised eight character sci-fi mini-classic about alternate realities
Cold Souls (2009) – Philosophical satire about soul removal and storage, starring Paul Giamatti as himself and a Russian soul mule
Colossal (2016)
The Collective Vol. 4: Emotions
The Collective Vol. 7
Color out of Space (2019)
Coma [ Koma] (2019)
Comanche Station (1960)
Coming Soon (2008)
Common Law Wife (1963) – (S)exploitation hoot about a sugar daddy who wants to dump his common law wife for his stripper niece
The Complete Metropolis (1927/2010) – Report on the restoration of Fritz Lang’s weird silent sci-fi classic
Computer Chess (2013) – Geeks compete at a computer chess tournament in this quirky dramedy with surreal touches
Condemned (2015)
Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002)
The Conqueror (1956)
Coonskin (1974)
Coraline (2009)
The Corpse Vanishes (1944)
The Corridor (2010) – Schizoid horror about madness in the woods
Corridors of Blood (1958)
Corruption (1967)
Cosmopolis (2012) – A billionaire takes a ride across Manhattan to get a haircut while society, and his personal life, seem to be collapsing
Courageous Avenger (1935) – Johnny Mack Brown B-western pits hero against a gang of gold thieves
Cowboy Bebop: the Movie (2001) – Feature-length, standalone adaptation of the cult TV anime about bounty hunters in space
Crank: High Voltage [ Crank 2] (2009) – Reader recommendation. Crazed action movie where the bad guys have replaced the hero’s heart with a battery-powered pumper that must be recharged every hour.
Crave (2013)
Crazy Samurai Musashi (2020)
Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961)
Creeping Flesh (1973)
The Creeping Terror (1964)
Cries and Whispers (1972)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)
Crimes of the Future (1970)
Crimewave (1985)
Crowley [AKA Chemical Wedding] (2008)
Cry-Baby (1990)
Cuban Rebel Girls (1959)
Cuban Story [AKA The Truth About Fidel Castro Revolution] (1959) –
Cube 2: Hypercube (2002)
Cube Zero (2004)
The Curse [ Noroi] (2005)
Curse of the Cat People (1944)
Curse of the Crimson Altar (1968)
The Curse of the Werewolf (1961)
Cutie Honey (2004)
Damaged Goods (1961)
Dames (1934)
Danger: Diabolik (1968)
Daniel Isn’t Real (2019)
Darc Arc (2004)
The Darjeeling Limited (2007)
The Dark Crystal (1982) – Weird creature conceptions, beautiful art design, totally conventional fantasy/quest plot
Dark Shadows (2012) – Comic remake of the cult Gothic soap opera; another recent Tim Burton disappointment. Guest review by James Mannan.
Dark Shadows (2012) – Alfred Eaker believed James Mannan’s review of the Tim Burton adaptation was not angry enough, so he added some vitriol to his own version
A Dark Song (2016)
Darling (2015)
Da Sweet Blood of Jesus (2014)
Date Bait (1960)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) – This second installment of the reboot series finds tribes of intelligent apes battling pockets of post-apocalyptic humans
Daydream Nation (2010) – Tale of a teen girl in a strange town who finds herself in an unusual love triangle
The Day He Arrives (2011) – A Korean filmmaker finds events repeating themselves with subtle variations during a boozy trip to Seoul
Day of the Nightmare (1965) – B&W sexploitationer with polymorphous perversity and a killer in drag
Day of the Outlaw (1959) – A wounded outlaw rides into town in this bleak, wintry Western
Day of Wrath (1943)
Deadball (2011)
Dead Dicks (2019)
The Dead Don’t Die (2019)
Deadgirl (2008)
Dead Hooker in a Trunk (2009)
Deadly Weapons (1973)
The Dead Ones (2019)
Dead or Alive (Takashi Miike trilogy) (1999-2002)
Dead Snow (2009) – Norway’s entry in the over-the-top zombie slaughterfest genre involves Nazi zombies at a snowbound cabin
Dear God, No! (2011) – Grindhouse throwback spoof combining bikers, mad scientists and bigfoot
Death Note (2006)
The Death of Dick Long (2019)
Death Race 2050 (2017)
Death Smiles on a Murderer (1973)
The Deeper You Dig (2019)
Deep Red [ Profondo Rosso] (1975)
Deerskin (2019)
Delusion (2016)
Destination Planet Negro (2013)
Destroy All Planets (1968) – Gamera the flying turtle fights off beehive-themed aliens in this representative fourth adventure, with fight footage from the three previous entries
Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame (2011) – A mystery/fantasy/kung fu/historical epic with a talking deer; what’s not to like?
Detour (1945) – Cult classic Poverty Row film noir
The Devil Doll (1936) – Tiny killers and Lionel Barrymore in drag make this one of Tod Browning’s more popular b-pictures
The Devil Rides Out (1968)
The Devil’s Carnival (2012)
The Diabolical Dr. Z (1966)
Diamonds of the Night (1964)
Diary of a Country Priest (1951)
Dickshark (2016)
Die Monster Die (1965)
Different Drum (2014)
Dinner in America (2020)
Diplomaniacs (1932)
Disappearance at Clifton Hill (2019)
Doctor Strange (2016)
Doctor X (1932)
Dollhouse: The Eradication of Female Subjectivity in American Popular Culture (2019)
Don Giovanni (2006) – Avant-garde staging of the Mozart opera with underwear model extras
Don Peyote (2104) -An unemployed pot-smoker becomes obsessed with conspiracy theories, then has a psychotic break with reality and goes on a vision quest
Don’t Look Back [ Ne te Retourne pas] (2009)
Don’t Torture a Duckling (1972)
The Doom Generation (1995)
The Doors (1991)
Double Agent 73 (1974) – Chesty Morgan is back, this time as a spy with a camera implanted in her boobs
The Double Life of Veronique (1991)
Double Lover (2017)
Dracula (1931) – Guest review. Alfred Eaker argues that Dracula is more significant than modern critics acknowledge
Dracula (1992) – Francis Ford Coppola’s romantic take on the Dracula myth is so visually extravagant even Keanu Reeves can’t completely ruin it
Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972)
Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968) – The third Hammer Dracula sequel illustrates how far the series fell when director Terence Fisher left
Dracula, Pages from a Virgin’s Diary (2002)
Dracula, Prince of Darkness (1966) – Christopher Lee’s Dracula is mute in this Hammer horror
Drag Me to Hell (2009) – A de-weirdified, PG-13 Evil Dead for the cineplexes?
Dreamchild (1985) – Jim Henson puppets illustrate the fantasy sequences in this examination of the questionable relationship between Lewis Carroll and Alice Liddell, his underage muse
The Dress (1995) – Dutch black comedy about a dress that brings bad luck to its various wearers
Drowning by Numbers (1988)
Dry Blood (2017)
Duelle (1976)
The Duke of Burgundy (2014)
Dune (1984) – David Lynch’s attempt to translate Frank Herbert’s complex, mystical sci-fi epic was an infamous flop
The Dungeonmaster (1984) – Satan abducts a computer expert and sends him on a series of quests, each created by a different hack director
Dunkirk (2017)
Easy Come, Easy Go (1967)
Easy Street (1917) – Charlie Chaplin’s Tramp becomes a cop and faces off with a henpecked crime boss
Eden Log (2007) – Mysterious French sci-fi about an amnesiac man trapped in a sewer-like maze
Edge of Tomorrow (2014) – Tom Cruise dies over and over while fighting aliens; part of 2014’s “Alfred Eaker vs. the Summer Blockbusters” series
The Editor (2014)
Edmond (2005) – William H. Macy wanders around in a sub-par David Mamet script
Ed Wood (1994) – Tim Burton’s love-letter to the transvestite godfather of so-bad-it’s-good cinema
Eegah (1962)
Elena (2011) – Guest review by Eugene Vasiliev on Andrei Zvyagintsev ‘s class drama set in the new Russia
The Elephant Man (1980)
Elvis (1979) – Early John Carpenter made for TV biopic of the King
Embrace of the Serpent (2015)
Emperor of the North Pole (1973)
The End of Time (2012)
The Enigma of Kaspar Hasuer (1974)
Enter Nowhere (2011)
Enter the Dangerous Mind (2013)
Equinox (1970)
Escanaba in da Moonilight (2001)
Escape from the ‘Liberty’ Cinema (1990)
Escoriandoli [ Trash–T.R.A.] (1996)
Evangelion 1.11: You Are (Not) Alone (2007/2010)
Evangelion 2.22: You Can (Not) Advance (2009/2011)
Evangelion 3.0: You Can (Not) Redo (2012)
An Evening with Beverly Luff Linn (2018)
Evil Dead (2013)
Evil Ed (1995)
The Evil Within (2017)
Evolution (2015)
Ex-Drummer (2007) – Weird, but tedious and unpleasant, tale of a writer joining a punk group of handicapped misfits to compete in a Eurotrash battle of the bands
The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec (2010) – A turn-of-the-century adventuress deals with mummies and pterodactyls in this French comic fantasy
Exorcist III: The Heretic (1977) – John Boorman’s crazed flop sequel takes the action to Africa in search of the original demon who possessed young Regan four years ago
The Exorcist III (1990) – The original novelist directs this sequel about a serial killer, only tangentially related to the past two films
Eye of the Devil (1966) – Occult thriller notably mainly as the acting debut of Sharon Tate, and for prefiguring the pagan revivalist premise that would be more memorably addressed in The Wicker Man
The Eyes of My Mother (2016)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Fanny and Alexander (1982)
Fantasia 2000 (1999) – Belated sequel to the 1940 classic includes spectacular new animated musical interpretations of Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue,” Stravinsky’s “Firebird Suite,” and more
A Fantastic Fear of Everything (2012) – Simon Pegg stars as a severely agoraphobic writer forced to brave a laundrette in this strange, only partly effective black comedy
Fantastic Four (2015)
Fantômas (1913)
Fast, Cheap and Out of Control (1997) – Documentary exploring the unlikely connections between a lion tamer, topiary gardener, naked-mole rat specialist and a robot designer
Face of the Screaming Werewolf (1964) – Cut-n-paste feature from Jerry Warren mixing scenes from Las Casa del Terror and The Aztec Mummy together with new footage to create an incomprehensible new movie
Fags in the Fast Lane (2017)
Faith of Our Fathers (1997) – Low-budget indie satire about modern chimney sweeps
The Fall (2006)
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions (2004)
Fascination (1979) – Atmospheric but fairly straightforward erotic horror from atmosphere specialist Jean Rollin; the highlight is a topless Grim Reaper
Faster Pussycat, Kill! Kill! (1965)
Fear Chamber (1968): One of Boris Karloff’s final Mexican movies has him as a mad scientist extracting blood from frightened young women at the behest of an alien rock
The Fear of Darkness (2014)
The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967)
Feed (2005) – Grotesque thriller about obesity fetishes features women being fed to death
Felidae (1994)
Fellini’s Casanova (1976)
Fellini’s Roma (1972)
Fever Night AKA Band of Satanic Outsiders (2009) – Teens go into the woods and summon a psychedelic Satan in this trippy low budget effort
F for Fake (1973)
Fido (2006) – Domestic comedy set in an alternate “Leave it to Beaver” universe where zombies are kept as pets
The Fifth Element (1997) – Luc Besson’s attempt to make a space opera/comedy goes so far over the top that it very nearly becomes weird
Film Socialisme (2010) – Inaccessible experimental film essay from Jean-Luc Goddard about… well, no one knows what it’s about
The Films of Kenneth Anger, Vol. 2 (1963-1981) – Compilation featuring some of the avant-garde occultist’s most historically important features
This Filthy Earth (2001)
The Final Programme [AKA The Last Days of Man on Earth] (1973): An “international man of mystery” searches for a computer program that will create the Messiah
La Finta Giardiniera (2006) – Mozart’s craziest opera libretto is given a b-movie style treatment, complete with a man-eating plant and giant plastic spider
La Finta Semplice (2006) – Avant-garde staging of an opera Mozart wrote when he was 15 years old
First Man on Mars (2016)
The Fisher King (1991)
The Fifth Cord (1971)
The Fits (2016)
Flaming Star (1960) – Elvis Presley stars as a half-breed in this progressive Western
Flesh and the Fiends (1960)
Flesh for Frankenstein [ Andy Warhol’s Frankenstein] (1973)
The Flesh Merchant (1956)
Footlight Parade (1933) – Naughty pre-Code Busby Berkeley musical containing the famously outrageous “waterfall” number
For Ever Mozart (1996) – Another confounding, over-intellectualized experiment by Jean-Luc Godard
The Fourth Dimension (2012) – Ho-hum triptych of movies from different directors, each invoking the fourth dimension (at least, in name)
The Fox Family (2006)
The FP (2011) – Post-apocalyptic gangs fight duels on a video game dance machine in this deadpan camp attempt to make a deliberate cult movie
The Frame (2014) – The separate worlds of a thief and a paramedic intersect in a Twilight Zone-y way
Francofonia (2015)
Frankenstein (1931)
Frankenstein 1970 (1958)
Frankenstein and the Monster From Hell (1974) – Terence Fisher’s final film, and Hammer studio’s final Frankenstein movie, as a weary swan song to both
Frankensteins Bloody Nightmare (2006) – A visually and aurally ingenious, surrealistically inspired remake of a trash horror in the style of Andy Milligan, which sadly suffers from having no story to tell
Frankenstein Created Woman (1967) – The third entry in Hammer’s Frankenstein series
Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) – The fifth of the Hammer Frankenstein movie’s features Dr. Peter Cushing at his nastiest
Freaked (1993)
Freaks (2018)
Free Radicals: A History of Experimental Film (2012)
From a Whisper to a Scream (1987)
From Beyond (1986) – Experiments to activate the dormant human pineal gland result in paranormal mayhem
From Beyond the Grave (1974)
From Dusk Till Dawn (2006) – Reprobates on the run are trapped in a bar full of vampires
Fudge 44 (2006)
Funny Games (1997) – Unmotivated sadists break the fourth wall in this controversial exercise from Michael Haneke
Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus (2006) – A freak awakens Diane Arbus’ artistic impulses in this fantastical fictional biopic
The Fury (1978)
The Future (2011) – Indie dramedy about an anxious thirty-something couple, with magical realist moments (like a cat narrator and a talking moon)
Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life (2010) – The life story of the iconoclastic French singer, and of his grotesque puppet alter-ego “Professor Flipus”
Gallino, the Chicken System (2012) – A “pornophilophical” film that will thrill anyone with a fetish for seeing women deep-throating drumsticks
Garden State (2004) – Quirky indie from “Scrubs”‘s Zach Braff about young adult returning home to face his crazy family after mom dies (reader review)
Garden State (2004) – 366’s official review of the quirky romantic comedy Garden State
Gas-s-s-s (1970)
Gauguin: The Full Story (2003) – Documentary about the post-Impressionist painter
The Gays (2014)
Genius Party (2007)
Gentlemen Broncos (2009)
Georges Méliès: Encore (DVD compilation 2010, original films 1896-1911) – Essential collection of early shorts from the inventor of the fantasy film
Getting Any? (1994) – Takeshi “Beat” Kitano’s surreal slapstick about a sex-obsessed loser
Ghajini (2008)
Ghostbusters (2016)
Ghost in the Shell (1995) – A cyborg cop hunts a hacker in this seminal cyberpunk anime
Ghost in the Shell (2017)
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004)
Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) – Rant on the witless sequel and the sorry state of superhero movies
Ghosts on the Loose (1943)
A Ghost Story (2017)
The Ghoul (1975)
Gimme Shelter (1970) – Interview/memoir with John Semper Jr., who worked as an intern on this documentary that captured the murder at the Rolling Stones’ 1969 Altamont concert
Ginger and Fred (1986)
Giorgio Moroder Presents Metropolis (1927/1984) – Giorgio Moroder’s 1984 restoration of Fritz Lang’s classic is visually splendiferous; the tradeoff is that Loverboy and Billy Squier are on the soundtrack
Girl Asleep (2015)
A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night (2014) – A female vampire stalks the streets of “Bad City,” a scarcely inhabited Iranian (?) town of lost souls
Girly [AKA Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny and Girly] (1970) – Arrested development in a bizarre British “family” of ritualistic murderers
Glass (2011)
Glass Lips (2007) – Surrealistic story of a poet’s dysfunctional past
The God Inside My Ear (2017)
Gods and Monsters (1998) – Biopic of James Whale, director of Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein, among other horror classics
God Told Me To (1975) – Larry Cohen’s wild bizarre genre pastiche mixes horror, science fiction and detective elements as a cop tries to find out why unrelated murderers all claim “God told me to do it”
Godzilla (2104)
Godzilla vs. Hedorah (1971)
Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933)
The Gold Rush (1925) – The Tramp travels to the Yukon to become a prospector in one of Charlie Chaplin’s most popular features
The Golem (1920)
Goodbye to Language (2014)
The Good, the Bad, the Weird [ Joheunnom Nabbeunnom Ishaghannom] (2008): “Noodle Western” recasting the Leone classic in 1930s occupied Manchuria
The Gorgon (1964) – Hammer horror meets Greek mythology
Go West (1925) – Buster Keaton falls for a cow and puts on a devil suit
Grace (2009) – A woman gives birth to an undead baby in this interesting indie shocker
Graveyard Alive: A Zombie Nurse in Love (2003) – Well-meaning zom-com misfire
The Great Dictator (1940) – Charlie Chaplin’s anti-Hitler satire
A Great Lamp (2019)
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) – Campy all-star disaster version of the New Testament, with John Wayne as a centurion with a Texas drawl
The Great K & A Train Robbery (1926) – Silent Tom Mix western
The Grim Reaper (1976)
Growing Out (2009) – Low-budget film about a man growing out of a basement floor squanders its weird potential by focusing on romance
The Gruesome Death of Tommy Pistol (2011) – A struggling actor has four weird dreams in this grossout gore flick/Hollywood satire
The Guatemalan Handshake (2006) – Quirked-out indie that pushes into surreal realms; it’s like Gummo if directed by Jared Hess as a comedy
The Gunfighter (1950) – Gregory Peck plays an aging gunfighter weighed down with regret
Guru, the Mad Monk (1970)
Habit (1996) – Interesting metaphorical take on the vampire myth from the viewpoint of an alcoholic Greenwich Village slacker
Hairspray (1988) – Dancing teens integrate Baltimore in this quirky, PG-rated nostalgia piece from John Waters
The Hands of Orlac (1924)
Happiness (1998)
Happy Here and Now (2002)
The Happytime Murders (2018)
Hard Candy (2005)
A Hard Day’s Night (1964) – Four cheeky lads from Liverpool join a band, get popular, and run around like slapstick madmen
The Hard Road (1970)
Hard Ticket to Hawaii (1987)
Hardware (1990) – Post-apocalyptic thriller about a robot run amok
Harold and Maude (1971) – Reader recommendation by Eric SG. Hal Ashby’s cult black comedy about a May-December romance between a suicidal teen and a geriatric life force
The Haunted Strangler (1958)
The Head (1960)
Heads of Control: The Gorul Baheu Brain Expedition (2006) – Very obscure and very weird feature told from the point of view of pharmaceutical molecules inside the brain of a madman
Heart Attack! The Early Pulse-Pounding Cinema of Kelly Hughes (2012)
Heart of the Beholder (2005) – Documentary on a crusade against a video store for stocking The Last Temptation of Christ
Hellacious Acres: The Case of John Glass (2011) – A man awakens trapped in a bio-suit in a post-apocalyptic future where the desolate landscape is patrolled by energy aliens
Hell Comes to Frogtown (1988) – A rare non-sterile man in the post-apocalyptic future goes on a mission to rescue a harem full of virile woman held captive by a town of mutant frogs
Hellevator (2004) – A future dystopia where floors of an underground society are linked by a single elevator shaft. A reader recommendation.
Hell’s Hinges (1916) – Overwrought early silent western is an unsubtle lesson in Christian vengeance
The Hellstrom Chronicle (1971) – Mondo insect documentary with a fictional mad scientist as narrator
Her (2013) – A man falls in love with an artificial intelligence in Spike Jonze ‘s melancholy science fiction romance
Hercules in the Haunted World (1961)
Her Master’s Voice (2012) – Ventriloquist Nina Conti takes her deceased master’s dummies to be buried at a graveyard for puppets in this offbeat documentary
He Who Gets Slapped (1924) – Lon Chaney plays a celebrity clown who is slapped 100 times a night in this carnival melodrama dripping with pathos
Highlander II (Renegade Version) (1991) – Baffling, nearly incoherent sequel to the cult hit resurrects dead characters and includes a subplot about the ozone layer
High Noon (1952) – Gary Cooper in a classic (but admittedly not weird) Western
High School Caesar (1960)
Highway to Hell (1990)
The Hitch-Hiker (1953) – Two fisherman unwisely give a ride to a killer in the only classic film noir directed by a woman
Hobo with a Shotgun (2011) – The rare grindhouse spoof that doesn’t overplay the comedy, but relies (mostly) on plot and sly dialogue for the absurdity
Holy Flame of the Martial World (1983)
Horns (2013) – An accused killer grows horns, which make people confess their secret desires to him
Horror Castle (1964)
The Horror of Dracula (1958) – Hammer’s first Dracula movie is considered a horror classic by critics
Horror Express (1972) – A frozen caveman comes to life while being hauled on the Trans-Siberia express
Horror Hotel (1960)
Horror Rises from the Tomb [ El Espanto Surge de la Tumba] (1973)
Horse Girl (2020)
Horse Money (2014)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959)
Housekeeping (1987) – nonconformity sleeper about two orphaned girls raised by an eccentric aunt
The House of Last Things (2013)
House of Pleasures [AKA House of Tolerance] (2011) – The travails of prostitutes in a belle epoque brothel make up the story of this sad and slightly surreal film
House of the Dead (2003)
The House That Jack Built (2018)
The House with Laughing Windows [ La Casa dalle Finestre che Ridono] (1976)
Howard the Duck (1986)
How I Won the War (1967)
How the Sky Will Melt (2015)
How to Talk to Girls at Parties (2018)
The Human Centipede (First Segment) (2009)
The Hunger (1983)
I Am Divine (2013)
I Am Here…. Now (2009)
I Bury the Living (1958) – A cemetery caretaker believes he can kill people by placing a pin in a map of the graveyard
The Ice Pirates (1984)
Ichi the Killer (2001)
I Confess (1953)
Id (2005)
If Footmen Tire You, What Will Horses Do? (1971)
Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS (1975)
The Illustrated Man (1969)
Images (1972)
The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus (2009)
The Immigrant (1917)
Impossible Monsters (2020)
I, Monster (1971)
The Important Thing Is to Love (1975)
In a Glass Cage (1986)
Inception (2010) – Enormously entertaining thriller about the theft of ideas through entering dreams, but not really all that weird
The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1964)
Incubus (1965)
In Fabric (2018)
Ingagi (1930)
Inheritance (2017)
In My Skin [ Dans ma Peau] (2002) – Disturbing, unflinching movie about a woman who begins devouring herself
In Old Santa Fe (1934) – “Singing Cowboy” movie featuring an early appearance by Gene Autry
In Search of the Ultra-Sex (2015)
Inside Out (2015)
Intacto (2001) – Moody magical realist thriller about a world where luck can be stolen and won in weird contests
In the Basement (2014)
In the Realms of the Unreal: The Mystery of Henry Darger (2004) – Documentary about the very weird outsider artist who painted huge murals of naked girls with tiny penises leading a child slave revolt in a magical world
The Intruder (1962) – Roger Corman’s surprisingly progressive civil rights movie, starring William Shatner (!) as a racist demagogue
The Invisible Ghost (1941)
The Invisible Man (1933)
Iron Doors (2010)
Iron Sky (2012)
Iron Sky: The Coming Race (2019)
Irrfharten II & III (2006)
The Island of Lost Souls (1932) – The first adaptation of H.G. Wells’ “The Island of Dr. Moreau” is a since-unequaled horror classic
The Iron Rose (1973) – Poetic but extremely slow-moving film about a young couple trapped in a picturesque French graveyard overnight
Isle of the Snake People (1971) – Boris Karloff (barely) plays a voodoo priest in this Mexican/American co-production, one of his infamously bad final four films
It Follows (2015)
It’s Alive (1969)
It’s Alive (1974)
It’s in the Blood (2012) – Father and son try to reconnect in a haunted wood in this psychological horror
It Takes from Within (2017)
Ivan’s Childhood (1962) – Andrei Tarkovsky’s first movie is a touching war drama about a child spy, but frequent dream sequences hinted at the direction he would take
I Walked with a Zombie (1943) – Literate horror classic based loosely on “Jane Eyre” – but with voodoo and zombies!
Jabberwocky (1977)
Jack and Diane (2012) – Reader recommendation. A lesbian turns into a monster.
Jackboots on Whitehall (2010)
Jacob’s Ladder (2019)
Jake Squared (2013)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Jannie Totsiens (1970) – South African film archivist Trevor Moses describes the weird and allegorical South African variation on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. To our knowledge, this is the only full-length English language review of of this Afrikaans film available online!
Jauja (2014)
Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) – 20 minutes of a housewife cracking up, three hours of her cooking meatloaf and shopping for buttons in this experiment in inactivity on screen
Jerry Springer: The Opera (2005) – The famously sleazy talk show host goes to hell in this production that holds the world record for most f-bombs dropped in an opera
Jesse James Meets Frankenstein’s Daughter (1966)
Jesus and Her Gospel of Yes (2004) – Guest review of the low-budget, avant-garde, performance artist retelling of the Gospel with Jesus as a woman
Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter (2001)
Jiu Jitsu (2020)
Jodorowsky’s Dune (2013)
Johnny Guitar (1954) – Guest review of the feminist, camp western cult fave by Kevyn Knox
Johnny Suede (1991)
Jubilee (1978)
Judex (1916)
Jug Face (2013) – A cult of hillbillies worship a pit that demands human sacrifices in this effective low-budget backwoods horror with a unique premise
Julien Donkey-boy (1999) – Impressionistic study of a schizophrenic young man
Just Tony (1922)
K-12 (2019)
Kagero-Za (1981)
Kaili Blues (2015)
Kaleidoscope (2016)
Karajan, or Beauty As I See It (2008) – documentary on the life of eccentric conductor Herbert von Karajan
Keane (2004) – First-person perspective on a near-homeless madman who may or may not have tragically lost a daughter
Keoma (1976)
Khrustalyov, My Car! (1998)
The Kid (1921) – The Tramp adopts a kid in Charlie Chaplin’s first feature film
Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989)
Kill Bill (Vols. 1 & 2) (2003-2004) – Reader recommendation
A Killer Conversation (2014)
Killer Joe (2011)
The Killer of Dolls (1975)
Killer Klowns from Outer Space (1988)
Kill List (2011) – A hit man finds his assigned “kill list” very strange indeed in this weird psychohorror
The King (2017)
The Kingdom of Shadows (2016)
King Kong Lives (1986) – Ridiculous, cheap sequel to the 1976 King Kong sees scientists searching for another giant ape so they can give Kong a blood transfusion after his fall
King of Hearts (1966)
King of Pluto (2004) – Underground documentary about oddball artist Mike Wrathell
King of Thorn (2009)
Kinetta (2005)
KISS Meets the Phantom of the Park (1978)
Knife + Heart (2018)
Knight of Cups (2015)
Kotoko (2011)
Koyaanisquatsi (1982)
Kriya (2020)
Labyrinth (1986)
La Dolce Vita (1960) – A cynical journalist discovers the emptiness of his hedonistic lifestyle
The Lady from Shanghai (1947)
The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun (2015)
Lady Vengeance (2005) – The conclusion of Park’s “Vengeance Trilogy” features lots of weird moments, but actually works better in its straightforward scenes
The Land of the Lost (2009) – Bizarre for a Hollywood blockbuster, but standard Will Ferrell comedy routines and grossout jokes aimed at middle-schoolers undo the weirdness factor in this tale of a land of dinosaurs, apemen and sleestaks
The Last Circus [ Balada Triste de Trompeta] (2010) – A sad clown and a happy clown battle for the love of a beautiful trapeze artist in this bloody and ridiculous Spanish Civil War allegory
The Last Dragon (1985)
Last Life in the Universe (2003)
The Last Movie (1971)
The Last Road (2012) – An underground fighter wanders around in a low-budget afterlife
The Last Sunset (1961)
The Last Trail (1926) – Silent Tom Mix B-western
Lattie (2016)
Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974)
The Lego Movie (2014) – A toy commercial that’s also–surprise!–a witty, touching kids’ movie
Lemon (2017)
The Leopard Man (1943) – Val Lewton and Jacques Tourneur inject life and atmosphere into this generic shape-shifter scenario
Les Vampires (1915)
Lethal Obsession (2010)
Let Me Die a Woman (1978)
Let My Puppets Come (1976)
Let’s Scare Jessica to Death (1971)
Letters to Paul Morrissey (2018)
Let the Right One In (2008)
A Liar’s Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python’s Graham Chapman (2012) – More than a dozen animators illustrate comedian Graham Chapman’s surreal and facetious autobiography
License to Kill (1989) – The film is discussed in light of Timothy Dalton’s redefinition of Bond
Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) – Oceangoing documentarian Zissou assembles a quirky team to search for the elusive jaguar shark that killed his partner
Life Blood (2009) – Squanders a weird premise—vampires are God’s avenging lesbian angels—to become an undistinguished B-movie
Lifeforce (1985) – Tobe Hooper’s followup to Poltergeist is a little flick about gratuitously nude space vampires
Life of the Party (2018)
Light Years (2019)
Like Me (2017)
The Limits of Control (2009) – Jim Jamursch’s ultra-minimalist anti-thriller about a Lone Man on an ambiguous assassination mission is an experiment in plotlessness
Lips of Blood (1975) – This Jean Rollin film features twin vampire nurses and a coffin that floats out to see, but it’s not one of the director’s best or strangest
Lisa and the Devil (1974) – A tourist finds herself in a Spanish villa with a butler who looks (and acts) just like the devil
Little Ashes (2008)
Little Deaths (2011)
The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)
Live a Little, Love a Little (1968)
A Lizard in a Woman’s Skin (1971)
London After Midnight (1927) – Tod Browning/Lon Chaney lost silent film partly recreated by Turner Classic Movies through stills and narration
The Lone Ranger (2013)
Long Day’s Journey Into Night (2018)
Long Pants (1927)
Look What’s Happened to Rosemary’s Baby (1976)
Look Who’s Back (2015)
Lord Love a Duck (1966)
Lords of Chaos (2018)
Lords of Salem (2012) – Rob Zombie’s witchcraft movie plays a little bit like Rosemary’s Baby directed by 1980s-era Ken Russell
Loren Cass (2006) – Dull, pretentious punk tale of teen anomie that goes beyond the pale with unrelated live suicide footage
The Los Angeles Ripper (2011): Modern grindhouse effort with serial killer stalking Los Angelites
The Lost One [ Der Verlorene] (1951)
Lost Soul: The Doomed Journey of Richard Stanley’s ‘The Island of Dr. Moreau’ (2014)
Love (2015)
Love Express: The Disappearance of Walerian Borowczyk (2018)
Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998)
The Lovely Bones (2009) – A murdered girl watches her grieving family and unrepentant killer from a colorful, fantastic afterlife in Peter Jackson’s iffy adaptation of a bestselling novel
Love Me If You Dare (2003)
Love Object (2003) – Perverse horror about a man’s unhealthy relationship with his possessive blow-up doll
The Lovers on the Bridge [ Les Amants du Pont-Neuf] (1991)
Lucky (2004)
Lucy (2014)
Lulu (2010) – Controversial staging of Alban Berg’s perverted opera about incestuous clown/prostitute Lulu
Lust in the Dust (1985) – The presence of Divine as a dancehall girl provides the only real cult interest in this mildly naughty low-budget Western spoof
M.O.N. (2006) – Amateur serial killer effort doesn’t cut the mustard in terms of either weirdness or entertainment value
Machete Maidens Unleashed (2010)
The Machine Girl (2008)
Madeinusa (2006)
Madeline’s Madeline (2018)
The Mad Genius (1931)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981)
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) – The weirdest Mad Max movie is good goofy fu n
Mad Monster Party (1967) – Rankin/Bass monster mashup, feature-length Halloween fare in the style of their famous “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer”
The Magic Flute (1975)
Magic Magic (2013) – An emotionally fragile college-age girl goes crazy when she’s left among strangers in a foreign country
Mahler (1974) – One of Ken Russell’s surrealist biographies of classical composers
Malady (2015)
Malice in Wonderland (2009)
Man Bites Dog [C’est arrivé près de chez vous] (1992) – Procvocative, sadistic, love-it-or-hate-it Belgian black comedy about a serial killer followed around by a documentary crew
The Man from Planet X (1951)
Mangoshake (2018)
Man of Steel (2013) – Alfred Eaker considers Man of Steel (2013) in the context of Supermen past
Man of the West (1955) – Gary Cooper plays a reformed desperado caught in a dangerous prodigal son scenario
Manos: The Rise of Torgo (2015)
Mansfield 66/67 (2017)
The Manster (1959) – A Japanese scientist injects an American with an experimental virus that turns him into a drunk, a lech, and a two-headed killer
Mantua (2012) – A comedic “Twin Peaks” variation with public access TV production values
The Man Who Laughs (1928)
The Man with No Pants (2021)
The Man with the Magic Box (2017)
Man With the Movie Camera (1929) – This experimental Soviet propaganda film is a catalog of then avant-garde camera tricks and editing techniques
Maps to the Stars (2015)
The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de sade [AKA Marat/Sade] (1967)
Mark of the Vampire (1935) – Talkie remake of the lost London After Midnight
Martin (1978)
Marvelous Mandy (2016)
Mary and Max (2009) – Touching Claymation feature about the lifelong pen pal relationship between a socially inept Australian girl and an autistic, middle aged New Yorker
Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
The Master (2012) – A paint-thinner drinking, sandcastle-humping sailor falls in with a cult leader in postwar America
Match Point (2005)
Matrimony (2007) – Romantic Chinese ghost story with a weird (if not satisfying) ending
May (2002) – A creepy girl tries to connect with those around her in this weirdo character study that turns slasher
Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)
Meat (2010)
Meatball Machine (2005) – Japanese splatterpunk love story about alien parasites turning human hosts into bio-engineered gladiators
The Meg (2018)
Mega Python vs. Gatoroid (2011) – The title creatures do appear, but it probably should have been called Debbie Gibson vs. Tiffany instead. Special Guest Reviewer Cleverbot shares its thoughts.
Melancholia (2011) – A planet named “Melancholia” is set to crash into the earth in this metaphorical movie about depression from always-odd Lars von Trier
Memento (2000) – Christopher Nolan’s brilliantly plotted thriller is engrossing and disorienting, but not weird
Memphis (2013)
The Mermaid (2016)
Merry-Go-Round (1978/1983)
The Merry Widow (1925) – A light operetta re-imagined as a silent fetishistic melodrama
Mesa of Lost Women (1952)
Message from Space (1978) – Nutty Japanese/American Star Wars ripoff featuring sailing ships in space
Messiah (2010) – Claus Guth’s staging of Handel’s Christmas oratorio invokes infidelity and suicide
Metallica Through the Never (2013) – Concert footage mixed with music video-style surrealism
Micmacs (2009) – Typically whimsical Jean-Pierre Jeunet outing, this time involving a team of carnivalesque misfits who unite to fight arms dealers
Midnight in Paris (2011)
Midnight Skater (2002) – This gore/comedy with a serial killer is a student film, but the students involved weren’t film majors
Mimosas (2016)
The Miracle Rider (1935) – Western serial with sci-fi elements, starring cowboy icon Tom Mix
Miracles for Sale (1939) – Tod Browning’s final film, about a charlatan medium
The Mirror (1975)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
The Missing Picture (2013) – Rithy Panh recreates his childhood memories of growing up in a Cambodian death camp using clay figures of his own design
Miss Meadows (2014)
Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children (2016)
Modern Times (1936) – Charlie Chaplin’s classic comedy about technological alienation
Modesty Blaise (1966)
Mom and Dad (2017)
Momotaro, Sacred Sailors (1945)
Mondo Cane (1962)
Mondo Weirdo (1990)
Mon Oncle (1958)
Monos (2019)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
The Monster (1925) – A campy Lon Chaney stars in Roland West’s first stab at an Old Dark House mystery
Monster A Go-Go (1965)
Monster Seafood Wars (2020)
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Moon (2009) – Thoughtful hard science fiction that flirts with weirdness in the opening reels
Moon Child (1989)
The Moon in the Hidden Woods (2019)
The Mothman Prophecies (2002)
Motivational Growth (2013)
Mr. Jones (2013) – A couple filming a documentary stumble upon the scarecrows of outsider artist “Mr. Jones,” possession of which brings madness
Mr. Sadman (2009) – Independent comedy about a mute Saddam Hussein impersonator restarting his life in Los Angeles
Multiple Maniacs (1970)
The Mummy (1932) – The original Mummy is a slow-paced, atmospheric, yearning version of the tale
The Mummy (1959) – Hammer horror’s version of the mummy legend
Murder at the Vanities (1934)
Murder Death Koreatown (2020)
Murder Party (2007)
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) – In his immediate followup to Dracula for Universal, Bela Lugosi plays a “Darwinist pervert” with a murderous pet monkey
Murders in the Zoo (1933)
Murder Unincorporated (1965)
Mutant Girls Squad (2010) – A cheerleader with a chainsaw in her butt is just one of the strange sights in this wild Japanese mutant gore spoof from three directors
My Dinner with Andre (1981) – Wallace Shawn has dinner with Andre Gregory and they talk, talk, talk in this talky but surprisingly engaging minimalist experiment
My Entire High School Sinking into the Sea (2016)
My Hindu Friend (2015)
My Joy (2010)
My Neighbor Wants Me Dead (2019)
The Mysterious Mr. Wong (1934)
Mysterious Skin (2003)
Mystery Men (1999)
Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933)
Mystery Ranch (1932) – Atmospheric B-western with Gothic influences
Mystery Ranch (1934) – Unrelated to the 1932 version, this oater involves a city-slicker who writes Western novels traveling out to the real West
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996) – Disappointing feature adaptation of the cult TV series, ripping on the colorful 1955 sci-fi feature This Island Earth
The Mystic (1925) – Typical early Tod Browning melodrama about a charlatan medium
The Navigator (1924) – Buster Keaton plays a landlubber set adrift
Nazarin (1959) – Luis Buñuel ‘s exploration of religious hypocrisy concerns a suffering priest with an impotent faith; from his Mexican social “realist” period
Necromentia (2009) – Derivative horror with one memorably weird scene of a pig-man singing an ode to suicide
Nekromantik (1987) – Notorious, badly made necrophilia movie that’s more concerned with grossing out than weirding out it’s audience
Nekromantik 2 (1991)
Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death and Rebirth (1997)
The NeverEnding Story (1984)
Never Let Me Go (2010) – A mix of Merchant/Ivory-style drama and dystopian sci-fi, as three children grow up in an English boarding house to learn that there is a sinister purpose to their schooling
Night and a Switchblade (2013)
Night Dreams (1981) – Surrealist hardcore porn, complete with trips to heaven and hell and sex with the man in the Cream of Wheat box
Night Has a Thousand Desires (1984)
Night Is Short, Walk on Girl (2017)
Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Nightmare Alley (1947) – Oddball film noir about an alcoholic carny posing as a psychic
Nightmare Castle (1965)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) – Predictably, this remake sucked, and it’s not weird to boot
Nightmares Come at Night (1970) – An exotic dancer has murderous nightmares that she can’t distinguish from reality
Nightmares in Red, White and Blue: The Evolution of the American Horror Film (2009) – Massive survey of American horror films from 1910 to the present; several Certified Weird picks are mentioned
Night Nurse (1931) – Pre-Code naughtiness starring Barbara Stanwyck
Night of the Demons (1988) – T&A teen horror is a bit of a cult item, thanks to Linnea Quigley’s lipstick
Night of the Hunted (1980) – Patients who can only remember events from the past two minutes are held in a secret mental hospital at the top of a skyscraper
Night of the Lepus (1972)
Night of the Living Dead: Reanimated (2010) – A team of animators tackle George Romeros’ zombie classic, using the original soundtrack but drawing or using puppets or baby dolls to illustrate the scenes
Night Tide (1961) – Dennis Hopper’s sailor meets a maybe-mermaid
The Night Walker (1964) – Obscure William Castle thriller featuring Barbara Stanwyck suffering surreal nightmares. Guest review by Pamela de Graff.
