url stringlengths 14 987 | title stringlengths 0 45k | headings stringlengths 1 532k | body stringlengths 1 1.4M | docid stringlengths 16 25 |
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http://1howmany.com/how-many-feet-in-a-yard | How Many Feet in a Yard | How Many Feet in a Yard
How Many Feet in a Yard | How Many Feet in a Yard
How Many Feet in a Yard
Dec 25, 2019 Feet 1 and yards 2 are units of length common for different systems, like US customary, Imperial, or English. But if you want to know how many feet there are in a yard, it is not important what system you mean. The answer to this question will be the same for all of them:
There are three feet in one yard.
Thus, to covert feet to yards you must take the number of feet and divide it by three. On the contrary, to find out how many feet are in several yards, you must multiply the yards by three. Easy, isn’t it? It is a task for the pupils from the elementary school.
The following section will give you some more useful information about feet and yards.
International Feet and Yards
As it is stated above, there are different variants of feet and yards in the world. But most of these definitions are obsolete, because in 1959 the international yard was accepted. It is equal to 0.9144 meters. It means that the international foot equals to 0.3048 meters. This definition is official for almost all the countries, so there is no need to discuss outdated units. Just remember that one yard has three feet, and one foot has twelve inches.
We hope that you have understood how many feet are in a yard and will never look silly like the woman in this video:
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The foot (plural form: feet; abbr. ft; symbol ′) is a length unit used in several systems (Imperial, English, US customary, etc). The size of this unit can vary, and the most common variant is the international one. It equals to 0.3048 meters. One foot has twelve inches, and three feet make up one yard.
The yard (abbr. yd) is a length unit typical for several systems (Imperial, English, US customary, etc), but in all of them it equals to three feet. In 1959, the international yard was accepted by the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa. It was defined as 0.9144 meters.
The foot (plural form: feet; abbr. ft; symbol ′) is a length unit used in several systems (Imperial, English, US customary, etc). The size of this unit can vary, and the most common variant is the international one. It equals to 0.3048 meters. One foot has twelve inches, and three feet make up one yard.
The yard (abbr. yd) is a length unit typical for several systems (Imperial, English, US customary, etc), but in all of them it equals to three feet. In 1959, the international yard was accepted by the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa. It was defined as 0.9144 meters. | msmarco_doc_00_6225012 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-feet-in-an-acre | How Many Feet in an Acre | How Many Feet in an Acre
How Many Feet in an Acre | How Many Feet in an Acre
How Many Feet in an Acre
Dec 27, 2019 When we are talking about how many feet are in one acre 1, of course, we mean square feet 2, because acres and square feet are units of area and a foot is a length unit. Everybody can imagine an area of a square foot, but it is not so easy to visualize an acre. A good example comes from sport. As a rule, a common football field is about one acre.
But how many feet does one acre consists of? The answer is following:
One acre has 43,560 square feet
The table below will help you if you need to convert square feet and acres into some other units of area.
One acre
One square foot
Square Centimeters
404,687
929
Square Meters
About 4,047
About 0.09
Square Feet
43,560
1
Square Yards
4,840
1/9
Acres are usually used in the US customary system and in the imperial system for measuring land in forestry and agriculture. Square feet are widely spread in architecture, real estate, etc.
You can come across other types of acres, which are used in various countries: Roman acre (1260 m 2 ), Irish acre (7843 yd 2 ), Cheshire acre (10240 yd 2 ), etc. But they are not as popular as international acres.
The acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also used in many other systems. The international acre is the most common variant, and it is equal to approximately 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare.
The square foot (abbr. sq ft or ft2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is used in the USA, Canada, United Kingdom, and other countries. It is a square area with sides of one foot (12 inches, or about 0,304 meters). | msmarco_doc_00_6228342 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-grams-in-a-pound | How Many Grams in a Pound | How Many Grams in a Pound
How Many Grams in a Pound | How Many Grams in a Pound
How Many Grams in a Pound
Dec 25, 2019 Originally, the pound 1 was used almost across all the Europe, but later it was replaced by grams 2 and kilograms after the international metric system had been accepted. Now the meter is the basic unit of length of the ISU 3, and it consists of 1000 grams. Pounds and grams are common units but they belong to different systems, so if you ask people how many grams there are in one pound, not everybody will give you the right answer.
Different Types of Pounds
What is more, they can give you different variants, and many of them can be correct. The point is that there are more than two weight systems. For example, according to the Avoirdupois Weight, one pound equals to 16 ounces and 454 grams (453.59). But the Troy Weight says that one pound has 12 ounces and 373 grams. In the USA and Great Britain the international avoirdupois pound is accepted (though this name is not very popular). So in these countries one pound is equal to 454 grams.
There are also some other weight systems (Tower, Merchant, London, etc) that have their own definitions of pounds. The following table will give help you to understand how many ounces and grams are in different pounds.
Metric Grams
Ounces
1 Avoirdupois pound
454
16
1 Troy pound
373
12
1 Tower pound
350
12
1 Merchant pound
437
15
1 London pound
467
16
The table below helps to convert international pounds and grams into some other units of weight.
Grams
Pounds
One ounce
28
1/16
One pound
454
1
One kilogram
1000
2.2
Pound (abbr. lb) is a general unit of mass, which is used mostly in the USA, Great Britain, Canada and some other countries. It has many definitions, but the most known of them is equal to 454 metric grams.
Gram (abbr. g) is a widely-spread unit of mass from the International System of Units. One kilogram, which is the basin unit of the ISU, has 1000 grams.
The International System of Units (abbr. ISU, SI) is a modern system of measurement units, which is most widely used in the world. In consists of seven basic units: meters, kilograms, ampere, second, kelvin, mole, and candela). | msmarco_doc_00_6230186 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-grams-in-an-ounce | How Many Grams in an Ounce | How Many Grams in an Ounce
How Many Grams in an Ounce | How Many Grams in an Ounce
How Many Grams in an Ounce
Dec 28, 2019 Before we start explaining how many grams are in an ounce, we should make sure that you clearly understand the meaning of the terms “ounce” and “gram”.
The ounce 1 belongs to so called imperial weight units.
The international avoirdupois ounce is equal to about 28.35 grams 2.
This unit is commonly used in the USA and many other countries.
But there is also the international troy ounce. This one equals to approximately 32.1 grams and is used for measurement of gold and other precious metals. Remember about it and do not mix them up.
Some people can confuse ounce as units of weight with fluid ounces, which are units of capacity. Take it into consideration.
Grams are much easier for understanding. They are from the metric system. One thousand grams make up one kilogram, one thousand kilograms make up on ton, etc.
How Many Grams in an Ounce
As stated above, one international avoirdupois ounce equals to 28.35 grams. It is pretty difficult to convert ounces to grams and vice versa, so the following table will help you to do it.
Ounce
Gram
Ounce
Gram
1
28.3495231
20
566.990462
2
56.6990462
30
850.485693
3
85.0485693
40
1133.980924
4
113.3980924
50
1417.476155
5
141.7476155
60
1700.971386
6
170.0971386
70
1984.466617
7
198.4466617
80
2267.961848
8
226.7961848
90
2551.457079
9
255.1457079
100
2834.95231
10
283.495231
999
2806.6027869
The ounce (abbr. oz) is a unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in many systems and has several definitions. The most regular definition of this unit is equivalent to approximately 28,34 grams (the imperial ounce).
The gram (abbr. g) is a weight unit from the International System of Units. One kilogram, which is the basic unit of the ISU contains one thousand grams. | msmarco_doc_00_6232555 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-inches-in-a-foot | How Many Inches in a Foot | How Many Inches in a Foot
How Many Inches in a Foot | How Many Inches in a Foot
How Many Inches in a Foot
Dec 25, 2019 Feet 1 and inches 2 are widely-spread units of length used in different systems, like US customary, imperial, or English ones. In all these systems there is the same number of inches in one foot. So, if you are asked how many feet there are in a yard, you may give the following answer:
There are twelve inches in one foot.
In order to covert inches to feet you have to take the necessary number of inches and divide it by twelve. And if you multiply several feet by twelve, you will find out how many inches there are in them. It is so easy that in most cases you will not even need a calculator.
The table below will help you to convert inches and feet to some other units of length. The international definitions of inches, feet and yards are used in it.
One foot
One yard
One meter
One mile
Inches
12
36
39.37
63 360
Feet
1
3
0.3048
5280
If you want to get some more interesting and useful information about inches and feet, read the following section.
International Feet and Inches
You can come across different definitions of feet and inches in various countries (the Scottish inch, the metric foot, etc). But all of them, except the international foot and the international inch, are used very rarely in our days, so there is no need to discuss them in detail.
On the 1 st of July, 1959, the Commonwealth of Nations and the USA defined the international yard as 0.9144 meters. As you know, one yard consists of three feet and thirty six inches. Thus, it is no difficult to calculate that one international foot equals to 0.3048 meter, and one international inch equals to 25.4 millimeters.
Usage of Feet and Inches
Inches and feet are widely used in the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and other countries. Even though the metric system is accepted in most of them, its units of length have not been able to fully replace inches or feet. Inches are universally used to measure the diagonals of television sets. In the USA, feet and inches are common units for measuring man’s height.
The foot (plural form: feet; abbr. ft; symbol ′) is a length unit widely used in several measurement systems. This unit has several definitions but the most common variant is the international one. It equals to 0.3048 meters. One foot has twelve inches, and three feet make up one yard.
The Inch (abbr. in, symbol ”) is a length unit in many measurement systems. There are 12 inches in one foot and 36 inches in one yard. The international inch, accepted in the Commonwealth of Nations and the USA, equals to about 2.54 centimeters. | msmarco_doc_00_6234642 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-keys-on-a-piano | How Many Keys on a Piano | How Many Keys on a Piano
How Many Keys on a Piano | How Many Keys on a Piano
How Many Keys on a Piano
Dec 26, 2019 The question “How many keys are one a piano 1 ?” may seem rather childish, but not everybody can give the correct answer to it. We will not keep you in suspense.
Standard modern pianos have 88 keys.
But this answer is not comprehensive, because there are also pianos with other numbers of keys. If you want to know more about this musical instrument, keep on reading.
Invention of a Piano
Bartolomeo Cristofori, a harpsichord maker from Padua, Italy, is said to be the inventor of the modern variant of the piano. Nobody can say when exactly this happened, but it is known that by 1700 the Medici family, whom he worked for, had such an instrument. First pianos had wooden frames and unique keyboard mechanisms. In general, they resembled clavichords, which had been invented formerly. Since that time their design and functionality have undergone significant changes.
Layout of Keys on a Piano
You have already read above that a standard piano has 88 keys. But if you want to understand their layout better, you should get some more information about the instrument.
First keyboards of early musical instruments had no black keys on them, and the key layout of those times consisted of seven notes. The modern variant was established in the 13th century in Europe. It consisted of twelve notes. Seven white keys and five black keys form an octave. As you already know, now pianos have 88 keys, that is, 7¼ octaves. As a rule, there are 52 white keys and 36 black keys on a regular piano.
Unusual Pianos
However, not only standard 88 key pianos are used now. Some well-known piano makers produce instruments with different number of keys. For example, there are 92 of them in Bösendorfer 225, and even 97 keys in Bösendorfer 290. The so-called “Cottage piano” misses bottom octave and top octave and has only 64 keys. Many years ago the Pleyel Company made the double grand piano, which combined two pianos. It had 176 piano keys.
Nowadays, there are two basic categories of pianos: grand and upright. They are usually subdivided into baby grand, concert grand, small upright and large upright. The table below will give you some information about them.
Type
Length
Weight
Concert grand piano
9’
about 490 kg
Baby grand piano
4’11”
about 240 kg
Large upright piano
4’2”
about 215 kg
Small upright piano
3’8”
about 185 kg
The largest piano in the world was made by Challen England in 1935. It was 11’8” long and weighed more than one and a quarter tons.
The Steinway Grand Piano, located in the White House.
The piano is a very popular musical instrument, which is played with the help of a keyboard. The standard piano keyboard has 88 keys (52 white keys and 36 black keys). Pianos are widely used for chamber music, solo performances, accompaniment, etc. | msmarco_doc_00_6237494 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-kids-does-lil-wayne-have | How Many Kids Does Lil Wayne Have | How Many Kids Does Lil Wayne Have
How Many Kids Does Lil Wayne Have
Lil Wayne’s Children
| How Many Kids Does Lil Wayne Have
How Many Kids Does Lil Wayne Have
Dec 27, 2019 Lil Wayne is a world-wide famous hip-hop star whose real name is Dwayne Michael Carter Junior. He is also known as an ex-con, owner of numerous tattoos and tennis fan. Many people, even among his fans, believe him to be a mere blockhead, and it is difficult to dispute over this opinion. Anyway, his music has exerted a strong influence on modern pop culture, and he has got a number of admirers.
Lil Wayne’s Children
There are a lot of discrepant rumors about Wayne’s life. The most contradictory one deals with the number of his children and his relationships with them. In fact, many his fans do not know for sure how many kids Lil has. The answer is following:
Lil Wayne has four children, three boys and a girl
This table will give you some more information about them.
Name
Born
Mother
Reginae
1999
Wayne’s sweetheart Antonia “Toya” Carter
Dwayne Carter III
October 22, 2008
Wayne’s sweetheart Antonia “Toya” Carter
Lennox
September 9, 2009
Actress Lauren London 1
Neal
November 30, 2009
Singer Nivea 2
Reginae was born when Lil was fifteen. Her mother is Wayne’s sweetheart Antonia Carter (nee Johnson). They married in 2004 and divorced two years later. In 2008, Internet rumors had it that Reginae had died in some car accident, but they turned to be false. Lil’s daughter did not get in any car crash. His three sons has been born since 2008 to different mothers who are Antonia Carter, actress Lauren London and singer Nivea.
Lil Wayne Biography
Dwayne Michael Carter Junior had the honor to be born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 27, 1982. During his school years he took part in a gifted program and the drama club. Dwayne recorded his first raps when he was eleven. At the age of fourteen he left secondary school, but later earned the General Education Diploma. He was a student of the University of Houston in 2005, but dropped out in the first year.
In 1997, he joined the Hot Boys. His debut album was Get It How U Live! Lil Wayne’s most successful album, named Tha Carter III, war recorded in 2008. Over one million copies have been sold in the USA during the first week after its release. Lil got the Grammy for the Best Rap Album.
According to Lil, he has changed his given name into Wayne, because he does not want to be Dwayne like his father who has never been in his life.
Lauren Nicole London is an American model and actress who started the career in different music videos. Now she act in films and is shown on television.
Nivea B. Nash is an American singer, who is known for the singles Laundromat and Don’t Mess With My Man. | msmarco_doc_00_6240629 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-kilobytes-in-a-megabyte | How Many Kilobytes in a Megabyte | How Many Kilobytes in a Megabyte
How Many Kilobytes in a Megabyte | How Many Kilobytes in a Megabyte
How Many Kilobytes in a Megabyte
Dec 26, 2019 As you may know, the binary number system is used to measure computer data, and the bit 1 is the basic unit of information in it. The bit has one of the two values, denoted by 1 or 0. Eight bits make up one byte 2, which is the main element in most computer system architectures. When an average man hears the terms “kilobytes” and “megabytes” for the first time, he will probably think that they mean the following:
1 kilobyte equals to 1000 bytes
1 megabyte equals to 1 000 000 bytes
So, the answer to the question, “How many kilobytes are there in a Megabyte?” seems to be obvious:
1 megabyte equals to 1000 kilobytes.
But don’t jump to conclusions. For example, manufacturers of computer memory use another system. It states:
1 megabyte equals to 1024 kilobytes.
More than that, this definition is more popular nowadays. It means that 1 kilobyte is 2 10 bytes, which is 1024 bytes. But it uses the prefix “kilo” from the metric system, and sometimes this fact causes confusion.
The IEC Definitions
In 1998, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 3 accepted a new international standard. It suggests replacing metric prefixes in the terms by specific ones. New variants are made up of the first syllable of the corresponding metric prefix and the syllable “bi” (contraction from “binary”).
The following table presents all the IEC definitions.
Term
Abbreviation
Equals to
Bit
bit
0 or 1
Byte
B
8 bits
Kibibit
Kibit
1024 bits
Kibibyte
KiB
1024 bytes
Mebibyte
MiB
1024 kibibytes
Gibibyte
GiB
1024 mebibytes
Tebibyte
TiB
1024 gibibytes
Pebibyte
PiB
1024 tebibytes
Exbibyte
EiB
1024 pebibytes
These new definitions could have solved many problems, but they are not commonly used yet, and most manufacturers, dealers and computer users ignore it. No wonder, most people do not even know what these terms mean.
The table below will help you to convert traditional units.
One Bit
One Byte
Bits
1
8
Bytes
8
1
Kilobytes
8,192
1,024
Megabytes
8,388,608
1,048,576
Gigabytes
8,589,934,592
1,073,741,824
One Kilobyte
One Megabyte
Bits
8,192
8,388,608
Bytes
1,024
1,048,576
Kilobytes
1
1,024
Megabytes
1,024
1
Gigabytes
1,048,576
1,024
One Gigabyte
One Terabyte
Bits
8,589,934,592
8,796,093,022,208
Bytes
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
Kilobytes
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
Megabytes
1,024
1,048,576
Gigabytes
1
1,024
One Petabyte
One Exabyte
Bits
9,007,199,254,740,992
9,223,372,036,854,775,808
Bytes
1,125,899,906,842,624
1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Kilobytes
1,099,511,627,776
1,125,899,906,842,624
Megabytes
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
Gigabytes
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
One Zettabyte
Bits
9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392
Bytes
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Kilobytes
1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Megabytes
1,125,899,906,842,624
Gigabytes
1,099,511,627,776
The bit (contraction from the phrase “binary digit”) is the fundamental unit of computer information. In means the amount of data that has one of the two possible values: digits 0 or 1.
The byte (abbr. B) is the basic unit of computer information, consisting of eight bits. Bytes make up kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB), petabytes (PB), exabytes (EB), zettabytes (ZB), and yottabytes (YB). The standard definition states that one kilobyte has 1000 bytes and so on, but according to the non-official meaning, one kilobyte has 1024 bytes.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – is the non-profit organization, developing International Standards for various spheres of electrotechnology. It has approved such terms, as Kibibit (Kibit), Kibibyte (KiB), Mebibyte (MiB), Gibibyte (GiB), Tebibyte (TiB), Pebibyte (PiB), Exbibyte (EiB). | msmarco_doc_00_6243634 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-kilometers-in-a-mile | How Many Kilometers in a Mile | How Many Kilometers in a Mile
How Many Kilometers in a Mile | How Many Kilometers in a Mile
How Many Kilometers in a Mile
Dec 26, 2019 People, living in countries where the imperial measurement system is adopted, use miles 1, yards, feet and some other units to reckon distances. These countries are few in number, but one of them has hundreds of millions of citizens. Yes, we mean the United States. For Americans, the mile is a common unit of length, but almost the whole world uses the metric system with meters 2 and kilometers 3. Thus, sometimes they have to convert meters to kilometers and vice versa.
It is not a very difficult task, but you may need a calculator to perform it. First of all, you have to remember how many kilometers there are in one mile. The answer is following:
One kilometer is equal to about 0.6214 land miles
One land mile is equal to about 1.6093 kilometers
If you want to find out how many kilometers there are in some miles, you should multiply the number of miles by 1.6093. In order to convert kilometers to miles, multiply the number of kilometers by 0.6214. Do you still think that you are able to do in without a calculator?
But you have to know some more facts about miles in order not to get confused, so go on reading.
Different Types of the Mile
When we say that one mile has approximately 1.6093 kilometers, we mean statue (or land) miles. The nautical mile, which is used by air and sea navigators, is equal to 1852 meters (about 6076 feet).
Some countries also have their own definitions of the mile. Sometimes they are not even miles but units of length, interpreted as miles. Some of them are not used nowadays. Here are several examples:
The Roman mile is equal to about 1479 meters. It consists of 5000 Roman feet or 1000 paces.
The metric mile has 1500 meters (in the USA this term may denote 1600 meters).
The Scots mile has 5920 feet (about 1804 meters).
The Russian milya (in Russian, “milya” and “mile” are translated by the same word) is a distance of 7468 meters.
But you should realize that we mean the land mile, which is equal to 1760 yards, or about 1609 meters.
You can use the table below to convert land miles, nautical miles and kilometers to other units of length.
Feet
Yards
Meters
Kilometers
Land Miles
One kilometer
3281
1094
1000
1
0.62
One land mile
5280
1760
1609.3
1.6
1
One nautical mile
6076.1
2025.4
1852
1.852
1.15
The mile is a widely spread length unit with a number of different definitions. The statue (land) mile is equal to 1760 yards (1609.344 meters). The nautical mile equals to about 2025.4 yards (1852 meters).
The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit from the ISU (International System of Units). It consists of one hundred centimeters. In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second.
The kilometer (British spelling: kilometre; abbr. km) is a length unit from the International System of Units. It equals to 1000 meters and is used to express distances between geographical objects. | msmarco_doc_00_6247788 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-languages-in-the-world | How Many Languages in the World | How Many Languages in the World
How Many Languages in the World | How Many Languages in the World
How Many Languages in the World
Dec 26, 2019 You may be surprised, but it is a very difficult task for linguists 1 to give the correct answer to the question, “How many languages are there in the world?” Before they can start counting, they have to solve some other problems. What can be defined as a separate language? Should dialects 2 be added to the general number? Can you always understand the difference between a language and a dialect? How many people must speak the language? Is it obligatory for a language to be written? And this list of questions can be very long…
If you do not want to go into detail, just trust in professionals’ opinions, which state the following:
There are from 6800 to 6900 distinct languages in the modern world
As you see, even scientists are not able to give a more or less exact number. The Ethnologue organization speaks about approximately 6900 languages, and specialists from the National Virtual Translation Center agree with it. The Linguistic Society of America says that there are about 6800 spoken languages.
In fact, from time to time different languages disappear, because peoples speaking them die out or assimilate with other peoples. Thus, their languages become extinct. Have you ever heard about “dead languages”? Latin is the most striking example.
The Most Popular Language in the World
Do you know what language is the most widely spoken one? If you think it is English, you are badly mistaken. Look at the table below.
Language
Number of native speakers
Mandarin Chinese
about 880 million
Spanish
about 325 million
English
about 315-380 million
Arabic
about 205-425 million
Hindu
about 185 million
Portuguese
about 180 million
Bengali
about 175 million
Russian
about 145 million
Japanese
about 130 million
German
about 95 million
As you can see, the main problem is to estimate the number of speakers of Arabic.
Interesting Facts about Languages
Here you will find some really interesting facts about languages.
The population of Europe is about ¼ of the whole world, but Europeans speak only 234 languages.
About 94% of all languages are regularly spoken by just 6% of the population of the world.
Most languages are constantly used by less than one thousand native speakers.
K. David Harrison, a linguist from the Swarthmore College, predicts that by 2050 about 90% of spoken languages will be dead.
In Papua New Guinea there are less than 5.5 million citizens and about 830 languages spoken by them.
The United Nation has six official languages, used in meetings: Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Spanish, and Russian.
Esperanto is the most popular artificial language.
The number of speakers of English in China is larger than in the USA.
If you want to get a neat definition of a language, you can use the utterance of some anonymous New York teacher, who said that any dialect can be called a language if it has its army and its navy.
A linguist is a person, studying or teaching linguistics, which is the study of the language in general meaning and its structure.
A dialect is a particular variant of a language, peculiar to some social group or region. | msmarco_doc_00_6251076 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-liters-in-a-gallon | How Many Liters in a Gallon | How Many Liters in a Gallon
How Many Liters in a Gallon | How Many Liters in a Gallon
How Many Liters in a Gallon
Dec 26, 2019 The gallon 1 is a common unit of liquid measure though it can also be used to determine volume of some dry substances. The liter 2 is a unit of volume from the metric system. This difference may cause problems in converting gallons to liters and vice versa. There are several definitions of the gallon. But if we mean US liquid gallons, the answer to the question, “How many liters are there in one gallon?” is following:
One US gallon consists of 3.785 liters.
US liquid gallons are mostly spread in the USA, though they are also used for measuring fuel in many other countries, like Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Panama, Nicaragua, Peru, etc. The US dry gallon is rarely used and has about 4.404 liters.
Differences between US Gallons and Imperial Gallons
But don’t forget that there is also the imperial (European, UK) gallon, which differs from the US variant. It is a part of the Standard system of measures, which is used in several countries for a long time. The imperial gallon is defined as 4.546 liters, which is more than the US gallon has. This definition comes from the volume of ten pounds of water measures at the temperature of 62°farehnheit. From 2000, it is not a legal measurement unit anymore in the UK.
Converting Gallons and Liters
As stated above, one US gallon consists of about 3.785 liters. It means that to convert metric liters to US liquid gallons, you should multiply liters by 0,264. If you want to know how many liters are in some number of gallons, you need to multiply gallons by 3.785.
The table below will help you to convert gallons and liters to other units of volume. Remember that we are discussing liquid measures accepted in the USA.
One US Gallon
One Liter
Tea-spoons
768
202.88
Table-spoons
256
67.62
Fluid Ounces
128
33.81
Cups
16
4.22
Pints
8
2.11
Quarts
4
1.05
The Gallon is a volume measurement unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon equals approximately 3.785 liters, the imperial gallon has about 4.546 liters, and the US dry gallon consists of 4.404 liters. Gallons (imperial and US) are common for many English speaking countries and can also be found in Latin America.
The Liter (British English: litre; abbr. L or l) is the basic volume measurement unit in the metric system. It equals to one cubic decimeter (dm3), or one thousand cubic centimeters (cm3). One liter of pure cold water weighs approximately one kilogram. It comes from the year of 1795, when 1 gram was defined as 1 cm3 of water. | msmarco_doc_00_6254543 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-megabytes-in-a-gigabyte- | How Many Megabytes in a Gigabyte | How Many Megabytes in a Gigabyte
How Many Megabytes in a Gigabyte | How Many Megabytes in a Gigabyte
How Many Megabytes in a Gigabyte
Dec 26, 2019 Computer data are measured with the help of the binary number system, which is counted by twos (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc). But the prefixes denoting the multiples are borrowed from the metric system (kilo, mega, etc). Thus 1024 bytes are called a kilobyte, like 1000 grams are known as a kilogram. No wonder, this has caused a lot of embarrassment.
Bits and Bytes
Basic units of information, which are used for computer data storage, are called bits 1 (contraction from the phrase “binary digit”). Every bit can have one of the two possible values, denoted by digits 1 and 0. All files in a computer are kept in the form of binary files. They are transformed into pictures, words, music and video by special programs, which are also zeros and ones. This is called the binary number system.
Eight bits make up the byte 2, one of the most common units of measuring digital information. Originally, one byte meant the quantity of bits necessary for encoding one character of text. Since then, bytes are the basic elements in the majority of computer system architectures.
Different Definitions
According to the standard definition, we have such measurements:
1 kilobyte has 1000 bytes
1 megabyte has 1000 kilobytes
1 gigabyte has 1000 megabytes
According to the prefixes, which are used in this system, it is correct. But we all know that manufacturers of computer memory prefer to use the binary system with the same metric prefixes. This definition states the following:
1 megabyte has 1024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte has 1024 megabyte
And they are not worried about the fact that it causes confusion.
The IEC Standards
There is a simple and convenient way to avoid any misinterpretation in this question. In 1998 it was suggested by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 3. This organization approved a new standard with specific prefixes instead of metric ones. The first letters of every prefix were taken from the metric variants (me-, gi-, etc). To them the syllable “bi” (contraction from “binary”) was added. Thus we got the terms kibibyte (KiB), mebibyte (MiB), gibibyte (GiB), etc.
The table below presents all the definitions from the new IEC Standard.
Term
Abbreviation
Equals to
Bit
bit
0 or 1
Byte
B
8 bits
Kibibit
Kibit
1024 bits
Kibibyte
KiB
1024 bytes
Mebibyte
MiB
1024 kibibytes
Gibibyte
GiB
1024 mebibytes
Tebibyte
TiB
1024 gibibytes
Pebibyte
PiB
1024 tebibytes
Exbibyte
EiB
1024 pebibytes
Though this standard could have solved many problems, it is not commonly used, and computer manufacturers still ignore it. As a result, most people do not even know what these terms (kibibit, kibibyte, mebibyte, etc) mean.
How to Convert Non-Official Units
The chart below helps to convert traditional units, used by manufacturers of memory and in computer programs.
One Bit
One Byte
Bits
1
8
Bytes
8
1
Kilobytes
8,192
1,024
Megabytes
8,388,608
1,048,576
Gigabytes
8,589,934,592
1,073,741,824
One Kilobyte
One Megabyte
Bits
8,192
8,388,608
Bytes
1,024
1,048,576
Kilobytes
1
1,024
Megabytes
1,024
1
Gigabytes
1,048,576
1,024
One Gigabyte
One Terabyte
Bits
8,589,934,592
8,796,093,022,208
Bytes
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
Kilobytes
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
Megabytes
1,024
1,048,576
Gigabytes
1
1,024
One Petabyte
One Exabyte
Bits
9,007,199,254,740,992
9,223,372,036,854,775,808
Bytes
1,125,899,906,842,624
1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Kilobytes
1,099,511,627,776
1,125,899,906,842,624
Megabytes
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
Gigabytes
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
One Zettabyte
Bits
9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392
Bytes
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Kilobytes
1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Megabytes
1,125,899,906,842,624
Gigabytes
1,099,511,627,776
The bit – is the fundamental unit of computer information. In means the amount of data that has one of the two possible values: digits 0 or 1.