Nine (2009) – Non-weird musical ostensibly based on the twisted love life of Federico Fellini while making 8 1/2
Ninja Scroll (1993) – Sexy and ultraviolent, but this anime is basically a straightforward fantasy adventure
Noah (2014) – Visionary director Darren Aronofsky tackles the story of the Flood in a Hollywood blockbuster
Nobody Else but You [ Poupoupidou] (2011) – A crime novelist investigates the death of a woman who believed herself the reincarnation of Marilyn Monroe in this offbeat French mystery
A Noisy Delivery (2013) – An extremely minimalist noise music/performance art piece about an undelivered package
No Man’s Law (1927) -Strange, silent oater featuring Oliver Hardy (of Laurel and Hardy) as a sleazy villain whose attempt to rape a pioneer woman is foiled by top-billed Rex the Wonder Horse!
No More Excuses (1968) – A Civil War soldier loose in modern Manhattan, documentary footage of the singles bar scene and an amorous chimp mix in this sketch comedy farrago
Noroit (1976)
North (1994)
Northfork (2003) – A dying orphan dreams he is an angel while bureaucrats try to evacuate stragglers from a town that’s about to be flooded by dam construction
Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979)
Nothing (2003) – Two losers wish the world away; possibly the best movie about nothing ever made
Nothing but Trouble (1991)
Nothing but Trouble (1991) – Second opinion
Nowhere (1997) – Greg Araki’s feature about directionless young people stalked by a rubber suited monster goes exactly where the title says
Le Nozze de Figaro (2006) – Avant-garde staging of Mozart’s opera “The Marriage of Figaro” for the 2006 Salzburg Festival
Nutcracker Fantasy (1979)
Nymphomaniac, Vol. I & II (2013)
The Oak Room (2020)
Oblivion (1994)
Observance (2015)
Obsessions (1969)
ODDSAC (2010)
Odissea della Morte (2018)
Of Freaks and Men (1998)
The Old Dark House (1932)
The Old Man Movie (2019)
The Omega Man (1971)
The Omen (1976)
On Body and Soul (2017)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)
Ondine (2009)
One Eyed Monster (2008)
One Missed Call (2003) – Takashi Miike adds some surreal style points near the end, but it’s basically a talky and purposelessly confusing J-Horror
Only Lovers Left Alive (2013) – Jim Jarmusch’s vampire film encases us in immortal langour
Open Your Eyes (1997)
Order of Chaos (2010) – Offbeat thriller about a passive attorney and the newcomer who throws his life out of whack
The Oregonian (2011) – An amnesiac woman meets giant green Muppet and man who pees in rainbow colors
“The Ossuary and Other Tales” (2013) – Jan Svankmajer short film collection
The Other (1972) – Creepy thriller set in the Great Depression about an evil twin
Our Hospitality (1923) – Yankee dandy Buster Keaton finds himself the guest of Southerners sworn to kill him in this silent slapstick comedy
Out 1 (1971/1972)
Outside the Law (1920) – Tod Browning crime melodrama with religious overtones
Paganini (1989) – Klaus Kiniski’s deranged, pornographic biopic of the “demonic” composer
The Painting (2011) – Figures in a painting leave their canvas and seek out the Painter to find out why they were left incomplete
Paradox (2018)
Parasomnia (2008)
Parents (1989)
Paris Is Us (2019)
Paris Je T’Aime (2006)
Passion (2012)
The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) – Alfred Eaker believes Carl Theodore Dreyer’s devastatingly emotional account of the martyrdom of Joan of Arc may just be the greatest movie ever made
The Passion of the Christ (2004) – Alfred Eaker’s title says it all: “the most reprehensible anti-Christian film ever made”
Passion Play (2010) – Megan Fox is an “angel,” Mickey Rourke is a jazz musician and Bill Murray is a laid back gangster in this modern fairy-tale misfire
Patch Town (2014)
Peacock (2010) – Cilian Murphy in drag in a gender-bending psychothriller
Pearls of the Deep (1966) – Czech New Wave sampler film with a couple of surreal segments
Peeping Tom (1960)
Pee-wee’s Big Adventure (1985) – Man-child Pee-wee searches America for his stolen bike. A reader recommendation.
Pee-wee’s Big Holiday (2016)
The Penalty (1920) – One of Lon Chaney’s most painful performances; he plays a legless crime boss who models as the Devil in his spare time
Pennies from Heaven (1981) – Bleak Depression-era musical drama where the characters lip-sync to period songs; an unusual feature for comedian Steve Martin
The Perfect Sleep (2009) – Hyperbolic homage to film noir that’s heavy on atmosphere and low on sense
Perfume of the Lady in Black (1974)
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006) – Period piece about a serial killer who slays women to make perfume; features a truly bizarre climax
The Perils of Gwendoline in the Land of the Yik-Yak (1984)
Petey Wheatstraw, the Devil’s Son-in-Law (1977)
Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998) – Underbudgeted and incoherent rehash of the first three Phantasm movies
Phantasm: Ravager (2016)
The Phantom Carriage (1921) – Atmospheric and influential Swedish silent based on Scandinavian folklore claiming the last person to die before the New Year comes is fated to become Death’s coachman
Phantom from 10,000 Leagues (1955)
Phenomena (1985)
Philomena (2013)
Phoebe in Wonderland (2008)
Piercing (2018)
The Pit (1981)
Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
Pina (2011)
The Plague Dogs (1982)
The Plague of the Zombies (1966)
The Platform (2019)
Playhouse (1921) – Buster Keaton plays to an audience of himselves
Play Time (1967) – Behind-the-times clown Monsieur Hulot attempts to navigate a hyper-modern Paris
Plus One [ +1] (2013)
The Point (1971)
Point Blank (1967)
Pokemon Detective Pikachu (2019)
Pontypoool (2008) – Interesting spin on the zombie genre has the infection spread via language
Ponyo [ Gake no ue no Ponyo] (2008) – Hayao Miyazaki’s Japanese variation on “The Little Mermaid” is enchanting, but is considered one of his lesser works
Poor Pretty Eddie (1975)
Pope Francis: A Man of His Word (2018)
Pop Meets the Void (2015)
Porco Rosso (1992)
Portrait of Jennie (1948)
Possessor (2020)
Powder (1995)
Predestination (2014)
Primer (2004) – Intricate and confusing time travel puzzler, made by an engineer for an amazing $7,000.
Private Parts (1972) – A teenage runaway flees to her eccentric aunt’s decrepit hotel in this deviant psychosexual debut from professional oddball Paul Bartel
Prometheus Triumphant (2009) – This attempt to make a modern Gothic silent film is a well-intentioned failure
The Promise [ La Promesa] (2004) – Nanny experiences religious visions and encounters a telepathic child
The Prophet (2014)
Proxima (2007) – Science fiction tribute that appears to pose the question: what if a Phillip K. Dick-ish writer really was contacted by an alien race?
Psych: 9 (2010)
Psychomagic: A Healing Art (2019)
Psych-Out (1968)
A Public Ransom (2014) – Low-budget indie about a self-absorbed writer who is the only person to respond to a ransom note written in crayon
Pulse (2001)
A Pure Formality (1994)
Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
Quatermass and the Pit (1967)
Le Quattro Volte [ The Four Times] (2010) – A soul migrates from a shepherd to a goat to a tree to charcoal in this odd, wordless experiment
“The Quay Brothers: Collected Short Films” (2015)
Queen of Paradis (2020)
The Quiet (2005)
The Rabbi’s Cat (2011) – The titular feline gains the power of speech after eating a parrot, then demands a bar mizvah from his skeptical master
Rabid (1977)
Race War: The Remake (2011) – Bad taste ethnic comedy about a drug turf war, and the Kreecha from a Lagoon
Radio Free Albemuth (2010) – Aliens advise residents of an alternate earth how to overthrow the fascist dictator of the USA in this adaptation of a novel from Philip K. Dick’s “crazy” period
Rage (2010) – Low-budget tribute to Stephen Spielberg’s Duel
Rainbows End (2010) – A psychobilly band, a baton twirler, a singer with a mild speech impediment, and a cockfighter take a road trip to California in this documentary celebrating East Texas eccentrics
Rampo Noir (2005)
The Rapture (1991)
Rare Exports: A Christmas Tale (2010)
Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966)
Rat Pfink a Boo Boo (1966) – This kidnapping film with the mangled title turns into a superhero comedy midway through, and is surely one of the worst movies ever made
The Raven (1935) – Lugosi hams it up as a torture-loving doctor who experiments on escaped convict Karloff
Ravenous (1999)
Reality (2012) – A Neapolitan fishmonger loses his mind when he becomes obsessed with joining the cast of a reality TV show
Red-Headed Woman (1932)
Redline (2010)
Redoubt (2019)
The Relationtrip (2017)
Religulous (2008) – Bill Maher’s one-sided documentary satire on religious belief
The Reptile (1966)
Restless (2011) – Teen romance between a girl dying of cancer and a death-obsessed boy who’s best friend is a ghost
Retard-O-Tron III (2013) – Nauseating “mixtape” including all types of explicit grossout porn alongside clips of b-movies and video oddities
Return of the Ape Man (1944)
The Return of the Bionic Boy (1979)
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon (1976) – Bizarre characters and a rambling plot make this kung fu fantasy from Taiwan stand out as one of the weirder examples of the genre
Return of the Living Dead (1985)
Return to Babylon (2013) – A silent rendering of early Hollywood scandals, illustrating the fates of Virginia Rappe, Lupe Velez and other tragic luminaries
Return to Oz (1985) – Jesse Miksic discusses the “three fetishes” of the mythical kingdom in this essay (not review) of the odd Oz sequel
Rhinoceros (1974)
Rhymes for Young Ghouls (2013)
Ricky (2009) – A miraculous baby is born to a factory worker in this French magical realist scenario
Ride in the Whirlwind (1966) – “Existential Western” companion to The Shooting
Riders of the Whistling Pines (1949) – Gene Autry ties to save an endangered forest using the miracle of DDT in the ecologically naive oater
Riders of the Whistling Skull (1937) – “The Three Mesquiteers” star in a genre mishmash adventure featuring Indian cults and mummies
The Ring (2002) – This eerie tale of a murderous videotape may be the best American remake of a J-horror
Road to Mandalay (1926) – Partially lost Tod Browning/Lon Chaney Oedpial melodrama set in the seedy seaports of the Orient
Road to the Well (2016)
RoboGeisha (2009)
Rocky Mountain (1950) – Rare turn for Errol Flynn as a cowboy
The Room (2003) – Incompetent drama from exceedingly odd auteur Tommy Wiseau
Room 237 (2012) – Documentary exploring fans crazy theories about Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining
Ruben Brandt, Collector (2018)
The Rum Diary (2011)
Rupture (2016)
S. Darko (2009)
The Sacrifice (1986)
The Sadist (1963)
Safe (1995)
Safe in Hell (1931)
The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (1976)
Saint John of Las Vegas (2009)
Salo, the 120 Days of Sodom (1975) – No, just no
Samurai Princess (2009) – Japanese splatterpunk fantasy about a woman who becomes a cyborg and takes on the souls of eleven raped virgins in a quest for revenge
Samurai Rauni Reposaarelainen (2016)
Santa Claus Conquers the Martians (1964)
Satan Hates You (2009)
Satanico Pandemonium: La Sexorcista (1975)
Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973)
Satan’s Cheerleaders (1977)
Satan’s Sadists (1969)
Scarlet Diva (2000)
The Scarlet Empress (1934)
Scars of Youth (2008) – Low-budget tribute to Stalker has surprisingly accomplished visuals, but is undone by poor acting and not enough plot
Schramm (1993)
Scream of the Butterfly (1965) – Soapy Sixties sexploitation involving a cheating nymphomaniac and her bisexual (male) lover
Screamplay (1985)
The Search for Weng Weng (2007/2013)
Seconds (1966) – A middle-aged man is offered the chance to fake his own death and begin life anew as Rock Hudson
The Secret of Kells (2009) – Brilliantly animated story of the clash between early Christianity and paganism; every frame looks like a cross between classic Disney and an eighth-century illustrated manuscript
A Serbian Film (2010) – A porn star finds himself unwittingly drugged and cast in a sadistic movie enacting real-life atrocities in this controversial, frequently banned shocker
The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988) – Wes Craven serves up a few memorable hallucinatory sequences in this interesting but uneven “serious” take on zombies
Scream and Scream Again (1969)
Serenity (2019)
Session 9 (2001)
Seven Chances (1925)
Seven Stages to Acheive Eternal Bliss (2018)
The Seventh Seal (1957)
Seven Women for Satan (1976)
Sexina (2007)
Sex Madness Revealed (2018)
Sh… the Octopus! (1937)
Shadowplay (2019)
Shame (1986)
Shanty Tramp (1967) – Sleazy exploitation melodrama with interracial sex
The Shape of Things (2003)
The Shape of Water (2017)
The Shasta Triangle (2019)
Shatter Dead (1994)
She Found Now (2018)
She’s Just a Shadow (2019)
Sheitan (2006)
The Shining (1980)
Shiver of the Vampires (1971) – Typically surreal Jean Rollin flourishes—including a spirit emerging from a grandfather clock and a pair of “bourgeois vampires”—fill this otherwise generic, but nudity-filled, bloodsucker flick
Shivers (1975)
Shock Treatment (1981) – This belated sorta-sequel to The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a wacky musical satire of TV that has slightly more detractors than defenders
Shock Waves (1977)
The Shooting (1967) – Existential, enigmatic Western from Monte Helleman, starring Warren Oates and Jack Nicholson
The Shootist (1976) – John Wayne’s swan song
The Shout (1978)
Shutter Island (2010) – Scorsese/DiCaprio psychological thriller that’s atmospheric and worth a peek, though not especially weird
The Shuttered Room (1967)
Sicilian Ghost Story (2017)
Sick Birds Die Easy (2013)
The Signal (2007)
The Silence (1963)
Silent Hill: Revelation (2012) – Lackluster sequel to the Certified Weird original brings no new ideas to the table
The Silent Scream (1980) – Proto-slasher featuring cult icon Barbara Steele
Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014) – More stylish, ultraviolent comic book noir that is definitely of a piece with the 2005 original
Sisters (1973)
Skeletons (2010)
The Skull (1965)
Sky High (1922) – Silent Tom Mix western, mainly notable for its Grand Canyon scenery
Slacker (1991) – Richard Linklater’s debut was this experimental survey of the unemployed bohemians of Austin, Texas
Slacker (1991) – Reader recommendation for the movie listed above.
Slaughtered Vomit Dolls (2006) – Satanist puke-fetish torture porn experimental film. Weird? Yes. Recommended? No.
SLC Punk (1998)
Sleepless Beauty (2020)
Sleepy Hollow (1999)
Slender Man (2018)
Slimed (2010)
Small Talk (2016)
Smash Cut (2009)
Snowpiercer (2014) – After an environmental disaster, humanity survives on a train circling a frozen globe; riders in the rear revolt against the privileged first class passengers
Il Sogno di Scipione (2006) – Staging of Mozart’s mythological dream opera, from the M22 series
Sole Proprietor (2016)
Somebody Up There Likes Me (2012) – Incredibly deadpan comedy about a waiter who doesn’t visibly age thanks to a magic suitcase
Someone’s Knocking at the Door (2009) – The spirits of serial killers rape drug-abusing medical students to death in this hallucinatory disgusto horror film
Something Wild (1986)
Sonny Boy (1989)
The Sorcerers (1967) – An elderly couple use a machine to enter the mind of a 60s swinger
Spark of Being (2010) – Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein,” told through silent archival footage with a dissonant electric jazz score
Sparrows (1926)
Spider Mites of Jesus: The Dirtwoman Documentary (2018)
Spindrift’s Haunted West (2020)
Spiral (2007)
Spirits of the Dead (1968)
Splendor Solis (2015)
Splice (2010) – Genetic horror/parenthood allegory from Vincenzo Natali about the drawbacks of mixing human and animal DNA
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge out of Water (2015)
Spookies (1986)
Spooks Run Wild (1941)
Spotlight (2015)
Spring Breakers (2012) – It’s “Girls Gone Wild” on acid as Harmony Korine tackles the burning issue of spring break bikini babes committing armed robbery
Starfish (2019)
Star Leaf (2015)
Starry Eyes (2014)
Star Trek Time Warp Trilogy (2010-2013)
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) – The crew of the Enterprise go looking for God in space in the most embarrassing entry in the franchise (directed by William Shatner)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Stay (2005) – A visually impressive psychological thriller that puts a little spin on a tired twist, but not enough to merit making the List
Steak (2007) – reader recommendation from Caleb Moss
Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928) – Buster Keaton pilots a steamboat with slapstick results
Stockholm (2013) – Reader recommendation
Stoker (2013) – A mysterious uncle insinuates himself into the life of a virginal 18-year old girl and her mother after her father dies
La Strada (1954)
Straight-Jacket (1964)
The Straight Story (1999)
Straight to Hell (1987)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Miss Osborne (1981)
The Strange Woman (1946) – Edgar G. Ulmer noir starring Heddy Lamarr as a woman more evil than strange
Street Corner (1948)
Street Trash (1987) – Killer rotgut causes hobos to melt in this bad taste black comedy
Strings (2004) – High fantasy set in a kingdom of marionettes, exploring all aspects of marionette culture
The Strong Man (1926) – Manchild Harry Langdon survives a tour in WWI and becomes a circus strong man while searching for his love
Strozeck (1977)
Subject Two (2006) – The subject of a medical experiment must die over and over so that the doctor can perfect his faulty resurrection formula
Sublime (2007)
Suburban Birds (2018)
Suck (2009)
Sucker Punch (2011) – Video game-style fantasy with lingerie-clad babes kicking monster butt in high heels
Suddenly in the Dark (1981)
Sugar Hill (1974) – A blaxploitation heroine uses voodoo to raise an army of zombie hit men to avenge a murder
Suggestive Gestures (2013)
Suicide Squad (2016)
The Suicide Theory (2014)
Sukiyaki Western Django (2007)
Summer Wars (2009)
Sun Don’t Shine (2012) – Florida noir with a great performance from Kate Lyn Sheil that would have benefited from more weirdness
Sunset Boulevard (1950) – Reader recommendation of the Billy Wilder Hollywood noir classic about a failed screenwriter who becomes the boy-toy of an aging, delusional ex-star
Superman and the Mole Men (1951) – Dwarfs with an Electrolux vacuum cleaner threaten the Man of Steel
Super Mario Bros. (1993) – Reader recommendation
Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story (1987)
Supervixens (1975)
Surveillance (2008) – Jennifer Lynch’s long delayed second movie is a perverse cross between Natural Born Killers and a CSI episode
Suspiria (2018)
Switchblade Sisters (1975)
Sympathy, Said the Shark (2015)
Synchronic (2019)
The Synthetic Man (2013)
Tabloid (2010) – Errol Morris documentary documenting the bizarre story of Joyce McKinney, the former Miss Wyoming who allegedly kidnapped and raped a Mormon missionary in 1977
Tag (2015)
Take It out in Trade (1970)
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2014) – Beautiful animated fairy tale from Studio Ghibli about a bamboo cutter who adopts a miniature princess he finds in a bamboo shoot
Tales from the Crypt (1972)
Tales from the Gimli Hospital (1988)
Tales That Witness Madness (1973)
The Tall T (1957)
Tammy and the T-rex (1994)
Tank Girl (1995)
Targets (1968) – Boris Karloff stars as an aging horror host caught up in a real-life shooting spree
Tchoupitoulas (2012) – Impressionistic tour of New Orleans as seen from the viewpoint of three boys stranded in the city overnight
Teeth (2007) – A young girl obsessed with abstinence discovers she has teeth growing in her vagina
The Tempest (1979) – Avant garde interpretation of Shakespeare’s strangest fantasy with much nudity and a torch song finale
The Ten (2007) – Occasionally absurd, occasionally amusing short films based on the Ten Commandments, made by TV sketch-comedy vets
Ten Animated Films by Signe Baumane (2006) -Weird and sexy (female-oriented) shorts
Terminator Genisys (2015)
The Terror (1963)
Terror 5 (2016)
Terror Firmer (1999)
Terror in a Texas Town (1958)
Terribly Happy (2008) – Offbeat, Coen-esque tale of a Danish marshal reassigned to a small rural town full of dirty secrets
Test Tube Babies (1948)
Tetsuo II: Body Hammer (1992)
Tetsuo: The Bullet Man (2009) – Visually impressive but pointless third remake of Tetsuo: The Iron Man
Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994)
The Texture of Falling (2018)
Tezuka Barbara (2020)
ThanksKilling (2008)
Theory of Obscurity: A Film About the Residents (2015)
They Saved Hitler’s Brain (1963/197?) – Confusing mess about Hitler’s head planning a Nazi comeback, with ill-matched new footage added a decade later
The Thing with Two Heads (1972)
Thirst (1979) – Australian vampire tale about a lineal descendant of Elizabeth Bathory’s involvement in the commercial blood farming industry
Thirst [ Bawkji] (2009) – Chan-wook Park’s take on the vampire legend is arty and bloody, as expected, but surprisingly conventional at its heart
The Thirteenth Chair (1929) – Tod Browning’s first sound film features Bela Lugosi as an investigator in a drawing-room murder mystery
This Is Elvis (1981) – Mixes documentary footage with recreations to tell Elvis’ story
This Is Not a Movie (2011) – A man spends the evening before the apocalypse in a Las Vegas hotel room arguing with his alter-egos and a ghost
This Must Be the Place (2011) – Sean Penn plays a retired goth rocker who hunts down an elderly Nazi war criminal
This Night I’ll Possess Your Corpse (1967)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Three on a Match (1932)
Three’s a Crowd (1927) – Guest review of Harry Langdon’s neglected silent classic
Through a Glass Darkly (1961)
Tim and Eric’s Billion Dollar Movie (2012)
Time Warp: The Greatest Cult Films of All Time, Vol. 1: Midnight Madness (2020)
Time Warp: The Greatest Cult Films of All Time, Vol. 2: Horror & Sci-Fi (2020)
Time Warp: The Greatest Cult Films of All Time, Vol.3: Comedy & Camp (2020)
Tiny Tim: King for a Day (2020)
Titticut Follies (1967)
To Die Like a Man [ Morrer Como Um Homem] (2009)
Tokyo Drifter (1966)
Tokyo Tribe (2014)
Tombs of the Blind Dead (1971)
Tombstone Canyon (1932)
Tone-Deaf (2019)
Top Hat (1935)
Top Knot Detective (2017)
Tormented (2011)
Torture Garden (1967)
Touch of Evil (1958)
Tourist Trap (1979)
The Toxic Avenger (1984) – Janitor nerd turns into mop-wielding mutant superhero in this gory, goofy and offensive cult spoof
The Toxic Avenger, Part II (1989) – “Toxie” goes to Japan for more mayhem; the craziness remains, but the lighter tone makes this a moderately more pleasant entry in the series
The Toxic Avenger, Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie (1989) – The producers scrape the bottom of the toxic waste barrel to come up with this third installment composed partially of extra footage from Part II
Trailers from Hell, Vol. 2 (2011) – Trailer compilation (mostly B-movies) coupled with passionate film commentary from some very hip directors and screenwriters
Tramp, Tramp, Tramp (1926) – Man-child Harry Langdon falls in love with a billboard model and enters a cross-country race to win her heart
Trance (2013) – A hypnotherapist tries to uncover a gangster’s repressed memory of where he hid a stolen painting
Transformers (2007)
Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) – It’s bad
Trash [ Andy Warhol’s Trash] (1970) -Joe Dallessandro’s too stoned on junk to get an erection, but he sure meets a lot of weirdos in NYC in the late 60s, including his garbage-collecting transvestite roommate
Triangle (2009) – Weirdness hits the high seas in this psychological mindbender about a single mom trapped on a not-so-abandoned ocean liner
The Tribe (2014)
The Trip (1967)
Trog (1970)
Troll (1986)
Troll 2 (1990)
Trollhunter [ Trolljegeren] (2010) – Truth in advertising in this Norwegian “found footage” horror movie about a man who hunts trolls
Troma’s War (1988)
True Stories (1986) – The Talking Heads investigate the “typical” American town of Virgil, Texas
The Truth About Emanuel (2013) – A troubled teen girl becomes obsessed with her next door neighbor, who strongly resembles her dead mother
Turn in Your Grave (2012)
Tusk (2014) – From the pitch meeting: it’s Human Centipede meets Clerk s in the Great White North
Twilight of the Ice Nymphs (1997) – Guy Maddin’s color misfire has intriguing art design, at least
Twins of Evil (1971)
Twister (1989) – Proof that a quirky dysfunctional family comedy can star both Harry Dean Stanton and Crispin Glover and still be boring
Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) – Three car-obsessed men race across America in this existential cult favorite
Two Orphan Vampires (1997) – Two female vampires pose as blind orphans in this slow, oddly existential meditation from Jean Rollin
Two Tons of Turquoise to Taos Tonight (1975) – Impenetrable avant-garde comedy that’s a collection of not very funny or otherwise interesting scenes
UHF (1989) – Despite the author/star’s name, “Weird Al”‘s TV and movie spoof is only mildly offbeat
Unearthly Stranger (1963)
The Unholy Three (1925) – Silent film involving hte criminal activities of three carnival hustlers who open a pet shop selling counterfeit parrots
The Unknown (1927)
Until the End of the World (1991)
Valentino (1977)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
Valhalla Rising (2009)
Vampire Burt’s Serenade (2020)
Vampire Circus (1972)
Vampire Clay (2017)
Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl (2009) – Gory Japanese horror/comedy sees DG fight FG for the hand of a handsome high school lad
The Vampire Lovers (1970)
Vampiros Sexos (1988)
Vampyros Lesbos (1971)
Vanilla Sky (2001)
Vanishing Waves (2012) – A scientist working on a method to enter others’ minds falls in love with his test subject, a woman in a coma, in this erotic science fiction film from Lithuania
The Vast of Night (2019)
The Vault of Horror (1973)
Verotika (2019)
VHYes (2019)
Vikingdom (2013)
Visioneers (2008) – Corporate satire/black comedy about exploding people, starring Zach Galifianakis
Vixen Highway 2006: It Came from Uranus (2010) – 2 1/2 hour (!) low-budget b-movie pastiche about an escaped girl gang and a rock star who makes a Faustian deal with an alien, or something like that
Viy (1967) – Classic Gothic horror about a seminarian who must spend three nights praying over the corpse of a witch produced in the Soviet Union, under-seen in the West
Voodoo Man (1944)
Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1968) – Roger Corman produced curiosity mixing footage of a Soviet space opera with scenes of Mamie van Doren sunbathing in a clamshell bra
The Wailing (2016)
Waiting for Godot (2001)
Walkabout (1971)
Walk Away Renee (2011)
The Walking Dead (1936)
War Witch (2012)
The War Zone (1999)
Watchmen (2009)
Watership Down (1978)
The Wave (2019)
Waxworks (1924)
Way Down in Chinatown (2013)
Way Out West (1937)
Weirdsville (2007)
Welcome to Nowhere (Bullet Hole Road) (2013)
Welcome to the Circle (2020)
Werewolf in a Girls’ Dormitory (1961)
Werewolves on Wheels (1971)
West of Zanzibar (1928)
Wetlands (2013)
What? [ Che?, AKA Diary of Forbidden Dreams] (1972)
What Dreams May Come (1998)
What’s Up Tiger Lily? (1966)
Where East is East (1929)
Where’s Poppa? (1970)
Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
The Whip and the Body (1963)
White God (2014)
White Rabbit (2013)
The White Ribbon [ Das Weisse Band: Ein Deutsche Kindergeschichte] (2009)
White Tiger (1923)
White Zombie (1932)
The Wick: Dispatches from the Isle of Wonder (2013)
Wicked City (1992)
The Wicker Man (2006)
“Wild and Weird”
Wild Guitar (1962)
Wild Strawberries (1957)
Wild, Wild Planet [ I Criminali della Galssia] (1965)
The Wild World of Batwoman (1966)
Wild Zero (2000)
William S. Burroughs: A Man Within (2010)
Willard (1971)
Will Penny (1968)
Wings of Desire (1987)
Winners Tape All: The Henderson Brothers Story (2015)
Winter in the Blood (2013)
Winter Light (1963)
Winter of Frozen Dreams (2009)
Wisconsin Death Trip (1999)
Wishmaster 2: Evil Never Dies (1999)
The Witch (2015)
The Witch Who Came from the Sea (1976)
The Wizard of Gore (1970)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Wolf Man (1941)/ The Wolfman (2010)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Wonder Woman (2017)
Wozzeck (2006)
Wristcutters: A Love Story (2006)
Wrong Cops (2013)
W the Movie (2008)
Xanadu (1980)
X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014)
Yesterday Was a Lie (2008)
You and the Night (2013)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Zachariah (1971)
Zaide / Adama (2006)
Zama (2017)
Zelig (1983)
Zen Dog (2016)
Zenith (2010)
The Zero Theorem (2013)
Zeta One (1969)
Zigeunerweisen (1980)
Zorg and Andy (2009)
Zorns Lemma (1970)
TV/WEBSERIES/MISCELLANEOUS
“Abnormal: The Cinema of Nick Zedd”
“The Adventures of Superman” (1952-1958) – Episode guide: Season 1, Part 1; Season 1, Part 2; Season 2; Seasons 3-4; Seasons 5-6
“Anima” (2019)
“Batman” (1968-1968) – Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
“Betty Boop, The Essential Collection” – Also see Vol. 2.
“Boogiepop and Others” (2019)
“Boogiepop Phantom” (2000)
“The Book of Dallas” (2012)
“Boris Karloff’s Thriller” (1960-1962) – Episode guide: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5
“Catch-22” (2019)
“Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance” (2019)
“Devilman Crybaby” (2018)
“Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency” (2016)
“Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency,” Season 2 (2017)
“Divorced Dad” (2018)
“Felix the Cat” (1919-1930)
“Frankenstein’s Monster’s Monster, Frankenstein” (2019)
“Jam” (2000)
“The Midnight Gospel” (2020)
“The Mighty Boosh” (2003-2007)
“Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures” (1997-1989)
“Paul Anthony’s Talent Time” (2008-present)
“The Paul Lynde Halloween Special” (1976)
“The Paul Naschy Collection”
“Pee Wee’s Playhouse”
“The Prisoner” (1967-1968) – Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
“Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer” (1964)
“Russian Doll” (2019)
“Saturday Morning with Sid & Marty Kroftt”
“Serial Experiments Lain” (1998)
“The Star Wars Holiday Special” (1978)
“Supergirl”
“Three Fantastic Journeys by Karel Zeman”
“Tokyo Vampire Hotel” (2017)
“The Third Day”
“Twin Peaks” (Pilot)
“Twin Peaks” (Series)
“ Twin Peaks: The Return ”
“Undone” (2019)
“Wild Palms” (1993)
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nyima
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October 31, 2015 at 1:45 pm
i remeber an old movie dunno the date but i recall some of its story or i remember this form a dream not sure but anyways here it goes, a remote village i think a hero who dies or becomes one of the creatures at the end,the creature are small n deformed n eats flesh n i think they are dying out comes out of the ground only during night time
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G. Smalley (366weirdmovies)
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October 31, 2015 at 2:32 pm
I’m going to cut and paste the same answer as above: You should probably to post this question at I Remember This Movie since today is the last day this page is open for comments.
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Cass
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October 31, 2015 at 7:09 pm
Little critter type things and it’s trying to get a little girls hand hanging off the bed while she is sleeping. Dad comes in and steps on it thinking he stepped on an Easter egg
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Hailey smith
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October 31, 2015 at 7:55 pm
I saw this movie on Netflix about a year ago. It was placed in a carnival kinda . this girl was not born human she was evil. But she somehow got a chance to be a human . she got to move in with a family who new she wasn’t human . I think.and she always has these nightmares about the carnival. And at the end of the movie she has to fight all these evil things off . to save her family .can some one help me . she has an evil side that isn’t human . and a good side that is human.
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Amanda
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October 31, 2015 at 10:25 pm
Saw the movie when I was young, on captain usa or something, may be aI hammer film or a Euro film.young blonde women and her boyfriend go to stay in a home of this woman who is a vampire and the blonde woman keeps having really elaborate dreams about the woman. In the end the vampire woman perhaps named Camilla is impaled on a fence and the blonde woman has an internal monologue about how Camilla will live on in her.
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Rachel stewart
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November 1, 2015 at 11:17 am
Hi theirs a movie I remember seeing when I was a kid but have a very vague memory of it must have been in the 80s I think maybe 90s
All I remember is a girl driving on a long road not going anywhere same road for ages and getting tormented by a man which I think was a demon or devil then in a hellish room and she burns books to destroy him??
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Alexa lacanfora
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November 1, 2015 at 11:47 am
I remember some parts of this movie I saw in like 2005-2006 I used to always rent it from block buster, the movie cover was a bunch of kids standing in front of a yellow jeep type car, all I rememember from the movie itself was the kids building a treehouse in the woods and some lady loosing a necklace in the woods and then finding it and the kids where like ghost busters I think.. I wish I remembered more
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November 1, 2015 at 12:05 pm
Guys, post your questions at I Remember This Movie. This page is shutting down tomorrow.
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Sadie Goralski
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November 2, 2015 at 1:37 am
I remember watching this movie as a kid. It started out with a teenage boy riding a skateboard, and he stole a CD. He was caught by the cops, and had to go on a little plane with this teenage girl somewhere…I can’t remember. Probably a juvenile detention center would be my guess. Anyway, this Native American man is flying the plane, and it ends up crashing. I remember the Native American man ends up dying later and the girl and boy bury him in a pile of rocks. Then at one point the girl gets bit by a snake, and the boy has to suck out the venom. Then he builds a raft to go down the river to try to find help, and she hallucinates that she has to find this certain plant or flower, I think, to save her life. That’s about all I can remember. Can someone please help me? This has been driving me crazy for years.
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ShinjiChan
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November 2, 2015 at 4:14 am
I remember watching a movie in the 90s where theres 3 friends (i think) then somehow theres this freaky guy wiped like a goo on 1 of the friends it turned him into a monster then the other 2 friends (boy and a girl) also wiped goo on them and it made them into 1 person. (sorry for my bad english). i hope someone replies
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samantha
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November 2, 2015 at 7:19 am
Looking for the name of the movie that was about a family that moved to a new home and new town…. I want to say that there was some kind of music box and or radio that the child find and/or listen to ..they had a child and the child kept drawing a big circle around two little circles over and over again… Towards the end of the movie they find out that what he was drawing the whole time was these two kids that were murdered by a cop from the town and wrapped in plastic and hidden in a cave in the woods down near the water near their new house trying to communicate with the child about what happened to them and how the cop killed him please help thank you
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November 2, 2015 at 1:36 pm
As promised, we have shut down this page and moved all “what was that weird movie?’ questions to I Remember This Movie. Please post all future questions there. Thank you!
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Welcome to the temperate rainforest. The temperate rainforest is mostly cold; the average temp is above 0Co. There is about 200Cm of rain, snow and hail. The apex predators are the black bear, wolves, eagles. The temperate rainforest is mostly in south east Alaska.
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Homework 1: Was Imperialism good or bad for Africa? | Homework 1: Was Imperialism good or bad for Africa?
Homework 1: Was Imperialism good or bad for Africa?
posted Dec 16, 2011 19:54:15 by brianfong
Was Imperialism good or bad for Africa? Based on the last chapter of your reading packet and information learned in class, explain your answer to this question. Your answer must use specific examples from the reading. Length: 2 paragraphs minimum. Write and POST your answer here by CLICKING on the REPLY button.
[Last edited Jan 12, 2012 17:21:41]
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14 replies
carlosduarte2015@gmail.com said Dec 18, 2011 16:13:53
Imperialism was bad for Africa because it was harsh for them. An other reason is because the Africans didn’t want to do what the whites told them to do. But the benefits of it were resulting from European expansion were unevenly distributed across the continent. The Europeans constructed roads and railroads for them so that was one good thing that they did. But then the Europeans made the Africans do the rest of the work. An other thing that the whites did were that they brought medicines so that they wont die from disease. I still say that imperialism is bad for them because they kept building a lot of houses and that reduced the amount of land for crops cultivation contributing to malnutrition among the African people.
This effected them because it was the economics of the Europeans that they paid the Africans the lowest possible wages. That made the Africans become migrant workers. That made the Africans leave their clan and their family's. But the rubber trade that Africans did it helped to finance the cultivation of cocoa plants. That’s how the Africans made a little money with the cocoa plants but they still didn’t have enough for themselves. That is why imperialism was bad for the Africans because the Europeans made them do all the work.
carlosduarte2015@gmail.com said Dec 18, 2011 16:13:54
Imperialism was bad for Africa because it was harsh for them. An other reason is because the Africans didn’t want to do what the whites told them to do. But the benefits of it were resulting from European expansion were unevenly distributed across the continent. The Europeans constructed roads and railroads for them so that was one good thing that they did. But then the Europeans made the Africans do the rest of the work. An other thing that the whites did were that they brought medicines so that they wont die from disease. I still say that imperialism is bad for them because they kept building a lot of houses and that reduced the amount of land for crops cultivation contributing to malnutrition among the African people.
This effected them because it was the economics of the Europeans that they paid the Africans the lowest possible wages. That made the Africans become migrant workers. That made the Africans leave their clan and their family's. But the rubber trade that Africans did it helped to finance the cultivation of cocoa plants. That’s how the Africans made a little money with the cocoa plants but they still didn’t have enough for themselves. That is why imperialism was bad for the Africans because the Europeans made them do all the work.
alejandro.ramirez.97@live.com said Dec 18, 2011 23:36:57
Imperialism was bad for Africa because it was cruel and harsh for them. Imperialism was bad for Africa because the Europeans took over their land and manipulated the Africans to do things such as collecting items like parm,soil,copper and rubber.The good things that the Europeans did was construct the roads,and railroads for the Africans also they brought in medicines so it will prevent them from getting any disease.Either way it was better for Africa to stay how they were rather then having Europeans help them because they were being used and they didn't even know it until they face the facts.
Imperialism is bad for Africa because the Europeans were using them and treating them poorly and unfair.Even though the Africans did lots of hard work that deserves to get paid with a good wage the Europeans will pay them with the lowest possible wages.This made the Africans very miserable and its also how Africans became very poor.This is why imperialism was bad for Africans because of all the unfairness and harsh stuff the Europeans did to them.
suzettehernan19@gmail.com said Dec 20, 2011 20:35:44
Imperialism was bad for Africa because it had an economic affect on people. The Africans weren’t paid enough wages. This caused them to struggle and work non stop. Another thing is that imperialism caused some people to leave their families and go somewhere else. Even through the struggle Africans had, some groups in Africa did benefit. Whenever the Africans earned profit from the rubber trade, it would be sent to help the cultivation of cocoa plants. This bettered the living standards there.
Imperialism had affected the Africans in many ways. The Africans were treated very poorly and weren’t able to do anything. Even though the Europeans thought of rail road tracks, and brought medicine for diseases, they forced the Africans to do their work. When the Africans refused, then they would get punished. It wasn’t fair for the Europeans to treat the Africans like the way they did. They should make a compromise to work together, share and create one big area so they both can be happy. Imperialism was bad for Africa and the Africans did struggle with it and the Europeans. They fought and the Africans eventually lost. They were treated bad and completely different then the Europeans. The Africans still manages towards the end.
sergrivera8@aol.com said Dec 20, 2011 21:02:01
Hey guys its sergio, I think imperialism was somewhat good for africa but also bad because even though the africans learned new languages and got to dress more appropiatly they had to suffer because they where made slaves and also had to do jobs for white people. They lost there land and there own belives because the white people made them belive in christianity instead of allah or who ever else they belived in. Black had to do what ever the Europeans told them to do and if they didn't do what they say they would get punished.
Blacks where made to go get elephant tusks so they could then later use it for jewelry. If you saw the pictures you didn't really see a smile on the black peoples face they were being tossed around, worn out. Imperialism was more bad than good for the africans in that time period but if you look at them know you can see that some things have changed for the good but you wont see much of that.
a.flores82197@gmail.com said Dec 20, 2011 22:02:26
Imperialism was bad & good for Africa. It was bad for Africa because imperialism left Africa’s economic status in terrible shape. The Europeans didn’t pay the African any money for their labor. The Europeans kept all the oil and gold from Africa. To earn money the Africans had to work non stop. Imperialism caused some African to leave their families because they had to travel to different countries to work. However the Africans worked in groups to make some type of benefit. They made some money by the rubber trade. The rubber trade helped the African finance cultivation of coca plants. This help the African live better.
Imperialism was good for Africans because the Europeans constructed different routes and rail roads for them. This was an easy way for Africans to use the routes as a major transportation to connect to the coast.The Europeans also made Africans contribute products for the markets using the new transportation.The Europeans introduced medicine to the Africans so that they can live longer and have healthier lives. Imperialism had a good affect to the Africans but mainly a bad affect.
luiscano18@aol.com said Dec 20, 2011 23:19:24
Imperialism was bad and slightly good as well for Africa. I think that because the Africans did pretty much what the Europeans said. Africans were paid in lowest possible wages and sometimes they would leave their families because they would have to move out of the city. African's had the lowest possible of land available for themselves because most of it went to the Europeans cities and railroad transportation. Africans did benefit from all the hardwork, they made a profit from it. They made cocoa plants and made a coca farming and that brought prosperity and raised living standards.
Imperialism was slighty good because some Europeans helped some Africans educated. They gave them fashion and showed them how to dress how they did, all fancy. They had medicine for Africans in case they had diseases and Africans got wild so they had alot of diseases. Africans were taught the religion of the Europeans which now like half of Africa beileve in the same god Europeans did. The Europeans even made railroads and routes for the Africans to use so they can go around easier and do what they did.
Joshuazenil@gmail.com said Dec 21, 2011 00:04:55
Imperialism was bad for Africans but in a way it also kind of had a slight positive effect. Imperialism was bad because it took away all of the free will and choice that the Africans had. Europeans came to their continent and controlled everything by forcing them to wear clothes, working, and believing in God. They had a ridiculous belief called the White Man's Burden which stated that white people had a duty to "better the life of black people in Africa and also other races in different places who are not white. They forced them to wear clothes and they used them as slaves! The work that the Africans did was done to benefit the Europeans, this work included jobs like building railroads. This destroyed land that the Africans already had which was used for planting crops. Basically the Europeans ruined the lives of the Africans.
Imperialism was also slightly good for the Africans in its own way. Missionaries from Europe not only brought Christianity but they brought hygiene and education to the Africans. Education is a very important luxury that the kids did not have before. The various railroads that were built greatly improved the economy of Africa beacuse it connected everything together making it easier to trade and send goods. All of the different European countries that colonized Africa also brought with them many different languages that allow Africa today to be so diverse. Other then those factors I do not believe that Imperialism was good for Africa. In the pictures I saw no one was smiling, it destroyed their lives.
Brenda.Anaya said Dec 21, 2011 00:43:54
Hey everyone, it's Brenda!
Imperialism was actually a good thing for Africa although it changed the African society. Europeans introduced medicines to the people in order for them to live longer and be healthier. Also, Africans got to learn material that they would not learn on a daily basis. For example, Africans learned multiple languages, Christianity and many other things. Another good thing about imperialism was that Africans earned profits of the rubber trade which helped the cultivation of cocoa plants. Cocoa farming brought success and increased the living standards. These are reasons why imperialism was good for Africa.
On the other hand, imperialism was bad for Africa. Europeans’ created a rubber plantation on land which was used to grow crops. The result of this decision was the death of many Africans due to not having enough nutrition. Also, Africans would become migrant workers and leave their families. Europeans paid Africans an extremely low salary. Sadly, their salary only managed to support themselves. In addition, Europeans punished Africans very gruesomely such as cut their hands off. Africans began to do as Europeans said and became their servants and soldiers, learned their culture and act as they do. All this happened because of “The White Man’s Burden” which states that Europeans had a “duty” to help those less fortunate than them, Africans. Therefore, imperialism was also bad for Africa.
I agree with all of you and I feel that we all understand the concept of imperialism. Good job everyone!
zouliting1996@gmail.com said Dec 21, 2011 00:44:22
老师， 我今天本来记得拿我的作业的， 但是当我回学校找我作业的时候 我不知道是不是有人把它拿走了， 所以关于我的作业可能不是很完整， 希望您能谅解， sorry。
zouliting1996@gmail.com said Dec 21, 2011 02:30:37
Hey, I am liting.
As far as I know, many people are think imperialism is a bad thing in Africa, even in the book, they also write how bad is imperialism affect Africa. For my opinion is the imperialism could be a bad thing of Africa, however is also can be a good influence in Africa.For example, slave, I think many people know what is slave. In 1442 Portugal was first time to take slave into Africa. People are sell the black people or buy them, even the black people. Beginning the time, white people was treat black people likes slave. The white people is smart, because white people was control the black people and they let black people to control they own. Back to their time, many country want take place of Africa. Every country was fight each other, cause some countries because the decline in aggression and sabotage，destruction. Therefore, the imperialism was a bad thing in Africa.
However there was has good way to Africa has the imperialism. According to the picture we see in the class, we know what is different between now and before.When white people was co the black people, they teach black people how to speak there language，and make the black dress out. For the time go on and on the scientific knowledge in the Africa was better and better. Some under the imperialism' threat was make they self good governance, hard work, strengthen internal unity and solidarity.So the imperialism can be good but also can be bad.
xAna789x@gmail.com said Dec 21, 2011 03:43:03
Based on the reading I think Imperialsim was both good and bad for Africa. Imperialism was good for Africa beacause it helped them with their economy,build better homes,learn new skills,have better clothing,and education. Africa's population had increased from the europeans when they immigrated to Africa. The economy had gotten better in Africa from the europeans. They no longer had cheifs or kings but a government. The africans had learned how to make better homes than havings huts. From the europeans the africans learned new langueges. They also imported important resources. Some of the african countries became bigger and better armies from what they learned from the europeans. Although imperialism seems to be good for africa it was also bad for Africa.
Imperialism was bad for Africans because the britsh took their land,resources,and made the africans slaves. The africans were controlled by the Europeans. The europeans had commited 'White mans burden' on the africans. the europeans thought less of the africans. The only burden europeans wanted was to take up colonial wealth. Missionary motives were also bad for Africa. The europeans had the urge to spread Christianity in Africa. Europeans also viewed colonies as a source of troops. Some countries in Africa had joined European armies. The europeans changed the africans in many ways. They changed their clothing. The africans were forced to wear pants,shirts,shoes and for women dresses or skirts. If the africans disobeyed or touched something that was not theirs the punishment was to cut off their hand (s).
brianfong said Dec 27, 2011 05:35:17
Thank you everyone for your answer. This homework thread is now CLOSED to further postings. Good work turning in your answers on time!
Mandy17xO@gmail.com said Jan 16, 2012 02:07:08
Based on the reading that was given to us,imperialism benefitted Africa but also ruined the entire country. Imperialism was good for Africa for many reasons for example, their economy became better. Africa was also able to build better homes for themselves while medicine was introduced to the damaged country. The Europeans constructed better streets and roads so it was much more easier for transportation. Because of imperialism the Africans have gained a decent education and have clothes to waer. Since the production of Africa grew so did the sizes of some of the countries and more resources were shipped to Africa.
Even though Africa gained good things from imperialism there was more of a negative effect on the country. The Europeans came to Africa expecting to use thier land. The Africans got in the way of what the Europeans intended to do which was take all the gold. That lead the Europeans forcing the Africans to waer clothes and shoes and work for them as slaves. They also forced the Africans to believe the same religion as they did. The sad part about it was they had no choice and if they refused there would be consequences like getting your hand cut off. But overall there was more of a negative effect because of imerialism.
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http://37propertygroup.com.au/real-estate/what-is-stamp-duty/ | What is stamp duty? | The guide to stamp duty
What is stamp duty?
The guide to stamp duty
History of stamp duty
Why is it used in the Australian property industry?
What are the approximate rates for each state?
How could stamp duty be improved?
| What is stamp duty?
What is stamp duty?
37 Property Group | Last Updated:June 2, 2016
The guide to stamp duty
The purpose of this article is to help you understand:
[bra_list style=’colored-counter-list’]
The history of stamp duty;
Why it is used in the Australian property industry;
What are the approximate rates for every state;
How could stamp duty be improved.
[/bra_list]
History of stamp duty
Stamp duty is not a dutiful stamp or an American talking about a young child’s number two. It is a general tax brought about by the transfer of certain documents including real estate transactions.
We can be ‘oh so thankful’ to the Dutch for stamp duty as in 1624 they decided to introduce it, which was gradually adopted by other countries around the world.
There are differing Stamp Duty Acts for every state in Australia as it is a State governed tax, not Federal. According to OSR New South Wales was the first state followed by Tasmania then Queensland to administer the levy.
Examples of Some of the Original Stamp Duty Acts
Stamp Duty Act 1865 (New South Wales)
Stamp Duties Act 1866 (Queensland)
Stamp Duties Act 1923 (South Australia)
Stamp Duty Act 1923 (Australian Capital Territory)
Stamp Duties Act 1935 (Tasmania)
Why is it used in the Australian property industry?
An interesting point made on the OSR website by the then Colonial Treasurer of the time ‘It is a magnificent mode of extracting money from the subject’ in reference to Stamp Duty back in 1866.
A funny point is Stamp Duty rates have remained virtually unchanged since 1986 according an article in The Australsian Journal For Regional Studies while property prices have risen by more than 14 times since the 1970’s. It would make more sense to have a tax related to prices i.e. proportional. Fundamentally the tax is used by State Governments to generate billions of dollars to fund state related projects.
What are the approximate rates for each state?
As the raw figures are harder to understand lets look at a $500,000 property and see the differences between the states based on the Stamp Duty Calculator:
Victoria
Owner Occupier $21,970
Investment $25,070
New South Wales
Owner Occupier $17,990
Investment $17,990
ACT
Owner Occupier $18,050
Investment $18,050
Queensland
Owner Occupier $8,750
Investment $15,925
Western Australia
Owner Occupier $17,765
Investment $19,665
South Australia
Owner Occupier $21,330
Investment $21,330
Tasmania
Owner Occupier $18,247
Investment $18,247
Northern Territory
Owner Occupier $23,928
Investment $23,928
Based on the Stamp Duty Calculator the Northern Territory and Victoria tops the list for the most expensive duties payable compared to Queensland and New South Wales at the bottom of the list.
According to the calculator First Home Buyers in Queensland and Western Australia will not pay the levies if it’s a first home and they live in it.
How could stamp duty be improved?
There are many debates out there detailing how this inefficient tax can be improved to help the community. The main emphasis fuelling these debates are thinking of ways to make it easier for first home buyers to enter the market.
REINSW believes cutting the amount of stamp duty payable, will increase government revenue due to increased activity in the market.
A macrobusiness article details the gradual removal of stamp duty in the ACT over the next 20 years which will be replaced by a land tax levied via increases in property rates.
An article in REIV makes a great point about how the shift to land tax from stamp duty will move the burden of the tax to the areas with the highest land value such as areas around the inner city. The article conveys this in a table showing properties within 20km to the city would account for 84% of land tax instead of the current 61% generated through stamp duty.
These arguments do present an opportunity for first home buyers to benefit in the fringe areas over 30km away. | msmarco_doc_00_22771575 |
http://37steps.com/180/platonici/ | Platonic thinking - Pattern Recognition Tools | Platonic thinking
Platonic thinking
Peaking summarized
| Platonic thinking - Pattern Recognition Tools
Platonic thinking
Monday, April 22nd, 2013 at 00:00
Everybody tries to understand his world. Some people, the scientists, try to do this in a systematic way. They report their findings in books, journals and at conferences. The starting student may think that there is a single way of doing this, of building knowledge and describing progress. He will be confused on what he hears and reads. He is right to be confused. There are many ways, indeed.
It will be very helpful to recognize the way a particular scientist thinks, although it may not always be the same. He may switch directions. Some serious scientists choose to be consistent. This has to be respected, because it is helpful for their audience. On the other hand, one should be flexible as a reader, as a participant of conferences, or in the daily discussions with colleagues, as otherwise interesting contributions may be missed.
In the Platonic way of thinking there is a basic idea about how things are. This is often an implicit and abstract notion that cannot be sharply defined. Reformulations of the starting point of view are permitted as all languages, including logic and mathematics have their limitations. Platonic thinkers need observations to phrase or rephrase their views. Some of them are able to explain any new fact in the light of their original theory: “tell me how it is and I will tell you why”. Their world of ideas is rich, in the basis consistent, but they have difficulties to formulate them as such. Their deepest thinking seems to be from another world, at least not grown from the facts around us.
In an extreme form Platonic thinking may turn into fundamentalism. In milder forms it may refer to myths and legends or to common sense that lives in each of us. It is an interesting exercise to find out where in our own thinking basic ideas and beliefs pop up. The origin of a new hypothesis may be based on it. We may also recognize that we are slow in refuting our hypotheses. Some of them we really like and a single counter example might not be sufficient to reject them, in contrast to what Popper stated and in line with the observations of Kuhn on paradigm shifts.
We will not often meet an Platonic thinker in pattern recognition. It is too much of an engineering field and Plato is far away from real world systems that directly deal with the observable world. Pattern recognition studies learning from examples, while the Platonic thinker does not learn but he knows. At most he adapts the way he phrases his knowledge. So we may meet this direction of thinking in researchers who already have, e.g. by introspection, a clear idea how learning works and then enter the research field. A Platonic colleague or the ability to transform ourselves in this way for some period is, however, certainly useful as we will occasionally have the need to renew our set of hypotheses.
Some areas closely related to pattern recognition that are more mathematically oriented stay close to the fundamental concepts and ideas. For instance statistical learning theory sometimes heavily focuses on the derivation of bounds and convergence speed. Here one may observe the first struggle of formulating an idea into language (logic or mathematics). The proofs may be wrong, or the theorems not applicable. The concepts, however, the basis of the Platonic thinker, are neither right nor wrong. They just are.
Peaking summarized
Trunk's example of the peaking phenomenon
Filed under: Consciousness • Foundation | msmarco_doc_00_22775993 |
http://37thdistrictcourt.net/ | 37th District Court of Michigan |
Official Website of the 37th District Court, Macomb County, MI
Payment Options
37th District Court Livestream YouTube Channels
| 37th District Court of Michigan
Official Website of the 37th District Court, Macomb County, MI
Per the Order of the Supreme Court and Chief Judge John Chmura of the 37th District Court, the following provides the 37th District Court’s response to COVID-19:
The 37th District Court treats this issue very seriously and will continue to monitor the situation. Court officials will seek the advice of public health officials as necessary.
Effective 11/20/20, the 37th District Court has moved back to Phase 1 (from Phase 2) as a result of the COVID-19 positivity rate. IN PERSON court proceedings (with exceptions) are suspended until further notice. Court proceedings will be conducted virtually to the maximum extent possible, and IN PERSON proceedings are limited "to those where there is a statutory or constitutional right that has not been waived".
Court Hours—WARREN and CENTER LINE DIVISION---CLOSED to the public except for limited in-person scheduled proceedings.
Masks are required prior to entry and each scheduled visitor will be screened at the door, including a temperature check.
Those permitted to enter will be screened by court security to determine whether the visit is necessary based on the following criteria:
• Essential parties for in-custody arraignments will be admitted.
• Essential parties for scheduled matters will be admitted.
The following individuals will not be given access to the building as they will be considered non-essential parties:
• Any individual without scheduled hearing.
• Any individual accompanying an individual with a scheduled court matter.
• Individuals with general questions.
Telephone calls are being accepted Monday through Friday, between the hours of 8:30a.m.-4:15p.m.--CLOSED from 12-1 p.m. for lunch.
Payment options: Go to the Payment Options Link for payment.
If you are unable to reach the court by telephone due the volume of calls being received by the court, you may contact the court using the following email address: courtinfo@37thdistrictcourt.org.
Payment Options
37th District Court Livestream YouTube Channels
Judge John M. Chmura – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk9Ud7TPzRK4lhj2752nWg
Judge Matthew P. Sabaugh – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCULPpDUzMTduio1Ol_hi7kQ
Judge Michael C. Chupa – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtwnmSXOmic6AXvxrCBjBFQ
Judge Suzanne L. Faunce – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpjUR-NoEHyGvQ2O_VbWI3g
Please be advised, that the recording of official Court Hearings is not allowed.
Once Court has ended, the live stream will no longer be available for review.
The 37th District Court is part of a State Judicial System, and operates under the supervision of the Michigan Supreme Court. The four District Court Judges, who must be attorneys, are elected by the citizens of Warren and Center Line, for six-year terms.
The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction over the following matters:
All civil litigation up to $25,000.
The arraignment, setting of bail, and preliminary examination of all criminal felony cases.
All criminal misdemeanor violations of state statutes where the penalty does not exceed one year in jail.
All city ordinance violations.
All traffic and parking violations.
The District Court also handles marriages, landlord-tenant litigation, evictions, and land contract forfeitures. Garnishments and other creditor collection procedures also originate in the District Court.
A Small Claims Division for civil cases under $6,500 is provided in the District Court. Hearings are held, where all parties appear without attorneys. Claims are decided, and judgments may be entered for money damages only. No-fault “mini tort” actions are also handled through the Small Claims Division, with a limitation of $3000 for property damage claims. All small claims cases filed in the 37th District Court are mediated prior to hearing, using the services of The Resolution Center. You may learn more about The Resolution Center at www.theresolutioncenter.com.
In the 37th District Court, all testimony is recorded, and every person who appears before the Court has a right to have his case tried by the Judge, or by a jury of six citizens (except in Small Claims cases and civil infraction traffic violations.) All appeals from the 37th District Court are made to the Macomb County Circuit Court.
Fines and fees assessed and collected by the 37th District Court are transferred either to the State of Michigan, the County of Macomb, or the Cities of Warren or Center Line, in accordance with a statutorily established distribution formula. | msmarco_doc_00_22779793 |
http://38.101.64.106/ | SharedBranching.org | Access your credit union account at thousands of locations nationwide, thanks to Shared Branching. | Access your credit union account at thousands of locations nationwide, thanks to Shared Branching.
What IS Shared Branching?
At ANY Shared Branching location you can:
Access your credit union account at thousands of locations nationwide, thanks to Shared Branching.
Find my Nearest Location Now!
| SharedBranching.org | Access your credit union account at thousands of locations nationwide, thanks to Shared Branching.
What IS Shared Branching?
Shared Branching is a national network of credit unions from all over the country that share facilities to give members thousands of convenient locations to perform transactions just as if they were at their home credit union. Whether you are at work, home, or your favorite travel destination, your credit union is always nearby.
At ANY Shared Branching location you can:
Make deposits
Withdraw money
Cash checks
Transfer funds
Make loan payments
Get a copy of your statement
...and more!
All you need is:
credit union name
account number
photo ID
Access your credit union account at thousands of locations nationwide, thanks to Shared Branching.
Find my Nearest Location Now!
Call
(800) 919-888
(800) 919- [2872]
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http://38.101.64.106/faq.htm | Shared Branching | Shared Branching
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Shared Branching?
Shared Branching is a network of credit unions across the country that actually "share" their participating branches with each other. If you are a member of a participating credit union, you can use any other participating credit union's branch, identified by the Shared Branching "Swirl."
Find a Shared Branch.
Where are Shared Branches?
Shared Branches are where YOU are!
There are thousands of Shared Branches across the United States, and in Ecuador, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Puerto Rico. They are convenient when you travel for business or vacation, or attend college away from home. They are also nearby when at work or in the car. Transactions conducted at Shared Branches are real-time transactions.
This convenient service also allows you to access your credit union if you change jobs or move. There is always a Shared Branch nearby.
Just look for the "Swirl."
How does it work?
Just enter any credit union that displays the "Swirl." When you enter any Shared Branch, just provide the teller with:
Your home credit union's name
Your account number
A valid government-issued photo I.D., such as a state driver's license or U.S. passport
Is it safe?
Yes. Using a Shared Branch is just as safe and secure as using your "home" credit union.
What transactions can I conduct?
You can conduct the following transactions at any Shared Branch:
Cash/Check deposits
Cash/Check withdrawals
Loan payments
Transfer between accounts
Statement printouts
Purchase money orders*
Purchase travelers checks*
Purchase official checks*
View details on all transactions
*May not be available all locations
Does my credit union participate?
More credit unions are joining Shared Branching every day. Check to see if your credit union participates.
How much does it cost?
Shared Branching is a free member service provided by your participating credit union.
Do I have to sign up?
No. If you are a member of a participating credit union, you can automatically use any Shared Branch, just like you use your "home" credit union.
Can I ask my credit union to join?
Yes. You can contact your credit union directly or use our convenient Request Form.
How can I join a credit union?
Credit unions are not-for-profit financial institutions that are owned by their members. They offer most of the services that banks do. You may be eligible for membership through the community where you live, your job or occupation, your school, or your church.
Find a credit union to join.
| msmarco_doc_00_22786777 | |
http://384thbombgroup.com/_content/_pages/mission.php | 384th BG Combat Mission List | 384th BG Combat Mission List
384th BG Combat Mission List | 384th BG Combat Mission List
384th BG Combat Mission List
A chronological list of the 316 Combat missions flown by personnel of the 384th Bomb Group during WWII (June 1943 through April 1945). Full mission details can be displayed by clicking on the mission number.
Combat Missions Project
From July 2013 to November 2014, detailed information was added to the combat mission data. The primary focus of the project was to provide a complete description of the intended Primary targets, as well as the best description possible of the location each individual aircraft actually dropped its bombs. In addition, crew/aircraft assignments were reviewed and corrected, descriptions of losses were added (insofar as was possible from available documents), and some details of operational conditions were added. All these changes used mission documents obtained directly from the National Archives (aka "NARA"), and NARA materials available through on-line commercial sources.
While every effort was expended to achieve 100% accuracy, errors surely have crept into the work. That is why I ask that you send all questions regarding possible errors - or omissions - directly to the webmaster, using the button at the bottom of every page.
1943 Missions
(Jump forward to 1944 or 1945 missions)
48 Combat Missions were flown by the 384th during 1943
Number
Date
Primary Target
Target Attacked
Comments
1 ⇗
22 June 1943
Target: General Motors Truck Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Antwerp, Belgium
Primary
First 384th Combat Mission
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Disney / 42-5853
Olbinski / 42-30076
2 ⇗
25 June 1943
Target: Industrial Area & Submarine Pens
Type: Military
Location: Hamburg, Germany
Primary
Weather Reduces Force
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
McMillin / 42-5850
Riches / 42-30143
Way / 42-30049
3 ⇗
26 June 1943
Target: Villacoublay Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Paris, France
None
Target Hidden, Bombs Held
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Burgoon / 42-30031
Cuddeback / 42-3188
Henderson / 42-30037
Rosio / 42-30058
Wheat / 42-30048
4 ⇗
28 June 1943
Target: Fighter Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Beaumont-le-Roger, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
5 ⇗
29 June 1943
Target: duNord Aircraft Works, Villacoublay Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Paris, France
None
Target Hidden, Bombs Held
No Aircraft Lost
6 ⇗
4 July 1943
Target: Gnome et Rhone Aircraft Engine Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Le Mans, France
Primary
Aircraft Plant Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Erickson / 42-29960
Myer / 42-3235
7 ⇗
10 July 1943
Target: Drucat Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Abbeville, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
8 ⇗
14 July 1943
Target: Villacoublay Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Paris, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Airfield Pounded
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Munday / 42-3330
9 ⇗
24 July 1943
Target: Aluminum & Magnesium Plants
Type: Industry
Location: Herøya, Norway
Primary
Aluminum Plants Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
10 ⇗
25 July 1943
Target: Blohm & Voss Aircraft Works and Shipyard
Type: Industry
Location: Hamburg, Germany
Primary
Smoke Screen Challenges Bombardiers
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Christman / 42-3088
Estes / 42-5883
Hall / 42-29670
Hall / 42-3122
Hankinson / 42-3069
Hegewald / 42-3075
Ward / 42-3024
11 ⇗
28 July 1943
Target: Aircraft Engine Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Kassel, Germany
Other
Aborted Mission
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Dietel / 42-30032
12 ⇗
29 July 1943
Target: Naval Base
Type: Military
Location: Kiel, Germany
TOO
Weather Stymies Bombers
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Roberts / 42-29700
13 ⇗
30 July 1943
Target: Aircraft Assembly Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Kassel, Germany
Primary
Bombers Plaster Kassel
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Harry / 42-5848
14 ⇗
12 August 1943
Target: Synthetic Fuel Hydrogenation Plant
Type: Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
TOO
Many Enemy Fighters
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Bigelow / 42-29686
Carrington / 42-3231
Keck / 42-3104
Sierens / 42-30046
Swank / 42-5806
15 ⇗
15 August 1943
Target: Poix-en-Picardie and Amiens-Glisy Airfields
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Poix-de-Picardie & Amiens, France
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
16 ⇗
16 August 1943
Target: Le Bourget Airport & Air Depot
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Paris, France
Primary
Enemy Air Depot Destroyed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Magowan / 42-5797
17 ⇗
17 August 1943
Target: Ball-Bearing Plant
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Primary
First Schweinfurt
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hausenfluck / 42-29956
Mattes / 42-3222
Sweningsen / 42-30139
Wilson / 42-30147
Wofford / 42-3230
18 ⇗
27 August 1943
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Watten, France
None
No Attack: Mechanical Failure
No Aircraft Lost
19 ⇗
31 August 1943
Target: Fighter Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Romilly-sur-Seine, France
None
Target Hidden, Bombs Held
No Aircraft Lost
20 ⇗
3 September 1943
Target: Air Park and Aerodrome
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Romilly-sur-Seine, France
Secondary
Weather Forces Change
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Jones / 42-29914
21 ⇗
6 September 1943
Type: Industry
Location: Stuttgart, Germany
TOO
Target Of Opportunity Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Armstrong / 41-24507
Aufmuth / 42-5720
Faulkiner / 42-3455
McMahon / 42-3041
Pulcipher / 42-5843
22 ⇗
7 September 1943
Target: Bruxelles-Evere Airfield/Repair Depot
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Brussels / Bruxelles, Belgium
Primary
384th Leads Composite Group
No Aircraft Lost
23 ⇗
9 September 1943
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Lille-Vendeville, France
Secondary
Enemy Airfield Devastated
No Aircraft Lost
24 ⇗
16 September 1943
Target: Blockade Runner Ship (in Loire River)
Type: Transportation
Location: Nantes, France
Secondary
Ship Gone; Port Facilities Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Butler / 42-5849
Price / 42-29699
25 ⇗
23 September 1943
Target: Submarine Repair Ship
Type: Submarine Facility
Location: Nantes, France
Primary
Ship Attacked; Results Uncertain
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Higdon / 42-3459
26 ⇗
27 September 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Emden, Germany
TOO
Bad Weather Over Emden
No Aircraft Lost
27 ⇗
2 October 1943
Target: Port Facilities
Type: Transportation
Location: Emden, Germany
Primary
Port of Emden Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
28 ⇗
4 October 1943
Type: Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Industrial Targets Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Kauffman / 42-30043
29 ⇗
8 October 1943
Target: Workshops
Type: Submarine Facility
Location: Bremen, Germany
Other
Bremen Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
30 ⇗
9 October 1943
Target: Aircraft Factories
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Anklam, Germany
Primary
Aircraft Factories Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Calnon / 42-29712
Ingles / 42-29814
31 ⇗
10 October 1943
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Münster, Germany
Other
Coesfeld Mistaken for Münster
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Wilson / 42-5086
32 ⇗
14 October 1943
Target: Ball-Bearing Factory
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Primary
"Second Schweinfurt" aka "Black Thursday"
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Goulder / 42-5852
Harry / 42-29800
Johnson / 42-29784
Kauffman / 42-29870
Keller / 42-30196
Kopf / 42-3216
Ogilvie / 42-31059
Price / 42-3037
Williams / 42-29867
33 ⇗
20 October 1943
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Düren, Germany
None
Weather & Traffic - No Attack
No Aircraft Lost
34 ⇗
3 November 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Wilhelmshafen, Germany
Primary
Pathfinder Leads Attack
No Aircraft Lost
35 ⇗
5 November 1943
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Primary
PFF Attack
No Aircraft Lost
36 ⇗
16 November 1943
Target: Knaben II Molybdenum Mine
Type: Industry
Location: Knaben, Norway
Primary
Several Bomb Runs
No Aircraft Lost
37 ⇗
26 November 1943
Target: City Center
Type: Non-Military
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Bremen Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Amundson / 42-29987
Gilmore / 42-5051
Holland / 42-31042
Zitnik / 42-37762
38 ⇗
29 November 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Bremen Bombed, Results Unobserved
No Aircraft Lost
39 ⇗
1 December 1943
Target: Non-Ferrous Metals Plant
Type: Industry
Location: Solingen, Germany
Primary
Primary Target Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Goulder / 42-30033
Martin / 42-39796
Nelson / 42-29768
Sundlun / 41-24557
40 ⇗
5 December 1943
Target: Fighter Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Saint-Jean-d'Angély, France
None
Weather Blocks Attack
No Aircraft Lost
41 ⇗
11 December 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Emden, Germany
Primary
Emden Hammered
No Aircraft Lost
42 ⇗
13 December 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Maximum Effort
No Aircraft Lost
43 ⇗
16 December 1943
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Cloudy Bremen
No Aircraft Lost
44 ⇗
20 December 1943
Target: Port Area/Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Bremen Attacked Visually
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Carnes / 42-29935
45 ⇗
22 December 1943
Target: Steel Shops/Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Osnabrück, Germany
Unknown
Unknown Location Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
46 ⇗
24 December 1943
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Croisette, France
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
47 ⇗
30 December 1943
Target: I. G. Farben Industrie, Chemical/Synthetic Rubber Plants
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
Primary Target Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Jacobs / 42-31274
48 ⇗
31 December 1943
Target: Blockade Runner 'Orsone' (name of ship)
Type: Transportation
Location: [Mouth of River Garonne], France
None
Target Not Found
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Rich / 42-37725
Stier / 42-31073
1944 Missions
(Jump back to 1943 or forward to 1945 missions)
199 Combat Missions were flown by the 384th during 1944
Number
Date
Primary Target
Target Attacked
Comments
49 ⇗
4 January 1944
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Kiel, Germany
Primary
Port Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Kaczaraba / 42-5838
50 ⇗
5 January 1944
Target: Port Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Kiel, Germany
Primary
Smokescreen Not Effective
No Aircraft Lost
51 ⇗
7 January 1944
Target: Powerhouse
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
Few Aircraft Join Formation
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Garner / 41-24525
52 ⇗
11 January 1944
Target: Ju-88 Aircraft Parts Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Halberstadt, Germany
Other
Port City Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
53 ⇗
14 January 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Le Meillard, France
Primary
V-Weapons Site Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Britt / 42-31246
54 ⇗
21 January 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Preuseville, France
Primary
Weather Affects Bombing
No Aircraft Lost
55 ⇗
29 January 1944
Target: Aircraft Parts Plants
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Technology Trumps Overcast Targets
No Aircraft Lost
56 ⇗
30 January 1944
Target: Aircraft Assembly Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Brunswick / Braunschweig, Germany
Primary
Aircraft Plant Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Penney / 42-37727
Ross / 42-5444
Writz / 42-5404
57 ⇗
3 February 1944
Target: Submarines (under construction)
Type: Submarine Facility
Location: Wilhelmshaven, Germany
Primary
Challenging Weather
No Aircraft Lost
58 ⇗
4 February 1944
Target: Alfred Teves Main Works: Aircraft Parts Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Attack On Aircraft Parts Plant
No Aircraft Lost
59 ⇗
5 February 1944
Target: Bricy Aerodrome, Luftwaffe Training and Bomber Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Orleans, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Airfield Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
60 ⇗
6 February 1944
Target: Nancy/Essey Aerodrome
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Nancy, France
None
Clouds, Snow Conceal Targets
No Aircraft Lost
61 ⇗
8 February 1944
Target: Piston Ring Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Radar Bombing Today
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Covington / 42-39784
62 ⇗
11 February 1944
Target: Propeller Factory (Foundry)
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
TOO
Visual Attack Despite Confusion
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Moore / 42-40005
Widener / 42-39962
63 ⇗
20 February 1944
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Leipzig & Bernburg, Germany
Primary
Big Week Begins!
No Aircraft Lost
64 ⇗
21 February 1944
Target: Fighter Field & Aircraft Storage Depot
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Werl, Germany
TOO
Big Week: Day Two
No Aircraft Lost
65 ⇗
22 February 1944
Target: Aircraft Factory
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Halberstadt & Aschersleben, Germany
Primary
Big Week, Day Three
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
DeFrees / 42-97488
Jeter / 42-31516
Kew / 42-3087
Markow / 42-97450
McDonald / 42-39809
66 ⇗
24 February 1944
Target: Ball-Bearing Plant
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Primary
Big Week, Day Five
No Aircraft Lost
67 ⇗
25 February 1944
Target: Aircraft Assembly & Ball Bearings Plants
Type: Industry
Location: Augsburg & Stuttgart, Germany
Primary
Big Week, Last Day
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Larsen / 42-29717
68 ⇗
28 February 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Preuseville, France
None
Weather Prevents Bombing
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Rinne / 42-31058
69 ⇗
2 March 1944
Target: Alfred Teves Main Works: Aircraft Parts Plant and Machine Shop
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Radar Bombing, Results Unobserved
No Aircraft Lost
70 ⇗
3 March 1944
Target: Roller-Bearing Factory
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
None
8th AF: Mission Recalled
No Aircraft Lost
71 ⇗
4 March 1944
Type: Military
Location: Berlin, Germany
TOO
Weather Alters Mission
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Carpenter / 42-39991
Cosentino / 42-32007
Lovvorn / 42-31606
72 ⇗
6 March 1944
Target: Erkner Ball-Bearing Factory
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
Secondary
Berlin Attacked - Finally!