The byte (abbr. B) – is the most common unit of computer information, consisting of 8 bits. Bytes make up kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB), petabytes (PB), exabytes (EB), zettabytes (ZB), and yottabytes (YB). The standard definition states that one kilobyte has 1000 bytes and so on, but the non-official standard means that one kilobyte has 1024 bytes. The IEC suggests the term “kibibyte” for the latter case.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – is the international non-profit organization, developing International Standards for various branches of electrotechnology. It has invented such terms, as Kibibit (Kibit), Kibibyte (KiB), Mebibyte (MiB), Gibibyte (GiB), Tebibyte (TiB), Pebibyte (PiB), Exbibyte (EiB). | msmarco_doc_00_6257342 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-meters-in-a-kilometer | How Many Meters in a Kilometer | How Many Meters in a Kilometer
How Many Meters in a Kilometer | How Many Meters in a Kilometer
How Many Meters in a Kilometer
Dec 26, 2019 It is not difficult to guess that meters 1 and kilometers 2 are parts of the same measurement system. It is called the International System of Units 3, or the metric system. Sometimes it is abbreviated SI from its French name Système international d'unités. Nowadays almost all countries in the world have adopted this system, except the USA, Burma and Liberia, where miles, yards, feet and other unit are used to measure length.
The meter is one of the basic units in the SI. The prefix “kilo” has the Greek origin. It means “thousand” and was first used in 1795 by French scientists. The meaning of the prefix “kilo” will help you to remember how many meters there are in a kilometer.
1 kilometer consists of 1000 meters
To convert meters to kilometers, you should divide the number of meters by 1000. If you want to calculate, how many meters there are in several kilometers, multiply km by 1000.
Converting meters and kilometers to length units from non-metric system is not so easy. We hope this table will help you to do it.
One meter
One kilometer
Feet
3.28
3281
Yards
1.094
1094
Statue Miles
0.000621
0.621
Nautical Miles
0.00054
0.54
The international definitions of feet, yards and miles are used in this table.
The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit according to the International System of Units. It consists of one hundred centimeters (cm). In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second.
The kilometer (British spelling: kilometre; abbr. km) is a length unit from the International System of Units. It equals to 1000 meters and is traditionally used to express distances between geographical objects.
he International System of Units (abbr. SI) is the most widely-spread measurement system, which is the modern variant of the metric system. In consists of seven basic units: meter, second, kilogram, ampere, candela, kelvin, and mole. All the other units in the SI are derived from the basic ones. | msmarco_doc_00_6262406 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-meters-in-a-mile | How Many Meters in a Mile | How Many Meters in a Mile
How Many Meters in a Mile | How Many Meters in a Mile
How Many Meters in a Mile
Dec 26, 2019 If you live in a country with the English measurement system, you are used to reckon distances in miles 1, yards, feet and inches. Converting them to kilometers, meters 2, centimeters and millimeters, which are units of the metric system, can be rather difficult. Very often you may even need a calculator to make no mistakes.
For example, it is known that one mile is equal to about 1,609.344 meters. If you need to find out how many meters there are in one, ten or one hundred miles, you can easily make the necessary calculations. But not everyone is able to convert 11.5 of 36.4 miles to meters in his/her head.
But for starters, you should know some facts about miles in order not to get confused.
Different Types of the Mile
Now we are discussing land miles, which are also called statue miles. This mile consists of 5280 feet and it is different from the so-called nautical mile (about 6076 feet).
Moreover, in various countries there are their own definitions of the mile or some similar units, interpreted as miles. Some of them are obsolete, but others are still in use. Here are several examples:
The Roman mile is a distance, consisting of 5000 Roman feet or 1000 paces. It is about 1617 yards (1479 meters).
The metric mile is used mostly in sports and has 1500 meters, though in the USA this term sometimes denotes 1600 meters.
The Scots mile equals to 5920 feet (1804 meters).
The Irish mile is equal to 6720 feet (2045 meters).
The Russian milya (in Russian, “milya” and “mile” are denoted by the same word) is a distance of 7468 meters.
There are also national variants of the mile in Dane (the Danish mil), Germany (the meile), Sweden and Norway (mils), Portugal (the milha), Croatia (the hrvatska milya), and other countries.
But for us it is important to realize that we talk about the statue (land) mile, which equals to 1760 yards, or approximately 1609 meters.
How to Convert Meters to Miles and Vice Versa
To calculate how many meters there are in several miles, you must multiply the number of miles by 1609.344. If you don’t need the exact result, just multiply by 1609.
To know how many miles there are in a number of meters, divide the meters by 1609.344. Of course, you will need a calculator to do it even if you divide by 1609.
The table below can be used for converting statue miles, nautical miles and kilometers to other units of length.
One kilometer
One land mile
One nautical mile
Feet
3281
5280
6076.1
Yards
1094
1760
2025.4
Meters
1000
1609.3
1852
Kilometers
1
1.6
1.852
Land Miles
0.62
1
1.15
The mile is a widely spread unit of length with various definitions. The statue (land) mile is equal to 1760 yards (1609.344 meters). The nautical mile equals to about 2025.4 yards (1852 meters).
The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit from the ISU (International System of Units). It consists of one hundred centimeters. In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second. | msmarco_doc_00_6264778 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-millimeters-in-an-inch | How Many Millimeters in an Inch | How Many Millimeters in an Inch
How Many Millimeters in an Inch | How Many Millimeters in an Inch
How Many Millimeters in an Inch
Dec 26, 2019 Many people have problems with converting units from one measurement system to units from another one. But if you live in the USA, you may need to do in pretty often. The point is that most of the world uses the metric system, but in the United States it has not been adopted. It causes a great deal of confusion, and not everyone is able to give the right answer to the question, “How many millimeters 1 are there in an inch 2 ?”
In 1959, the British Commonwealth and the USA gave the definition to the international yard, which is equal to 0.9144 meters. One yard has 36 inches, so the length of the international inch is 25.4 millimeters. If you convert inches to millimeters, you have to multiply the number of inches by 25.4. For converting to inches, divide the millimeters by 25.4. Use a calculator, if necessary.
This table helps you to convert millimeters and inches into other units of length.
Millimeters
Inches
One centimeter
10
0.3937
One inch
25.4
1
One foot
304.8
12
One yard
914.4
36
One meter
1000
39.37
Inches and Millimeters
Here are some facts about millimeters and inches that may be useful to you.
The inch is mostly used in the USA, where it is one of the official units of length. Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and some other countries have accepted the metric system, but their citizens still measure length in inches informally. It is well-known that inches are widely used for measuring diagonals of 2-dimentional displays.
Millimeters are the smallest units of length that are in everyday use. The millimeter is one thousandth of the meter, which is one of the basic SI 3 units. It consists of 1000 micrometers (1 000 000 nanometers).
The following video will show you how to measure length with a regular metric ruler:
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Sharon Sylvester
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Chatterton Helping Hands: Measurement using a metric ruler
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The millimeter (British English: millimetre; abbr. mm) is a metric length unit, which is equal to 1/10 centimeter and 1000 micrometers. One international inch has 25.4 millimeters.
The inch (abbr. in, symbol ”) is a non-metric length unit in various systems. There are 25.4 millimeters in one international inch.
The International System of Units (abbr. ISU, SI) is a modern system of measurement units, which is most widely used in the world. In consists of seven basic units: meters, kilograms, ampere, second, kelvin, mole, and candela). | msmarco_doc_00_6268114 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-numbers-are-on-a-credit-card | How Many Numbers Are On A Credit Card | How Many Numbers Are On A Credit Card
How Many Numbers Are On A Credit Card | How Many Numbers Are On A Credit Card
How Many Numbers Are On A Credit Card
Dec 28, 2019 It doesn’t matter what is the credit card you put into your wallet (or even the variety of cards if you use them for various purchases), all of them have physical characteristics among the U.S. consumers. The common features include the size and the type of a number in the front.
Credit cards have got a similar size to each other because due to an organization called the ISO or International Organization for Standardization, which is the international representatives’ standard-setting body and it produces global industrial and commercial standards. It establishes standard size for credit cards and determines every card to make sure if it standard is ideal for a use.
The ISO remains the reason the credit cards are produced of PVC and has generally the same board, which is convenient for easier recognition and processing. It ensures your credit card remains standardized.
So, how many numbers are on a credit card?
Credit card number is the most important part of the information printed on credit card.
Usually the number is 16 digits.
The first digit indicates the type of card. For example, digit 3 is American Express, number 4 is VISA and 5 is MasterCard. This is also one of the first lines of defense against fraud - if in the randomly generated card number the first figure does not match the type of card, it will signal that the card is a fake. But of course, do not expect that the cardholders are not so prepared, so that information about the first digit is just to make a note.
You can also find how many numbers are on a credit card with the help of ID of the bank, for what a second, third and fourth digits are responsible for. Since the amount of a three-digit number is 999, it is clearly that it is much less than the sum of all banks, emitting credit for example in the VISA. Hence, the number of the bank is the result of a generation, so with some frequency this number can be the same as in different banks. However, the possibility that the bank's name will come to a randomly generated number is extremely small (one to one thousand), so those three cherished numbers can serve as a defense against not too advanced hackers. Sometimes the first six digits are called BIN, the so-called bank identifier. In this case 6 - 4 = 2, which means the part of the account number is the additional identification of the bank.
The seventh and eighth digits of a credit card are the product or a program code in which the issuing bank has made the card. The following eleven digits after the first four constitute a credit card number and the last one is the result of processing credit card numbers by a certain encryption algorithm. That particular program receives the eleven digits as an input, processes it by resistant cryptographic algorithms and displays the result. Since the result is a decimal digit, then due to the complexity of the program work the probability of noncoincidence remains one to ten (very high degree).
Currently, there are programs (you can call them harmful) that generate credit card numbers. So, to rely on the protection of credit card only by its number is not a reasonable point - it could be relevant only in the seventies of last century. Therefore, even in the bank cards that do not contain computer chips, there is additional information that serves as security for the benefit of the card holder. Thus, the card must give a full owner’s name, expiration date, signature of the owner, and additional numbers. When buying through the Internet, these data is often required to confirm the safety of commercial transaction with a credit card.
The entire information is enough to conduct transactions over the network. This also applies to debit card numbers, which are also used in the calculations and have the same protection. Incidentally, some debit cards have an overdraft service, when due to the shortage of funds in the account, debit card turns into a credit card. So, for the calculations the deep-stored PIN is usually NOT required.
All the credit cards also have a common scheme of numbering. A number of a credit card consists of a major industry identifier with a single digit (MII), an issuer identifier number with six digits (IIN), a single-digit checksum 1 and an account number.
The Major Identifier corresponds to the category of issuer. For example:
"1" means airlines
"2" - airlines with other designations
"3" - entertainment and travel
"4" - financial and banking
etc.
For the entertainment and travel category it is necessary to use American Express, while Discover Card, MasterCard and Visa are in the financial and banking category.
The first 6 digits of the number of credit cards (with the MII digit) build the issuer identifier that denotes the card network and the number to which it belongs. The well-known identifiers include:
37xxxx and 34xxxx for American Express
4xxxxx for Visa
51xxxx-55xxxx for MasterCard
6011xx for Discover.
The maximum length of the number of a credit card can be 19 digits, and the length of the account field can maximum be 12 digits. Each issuer can have a trillion possible numbers of an account.
The final digit on a credit card number is a check one, similar to a checksum. It confirms the initial digits of the number and prevents the attempts to invent card numbers. Additionally, it helps to avoid mistakes while recording the card number manually. Credit cards also have expiration and issue dates and extra codes, like security codes and issue numbers.
Checksum - fixed-size datum computed from digital data to detect accidental errors in its storage or transmission. | msmarco_doc_00_6271385 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-ounces-in-a-cup | How Many Ounces in a Cup | How Many Ounces in a Cup
How Many Ounces in a Cup | How Many Ounces in a Cup
How Many Ounces in a Cup
Dec 25, 2019 Experienced cooks can measure the amount of food or liquid simply by eyeballing and they can do in milliliters, grams, ounces or cups. But for an ordinary housewife it is not a simple task, and converting units is even more difficult.
Ounces and Cups
Ounces and cups are units of volume which are often used in many British, American and Canadian cooking books, especially old ones. Though almost everybody knows how much an ounce 1 is, sometimes it is not easy to understand how many ounces there are in one cup. The problem is that not all known cups are equal in volume, because the definitions of the cup are different in various systems.
What is more, US customary ounces and imperial ounces are also different in sizes, and the US variant is approximately 4% larger than the UK one. Cup is a volume unit used in recipes for measuring liquids and some foods. There are several cup sizes (US, imperial, Japanese, and metric). And all of them are substantially different in sizes.
If you don’t use ounces and cups from different systems, you can remember this:
1 US customary cup is equivalent to 8 US fluid ounces
1 imperial cup is equivalent to 10 imperial fluid ounces
1 imperial cup equals to 1.2 US cups
As you see, Americans and British can give different answers to the question, “How many ounces are there in a cup?”
Conversion Chart
Converting measurement units from various systems can be a serious problem which is solved easily with the help of this conversion chart. You will hardly find imperial cups nowadays, but we have added them to the table for any emergency. You should also understand the difference between US customary and US legal cups, which is seen from the table.
Cup Type
Milliliters
Imperial Fluid Ounces
US Customary Fluid Ounces
Imperial cup (used in British Commonwealth of Nations)
284
10
9.6
Metric cup (used in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand)
250
8.8
8.45
US customary cup
237
8.3
8
US legal cup
240
8.45
8.1
Japanese cup
200
7
6.75
Go (traditional Japanese cup)
180
6.35
6.1
Measuring Foods
Some recipes can confuse you because foods are measured in liquid units in them (for example, 2 cups of diced celery). If you want to know how much it is in ounces but you don’t have scales in the kitchen, you can get some answers from the chart below.
1 US Customary Cup of…
Weight in US Ounces
Grated cheese, flour, corn flour, chopped walnuts
4
Whole almonds, dried fruit, oatmeal, peanuts, rice
5
Semolina, lentils
6
Butter, margarine, molasses, peanut butter, sugar, water, milk
8
Honey, chopped nuts, treacle
12
Ounce (abbr. oz) is a widely-spread unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The most common definition is equivalent to approximately 28 grams. | msmarco_doc_00_6277382 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-ounces-in-a-pound | How Many Ounces in a Pound | How Many Ounces in a Pound
How Many Ounces in a Pound | How Many Ounces in a Pound
How Many Ounces in a Pound
Dec 25, 2019 Ounces 1 and pounds 2 are widely-used as units of weight measurement in the USA, Canada, Great Britain and some other countries. The ounce is especially popular in old cooking books. There are imperial and US ounces and the latter is 4% larger. You should not confuse dry ounces with fluid ones which are used to measure volume.
Are There 12 or 16 Ounces in One Pound?
The pound was once used almost in all the European countries, but it was replaced by grams after the adoption of the international metric system. Pounds and ounces are common units but if you ask people how many ounces there are in one pound, you can get two different answers – 12 or 16 ounces. And both of them will be right ones.
The point is that there are two main weight systems: Avoirdupois and Troy. According to the Avoirdupois Weight, one pound equals to 16 ounces. But the Troy Weight states that one pound is divided into 12 ounces. In the USA and Great Britain the avoirdupois pound is used (though you might have never heard its full name). So in these countries “sixteen” will be the right answer to the question, “How many ounces are there in a pound?”
There are also some other weight systems (Tower, Merchant, London, etc) that have their own definitions of this unit. The chart below will give help you to understand how many ounces, grains and grams are in each variant of the pound.