No Aircraft Lost
73 ⇗
8 March 1944
Target: Erkner Ball-Bearing Factory
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
384th Leads Wing To Berlin
No Aircraft Lost
74 ⇗
9 March 1944
Target: Heinkel Aircraft Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oranienburg, Germany
Secondary
Secondary Target Attacked With PFF
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Reed / 42-37781
75 ⇗
16 March 1944
Target: Aircraft Assembly & Repair Works
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Secondary
Bad Day At Augsburg
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Ledbetter / 42-37801
Stier / 42-37848
76 ⇗
18 March 1944
Target: Aircraft Assembly & Repair Works
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
LaSeur / 42-31871
Smith / 42-37793
77 ⇗
19 March 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-2 Storage and Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Wizernes, France
Primary
Traffic Conflict & Equipment Failure
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Lovell / 42-31926
78 ⇗
20 March 1944
Type: Industry
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
None
Weather Forces Recall
No Aircraft Lost
79 ⇗
22 March 1944
Target: Heinkel Aircraft Assembly Plant at Annahof Airfield
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oranienburg, Germany
Secondary
Berlin Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
80 ⇗
23 March 1944
Target: Airdrome and Airpark
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Gütersloh, Germany
TOO
Targets of Opportunity Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
81 ⇗
24 March 1944
Target: Ball-Bearing Plant
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Secondary
Ball Bearing Plant Spared
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Briley / 42-31166
82 ⇗
26 March 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Le Grismont, Rebecques, France
Primary
V-1 Complex Hit Hard
No Aircraft Lost
83 ⇗
27 March 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Tours & Chartres, France
Primary
Airfield Attacked, Results Mixed
No Aircraft Lost
84 ⇗
28 March 1944
Target: Dijon-Longvic Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Dijon, France
Primary
Clear Weather = Good Bombing
No Aircraft Lost
85 ⇗
29 March 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Brunswick / Braunschweig, Germany
TOO
No Bomb Drop Signal
No Aircraft Lost
86 ⇗
9 April 1944
Target: FW-190 Fighter Aircraft Assembly Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Marienburg, Germany
Primary
Weather Causes Assembly Havoc
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Schock / 42-31740
87 ⇗
10 April 1944
Target: Evere Airfield (50°54'3"N 4°20'9"E)
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Brussels / Bruxelles, Belgium
Primary
Good Weather Helps
No Aircraft Lost
88 ⇗
11 April 1944
Target: FW Aircraft Parts Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Sorau, Germany
Primary
384th Overcomes Weather
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Rich / 42-31375
89 ⇗
13 April 1944
Target: Ball-Bearing Plant
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Primary
Primary Attacked, Huge Losses
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Briley / 42-97233
Fioretti / 42-38112
Heffley / 42-37816
Lavin / 42-97274
Miller / 42-31048
Poole / 42-97228
Stearns / 42-31433
Swanson / 42-97124
Tollison / 42-97231
90 ⇗
18 April 1944
Target: Aircraft Parts Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oranienburg, Germany
Primary
Attack on Aircraft Plant
No Aircraft Lost
91 ⇗
19 April 1944
Target: Aircraft Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Kassel, Germany
Primary
Aircraft Industry Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
92 ⇗
20 April 1944
Target: V-Weapon Service Bunker (under construction)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Sottevast, France
Primary
V-Weapons Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
93 ⇗
22 April 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Hamm, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
94 ⇗
24 April 1944
Target: Dornier-Werke GMBH Aircraft Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Primary
Aircraft Factory Demolished
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Bailey / 42-102446
Brouillard / 42-97221
Broyhill / 42-37885
Edwards / 42-97477
Haley / 42-97372
Harvey / 42-31346
MacKichan / 42-38158
95 ⇗
25 April 1944
Target: Metz-Frescaty Airdrome
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Metz, France
None
Traffic and Weather Prevent Attack
No Aircraft Lost
96 ⇗
27 April 1944
Target: V-Weapon Service Bunker (under construction)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Sottevast, France
Primary
V-Weapons Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Small / 42-97136
97 ⇗
27 April 1944
Target: Toul/Croix de Metz Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Nancy, France
Primary
Airfield Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
98 ⇗
29 April 1944
Target: Industrial District
Type: Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Industry Targeted
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Bouvier / 42-102448
99 ⇗
1 May 1944
Target: Launch Site in Foret Nationale de Tournehem
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Foret Nationale de Tournehem, France
Last Resort Target
Last Resort Target Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
100 ⇗
4 May 1944
Target: Friedrichstrasse Railroad Station
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
None
Mission Recalled
No Aircraft Lost
101 ⇗
7 May 1944
Target: Friedrichstrasse Railroad Station
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Rail Transportation Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Goller / 42-31235
102 ⇗
8 May 1944
Target: Friedrichstrasse Railroad Station
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
103 ⇗
8 May 1944
Target: V-Weapon Service Bunker (under construction)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Sottevast, France
Primary
V-Weapons Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Allison / 42-31211
Brown / 42-97081
Foster / 42-31495
104 ⇗
9 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Thionville, France
Primary
Railroad Hub Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
105 ⇗
11 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Saarbrücken and Ehrang, Germany
Primary
Railroads Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
106 ⇗
12 May 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
First 384th Oil Industry Attack
No Aircraft Lost
107 ⇗
13 May 1944
Target: Aircraft Assembly Components Factory.
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Poznań, Poland
Secondary
Clouds Hide Primary - Again!
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Baker / 42-102548
Francis / 42-97404
108 ⇗
15 May 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Mimoyecques, France
None
No Bombing Today
No Aircraft Lost
109 ⇗
19 May 1944
Target: Unidentified Industrial Area
Type: Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
TOO
Weather Causes Confusion
No Aircraft Lost
110 ⇗
20 May 1944
Target: Orly Airport
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Paris, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
111 ⇗
21 May 1944
Target: NOBALL (Supergun Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Mimoyecques, France
Primary
Mixed Results Today
No Aircraft Lost
112 ⇗
22 May 1944
Target: Warehouse District in the Dock Area
Type: Transportation
Location: Kiel, Germany
Primary
Docks Area Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Castleman / 42-102402
113 ⇗
23 May 1944
Target: Nancy/Essey Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Nancy, France
Secondary
Weather "NOT AS BRIEFED"
No Aircraft Lost
114 ⇗
24 May 1944
Target: Unidentified Military Installations
Type: Military
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Big "B" And Bad Weather
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Seamon / 42-31364
115 ⇗
25 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Sarreguemines and Blainville-sur-l'Eau, France
Primary
Focus on Transportation
No Aircraft Lost
116 ⇗
27 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Mannheim, Germany
Primary
Bad Day For The Railroad
No Aircraft Lost
117 ⇗
28 May 1944
Target: Junkers Aircraft Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Dessau, Germany
TOO
Equipment and Smokescreen Problems
No Aircraft Lost
118 ⇗
28 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
The "Grapefruit" Mission
No Aircraft Lost
119 ⇗
29 May 1944
Target: Focke-Wulf Aircraft Parts Plant
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Krzesiny District, Poznań, Poland
Primary
Long Mission, Good Bombing
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Moore / 42-97573
120 ⇗
30 May 1944
Target: Airfield: Hangars and Repair Sheds
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Halberstadt, Germany
Primary
Airfield Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
121 ⇗
31 May 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Colmar, France
TOO
Weather Diverts Bombers
No Aircraft Lost
122 ⇗
2 June 1944
Target: Gun Battery with six 155mm guns, Tactical Support
Type: Military
Location: Hardelot (5 miles S of Boulogne), France
Primary
Pre-Invasion Tactical Targets
No Aircraft Lost
123 ⇗
2 June 1944
Target: Four Medium Howitzer Batteries, Tactical Support
Type: Military
Location: Neufchatel (5 miles SE of Hardelot), France
Primary
Pre-Invasion Tactical Targets
No Aircraft Lost
124 ⇗
3 June 1944
Target: Coastal Artillery Battery
Type: Military
Location: Le Touquet, France
TOO
Equipment Difficulties
No Aircraft Lost
125 ⇗
4 June 1944
Target: Artillery Battery
Type: Military
Location: Hardelot (Boulogne area), France
Primary
Tactical Targets Again
No Aircraft Lost
126 ⇗
5 June 1944
Target: Field Artillery Battery
Type: Military
Location: La Fosse, France
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
127 ⇗
6 June 1944
Target: Rocket Gun Installation
Type: Military
Location: 'Meuvaines' (actually, 1.3 miles SE of Crépon), France
Primary
Blanked by Weather
No Aircraft Lost
128 ⇗
6 June 1944
Target: Two Bridges
Type: Transportation
Location: Caen, France
Primary
Tactical Bridges Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
129 ⇗
6 June 1944
Target: Highway Choke Point in City of Caen
Type: Transportation
Location: Caen, France
None
Weather Stymies Bombers
No Aircraft Lost
130 ⇗
7 June 1944
Target: Transportation Hub
Type: Military
Location: Caen, France
Primary
Bombers Cut Transport Routes
No Aircraft Lost
131 ⇗
8 June 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards (41C) & Loire River Railroad Bridge (41D)
Type: Transportation
Location: Orleans, France
Primary
Railroads Targeted with Mixed Results
No Aircraft Lost
132 ⇗
10 June 1944
Target: Chateau Bougon Airfield (41A) & Vannes Airfield (41B)
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Nantes & Vannes, France
Primary
Excellent Bombing Results
No Aircraft Lost
133 ⇗
12 June 1944
Target: Railroad Bridge 48°29'N,2°0'W
Type: Transportation
Location: La Vicomté-sur-Rance, France
TOO
A Different Bridge Destroyed
No Aircraft Lost
134 ⇗
13 June 1944
Target: Dreux Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Dreux, France
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
135 ⇗
14 June 1944
Target: Coulommiers Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Coulommiers, France
TOO
Clouds Cover Primary
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Summerville / 42-97188
136 ⇗
15 June 1944
Target: Railroad Viaduct
Type: Transportation
Location: La Possonnièrre, France
Primary
Railroad Bridge Damaged
No Aircraft Lost
137 ⇗
16 June 1944
Target: Athies Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Laon, France
Primary
Enemy Airfield Damaged
No Aircraft Lost
138 ⇗
18 June 1944
Target: Ölwerke Julius Humbles
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Hamburg, Germany
Primary
Bombed Using PFF
No Aircraft Lost
139 ⇗
19 June 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Fleury & Crépy, France
Primary
Weather Limits Bombing
No Aircraft Lost
140 ⇗
19 June 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Fleury & Crépy, France
Secondary
Weather Changes Plans
No Aircraft Lost
141 ⇗
20 June 1944
Target: Oil Refineries
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Harburg (Hamburg area), Germany
Primary
Oil Refineries Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
142 ⇗
21 June 1944
Target: Friedrichstrasse Industrial Area
Type: Industry
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Berlin Industries Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Finch / 42-107221
143 ⇗
22 June 1944
Target: V-2 Storage & Launch Site
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Wizernes, France
Primary
V-2 Underground Bunker
No Aircraft Lost
144 ⇗
22 June 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Lille (Fives district), France
Primary
Transportation Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
145 ⇗
24 June 1944
Target: German Vacuum Oil Company
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Oslebshausen (Bremen area), Germany
Primary
Oil Pressure Continues
No Aircraft Lost
146 ⇗
25 June 1944
Target: Railroad Bridge & Embankment
Type: Transportation
Location: Sens, France
Primary
Tactical Bridges Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
147 ⇗
27 June 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Storage Depot)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Saint-Martin-L'Hortier, France
Primary
V-Weapon Depot Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
148 ⇗
28 June 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Juvincourt (Juvincourt-et-Damary), France
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
149 ⇗
30 June 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Montdidier, France
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
150 ⇗
4 July 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Dreux (Conches-en-Ouche), France
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
151 ⇗
6 July 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Coubronne, France
Various
Traffic Jam
No Aircraft Lost
152 ⇗
6 July 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Blanc Pignon Ferme, Cléty, France
TOO
Overcoming Weather Diffuculty
No Aircraft Lost
153 ⇗
7 July 1944
Target: Me-109 Aircraft Factory
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Leipzig, Germany
Primary
Me-109 Factory Targeted
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Anderson / 42-102442
Bagby / 44-6147
154 ⇗
8 July 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Renescure, France
TOO
Weather Hides Primary Target
No Aircraft Lost
155 ⇗
11 July 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Munich / München, Germany
Primary
First 384th Munich Mission
No Aircraft Lost
156 ⇗
12 July 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Munich / München, Germany
Primary
A Second Long Ride to Munich
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Rosborough / 42-97273
157 ⇗
13 July 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Munich / München, Germany
Primary
Third Munich Mission
No Aircraft Lost
158 ⇗
16 July 1944
Target: Aero Engine Factory
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Munich / München, Germany
Primary
Again to Munich
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Coleman / 42-107064
159 ⇗
17 July 1944
Target: Beautor Bridge
Type: Transportation
Location: Beautor, France
Various
Myriad Problems
No Aircraft Lost
160 ⇗
18 July 1944
Target: Rocket Research & Development Complex
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Peenemünde & Zinnowitz, Germany
Primary
V-Weapons Development Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
161 ⇗
19 July 1944
Target: Hydrogen Peroxide Plant
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Höllriegelskreuth District, Pullach, Germany
Primary
384th Leads 1st Division
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Bodker / 42-97449
Heim / 42-97178
Mount / 42-97237
162 ⇗
20 July 1944
Target: Aircraft Plants
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Dessau, Germany
Secondary
Airfield Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Grant / 42-37974
163 ⇗
21 July 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Schwäbisch Hall, Germany
Secondary
Ludwigshfen Industries Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
164 ⇗
24 July 1944
Target: Tactical - Enemy Strong Points
Type: Military
Location: La Chapelle en Juger & Hébécrevon, France
TOO
Weather Limits Attacks
No Aircraft Lost
165 ⇗
25 July 1944
Target: Tactical - Enemy Strong Points
Type: Military
Location: Montreuil-sur-Lozon, Le Châtel,
& La Chapelle en Juger, France
Primary
Support For Imminent Attack
No Aircraft Lost
166 ⇗
28 July 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil & Chemical Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
Return To Merseburg
No Aircraft Lost
167 ⇗
29 July 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil & Chemical Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
Merseburg Slammed Again
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Sweeney / 43-37870
168 ⇗
31 July 1944
Target: Aero Engine Factory
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Munich / München, Germany
PFF Primary
Munich Again
No Aircraft Lost
169 ⇗
1 August 1944
Target: Railroad Bridge
Type: Transportation
Location: Chartres, France
Primary
Tactical Support Mission
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Harris / 42-97072
170 ⇗
3 August 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Fleury, Flers, Fiefs, France
Primary
V-Weapons Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
171 ⇗
4 August 1944
Target: Rocket Research & Development Complex
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Peenemünde, Germany
Primary
V-Weapon Laboratory Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
172 ⇗
4 August 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Crepieul, France
None
Weather Stymies Strike
No Aircraft Lost
173 ⇗
5 August 1944
Target: Luftwaffe Controlling Station
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Langenhagen, Germany
Primary
Fighter Control Center
No Aircraft Lost
174 ⇗
7 August 1944
Target: Aircraft Fuel Depot
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Dugny (Paris), France
Primary
Target Near Le Bourget
No Aircraft Lost
175 ⇗
8 August 1944
Target: Tactical - Enemy Strong Points
Type: Military
Location: Bretteville-sur-Laize, France
Primary
Tactical Support Mission
No Aircraft Lost
176 ⇗
9 August 1944
Target: Erding Airdrome & Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Erding, Germany
Last Resort Target
More Bad Weather
No Aircraft Lost
177 ⇗
11 August 1944
Target: Tactical: Coastal Artillery Emplacements
Type: Military
Location: Brest, France
Primary
More Troop Support
No Aircraft Lost
178 ⇗
12 August 1944
Target: "Landing Ground"
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: La Perthe, France
Primary
Luftwaffe Attacked Near Paris
No Aircraft Lost
179 ⇗
13 August 1944
Target: Tactical: Road Network
Type: Transportation
Location: Beaumont-le-Roger (area), France
Primary
Enemy Transportation Routes
No Aircraft Lost
180 ⇗
14 August 1944
Target: Echterdingen Airdrome
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Stuttgart, Germany
Primary
Airfield Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
181 ⇗
16 August 1944
Target: Delitzsch Air Field and Air Equipment Depot
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Delitzsch, Germany
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
182 ⇗
18 August 1944
Target: Tactical: Bridge
Type: Transportation
Location: Vise, Belgium
Primary
Tactical Support
No Aircraft Lost
183 ⇗
24 August 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil & Chemical Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
Oil Pressure
No Aircraft Lost
184 ⇗
25 August 1944
Target: Airfield & Airpark
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Anklam, Germany
Primary
Luftwaffe Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
185 ⇗
26 August 1944
Target: Buer Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Primary
More Oil Pressure
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Rainey / 42-97204
186 ⇗
30 August 1944
Target: NOBALL (V-1 Launch Site)
Type: CROSSBOW (V-Weapons)
Location: Crepieul, France
Primary
"NOBALL" Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
187 ⇗
3 September 1944
Target: I. G. Farben Chemical Works
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
Chemical Works Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
188 ⇗
5 September 1944
Target: I. G. Farben Chemical Works
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
German Industry Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
189 ⇗
8 September 1944
Target: I. G. Farben Chemical Works
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
Target Visible at Last Minute
No Aircraft Lost
190 ⇗
9 September 1944
Target: I. G. Farben Chemical Works
Type: Industry
Location: Ludwigshafen, Germany
Primary
Ludwigshafen - Again!
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hartness / 42-102601
191 ⇗
10 September 1944
Target: BMW Motor Component Parts Plant
Type: Industry
Location: Sindelfingen, Germany
Primary
384th Leads Wing
No Aircraft Lost
192 ⇗
11 September 1944
Target: Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Lützkendorf & Merseburg, Germany
Other
Primary Targets Spared By Weather
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Chadwick / 42-107058
193 ⇗
12 September 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Brüx, Czechoslovakia
Primary
Synthetic Oil Plant Destroyed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hanlon / 42-97142
194 ⇗
13 September 1944
Target: Leuna Synthetic Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
The 'Oil Campaign' Continues
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Dodson / 43-38213
195 ⇗
17 September 1944
Target: Tank and Gun Concentrations, Tactical
Type: Military
Location: Eindhoven & 's‑Hertogenbosch (den Bosch), The Netherlands
Primary
Tactical Support Mission
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Kelsay / 44-8011
196 ⇗
19 September 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Hamm, Germany
Primary
Mixed Results
No Aircraft Lost
197 ⇗
21 September 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Mainz, Germany
Primary
Mainz Railroad Targets Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
198 ⇗
25 September 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Primary Target Attacked By PFF
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Plowman / 42-107057
199 ⇗
26 September 1944
Target: Steelworks
Type: Industry
Location: Osnabrück, Germany
Primary
Primary Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
200 ⇗
27 September 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards (PFF Aiming Points)
Type: Transportation
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
Marshalling Yards Bombed By PFF
No Aircraft Lost
201 ⇗
28 September 1944
Target: Steelworks
Type: Industry
Location: Magdeburg, Germany
Primary
Two Bomb Runs - Primary Target Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Brodie / 42-31222
Buslee / 43-37822
202 ⇗
30 September 1944
Target: Handorf Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Münster, Germany
Secondary
Münster Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
203 ⇗
2 October 1944
Target: Ford Motor Works
Type: Industry
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Secondary
Cologne Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
204 ⇗
3 October 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Wesseling, Germany
Primary
Synthetic Oil Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
205 ⇗
5 October 1944
Type: Industry
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Secondary
Cologne / Köln Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Birckhead / 43-38579
206 ⇗
6 October 1944
Target: M/T Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Stettin / Szczecin, Poland
Secondary
Primary Targets Not Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
207 ⇗
7 October 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Leipzig, Germany
Primary
Synthetic Oil Production Targeted
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Mandelbaum / 44-6294
208 ⇗
9 October 1944
Target: Ball-Bearing Plant
Type: Bearings Industry
Location: Schweinfurt, Germany
Primary
Schweinfurt Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
209 ⇗
11 October 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Wesseling, Germany
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Levine / 44-6149
Peterson / 42-97948
210 ⇗
14 October 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Saarbrücken, Germany
Primary
Target: Transportation
No Aircraft Lost
211 ⇗
15 October 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
Railroad Hubs Damaged
No Aircraft Lost
212 ⇗
17 October 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
One Marshalling Yard Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
213 ⇗
18 October 1944
Target: Ford Motor Works
Type: Industry
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Secondary
Weather Challenges Crews
No Aircraft Lost
214 ⇗
19 October 1944
Target: Heinrich Lanz Tank Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Mannheim, Germany
Primary
Tank Factory Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
215 ⇗
25 October 1944
Target: Nordstern Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Secondary
No Aircraft Lost
216 ⇗
30 October 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Secondary
Primary Spared - Secondary Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
217 ⇗
1 November 1944
Target: Nordstern Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Primary
Two Squadrons Hit Primary
No Aircraft Lost
218 ⇗
2 November 1944
Target: Ruhr-Chemie A.G. Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Sterkrade (Holten), Germany
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
219 ⇗
4 November 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bottrop (Welheim), Germany
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
220 ⇗
5 November 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Primary
Marshalling Yards Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
221 ⇗
6 November 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bottrop (Welheim), Germany
Primary
Attack on Oil
No Aircraft Lost
222 ⇗
8 November 1944
Target: Leuna Synthetic Oil Plant (visual aim point)
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Secondary
Another Attack on Oil
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Drake / 42-97282
223 ⇗
9 November 1944
Target: Ground Installations
Type: Military
Location: Ouvrages de Sorbey (Metz), France
Primary
Tactical Support Mission
No Aircraft Lost
224 ⇗
10 November 1944
Target: Ostheim Airfield & Butzweilerhof Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
Primary Targets Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
225 ⇗
11 November 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Primary
Synthetic Oil Plant Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
226 ⇗
16 November 1944
Target: Tactical - Artillery Positions
Type: Military
Location: Eschweiler, Germany
Primary
Enemy Troop Positions Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Springsted / 44-6512
227 ⇗
20 November 1944
Target: Buer Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Secondary
Marshalling Yards Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
228 ⇗
23 November 1944
Target: Nordstern Coking Plant at Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-A.G.
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Primary
Primary Attacked Using Gee-H
No Aircraft Lost
229 ⇗
25 November 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Lützkendorf, Germany
Secondary
Bad Day for German Oil
No Aircraft Lost
230 ⇗
26 November 1944
Target: Railroad Viaduct
Type: Transportation
Location: Altenbeken, Germany
Primary
Bombing by Gee-H
No Aircraft Lost
231 ⇗
27 November 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Offenburg, Germany
Primary
Weather Cooperates
No Aircraft Lost
232 ⇗
29 November 1944
Target: Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Misburg, Germany
Secondary
Refinery Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
233 ⇗
30 November 1944
Target: Synthetic Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Zeitz, Germany
Other
Traffic and Weather
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Champ / 44-8409
Evans / 43-37713
Fleshman / 44-6141
Gabel / 43-38542
234 ⇗
2 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Oberlahnstein, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
235 ⇗
4 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Soest, Germany
Primary
Transportation Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
236 ⇗
6 December 1944
Target: Leuna Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
More Pressure On Oil
No Aircraft Lost
237 ⇗
9 December 1944
Target: Airfield and Daimler Factory
Type: Aircraft Industry
Location: Böblingen (Stuttgart area), Germany
Primary
Daimler Factory Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
238 ⇗
11 December 1944
Target: Road & Rail Bridge
Type: Transportation
Location: Mannheim, Germany
Primary
Rhine Bridge (s) Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
239 ⇗
12 December 1944
Target: Leuna Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Merseburg, Germany
Primary
Continued Pressure on Oil
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hale / 42-102933
240 ⇗
18 December 1944
Target: Road Junction
Type: Transportation
Location: Gemünd, Germany
Secondary
Weather Challenges The Plan
No Aircraft Lost
241 ⇗
19 December 1944
Target: Railway Junction
Type: Transportation
Location: Glaadt, Germany
Primary
Weather Reduces Force
No Aircraft Lost
242 ⇗
23 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Ehrang, Germany
Primary
Primary Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
243 ⇗
24 December 1944
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Kirch Göns, Germany
Primary
Various Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
244 ⇗
27 December 1944
Target: Bridge (Tactical)
Type: Transportation
Location: Altenahr, Germany
Primary
Tactical Support For Troops
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Nelson / 42-107083
245 ⇗
28 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Brühl, Germany
Primary
Group Bombs Railroad
No Aircraft Lost
246 ⇗
30 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Limburg, Germany
Secondary
Historic Limburg Spared
No Aircraft Lost
247 ⇗
31 December 1944
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Neuss, Germany
Primary
Railroad Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
1945 Missions
(Jump back to 1943 or 1944 missions)
69 Combat Missions were flown by the 384th during 1945
Number
Date
Primary Target
Target Attacked
Comments
248 ⇗
1 January 1945
Target: Oil Storage Depot
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Derben, Germany
Secondary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
249 ⇗
2 January 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Gerolstein, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
250 ⇗
3 January 1945
Target: Enemy Strong Point & Transportation Hub
Type: Military
Location: St Vith, Belgium
Primary
Tactical Support
No Aircraft Lost
251 ⇗
5 January 1945
Target: Landing Ground
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Neiderbreisig, Germany
Primary
Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
252 ⇗
7 January 1945
Target: Enemy Strong Point
Type: Military
Location: Blankenheim, Germany
Primary
Support For Ground Troops
No Aircraft Lost
253 ⇗
8 January 1945
Target: Railroad
Type: Transportation
Location: Kyllburg, Germany
Primary
Railroad Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
DeFrancesco / 42-98000
254 ⇗
10 January 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Bonn, Germany
Secondary
Two Marshalling Yards Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hicks / 44-8216
Whitesides / 42-97263
255 ⇗
15 January 1945
Target: Neuburg Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Neuburg an der Donau, Germany
Secondary
Luftwaffe Airfield Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
256 ⇗
17 January 1945
Target: Railroad Viaduct
Type: Transportation
Location: Bielefeld, Germany
Secondary
Secondary Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
257 ⇗
20 January 1945
Target: Rail and Road Bridges
Type: Transportation
Location: Mannheim, Germany
PFF Primary
Transportation Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Cook / 42-97251
Fleshman / 43-38542
258 ⇗
21 January 1945
Target: Marshalling Yard
Type: Transportation
Location: Aschaffenburg, Germany
PFF Secondary
Radar Bombing
No Aircraft Lost
259 ⇗
22 January 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Sterkrade, Germany
Primary
Visual Bombing!
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Birder / 43-37703
Van Popering / 43-38850
260 ⇗
23 January 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Neuss, Germany
Primary
Challenging Weather
No Aircraft Lost
261 ⇗
28 January 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Cologne / Köln, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Jackson / 44-6105
262 ⇗
29 January 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Siegen, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
263 ⇗
1 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Mannheim, Germany
PFF Primary
Secondary Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
264 ⇗
3 February 1945
Target: Tempelhof Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Long / 42-102501
Molder / 42-97960
265 ⇗
9 February 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Lützkendorf, Germany
Primary
Two Targets Hit
No Aircraft Lost
266 ⇗
14 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Dresden, Germany
Primary
Bombs Miss Objective
No Aircraft Lost
267 ⇗
15 February 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bohlen, Germany
PFF Primary
Weather Reduces Force
No Aircraft Lost
268 ⇗
19 February 1945
Target: Coking Plant
Type: Industry
Location: Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Secondary
Transportation Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
269 ⇗
20 February 1945
Target: Main Railroad Station
Type: Transportation
Location: Nuremberg / Nürnberg, Germany
PFF Secondary
Weather Challenges
No Aircraft Lost
270 ⇗
21 February 1945
Target: Tank Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Nuremberg / Nürnberg, Germany
PFF Secondary
Back to Nuremberg
No Aircraft Lost
271 ⇗
22 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Ülzen, Germany
Primary
Target Smashed
No Aircraft Lost
272 ⇗
23 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Plauen, Germany
Primary
Transportation Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
273 ⇗
24 February 1945
Target: Submarine Construction Shipyard
Type: Shipyards
Location: Hamburg, Germany
PFF Secondary
Secondary Target Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
274 ⇗
25 February 1945
Target: Tank & Submarine Engine Factory
Type: Industry
Location: Friedrichshafen, Germany
Primary
Squadrons Attack Separately
No Aircraft Lost
275 ⇗
26 February 1945
Target: Schlesicher Railroad Station (Bahnhof)
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
Berlin Bahnhof Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
276 ⇗
27 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Wahren (Leipzig area), Germany
PFF Secondary
Leipzig Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
277 ⇗
28 February 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Hagen, Germany
PFF Primary
Hagen Railroad Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
278 ⇗
1 March 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Bruchsal, Germany
Primary
Transportation Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
279 ⇗
2 March 1945
Target: Low Temperature Carbonization Plant and Refinery of Deutsche Petroleum A.G.
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Rositz, Germany
Primary
Pressure on Oil
No Aircraft Lost
280 ⇗
3 March 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Misburg, Germany
PFF Secondary
Hannover Railyard Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
281 ⇗
4 March 1945
Target: Ordnance Depot
Type: Military
Location: Ulm, Germany
Primary
Bombing Through Clouds
No Aircraft Lost
282 ⇗
7 March 1945
Target: Oil Refinery
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bochum, Germany
Primary
Two Targets Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
283 ⇗
8 March 1945
Target: Oil Refinery - 'Benzol Plant'
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Essen, Germany
Primary
More Oil Pressure
No Aircraft Lost
284 ⇗
9 March 1945
Target: Henschel Tank and Locomotive Works
Type: Industry
Location: Kassel, Germany
Primary
Industry Smashed
No Aircraft Lost
285 ⇗
10 March 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Schwerte, Germany
Primary
Transportation Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
286 ⇗
11 March 1945
Target: Vacuum Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bremen, Germany
PFF Secondary
Bremen Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
287 ⇗
12 March 1945
Target: Railway Center
Type: Transportation
Location: Betzdorf, Germany
Secondary
Transportation System Targeted
No Aircraft Lost
288 ⇗
14 March 1945
Target: Railroad Bridge, Weser River
Type: Transportation
Location: Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
Primary
Railroad Bridge Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
289 ⇗
15 March 1945
Target: Army HQ
Type: Military
Location: Zossen, Germany
Primary
Army GHQ Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
290 ⇗
17 March 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bohlen (Leipzig), Germany
#6
Weather and Equipment Failures
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Schauer / 42-107148
291 ⇗
18 March 1945
Target: Schlesischer Railway Station
Type: Transportation
Location: Berlin, Germany
Primary
384th Leads Division
No Aircraft Lost
292 ⇗
19 March 1945
Target: Braunkohle-Benzin Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Bohlen, Germany
Tertiary
#3 Target Attacked
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Griffin / 43-39035
Kramer / 44-8008
293 ⇗
20 March 1945
Target: Deutsche Werft Submarine Shipyard
Type: Submarine Facility
Location: Hamburg, Germany
Secondary
Hamburg Hammered
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Hicks / 42-97271
294 ⇗
22 March 1945
Target: German Hutted Camps (Barracks) at 51°36'N,7°06'E
Type: Military
Location: Westerholt, Germany
Primary
Military Camp Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
295 ⇗
23 March 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Gladbeck, Germany
Primary
Pinpoint Accuracy
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Connor / 43-39053
296 ⇗
24 March 1945
Target: Vechta Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Vechta, Germany
Primary
Weather Cooperates
No Aircraft Lost
297 ⇗
24 March 1945
Target: Twente Enschede Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Primary
Second Mission of the Day
No Aircraft Lost
298 ⇗
26 March 1945
Target: Synthetic Oil Plant
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Zeitz, Germany
#4
Weather, Equipment, Turbulence
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Jordan / 44-6109
299 ⇗
28 March 1945
Target: Berlin/Spandau Motor Transport Works
Type: Industry
Location: Spandau (Berlin), Germany
Secondary
Industrial Plant Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
300 ⇗
30 March 1945
Target: Deutsche Schiff- u. Maschinenbau A.G. (DESCHIMAG)
Submarine and Warship Yard
Machine Shop
Type: Submarine Facility
Location: Bremen, Germany
Primary
Bremen Shipyard Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
301 ⇗
31 March 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Lützkendorf, Germany
Tertiary
Division Bombs Tertiary Target
No Aircraft Lost
302 ⇗
3 April 1945
Target: Underground Oil Storage Depot
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Kiel, Germany
Secondary
Weather Forces Change
No Aircraft Lost
303 ⇗
4 April 1945
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Fassberg, Germany
Primary
Some Bombs On Target
No Aircraft Lost
304 ⇗
5 April 1945
Target: Ordnance Depot
Type: Military
Location: Ingolstadt, Germany
Primary
Ordnance Depot Destroyed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Cathey / 43-37843
305 ⇗
6 April 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards (Visual Primary)
Type: Transportation
Location: Leipzig, Germany
Secondary
Leipzig Railyard Bombed
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Gray / 43-39164
Hastings / 43-38801
MacKellar / 44-6923
306 ⇗
7 April 1945
Target: Underground Oil Storage Plant
Type: Military
Location: Hitzacker, Germany
Primary
Bombardiers' Skills Pay Off
No Aircraft Lost
307 ⇗
9 April 1945
Target: Airfield
Type: German Air Force (Luftwaffe)
Location: Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
Primary
Airfield Plastered
No Aircraft Lost
308 ⇗
10 April 1945
Target: Ordnance Depot Workshop Area
Type: Military
Location: Oranienburg, Germany
Primary
SS Depot Attacked
No Aircraft Lost
309 ⇗
11 April 1945
Target: Underground Oil Storage Depot
Type: Oil Industry
Location: Freiham, Germany
Primary
No Aircraft Lost
310 ⇗
14 April 1945
Target: Gun Battery
Type: Military
Location: Royan (Bordeaux), France
Primary
Primary Target Clobbered
No Aircraft Lost
311 ⇗
15 April 1945
Target: Flak guns at Pointe de Suzac
Type: Military
Location: Royan, France
Primary
Flak Guns Bombed
No Aircraft Lost
312 ⇗
16 April 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Regensburg, Germany
Primary
Attack On Transportation
No Aircraft Lost
313 ⇗
17 April 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Dresden, Germany
Primary
Transportation Attacked Again
No Aircraft Lost
314 ⇗
19 April 1945
Target: Railroad Station & Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Elsterwerda, Germany
Primary
Critical Railway Junction
No Aircraft Lost
315 ⇗
20 April 1945
Target: Railroad Marshalling Yards
Type: Transportation
Location: Seddin, Germany
Primary
Clear Weather: Good Bombing
No Aircraft Lost
316 ⇗
25 April 1945
Target: Skoda Armament Works
Type: Industry
Location: Pilsen / Plzeň, Czechoslovakia
Primary
THE LAST ONE!
Pilot/Aircraft losses:
Lovett / 43-38501 | msmarco_doc_00_22789589 |
http://38574565.weebly.com/nursing.html | Nursing - Lillian Wald: Founder of Public Health Nursing | Nursing
Nursing
"She had too much individuality to be willing to lose herself as a cog in an established institution. Instinctively, she wanted to change things-to do better."
| Nursing - Lillian Wald: Founder of Public Health Nursing
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R.L. Duffus, Biographer, Journalist, and Friend
Source: Neglected Books, Year Unknown
"She had too much individuality to be willing to lose herself as a cog in an established institution. Instinctively, she wanted to change things-to do better."
R.L. Duffus, Lillian Wald, Neighbor and Crusader
At sixteen years old, Lillian Wald was present at the birth of her sister Julia's child. The work of the attending nurse inspired Lillian so much that it convinced her to begin a career in nursing.
In 1889, Lillian Wald enrolled in the nursing program at the New York Hospital Training School. She graduated in 1891 and went on to work as a nurse at the New York Juvenile Asylum. The asylum did not appeal to Lillian as she did not want to be confined to the institution's methods of care.