Ounces
Grains
Metric Grams
1 Avoirdupois pound
16
7000
454
1 Troy pound
12
5760
373
1 Tower pound
12
5400
350
1 Merchant pound
15
6750
437
1 London pound
16
7200
467
Ounce (abbr. oz) is a widely-spread unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The most regular definition of this unit is equivalent to approximately 28 grams.
Pound (abbr. lb) is a general unit of mass, which is used mostly in the USA, Great Britain, Canada and some other countries. It has many definitions, but the most known of them is equal to 454 metric grams. | msmarco_doc_00_6280488 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-ounces-in-a-quart | How Many Ounces in a Quart | How Many Ounces in a Quart
How Many Ounces in a Quart | How Many Ounces in a Quart
How Many Ounces in a Quart
Dec 25, 2019 Ounces 1 and quarts 2 are measurements which are used mostly in the USA because in most other countries the more understandable metric system has been adopted. Now almost all the Europe uses liters instead of these units.
Imperial and US Systems
There are two different kinds of quarts: imperial and US. If we are talking about US customary units, we know that one fluid quart consists of 2 pints, 4 cups, and 32 ounces. The US quart equals to about 0.95 liters. The imperial type of the quart has 2 imperial pints and 40 imperial ounces. It is equal to one imperial gallon which is approximately 1.14 liters.
But imperial quarts and ounces are used rather rarely, so you can just remember that there 32 ounces in one US liquid quart.
Now you know how many ounces in a quart, but if you need to find out how many teaspoons, tablespoons, cups or pints in one quart, you can consult the following table.
One US Quart
Tea-spoons
192
Table-spoons
64
Fluid Ounces
32
Cups
4
Pints
2
Quarts
1
Gallons
0.25
Ounce (abbr. oz) is a well-known unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The most regular definition of this unit is equivalent to approximately 28 grams.
Quart (abbr. qt or q) is a unit of liquid measure widely used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US quart is equivalent to 0.95 liters. | msmarco_doc_00_6282789 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-oz-in-a-gallon | How Many OZ in a Gallon | How Many OZ in a Gallon
How Many OZ in a Gallon | How Many OZ in a Gallon
How Many OZ in a Gallon
Dec 26, 2019 Gallons 1 and ounces 2 are non-metric units of measuring liquid substances. Nowadays they are in use mostly in the USA and Australia. It is rather easy to convert gallons to ounces and vice versa. The question to the answer, “How many OZ are in a gallon?” is that one gallon has 128 ounces.
But this answer is correct only if you mean US liquid gallons and US fluid ounces. And there are some other definitions of these units, so you should know the most important of them in order not to get confused.
Gallons and Ounces
First of all, you should understand that now we are talking about fluid ounces which are units of volume. The US fluid ounce equals to about 29.6 milliliters, and the imperial fluid ounce equals to about 28.4 milliliters.
Currently, there are two main definitions of the gallon: the imperial gallon (approximately 4.54 liters) and the US liquid gallon (approximately 3.78 liters). There is also the US dry gallon (approximately 4.4 liters), but it is a rare unit.
And the number of ounces in a gallon is different in the imperial and the US systems:
One US gallon has 128 US fluid ounces
One imperial gallon has 160 imperial fluid ounces
It is not difficult to remember. But what should you do, if you need to know how many imperial ounces there are in some number of US gallons? Such calculations will be too complex for most people. You can consult our table that we have composed to help you. If necessary, use a calculator.
But converting units from different systems is not so easy. We have composed the special table that will help you to do it, though you may need a calculator to perform this task.
One US liquid gallon
One imperial gallon
US fluid ounces
128
153.72
Imperial fluid ounces
133.23
160
Liters
3.78
4.54
So, if you want to calculate how many US fluid ounces are in five imperial gallons, you must multiply 153.72 (154 for rough estimation) by 5.
The gallon is a non-metric liquid measurement unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon (about 3.785 liters) and the imperial gallon (about 4.54 liters) are the most common definitions of this unit. The US gallon consists of 128 US fluid ounces, and the imperial gallon consists of 160 imperial fluid ounces.
The Ounce (abbr. oz) is a widely-spread non-metric unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The US fluid ounce equals to about 29.6 milliliters, and the imperial fluid ounce equals to about 28.4 milliliters. | msmarco_doc_00_6284460 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-people-are-in-the-united-states | How Many People Are In the United States | How Many People Are In the United States
How Many People Are In the United States | How Many People Are In the United States
How Many People Are In the United States
Dec 27, 2019 It is not difficult to find the information about how many people there are in the United States, because the U.S. Census Bureau 1 regularly publishes the population data. In the middle of 2012 they stated the following:
The population of the USA is over 314 165 191 people
It means that by population the United States is the third largest country in the world (following the People’s Republic of China and India). It is also known that the world’s population equals to about 6.8 billion people. Thus, about 4.5% of all people on the Earth live in the USA.
The first census, conducted in 1790, estimated that there were 3 929 214 citizens in the country. As you can easily calculate, since then the US population has become almost eighty times greater. The 100 000 000 mark was crossed in 1915, the 200 000 000 mark in 1967, and the 300 000 000 mark in 2006.
According to the expectation of the U.S. Census Bureau, over the next decades the population of the USA will reach the following estimates.
Year
Population
2020
About 335 000 000
2030
About 360 000 000
2040
About 390 000 000
2050
About 420 000 000
As expected, the population of the USA will reach 400 000 000 people in 2042.
The fertility rate in the USA is 2.09. It means that every American woman gives birth, on the average, to 2.09 children during her life. This rate does not mean the tendency to the growth of population, but the number of citizens constantly increases due to immigrants. Every eight seconds a new American is born, and every eleven seconds one death is registered. But every thirty seconds one migrant becomes an American.
More than eighty percent of the USA population live in cities and suburbs. California and Texas are the most populous U.S. states, and New Jersey has the highest density ration in the country. More than 430 persons live on a square kilometer there.
The table below will give you information about the eleven most populous states by August 15, 2012.
State
Population
Percent of U.S.total population
California
38 053 956
12.11%
Texas
25 901 361
8.24%
New York
19 465 197
6.20%
Florida
19 057 542
6.07%
Pennsylvania
12 902 379
4.11%
Illinois
12 869 257
4.10%
Ohio
11 736 504
3.74%
Michigan
9 876 187
3.14%
Georgia
9 792 653
3.12%
North Carolina
9 656 401
3.07%
New Jersey
8 821 155
2.81%
The United States Census Bureau (the Bureau of the Census) is the U.S. government agency responsible for the Census of the USA. It is the major source of information about the demographic situation it America. | msmarco_doc_00_6287235 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-people-died-in-9-11 | How Many People Died in 9 11 | How Many People Died in 9 11
How Many People Died in 9 11
How It Happened
Al-Qaeda
Casualties of September 11 Attacks
UPD. True film. Loose Change (2nd Edition)
| How Many People Died in 9 11
How Many People Died in 9 11
Dec 27, 2019 In the modern history of the United States of America there was no greater tragedy than the terroristic acts on September 11, 2001. The series of four attacks carried out by al-Qaeda 1 took away thousands of lives, and that day is notorious as the 9/11. Four passenger jets were hijacked. Two of them were crashed into the World Trade Center 2, the third hit the Pentagon, and the fourth plane was directed toward Washington, but it crashed in a field, because its passengers and crew fought the terrorists.
How It Happened
On September 11, 2001, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four planes on the way to Los Angeles and San Francisco after they took off from Washington and Boston. They chose long flights because such airplanes were heavily fueled. The Twin Towers of the WTC in New York City were their first targets.
American Airlines Flight 11 was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. There were five hijackers on the board and 88 passengers and members of the crew.
Another five terrorists flew United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03 a.m. There were 65 people on the plane including the hijackers.
Five more terrorists took control of American Airlines Flight 77 and at 9:37 a.m. they directed it into the building of the Pentagon. There were 64 people (including the terrorists) on the flight.
United Airlines Flight 93 was controlled by four hijackers, and they were going to attack either the White House or the Capitol. But the crew and passengers on the board fought the terrorists, and at 10:03 a.m. the airplane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. There were 41 passengers and members of the crew on it.
All 266 people who were on the four flights died. Some of them had been killed before the planes crashed.
The South Tower of the WTC was burning for almost an hour after the crash of United Airlines Flight 175, and at 9:59 a.m. it collapsed. The North Tower was in fire for 102 minutes following the attack and crashed down at 10:28 a.m. Its debris fell on 7 WTC building. They damaged it, the fire started, and at 5:21 p.m. 7 WTC collapsed too.
Al-Qaeda
The suspicion fell on the militant group al-Qaeda, founded by Osama bin Laden 3. Initially, he rejected involvement in the attack and told about it in his statement, shown by Al Jazeera 4 channel. In 2004, he accepted the responsibility for the terroristic acts.
In response to the attacks, the USA launched the War on Terror. They invaded Afghanistan to fight the Taliban, who supported members of al-Qaeda. In 2011, bin Laden was caught and killed.
Casualties of September 11 Attacks
The total of people who died in the 9/11 attacks was 2 996 (2 977 victims and 19 hijackers).
In the World Trade Center and near it there were 2 606 persons, including:
1 762 residents of New York
1 402 persons in Tower 1
674 residents of New Jersey
658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P.
614 persons in Tower 2
355 employees of Marsh Inc.
343 firefighters
175 employees of Aon Corporation
37 Port Authority police officers
23 police officers
2 paramedics
1 firefighter was killed by a man who jumped off the top floors
On the airplanes there were 246 members of the crews and passengers. All these people died.
87 on American Airlines Flight 11
60 on United Airlines Flight 175
59 on American Airlines Flight 77
40 on United Flight 93
During the attack on the Pentagon 125 military personnel and civilians died.
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UPD. True film. Loose Change (2nd Edition)
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Al-Qaeda (translated “The Base”) is an Islamist militant group, which was founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988.
The World Trade Center (WTC) was originally a complex consisting of seven buildings. In was opened on the 4th of April, 1973. During the 9/11 attacks it was destroyed.
Osama bin Laden was the founder and the leader of al-Qaeda, the militant jihadist organization, which is responsible for several terroristic acts, including the September 11 attacks. Bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011.
Al Jazeera (translated “The Island”) is a broadcaster from Qatar with the headquarters in Doha. Initially, it was an Arabic satellite channel, and now it is a wide network. | msmarco_doc_00_6290171 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-pints-in-a-gallon | How Many Pints in a Gallon | How Many Pints in a Gallon
How Many Pints in a Gallon
Introducing Gallon Man
| How Many Pints in a Gallon
How Many Pints in a Gallon
Dec 26, 2019 Gallons 1 and pints 2 are common liquid measurement units though sometimes they are also used to measure dry substances. Currently they are spread mainly in the USA and Australia. If you talk about US customary gallons and pints, it is not difficult to find the right answer to the question, “How many pints are in one gallon?” It is widely known that one US gallon consists of 8 US pints.
US and Imperial Gallons and Pints
There are different definitions of the gallon and the pint, but nowadays only three of them are in use. They are the imperial gallon (about 4.54 liters), the US liquid gallon (3.78 liters), and the US dry gallon (about 4.4 liters). To say the truth, dry gallons are also used very rarely, so it makes sense to consider only US liquid gallons and imperial gallons.
As for pints, we have the same picture. There are three main definitions of the pint: the imperial pint (about 0.57 liters), the US liquid pint (about 0.47 liters), and the less common US dry pint (about 0.55 liters).
If you are going to convert gallons to pints within the scope of the same system, you will have no problems, because in all of them eight pints make up one gallon.
One US liquid gallon equals to 8 US liquid pints
One US dry gallon equals to 8 US dry pints
One imperial gallon equals to 8 imperial pints
All you have to do is to multiply the number of gallons by eight, and you will know how many pints are in them.
But converting units from different systems is not so easy. We have composed the special table that will help you to do it, though you may need a calculator to perform this task.
Using Pints and Gallons
Pints and gallons are the common measurements for distributing different fluids. In the USA, petrol is usually dispensed by gallons. The pint is the traditional volume unit for selling beer in many countries. Pints and gallons are also used in cooking recipes.
The following picture and video will help you to memorize how many pints, quarts and cups are in one gallon.
G is a gallon
Q is a quart
P is a pint
C is a cup
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The gallon is a non-metric liquid measurement unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon (about 3.785 liters) and the imperial gallon (about 4.54 liters) are the most common definitions of this unit. The gallon consists of eight pints.
The pint (abbr. p or pt) is a non-metric unit of liquid measure widely used in the USA and several other countries. The US pint is equivalent to approximately 0.47 liters. | msmarco_doc_00_6295921 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-points-can-i-have-on-weight-watchers | How Many Points Can I Have On Weight Watchers | How Many Points Can I Have On Weight Watchers
How Many Points Can I Have On Weight Watchers
Gender
| How Many Points Can I Have On Weight Watchers
How Many Points Can I Have On Weight Watchers
Dec 26, 2019 The Weight Watcher points system is a widely-spread and popular weight loss program, which uses the special patented method replacing calorie 1 count with a more simple and convenient system of tracking points. Many people love it because it allows them to eat their favorite foods and lose weight.
According to the program, every type of food has its own number of points. It takes into account the calories, fat and fiber containing in food. Dieters have to calculate how many points they can eat in a day. Then they can consult the list of weight watchers points for the most common, branded and even ethnic foods. The main idea is that you should consume less energy than you burn in order to lose weight.
So the question arises, “How many points can I have on weight watchers in a day?” The answer depends on several factors: age, gender, weight and physical activity. They all influence on the basal metabolic rate 2.
The process of counting the points is very simple, and now we will show you how to do it.
How to Calculate Weight Watchers Daily Points
So, let’s calculate your daily point target. First of all, we should mind you gender. Give yourself the following number of watchers points:
Gender
Points
Males
8
Females
2
Nursing females
12
Then take into account your age (the older you become, the lower your BMR gets).
Age
Points
From 17 to 26
4
From 27 to 37
3
From 38 to 47
2
From 48 to 57
1
From 58
0
Now measure your weight in pounds and take the first two numbers of it. Then add them to the points from the first two steps (gender and age).
If you do not perform any exercises, you may miss the following stage. But if you do, you can add some more points to you count.
Level of physical activity
Points
Sedentary
0
Lightly active
2
Moderate active
4
Very active
6
Add the appropriate number to the overall points.
For example, let’s take a 25-year old man who weighs about 200 pound. He does a physically hard work and regularly plays tennis. Knowing all these facts about him, we can easily determine how many weight watchers points he can get in a day.
8 (male) + 4 (aged 25) + 20 (weighs 200 pounds) + 6 (very active) = 38 points
As you see, he can consume no more than 38 points per day if he does not want to put on weight. Now he can look into the special table representing how many points there are in certain amounts of different foods.
Below you can see a shortened variant of the Weight Watchers Points List, which will give you a general idea about what it is.
Food
Amount
Points
Apple juice
½ cup
1
Clear water
1 liter
0
Avocado
¼
2
Beef stew
1 cup
5
Bloody Mary
1
2
Carrots
2 large
0
Caviar
2 Tbsp
2
Chocolate
2 pieces
3
Grapes
1 cup
1
Paella
1 cup
7
Cooked pork
½ cup
5
Mashed potato
½ cup
2
White rice
1 cup
4
Rum
1 jigger
2
Analyzing the list, you can see that if some food contains much fat, it gives you many points. That is why you’d better eat more fruits and vegetables which are rich in fiber. They will help you to reduce your points and get vitamins and minerals necessary for your health.