New York Juvenile Asylum
Source: New York Juvenile Asylum's Annual Report, 1856
Childhood
Death
| msmarco_doc_00_22849364 |
http://38b7d37f22bd8ec0ace4-82ac126064b15aee4f6582f34548a61c.r64.cf2.rackcdn.com/uploaded/b/0e4764263_1451590655_biblereading-1year-chronologically.pdf | READ THE BIBLE IN ONE YEAR IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
READ
THE
BIBLE
IN
ONE
YEAR
IN
CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
| READ THE BIBLE IN ONE YEAR IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
READ
THE
BIBLE
IN
ONE
YEAR
IN
CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER
JANUARY
Genesis
1-3
Genesis
4-7
Genesis
8-11
Job
1-5
Job
6-9
Job
10-13
Job
14-16
Job
17-20
Job
21-23
Job
24-28
Job
29-31
Job
32-34
Job
35-37
Job
38-39
Job
40-42
Genesis
12-15
Genesis
16-18
Genesis
19-21
Genesis
22-24
Genesis
25-26
Genesis
27-29
Genesis
30-31
Genesis
32-34
Genesis
35-37
Genesis
38-40
Genesis
41-42
Genesis
43-45
Genesis
46-47
Genesis
48-50
Exodus
1-3
Exodus
4-6
FEBRUARY
Exodus
7-9
Exodus
10-12
Exodus
13-15
Exodus
16-18
Exodus
19-21
Exodus
22-24
Exodus
25-27
Exodus
28-29
Exodus
30-32
Exodus
33-35
Exodus
36-38
Exodus
39-40
Leviticus
1-4
Leviticus
5-7
Leviticus
8-10
Leviticus
11-13
Leviticus
14-15
Leviticus
16-18
Leviticus
19-21
Leviticus
22-23
Leviticus
24-25
Leviticus
26-27
Numbers
1-2
Numbers
3-4
Numbers
5-6
Numbers
7
Numbers
8-10
Numbers
11-13
MARCH
Numbers
14-15;
Psalms
90
Numbers
16-17
Numbers
18-20
Numbers
21-22
Numbers
23-25
Numbers
26-27
Numbers
28-30
Numbers
31-32
Numbers
33-34
Numbers
35-36
Deuteronomy
1-2
Deuteronomy
3-4
Deuteronomy
5-7
Deuteronomy
8-10
Deuteronomy
11-13
Deuteronomy
14-16
Deuteronomy
17-20
Deuteronomy
21-23
Deuteronomy
24-27
Deuteronomy
28-29
Deuteronomy
30-31
Deuteronomy
32-34;
Psalms
91
Joshua
1-4
Joshua
5-8
Joshua
9-11
Joshua
12-15
Joshua
16-18
Joshua
19-21
Joshua
22-24
Judges
1-2
Judges
3-5
APRIL
Judges
6-7
Judges
8-9
Judges
10-12
Judges
13-15
Judges
16-18
Judges
19-21
Ruth
1
Samuel
1-3
1
Samuel
4-8
1
Samuel
9-12
1
Samuel
13-14
1
Samuel
15-17
1
Samuel
18-20;
Psalms
11;
Psalms
59
1
Samuel
21-24
Psalms
7;
Psalms
27;
Psalms
31;
Psalms
34;
Psalms
52
Psalms
56;
Psalms
120;
Psalms
140-142
1
Samuel
25-27
Psalms
17;
Psalms
35;
Psalms
54;
Psalms
63
1
Samuel
28-31;
Psalms
18
Psalms
121;
Psalms
123-125;
Psalms
128-130
2
Samuel
1-4
Psalms
6;
Psalms
8-10;
Psalms
14;
Psalms
16;
Psalms
19;
Psalms
21
1
Chronicles
1-2
Psalms
43-45;
Psalms
49;
Psalms
84-85;
Psalms
87
1
Chronicles
3-5
Psalms
73;
Psalms
77-78
1
Chronicles
6
Psalms
81;
Psalms
88;
Psalms
92-93
1
Chronicles
7-10
Psalms
102-104
MAY
2
Samuel
5:1-10;
Chronicles
11-12
Psalms
133
Psalms
106-107
2
Samuel
5:11-6:23;
Chronicles
13-16
Psalms
1-2;
Psalms
15;
Psalms
22-24;
Psalms
47;
Psalms
68
Psalms
89;
Psalms
96;
Psalms
100;
Psalms
101;
Psalms
105;
Psalms
132
2
Samuel
7;
1
Chronicles
17
Psalms
25;
Psalms
29;
Psalms
33;
Psalms
36;
Psalms
39
2
Samuel
8-9;
1
Chronicles
18
Psalms
50;
Psalms
53;
Psalms
60;
Psalms
75
2
Samuel
10;
1
Chronicles
19;
Psalms
20
Psalms
65-67;
Psalms
69-70
2
Samuel
11-12;
1
Chronicles
20
Psalms
32;
Psalms
51;
Psalms
86;
Psalms
122
2
Samuel
13-15
Psalms
3-4;
Psalms
12-13;
Psalms
28;
Psalms
55
2
Samuel
16-18
Psalms
26;
Psalms
40;
Psalms
58;
Psalms
61-62;
Psalms
64
2
Samuel
19-21
Psalms
5;
Psalms
38;
Psalms
41-42
2
Samuel
22-23;
Psalms
57
Psalms
95;
Psalms
97-99
2
Samuel
24;
Chronicles
21-22;
Psalms
30
Psalms
108-110
1
Chronicles
23-25
Psalms
131;
Psalms
138-139;
Psalms
143-145
1
Chronicles
26-29;
Psalms
127
Psalms
111-118
1
Kings
1-2;
Psalms
37;
Psalms
71;
Psalms
94
Psalms
119:1-88
1
Kings
3-4;
Chronicles
1;
Psalms
72
JUNE
Psalms
119:89-176
Song
of
Solomon
Proverbs
1-3
Proverbs
4-6
Proverbs
7-9
Proverbs
10-12
Proverbs
13-15
Proverbs
16-18
Proverbs
19-21
Proverbs
22-24
1
Kings
5-6;
2
Chronicles
2-3
1
Kings
7;
2
Chronicles
4
1
Kings
8;
2
Chronicles
5
2
Chronicles
6-7;
Psalms
136
Psalms
134;
Psalms
146-150
1
Kings
9;
2
Chronicles
8
Proverbs
25-26
Proverbs
27-29
Ecclesiastes
1-6
Ecclesiastes
7-12
1
Kings
10-11;
2
Chronicles
9
Proverbs
30-31
1
Kings
12-14
2
Chronicles
10-12
1
Kings
15:1-24;
2
Chronicles
13-16
1
Kings
15:25-16:34;
2
Chronicles
17
1
Kings
17-19
1
Kings
20-21
1
Kings
22;
2
Chronicles
18
2
Chronicles
19-23
JULY
Obadiah;
Psalms
82-83
2
Kings
1-4
2
Kings
5-8
2
Kings
9-11
2
Kings
12-13
;
2
Chronicles
24
6
2
Kings
14;
2
Chronicles
25
Jonah
2
Kings
15;
2
Chronicles
26
9
Isaiah
1-4
Isaiah
5-8
Amos
1-5
Amos
6-9
2
Chronicles
27;
Isaiah
9-12
14
Micah
15
2
Chronicles
28;
2
Kings
16-17
16
Isaiah
13-17
17
Isaiah
18-22
18
Isaiah
23-27
19
2
Kings
18:1-8;
2
Chronicles
29-31;
Psalms
48
20
Hosea
1-7
21
Hosea
8-14
22
Isaiah
28-30
23
Isaiah
31-34
24
Isaiah
35-36
25
Isaiah
37-39;
Psalms
76
26
Isaiah
40-43
27
Isaiah
44-48
28
2
Kings
18:9-19:37;
Psalms
46;
Psalms
80;
Psalms
135
29
Isaiah
49-53
30
Isaiah
54-58
31
Isaiah
59-63
AUGUST
Isaiah
64-66
Kings
20-21
2
Chronicles
32-33
Nahum
2
Kings
22-23;
2
Chronicles
34-35
6
Zephaniah
7
Jeremiah
1-3
8
Jeremiah
4-6
9
Jeremiah
7-9
10
Jeremiah
10-13
11
Jeremiah
14-17
12
Jeremiah
18-22
13
Jeremiah
23-25
14
Jeremiah
26-29
15
Jeremiah
30-31
16
Jeremiah
32-34
17
Jeremiah
35-37
18
Jeremiah
38-40;
Psalms
74;
Psalms
79
19
2
Kings
24-25;
2
Chronicles
36
20
Habakkuk
21
Jeremiah
41-45
22
Jeremiah
46-48
23
Jeremiah
49-50
24
Jeremiah
51-52
25
Lamentations
1:1-3:36
26
Lamentations
3:37-5:22
27
Ezekiel
1-4
28
Ezekiel
5-8
29
Ezekiel
9-12
30
Ezekiel
13-15
31
Ezekiel
16-17
SEPTEMBER
Ezekiel
18-19
Ezekiel
20-21
Ezekiel
22-23
Ezekiel
24-27
Ezekiel
28-31
Ezekiel
32-34
Ezekiel
35-37
Ezekiel
38-39
Ezekiel
40-41
Ezekiel
42-43
Ezekiel
44-45
Ezekiel
46-48
Joel
Daniel
1-3
Daniel
4-6
Daniel
7-9
Daniel
10-12
Ezra
1-3
Ezra
4-6;
Psalms
137
Haggai
Zechariah
1-7
Zechariah
8-14
Esther
1-5
Esther
6-10
Ezra
7-10
Nehemiah
1-5
Nehemiah
6-7
Nehemiah
8-10
Nehemiah
11-13;
Psalms
126
Malachi
OCTOBER
Luke
1
;
John
1:1-14
Matthew
1;
Luke
2:1-38
Matthew
2;
Luke
2:39-52
Matthew
3;
Mark
1;
Luke
3
Matthew
4;
Luke
4-5;
John
1:15-51
6
John
2-4
Mark
2
John
5
9
Matthew
12:1-21;
Mark
3;
Luke
6
Matthew
5-7
Matthew
8:1-13;
Luke
7
Matthew
11
Matthew
12:22-50;
Luke
11
14
Matthew
13;
Luke
8
15
Matthew
8:14-34;
Mark
4-5
16
Matthew
9-10
17
Matthew
14;
Mark
6;
Luke
9:1-17
18
John
6
19
Matthew
15;
Mark
7
20
Matthew
16;
Mark
8;
Luke
9:18-27
21
Matthew
17;
Mark
9;
Luke
9:28-62
22
Matthew
18
23
John
7-8
24
John
9:1-10:21
25
Luke
10-11;
John
10:22-42
26
Luke
12-13
27
Luke
14-15
28
Luke
16-17:10
29
John
11
30
Luke
17:11-18:14
31
Matthew
19;
Mark
10
NOVEMBER
Matthew
20-21
Luke
18:15-19:48
Mark
11;
John
12
Matthew
22;
Mark
12
Matthew
23;
Luke
20-21
6
Mark
13
7
Matthew
24
8
Matthew
25
9
Matthew
26;
Mark
14
10
Luke
22;
John
13
11
John
14-17
12
Matthew
27;
Mark
15
13
Luke
23;
John
18-19
14
Matthew
28;
Mark
16
15
Luke
24;
John
20-21
16
Acts
1-3
17
Acts
4-6
18
Acts
7-8
19
Acts
9-10
20
Acts
11-12
21
Acts
13-14
22
James
23
Acts
15-16
24
Galatians
1-3
25
Galatians
4-6
26
Acts
17-18:18
27
1
Thessalonians;
2
Thessalonians
28
Acts
18:19-19:41
29
1
Corinthians
1-4
30
1
Corinthians
5-8
DECEMBER
1
Corinthians
9-11
1
Corinthians
12-14
1
Corinthians
15-16
2
Corinthians
1-4
2
Corinthians
5-9
2
Corinthians
10-13
Acts
20:1-3;
Romans
1-3
Romans
4-7
Romans
8-10
Romans
11-13
Romans
14-16
Acts
20:4-23:35
Acts
24-26
Acts
27-28
Colossians;
Philemon
Ephesians
Philippians
1
Timothy
Titus
1
Peter
Hebrews
1-6
Hebrews
7-10
Hebrews
11-13
2
Timothy
2
Peter;
Jude
1
John
2
John;
3
John
Revelation
1-5
Revelation
6-11
Revelation
12-18
Revelation
19-22
| msmarco_doc_00_22850985 | |
http://393communications.com/chambers-v-legal-500-similarities-differences/ | Chambers v Legal 500: Similarities & Differences – Pearson Communications | Chambers v Legal 500: Similarities & Differences – Pearson Communications
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Lloyd Pearson
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September 17, 2014
Chambers v Legal 500: Similarities & Differences
One of the questions I am asked a lot is about the differences between Chambers and Legal 500.
Sometimes law firms know Chambers, but don’t know Legal 500 quite as well, or at all – and are keen to know more.
Particularly in the US where Chambers has been established for a longer time, but Legal 500 is a more recent entrant to the market.
On the surface, both organizations do a similar thing, and they have more in common than not, but there are some subtle differences.
Here are 10 quick similarities and 10 differences:
Similarities
Although there is some debate about which came first, both Chambers and Legal 500 were launched in the mid 1980s
Each company is independent and privately owned by their respective founders: Michael Chambers (Chambers & Partners) and John Pritchard (Legal 500)
Both men can lay claim to having pioneered the “research directory” concept – that is a legal directory-cum-guidebook that selects and ranks firms based on independent market research
Chambers and Legal 500 are both based in the UK, and run their operations from a single office in central London (Chambers had a small office in Hong Kong for a while but that closed)
Both directories began by publishing a flagship UK directory, and then expanded overseas by launching additional editions focused on different regions of the world
Chambers and Legal 500 continue to publish annual print volumes of their legal directories, but have invested in their online offerings in recent years
As well as the traditional directories, both companies have branched out into related products and services such as events, awards, research reports, and sponsored editorial
The two organizations both conduct their research in broadly similar ways: by requesting information from law firms in the form of submissions and client references, interviewing lawyers and buyers of legal services, and then publishing their findings in print and online
Legal 500 and Chambers both “rank” law firms – that is, they recommend particular law firms in different countries, regions, and areas of practice
Each publisher breaks its ranking tables down into tiers – a form of numerical ranking that reflects, in the publishers’ eyes, the relative quality of law firms and the amount of feedback received
Differences
After its original UK directory, Legal 500 established itself overseas first with its Europe, Middle East, and Africa, and Asia Pacific directories, before moving on to the United States; Chambers’ first international product was its Chambers Global directory (2000), followed by Chambers USA in 2002
Chambers & Partners is larger, with around 150 full-time editors and researchers, while Legal 500 lists around 50 editors and researchers on its website
Almost all of Chambers staff are based in the company’s office in London, while Legal 500 has always supplemented its permanent office-based staff with freelance writers, many of whom are specialists in particular areas of law
Although it has broadened its product range in recent years, for example legal practice guides and general counsel seminars, Chambers & Partners’ business is primarily focused on legal directories; Legal 500, by contrast, is part of a legal publishing company called Legalease, which produces the monthly magazine Legal Business and a number of other specialist legal titles
Legal 500 has fixed deadlines for receiving submissions and client references, whereas Chambers staggers its deadlines over a longer period of time – particularly in larger countries like the United States
Traditionally Legal 500 does its research in a more compact time frame, typically a few months, whereas the Chambers directory season in the US for example stretches over seven months or more – from May to November
In most of its sections, Chambers publishes a law firm ranking and a separate ranking for individual lawyers, whereas Legal 500 ranks mainly law firms; Legal 500 does also highlight leading lawyers within its commentary, and it identifies a select group of leading lawyers, but the latter is a short list of names and is not broken into tiers like Chambers
When it comes to client references, Legal 500 will accept an unlimited number from law firms, whereas Chambers has a stricter limit of 10 or 15 (depending on the region)
Partly because of its policy of accepting an unlimited number of client references, Legal 500’s rankings, and which lawyers are highlighted, tend to swing more from one year to the next to reflect recent market activity; by contrast, Chambers rankings change less from year to year and tend to take a longer-term view of the market
In its United States directory, Legal 500 covers firms nationally, whereas Chambers breaks the country down first into states, and then practices/industries (some sections are covered nationally)
Filed Under: Legal Directories Tagged With: Chambers & Partners, Legal 500
By Lloyd Pearson
Legal marketing and directories consultant serving law firms worldwide.
Contact me
Reader Interactions
Comments
Julie Schaefer says
September 20, 2014 at 5:36 pm
Thank you for pulling this together.
Reply
Trackbacks
The difference between Chambers UK Directory (A client’s guide to the UK legal profession) and Legal 500 United Kingdom | RCR says:
September 27, 2014 at 5:55 pm
[…] http://393communications.com/chambers-v-legal-500-similarities-differences/ […]
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http://39clues.wikia.com/wiki/Jane_Cahill | Jane Cahill | The 39 Clues Wiki | Fandom | Jane Cahill
Jane Cahill
Jane Cahill
Branch:
Age:
Relationships:
First Appears In:
Last Appears In:
Contents
History
Motto
Family
Appearance and Personality
Talents
Cards
| Jane Cahill | The 39 Clues Wiki | Fandom
Jane Cahill
Jane Cahill
Branch:
Janus
Age:
N/A (deceased)
Relationships:
The Cahill Family
First Appears In:
Vespers Rising
Last Appears In:
Vespers Rising
Jane Cahill is one of Gideon and Olivia Cahill's five children and the founder of the Janus branch .
Contents
1
History
2
Motto
3
Family
4
Appearance and Personality
5
Talents
6
Cards
History
Jane was born in 1497, and the youngest Cahill sibling at the time of the fire. She had a very close relationship with her older brother, Luke. He honestly cared about her music and writing, and she loved him for that.
Before the fire, her father Gideon gave her a portion of his master serum that enhanced her artistic skills. She later saw Luke trying to convince Gideon to give him the remaining clues to complete the entire serum. When their home was destroyed in a fire and Gideon was killed, Jane, like her other siblings, believed Luke to be responsible. Heartbroken, she ran off to England to become an artist; art became the only way she could relieve her pain. She disguised herself as a man and used the alias John in order to gain recognition, soon becoming one of the most famous artists in the country.
She later founded the Janus branch of the Cahill family. Her symbol is a wolf and her prized possession was a golden harp, which she always carried with her.
Motto
"Arts above all"
Family
Gideon Cahill - Father (deceased)
Olivia Cahill - Mother (deceased)
Luke Cahill - Brother (deceased)
Thomas Cahill - Brother (deceased)
Katherine Cahill - Sister (deceased)
Madeleine Cahill - Sister (deceased)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi - nephew (deceased)
Louisa - Sister-in-law (deceased)
William Shakespeare - great nephew (deceased)
Winthrop Cahill - nephew (deceased)
Mary Arden - niece (deceased)
Keiko - sister-in-law (deceased)
Wizard Cora Wizard -granddaughter x21
Jonah Wizard -grandson x22
All other members of the Cahill family.
Appearance and Personality
Jane had dark eyes and long red hair, which is pulled into a braid in her card. Amy and Dan comment how Jonah Wizard 's eyes look exactly like Jane's.
She loved music and the arts, especially writing, drawing, and painting; her sister Katherine described her as fanciful. She had a great mistrust of family, due to Luke's perceived betrayal. Her motto is "Arts above all" .
Jane on the Jefferson Puzzle
Talents
Jane was accomplished in the arts, which included drawing, painting, writing and music.
Jane may also have had knowledge of fighting techniques, since most martial arts are mastered by Janus members.
When Jane fled to the mainland, she disguised herself as a man because women were not taken seriously as artists. She used the alias John.
Jane had a good influence on Winthrop Cahill, her brother Luke's son. He loved her music and had, as Olivia would say, "A lot of Jane."
Cards
Card 82: Jane Cahill
v • d • e The 39 Clues
The Clue Hunt
The Maze of Bones • One False Note • The Sword Thief • Beyond the Grave • The Black Circle • In Too Deep • The Viper's Nest • The Emperor's Code • Storm Warning • Into the Gauntlet • Vespers Rising
Cahills vs. Vespers
The Medusa Plot • A King's Ransom • The Dead of Night • Shatterproof • Trust No One • Day Of Doom
Unstoppable
Nowhere to Run • Breakaway • Countdown • Flashpoint
Doublecross
Mission Titanic • Mission Hindenburg • Mission Hurricane • Mission Atomic
Superspecial
Outbreak
Cahill Files Books
Operation Trinity • The Submarine Job • The Redcoat Chase • The Houdini Escape • Silent Night • Spymasters
Additional Books
The Black Book of Buried Secrets • Agent Handbook • Rapid Fire • Midnight Ride • Worlds Collide
Major Characters
Amy Cahill • Dan Cahill • The Outcast • Cara Pierce • Ian Kabra • Nellie Gomez • Jonah Wizard • Hamilton Holt • Sammy Mourad • Nellie Gomez • Aleksander Spasky • Historical Cahills
Authors
Rick Riordan • Gordon Korman • Peter Lerangis • Jude Watson • Patrick Carman • Linda Sue Park • Margaret Peterson Haddix • Roland Smith • David Baldacci • Jeff Hirsch • Natalie Standiford • C. Alexander London • Jenny Goebel • Sarwat Chadda • Clifford Riley • Mallory Kass
Other
Clues • Cards • Missions • Games • Policy
Retrieved from " https://39clues.fandom.com/wiki/Jane_Cahill?oldid=118494 "
Categories:
Characters
Cahill Family (Gideon)
Leaders
Females
Deceased characters
Mothers
Janus characters
Vespers Rising
Janus branch leaders
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Madrigal Branch
History
Characteristics
Crest
Mascot (s)
Members of the Madrigal Branch
Founder
Branch Leaders
Historical Madrigals
Madrigals in The 39 Clues
The Code of the Madrigals
In the Cards
Strongholds
Codes (inside books)
Trivia
| Madrigal Branch | The 39 Clues Wiki | Fandom
Madrigal Branch
Madrigal Branch
Founder:
Madeleine Cahill
Leader:
Formerly Grace Cahill; Currently Fiske Cahill
Strongholds:
Attleboro, Massachusetts
Madagascar
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Easter Island, Chile .
United Nations
Mascot:
Madrigal "M" and Cahill "C"
Skill:
Peacemaking, diplomacy, secrecy
"...and when they are ready . . . they strike."
The Madrigal Branch is the last and formerly secret branch of The Cahill Family .
Madrigals are generally known as stealthy and secretive. They can be very shy (like Amy and Fiske Cahill) or eccentric and troublemaking (like Grace and Dan ).
History
The Madrigals were founded by Olivia Cahill's fifth child Madeleine Cahill. After Gideon died in the fire that destroyed their home, Olivia Cahill gave birth to Madeleine. She was raised by her mother to reunite the Cahills. Madeleine swore on Olivia's deathbed that she would reunite the family. In honor of Olivia, many Madrigals take up their mother's surname, like Dan and Amy Cahill .
The ultimate goal of the Madrigal branch is to prevent a single branch from obtaining all 39 clues and reunite the Cahill Family. They try to avoid using violence and killing, but as with all Cahills, will do so when necessary. When Constantine of Russia (a Lucian) came the closest in history to gathering all thirty-nine clues, the Madrigals led the Bolshevik Revolution and killed the Last Royal Family of Russia. Only Anastasia Romanova survived.
The first "Beware the Madrigal" in Vespers Rising
Another task for the Madrigals is to, under all costs, protect Gideon's gold ring from the Vespers, as it is the final piece for their doomsday device.
The former leader of the Madrigals, Grace Cahill, died at the beginning of the first book in the 39 Clues series, setting off the events in the series. The current leaders of the Madrigals are Amy and Dan Cahill, Grace's grandchildren.
Characteristics
It is imperative that you learn to work with others to achieve a greater good.' - NRR to Amy and Dan, The Black Circle.
Madrigals were long believed to be ruthless assassins and spies. It wasn't until recently the other Cahills learned that the Madrigals are actually a fifth branch of the family, who strive for peace between all five branches. More than half the Nobel Peace Prize Winners were Madrigals, and they helped found the United Nations and other peace associations and organizations.
In order to be Madrigal, a person must pass several tests without knowing they are doing so. Only after would they be told the secret of the Madrigals. The reason why this branch is very secretive is because the other branches would certainly be unhappy if they found out that the Madrigals have equal status as them and knew what their mission was. The entrance to be a Madrigal used to be dramatically different until Ana Kosara joined the branch and was discovered to be a Vesper spy, and subsequently dismissed.
Also, Madrigals are often matrilineal, meaning that they carry their mother's name, as a symbol of Madeleine's devotion to her mother, Olivia. This is demonstrated with Amy and Dan, as they have their mother's surname Cahill rather than their father's surname Trent.
Other Cahills feared them, believing that they were “rogue Cahills” who didn’t know what branch they were in.
Crest
The Madrigal crest is different from the other Cahill family branches' crests, not just by looks, but by meaning. The Madrigal crest is a black shield emblazoned with a calligraphic "C", making it the only crest without an animal. The "C" stands for " Cahill ". The Madrigals also use the calligraphic "M", for "Madrigal", but there is no known Madrigal crest that uses the "M" except in The Black Book of Buried Secrets, where is is used in the corners of the pages and at the start of the Madrigal section. Nowhere else is the Madrigal Crest used with an "M" instead of a "C." As with all of the other Cahill family crests, there is a grayish-silver scroll with the word "CAHILL." The word "MADRIGAL" is never used in the scroll, probably because of the way the Madrigals want to stay secret. The smaller, simpler Madrigal crest is used everywhere but the scroll. The "M" is used to scare other Cahills away. Notice: The Madrigals use the same crest that belongs to the entire Cahill family.
Mascot (s)
The Madrigal mascot is actually two mascots; the calligraphic letter "C," meaning Cahill, and the calligraphic letter "M," meaning Madrigal. Unlike the other branches, they do not have an animal as a mascot. The Madrigals use the "C" in the idea that one day all five branches of the Cahill family will reunite and fulfill the Madrigal's mission. On the other hand, the Madrigals use the letter "M" to spread fear and uneasiness through the other Cahill branches, especially after ambushes, demolitions, assassinations, etc. In The Black Book of Buried Secrets, it is said even the toughest agents run away screaming in fear once they see it. The crest is the only one to use different mascots for different meanings.
Members of the Madrigal Branch
Founder
Madeleine Cahill
Branch Leaders
Madeleine Cahill (deceased)
Grace Cahill (deceased)
William McIntyre (deceased)
Amy and Dan Cahill (current)
Historical Madrigals
See also: Category:Historical Madrigals
Amelia Earhart
Florence Nightingale
Abigail Adams
Harriet Tubman
Frederick Douglass
Anne Bonny
Nanny of the Maroons
William Shakespeare
Walt Whitman
Mother Teresa
Clara Barton
Madrigals in The 39 Clues
Grace Cahill
Arthur Trent
Hope Cahill
Dan Cahill
Amy Cahill
William McIntyre
Fiske Cahill
Beatrice Cahill
Nellie Gomez
Madeleine Cahill
James Cahill
Camille Wizard
Saladin
Ana Kosara (defected to Vespers)
Emily Martella
Nataliya Ruslanova Radova
Robert Bardsley
Ian Kabra
Jonah Wizard
Hamilton Holt
The Code of the Madrigals
The Code of the Madrigals is apparently a book written for Madrigal members. It was seen on the back of Card 72 and Card 73 .
In the Cards
On Card 61 there are people dressed as a red snake, golden dragon, green wolf, and a blue bear (representing the four branches).In between the wolf and the bear, there is a dark carnival figure representing the Madrigals.
Card 65: Grimm Tales reveals the Grimm Brothers were Madrigals. They invented the story of "Rumplestilskin" to scare away other branches from alchemy. All the other branches were scared of the Madrigals.
Strongholds
Very little is known about their strongholds, though it is known that one must escape a maze in one of their strongholds in order to be a Madrigal. One maze is located in South America, as revealed by the iPhone game Madrigal Maze .
Cahill Manor, Attleboro, Massachusetts, United States
Cahill Island, Ireland
Geneva, Switzerland
The Hague, The Netherlands
United Nations Headquarters, New York City, New York, United States
Madagascar
Easter Island, Chile
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Codes (inside books)
The most important code is in Book 8 : The Emperor's Code
Combined - they say : Madrigals are behind everything. They lay out the path the others will walk. The end is coming.
Pages:
Madrigals (Pg. 2)
are (Pg. 3)
behind (Pg. 40)
everything (Pg. 43)
. (Pg. 43)
They (Pg. 45)
lay (Pg. 48)
out (Pg. 50)
the (Pg. 66)
path (Pg. 71)
the (Pg. 107)
others (Pg. 123)
will (Pg. 148)
walk (Pg. 152)
. (Pg. 152)
The (Pg. 153)
end (Pg. 154)
is (Pg. 159)
coming (Pg. 178)
. (Pg. 178)
Trivia
Many strongholds above are unofficial strongholds, except for two.
The Madrigals are heavily maternal, and many male Madrigals take their female partner's surnames. This is done in honor of branch founder Madeleine Cahill's close bond to her mother Olivia.
You cannot choose to be a Madrigal on the website when you first create an account. You can only be a Madrigal on the website if you pass through the gauntlet and collect all 39 Clues.
The key on The 39 Clues logo also has an M, which stands for Madrigal.
On all the messages Madrigals write they sign with this symbol: M
In the clue records Card Pack 2, a code says "In this competition, the branches will fall by my hand. In the end, there will only be Madrigals.
Certain words are circled in book eight. When these words are put together they read: "Madrigals are behind everything. They lay out the path the others will walk. The end is coming."
To win the hunt, you must connect in some way with the Madrigal branch or a Madrigal.
v • d • e The 39 Clues
The Clue Hunt
The Maze of Bones • One False Note • The Sword Thief • Beyond the Grave • The Black Circle • In Too Deep • The Viper's Nest • The Emperor's Code • Storm Warning • Into the Gauntlet • Vespers Rising
Cahills vs. Vespers
The Medusa Plot • A King's Ransom • The Dead of Night • Shatterproof • Trust No One • Day Of Doom
Unstoppable
Nowhere to Run • Breakaway • Countdown • Flashpoint
Doublecross
Mission Titanic • Mission Hindenburg • Mission Hurricane • Mission Atomic
Superspecial
Outbreak
Cahill Files Books
Operation Trinity • The Submarine Job • The Redcoat Chase • The Houdini Escape • Silent Night • Spymasters
Additional Books
The Black Book of Buried Secrets • Agent Handbook • Rapid Fire • Midnight Ride • Worlds Collide
Major Characters
Amy Cahill • Dan Cahill • The Outcast • Cara Pierce • Ian Kabra • Nellie Gomez • Jonah Wizard • Hamilton Holt • Sammy Mourad • Nellie Gomez • Aleksander Spasky • Historical Cahills
Authors
Rick Riordan • Gordon Korman • Peter Lerangis • Jude Watson • Patrick Carman • Linda Sue Park • Margaret Peterson Haddix • Roland Smith • David Baldacci • Jeff Hirsch • Natalie Standiford • C. Alexander London • Jenny Goebel • Sarwat Chadda • Clifford Riley • Mallory Kass
Other
Clues • Cards • Missions • Games • Policy
Retrieved from " https://39clues.fandom.com/wiki/Madrigal_Branch?oldid=121832 "
Categories:
Madrigal
Branches of the Cahill family
Organizations
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The 39 Clues
The 39 Clues
Author:
Publication Date:
Pages:
Setting:
Contents
Plot Overview
Branches
The Lucian Branch
The Ekaterina Branch
The Tomas Branch
The Janus Branch
The Madrigal Branch
Books in Series One: The Clue Hunt
Book One: The Maze of Bones
Book Two: One False Note
Book Three: The Sword Thief
Book Four: Beyond the Grave
Book Five: The Black Circle
Book Six: In Too Deep
Book Seven: The Viper's Nest
Book Eight: The Emperor's Code
Book Nine: Storm Warning
Book Ten: Into the Gauntlet
Book Eleven: Vespers Rising
Books in Series Two: Cahills vs. Vespers
Book One: The Medusa Plot
Book Two: A King's Ransom
Book Three: The Dead of Night
Book Four: Shatterproof
Book Five: Trust No One
Book Six: Day of Doom
Books in Series Three: Unstoppable
Book One: Nowhere to Run
Book Two: Breakaway
Book Three: Countdown
Book Four: Flashpoint
Books in Series Four: Doublecross
Book One: Mission Titanic
Book Two: Mission Hindenburg
Book Three: Mission Hurricane
Book Four: Mission Atomic
Super-Special
Book: Outbreak
| The 39 Clues | The 39 Clues Wiki | Fandom
The 39 Clues
The 39 Clues
Author:
The 39 Clues
Rick Riordan
Gordon Korman
Peter Lerangis
Jude Watson
Patrick Carman
Linda Sue Park
Margaret Peterson Haddix
Mallory Kass
Cahills vs. Vespers
Gordon Korman
Jude Watson
Peter Lerangis
Roland Smith
Linda Sue Park
David Baldacci
Unstoppable
Jude Watson
Jeff Hirsch
Natalie Standiford
Gordon Korman
Doublecross
Jude Watson
C. Alexander London
Jenny Goebel
Sarwat Chadda
Superspecial
C. Alexander London
Rapid Fire
Clifford Riley
The Cahill Files
Clifford Riley
Publication Date:
September 3, 2008 - September 27, 2016
Pages:
Varies by Book
Setting:
Various Places
The 39 Clues is a set of four series written by a combination of authors. It is based in the present time, and is an interactive series as well as an output of information, mostly pertaining to famous historical events and/or people. Published by Scholastic, The 39 Clues has grown to includes the books as well as cards, a website, games, competitions, character biographies, and much more.
Contents
1
Plot Overview
2
Branches
2.1
The Lucian Branch
2.2
The Ekaterina Branch
2.3
The Tomas Branch
2.4
The Janus Branch
2.5
The Madrigal Branch
3
Books in Series One: The Clue Hunt
3.1
Book One: The Maze of Bones
3.2
Book Two: One False Note
3.3
Book Three: The Sword Thief
3.4
Book Four: Beyond the Grave
3.5
Book Five: The Black Circle
3.6
Book Six: In Too Deep
3.7
Book Seven: The Viper's Nest
3.8
Book Eight: The Emperor's Code
3.9
Book Nine: Storm Warning
3.10
Book Ten: Into the Gauntlet
3.11
Book Eleven: Vespers Rising
4
Books in Series Two: Cahills vs. Vespers
4.1
Book One: The Medusa Plot
4.2
Book Two: A King's Ransom
4.3
Book Three: The Dead of Night
4.4
Book Four: Shatterproof
4.5
Book Five: Trust No One
4.6
Book Six: Day of Doom
5
Books in Series Three: Unstoppable
5.1
Book One: Nowhere to Run
5.2
Book Two: Breakaway
5.3
Book Three: Countdown
5.4
Book Four: Flashpoint
6
Books in Series Four: Doublecross
6.1
Book One: Mission Titanic
6.2
Book Two: Mission Hindenburg
6.3
Book Three: Mission Hurricane
6.4
Book Four: Mission Atomic
7
Super-Special
7.1
Book: Outbreak
Plot Overview
Amy and Dan Cahill never knew their parents. They passed away in a fire when the siblings were young and their stingy grandaunt Beatrice became their guardian. However, on the weekends, Amy and Dan stayed with their grandmother, Grace Cahill, whose adventurous life gave her great stories to entertain her grandchildren with. When Grace passes away, many relatives gather at the reading of her will. Amy and Dan learn that they are part of the Cahill Family: an ancient family with four (secretly five) branches: the Lucians, Janus, Tomas, and Ekaterinas, and secretly, the Madrigals. The founders of the Cahills, Gideon and Olivia Cahill had discovered a secret so powerful, that whoever found it would become the most powerful person in the entire world. In order to find the great secret, the searcher must have 39 different Clues, or ingredients, hidden throughout the world. When Grace died and her will was read, selectively chosen relatives had to make a choice: accept $1,000,000 or take the first Clue and start the hunt. Numerous relatives leave with the million dollars, including Aunt Beatrice, but seven teams stay:
The Holt Family
Irina Spasky
Ian Kabra, Natalie Kabra
The Starling Family
Alistair Oh
Jonah Wizard
Amy and Dan Cahill
Although the "official" Clue-Hunt began at Grace's funeral, the competition has been going on since the separation of the original Cahill Family and the creation of the branches.
Members of the Cahill Family are sorted into their branches by their blood and their talents.
Branches
The Cahill Family is made up of four (secretly five) separate branches, always determined enemies of each other. Each branch has it's qualities and enhanced abilities, as found out when the Master Serum is discovered.
The Lucian Branch
Main article: Lucian Branch
The Lucian crest
The Lucian Branch was founded by Luke Cahill .
Its qualities are ruthlessness tactics, strategy, spying, sabotage, and being secretive and shadowy. The best leaders and spies came from this branch. Isabel and Vikram Kabra were the leaders of this branch until Isabel went to jail and Vikram went in hiding with other top Lucians in London.
The Ekaterina Branch
Main article: Ekaterina Branch
The Ekaterina Branch was founded by Katherine Cahill .
Its qualities are inventiveness, intellect, abstract
The Ekaterina crest
thinking, and overall smarts. The inventors, great thinkers, engineers, and archaeologists as well as many others came from this branch. Bae Oh was the leader of this branch until he was arrested for murder. Alistair Oh was the leader up to Trust No One. The current leader is Patricia Oh .
The Tomas Branch
Main article: Tomas Branch
The Tomas Branch was founded by Thomas Cahill .
Its qualities are physical endurance and strength,
The Tomas crest
prowess, brawn, adventurousness, and determination. The best athletes, explorers, warriors, etc. came from this branch. Magnus Hansen is the current leader of this branch.
The Janus Branch
Main article: Janus Branch
The Janus Branch was founded by Jane Cahill .
Its qualities are categorized into one world-art. The Janus
The Janus crest
excel with many artistic things, whether it's painting a picture or breaking into a stronghold. The best artists, writers, singers, etc. came from this branch. Cora Wizard is the current leader of this branch.
The Madrigal Branch
Main article: Madrigal Branch
The Madrigal Branch was founded by Madeleine Cahill .
Its qualities come from the heart and soul of a person, and
The Madrigal crest
they tend to be humanitarians, peace-makers, etc., but also are sneaky, shadowy, smart, etc. This is because the goal of this branch is not to collect all 39 Clues, but to bring the family back together. Unfortunately, this oftentimes comes to the actions of killing, stealing, and destroying. Fiske Cahill is the current leader this branch, and Grace Cahill and William McIntyre were before they died. It is expected that Amy and Dan will take over for Fiske when he dies.
Books in Series One: The Clue Hunt
The Clue Hunt consists of eleven books.
Book One: The Maze of Bones
Main article: The Maze of Bones
In the first part of the book, Grace Cahill is dying and changes her will just before she dies. All/most of her relatives namely; the Holt Family, Alistair Oh, Ian and Natalie Kabra, Irina Spasky, The Starlings, Jonah Wizard and his dad, Grace's grandchildren-- Amy and Dan —and some others (Jose, Beatrice, Ingrid) go to the funeral. Some are called to a room by her lawyer and he tells them that the Cahill Family was a influential clan in the history of mankind. There, they are given a choice; to receive a million dollars, or to join the hunt for the 39 Clues that will lead to unimaginable power. Amy and Dan choose to join the hunt, and travel to Philadelphia, Boston, and ultimately Paris in search of a Clue left by Benjamin Franklin. With them travels their Au-pair, Nellie Gomez. They find the Clue ( Iron Solute) and go to the next stop; Vienna, Austria .
Book Two: One False Note
Main article: One False Note
In the second book, Amy, Dan and Nellie travel aboard a train to Vienna, Austria. When the Holts infiltrate the train, Saladin shreds their only lead. In Vienna, they find out a hint which tells them to go to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's birthplace which is Salzburg, Austria. They find the diary of Anna Maria " Nannerl Mozart --the sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart--that points to Venice. In Venice, the find the missing pages which tells them to go to a friend of Mozart named Fidelio Racco and go to his house. There they find two swords made of the Clue, Tungsten. The swords were made in Japan, and the exhibit said that Fidelio Racco went to Japan and was never heard from again, so Amy, Dan, and Nellie resolve to go there next.
Book Three: The Sword Thief
Main article: The Sword Thief
In the start of this book, Amy and Dan Cahill are about to board a plane with Nellie already inside, but Natalie and Ian Kabra bust in, take their flight, and "steal" their Identities. Later, they form an alliance with Alistair Oh and the Kabras. They go to Seoul, Korea and go to Alistair's mansion where they search for helpful information. Amy and Ian start to fall for each other. The six of them go to a cave with the statue of a famous person known as The Bald Rat. As the cave opens up, Amy is in shock because of the sudden opening of the cave, and Ian saves her by tackling her. They kiss without the others seeing and all of them go inside the cave. They find the clue; gold. Ian and Natalie take the clue though Ian was hesitant, and leave the three inside with Amy feeling hurt. Dan and Amy escape while thinking Alistair died. They go to his mansion and see the dirty white gloves he was wearing indicating that he is alive. The Cahill siblings feel that Alistair tricked them. They go to Egypt with full knowledge that they tricked the Kabras into going to Kyrgyzstan.
Book Four: Beyond the Grave
Main article: Beyond the Grave
Amy and Dan go to Egypt as they realized that the Ekaterina founder, Katherine, left a Clue in Egypt. Amy and Dan create an alliance with their Uncle Alistair, although the plan ultimately fails. They meet Grace's best friend Hillary Vale and her son Theo, who later betray Amy and Dan. However in the end, they find the Clue: Myrrh .
Book Five: The Black Circle
Main article: The Black Circle
In the fifth book, The Black Circle, Amy and Dan travel to Russia in hunt of a Clue. Pairing up with The Holts, the two teams travel to multiple cities to find this Clue. Amy and Dan meet NRR a mysterious character who knows their parents. We discover Irina Spasky 's past, and we again see the Man in Black. The Cahill siblings find the Clue Amber .
Book Six: In Too Deep
Main article: In Too Deep
Down under, in the Australian wilderness, Amy and Dan meet their uncle, Shep, and hunt down on of the Clues. In this book, Amy realizes things about the fire, and tries to remember exactly what happened, and is surprised when she finds who was there the night of the fire. Towards the end of the book, Irina Spasky dies, sacrificing her life for Amy and Dan. The Clue is Water .
Book Seven: The Viper's Nest
Main article: The Viper's Nest
Amy and Dan travel to South Africa, where they enter the Tomas Stronghold. After finding the Clue, which is Aloe, Dan is poisoned and Amy and Dan find out they are Madrigals. The Clue is Aloe .
Book Eight: The Emperor's Code
Main article: The Emperor's Code
In The Emperor's Code, Amy and Dan travel to China with Nellie in search of the Clue. Dan gets angry at Amy and runs away because of what she said about their parents. After that, Dan gets kidnapped by the Kabras and has to stay with Jonah Wizard until he finds Amy. Eventually, Dan and Amy meet again and go in a helicopter to the top of Mt. Everest. The Clue is not at the top, but a vial of liquids with the Janus symbol on it, which later turns out to be the Janus serum. They realize that the final prize would make you have all the characteristics of each Cahill branch. When they get back down the mountain, they find their eighth Clue: raw silk secretion. The Clue is Silk. Jonah asks Cora if he can stop being in the hunt.
Book Nine: Storm Warning
Main article: Storm Warning
Storm Warning was released May 25, 2010. The setting is in Jamaica. The Man In Black's identity is revealed to be Amy and Dan's secret great-uncle, Fiske Cahill. The purpose of the Madrigal branch is revealed to be to stop the branches from fighting each other and to make sure they never get too many Clues. It is also revealed that at the time of the fire, Olivia Cahill was pregnant with her fifth child: Madeleine, whose descendants would be the Madrigals. Amy and Dan open a secret box and find the Clue Mace. Fiske tells them six more Clues, which are Barley, Copper, Rosemary (they already knew because of Irina ), Lily, Pepper, and Vinegar. Nellie becomes a Madrigal.
Book Ten: Into the Gauntlet
Main article: Into the Gauntlet
In this book, the final countdown begins. Amy and Dan must stop Isabel from recreating the Master Serum and they must unravel the secret of the Gauntlet. Also, they must make peace with a representative from each branch. However, Isabel does make the serum, but is stopped from drinking it just in time. But, it isn't over yet, the Vespers are rising!
Book Eleven: Vespers Rising
Main article: Vespers Rising
In this book, there are four sections:
The first is about the night Gideon Cahill died.
The second is about how Madeleine Cahill was inspired to form the Madrigal branch.
The third is about how Grace Cahill as she embarks on her very first mission during one of the most dangerous moments of the 20th century, WWII.
The last is about how Amy and Dan Cahill fight Vespers to find Gideon's gold ring.
Book 1: The Maze of Bones
Book 2: One False Note
Book 3: The Sword Thief
Book 4: Beyond the Grave
Book 5: The Black Circle
Book 6: In Too Deep
Book 7: The Viper's Nest
Book 8: The Emperor's Code
Book 9: Storm Warning
Book 10: Into the Gauntlet
Book 11: Vespers Rising (acts as a transition between the two series)
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Books in Series Two: Cahills vs. Vespers
Book One: The Medusa Plot
Main article: The Medusa Plot
This book was written by Gordon Korman was released on August 30, in conjunction with Card Pack 1: The Marco Polo Heist .
Book Two: A King's Ransom
Main article: A King's Ransom
This book was written by Jude Watson was released on December 6, 2011.
Book Three: The Dead of Night
Main article: The Dead of Night
This book was written by Peter Lerangis and was released on December 6, 2011.
Book Four: Shatterproof
Main article: Shatterproof
This book was written by Roland Smith was released on September 4, 2012 together with Card Pack 2: The Magellan Heist .
Book Five: Trust No One
Main article: Trust No One
This book was written by Linda Sue Park and released on December 5, 2012.
Book Six: Day of Doom
Main article: Day of Doom
This book was written by David Baldacci and was released on March 5, 2013.
Book 1: The Medusa Plot
Book 2: A King's Ransom
Book 3: The Dead of Night
Book 4: Shatterproof
Book 5: Trust No One
Book 6: Day of Doom
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Books in Series Three: Unstoppable
The 39 Clues: Unstoppable, is the third series in the 39 clues, following Cahills vs. Vespers. It takes Amy and Dan to explore the lost civilizations of the world. Founders Media was revealed as the antagonist organization (for Nowhere to Run).
Book One: Nowhere to Run
Main article: Nowhere to Run
This book was written by Jude Watson. It was released on October 1, 2013.
Book Two: Breakaway
Main article: Breakaway
This book was written by Jeff Hirsch. It was released on January 28, 2014.
Book Three: Countdown
Main article: Countdown
Countdown was written by Natalie Standiford. It was released on May 2014.
Book Four: Flashpoint
The series "finale" was written by Gordon Korman. It was released on September 2014.
Book 1: Nowhere to Run
Book 2: Breakaway
Book 3: Countdown
Book 4: Flashpoint
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Books in Series Four: Doublecross
The 39 Clues: Doublecross is the fourth and might be the final series in The 39 Clues. The card puzzle is The Outcast Master Plan Puzzle. The main antagonist is The Outcast, a Cahill from the past, who knew Grace and was removed from the family for some as yet unknown reason.
Book One: Mission Titanic
Main article: Mission Titanic
This book was written by Jude Watson. It was released on February 24, 2015. The disaster replicated by The Outcast is the Titanic.
Book Two: Mission Hindenburg
Main article: Mission Hindenburg
This book was written by C. Alexander London. It was released on July 28, 2015. The disaster replicated by The Outcast is the Hindenburg.
Book Three: Mission Hurricane
Main article: Mission Hurricane
This book was written by Jenny Goebel. It was released on January 26, 2016. The disaster replicated by The Outcast is the hurricane Katrina.
Book Four: Mission Atomic
Main article: Mission Atomic
The final book will be written by Sarwat Chadda. It will be released on June 28, 2016. The final disaster to be replicated is Chernobyl.
Book 1: Mission Titanic
Book 2: Mission Hindenburg
Book 3: Mission Hurricane
Book 4: Mission Atomic
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Book: Outbreak
This book will be written by C. Alexander London. It will be released on September 27, 2016. It will be the last book in the whole series.
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http://3ad.org/coldwar.cfm?subpage=4403 | Cold War Casualties | Cold War Casualties
Cold War Casualties
Cold War Casualties
1955
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| Cold War Casualties
Cold War Casualties
Cold War » Cold War Casualties
Cold War Casualties
While the Cold War did not generally produce casualties as other wars do, many soldiers still lost their lives while serving on freedom‘s frontier. Most of the casualties involved training accidents and these soldiers died in foreign lands protecting freedom. So we wanted to honor these veterans for their ultimate sacrifice for our country. The names of these Spearhead soldiers will be added in chronological order. If we get information about the facts surrounding each soldier, we will publish the story behind each soldiers death.
If you have additional information or additions that need to be made about any of these soldiers please contact the webmaster.
1955
Vincent Steiner of D Battery 57th Anti-Aircraft Battalion, died from brain hemorrhage while on duty at the Fligerhorst Kaserne on 31 October 1955. Vincent Steiner was a mechanic serving as part of the 3d Armored Division advance party for Operation Gyroscope. Cpl Victor M. Motherly a former P.O.W in the Korean War escorted his body home to Ohio. This information was provide by his daughter to honor her father.
PVT McAllister C Company 709th Tank Battalion was killed on base by another soldier in 1955. This information was provided by Joe McElreath: PVT McAllister was killed on post at Ft.Knox KY when he confronted another soldier for not doing his mess duty job. This soldier didn’t like following orders and he told “Mac“ he would meet him in the parking lot after they got off duty. Mac went to the lot. The guy had stolen a butcher knife from the mess hall and he jumped on Mac’s back from behind stabbing him several times. Mac died before he got to the hospital. It is unknown how much time this coward spent in prison for this act. Mac was a good soldier and friend. May god bless his soul.and thanks for listing his name.—I was one of his many friends in the army. Joe McElreath
1956
PVT Stefan J. Maj Jr A Company 23rd Engineer Battalion was run over by an M48 tank during a night exercise at Grafenwöhr in 1956 or 1957. He and another soldier were posted to guard a corner intersection. One was supposed to keep watch while other slept. The tank cut the corner where they were dug in. The survivor said he was the one who was sleeping. PVT Maj was still alive & was transported by ambulance to the hospital in Nüremberg. He was DOA. We called him Maj (also on his name tag) since his Slavic name was long and difficult to pronounce. After his death we learned that as a child he was interred in a concentration camp in Czechoslovakia, reportedly not too far away from where he died. PVT Maj emigrated to the States after the war. A draftee in 1955, he said his family was opposed to his being assigned to a unit which was scheduled to replace 4th Infantry Division in Germany.
We have this additional account of this incident from Henry Wheat:
Pvt Stefan J Maj Jr was from Somerville, NJ, this was something we had in common because I was also from NJ, about 20 miles north of Somerville, a town called Parsippany. However, I did not know Maj until we met at FT Knox. Maj and his family did emigrate to the US from Czechoslovakia after WW2. He was drafted into the Army in July 1955 and assigned to A co, 23rd, AEB, 3AD. We trained with the unit at Ft Knox and arrived in Hanau, FRG on June 10, 1956. We were in our barracks in Hanau less than two months when A Company was sent to Grafenwohr during August 1956 for extensive training in the field.
We were told that we would be at Grafenwohr for a few weeks, everything went smoothly and near the end of our stay we participated in a field exercise with other units of the 3AD. The field exercise lasted two days and at the end of the second day our platoon pulled into an open field, that was surrounded by woodland, for some chow and a rest period. We were hungry and tired with little sleep in the previous 36 hours. We were gathered around our vehicles eating our meal when an infantry officer, a major, appeared and ordered us to disperse because the field exercise was not over.
We hurried to finish our meal and were told to pair off across the field. Maj and Landrio the driver of A-11, APC walked out into the field and placed their air mattress and sleeping bag on the ground, crawled in and went to sleep. Their sleeping bags were not side by side but head to head at 90 degrees to each other. My sleeping buddy and I were only a few yards away from them. During the night a tank came through the field missing everyone sleeping on the ground except Maj and Landrio. Because of the position they were in, at right angles to each other, the treads missed Landrio, the two tracks passed on each side of him, however one track ran over Maj. He and Landrio were transported by ambulance to the hospital in Nurnberg where Maj was DOA. Landrio suffered no injuries and was released the next day.
Landrio told me later that Maj was alive during the ride to the hospital. They had a conversation during most of the trip. He did say the ride was rough and bumpy and they felt every bump which made the pain greater for Maj. Two days later A Company attended a memorial service in the chapel at Grafenwohr with Maj’s closed casket in attendance. Just to set the record straight, no one was posted to guard a corner intersection and no one was supposed to keep watch while the other slept.
1957
PFC (We need a name) of the 33d Tank Battalion was working in tank maintenance and was directing a tank into a service stall when it pinned him against a wall and crushed him to death.
1958
( Name) 83rd Recon Battalion, ( Name) was killed when he was pinned between a laundry truck and the wall of the barracks sometime between 1956 and 1958.
CPT Edward Young of Headquarters Company, 33d Tank Battalion died from a self-inflicted 45cal gunshot wound to the head. This occurred in his office at midday while others were working in nearby offices.
1959
( We need a name), 2nd Battalion 73rd Field Artillery ( We need a name) who had just arrived five days earlier assigned to the 73rd Arty Hanau was killed when a spade was released from a tank and it crushed him during 1959 or 1960.
This information provided by Bob Bollman : While stationed in Gelnhausen, Germany I was at Wildflecken in 1958-9 with the 6th Field Artillery, 3AD. The weather was terrible. There were 3 or more casualties. One was accidentally shot in barracks, one was a jeep rollover and one was a tank turret accident. I don’t remember any more details. These were sad memories but I would like to know more about them now.
1960
In one terrible accident on Friday 2 September 1960 at Grafenwöhr, Germany a howitzer from Battery A, 3d Battalion, 18th Field Artillery, an element of the V Corps Artillery, fired an 8 inch projectile with an incorrect charge. This round landed outside of the impact area in Camp Kaserne where the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron, 12th Cavalry of the 3d Armored Division was bivouacked. When the round impacted 16 soldiers were killed and a further 26 were wounded. The table below list the names and units of those killed and wounded.
KILLED
NAME
UNIT
Mappin, Jack W. Jr. MSG
A/3-12 Cavalry
Rodgers, Edward V. SFC
C/3-12 Cavalry
Cochran, Charles SGT
D/3-12 Cavalry
Eastham, Jack L. SP5
D/3-12 Cavalry
Beckworth, James B. SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Johnson, Earl SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Merrill, William A. SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Barofaldi, Robert E. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Harris, Norman D. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Higman, Michael J. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Love, David L. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Lucas, Elmo M. Jr. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Nelson, Charles L. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Parker, J. C. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Pleshakov, George PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Saurino, Augustine PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
WOUNDED
Sergeant, Charles W. SFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Crum, Melvin R. SFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Gaynard, Grant SFC
C/3-12 Cavalry
Coomer, Robert R. SFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Egland, Clarence C. SFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Mollett, John B. SFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Tilley, James V. SGT
D/3-12 Cavalry
Oldziejewski, Alesky SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Riechter, Charles SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Howard, Robert H. SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Pinkley, Norman G. SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Wilson, Robert L. SP4
D/3-12 Cavalry
Bibler, Douglas A. PFC
A/3-12 Cavalry
Carr, Richard L. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Eichenlaub, George H. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Richards, Lawrence PFC
C/3-12 Cavalry
Romweber, George P. “Peter” PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Szuravkin, George PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Carey, Jesse L. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Church, David J. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Fisher, Charles D. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Patton, Thomas F. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Robbins, Keith C. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Siner, Bobby PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
Vaughn, Franklin W. PFC
D/3-12 Cavalry
From Basil J. Hobar, Colonel, USA (Ret), Alexandria, VA and Bonita Springs, FL:
I was looking for information on this incident for a memoir I am writing for my children and found your website on an Internet search. I was a second lieutenant in the 3rd Infantry Division in Bamberg, Germany at the time of the terrible incident. I remember the news of it spreading like wildfire and the ensuing fallout. I have no first hand information on the incident and for me it was a news story only until quite a few years later.
In 1965/66 I was serving in the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborn) in Vietnam on Detachment C-3. My boss, the detachment XO, was one Major Joseph C. Lutz, Armor. One day we got to talking about that incident and Major Lutz told me that he was the commanding officer of the cavalry troop that was on the receiving end of the artillery round! He was probably a captain at the time of the incident. Joe Lutz continued in Special Forces and rose to the rank of Major General . He died several years ago. I thought you might want to add this information to your description of the incident. I served in the 3d Armored Division from 1976 to 1979 so I am an old Spearheader too!
From Thomas R. Derzon on this incident:
I was in B Troop of the 12th Cavalry 3rd Recon Squadron on September 2, 1960 at Grafenwöhr when the artillery shell overshot the impact area and landed in the D Troop arms tent. It as an 8 inch howitzer that had too big a bag charge of powder. A few years later I found myself working along side a fellow veteran who was actually on that gun crew. Everyone concerned was devastated by the incident. Our hearts and minds when out to our fellow troopers who paid the ultimate sacrifice to protect our freedom even though it was peacetime. The only positive was that on all of our remaining trips to Grafenwöhr, we never again had to stay in tent city. We paid the price.
This account is from Bennie C. Holtsclaw . As a forward observer for the 2 nd Howitzer Battalion (105 SP), 3 d Artillery, Combat Command A, 3AD, I was directing fire from the air in an L19 aircraft on 2 Sep 1960 at Grafenwoehr training post. I had just completed a mission when a “cease all fire” message came over the radio. From what I was hearing at the time I understood that there had been an accident but I did not know how serious. I did hear a message that required all units to stay in place until further notice. There was some difficulty with radio transmission between 3AD and the Graf Post Commanders. Since I was in the air I offered to relay messages and was ordered to stay in the air as long as possible and continue to relay messages. My pilot said that we had plenty of fuel and could stay up for a while. In less than an hour I was relieved of my relay duties and we landed at the Graf airport. By the time I got back to my unit it was pretty well known what had happened. At the time it was reported that 17 had died and “many” were wounded. It was a sad and somber day for many of us in the 3AD that day. May the good Lord continue to keep His comforting arms around all those families involved. Bennie C. Holtsclaw (1Lt., 2FA, CCA, 3Arty,3AD – Dec ‘58 – May ’62) Cedar Point, KS
SGT Fisher a tank commander was killed in a night- training accident when his tank over-turned and caught fire. The accident happened in 1960 at Area M near Schweinfurt, Germany.This information was provided by R. Turner.
2LT Dick Baylor of the 23d Engineer Battalion was killed when the car he was driving overturned and crushed him. Info provided by Osborne Oakley, 23d Engineer Battalion, 1959-1962.
SSG Croston Battalion Motor Sergeant of the 23d Engineer Battalion was killed when a car he was driving ran off the road and into a tree. Info provided by Osborne Oakley, 23d Engineer Battalion, 1959-1962.
Unknown Soldier (we need a name) of the 23d Engineer Battalion died in a knife fight outside a bar on Lamboy Strasse in Hanau, West Germany. Info provided by Osborne Oakley, 23d Engineer Battalion, 1959-1962.
1961
SP4 Richard Buzzell of B Company 1st MTB 32d Armor I don’t recall exactly what year this happened (1960-61) a fellow named Buzzell was killed when a jeep rolled over on him during a training exercise at Wildflecken. I’m not sure but I believe that Buzzy was in B. Company, My name is Kenneth R. Ashby and I was stationed at Ray Barracks from Jan 1960 to Oct 1962. I was initially in the Scout Platoon of the 52 ND Armored Rifle Bn until I raised enough ruckus and was transferred to the Support Platoon HQ Co. 1st MTB. I was finally transferred to 2nd Platoon, C. Company where I stayed until rotation Stateside. Here is an additional comment from Carl Barnett : In the case of the 1961 accident with SP4 Buzzell, I knew him but not real well. I was a member of the 1st BN 32AR scout platoon (HQ company) from April ’61 to Oct ’63 and I recall the event. Buzzell was within a couple months of rotating back to the world. It was a sad event.
This update was provided by Gerald Benton who served in HHC 3-32AR 1960-1962. SP4 Buzzell who is listed as a 1961 Cold War Casualty was a very close friend. Buzzy, as he was called, was named Richard Buzzell. He was assigned to Hq Co.Commo Platoon. I remember that many questions were raised about the correctness.of his accident report. At the time he was driving for a Captain.The story went: Buzzy got stuck on a icy ledge. The Captain got out of the jeep and told buzzy that he would walk back for help and not to try to move the jeep. The Captain left walking.The Jeep had two (2) angrc19 radios. When help arrived, Buzzy was found down the ledge pinned underneath the jeep. Buzzell was from Boston, Massachusetts and I remember that he didn’t pronounce R’s.
This update was provided by John Gammons. I was a member of the Hq.& Hq. Tank Section for a short time, we were attached to Company B. It is there I first met Richard (Buzzy) Buzzell and we became good friends. I subsequently moved on to the Scout Platoon and then on to Bn. Staff Section. I was the driver for Major John B. Noel who was the Bn. S-2 the night in Wildflecken when Buzzy was killed.
We were on Umpire detail during company and platoon test. I was driving Major Noel and Buzzell was driving Captain Jenkins. How Buzzy was assigned the driver for Captain Jenkins I have no idea. Captain Jenkins was an unassigned officer working out of Bn. Hq. We picked out our areas to umpire and split up agreeing to meet back at the mess truck for hot coffee later.
It was our first time in Wildflecken as a unit. For whatever reason we had not been to Wildflecken before. We had done most of our company and platoon testing in the Friedberg Training Area (FTA) or in Grafenwohr.
The night was cold, clear and the stars were out. Major Noel and I had just driven through an area where shortly before our Scout Platoon had carried out a tear gas attack on a platoon of tanks parked in a small wooded area. Suffering from the effects of the cloud of tear gas I had just passed through, we pulled over to the side of the road, washed our eyes with water and I was sitting in my jeep. I had my head back on the backrest looking skyward at the little dipper, hoping the tearing would stop, when radio traffic started talking about an accident. A jeep had rolled over and the driver was hurt. I sat there looking at the stars while subsequent radio traffic told us it was Captain Jenkins and his driver involved. They were up a steep narrow hillside trail slick with mud and had trouble turning the jeep around when the accident happened.
Subsequent messages became more and more urgent. There was no way they could get an ambulance up to the area. The driver was too badly injured to be carried down. There was talk about getting a helicopter up to the area. This told me things were very bad. I was saying all the time ‘damn it somebody do something.’ Major Noel kept telling me things were going to be fine. Then came the news that Buzzy was dead. When the jeep turned over the radios and radio rack had crushed his head.
A day or so later, after we were back in Friedberg, I went over to the Hq. Tank Section to see who would be going to the memorial service being held for Buzzy. When I walked in I was told that Buzzy’s brother had arrived to escort the body home. I can not remember if his brother was also stationed with the Army in Germany or if he had come from the states. I do know that when I was introduced to his brother I was shocked to see that his brother looked just like Buzzy.
That event happened some 48 years ago. From that night to this, whenever the night is dark and the stars are out and I can locate the little dipper I think back to that night and the death of Richard Buzzell. For over 48 years now the little dipper has been known by me as ‘Buzzy’s Stars.’ Rest in peace Buzzy.
SP4 Jackson of HQS Platoon D Company 3d Med.Tank Battalion was killed when he was run over by a M-48 A-1 tank which he was ground-guiding. SP4 Jackson was training at Grafenwöhr, Germany – WinterShield II in 1961. His favorite song was Georgia On My Mind. Information provided by Roscoe Turner.
PFC Byrd of the 3d MTB of 37th Armor was killed in an automobile accident in June of 1961. Information provided by Roscoe Turner.
1962
1963
E-4 Phil Murray, Company B, 2/33 HTB Armor died within 5 days of rotating back to the states. Phil and another short timer took a jeep that morning and were returning to Ayers Kaserne that afternoon when they hit a guard rail, overturning the vehicle and Phil was killed. He frequently came by my office and told me what he and his dad were planning when he got back home; Phil seemed very close to his dad and it must have been devastating to lose Phil so near going home. I’ve remember him all these years and here is a photo of him standing outside next to the company sign. Splendid fellow. Information provided by E-4 Bob Lamascus, S-4 Clerk, Service Battery, 2/3 Field Artillery, 1962-1964. Additional information from SGT John Tunstall : I served with B Co. for about 34 months, ’60 -’63. I too shipped out of Bremerhaven — on the Bruckner. And yes, I remember Phil very well. We were good buddies. I said goodbye to him when we left for Graf that summer and he stayed behind to rotate out. It was a shock when I heard he had been killed. I rotated out a few weeks after the incident so it was years before I heard the rest of the story. The kid driving was named Macaffrey or McCaffry, 1st name Bob, I think. And CQ that night, named Worthy and also due to rotate, was held over for the investigation.
PFC Heath of HHC 2/33 Armor – It has been too many years to remember the exact date, but it happened in the winter of 1963 when the 2d Armored Division was flown over to Germany for the war games. PFC Heath died of carbon monoxide poisoning. My driver and I provided first aid, but we could not help him. There was a big CID investigation into his death. He was a good friend that I made while at the rock. This information was provided by James Lowery.
SSG Unknown. From David Melton, Company clerk of HHC, 3d AD from Oct 62 to Nov 64: I had been a clerk in AG PM, 503rd Admin Co. for about 5 mos before that. I remember anincident involving E-7 (MSgt E-7, old rank or SSgt E-7) hanging himself. He was of Italian descent, Deluccio or something like that. I remember that he worked in Division Publications, 503rd Admin in an old stable down by the theater at Drake Kaserne. He was about ready to retire, but had to pull one more hitch overseas without his wife and two daughters due to marital troubles. After he received a “Dear John” letter, they found him hanging from a rafter. I didn‘t know him well but had some dealings picking up things at Publications. I remember he was real quiet and very nice guy. This was in 1963 or 64.
SP4 Thomas was stationed at Ray Barracks in Friedberg, Germany. Pardon me for not remembering his first name, it’s just been too long for me. He was a gunner on one of the M60 tank crews there. He was out partying the night before we moved out to our assembly areas for operation “Big Lift” and apparently went to sleep in his old car with the motor running on a very cool night. Both he and his girl friend were found dead the next morning. This information was provided by John D. Godby
1964
_____Brenner of HHC 2nd Battalion 33rd Armor, Brenner was shot by the COAX machine gun while standing on the front slope of an M-60 Tank while talking to the tank driver.
SFC Cruz of A Company 1st Battalion 36th Infantry, was shot by one of his soldiers that he had recommended should receive an Article 15. CPL (name removed) received a life sentence to Fort Leavenworth.
SGT Young (s) of HHC 1st Battalion, 33rd Armor. We have received the following account of this incident written by then Lieutenant Richard Allen: “The two guys involved were Sgt (E5) Gilmore who did the shooting and Sgt (E5) Youngs who got shot. They were in the Radar Plt. GSR was attached to the S2 office and I was S2 at the time. Gilmore had been an E5 for a while. Young or Youngs, I can’t remember which, went to radar school and graduated at the top of his class. He got promoted as a result. The morning of the shooting Gilmore was in bed. HHC had it’s morning formation and the First Sgt noticed that Gilmore wasn’t there. He sent Young upstairs to get him. Gilmore woke up hung over and mad. He came downstairs and got his M14 from the arms room. He went into the Radar track and got a magazine. Young was standing next to the First Sgt and Gilmore said “move aside Top or I’ll shoot you too.” He then shot Young a bunch of times. Lt. Marhoffer from 1/48th had a new Volkswagen parked next to them and it was splashed with blood. Gilmore turned and the Radar Plt Sgt, whose name I forget, called to him from about 50′ away.He was duty NCO and was in the room with the radio since he hadn’t been relieved. Gilmore turned and took a shot at him and it hit the top of the window frame. He then started for the West door and was going to shoot the CO Capt. Fisk. When he got to the door he threw the M14 into the bushes and just surrendered. When I talked to him an hour later I asked him why he shot Young and he said “I don’t know.” Gilmore was black and Young was white. I don’t know if that had anything to do with it or not. I think Gilmore was upset that Young had gotten promoted so fast, but that‘s a guess as well.“
Adding other possibly related information from Jim Chorazy:
Unless there were two similar shootings I’m wondering if Dick means the shooting occurred in front of HHC 1-48 INF. I may have events confused, but it seemed like it happened on a weekend morning. I recall the pool of blood almost in front of the Orderly Room. The rumor had it that the two had gotten into an argument over a German woman, but of course the source of such rumors was usually the guy with the best imagination.
Adding other information provided by John Levine:
I served at Coleman Kaserne in 1964 and 1965 and I was witness to Sergeant Young’s murder. His name was Young , not Youngs, and as I recall the whole battalion had just loaded our tanks on flat cars to go to Graf. It was fall, October or November I think, but I’m not sure. I was in Bravo Company and SGT Young was in Alpha Company. Also serving in Alpha Company was John Rogers , the son of Roy Rogers and Dale Evans who died in a hazing incident where he was coerced into drinking over 4 Zombies; a combination of many shots of bar liquor. He was taken up the hill to the infirmary outside the gate and left to sleep it off. When they came to check on him in the morning he had aspirated and he was dead. In my opinion, he was left to die and killed by neglect and he should be listed among the Cold War dead.
Adding other information provided by John Follis:
I was stationed with HHC, 1st Bn. 33d Armor from Jan 1964 to Jul 1966. I remember the death of SGT Young and also PVT John Rogers very well. As John Levine from B Co. already stated in his letter, PVT John Rogers was the son of Roy Rogers & Dale Evens. For about 6 months I was the Battalion mail clerk and got a chance to talk to just about everybody at one time or another when they picked up their mail. So I knew SGT Young as well as the man that shot him, SGT Gilmore . Later I became the Battalion Courts & Boards Clerk and I had to process the paper work concerning both of these deaths. So I remember them very well. What I remember most about John Rogers was that he reminded me of Forrest Gump. He was a rather simple but very likeable person. They nicknamed him Trigger. Not to make fun of him, but because it was the name of his father’s famous horse. I think he liked his nickname. I agree with John Levine. I think John Rogers should be listed among the Cold War Dead. I’m sure his parents would have liked that. I know he didn’t die a hero in combat, but he was doing something very important. He was an American Soldier.
Adding other information provided by Patrick Conley:
I was there when Gilmore shot Sgt Young. I was a cook on the grill that morning frying eggs. We were going to the field that day. Gilmore came behind the serving line to get the keys for his APC to get ammo from his basic load to kill Young. The KP I had breaking eggs for me was in his squad and had the keys.
I told Gilmore he was not supposed to be behind serving line and he said ” I’m back here ain’t I”. I would have kept my mouth shut if I knew what he was about to do. Soon we all heard the shots. It happened in front of the barracks of HHC 33rd Armor and the Mess Hall in front of the pond. An officer drew his 45 and told Gilmore to drop his weapon. We went over to look at Sgt Young. He was face down and his back looked riddled with bullets. After they picked him up, we could see bullet holes in the pavement where Gilmore had shot him in the back several times while on the pavement. I knew the medic who prepared his body to ship home. No one ever questioned us about this. What ever happened to Gilmore?
1965
In 1965-1966, SFC Kallal was killed in a one vehicle accident on the road between Grossen-Linden and Kirch-Goens when he swerved to miss some kind of animal. He was either on his way home from Ayers or coming to Ayers, I don’t remember. Provided by Al W. Benton, HHC 2/36 INF.
1966
SP5 COOKSIE of HHC 23rd Engineer Battalion SP5 Cooksie was a heavy equipment operator and was killed while driving a 5 ton tractor with a flatbed trailer hauling earth moving equipment when the brakes went out on the trailer and died when his truck crashed. If you know the date or have any additional information please let us know.
PFC Castro was shot and killed while on guard duty around 1966. He was in C Company of the 1st Battalion 32d Armor. The soldier who shot PVC Castro was from the same unit. Corrections and update to this information was provided by Ronald Whitney who tells us that he was also on guard duty when this incident occurred. Anyone with additional information, please let us know.
Unidentified Soldier This account is from Robert LaPorte who served in B Co 2-48 INF. I was in Gelnhausen from March ’66 to October ’68. On one trip to either Hohenfels or Graf with personnel carriers on the train, someone got out of the train and stood on top of his PC to take a photo. He was instantly electrocuted because he was too close to the overhead (60,000 volt?) electric power line that ran the train. I did not see it happen, but did see the weld marks from the nails in his boots on top of the PC. Of course this held up the train for several hours before we proceeded to camp. Must have been very sad news for the young man’s parents.
PVT Barry Fox was in the 3d Armored Division (I don’t remember the unit) at Coleman Kaserne in Gelnhausen in the spring of 1966 (possibly 65) and was up for a “European Discharge” which had been his goal for over a year. He was not a “crack soldier” to say the least (spent his free time on base at the USO Lounge reading books) but he respected the US Army and it’s role in defending the free world, and was having trouble remaining in good standing so that he could be granted this European Discharge. This was mainly due to his long history of returning late from weekend passes which he used to visit German girls in Frankfurt … but also just to immerse himself in the German culture which he loved. He always took the train to Frankfurt and would return the same way. As his discharge became imminent , his commanding officer informed Barry that if he was late one more time, he would receive another article 15 which would automatically make him ineligible for a European discharge. Barry headed into Frankfurt that Friday telling me that he would make sure to make the last Sunday train out of Frankfurt that was scheduled to stop at Gelnhausen. That following Monday we heard that a soldier from our division had been killed as he attempted to jump off the Berlin Express, a late night train that went through Gelnhausen before curfew but did not stop. We later found out that it was Barry … that he had hit some kind of utility pole as tried to negotiate a jump from a fast moving train. Barry was a smart man and a kind soul. I never heard him say a bad thing about anybody. I’m sure those that loved him, still miss him a lot. I know I do. Information provided by George M Snodgrass of the 1st Battalion 48th Infantry, May, 1964 to-December 1966.
1967
PFC Bukowski of Company B, 503rd S&T PFC Bukowski was killed in a 5 ton Wrecker accident while on a training mission.
From James Littleton: I know of a soldier who was killed in 1966 or 1967. We had just returned from the field and he was new and got run over by a M-109 in the motor pool. He was in 2/6 Arty C Battery at Gelnhausen. Don’t remember his name as he was new to unit. Sorry I can’t remember more info but it was a long time ago. Note from Daryl W. Gordon: I believe this incident occurred in 1967 prior to my arrival in December of that year. The investigation of the incident was actually still going on and I was aware of it since I was attached to the S-1 at Battalion Headquarters.
1968
SP4 Salyers of A Company 3rd Battalion 36th Infantry, a soldier from the 3rd Platoon was run over when he fell down while ground guiding an M113. This accident occurred on post in Kirch-Goens at the intersection of the PX parking lot & the dentist office in March of 1968. Don Wilkins helped us update this information on May 11, 2006. Wilkins was assigned to mortar platoon 106 section and was at the back door to the company when the 3rd Platoon was passing by to the motor pool returning from a seven day training exercise. He states that he heard a loud scream from the street and when he turned towards it, he saw SP4 Salyers under the driver side track. Medical assistance was sought from the dentist office and aid was rendered by those close by. Don thinks that it was the platoon sergeant that was driving the vehicle and the grief and shock of the incident was felt by all.
SP4 Frank Truschone. HHC & A Company 2nd Battalion 32 Armor, was in the Mortar Platoon of HHC 2/32 Armor and was transferred to A 2/32 to assist with the MTA exercise at Graf. SP4 Frank Truschone was crushed by the main gun breach block while serving as the gunner on A-14 during the winter of 1968. This is from 1LT F.J. Haas: I was platoon leader in Company C, 2/32, when Frank was killed. He leaned across the main gun breach block, trying to clear the machine gun which had jammed. He depressed the main gun by accident and was crushed between the breach block and the turret ceiling. It was not a pretty sight.
1969
( We need the names ) 2nd Battalion 36th Infantry, During hand grenade live fire training SGT (Name unknown) & PV2 (Name unknown) were both killed when the hand grenade they were throwing exploded inside the throwing pit. Where was this training taking place?
2LT Winters of 1st Plt, C Trp, 3rd Sqdn, 12th CAV, was killed in a car crash on the outskirts of Budingen, when his car hit a tree. Info provided by Larry Brown.
1970
SP4 Wakefield of HHQ Plt, C Trp, 3rd Sqdn, 12th CAV, was killed when the jeep he was riding in rolled over in a one vehicle accident at Graf. Info provided by Larry Brown.
Unknown Soldier of Company E, 23d Engineer Battalion climbed on top of a vehicle on the autobahn to tie down something that was flapping in the wind. He was killed when the vehicle passed under a bridge and he struck the bridge. Info provided by Bruce Carswell.
Unknown Soldier A soldier was murdered at the flag pole. I was with HHB of 3d Armored Division Artillery from January until July of 1970. I cannot remember the name of the location (I want to say it was in Frankfurt) or the exact month it occurred, but I was an E6 with a room on the third floor with a fairly decent view of the flag pole. One night, or early morning, I should say, because it was probably around 3 A.M.- I was sitting in the window smoking a cigarette watching what appeared to be a drunk soldier (I assumed he’d just returned through the main gate from a night out heavy drinking) as he stumble around in the darkness below. All I could see was his silhouette. He’d take a few steps, wobble, fall down, get up, and repeat, all the way to the flag pole. When he reached the pole he just stood there and held on to it, like he was trying to steady himself. I ended up watching him for about 15 minutes and started wondering if I should go down and help him because at the rate he was going he’d still be there at revelry. When the two other figures appeared and started making their way towards him I was actually relived, because I thought they were his buddies come to get him. They walked up behind him one on each side. Then he fell. And they left. I went down right afterwards and discovered he was laying in a puddle of blood. An American soldier was dead at the base of the flag pole in what was supposed to be a “safe” and sacred spot. And I had witnessed it. I couldn’t believe it. To further my disbelief and disgust I was never questioned regarding that night/morning at all. I had to volunteer my name or they wouldn’t have known it. Because no one, not one single Top, not one single MP,no one asked who I was, who he was, what I was doing there, or what I’d seen. Nothing. And when I inquired about it the next day? They said (you guessed it) -Nothing.
Additional Info: It was my second tour in Germany. I came over with C Battery 3/39 Artillery (280mm atomic cannon) 7th Army in 1962-1964. From October 1966-October 1969 I was in Viet Nam with 2nd Howitzer Battalion 13th Artillery and in Thailand with 519th Transportation Battalion. Four months later I was in Germany with HHB 3d Armored Division Artillery and the murder of the soldier at the flag pole occurred. When it came time to reenlist in July, I declined. After 12 years serving the U.S. Army and two of service in a war zone, I could not stay after witnessing what I did. They didn’t even care enough to ask either of our names. That was it for me. If anyone knows who the soldier was, I would like very much to know his name. I assumed he was stabbed because I don’t remember hearing any gunshots or seeing any flash. I would have remembered if I had. – ROBERT A. MOORE (We could use more information on this incident, if anyone knows any other details. We also note that 3d Armored Division Headquarters was in Frankfurt, but Division Artillery’s Headquarters was in Hanau.)
1971
SGT Bounds of 1st Battalion 36th Infantry, SGT Bounds was riding on top of a M-113 during a training exercise when the vehicle rolled over and he was crushed.
( We need the name) 503d S&T BN ( We need the name) was killed when his 5000 gallon tanker over on a tank trail and he couldn’t get him out it of the because he was pinned to a bank by the drivers door and windshield. He drowned in the diesel fuel pouring from the tanker truck.
SGT Mathews Scout Platoon, Combat Support Company 3rd Battalion 32nd Armor, was ground guiding a Track Recovery Vehicle (TRV) when SGT Mathews was pinned between the TRV & the wash rack wall. SGT Mathews was helping retrieve ‘busted up’ dune buggies on the recently opened race track that had been built by the engineers
PFC Guzman was killed in Frankfurt in a motorcycle accident. He was from Guam, but his unit is unknown. Exact details are not known, so anyone with additional info, let us know. Year is also uncertain. This info was provided by Paul Pipik who served in the 3AD from 1971 to 1974.
There was a soldier in one of the 48’s at Gelnhausen who committed suicide by jumping from a barracks window-don’t know name or year. This info was provided by Paul Pipik who served in the 3AD from 1971 to 1974.
We had another suicide at Edwards Kaserne, again don’t remember the name or unit. He was a chaplains asst who hung himself in the loft above the chapel which was located in one of the old horse stables. He had drug problems and had been reassigned, I think from 143 Signal. This info was provided by Paul Pipik who served in the 3AD from 1971 to 1974.
During the same time frame, I also seem to recall an NCO who died in a fire while working on the electrical system of an M60 turret in one of the 32’s, but this is very vague. This info was provided by Paul Pipik who served in the 3AD from 1971 to 1974.