Dangers of Weight Watchers
In fact, the Weight Watchers is not positioned as a diet. If you visit its website, you will find the explanation that it is a program (or even approach) that helps people to live a healthy life and eat whatever they like. It is true. You can really lose weight, but thinner is not always healthier.
The points which are assigned to different foods depend on the content of protein, fat, fiber and carbohydrates in them. Minerals and vitamins are not considered at all. In order to get the necessary amount of minerals and vitamins without exceeding your number of weight watchers points, you will have to eat much more fruits and vegetables than you are used to do. Otherwise, there is a risk to get vitamin deficiency.
The system counts points, not calories. So you don’t know if you get the necessary energy intake per day. It can lead to undernourishment which will slow down the metabolism and create problems with health.
Many frozen foods from Weight Watchers are rich in sodium. If you regularly eat them, you exceed the recommended amount. And don’t forget that you will get more sodium from drinks. This is especially dangerous for people with high blood pressure.
The Weight Watchers is a good weight loss program but you should carefully consider what you eat and mind the amount of vitamins and minerals. Your health is more important than a slender figure.
The calorie is a widely-spread unit of heat energy, which is commonly used for measuring the food energy value. It was defined in 1824 by scientist Nicolas Clement.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an amount of energy that a human being or an animal uses in dormant state. This amount of energy is sufficient for the vital organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, skin, etc) to function properly. | msmarco_doc_00_6299297 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-pounds-in-a-ton | How Many Pounds in a Ton | How Many Pounds in a Ton
How Many Pounds in a Ton | How Many Pounds in a Ton
How Many Pounds in a Ton
Dec 28, 2019 Converting pounds 1 to tons 2 can cause difficulties because there are several definitions of these units of weight, which are used in different systems of measure. So, if you ask about how many pounds in a ton, you should know exactly what units you mean. It is particularly important if you are an international trader. This article will help you to avoid confusion.
Pounds are found in several weight systems: Avoirdupois, Troy, Tower, London, Merchant, etc. In Great Britain and the United States the avoirdupois pound is used. This type equals to sixteen ounces 3 and about 454 metric grams 4 .
Other kinds of pounds are rather rare in the modern world. We have collected some information about them in the table below.
Ounces
Grams
1 Avoirdupois pound
14
454
1 Troy pound
12
373
1 Tower pound
12
350
1 London pound
16
467
1 Merchant pound
15
437
Every person living in a country with the metric system knows that one metric ton consists of one thousand kilograms. If you ask him about how many pounds there are in a ton, he will think that you mean this ton. But there are also units of weight called long (gross) and short (net) tons. The first ones are used in the USA and Canada. The long ton is common for the United Kingdom and some other countries.
One metric ton (or tone) equals to about 2204.6 pounds
One long ton equals to 2240 pounds (the USA, Canada)
One short ton equals to 2000 pounds (UK)
It means that if someone asks you how many pounds there are in a ton, make sure that you understand what type of these units of weight he implies. The following table will help you to convert short tons to avoirdupois pounds without a calculator.
Ton
Pound
Ton
Pound
1
2000
20
40000
2
4000
30
60000
3
6000
40
80000
4
8000
50
100000
5
10000
60
120000
6
12000
70
140000
7
14000
80
160000
8
16000
90
180000
9
18000
100
200000
10
20000
999
1998000
The pound (abbr. lb) is a widespread unit of mass with many definitions. The most common of them is equal to sixteen ounces or 454 metric grams.
The ton is a unit of weight, found in various systems of measure (the metric ton, the short ton, and the long ton).
The ounce (abbr. oz) is a mass unit with a number of meanings. The avoirdupois ounce (about 28.3 grams) and the troy ounce (about 31.1 grams) are its most known definitions.
The gram (abbr. g) is a general unit of weight from the International System of Units. One kilogram contains 1000 grams. | msmarco_doc_00_6304678 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-quarts-in-a-gallon | How Many Quarts in a Gallon | How Many Quarts in a Gallon
How Many Quarts in a Gallon | How Many Quarts in a Gallon
How Many Quarts in a Gallon
Dec 25, 2019 Gallons 1 and quarts 2 are common units of liquid measure though they can also be used to measure dry substances. These units are mostly spread in the USA and Australia. The answer to the question, “How many quarts are there in one gallon?” is simple if you mean US gallons and US quarts. Every American schoolboy knows that:
One US gallon consists of 4 US quarts
US and Imperial Gallons and Quarts
But you should realize that there is also the imperial (UK, European) gallon, which differs from the US definition. This unit is a part of the Standard system of measures, used in Great Britain and the United States for several hundreds of years. The imperial gallon is defined as 4.546 liters, and the US gallon equals to 3.785 liters. What is more, the dry gallon is also in use in the USA. It is a bit larger than the liquid gallon and is less common.
In most other countries of the world the metric system is adopted. It measures liquids in liters and counts everything in tens.
Using Quarts and Gallons
Quarts and gallons are the most common measurements for selling different fluids. For example, petrol is usually dispensed by gallons, and milk is sold in gallon or quart containers. Smaller liquid measures are used not so often though one can buy a pint of juice in any grocery store.
These units can also be used in cooking, but as a rule it is more convenient to measure liquids in pints, fluid ounces, cups, tablespoons and teaspoons. The following table will help you to convert units. Remember that we are discussing liquid measures accepted in the USA.
One US Gallon
One US Quart
Tea-spoons
768
192
Table-spoons
256
64
Fluid Ounces
128
32
Cups
16
4
Pints
8
2
Quarts
4
1
Gallon is a liquid measure unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon equals approximately 3.785 liters.
Quart (qt or q) is a unit of liquid measure widely used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US quart is equivalent to 0.946 liters. | msmarco_doc_00_6307431 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-ribs-do-humans-have | How Many Ribs Do Humans Have | How Many Ribs Do Humans Have
How Many Ribs Do Humans Have | How Many Ribs Do Humans Have
How Many Ribs Do Humans Have
Dec 27, 2019 It is widely known that all vertebral species have ribs 1. Humans have a complex rib cage 2 which comprises of the sternum 3, ribs and some other parts. Every doctor knows how many ribs people have, but an ordinary man can have some difficulties with such a question. In fact, it is no difficult to memorize the answer:
Every human (both men and women) has 24 coupled ribs (that is, 12 pairs)
The first fourteen ribs (seven pairs) are directly connected to the breastbone (sternum). They are called "true ribs". The very first pair is difficult to distinguish from the rest of human ribs. These ribs are flat, short, and C-shaped. They are attached below the neck. The other six pairs of ribs look more usual.
The next five pairs of ribs are called "false ribs". Three of them have a cartilaginous attachment to the sternum, and the last two (pairs eleven and twelve) are known as "floating ribs". Once in a while they are also termed vertebral ribs because they are connected solely to the vertebrae. Some humans miss one pair of floating ribs, and some have three pairs of them due to genetic mutations.
As a rule, the length of ribs increases starting from pair one and decreases from the eighth pair. The diaphragm 4 controlling breathing separates the rib cage from the abdomen. The diaphragm’s contraction makes the rib cage along with the thoracic cavity expand which reduces intrathoracic pressure and fills the lungs with air.
The main purpose of the rib cage is to protect the internals (the heart, lungs, and kidneys) in the thoracic cavity. The ribs make a cage-like formation around them, playing an important role in the skeleton. That is why this structure is called the rib cage though it consists of some other bones too.
Many people do believe than men and women have different number of ribs. The origin of this belief lies in the Bible, and we all know the story of Adam and created from his rib Eve. In point of fact, the quantity of ribs does not depend on sex. Both men and women have twelve pairs of ribs. If this statement cannot convince you, take X-ray pictures of several men and women. This will be the strongest visual proof.
We hope that this piece of information is enough to give you the exhaustive answer to the question, " How many ribs do humans have ?".
A rib is one of the 24 slender curved bones forming the rib cage. They serve to protect internal organs in the thoracic cavity.
The rib cage (also called the thoracic cage) is the structure formed by ribs and other bones. As a rule, a human rib cage has twenty four ribs, the sternum, the twelve thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages.
The sternum is the long bone in the shape of the capital letter
The diaphragm is a muscular partition extending across the rib cage’s bottom and separating the thoracic cavity from the abdomen in humans and mammals. It plays an important role in respiration because its contraction spreads the thorax and inflates the lungs. | msmarco_doc_00_6309707 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-rings-does-saturn-have | How Many Rings Does Saturn Have | How Many Rings Does Saturn Have
How Many Rings Does Saturn Have | How Many Rings Does Saturn Have
How Many Rings Does Saturn Have
Dec 27, 2019 Saturn is known to be the only planet which has visible rings around it. If you want to find out how many rings Saturn has, go on reading. The answer to this question is not that simple. You will also know many interesting things about this unique planet.
General Facts about Saturn
The name of Saturn is of Roman origin. In the religion of ancient Romans Saturnus was the major god who was in charge of agriculture and harvest. He is supposed to be equal to such gods from other myths as Cronus, Ninurta, and Shani. One of the days of the week, Saturday, is named after this planet.
Saturn stands the sixth from the Sun and is situated between Uranus and Jupiter. In the whole Solar System 1 there is only one planet larger than Saturn. It is Jupiter. Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus are gas planets, and together they are called the Jovian.
You may be surprised to know that Saturn would be able to float in water. Its density is 0.687 grams/cm 3, while water on our planet has density of 1 gram/cm 3. Saturn consists mostly of helium and hydrogen though it also has some heavy materials in the core. So you would not be able to stand on its surface.
Saturn’s radius is about nine times larger than the one that the Earth has. But it spins on its axis very quick. That is why its year is more than twenty nine Earth years long, but its day has no more than ten and a half hours.
Saturn Rings
As stated above, Saturn has a distinctive feature, which it is widely known for. Of course, we are talking about its ring system.
Though people discovered Saturn thousands years ago, they had not been able to see its rings because it is impossible without a telescope. In 1610, Galileo observed the rings but thought them to be Saturn’s two moons. Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens had a more advanced telescope than Galileo, so in 1655 he was able to scrutinize the planet thoroughly and espied the rings.
In fact, these rings are not solid. They are made of separate parts. As they reflect about 80% of the light, there is every reason for thinking that they are chunks of ice, though gravel, dust, rocks, and similar objects can also be among them. All these particles orbit the planet individually. Their size can vary from less than one millimeter to about twenty meters. It is interesting that every ring has its own atmosphere, separate from Saturn’s atmosphere.
There are several theories about the origin of Saturn rings. Some scientists think that they could be the remnants of the planet’s foundation. Others believe that long time ago the rings were Saturn’s moons.
How Many Rings Does Saturn Have?
The question about the exact number of Saturn rings is rather difficult, but scientists have been able to give answer to it. Latin letters are used to classify the main rings. Here are their short descriptions.
Ring A is very bright and outer-lying. It has its moon named Daphnis orbiting inside it.
Ring B is the largest and densest of all Saturn rings.
Ring C is very faint.
Ring D is located closest to Saturn and is hard to see.
Ring E is a very wide and outer-lying ring made of ice chunks.
Ring F has the unique spiral strand around it. It is the farthest ring from Saturn.
Ring G is situated between rings F and E. It is small and hardly visible.
Ring O was discovered in 2010. Now it is supposed to be the largest ring.
As you can see, now we can talk about eight Saturn rings. But there is also the Phoebe ring, which was also discovered not long time ago. This ring has got a backwards orbit and is tilted a bit.
But the above mentioned objects are not the only Saturn rings, because this planet has also some divisions and gaps in them. The most widely-known of them are the Cassini Division 2, the Janus Ring, the Anthe Ring Arc, the Methone Ring Arc, the Pallene Ring, and the Roche Division. So if we take into account all of them, we will get more than thirty rings.
But even now nobody can say for sure that people have been able to see all Saturn rings. Most probably, there are still more of them.
The Solar System is the system which contains the Sun and eight planets (Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, and Pluto) with their moons orbiting round it. The Solar System also contains asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
The Cassini Division is a wide gap between Saturn Ring A and Ring B, discovered by Giovanni Cassini in 1675. | msmarco_doc_00_6312986 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-sides-does-a-pentagon-have | How Many Sides Does a Pentagon Have | How Many Sides Does a Pentagon Have
How Many Sides Does a Pentagon Have | How Many Sides Does a Pentagon Have
How Many Sides Does a Pentagon Have
Dec 27, 2019 To say the truth, not everybody knows much about geometry. So it can be difficult for many people to give the right answer to rather a simple question, “How many sides does a pentagon 1 have?” The word “pentagon” is of Greek origin, and its prefix “penta” (from Greek “pente”) means “five”. If you know this, you can easily answer how many sides there are in a pentagon.
A pentagon 3 has five sides
If it is a regular pentagon, all its sides are of equal length. The angles of every pentagon amount to 540 0. In a regular pentagon, each angle measures 108 0.
Both shapes on the picture below are pentagons. The first one is regular.
Different Polygons
There are also other polygons 2 with various numbers of sides, and the following table will give you some information about them.
Name of Polygon
Number of Sides
Triangle
3
Quadrilateral
4
Pentagon
5
Hexagon
6
Heptagon
7
Octagon
8
Nonagon
9
Decagon
10
Hendecagon
11
Dodecagon
12
Tridecagon
13
Tetradecagon
14
Pentadecagon
15
Hexadecagon
16
Heptadecagon
17
Octadecagon
18
Nonadecagon
19
Icosagon
20
Triacontagon
30
Tetracontagon
40
Pentacontagon
50
All regular polygons have equal sides and equal internal angles. Nature has many examples of such polygons. The most widely-known of them are wax honeycombs in the form of hexagon which bees make for storing honey.
The Pentagon
The Department of Defense of the United States of America is headquartered in the building called the Pentagon. Its name is so popular that people use it meaning the Department of Defense. It is not difficult to guess that the building has the shape of a pentagon.
It was designed by George Bergstrom, the American architect, and John McShain became the general contractor. The Pentagon was dedicated on the 15th of January, 1943.
Now the Pentagon, situated in Arlington County, Virginia, is the largest office building in the world. Its floor area is about 604 000 square meters, and about 344 000 square meters are used for offices. More than 25 000 employees work in the Pentagon. The vast majority of them are the military, though there are also civilian workers and support personnel.
The building of the Pentagon has five floors and two basement levels. Every floor has five corridors. The total length of the corridors adds up to 28.2 kilometers. The central plaza also has the shape of a pentagon. Its area is equal to approximately 20 000 square meters. The plaza is informally called “ground zero”. This nickname came into being in the times of the Cold War. It was supposed that in a possible nuclear war the USSR would target a nuclear missile at the plaza.
It is interesting that the Pentagon’s groundbreaking was on September 11, 1941, and exactly sixty years later the hijacked airplane was crashed into its territory. This act of terrorism killed 189 people: 59 persons aboard, 125 employees, and 5 hijackers.
If you ever forget how many sides a pentagon has, just try and remember what the Pentagon looks like. It will be a good tip for you.
A pentagon (from Greek word “pente”, which means “five”) is a five-sided polygon. A self-intersecting form of a pentagon is a pentagram.
A polygon (from Greek words “polus”, which means “many”, and “gonia”, which means “angle”) is a two-dimensional shape, made of several straight lines, which are all connected up.
The Pentagon is the building where the headquarters of the Department of Defense of the United States of America is located. This name is widely used for denoting the Department. | msmarco_doc_00_6317733 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-square-feet-in-an-acre | How Many Square Feet in an Acre | How Many Square Feet in an Acre
How Many Square Feet in an Acre | How Many Square Feet in an Acre
How Many Square Feet in an Acre
Dec 25, 2019 It is easy to imagine an area of one square foot 1. In fact, it is a square which has sides of one foot. But many people have problems with visualizing an acre 2, to say nothing of converting square feet to acres. There is a good analogy that helps to envision an acre. It is known that a football field is a bit bigger than one acre. But to clear up the picture, you have to know more facts about square feet and acres.
Square Feet and Acres
These measurements are parts of the US customary system. It has aroused from the English system, but with some differences. Initially, the acre was approximately a parcel of land that an ox was able to plow in one day. Historically, areas of British farms and estates were measured in acres. Even if the area was very large, they did not want to use square miles.
The US customary acre has approximately 4046.87 square meters. In the year of 1959, the length of the international yard was officially defined to be 0.9144 meters. It means that the international acre equals to about 4046.85 square meters. As you see, the difference between the US customary acre and its international variant is so slight, that it all the same what acre to use in everyday life.
How Many Square Feet in an Acre
Now that we know a bit about acres and square feet, we can move to conversion of these units and find out how many square feet there are in an acre. One US customary acre is equivalent to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or about 4047 square meters.
There are also some other types of acres, used in various countries: Irish acre (7843 yd 2 ), Roman acre (1260 m 2 ), Cheshire acre (10240 yd 2 ), etc.
The table below will help you to convert acres and square feet into some other measurement units.
One square foot
One acre
Square Centimeters
929
404 687
Square Meters
0.0929
4046.87
Square Feet
1
43 560
Square Yards
1/9
4840
Acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also used in many other systems. The international acre is the most common variant, and it is equal to approximately 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare.
Square Foot (abbr. sq ft or ft2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is used in the USA, Unites Kingdom, Canada, India and other countries. It is a square area with sides of one foot (12 inches, or about 0,304 meters). | msmarco_doc_00_6321737 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-states-are-in-the-united-states | How Many States Are In the United States | How Many States Are In the United States
How Many States Are In the United States
State
Date
| How Many States Are In the United States
How Many States Are In the United States
Dec 27, 2019 Though it is a question from an elementary school, not all people can answer correctly how many states there are in the USA. If you have any doubts about it, we will help you.
There are fifty states in the United States of America
Forty eight states are contiguous 1. They are located between Mexico and Canada on the North American continent. Hawaii and Alaska are not attached to the other states. Hawaii is situated on the Hawaiian Islands in the south Pacific. Alaska is the largest state of the USA, located to the north-west of Canada. In was bought from Russia in the 19th century. The USA also owns several smaller territories around the world, but they are not the states.
The table below is the list of all the states. It also tells when they were joined to the Union and what their nicknames are.
#
State
Date
Nickname
1
Delaware
December 7, 1787
The First State, the Diamond State, the Small Wonder
2
Pennsylvania
December 12, 1787
The Keystone State
3
New Jersey
December 18, 1787
The Garden State
4
Georgia
January 2, 1788
The Peach State
5
Connecticut
January 9, 1788
The Constitution State
6
Massachusetts
February 6, 1788
The Old Colony State, the Bay State
7
Maryland
April 28, 1788
The Old Line State, the Free State
8
South Carolina
May 23, 1788
The Palmetto State
9
New Hampshire
June 21, 1788
The Granite State
10
Virginia
June 25, 1788
Mother of Presidents, the Old Dominion
11
New York
July 26, 1788
The Empire State
12
North Carolina
November 21, 1789
The Old North State, the Tar Heel State
13
Rhode Island
May 29, 1790
The Ocean State
14
Vermont
March 4, 1791
The Green Mountain State
15
Kentucky
June 1, 1792
The Bluegrass State
16
Tennessee
June 1, 1796
The Volunteer State
17
Ohio
March 1, 1803
The Buckeye State
18
Louisiana
April 30, 1812
The Pelican State
19
Indiana
December 11, 1816
The Hoosier State
20
Mississippi
December 10, 1817
The Magnolia State
21
Illinois
December 3, 1818
The Prairie State
22
Alabama
December 14, 1819
The Yellowhammer State
23
Maine
March 15, 1820
The Pine Tree State
24
Missouri
August 10, 1821
The Show-me State
25
Arkansas
June 15, 1836
The Natural State
26
Michigan
January 26, 1837
The Wolverine State
27
Florida
March 3, 1845
The Sunshine State
28
Texas
December 29, 1845
The Lone Star State
29
Iowa
December 28, 1846
The Hawkeye State
30
Wisconsin
May 29, 1848
The Badger State
31
California
September 9, 1850
The Golden State
32
Minnesota
May 11, 1858
The Gopher State, the North Star State, the Land of 10,000 Lakes
33
Oregon
February 14, 1859
The Beaver State
34
Kansas
January 29, 1861
The Jayhawk State, the Sunflower State
35
West Virginia
June 20, 1863
The Mountain State
36
Nevada
October 31, 1864
The Silver State, the Sagebrush State, the Battle Born State
37
Nebraska
March 1, 1867
The Cornhusker State, the Beef State
38
Colorado
August 1, 1876
The Centennial State
39
North Dakota
November 2, 1889
The Flickertail State, the Rough Rider State, the Sioux State, the Peace Garden State
40
South Dakota
November 2, 1889
The Coyote State, the Mount Rushmore State
41
Montana
November 8, 1889
The Treasure State
42
Washington
November 11, 1889
The Evergreen State
43
Idaho
July 3, 1890
The Gem State
44
Wyoming
July 10, 1890
The Equality State
45
Utah
January 4, 1896
The Beehive State
46
Oklahoma
November 16, 1907
The Sooner State
47
New Mexico
January 6, 1912
The Land of Enchantment
48
Arizona
February 14, 1912
The Grand Canyon State
49
Alaska
January 3, 1959
The Land of the Midnight Sun, the Last Frontier
50
Hawaii
August 21, 1959
The Aloha State
Some people think that Puerto Rico is one of the USA states, but it is wrong. This country voted on it several times, and always decided not to join to the USA. Puerto Ricans are American citizens but their country is just a US unincorporated territory, like Guam, Virgin Islands, etc.
A contiguous state is one of the forty eight USA states on the North American continent that are north of Mexico and south of Canada. Hawaii and Alaska are the only two U.S. states that are not contiguous. | msmarco_doc_00_6324396 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-tablespoons-in-a-cup | How Many Tablespoons in a Cup | How Many Tablespoons in a Cup
How Many Tablespoons in a Cup | How Many Tablespoons in a Cup
How Many Tablespoons in a Cup
Dec 25, 2019 Before we start discussing how many tablespoons 1 are in a cup 2 we should mention that converting tablespoons to cups is necessary mostly for people living in the USA and some other countries where the standard (or English) measurement system is in use.
In fact, this system is rather confusing because of different conversions. That is why almost countries in the world have chosen the metric system. It counts everything by tens which makes it more convenient and understandable.
But if you live in the United States, you have to use tablespoons, cups, ounces, quarts and other units from this measurement system. Moreover these units are common for many old cookbooks even if they were published in Europe.
How Many Tablespoons in a Cup
There are various definitions of the cup and the tablespoon accepted in different countries. In this article we will talk about US customary cups and US tablespoons which are the most widely-spread units.
So you can remember that 1 US customary cup equals to 16 US tablespoons.
If you want to find out how many cups or tablespoons are in some other measurement units, the table below will help you to find the answers.
One US tablespoon
One US cup
Tea-spoons
3
48
Table-spoons
1
16
Fluid Ounces
1/2
8
Cups
1/16
1
Pints
1/32
1/2
The following table will help you to convert US teaspoons, tablespoons, ounces and cups into metric milliliters.
One US teaspoon
About 5 ml
One US tablespoon
About 15 ml
One US fluid ounce
About 30 ml
One US cup
About 240 ml
Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) – is a common unit of volume measurement used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian variant has about 20 milliliters.
Cup is a widely-spread unit of volume measurement which is used mostly in cooking recipes for measuring liquids and dry substances (sugar, flour, etc). It is common in many countries and there different types of this unit (US, imperial, metric, Japanese, etc). The US cup is equal to approximately 240 metric milliliters. | msmarco_doc_00_6329012 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-tablespoons-in-an-ounce | How Many Tablespoons in an Ounce | How Many Tablespoons in an Ounce
How Many Tablespoons in an Ounce | How Many Tablespoons in an Ounce
How Many Tablespoons in an Ounce
Dec 26, 2019 If you live in a country, where the metric system of units is adopted, you may never need to convert ounces 1 to tablespoons 2 and vice versa. Most probably, you are used to measure liquids in liters and milliliters. Of course, you can run across teaspoons or tablespoons in some cooking recipes, but you will hardly want to know how much it is in ounces.
But for citizens of the USA and some other countries with the English system, ounces, quarts and gallons are common units of measure, so they should be able to convert tablespoons to them. In fact, you can easily memorize the answer to the question, “How many tablespoons are there in an ounce?”:
1 US fluid ounce equals to 2 US tablespoons
1 US tablespoon equals to ½ US fluid ounce
If you need to find out how many other units of volume there are in the US tablespoon or the US fluid ounce, the following table below will help you.
One US tablespoon
One US fluid ounce
US Tea-spoons
3
6
US Table-spoons
1
2
US Fluid Ounces
1/2
1
US Cups
1/16
1/8
US Pints
1/32
1/16
But if you don’t know what “fluid ounce” means and why we turn particular attentions to US ounces and US tablespoons, go on reading.
Ounces and Tablespoons
First of all, let’s talk about ounces. In this article we discuss units of volume, so we mean the fluid ounce, which is distinct from ounces used for measuring mass. Don’t mix them up.
Then, there are two main definitions of the fluid ounce. They are the imperial fluid ounce (about 28.4 milliliters) and the US customary fluid ounce (about 29.6 milliliters). As it is stated above, converting ounces to tablespoons is important mostly for the USA. That is why we are discussing the US fluid ounce. In fact, imperial ounces are rarely converted to teaspoons or tablespoons.
This table will help you to convert US teaspoons, US tablespoons and US fluid ounces into metric milliliters.
One US teaspoon
About 5 ml
One US tablespoon
About 15 ml
One US fluid ounce
About 30 ml
Remember that in many books the term “ounce” may be used for denoting units of mass and liquid. You just have to take into consideration the context. If it is milk, there is no doubt, they mean the fluid ounce. If it is some dry substance, then it should be the ounce measuring mass.
The ounce (abbr. oz) is a widely-spread non-metric unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The US fluid ounce equals to about 29.6 milliliters, and the imperial fluid ounce equals to about 28.4 milliliters.
The tablespoon (abbr. Tblspn, Tblsp, Tbsp, Tbs, Tb) – is a common unit of volume measurement used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian variant has about 20 milliliters. | msmarco_doc_00_6331424 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-teaspoons-in-a-cup | How Many Teaspoons in a Cup | How Many Teaspoons in a Cup
How Many Teaspoons in a Cup | How Many Teaspoons in a Cup
How Many Teaspoons in a Cup
Dec 26, 2019 When we are discussing how many teaspoons 1 there are in one cup 2, we should realize that we do not mean items of cutlery and containers for drinking from. Teaspoons and cups are non-metric units of volume, which are mostly used in the United States and other countries with the English measurement system. These units are typical for pharmaceutical prescriptions and cooking recipes.
In the countries, where the metric system has been introduced, teaspoons and cups are rarely used to measure volume. Liters and milliliters are much more convenient for this purpose. But if you live in a European country, do not think that you will never come across cups, tablespoons or teaspoons. You can find them in some cookbooks, especially if they are written by foreign writers.
Before we start talking about how many teaspoons there are in a cup, we will mention that many people can confuse the teaspoon with the tablespoon. For the most part, it happens because of the similar abbreviations of these units (T., Ts., Tbls., Tb. for the tablespoon, and t., ts., tsp., tspn.). As you see, even if the letters are the same, the abbreviation of the tablespoon is always written with the capital letter “T”.
How Many US Teaspoons in a US Cup
As it is stated above, teaspoons, tablespoons and cups are mostly used in the USA, so we will talk about US units of volume to give the right answer to the question, “How many teaspoons are there in a cup?” And this answer is simple:
One US cup consists of 48 US teaspoons.
When you are going to calculate the number of teaspoons in some cups, just multiply the cups by 48. For converting teaspoons to cups, divide their number by 48.
The following table will give you a tip about how to convert US teaspoons, US tablespoons and US cups.
Tea-spoons
Table-spoons
US Fluid Ounces
One US teaspoon
1
1/3
1/6
One US tablespoon
3
1
1/2
One US cup
48
16
35
The teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a non-metric unit which is used to measure volume. It is mostly used in the USA and is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 milliliters.
The cup is a widely-spread unit of volume measurement which is used mostly in cooking recipes for measuring liquids and dry substances (sugar, flour, etc). There are different definitions of this unit (US, imperial, metric, etc). The US cup is equal to approximately 240 metric milliliters. | msmarco_doc_00_6334595 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-teaspoons-in-a-tablespoon | How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon | How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon
How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon | How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon
How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon
Dec 25, 2019 In this article we will find out how many teaspoons 1 in a tablespoon 2. Some people confuse between teaspoons and tablespoons, though their differences seem to be obvious. First of all, teaspoons, as units of volume, are much smaller than tablespoons. It is like comparing the items of cutlery bearing the same names. You will never mix up a teaspoon and a tablespoon in a restaurant of a café, won’t you? Teaspoons and tablespoons are mostly used in cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions.
Different Tablespoons
Now we will discuss different definitions of these measurement units accepted in various countries.
In most regions, where they are used for measuring solids, the tablespoon equals to half a fluid ounce, which is about 15 metric milliliters. This variant of the tablespoon is accepted in the USA, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. Their teaspoon has 1/6 fluid ounce and about 5 metric milliliters.
The same teaspoon is used in Australia, but the Australian variant of the tablespoon is larger. It contains 2/3 fluid ounce and 20 metric milliliters.
How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon
Now that we know how many fluid ounces and milliliters there are in a teaspoon and a tablespoon, we can count easily how many teaspoons in a tablespoon:
1 US tablespoon has 3 teaspoons
1 Australian tablespoon has 4 teaspoons
It is not difficult to remember, is it?
Teaspoons, Tablespoons, and Other Units of Volume
Sometimes you may want to find out how many teaspoons or tablespoons there are in other units of volume. The following table will be a great help to you.
Teaspoons
US Tablespoons
Australian Tablespoons
One US tablespoon
3
1
≈0.75
One Australian tablespoon
4
≈1.33
1
One US fluid ounce
6
2
≈1.50
One US cup
48
16
≈12
One pint
96
32
≈24
Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) is a widely-spread unit of measuring volume used in the USA, Australia and other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian tablespoon has about 20 milliliters.
Teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a unit which is used to measure volume. It is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 metric milliliters. | msmarco_doc_00_6337337 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-weeks-in-a-year | How Many Weeks in a Year | How Many Weeks in a Year
How Many Weeks in a Year | How Many Weeks in a Year
How Many Weeks in a Year
Dec 25, 2019 One day almost everyone wonders how many weeks there are in a year. The answer seems to be obvious because it is elementary mathematics. You can count them by dividing 365 days per year by seven days per week. This way we’ll get 52 weeks plus one day. If it is one of the leap years 1 with 366 days, it has 52 weeks plus two extra days. In other words, one can say that a regular year contains 52 1/7 weeks and a leap year consists of 52 2/7 weeks.
Or Are There 53 Weeks in a Year?
These extra days (one or two) make one more week though it is incomplete. It means that on the calendar all the days in a year are arranged in 53 weeks, and one or two of them have less than seven days.
What is more, in rare cases the calendar can get even 54 weeks. This situation happens in every 28 years when the 1st of January and the 31st of December form separate weeks. Of course, it must be a leap year.
For example, the year of 2000 had 54 weeks. Its first week consisted of only one day which was Saturday, the 1st of January. And the last week of 2000 included just one day too. It was Sunday, the 31st of December.
Conclusion
From the point of view of mathematics, there are 52 1/7 (or 2/7) weeks in a year. It means 52 full weeks. But on the calendar there will be 53 or 54 separate weeks though one or two of them will be incomplete. So the answer to the question about the number of weeks in a year depends on what you prefer to call a week.
If you mean seven days from Sunday till Saturday, then no year will have more than 52 weeks. But if a week for you is a separate line or column in the calendar, then there may be up to 54 weeks in a year.
Leap year – is a year that occurs once every 4 years. It consists of 366 days, and the intercalary day is always the 29th of February. | msmarco_doc_00_6339957 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-zeroes-are-in-a-billion | How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion | How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion
How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion | How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion
How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion
Dec 27, 2019 The question, “How many zeroes are in a billion?” may seem ridiculous. But are you sure that you know the exact answer to it? If you ask Americans or Europeans about it, most probably, they will tell you the following:
There are nine zeroes in one billion
But citizens of many non-English speaking countries may give you another answer:
There are twelve zeroes in one billion
What answer is right? If fact, both variants are, and now you will know why it is so.
The Long Scale and the Short Scale
In the modern world, there are two different scales, which use the term “billion”. They are called the long one and the short one. These terms were first used by Genevieve Guitel, the French mathematician.
In the short scale 1, a billion consists of a thousand millions. It means that it has nine zeroes. But in the long scale 2, a billion means a million millions. Thus, it has twelve zeroes.
The table below will help you to understand it better.
Short Scale
Long Scale
A million
1 000 000
1 000 000
A billion
1 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000
A trillion
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
In some countries the word “milliard” is used to denote the nine zero number.
As a rule, in English speaking countries the short scale is in use, while most of other countries prefer the long scale.
Facts about a Billion
It is not easy for an ordinary man to comprehend the practical meaning of a billion. Read these facts, and you may be amazed.
One billion minutes ago Jesus Christ was alive.
One billion hours ago it was the Stone Age.
One billion days ago there were no men on the Earth.
Do you understand now how rich Bill Gates is? He’s got tens of billions dollars.
The short scale (from French échelle courte) is a system of large number naming. According to the short scale, starting from million, every number is one thousand times the previous number. E.g. billion is a thousand millions.
The long scale (from French échelle longue) is a system of large number naming. According to the long scale, starting from million, every number is one million times the previous number. E.g. billion is a million millions. | msmarco_doc_00_6342026 |
http://1howmany.com/how-many-zeros-in-a-trillion | How Many Zeros in a Trillion | How Many Zeros in a Trillion
How Many Zeros in a Trillion | How Many Zeros in a Trillion
How Many Zeros in a Trillion
Dec 27, 2019 It may look pretty funny to some people, but there are two answers to the question about how many zeroes are in a trillion, and they both are right ones. Do you wonder how it can be? The fact of the matter is that there two scales which give different definitions of the trillion. The short scale is common for Americans and British, and the long one is used in many non-English speaking countries.
So, you have to remember the following:
According to the short scale 1, there are twelve zeroes in one trillion (1,000,000,000,000)
According to the long scale 2, there are eighteen zeroes in one trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000)
Differences between these two scales start from a billion, because lower numbers are all the same in them (a hundred, a thousand, a million). In the short scale a billion is equal to 10 9, but in the long one it is 10 12. Of course, it influences higher numbers.
These scales were first used by Genevieve Guitel, a famous French mathematician. The chart below will help you to memorize the distinctions.
Short Scale
Long Scale
A million
1 000 000
1 000 000
A billion
1 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000
A trillion
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
In many countries the term “milliard” is in common use for denoting the nine zero number.
Some Interesting Facts about a Trillion
It is not easy to imagine what a trillion means. Read the following examples (we use the short scale trillion), and you will fancy it more clearly:
You would need almost two trillion pennies, if you decided to fill the famous Empire State Building with them.
If you had one trillion dollars and spent one million an hour, it would take 411 years to spend all the money.
One trillion seconds ago there was no Western civilization in the world.
We hope, now you understand how much a trillion is.
This is what one trillion dollars in 0 bills looks like. Do you see the man, standing in the left near corner of the picture?
The short scale (from French échelle courte) is a system of large number naming. According to the short scale, starting from million, every number is one thousand times the previous number. E.g. billion is a thousand millions.
The long scale (from French échelle longue) is a system of large number naming. According to the long scale, starting from million, every number is one million times the previous number. E.g. billion is a million millions. | msmarco_doc_00_6344538 |
http://1in4men.com/urinary-problems.aspx | See related links to what you are looking for.
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http://1iota.com/Show/556/Kevin-Can-Wait | 1iota - Free Tickets for Fans | 1iota - Free Tickets for Fans | msmarco_doc_00_6347491 | |
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One Iron Golf System
The leader in Single-Length golf clubs for over 20 years!
Superiority of Single-Length
Conventional golf clubs are built in 1/2 inch length increments with varying club head lie angles throughout a set. This means that besides the driver and putter you carry 12 clubs having 12 different lengths and 12 different lie angles. Consequently, in order to develop your full ball striking potential with conventional golf equipment you have to learn and master 12 different swings with 12 different swing postures, 12 different swing planes, and 12 different ball positions.
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Single-Length Golf Clubs
Just like all golfers you have a favorite iron that you hit perfectly every time you pull it out of the bag. Why do you have just this one favorite iron out of your entire set? It is because it is the only one that actually comes close to fitting you properly and allows your body to make its most fluid and powerful swing.
It is simply common sense that in order for you to play your best all of the irons within your set should be built to the same fitting and dynamic specifications as this favorite iron producing an entire set of favorite irons (same length, weight, flex, lie angle, etc.). A custom fitted set of single-length golf clubs produces a stunning increase in consistent ball striking, distance, and accuracy for golfers of all skill levels and is the premise of the One Iron Golf System. Imagine being able to hit your #3 iron with the same ball striking consistency as you do your #9 iron and wedges.
Multiple Swings with Conventional Irons
Only One Swing with a Set of 1 Irons
Use Just One Swing and Ball Position
It is practically impossible for the average golfer to develop a consistent golf swing with a set of conventional irons, where each one requires a different swing and ball position.
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One Iron Golf and Shaft Length | Stick & Hack Show Highlight
Fred Greene of Golf Smarter Plays his First Round with Single Length Irons
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http://1kspa.cz/kladno/dokumenty/stud_materialy/bio/Atlas_RespiratorySystem_030515.pdf | does more than move air into and out of your lungs.
The Respiratory System
does more than move air into and out of your lungs.
The structures of the respiratory system interact with structures of the skeletal, circulatory, nervous, and muscular systems to help you smell, speak, and move oxygen into your bloodstream and waste out of it. Let’s take a look!
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The perpendicular plateof the
ethmoid(the long section, shown in blue) separates the nasal cavity into sides. The perpendicular plate is one of the structures that help form the nasal septum.
The skeletal systemprovides structure to soft tissue in the upper respiratory tract.
The respiratory and nervous systems work together to identify odors in your environment.
The respiratory system communicates with the nervous system through foramina in the ethmoid bone.
The olfactory bulbs(pink structures above the olfactory nerves) receive input from the olfactory nervesand pass it along to the brain, which processes and determines the odor.
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The structures highlighted in blue and supported by the laryngeal skeleton are the true vocal folds
(or vocal cords).
The vocal folds vibrate when air is passed over them, producing sound.
Factoid: The sinuses in the skull, the thickness of the vocal folds, and the resonance area of the throat give each person’s voice its own character.
The lungsare conical in shape and have a spongy texture.
The branching structure is the
respiratory tree; bronchi branch into smaller and smaller bronchioles, each ending in millions of air sacs known as alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Factoid: The surface area of one lung is 750 sq feet. That is the size of a singles tennis court!
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Air flows from the trachea into the bronchi, and from there into the bronchiolesof the lungs.
The shallower angle of the right primary bronchus is important, because when food accidentally moves down the trachea instead of the esophagus, it’s much more likely to end up in the right lung.
The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body.
Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veinsthat connect to the heart.
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The muscular and nervous systemsenable the involuntary breathing mechanism.
The main muscles in inhalation and exhalation are the diaphragmand the intercostals(shown in blue), as well as other muscles.
Exhalation is a passive action, as the lungs recoil and shrink when the muscles relax.
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The bronchi and bronchioles are part of an overall structure called the ________.
a. bronchus b. branches c. lung tree d. respiratory tree
answer: d
Quiz Time!
This muscle is the ______ and it is involved in breathing.
a. external intercostal b. diaphragm c. internal intercostal d. thoracic cage
answer: b
See more with Human Anatomy Atlas.
All the images and content are from Human Anatomy Atlas, the best-selling and most comprehensive 3D human anatomy general reference available.
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Created Date
3/5/2015 1:58:51 PM
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http://1law4all.kiwi.nz/news/the-treaty-of-waitangi/ | The Treaty of Waitangi | 1law4all | The Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty Trickery – Why does the New Zealand Government use the Wrong ‘version’ of the Treaty of Waitangi?
The Treaty of Waitangi
The meaning of the treaty
Introduction
Preamble
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
The Epilogue
Treaty texts
Busby February 4, 1840, draft aka
Littlewood Draft
Preamble
Article first
Article second
Article third
Te Tiriti o Waitangi Maori language translation February 5, 1840
Ko te tuatahi
Ko te tuarua
Ko te tuatoru
The official English version
Preamble
Article the First
Article the Second
Article the Third
T.E Young’s back-translation of the Maori text into English 1869.
Preamble
The First
The Second
The Third
The Kawharu Translation
The first
The second
The third
Footnotes
Treaty principles
The Waitangi Tribunal
Treaty settlements
Claimant group
Year
| The Treaty of Waitangi | 1law4all
The Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty Trickery – Why does the New Zealand Government use the Wrong ‘version’ of the Treaty of Waitangi?
The Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi
By 1839, decades of savage inter-tribal fighting had decimated the Maori population in New Zealand to approximately 70,000 while there were about 2000 settlers. Thirteen northern Maori chiefs in 1831 sent a petition to King William IV of England asking for protection and recognition of their trade and missionary contacts with Britain. The New Zealand Company in 1839 had bought land and had sent six ships full of colonists. Captain William Hobson was sent to act for the British Crown to negotiate a treaty with Maori. The Colonial Secretary, Lord Normanby, instructed Hobson that:
I have already stated that we acknowledge New Zealand as a sovereign and independent state so far at least as is possible to make that acknowledgement in favour of a people composed of numerous dispersed and petty tribes, who possess few political relations to each other, and are incompetent to act or even deliberate in concert. But the admission of their rights, though inevitably qualified by this consideration, is binding on the faith of the British Crown. The Queen, in common with Her Majesty’s predecessor, disclaims for herself and Her subjects every pretension to seize on the Islands of New Zealand, or to govern them as a part of the Dominions of Great Britain unless the free intelligent consent of the natives, expressed according to their established usages, shall first be obtained. Believing, however, that their own welfare would, under the circumstances I have mentioned, be best promoted by the surrender to Her Majesty of a right now so precarious and little more than nominal, and persuaded that the benefits of British protection and laws administered by British judges would far more than compensate for the sacrifice by the natives of a national independence which they are no longer able to maintain, Her Majesty’s Government have resolved to authorise you to treat with the aborigines of New Zealand in the recognition of Her Majesty’s sovereign authority over the whole or any part of those Islands which they may be willing to place under Her Majesty’s dominion.
On February 6, 1840, Hobson, several English residents, and 45 Maori chiefs, signed the Maori text of the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands with Hone Heke being the first. A total of 512 chiefs, including 13 women, signed the nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi, mostly the Maori language text, at 34 locations around New Zealand between February 6 and May 21, 1840. Only 39 chiefs signed the English language version at Waikato Heads and at Manukau.
The Treaty of Waitangi is on permanent display in the Constitution Room at National Archives in Wellington.
The meaning of the treaty
Introduction
The Treaty of Waitangi has two texts, one Maori and one English. The English text that has been taken as the official version differs from the Maori text. Because he treaty was drafted in English and translated into Maori, the meaning and intent of the treaty would be quite clear in the final English draft. That draft was lost, and what has been taken as the official English version was created by Hobson’s secretary James Stuart Freeman, who cobbled together pieces of discarded earlier versions. Despite the problems caused by the different versions and the missing final draft, all the treaty says is that the Queen is sovereign and Maori are her subjects, with the rights of subjects, including possession of property. Since then, the Queen and her successors have exercised sovereignty for over 173 years.
Preamble
The preamble says the Queen of England, who considerately wishes to maintain peace among Maori and preserve their land, has sent Hobson to negotiate cession of sovereignty and set up a government to protect both settlers and Maori.
The Waitangi Tribunal asserts that there is a difference of meaning between the English and Maori versions, — the Maori version promised to “secure tribal rangatiratanga” and “secure Maori land ownership”.
The Waitangi Tribunal fails to say that the word “rangatiratanga” translates into the word “possession” and the word “kawanatanga” translates into “sovereignty”. Failing to clarify the meanings of these words, the tribunal asserts there is a fundamental difference in meaning between the two texts when, apart from differences in phrasing, extra words, and a formal or slightly pompous style, no fundamental difference actually exists.
Article 1
Article 1 simply says that the chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes, a group of 34 Far North chiefs set up in 1835 by British Resident James Busby, and other chiefs, cede sovereignty to the Queen of England.
The Waitangi Tribunal continues with its semantic argument by asserting that by using the word “kawanatanga” in the Maori text to translate “sovereignty” chiefs must have believed that they only “ceded to the Queen a right of governance in return for the promise of protection, while retaining the authority they always had to manage their own affairs.”
This interpretation is incorrect because an eyewitness account by missionary printer William Colenso, who was at the February 5, 1840, discussion at Waitangi, as well as the February 6 signing, recorded several chiefs disagreeing with the idea that they would become subject to the Queen of England, a position they accepted the very next day.