(We Need A First Name) James 503rd S&T Accident (1971) I was in Hohenfels when and where this accident occurred. I don’t remember the first name of this man, but his last name was James. We were assigned to the 3rd Armored Division, 3/32 Headquarters Company in Friedberg, Ray Barracks. We were on a 2 week training exercise at the time of the accident. He was a good man. Sorry to have lost him. Tom Kinne
1972
(Name unknown) 3rd Squadron 12th Cavalry ( Name unknown) was shot in the neck with a 45 and died. One soldier walked up to the other while pulling guard duty, surprised the soldier, and he was shot. We have this additional information from Patrick Ballback: I WAS ON GUARD DUTY THE NIGHT THE SOLDIER WAS KILLED. IT WAS IN THE AMMO DUMP JUST OUTSIDE THE POST. THERE WERE THREE GUARDS , FRONT GATE , BACK GATE & ROVER. I DO NOT REMEMBER THE GUY‘S NAME THAT WAS KILLED. I THINK HE WAS FROM C TROOP. THE SHOOTER WAS FROM B TROOP. THEY CALLED HIM MOUSE (NICKNAME) I WAS ON THE BACK GATE , IT WAS GETTING CLOSE FOR US TO BE RELIEVED. MOUSE CAME BY MY STATION. I WAVED, HE WENT ON UP TO THE FRONT GATE. THATS WHEN I HEARD A SHOT. THE GUARD HID ON HIM & WHEN MOUSE SHOWED, UP HE JUMPED OUT FROM THE SHACK & MOUSE SHOT HIM. SOME TIME AFTER I SAW HIM FROM THE BACK GATE. HE PULLED SLIDE ON 45. HE THEN TOOK CLIP FROM THE GUARD, PUT HIS IN THE WEAPON & SHOT THROUGH OUTSIDE THE FENCE TO MAKE THEM THINK HE WAS SHOT FROMTHE OUTSIDE. THE POST WENT ON FULL ALERT. AFTER BEING QUESTIONED BY MPS, HE CONFESSED, TO THE SHOOTING. HE WAS HOPPED UP ON DOPE . HE GOT LIFE AT LEAVENWORTH. THIS HAPPEND IN DECEMBER 1972 . I WAS THERE MARCH 1972 TO AUGUST 1974. Here is additional information on this incident from Don Snyder : I was stationed at Buedingen‘s Armstrong Kaserne from March 1972 to October 1973. If this is the same shooting I remember, the soldier killed was nicknamed “Spaceman“. Maybe that would jog someone‘s memory as to his real name.
Unknown Soldier (let us know if you know the name) died in the shower where an attempt was made to revive him from a drug overdose.
LTC Bloomquist was killed during the Bader-Meinhoff attack on the IG Farben Building in May, 1972. He was commander of the 45 Medical Battalion in 1970 and 1971. This information provided by Ted Miller
Ray Ormond provided this information about two tankers (unknown) that burned to death in their tank in the motor pool at Hohenfels during the summer of 1972. They were assigned to A Co, 3/33 Armor (Pickles) from Ayers Kaserne (The Rock). Anyone that can provide names of the deceased or more detail about the incident, contact secretary@3ad.org.
As I was leading the Scout Platoon of HHC/CSC 3/33 Armor into the motor pool after a day of maneuvering, when everyone came running out. There was a M-60A1 tank inside the motor pool that was on fire with a full basic load. We buttoned up and waited at 100 meters, not knowing the two soldiers were still inside the tank. Later I saw a turret mechanic, SPC-5 Gagne, go up on top and pull a man out of the tank. The injured soldier had lost a foot. The two men had been trying to install a sound system (car 8-track) on the intercom when a live wire was dropped on two 105MM rounds that were lying on the turret floor because of unserviceable racks. The detonated round killed one soldier and wounded the other, however the second soldier died within 24 hours. SPC Gagne received the Soldiers Medal for his heroics.
1973
Info provided by Mitch Hill. Kirkstetter (I don’t remember his first name or rank ) was pulling guard duty at the PX, which was right behind Brigade HQ, on The Rock, sometime in “73 or “74, when he was brutally beaten and stabbed to death. I’d like to mention that there was an officer on the scene trying his best to keep Kirk alive until help arrived. Unfortunately, he died at the scene, despite this officer‘s best efforts. I don’t know who he was, or where he came from, but it would be great if he were recognized for what he tried to do. How do i know these things? Because i was on my way to relieve Kirk, and i saw what transpired immediately after these cowards killed him. I will never forget the look on that young man’s face as he lay there dying, staring blankly up at the stars. Or the officer giving him chest compressions and yelling, ” breathe son, breathe for me! ” I guess the only good to come from this, is that after Kirk’s death, the brass finally saw the futility in carrying around an empty M-16 and began issuing ammo to anyone pulling guard duty. If you are aware of the murder of a soldier by the name of Kirkstetter at Ayers Kaserne ( The Rock ) in ’73 or ’74, please send us an email to update this entry.
Info provided by Thorsten Kruger. On October 13, 1973 during Reforger Certain Charge a Phantom (jet) hit an M113 while doing an extemely low pass. Two soldiers were wounded and fourwere killed! Killed were two M113 crew members from 3d Armored Division and the two pilots. A total of 7 soldiers were killed during Certain Charge. Anyone with further information, please let us know, particularly if you can identify the 3AD soldiers or their unit.
Bobby Shelton Around November 1973, the 3 rd /61 st ADA went to Todendorf on the Baltic Sea for our annual weapons practice (Vulcan M61s). We stayed in these barracks that weren’t much more than Quonset huts, that were heated with kerosene heaters that had smokestacks that vented the exhaust outside. There was a new guy in our Battery (Bravo Battery) named Bobby Shelton, the nicest guy you ever met. Because it was bitterly cold we let him have the bunk closest to the heater. The heater vent had a leak and Shelton was dead of carbon monoxide poisoning the next morning. The guy in the next bunk, Bigun Smith, ( his nickname because he was a BIG fella) also was very sick from it. The weird thing was, Shelton had foreseen his death. He was very matter of fact about it and knew he was not going to make it back home alive. Of course we laughed it off and said everybody worries about not making it back, but he was right. He was only in Germany about 2 weeks. PFC Curt Hotzinger 3 rd Platoon, Bravo Battery 3 rd of the 61 st Air Defense Artillery Armstrong Kaserne, Budingen W. Germany 1/1972 -8/1974
1974
SP4 Jessup of HHC 3rd Battalion 33rd Armor had just reenlisted for 6 years and received a large reenlistment bonus. SP4 Jessup purchased a motorcycle with his bonus money. He was taking a ride down through Kirchgoens one day and did not make the “Z” turn in the middle of town. According to the Polizi and CID he burned to death under the big bike. Also it was found that his brake cable had been cut with a hacksaw. This incident occurred sometime between 1974 and 1977. Information provided by then SP4 Bruce Culver. He has a book titled “Freeze Maggot” available on amazon.com.
When I first arrived at the 3 rd Brigade in Friedberg in 1974, I saw that an M60 tank was loaded on a low-boy trailer. It looked like it had caught on fire. Someone told me that a round had cooked off in the holding rack and killed the crew of four. The round had been put in the breach, failed to fire and was returned to the holding rack by the loader and subsequently cooked off. The unit would have been either the 1/32 nd Armored Battalion or the 3/32 nd Armored Battalion. Does anyone have names to go with this account? Information provided by Sergeant Charles D. Smith, Company C 122 nd Maintenance Battalion.
1975
SP4 Keith Sutherland , HHB 1st Battalion 40th Field Artillery, was riding in the back of a gammagoat when the vehicle rolled over and crushed him in July of 1975.
(We need the name) 3rd Battalion 36th Infantry, ( Name) was killed by another soldier during an exchange of post guard shifts. The incident involved the one troop shooting the other in the head with an ‘unloaded’ .45. He pointed the weapon at the other troop and said ‘bang’ while pulling the trigger, the weapon was loaded and the soldier was killed. This incident occurred sometime between 1975 and 1978.
Possibly the same incident received from James Mark McGehee
I was legal clerk in 2/36 when the soldier was shot by a fellow guard at Ayers Kaserne. The year was 76 or 77 and the victims unit was from 2/36. The soldier was left back from a field exercise to process him for discharge. I was the one who told his commander not to take him to the field so I could process his discharge. He was guarding the motor pool and armed with a baseball bat. The other guard was armed with a 45 because he was to guard the PX and bank.
P FC Thomas Leroy West lost his life in a car accident in the summer of 1975 not too far from Fliegerhorst Kaserne. This information is from Walter Zemotel who was with F Co, 122 Maintenance Battalion from 1974 to 1976. PFC West was driving around with two other members of that unit when he crossed the center line and met with on coming traffic.
In 1975 or 1976, an M113 armored personnel carrier was being directed into the wash rack to be cleaned by a soldier whose name I don’t know. Evidently, the driver of the APC lost sight of the guide and he was pinned between the armored personnel carrier and the plumbing fixture. I’m not sure which of the units that soldier belong to. Does anyone have any further information on this incident? This information was provided by Sergeant Charles D. Smith, Company C 122 nd Maintenance Battalion.
In July of 1975, a group of friends went into the town of Friedberg. As they were walking along the streets, they were kicking a can (like soccer). Someone kicked the can into the street, and without looking, one of the soldiers went into the street after the can. He was hit by a taxi and instantly killed. I don’t remember the soldier’s name, but he was a Specialist Four from C Company, 122 nd Maintenance Battalion. He was a mechanic. Like the old detective movies, the German Police chalked the outline of his body on the street. He died over a manhole cover and the chalked outline could be seen for weeks after the accident. Does anyone have a name for this soldier casualty? This information was provided by Sergeant Charles D. Smith, Company C 122 nd Maintenance Battalion.
1976
This account is from Kevin E. O’Brien . I served with 1/33 3AD on Coleman Kaserne between 1975 and 1978. I remember two soldiers who died as the result of drowning in the fire pond that was located between our old buildings in the middle of the base. As I remember it, B Co (my outfit) handed out promotions at the morning formation. It was the habit of our battalion to throw those who received a promotion into the fire pond. A Co and C Co did their promotions at the noon formation. A Co was on our left as we faced the pond. C Co was to our right as we faced the pond. Because A Co was on the left, that gave them the deep end of the pond and the location of the pond outlet. A melee of tossing broke out and numerous solders from A Co and C Co were tossed into the deep part of the pond near the outlet. What started out as fun quickly turned tragic. The upshot was that two soldiers drowned (held under by the outlet). From that moment forward our officers became overly cautious and would overreact any time a work detail or soldier came close to the pond.
More information on this incident is provided by Charles McKellar . This account is essentially correct and the two soldiers were named SGT Miranda (the one promoted) and SPC Sullivan (One of the first to jump in to help Sgt. Miranda). The really tragic part of the incident was that when Miranda was promoted to SPC while in CSC he told others he couldn’t swim so they took precautions to insure his safety but when he told members of A Co no precautions were taken. And as he floundered, SPC Sullivan jumped into the pond and was dragged under by Miranda. Others then jumped into the pond but were unable to help either Miranda or Sullivan.
We have additional information of this incident from an anonymous source. I wish to share my story about the deaths of SGT Miranda and SPC Sullivan. Kevin O’Brian and Charles McKellar were in B and C companies, SGT Miranda and I were in A company. I was not only present, I was a participant.
I was there at the morning formation when SP4 Miranda had just gotten promoted to SGT/E5. It was a tradition that soldiers who were promoted to E5 were thrown into the pond. I was one of the guys who had SGT Miranda by the legs as we threw him over the railing by the tank. It was the deep end of the pond and pretty cold outside. I remember there was a light amount of snow on the ground and the shallow section of the pond on the far side had a thin sheet of ice. In the above accounts it has been claimed he could not swim, that was not true. I had been to the swimming pools in Roth and the other end of G-town several times with SGT Miranda and others, and I personally know that he could swim. He began floundering in the water shortly after throwing him in. We thought he was kidding around. This went on for about 30 seconds and he slipped under the water the last time. The next thing we knew, someone (later identified as SP4 Sullivan) jumped in after him. He went straight down and never came up. We later found out that SP4 Sullivan had personal problems and probably committed suicide. They had been down about 15 minutes when a couple of guys from E 122 maintenance ran over and said they were certified divers. They jumped in and within 5 minutes pulled up SP4 Sullivan. About this time the medics from the dispensary near the back gate showed up, started working on SP4 Sullivan and were not able to revive him. About 5 minutes later the same divers brought up SGT Miranda who the medics pronounced dead on the spot. It was a horrible day for A company, SGT Miranda was about a month from going home. He was married and had 3 children.The following two weeks were non stop investigations. We had MP’s and CID investigators grill us again and again. Those of us who threw him in the pond thought we were going to Leavenworth. Thank God we didn’t, it turned out that because it was a sanctioned and condoned tradition, charges were not levied against us. I think our Company and Battalion Commanders were relieved. SGT Miranda was a good friend of mine and it hurts to know he ended up at the bottom of the pond. We played together on the BDE soccer team with other friends. I have a team photo with him in it. And that is my story.
1977
( SP4 ______ & SGT_______ we need the names) HHC 3rd Battalion 32 Armor. An ammunition transport Gore overturned in the Freidberg Training Area possible killing the driver ( SP4________ & SGT_______) The Gore driver was from HHC Support Platoon & assistant driver was from C Company. If you have any information please let us know. Additional information on this event from Richard Zipse: As I remember the event involving the ammunition Gore, I would confirm that both the driver and TC were killed. While I am not certain of the driver’s name I am relatively certain that the TC’s name was Sgt. Turnball (spelling could be off).
(We need name) 3rd Battalion 32 Armor A soldier was electrocuted by a railroad power line.
Apparently when the train on the way to Grafenwohr was stopped (???? Name) climbed on top of his tank to check something and somehow came in contact with the power line. We have additional information indicating that this soldier was married to a German girl named Corinna living in Bad Nauheim. And here is something else on this incident from Doug Hall : I was there when this one happened, but I don’t know who the soldier was.
There was one more casualty that is not listed. A soldier was guiding a tank in the wash rack when the tank turned and crushed the soldier against the wash rack barrier and he died. I think that was in 77 or 78.
Update: Robert wright's Comments:
Hi , I was in Friedberg at Ray barracks in 1974 and left in June 1976. This is about the soldier who was run over by a m-60 tank at the wash rack. I was not the M-113. The 1/36 infantry had the 113. The end of our building faced the wash rack. I was looking out the window and saw all of this taking place .He was pinned between the cement building that housed the pipes for the hoses and the tank .I did not see him get pinned but the after math . I was told the parking brake slipped off the tank and rolled back by my sergeant .The tank was pulled in forward . I was in HHC 1/36 infantry .I could see the wash rack from the hallway . My room was in the attic . This was in 1976 around April . I left June of 1976 . I don't know his name . All know he was a tanker and think for the 32 armor. I have pictures of the wash rack. I hoped that helped .
SGT Ira Lee Golston, Jr. and PFC Cleveland Stewart of the B Company 2d Battalion 36th Infantry, First Brigade, Kirch Goens were killed when their armored personnel carrier overturned while travelling west on the Bad Hersfeld-Alsfeld autobahn, about 8.5 miles northeast of Alsfeld. Three other soldiers in the vehicle were treated for minor injuries and released.
SGT Donald J. Kuykendall of B Battery, 3d Battalion 61st Air Defense Artillery, Budingen died of injuries he received when the Chapparall carrier in which he was riding overturned in a ditch near Budingen. Two other soldiers in the vehicle were admitted to the 97th General Hospital in Frankfurt and one other soldier was treated and released.
SGT James E. Snow of 2d Battalion 32d Armor was killed during a training exercise at the Seventh Army Training Center on June 14. He and two other Sergeants were in the fourth class of the Basic NCO course that was part of the Combined Arms School when a high explosive round went off in the tube of an 81mm mortar. The other two were seriously injured and we have no further information on them. The three NCOs had fired one mortar round and were firing the second round to settle the base plate of the weapon when the round exploded in the tube.
Adding other information on this incident provided by Tim Mensing:
My name is Timothy L. Mensing. I served with the 3rd AD, Mortar Platoon CSC 2nd Battalion 36th Infantry from April 1977-June 1978 when I was honorably discharged. My rank was SGT E-5. I was with SGT Snow that day when he was killed on the mortar range in West Germany. I was the 4th member on the gun crew (typical # in a crew is 4). There were four of us, not three as stated in the article. I was the only one in our crew who wasn’t injured that day. One of the other Sergeants who was seriously injured was a SGT Preebe. I believe he was stationed in an airborne unit in Italy (502nd I believe). I was seated on the ammo boxes writing down the information from the FDC and giving them to SGT Snow, Preebe and one other Sergeant who were on the gun dropping the rounds and adjusting the sight. I remember that after the 2nd round was dropped a huge blinding brilliant flash and then I saw SGT Snow and Preebe went flying through the air. I first thought they were just playing like real John Wayne types. Everything was in slow motion with dirt and rocks flying everywhere. After everything came back to reality I just looked at SGT Snow and knew he was gone. SGT Preebe was just screaming and squirming on the ground. The school officers called in a dust-off helicopter for SGT Preebe and the other Sergeant.I never saw the other two surviving Sergeants again. I was later told SGT Preebe was paralyzed on his left side which would make sense as that was the side he had facing towards the gun. After the accident I realized I was sprayed with their flesh. I hope this will help with bringing more clarity of what happen that day and to honor SGT Snow, Preebe and the other Sergeant who was injured.After we graduated I was held over for several days for an investigation. I was informed several months later a defective mortar round was to blame. We never dropped any of the boxes while loading or unloading them. Even to this very day I still wonder what my life would be like had I had been first on the gun tube instead of being 10 feet away writing gun information sitting on the “ammo” boxes! The very boxes which we had taken the faulty mortar round from. The very boxes which had shrapnel in them from the explosion of the round.The rest of your information on the accident is correct. Thank you, Tim Mensing
Military Policeman Fisher ? From a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous: I was with the 503 MP Company, in both Ayers and Schloss Kasernes. When I got in country in Nov ’77 I was to take the place of a fellow who was to DEROS before Christmas. He was married, and I think had a kid. The night I got in to the unit, he and another fellow were on patrol, when their vehicle hit black ice and went off an embankment. Fisher died….. they called me in the next day, and gave me his webbing and fiberglass MP helmet. They waived the ten day orientation that I would have gotten in country, and instead put me on patrol that night wearing his gear. There was blood on the inside of the helmet liner. I can’t believe I left that helmet liner there. I made myself a new one pretty quickly, sanding one down, painting and getting the decals. We made our own. But I always kept his helmet liner in my closet. But I didn’t want to get caught ‘stealing it’ in my luggage, so I handed it on to someone else. When I think of him, I think of his weeping wife, a pretty blonde gal who gave us a little talking-to before she went back stateside.
1978
Larry Rutledge of B Company 3rd Battalion 32 Armor. Larry, a soldier from B Company was killed during training at Grafenwohr when he attempted to climb out of the driver‘s station of an M60A1 tank when the turret of the tank traversed and crushed the soldier getting out of the drivers position. Additional information on this event from Richard Zipse: The 1978 event that led to the death of Larry Rutledge happened at Gunnery and occurred on a vehicle which had been redlined. I don’t think it was his vehicle either though I again am not certain.
First Sergeant E7 ? Information provided by Stephen Lucero : During my time serving in Service Battery 2/3 FA in Butzbach Service Battery my First Sergeant was an E7 and I cannot recall his name. He passed away from a heart attack. They said he went to the infirmary in the morning with chest pains and they sent him to work saying it was heartburn or upset stomach anyway. Sometime during that morning I was walking in the barracks when he saw me and he yelled some expletives at me and told me to get to the motorpool with the rest of the battery. Then when we were in line to eat lunch they told us that he passed away so for awhile after that I felt guilty because I’m sure it didn’t help him to have to yell at me. He had a German wife. This was either in 1978 or 1979.
Unnamed Soldier (let us know if you know the name) was shot by someone with a 45cal pistol in the B Company, 2nd Battalion, 33rd Armor motor pool in February 1978. Evidently an accidental shooting. Information provided by James Wagner who was this man’s replacement.
SGT Jerry Good was killed in a vehicle accident on Autobahn 45 when his jeep was struck by another vehicle. Information provided by James Wagner.
Jesse James was a young man that I served with at Ayers Kaserne (The Rock) in 1978 or 1979. He worked in Transportation for the 2/32 Armor Battalion. He was a very good and conscientious driver. On this particular day he was driving a recovery vehicle down a dirt road at Grafenwöhr. This vehicle was called a Gor I believe. It had hydraulic steering, an enormous carrying space in the body of the vehicle, and huge balloon tires that made the vehicle seem to “bounce” down the road at times when conditions were right. Unfortunately, Jesse lost control of the vehicle and it rolled and my friend lost his life in this accident. He was a top shelf kind of guy, a good soldier, and had just returned from being married to his high school sweetheart if memory serves me correctly. It was a tragedy and a sad day for us in the 2/32 Armor Battalion. Information provided by Brice Hitchcock.
1979
1SG William Gray of C Company 2nd Battalion 33rd Armor, was killed while the company was at Freidberg Training Area – his jeep was hit by a German vehicle while at an autobahn exit atnight in 1979 or 1980.
1980
SP4 Gregory “Frank” Montoya & SP4 Patrick Romero, A Company 3rd Battalion 32 Armor. were killed on 4 November 1980 at the Hohenfels rail head when ( name deleted) climbed into a tank during rail loading, loaded the M60A3 main gun with an armor piercing round (Sabot) & fired the main gun into the tank behind his. All tanks are rail loaded with the main gun in a travel lock position over the back deck. There was apparently a lot of confusion about the whole incident with reports of a lighting strike causing rounds to explode. The incident was finally solved when the tank main gun rounds were counted & inventoried. SGT Jeffrey Young & PVT David Park were also badly burned during this incident. *****The SOB convicted of this murder was sentenced to 20 yrs in Leavenworth but only served 8 years!!
Additional information provided by CPT Mark S. Atwood: The 1980 incident in 3/32, when the sabot round was fired into the turret of another tank during movement by rail, it is my understanding there was bad blood between the shooter and some/all members of the other crew over a card game. During rail movements the troops played cards, D and D, etc to pass the time. The shooter had been the big loser and I believe, thought he had been cheated. Here is additional information on this incident from Ken Armstrong : I served with 3/32 in 1979-1981 and was stationed in Freidburg at Ray Barracks. I also served with Greg Montoya and Pat Romero and was present when they were killed in November of 1980. Pat was a good friend and we drank many a beer together. Additional information on this event from Richard Zipse: I didn’t know Pat Romero but Frank was not only a great guy but getting very short. It was sad indeed that the filthy **** that killed him got out of Germany, much less Leavenworth, alive. As I remember it, he had been chasing a section 8 for months. I’m pretty sure Sgt. Young and I were on 14 together for a bit before he made rank and moved over to the third platoon; and, also that Park was very new to the unit and had just arrived as they needed crewmen. I’m thinking SSGT Able got him out of the smoked vehicle but not certain…also I’m thinking he was flown to Walter Reed Hospital due to the extent of his burns and later passed on….though this obviously may be incorrect.
SGT Jose A Company 2nd Battalion 32 Armor. SGT Jose died while ground guiding a tank in the motorpool. SGT Jose was moving his tank in position to jump start another tank when he was run over in 1980 or 1981.
SGT (Unknown name) I was in 3/33 Armor from 1979 – 1981 (HHC and B Co). I remember a SGT (can’t recall the name/I think he was in CSC) was driving or riding in a jeep at the rear of a convoy and was basically run over/rear ended by a German 18 wheeler after the truck came around a turn too fast. After that we had policy to drive deuce and a halfs at the rear of our convoys. I was there Dec 3 1979 – April 26 1981 and can’t remember when he was killed, but it was while I was there. Sorry I don’t have more information. Steve Vaughn
SP4 Keith A. Scruggs of 3/61 ADA was killed when he hit a tree head-on in his POV. Hal Johnson, who provided this information attended a 2d Brigade Leadership Course with SP4 Scruggs and says he was a good soldier and a good friend. His battery had just returned from Crete and he had checked in with his wife, Karen, who worked at the NCO Club. He was going to take a friend to his house in Buedingen to change clothes and return to the club when the accident occurred.
1981
SSG Joseph This information was provided by Jose A. Buentello : While I was stationed at Ayers Kaserne during my first tour in Germany, I met and worked with another young Staff Sergeant named SSG Joseph. Sergeant Joseph was an excellent NCO with a wife and two young kids. I learned of his death after I left the unit and I believe this happened in January of 1981. He was a professional who made a mistake that took his life. It was standard SOP that when jumping off two tanks, you did not stand between two vehicles, this was the mistake he supposedly made. As I said before he was a professional and he loved his service to his country.
This information was provided by SP4 Larry Black , 3d Platoon, A Co 2/32AR and he indicates that he was in the motor pool when the above accident happened. He states that the soldier’s name was Hector, not Joseph. It does appear to be the same incident, but we are posting both accounts.
SSG Hector His tank was being worked on and the pack was out on the ground. A private from my platoon was in the driver’s seat of the tank across from the SGG Hector‘s keeping warm. It was cold and there was ice was on the ground. SSG Hector was between the two tanks connecting slave cables when the private’s foot slipped off the brake and his tank moved forward pinning SSG Hector between the two tanks. He died within about 15 seconds. SSG Hector’s wife was Korean and he had two boys. 1SG Dobinson (sp?) accompanied them back to the States for SSG Hector’s burial. When Top came back to Germany after the funeral, he told us that SSG Hector‘s family was very angry at him and blamed him for the death. They then told SSG Hector’s wife to get out and take the “half–breed kids“ with her. That was all Top could take and he told the family off. He told them that he would take care of SSG Hector‘s wife and sons and he would take a personal interest in hurting anyone who tried to harm them. He took her to the nearest Army post and helped get her and kids into housing, and in contact with people who would later help her get into a permanent house when she got settled. Also, he helped get SSG Hector‘s benefits started so that she would have money. Top was gone a good month; he told us that if given the chance, you must stand by your fellow soldier even after he is gone.
In November 1981, SP4 Sheridan, A Co 2nd Bn 33d Armor committed suicide while playing Russian roulette at a friends off post apartment. I remember the incident very well because the individual was assigned to my platoon. Carl Goff 1SG USARETIRED
We Need More Information: This is provided by Ernie Perez. There was one other incident that happened back in 1981. I don’t recall where it happen but I believe it was at Hohenfels training area. We were just finishing up a battle run (I was assigned to C 3/32 AR 1st plt C15) and we were taking a break on a hill overlooking a small valley. I had notice down below a group of vehicles stopped in the middle of the road with some commotion going on. I observed this with my field glasses. I brought this to the attention of my TC Lt Winston, he ordered us to mount up and head down there to see what was going on. During our transit, a call came over the radio that medics were needed ASAP. When we got there, those who witness the accident were in shock and could not function properly, so our crew took over the incident. Apparently one of the tanks in my unit (3rd plt) was traveling in “tactical” formation where one tank has a gun tube pointed to the right and the tank behind it had theirs pointed to the left and so on. Well it appears that an APC from an unknown unit was travailing towards the on-coming column of tanks and the driver of the APC was driving with his head out of the driver’s hatch when he was strucked by the gun tube of the tank and was killed instantly. An army medivac helicopter flew in a German doctor to pronounce the death. The circumstance at that time were not clear as to how this happen. On thing is for certain, that when tanks are traveling in that type of formation, turret power is to remain on at all times so as to avoid accidental damage or to be able to quickly engage a target. This accident was very unfortunate and tragic. This is all the information I know to the best of my knowledge. You may feel free to post and hope that someone else can elaborate more on this incident.
1982
(Name) Service Battery, 2nd Battalion 6th Field Artillery was killed while delivering fuel to OP Bleidorn at Grafenwoehr. The fuel goer he was driving overturned and killed him in November.
1983
CPT Roger C. Laporte of 2nd Battalion 32nd Armor CPT Laport was a national guard officer serving as a company commander. He died after a morning PT run in October. He had gone home to shower and died of a massive heart attack in his bedroom. He was not very old and this updated information was provided by Marcy (Wilds) Walls on 3 Sep 06.
CPT Roger C. Laporte was the S-1 for 2-36 Infantry when he passed away. He was the rear detachment commander and I was part of the group he did PT with the morning he died. No one had a clue that he was even sick during PT. CPT Laporte signed my NCOER as senior rater on 24 January 1983 and I departed 3AD in May of 1984. According to his SSAN record, he died in March of 1983. He was one hell of an officer. This additional information was provided on 27 Feb 07 by Robert F. Booth SGM, USA Retired 2-36 Infantry 81/84.
SFC Hightower I believe it was spring ’83. I was acting BN CMDR for 3/32 AR at Ray Barracks (Rear Detachment OIC) during a training exercise. I received the word that SFC Hightower had been struck by a civilian vehicle while he was off-duty in Friedberg. Information provided by CPT Mark Atwood 3AD ’82-’87
SP4 Benal (First Name?) of E Company, 23rd Engineers was killed in an accidental shooting. 1SG Walter Johnson was the First Sergeant at the time (possibly 1984). This information was provided by Robbie Morgan and any additional details from anyone aware of this incident would be appreciated.
1984
PFC Johnson (First Name?) of D Company, 23rd Engineer Battalion was transporting an M109A1 Howitzer to Lahnstein, a small town on the Lahn River, south of Koblenz. This was for a static display to celebrate the town’s “Military Heritage Day” in the summer of 1984. The Truck had been dispatched with faulty air brakes on the trailer and a bad engine retarder. As the driver of the 5ton was coming down the steep grade into the outskirts of Lahnstein, the strain must have been too much and the air lines blew. Without an engine retarder, the truck simply gained momentum and gained speed coming down hill. The trailer bounced around and struck 2LT Chris Von Fahnesstock’s jeep, which was escorting the truck & trailer. Two German Army MP’s were injured. One MP had both his legs broken when the 5ton truck rammed his MP VW car and the other MP when he jumped from the same vehicle and hurt his arm or such. The Germans erected a monument on the spot honoring PFC Johnson.
Chaplain Curtiss Karlstad HHC 1st Brigade Chaplain Karlstad had a massive heart attack and died before he hit the ground. We have this additional information from his son, Rolf Karlstad :My Dad was Chaplain (CPT) Curtiss Karlstad. He was Assistant Brigade Chaplain and I believe Sam Sanford was the Brigade chaplain. Dad actually died on active duty on the day of the 1984 Family Fair, May 25th. My fun times as an Army brat ended then. I have some great memories of my time in Butzbach and sincerely wish they weren’t cut short! Perhaps someone might recall that the Gym was actually dedicated to my Dad (named Karlstad Gymnasium) a couple of years before the base closed. We were flown over for the very nice ceremony and I won’t ever forget that either.
Name. (Nickname Cabbage Patch) HHC 1st Brigade, A female soldier was murdered off post. Please forward any information concerning this soldiers death that occurred sometime between 1984 and 1987. More information from Rick Cushion: I can’t remember her name, but she worked in the mess hall. I remember her because she would make my eggs in the morning. I was in the 2/3 Artillery at Butzbach in June of 1984 before we started moving into our new billets at Ayers in the fall of that year. What I remember is that someone was jogging up the field behind the gasthaus just outside the front gate and found her there. Two weeks later a fellow soldier with dependents turned himself in for the killing. That is all I can remember. Then we have also received this information from MAJ John C. Ling and we believe it to be this same incident: While assigned as a Cavalry Scout to HHC of 3 rd Battalion, 36 th Infantry (The Bayonets), 1 st Brigade of 3AD, I was acquainted with a female soldier from one of the support units at The Rock. She was an attractive single soldier who had her share of attention from the males. One of her admirers was a married soldier who convinced her to have sex with him in a field across from the main gate behind the Welcome Inn and The Shop of The Rock. As the rumor went, she laughed at his smallness when he dropped his pants, so he killed her with his knife. I don’t recall if this was in 1985 or 1986. I left in July of 1986. I regret that I do not remember any of the names of the people involved.
Here is what appears to be the definitive information on this incident from James Hudson:
I’m an attorney (currently mobilized as a JAG) but was stationed at the Rock during 1985-1987. I worked in the 2/36 mess hall (still have nightmares, worst job I’ve ever had and I’ve had some bad experiences). At some point we had a joint support mission and worked with some of the Brigade HQ cooks, one of whom was the “Cabbage Patch” murder victim you have listed on your cold war deaths page. I had never known a murder victim personally prior to her slaying, and my roommate was questioned (their relationship was a bit closer) so the event sort of stuck in my mind.
After 20+ years of wondering about the details and the outcome (given my profession) I decided to look up the case. I couldn’t remember either of the names and the courts didn’t mention Ayers or Kirchgoens so the case was a bit harder to find than one would imagine. The key to the puzzle was your entry mentioning the “Welcome Inn.” I’m pretty sure her last name was Burdette, or Burnette (ct. opinion lists it as PVT B. The perpetrator was PFC Edward Whitehead. I’ve included the appellate courts description of the crime below. I remember a rumor that her friends had figured out who was responsible and were planning to take matters into their own hands, so he turned himself in, while possible the information below suggests otherwise. Whitehead successfully appealed and received a second trial at which he was again convicted of murder. In the end he received a life sentence and as far as I know is still in Levenworth.
Here’s the court’s description: Early on the morning of 1 July 1986 the body of Private [PVT] B was discovered face down in a ditch along a side road not far from the kaserne where she was assigned. Her throat had been cut from ear to ear and she had been stabbed eleven times in the back of the neck and two times in the middle of her back. The shorts she wore had been cut away, leaving her essentially nude below the waist. The evidence showed that PVT B had spent the evening of 30 June with one Specialist [SPC] C and some other friends. Later that evening PVT B suggested that they stop at the Welcome Inn, a popular disco bar near the front gate of the kaserne. SPC C did not want to go but took PVT B there where he dropped her off shortly before midnight. PVT B was a regular at the bar and most of the patrons knew her. Appellant, who also knew her, was already at the bar when PVT B arrived. After she had been there for perhaps an hour, appellant engaged PVT B in conversation, during which he asked her to have sex with him. In his first statement to CID agents (see footnote 1, supra ), appellant stated that she refused to have sex with him so he went home. After indicating deception on his first polygraph examination, however, appellant stated that she did agree to have sex and because she did not want to be seen leaving the disco with him, he drove and she walked to the location where her body was ultimately found. There, they had sex on the hood of appellant’s car. Appellant further stated that when he last saw PVT B, she was alive and walking in the direction of the kaserne. Appellant’s estranged wife, however, testified at the rehearing that appellant came home very late that night, appeared nervous, had blood “all over” his clothes, and had in his possession a “camouflage” knife from which she saw him cleaning blood (Prosecution Exhibit, or PE 7). Mr. G, a former cellmate of appellant’s while in pretrial confinement, testified that “ [appellant] told me that he killed someone by cutting them and then he had sex with … the same person that he killed.” A forensic pathologist called by the government testified that the nature of the throat wound would indicate that the wound was inflicted from behind, left to right, with “a fair amount of force,” and that following such a wound the victim would be conscious for only a few seconds. After being shown pictures of a large blood spatter near the middle of the road, he further opined that the spatter pattern was consistent with her throat having been cut at that location and that she could thereafter have retained consciousness long enough to have staggered to the side of the road before collapsing, after which the stab wounds to the back were possibly inflicted. The cause of death, however, was the throat wound.
The following is from MAJ E L (Gene) Bigelow, USAR, retired. He was in the 3–12 CAV at Armstrong Kaserne from Nov 1981 to Nov 1984. His last job with the 3–12 was Squadron S-1.
SSG Gum, Charlie Troop maintenance NCO was killed when his M-88 rolled over. If I remember correctly the 3/12 was on an ARTEP in the summer of 1984 when this death occurred.
Further information from SFC (ret) Rod Linkous . I was a SSG in C Troop during this period, left in December of 85. The M-88 accident happened during gunnery. The maintenance SGT was towing an M-60 behind and was speeding. He was in the tc hatch and was dragged for a number of yards. The Squadron Commander, LtCol Muzzy was first on the scene and climbed in to help recover the injured and the body. He was quite a commander and the troops would do just about anything for him.
PFC Todd Alan Drennen was hit by a train on September 18, 1984 and was killed. He was 19 years old and his hometown was Duarte, California. His death was being investigated as a suicide as I was ending my tour and heading back to the states. (Additional information was added from the web site http://peacetime-casualties.mooseroots.com/d/b/Germany courtesy of the Secretary of the 12th Calvary Regiment Association, Ken Howser, Jr.)
1985
SP4 Luther Brothers, 3d Platoon, 503 Military Police Company. SP4 Brothers died from complications from a gunshot wound. SP4 Brothers was shot while on duty in January. Provided by Meg Sinclair SP4 4th Platoon 503d MP Co. Nov. 84- Feb 86. I am a 3AD 503d MP veteran who served in Frankfurt from Nov. 84 to Feb 86 and I was a good friend of SP4 Luther Brothers. He was shot, while on a guard post, by another MP. This was an “accidental” shooting and was ruled as such. I also was present during the bombing of the Frankfurt Main PX as well as Rhine Main AFB. I was supposed to be at the Frankfurt Main PX when it was blown up. The terrorist’s parked a vehicle behind the European Auto Sales building and detonated it, after walking away as ANY coward would do! I was going down there that day to finalize paper work on a 1986 883 Harley Davidson Sportster that I had put a down payment on and at the last moment my room mate, William (Bill) Pratt, decided that he wanted to go along but wanted to make an unscheduled stop. We made the stop and he wanted to go back to the barracks, briefly, to drop off the items that he stopped to pick up. When we were getting ready to leave the CQ (Charge of Quarters) came in and told us that we were to gear up and we were on alert because they had blown up the main px. Nobody died but several were severly injured and one of our off duty MP’s (John Moore) was there to help pull a young woman out of the rubble of the laundrymat. I think about that constantly and have always been extremely grateful that Bill Pratt came along and I would like to say to Bill, if you read this, “Thank you Bill, if it hadn’t been for you I wouldn’t be here today!” God Bless You Brother, wherever you may be! I also remember some minor details about the Rhine Main AFB bombing. I don’t remember the exact date but I knew one of the 709th MP’s that responded to the scene. She told me later that it was a horrible site, several people died and there were body parts scattered about. The news media reported (in the U.S.)that only a few people were injured and there were no fatalities. I am VERY proud to have served in the 3d AD and in the 503d MP Co. and would not change a thing but PLEASE make sure that this is posted as those that we lost deserve to be recognized. There was also an incident, also dates unknown, where a new MP (Kimberly Schultz) came in with her friend (Kim Lutz) and we were to take them out on the town to orientate them (Ordered by the 1st SGT) to the Frankfurt Train System. I was to go but something came up at the last minute and had to request that a friend, Robert Schultz, take my place.When they got outside of Frankfurt, the train system turned from automated to manual where you have to open the doors yourself and it was here that a fatal mistake was made. The train stopped and the wrong door was opened by one of the group and they started to exit on the wrong side (track side) of the train. The first person out realized his mistake and, seeing a train coming into the station at full speed, ran quickly to the other side of the tracks but did not have time to warn the others. The next person (Kim Lutz) got out and realized what was happening she dropped to the ground in between the two trains. Their train was stopped but the other train was moving through at full speed. It was then that Kimberly Schultz stepped out of the door right into the oncoming train and never knew what hit her, she was found approximately 500 yards down the tracks. The MP’s had to go approximately 2 train stops down to find Robert (Bob) Schultz where he was standing on the platform in shock. For anyone who thinks that we had it easy over there during the cold war, they are wrong! For anyone who thinks that we suffered no casualties while we were there, you are wrong! I think about each of these young soldiers, friends, comrades, brothers & sisters in arms every day and wish that things could have been different. THEY WILL BE MISSED!
In November, a car bomb exploded at the Frankfurt Main PX gas station. As many as 53 American soldiers, family members and civilians were injured. If you have any information about this terrorist attack please let us know.
SP4 Atwell, B Battery 2/27 Field Artillery was killed in a car accident, possibly in 1985. There were two other injured from the same unit (SP4 Lyons, and SP4 Kasowski). This information was provided by Darrell Whitley. Anyone else remembering this incident with further information is asked to provide it so that we can update this entry.
The following is from MAJ E L (Gene) Bigelow, USAR, retired. He was in the 3–12 CAV at Armstrong Kaserne from Nov 1981 to Nov 1984. His last job with the 3–12 was Squadron S-1.
In 1985 a soldier was killed by a 50 Cal machine gun discharge on a tank range. I heard this information from friends still with the 3/12 while I was at the Infantry Officer Advanced Course. I do not know this soldiers name.
Further information from SFC (ret) Rod Linkous . I was a SSG in C Troop during this period, left in December of 85.The soldier in 1985 was shot by the coax machine gun. It was the platoon sergeant’s tank. The trooper was clearing the gun after a run downrange and slid the cleaning rod down the barrel while standing in front of the gun. The gun hadn’t been cleared and he took a 3 or 4 round burst to the chest. The platoon sergeant was relieved, of course. I want to say that this happened in early 86 since I heard about it at my next duty station.
1986
CW2 Dale L Morris In 1986 an AH-1S enroute back to Fliegerhorst (Hanau) from Grafenwoehr crashed in the hills that separated the two locations. The pilot was a W2 whose first name was Dale while the soldier in the front seat was a young 3AD enlisted man (can anyone identify this soldier?). The pilot inadvertently fled into fog/clouds and was unable to transition to his instruments to recover. As a young W1, fresh out of Flightschool, it was my first experience with the dangers of my chosen profession. CW2 James Stinnett USA retired
Additional information on this incident. This is the report on the 2 soldiers killed on Jan 23 rd 1986 form the Stars and Stripes newspaper. I was in the unit when this happened “Copter crash victims identified” Frankfurt- The two soldiers killed in the crash of an AH-1 Cobra helicopter near Aschaffenburg on Jan. 23, have been identified as Chief Warrant Officer Dale L. Morris, 33, from Bangor, PA and Pfc. Ronald A. Swadley, 22, from Orlando, FL. Both were members of Company B, 503 rd Aviation Battalion, 3 rd Armored Division in Hanau. Public affairs officials said the helicopter had been participating in exercise Certain Sentinel and crashed while in route from Grafenwoehr to Hanau. There were no other personnel on board the aircraft and no civilian casualties. An investigation is being conducted into the cause of the accident. The crash brings to four the number of soldier deaths in Certain Sentinel. A midair collision of two U.S. Army helicopters on Jan. 17 claimed the lives of Chief Warrant Officer William K. Close, 29 of Largo Fla, and Chief Warrant Officer Elmer D. Padgell Jr., 29, of Wilmington, N.C..”
The following is a report of the crash “The aircraft crashed and burst into flames northeast of Aschaffenburg due to weather while flying maneuvers “Certain Sentinel 86” from Grafenwoehr to Hanau. The aircraft was the lead in a flight of two that elected to deviate from the planned route along a valley and inadvertently entered IMC (Instrument Meterological Conditions). The pilot began VHIRP (Vertical Helicopter IFR Recovery Procedures) when he became disoriented and lost control and the aircraft hit a hilltop with a 7 degree up slope. On initial impact, the main rotor blade flexed down, striking the ground on the right front of the aircraft and the tail boom, before the mast snapped. The fuselage bounced into the air and came to rest about 120’ from the initial point of impact.” Peter M. Greenlees Sgt. B Co 503 rd Aviation Bn
1SG Prader B Company1st Battalion 48th Infantry 1SG Prader was riding in a 5-ton truck when the 5-ton truck started to list to one side, 1SG Prader thought the truck was going to roll over and he jumped out of the truck and was run over.
SGT Griffin . B Company 3rd Battalion 33rd Armor, SGT Griffin died when he was struck by a train in Frankfurt.
(Unknown Name) A 19 year old female MP took her life with a service 45 in front of others on the softball field on Drake Kaserne in 1986. This account is from Anthony J. Renner: I was in 3d Armored Division G-2 from Jan 1985 to Jan 1987. I know this is a harsh reality and a tough one to bring to light. It left a scar on my psyche and perhaps many others as well. I in–processed this young lady through personnel security in G-2. She was from the State of Indiana, I do not recall her name. A staff sergeant in my section and a HHC 3AD medic tried to revive her but to no avail. I don’t remember their names either. The medic’s nickname was Red due to his red hair and he drove a motorcycle, I believe. There were two other suicides that year that were attempted but not fatal. The stress from three bombings and other terrorist activities took their toll on morale of the HHC 3AD and other troops in the area as well I imagine. Here is additional information on this casualty from Jesse Sinclair : Her name was PFC Kimberly Lutz, she served in 6th platoon. I was an honorary pallbearer at her memorial service. She shot herself with a .38 revolver, not a 45. I was there that day and saw her draw her weapon. I know the reasons for her suicide and feel they were too personal to discuss in open forum. She was a troubled young lady who asked for help and never received it. Upon arrival in country she lost her best friend, Pvt Shultz, who died in front of her from a horrible train accident. Kim’s suicide was horrific and I will never forget that day or Kim.
This information was provided by Osbaldo Lujan who served in 2/3 Field Artillery from January 1986 to December 1987 as a light wheel mechanic: Two people died at Ayers Kserne during my stay there. One was a guy that fatally shot himself while on guard duty. To my understanding and what I heard he was depressed and wanted to go home but instead while on duty he walked into a portable latrine and shot himself.
This additional information was provided by James Myers, A CO, 5/33 Armor, ’85-’87: The soldier’s name was John Haidett from California. When I first arrived in Aug ’85, John Haidett was one of my room-mates in the barracks and he became severely depressed. I believe a family member back home was ill or something like that, I’m not sure. After coming off guard duty at the northeast gate, John stopped in a porta-potty on the way back to the guard-shack and fatally shot himself in the head. As a result of the following IG’s investigation, the 1SG retired. The Captain was quickly gone as well, I don’t know if he resigned his commission or what – at any rate they were both gone within 30 days. Their replacements were 1SG Gaither and Captain Miranda, both outstanding men that did a LOT to restore the unit and its morale. The second person was a young female. She got to Ayers Kaserne late in the year and within two weeks or so was brutally murdered. They found her body in a field next to the pub outside the front gate with over 100 stab wounds. The guy that did this was from her unit and was later arrested. I don’t know how long he in spent in jail, but this happen a little after I got to my unit and he was still in jail by the time I left.
This additional information was provided by George Crannell : My name is George Crannell, I was a Legal Specialist in 3/36 th Inf on Ayers Kaserne. The victim of this murder was named “Sue Bennett”. The person who killed her was assigned to my unit, named “Edward L. Whitehead”. She was a good friend of mine, so doing the paperwork to send “Whitehead” to jail was extremely difficult for me. When she was killed, she had one stab wound in the back in each lung, 11 stab wounds in the back of the neck, and she was slashed across her neck “ear to ear”. I know this because I was privy to all the crime scene photos, autopsy paperwork and witness statements. Edward L. Whitehead, who murdered Sue Bennett at Ayers Kaserne is still in jail today. He started in Leavenworth and now (25 May 2018) he is in Allenwood Medium FCI in Pennsylvania.
The following account was sent to us by John C. Birch Jr who was with the 1-36 Infantry. John cannot remember this Sergeant’s name and if anyone reading this account can furnish us with a name, we would be grateful. At the time of the death of this soldier in 1986, I was a SP4 with A Co 1/36IN. Our assigned Platoon Sergeant had just returned from State side temporary assignment. He had just buried his wife and had returned to 1/36 to finish out his time before retiring. The morning of the event was looking to be a fairly nice day, I believe the latter part of March. The Battalion Commander had chosen A Co to go on his Spartan run. On this run I had stopped to take care of personal issues, we were in the sticks ?? The pack had passed and I was sprinting to catch up. I came upon thePlatoon Sergeant and I noticed he was not looking up to speed. I slowed and asked him if he was okay and he advised me that he was and to catch the rest and he would be along soon. True to his word he got to us as we were loading up on the trucks. The first thing he asked for when he climbed aboard was “does anybody got a smoke?” Somebody shook out a smoke.
While prepping for the day. I was in my room pulling on my top in preparation for formation. I was looking to the quad where A Co stood for formation and SFC (we need this soldier’s name) was talking to the other troops and he just hit the ground motionless. I ran out to the quad as SFC ??? was 4 point carried to the Battalion TMC where he was later pronounced dead.
The fall out from this event was tense for a while as our A Co soldiers were angry at what happened at the TMC. There was confusion, some accounts of inadequate care, plus the medication used was out dated. Meetings were held for all to understand what happened and what was being done to correct this type of incident from happening in the future. The conclusion was that SFC??? heart practically exploded. Just a plain fact of life!
Here is updated information from John Birch. His name is Rowsell, this spelling is the best I could come up with. I found more information from 3 other sources. CSM William Pyle, Sgt. T. Phillippi who investigated the death and my old PL who is now a Col. at Ft Lewis, Lt. Col. Tunnell III. CSM Pyle was involved with a pending medical board for SFC Rowsell because of his health/mental issues at hand and Sgt Phillippi was the MP who was involved with the investigation of his death (Rowsell) The medical facts for SFC Rowsell history I found out last year from CSM Pyle. Maybe now I can look at this as a situation that was beyond my control and not a fault on my part. I was very involved in this episode from the beginning and because of this involvement I was harassed by the black soldiers, with racial malice directed towards me. For many years I have kept facts within that “shoebox” in my mind. Sometimes the lid comes off and you relive that day of a bad event. The reopening of that shoebox came in my dreams. I have always felt I was responsible for his death and for 30 yrs. many facts were either hidden from the Soldiers or I forgot in my regret of that event. I was not pulled aside for counseling and told this is not your fault Troop. I do remember how I was reminded what right and obligation I had as a Soldier and responsibilities as the soldier who knew what symptoms SFC. Rowsell exhibited that morning. From that time on and when I promoted to leadership positions I was hyper vigilant about my soldiers health issues. That hyper vigilance paid off later in assisting soldiers in near death type incidents. For many years I thought I had left a soldier behind, but when you have a man with combat history and who could get away with telling Col.s how to get the job done without repercussions, what was a Spc.4 going to do? SFC Rowsell told me that morning that I needed to ” keep my mouth shut.” I learned rank does not matter when a soldier is in distress. But in my mind I left this Soldier behind and I may never change that stinking thinking. RIP SFC. Rowsell
1987
SGT Milan , HHC 1st Battalion 36th Infantry SGT Milan died during a live fire training accident at Grafenwoehr. While the 1-36 Infantry mortar platoon was conducting mounted fire missions in their M-106’s during rainy overcast conditions. The platoon had several hang fire situations where the 4.2 mortar round would become lodged in the tube. As per the SOP for a hang fire situation a soldier was suppose to kick the side of the gun tube to dislodge the projectile to allow the projectile to fire. On this occasion when SGT Milam kicked the side of the gun tube to dislodge the projectile, the 4.2 mortar round exploded in the mortar tube. It was later determined that the mortar platoon had been provided faulty fuses for the mortar ammunition. SSG James Mcovich & SPC Noble are reported to have been injured from this accident that occurred in January.
Additional information on this incident from >Bryan Landaw : On the day that SGT Milan was killed, I was about 200-300 meters away. You know how things get bigger as time goes by, but at the time it happened, we where told that several were killed instantly (5-7) and 1 died before medevac arrived and another enroute. The total we heard for the accident was 7-9 dead. I served with B Co. 2/36 Infantry from the “ROCK”. Hope this helps or gives leads to the whole story. I knew none of the men personally, but they were all my brothers and I love them dearly. They all deserve honor and respect.
Additional information on this incident from >John Birch : I had the opportunity to be in a briefing about incidents leading up to this horrible accident. How I had the opportunity was on the day of this briefing I had previously won a bid for a fund raiser auction for 1-36. I got to be the battalion XO for the day and in those days you could be battalion XO for 30.00 US.
Before the briefing, I remember that day of the incident when it happened we (A Co) were on a range and the word trickled down what had occurred. There was a stand down and we returned to our billets and on the way to the billets we had to pass that range. The area of the incident was tarped and blocked from inquiring eyes. But you could see remnants of uniform (s) hanging from a tree above the site. Security was present also.
Later in the day our “gung ho” commander (CPT Cochran) came around with a Kevlar helmet showing us the stopping power of the Kevlar. Protruding from the helmet was a chunk of 4.2 mortar tube. The Kevlar did the job and saved SPC Noble‘s life. (I believe it was SPC Noble.) This display angered me as it was presented in a bragging manner; otherwise, I was grateful to see the equipment issued was worthy for our use.
The briefing of this incident was months later (March-April 1988) and it was an eye opener.
I remember the following from that briefing; HHC 1/36 Mortar Platoon was set up and the tubes were approximately 15 meters apart, and should have been set up 50 meters apart, SOP!. The Platoon Leader and Platoon Sergeant were on a “Brochen run” and had left Mcovich (sic?) in charge of the range. If I recall Mcovich had just been promoted to SSG. While the Platoon Leaderand Platoon Sergeant were not present, the range “went hot.” Rounds started going down range and then a “hangfire” occurred and this is where it really got bad. From the briefing and interviews from survivors a misfire was declared but no one followed the real way to proceed with this type of incident. SSG Mcovich walked to the tube and kicked the tube 2-3 times before the round “cooked off” resulting with most of his thigh on one leg to be mangled, a piece of the same 4.2 tube slammed into SPC Noble‘s Kevlar helmet. SPC Milan (I am sure it was Milan and not Milam) who was observing from a few meters away was caught with a large portion of the mortar tube, literally cutting him in half.” SSG Mcovich was airlifted to Walter Reed and I think SPCNoble was too.
These are some of the more important facts but from the investigation there were more mitigating circumstances. During the ensuing investigation it was discovered that the mortar rounds were of Korean era vintage. The explosive propellant (cheese charge) used was dated to the Viet Nam era and because the explosive charge was so old it became more powerful due to the chemical breakdown that produced nitro glycerin. So the amount of charge cut to propel the mortar round was excessive and unstable do to the nitro glycerin. These fact was weighed into the report for dissemination at the AAR briefing.
(Note: Based on this account, we have changed the soldier’s name to Milan, with an “n”)
SFC Franklin J. McCormick , D Company 1st Battalion 36th Infantry died during training when an accident occurred on July 10 at Hohenfels Training Area. SFC McCormick’s company was cross-attached with the 2nd Battalion 67th Armor and while conducting company level Situational Training Exercises (STX)SFC McCormick was run over by his M-113. He was survived by his wife Rosalinda & four children Franklin Jr., Seamus, Victoria and Joseph. This update was provided by SFC McCormick’s oldest son, >Frank McCormick II : I just wanted to say hello and thanks for the story about SFC Frank McCormick, a Cold War veteran. I am his oldest child. We came across the story on a random search on the internet. None of us, including my mother, ever new all the details surrounding his death. If you have additional information I would greatly appreciate it. Also, Frank had another son. My mother was pregnant with him at the time of his death. His name is John. Frank II would like to hear from anyone who knew or has information about his father, so contact him if you do. Additional information provided by >James Myers, A CO, 5/33 Armor, ’85-’87: My tank was one of the first on the scene after SFC McCormick was injured. He had gotten out of the rear door of his M-113 with his CVC helmet hooked into the vehicle intercom with a long extension, and was guiding the vehicle backwards up a trail into the woodline (bad idea). He slipped in the mud, and was backed over. I remember it took nearly an hour for the Medevac helicopters to arrive. I believe SFC McCormick died on the way to the hospital. We never got an answer as to why it took the Medevac so long to get there, and it has bothered me to this day.
PVT George, A Company, 5/33 Armor, committed suicide in ’87. In 1987, he was assigned to our Company straight out of Ft. Knox. His recruiter had promised him that in Armor he’d be working on computers (the ones in an Abrams???), as well as a host of other distortions and outright lies. Not only that, he wasn’t that mature and never should have been allowed to enlist, let alone be assigned overseas. Pvt. George just couldn’t deal with the basics of Army life, and made mistake after mistake, getting into trouble time after time. Finally, PVT George had been ordered to quarters by his TC because he had taken a can of paste wax from the CQ desk and wouldn’t return it, and the next night while on guard duty in the motor pool George shot himself in the chest while sitting in the passenger seat of 1SG’s jeep. This information provided by >James Myers, A CO, 5/33 Armor, ’85-’87. PV2 Floyd Allen George, 2d Battalion 32d Armor, committed suicide in a jeep in an Ayers Kaserne motor pool while on guard duty. This additional info provided by >MSG Robert Lego, who indicated this happened in 1991, but we believe it was actually 1987 as indicated by James Myers.
1988
SP4 Peter Nelson III C.Co 4th Support Battalion SP4 Peter Nelson III was climbing a pole & accidentally touched a live electrical line and was electrocuted in March of 1988.
Bruce Hunter of HHT 4th Squadron 8th Cavalry It was a Spearhead Thursday, 3 March 1988 when soldiers were released from work duties at 15:30 to take care of personal business. Bruce Hunter was working on a detail unloading generators from a 2 1/2 ton truck. Bruce Hunter was pulling the generators off the back of the truck, his feet got caught in the webbing of the gate, he fell backwards off the truck and the generator fell on top of him. The medics were able to keep him alive until a Medevac helicopter arrived. Bruce Hunter died in flight to the hospital.
SSG Carlos Williams – Tank Commander, John Alexio-Gunner, (We need name of the loader) C Troop 4th Squadron 8th Cavalry were killed in a tank accident in August 1988 on Range 117 Grafenwoehr when one of the combustible cartridges for the 120 mm main gun tank rounds for the M1A1 exploded in the turret of the tank. The combustible cartridge was hit by the hot aft-cap from a round that was just fired. We have this additional information from >Tom Kehoe : I was the 4/8 Cav Support Platoon Leader and Battalion Ammunition Officer when this incident occurred. I was on the range that night. The loader’s name is Private Braithwaite; however, you don’t need to list his name because he didn’t die in the fire/explosion. He told me that when he saw the round starting to ignite, he immediately climbed out of the turret and jumped off the tank. He was not hurt at all in the accident. I know this of my own observation and experience.
Robert Edward Moynihan , HHC 2nd Battalion 67th Armor, died when the M106A2 mortar track he was driving in the Freidberg Training Area slipped on a muddy road, rolled up an embankment and overturned on 19 October 1988. Here is an additional comment from >John McMahon : In regards to Private Moynihan’s death, Sgt Queral, Moynihan’s section leader, suffered a deep laceration to the forehead from the locking mechanism on the TC hatch. Private Dick and Private Bailey suffered minor injuries. Here are additional comments from >Ben Stickney, then a PFC:I was the Battalion Asst. S-3 driver, and was Sitting in the Battalion HQ when the call came in about the accident. As I had a Jeep out front I took the XO to the motor pool and escorted the 88 recovery vertical out to the location. I was good friends with a lot of the mortar platoon, but did not know PVT. Moynihan other then in passing. My comments are really about what I saw during the rescue and recovery operation. The platoon was a very tight team, and in this case they showed how they pulled together to try and save a member of their team. When we got there we saw the whole platoon digging with shovels, helmets, and hands. They were using everything they had to try and get the track off the driver. The medic on site got a pulse initially and it was hoped that he was simply knocked out and pinned by the vehicle. The 88 was unable to approach the track directly and had to back up and come down a ditch to get to it, and ended up crushing a German truck to get to the right spot, and was able to shift and recover Pvt. Moynihan. Sadly it appeared he attempted to duck down as it rolled, but was pinned and crushed along with his helmet.
PFC Ramirez, 2nd Battalion 36th Infantry, PFC Ramirez dropped dead during a winter morning PT run.
We Need Names There were three deaths in the 3/5 Cav based at Kirch-Gons (Ayers Kaserne) in late 1988. It happened while at Bradley Tank Gunnery at Vilseck. An M1A1 Abrams got mis-oriented and mistook the Bradley for a heated night target downrange. A main gun round struck the turret of the Bradley and basically melted it into slag. I do not know the names of the individuals as they were from another company. Information provided by >Warren T. Griffin, who was the Bradley Master Gunner of B Co 3/5 Cav, 3 AD.
1989
SPC Jerri J. Ehle Jr , HHT 3rd Squadron 8th Cavalry, died when he was hit by a train at the Gelnhausen train station on 17 November 1989.
SFC or MSG (full name unknown) assigned to the DivArty Communications Platoon took his own life. He had been diagnosed with cancer that was believed to be due to his contact with Agent Orange in Viet Nam. At that time, the Signal Officer was MAJ Alexander and the DivArty Commander was COL Magruder. This information was provided by Todd Ringenbach. Anyone with further details, please let us know.
1LT Mike Case In 1989 or 1990, 1LT Mike Case (99% sure that’s his name) took his own life by shooting himself in the head. He was assigned to one of the Cav Battalions on Kirchgoens (3-5 I’m pretty sure). One of his soldiers had accidentally shot himself or another soldier while handling Mike’s POW. I remember being told about it the next morning during a softball game on The Rock. Mike was a great guy and a great Officer. I think he just thought his career was over and was devastated by it all…. >Chris Barrett
PFC (Albert ?) and PFC (Christopher ?) stationed in Buedingen were killed in a car accident after a night in the Big Valley discotheque between Radmühl and Obereichenbach. As I arrived one of them was still alive, but died soon after we got him out of the car (a green DAF). The two soldiers had gotten into a fight earlier at the discotheque; so, many people thought that this was not an accident. >Yvonne
1990
Jan 1990 – SGT S. Pitts (Need First Name) B Co. 54th Support Bn., 3rd BDE, 3AD, Friedberg Germany, Died from injuries sustained from being a passenger involved in a Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) incident while traveling the German Autobahn from Friedberg to Grafenwoehr. Details: HMMWV overturned severely injuring both the driver SPC Feliciano and SGT S. Pitts. SGT Pitts passed within weeks of the incident in Germany. The driver was Evac’d to Walter Reed. ~ >Gilda Green.
SPC Michael Viloria, HHB 2nd Battalion 82nd Artillery died when he fell from the roof of his barracks in April 1990.
I was SPC Michael Viloria’s roommate at the time of his death and remember the incident. Viloria had been downtown celebrating with SGT Lou Petz who was ETS-ing the next day. I was on the phone in the Hallway when Viloria returned to the barracks about 9:00pm. He had run back to the barracks from downtown Friedberg (about a mile) and was going to bed. When I got off the phone about 30 minutes later and went to bed, Viloria was sound asleep. About an hour later the CQ pounded on our door saying someone had fallen off the roof, and it looked like Viloria, to which I responded that that was impossible he was in his bed asleep. We looked and found the window open and Viloria’s bed empty. Apparently in his sleep he had got up and climbed out the window thinking he was going to the latrine, and subsequently fell four stories to the ground, landing flat on his back. He was evacuated by German civilian medical personnel, which was the case whenever someone was seriously injured. He died in the German Hospital a few hours later from massive internal injuries. Viloria had less than 30 days left in Germany and had orders to Fort Polk Louisiana. He was from Santa Ana, CA. He was absolutely the funniest person I have ever met in my life, he could always make people laugh no matter what the situation was. This occurred the same week as SSG Jackson (see next casualty immediately below) dropping dead during PT. SSG Jackson had only been in Germany a short time and no one really knew him well. He simply dropped dead during PT. We were told the cause of death was undetermined and that they had sent him to Walter Reed for an autopsy, which was also inconclusive as to a cause of death, he had no known health conditions.Information provided by: Scott Thorland scottthorland@gmail.com
SSG Jackson, HHB 2nd Battalion 82 Artillery died from a heart attack while participating in physical training in April 1990.
PFC Rowe HHC 2nd Battalion 67th Armor, was assigned as a mechanic working on the B Company maintenance team. After the completion of a company service the company conducted a post service road march, during a maintenance halt to inspect the vehicles PFC Rowe was hit on the back of his head by the mirror of a passing MP escort vehicle humvee. At first it appeared the PFC Rowe had no ill effects from the blow to the head. Upon return to post he was checked out again & it was determined that his injuries were very serious. He died in a Medevac helicopter on the way to the hospital in Frankfurt on 2 September 1990.
SFC Skretchen . Mess Sergeant HHC 2nd Battalion 67th Armor died during a training rotation at Grafenwoehr in October 1990. He was shot while on duty in the Dining Facility by one of his soldiers who had just received some Uniform Code of Military Justice discipline. The soldier who shot SFC Skretchen later took his own life when he was about to be captured. PFC Berry & PFC Richardson were also wounded during this attack, but they later recuperated from their wounds.
1LT Kevin Dudley, B Company, 3rd Squadron 8th Cavalry died of an aneurysm while running for physical training in November 1990.
Unknown Soldier 1990 While I was assigned to the Scout Plt 5/18 Infantry a PVT (unknown name) and I think from B Company went up to the attic of the barracks and hung himself. Years later around 2000 I was in the middle of a PCS move from Fort Knox and second day of packing and pickup of my household goods, and really a few days left at Knox, 2 CID agents came to my quarters and asked me about my time in Friedberg and if anything there stuck out in my mind, and there were 2 incidents that I immediately thought of, (1) Was a big search for a case or Fragmentation grenades that came up lost, we walked up and down some of the roads leading to the AHA, to my knowledge it was never found. (2) Was the guy that hung himsefl, I asked the agents what this was all about and if it was about the suicide and they said to me “it’s along those lines” creepy, never approached about it again. >Jason Garcia Scout Plt 5/18 Inf
CW4 Wigham committed suicide, using his issue .38 cal. pistol sitting in the cockpit of an OH-58 Kiowa, while at Fliegerhorst Kaserne, Hanau Germany, in 1990. He was an OH-58 Kiowa pilot with G Co. Task Force Viper, 227 th DASB. I was working on an OH-58D Kiowa Warrior, about 30 meters from him at the time of his death. 1LT Christine Luft and two MPs attempted to stop him, but could not reach him in time. >Paul S.Thronburg
1991
1992
Michael Cary was killed coming back from Gravenwoehr on the Autobahn he was stationed in Hanau any additional information would be appreciated and helpful. | msmarco_doc_00_22907183 |
http://3ammagazine.com/magazine/issue_4/articles/nuclear_bomb_effects.html | Politics : The Effects Of a Nuclear Bomb on An American City - www.3ampublishing.com
THE EFFECTS ON THE INHABITANTS OF A CITY
OF THE EXPLOSION OF A NUCLEARBOMB
"The effect of a single bomb would depend on its power, and where it
exploded - high in the air or at ground level - and whether in a
densely populated and built-up area like a city or in open country like
an attack on a missile silo..."
By Alan F. Phillips, M.D., D.M.R.T.
Copyright © 2001, 3 A.M. MAGAZINE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
INTRODUCTION
The detonation of a single nuclear bomb or "warhead" would cause a local
disaster on a scale that few people in the world have seen and
survived. However, it should not be confused with the effects of a
nuclear war, in which many nuclear bombs would be exploded. That would
cause the end of civilization in the countries concerned, and perhaps
over the whole world, as well as radioactive contamination of whole
continents, and terrible damage to the environment and ecology.
The effect of a single bomb would depend on its power, and where it
exploded -- high in the air or at ground level -- and whether in a
densely populated and built-up area like a city or in open country like
an attack on a missile silo.
The nuclear bombs available to the great military powers of the world
(China, France, Israel, Russia, United Kingdom, United States) range in
power from several megatons down to a few kilotons (and some even
smaller).
A "megaton" is the explosive power of one million tons of TNT. A
"kiloton" is the power of one thousand tons of TNT. Bombs likely to be
available to terrorist organizations or governments other than the great
military powers would be in the 10- to 100-kiloton range. Bombs made by
amateurs might not explode with the full power they were designed for.
[FOOTNOTE: TNT stands for tri-nitro-toluene, a high explosive commonly
used in shells and bombs throughout the Second World War. Weight for
weight, its explosive power is roughly equal to that of dynamite.]
The two bombs that have been exploded over cities, Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945, were in the ten- to twenty-kiloton
range.
A ONE-MEGATON BOMB DETONATED IN THE AIR
First, we will look at the result of a single bomb of one megaton
detonated at an altitude of 2,500 metres above a city, to cause maximum
blast effects. This is believed to have been a main part of the
targeting strategy of the Soviet Union and the United States during the
"Cold War". The Russian and U.S. governments have stated that missiles
would not remain targetted on cities. However, thousands of missiles
and warheads are still deployed. They could be targetted on any city in
the world in a matter of minutes, and re-targetted to their original
targets in seconds.
Flash and fireball
The first effect of a nuclear explosion in the air is an intense flash
of light, as quick as a lightning flash but a thousand times as bright. It is accompanied by a powerful pulse of heat radiation, sufficient to
set fire to light combustible material out to a distance of fourteen
km., and to paint or wood at half that distance. There is also an
intense pulse of X-rays, sufficient to be lethal at a distance of three
km.; in fact that would be a rather small factor, since people that
close would all or nearly all be killed by the blast that follows.
Immediately after the flash, a "fireball" forms in the air and rises for
several seconds, blindingly bright and radiating much heat. On a clear
day or night, people up to eighty km. away who happened to be facing
that way, or who turned their eyes to look where the flash came from,
would be temporarily or permanently blinded.
Within ten km. of "ground zero" (which is the point directly under the
explosion) all parts of the body exposed to the flash would be burned
deeply into the flesh. Superficial burns would be caused at greater
distances, out to fifteen km. at least. Clothing that caught fire would
cause many more burns.
The weather conditions prevailing, and the time of day the bomb
exploded, would both influence the degrees of damage. For example, the
radii for skin burns and blindness would depend on the weather. Mist or
fog reduces the range of the heat and light rays; on the other hand,
darkness dilates the pupils of the eyes increasing the probability of
severe eye damage from the flash.
Blast
Starting at the same instant, but travelling more slowly (like the sound
of thunder following a lightning flash) is an enormously powerful blast
wave. It would destroy even reinforced concrete buildings for a radius
of two km., and ordinary brick or timber frame houses out to eight km.
Major damage to houses would extend out to fourteen km., and windows
would be broken at twenty or thirty km. People at a distance, if they
realized what had happened when they saw the flash, would have a few
seconds to lie down, or even to dive into a ditch or hollow, before the
blast hit.
Within three km., almost everyone would be killed, either directly by
the blast or by collapsing or flying masonry. At eight km., it is
estimated that about fifty per cent of people would be killed by the
effects of the blast.
Immediately following the blast wave would be hurricane force winds,
first outwards from the explosion, and many seconds later inwards to
replace the air that went out. Within four km., the wind would be of
tornado force, six hundred km./hr., sufficient to drive straws into
wooden utility poles or glass splinters into people, but of course over
a much wider area than a tornado. People in the open would be picked up
and hurled into any object strong enough to be still standing.
Firestorm
Many fires would have been started by the first flash. Burst fuel
tanks, gas mains, and collapsed buildings would provide more fuel, and
it is likely that confluent fires would cause a "firestorm". This is
when coalescent fires cause sufficient updraft to form their own wind,
blowing inwards from all sides and thereby increasing the intensity of
the fire. The temperature even in basements and bomb shelters rises
above lethal levels, and all available oxygen is used by the fire.
The wind blowing inwards is of gale force, so that even strong uninjured
people would have difficulty walking or trying to run outwards away from
the fire.
Delayed Radiation ("fallout")
A nuclear explosion, as well as giving off a great pulse of radiation at
the time, leaves everything in the vicinity radioactive. In the case of
an "air-burst" as just described, most of the radioactive products would
be gaseous, or completely vaporized, and would rise with the fireball
and come down slowly, if at all. There might be a rainstorm containing
radioactivity, as there was at Hiroshima; and the rubble within a
kilometre or two of the ground zero would be radioactive. This might
hamper later rescue efforts, and affect the very few survivors from that
central area, but would not be a major factor.
In any nuclear bomb explosion, a large fraction (a minimum of one-third)
of the original fissile material (plutonium or U-235) does not get
destroyed. This would result in widespread contamination, increasing the
late risk of cancer for those who survived ten to twenty years. (These
amounts of plutonium and uranium would have no immediate toxic effects.)
Rescue Problems
If the bomb exploded squarely over the centre of a city, no rescue
services within the area of major structural damage would be able to
function. All down-town hospitals would be destroyed, and there would
be no electricity, water, or telephone communication in the area served
by city utilities.
Rescue services from outside would be hampered by impassable roads and
the central area of severe damage would be inaccessible. The number of
injured in the peripheral area would be so great that emergency
services of surrounding cities would be completely overloaded, as would
be any surviving suburban hospitals and all the hospitals of
neighbouring cities. Even to be seen by a doctor and given analgesics,
the injured from one city would need to be distributed among all the
hospitals of North America.
The destroyed city would be radioactive. Decisions to attempt rescue
work would depend first on a survey of the area by a specialist team
with appropriate protection, and then on a policy decision as to how
much radiation the rescue teams should be permitted. Willingness of the
team members and their unions to accept the risk would be a final
factor.
Medical Problems
The estimates for a city of one million or two million struck by a
single one-megaton bomb are that around one third of the inhabitants
would be killed instantly or fatally injured, one third seriously
injured, and the rest uninjured or only slightly injured. That number
of injured, if they could be distributed throughout the hospitals of
North America, would occupy something like a third of the total number
of beds; and of course no hospital can deal adequately with such an
influx of urgent cases within a few days.
There might be fifty times as many cases of severe burns as there are
burn beds in the whole of North America. A whole year's supply of blood
for transfusion would be needed immediately, and
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2005, 3 AM Magazine. All Rights Reserved. | msmarco_doc_00_23025092 | ||
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3awa.org | msmarco_doc_00_23035155 |
http://3b2461662426a1cad860-575b682d1fe1b032034ee17e4691f3c6.r82.cf2.rackcdn.com/uploaded/f/0e3725975_1412880170_form-paycom-time-off-instructions.pdf | Time-Off Requests; Employee
Paycom
Payroll
and
HR
Technology
Time-Off
Requests;
Employee
Time-Off
Requests
for
Employees
Requesting
Time
Off
Option
1)
“Request
Time
Off”
Header
Option
2)
Time-Off
Calendar
| Time-Off Requests; Employee
Time-Off
Requests;
Employee
Paycom
Payroll
and
HR
Technology
Time-Off
Requests;
Employee
Time-Off
Requests
for
Employees
To
request
time
off,
log
in
to
Employee
Self
Service.
To
access
the
Paycom
Employee
Self-Service
website
go
to
www.PaycomOnline.com.
Then
select
“Employee.”
Enter
your
User
Name,
Password
and
the
last
four
digits
of
your
Social
Security
Number.
Then
select
“Log
In.”
From
the
main
menu,
you
can
select
“My
Accruals”
under
the
“Payroll
Information”
header
to
view
your
time-off
accruals.
From
this
screen
you
can
view
the
accrual
type,
awardable
hours,
rollover
amount,
how
much
time
is
available,
how
much
time
has
been
taken
previously,
etc.
Requesting
Time
Off
From
the
main
menu
screen,
select
“Request
Time
Off.”
There
are
two
ways
to
request
time
off:
Option
1)
Under
the
“Request
Time
Off”
Header
Option
2)
Using
the
Time-Off
Calendar
Option
1)
“Request
Time
Off”
Header
To
request
time
off
from
the
Request
Time
Off
header,
select
“Request
Time
Off”
or
the
plus
sign.
Enter
the
amount
of
hours
you
need
to
request
off
as
well
as
the
accrual
type.
You
are
able
to
select
the
date
or
date
range
you
would
like
to
request
off.
Note:
Your
available
time
is
listed
below
under
the
“Hours
Available”
header.
Enter
in
a
Start
Time
depending
on
the
time
the
time-off
request
will
begin.
You
also
have
the
ability
to
add
a
reason
for
the
time-off
request.
If
you
have
a
request
that
spans
over
a
weekend,
the
“Ignore
Weekends”
check
box
is
selected
as
a
default
and
will
skip
placing
requests
on
the
weekend.
Uncheck
this
box
if
you
are
taking
time
off
on
a
weekend.
You
can
view
your
available
balance
as
of
your
last
pay
period
end
date
as
well
as
the
future
hours
you
have
had
approved
and
the
total
amount
of
time
that
has
been
requested.
You
will
see
the
“Net
Available”
amount
that
shows
what
is
left
after
your
approved
and
requested
amounts
are
taken.
When
finished,
select
“Add
Request.”
If
your
employer
chooses,
once
you
have
made
your
request
an
email
will
be
sent
to
your
supervisor
for
approval.
Option
2)
Time-Off
Calendar
To
request
time
off
from
the
Time-Off
Calendar,
select
the
plus
sign
on
the
day
to
be
requested
off.
Note:
Today’s
date
will
always
have
a
solid
outline
on
the
calendar.
Enter
the
amount
of
hours
you
need
to
request
off
as
well
as
the
accrual
type.
You
are
able
to
select
the
date
or
date
range
you
would
like
to
request
off.
Note:
Your
available
time
is
listed
below
under
the
“Hours
Available”
header.
Enter
in
a
Start
Time
depending
on
the
time
the
time-off
request
will
begin.
You
also
have
the
ability
to
add
a
reason
for
the
time-off
request.
If
you
have
a
request
that
spans
over
a
weekend,
the
“Ignore
Weekends”
check
box
is
selected
as
a
default
and
will
skip
placing
requests
on
the
weekend.
Uncheck
this
box
if
you
are
taking
time
off
on
a
weekend.
When
finished,
select
“Add
Request.”
After
your
request
is
submitted,
you
will
be
able
to
view
the
time-off
request
in
the
time-
off
calendar.
The
requests
will
be
color
coded
so
you
can
easily
see
what
has
happened
with
the
request
by
viewing
the
PTO
Legend.
When
your
supervisor
approves
or
denies
the
request
it
will
automatically
update
the
calendar
so
you
know
if
the
time
has
been
approved
or
not.
If
you
would
like
to
see
the
details
of
the
time-off
request,
you
can
select
the
link
to
show
the
time-off
request.
You
are
also
able
to
edit
or
delete
your
request
by
selecting
the
link
within
the
calendar
day.
If
your
employer
chooses,
the
system
will
automatically
send
you
an
email
letting
you
know
if
your
request
has
been
approved
or
denied.
| msmarco_doc_00_23035305 |