Article 2
Article 2 says the Queen confirms to the chiefs and the tribes and to all the people of New Zealand, the possession of their lands, dwellings and all their property, while the chiefs grant to the Queen the exclusive right of buying such lands as the proprietors may want to sell at agreed prices.
The word “possession” in the original English draft of the treaty was translated as “rangatiratanga” and the word “property” was translated as “taonga”.
But the Waitangi Tribunal says “rangatiratanga” does not mean “possession”. It says it means as “promising to uphold the authority that tribes had always had over their lands and taonga”.
The tribunal goes on to conclude that by reading Article 2 together with a part of Normanby’s instructions to Hobson that advises against purchasing any territory the retention of which by them would be essential, article 2 was to ensure that “each tribe retained sufficient land”.
The tribunal thus creates the fiction that chiefs were wrongly denied the right to carry on with self-governance. In its National Overview, the tribunal asserts that the “loss of rangatiratanga”, which includes the loss of resources, and the exclusion of Maori from the decision-making institutions, is the No. 1 grievance.
Similarly, the tribunal’s assertion about “sufficient land” provides an all-encompassing treaty justification for grievance No. 2, that is purchases under the Native Lands Act, and grievance No. 3, Crown purchases from 1840 to 1865.
Article 3
Article 3 says that in return for the cession of sovereignty, the Queen shall protect the people of New Zealand who will have the rights and privileges of British subjects.
The Waitangi Tribunal says that this text emphasises equality. Few would have any problem with this until “equality” is transmogrified into race-based affirmative action.
The Epilogue
In the epilogue, the chiefs affirm that they have understood the meaning of the articles, accept them, and agree to them all, and sign their names.
The Waitangi Tribunal does its final bit of treaty twisting by citing a phrase that only appears in the cobbled-together Freeman English language version of the treaty, which says the chiefs “enter into the same in the full spirit and meaning thereof”, to assert “these words are important, for it is the treaty’s principles, rather than the meaning of its strict terms, that the Waitangi Tribunal must determine today”. In this way, the tribunal imports a series of principles that were created in 1987. A further justification for the use of the 1980s “principles” is to make the variations between the two texts less problematic.
Treaty texts
Busby February 4, 1840, draft aka
Littlewood Draft
The Busby February 4 draft was found by chance in a drawer in March 1989. The handwriting was confirmed in 2000 as that of British Resident James Busby. The historian who did an official appraisal in 2006 concluded that it was either a back translation of the Maori text of the treaty, because U.S. Consul James Clendon described it as a translation when he forwarded a transcription of the February 4 draft to the United States on February 20, 1840, or it is a copy of the missing final draft. Either way, it is the English version of the Treaty of Waitangi that is closest to the Maori text. The Busby February 4 draft is on display in the Constitution Room at National Archives in Wellington.
Preamble
Her Majesty Victoria, Queen of England in her gracious consideration for the chiefs and people of New Zealand, and her desire to preserve them their land and to maintain peace and order amongst them, has been pleased to appoint an officer to treat with them for the cession of the Sovreignty [sic] of their country and of the islands adjacent to the Queen. Seeing that already many of Her Majesty’s subjects have already settled in the country and are constantly arriving: And that it is desirable for their protection as well as the protection of the natives to establish a government amongst them.
Her Majesty has accordingly been pleased to appoint me William Hobson a captain in the Royal Navy to be Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may now or hereafter be ceded to Her Majesty and proposes to the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand and the other chiefs to agree to the following articles.-
Article first
The chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes and the other chiefs who have not joined the confederation, cede to the Queen of England for ever the entire Sovreignty [sic] of their country.
Article second
The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs and the tribes and to all the people of New Zealand, the possession of their lands, dwellings and all their property. But the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes and the other chiefs grant to the Queen, the exclusive rights of purchasing such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to sell at such prices as may be agreed upon between them and the person appointed by the Queen to purchase from them.
Article third
In return for the cession of their Sovreignty [sic] to the Queen, the people of New Zealand shall be protected by the Queen of England and the rights and privileges of British subjects will be granted to them.
Signed, William Hobson
Consul and Lieut. Governor.
Now we the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand assembled at Waitangi, and we the other tribes of New Zealand, having understood the meaning of these articles, accept them and agree to them all. In witness whereof our names or marks are affixed. Done at Waitangi on the 4th of February, 1840.”
Te Tiriti o Waitangi Maori language translation February 5, 1840
KO WIKITORIA te Kuini o Ingarani i tana mahara atawai ki nga Rangatira me nga Hapu o Nu Tirani i tana hiahia hoki kia tohungia ki a ratou o ratou rangatiratanga me to ratou wenua, a kia mau tonu hoki te Rongo ki a ratou me te Atanoho hoki kua wakaaro ia he mea tika kia tukua mai tetahi Rangatira – hei kai wakarite ki nga Tangata maori o Nu Tirani – kia wakaaetia e nga Rangatira Maori te Kawanatanga o te Kuini ki nga wahikatoa o te wenua nei me nga motu – na te mea hoki he tokomaha ke nga tangata o tona Iwi Kua noho ki tenei wenua, a e haere mai nei.
Na ko te Kuini e hiahia ana kia wakaritea te Kawanatanga kia kaua ai nga kino e puta mai ki te tangata Maori ki te Pakeha e noho ture kore ana. Na kua pai te Kuini kia tukua a hau a Wiremu Hopihona he Kapitana i te Roiara Nawi hei Kawana mo nga wahi katoa o Nu Tirani e tukua aianei amua atu ki te Kuini, e mea atu ana ia ki nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga o nga hapu o Nu Tirani me era Rangatira atu enei ture ka korerotia nei.
Ko te tuatahi
Ko nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga me nga Rangatira katoa hoki ki hai i uru ki taua wakaminenga ka tuku rawa atu ki te Kuini o Ingarani ake tonu atu – te Kawanatanga katoa o o ratou wenua.
Ko te tuarua
Ko te Kuini o Ingarani ka wakarite ka wakaae ki nga Rangitira ki nga hapu – ki nga tangata katoa o Nu Tirani te tino rangatiratanga o o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa. Otiia ko nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga me nga Rangatira katoa atu ka tuku ki te Kuini te hokonga o era wahi wenua e pai ai te tangata nona te Wenua – ki te ritenga o te utu e wakaritea ai e ratou ko te kai hoko e meatia nei e te Kuini hei kai hoko mona.
Ko te tuatoru
Hei wakaritenga mai hoki tenei mo te wakaaetanga ki te Kawanatanga o te Kuini – Ka tiakina e te Kuini o Ingarani nga tangata maori katoa o Nu Tirani ka tukua ki a ratou nga tikanga katoa rite tahi ki ana mea ki nga tangata o Ingarani.
(signed) William Hobson, Consul and Lieutenant-Governor.
Na ko matou ko nga Rangatira o te Wakaminenga o nga hapu o Nu Tirani ka huihui nei ki Waitangi ko matou hoki ko nga Rangatira o Nu Tirani ka kite nei i te ritenga o enei kupu, ka tangohia ka wakaaetia katoatia e matou, koia ka tohungia ai o matou ingoa o matou tohu.
Ka meatia tenei ki Waitangi i te ono o nga ra o Pepueri i te tau kotahi mano, e waru rau e wa te kau o to tatou Ariki.
The official English version
The following version of the treaty is taken from the first schedule to the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975. Hobson’s secretary James Stuart Freeman compiled this version from earlier discarded drafts. The language has been described as written in a “royal style” because of its pretentious legal phrasing that does not appear in the Busby draft of the Maori text.
Preamble
HER MAJESTY VICTORIA Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland regarding with Her Royal Favour the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and anxious to protect their just Rights and Property and to secure to them the enjoyment of Peace and Good Order has deemed it necessary in consequence of the great number of Her Majesty’s Subjects who have already settled in New Zealand and the rapid extension of Emigration both from Europe and Australia which is still in progress to constitute and appoint a functionary properly authorized to treat with the Aborigines of New Zealand for the recognition of Her Majesty’s Sovereign authority over the whole or any part of those islands – Her Majesty therefore being desirous to establish a settled form of Civil Government with a view to avert the evil consequences which must result from the absence of the necessary Laws and Institutions alike to the native population and to Her subjects has been graciously pleased to empower and to authorize me William Hobson a Captain in Her Majesty’s Royal Navy Consul and Lieutenant Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may be or hereafter shall be ceded to her Majesty to invite the confederated and independent Chiefs of New Zealand to concur in the following Articles and Conditions.
Article the First
The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respectively exercise or possess, or may be supposed to exercise or to possess over their respective Territories as the sole Sovereigns thereof.
Article the Second
Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession; but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them in that behalf.
Article the Third
In consideration thereof Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her royal protection and imparts to them all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects.
W HOBSON
Lieutenant Governor.
Now therefore We the Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand being assembled in Congress at Victoria in Waitangi and We the Separate and Independent Chiefs of New Zealand claiming authority over the Tribes and Territories which are specified after our respective names, having been made fully to understand the Provisions of the foregoing Treaty, accept and enter into the same in the full spirit and meaning thereof: in witness of which we have attached our signatures or marks at the places and the dates respectively specified.
Done at Waitangi this Sixth day of February in the year of Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty.
T.E Young’s back-translation of the Maori text into English 1869.
T.E. Young was employed by the Native Department. He made the translation for the Legislative Council. Compare the childlike phrasing of this translation from the Maori with the precision of language in the Busby February 4 draft.
Preamble
Victoria, Queen of England, in her kind thoughtfulness to the Chiefs and Hapus of New Zealand, and her desire to preserve to them their chieftainship and their land, and that peace may always be kept with them and quietness, she has thought it a right thing that a Chief should be sent here as a negotiator with the Maoris of New Zealand – that the Maoris of New Zealand may consent to the Government of the Queen of all parts of this land and the islands, because there are many people of her tribe that have settled on this land and are coming hither.
Now the Queen is desirous to establish the Government, that evil may not come to the Maoris and the Europeans who are living without law.
Now the Queen has been pleased to send me, William Hobson, a Captain in the Royal Navy, to be Governor to all the places of New Zealand which may be given up now or hereafter to the Queen; an he give forth to the Chiefs of the Assembly of the Hapus of New Zealand and other Chiefs the laws spoken here.
The First
The Chiefs of the Assembly, and all Chiefs also who have not joined the Assembly, give up entirely to the Queen of England for ever all the Government of their lands.
The Second
The Queen of England arranges and agrees to give to the Chiefs, the Hapus and all the people of New Zealand, the full chieftainship of their lands, their settlements and their property. But the Chiefs of the Assembly, and all the other Chiefs, gives to the Queen the purchase of those pieces of land which the proprietors may wish, for such payment as may be agreed upon by them and the purchaser who is appointed by the Queen to be her purchaser.
The Third
This is an arrangement for the consent to the Government of the Queen. The Queen of England will protect all the Maoris of New Zealand. All the rights will be given to them the same as her doings to the people of England.
William Hobson Consul and Lieutenant Governor
Now, we the Chiefs of the Assembly of the Hapus of New Zealand, now assembled at Waitangi. We also, the Chiefs of New Zealand, see the meaning of these words: they are taken and consented to altogether by us. Therefore are affixed our names and marks.
This done at Waitangi, on the sixth day of February, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty, of Our Lord.
The Kawharu Translation
The following translation of the Maori text of the Treaty was done by former Tribunal member Professor Sir Hugh Kawharu. Footnotes are those of Kawharu appended on the Waitangi Tribunal website so reflect Waitangi Tribunal thinking. Kawharu makes the unpardonable error of ignoring the source document while trying to interpret the meaning of a translated text. He overlooks the fact that “kawanatanga” translates “sovereignty” and “rangatiratanga” translates “possession” to arrive at the conclusion that the chiefs surrendered governance while retaining the unqualified exercise of their chieftainship over their lands.
Victoria, the Queen of England, in her concern to protect the chiefs and the subtribes of New Zealand and in her desire to preserve their chieftainship (1) and their lands to them and to maintain peace (2) and good order considers it just to appoint an administrator (3) one who will negotiate with the people of New Zealand to the end that their chiefs will agree to the Queen’s Government being established over all parts of this land and (adjoining) islands (4) and also because there are many of her subjects already living on this land and others yet to come. So the Queen desires to establish a government so that no evil will come to Maori and European living in a state of lawlessness. So the Queen has appointed ‘me, William Hobson a Captain’ in the Royal Navy to be Governor for all parts of New Zealand (both those) shortly to be received by the Queen and (those) to be received hereafter and presents5 to the chiefs of the Confederation chiefs of the subtribes of New Zealand and other chiefs these laws set out here.
The first
The Chiefs of the Confederation and all the Chiefs who have not joined that Confederation give absolutely to the Queen of England forever the complete government (6) over their land.
The second
The Queen of England agrees to protect the chiefs, the subtribes and all the people of New Zealand in the unqualified exercise (7) of their chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures. (8) But on the other hand the Chiefs of the Confederation and all the Chiefs will sell (9) land to the Queen at a price agreed to by the person owning it and by the person buying it (the latter being) appointed by the Queen as her purchase agent.
The third
For this agreed arrangement therefore concerning the Government of the Queen, the Queen of England will protect all the ordinary people of New Zealand and will give them the same rights and duties (10) of citizenship as the people of England. (11)
[signed] William Hobson Consul & Lieut Governor
So we, the Chiefs of the Confederation of the subtribes of New Zealand meeting here at Waitangi having seen the shape of these words which we accept and agree to record our names and our marks thus.
Was done at Waitangi on the sixth of February in the year of our Lord 1840.
Footnotes
1. ‘Chieftainship’: this concept has to be understood in the context of Mäori social and political organisation as at 1840. The accepted approximation today is ‘trusteeship’.↑
2. ‘Peace’: Māori ‘Rongo’, seemingly a missionary usage (rongo – to hear: ie, hear the ‘Word’ – the ‘message’ of peace and goodwill, etc).↑
3. Literally ‘Chief’ (‘Rangatira’) here is of course ambiguous. Clearly, a European could not be a Māori, but the word could well have implied a trustee-like role rather than that of a mere ‘functionary’. Māori speeches at Waitangi in 1840 refer to Hobson being or becoming a ‘father’ for the Māori people. Certainly this attitude has been held towards the person of the Crown down to the present day – hence the continued expectations and commitments entailed in the Treaty.↑
4. ‘Islands’: ie, coastal, not of the Pacific.↑
5. Literally ‘making’: ie, ‘offering’ or ‘saying’ – but not ‘inviting to concur’.↑
6. ‘Government’: ‘kawanatanga’. There could be no possibility of the Māori signatories having any understanding of government in the sense of ‘sovereignty’: ie, any understanding on the basis of experience or cultural precedent.↑
7. ‘Unqualified exercise’ of the chieftainship – would emphasise to a chief the Queen’s intention to give them complete control according to their customs. ‘Tino’ has the connotation of ‘quintessential’.↑
8. ‘Treasures’: ‘taonga’. As submissions to the Waitangi Tribunal concerning the Māori language have made clear, ‘taonga’ refers to all dimensions of a tribal group’s estate, material and non-material – heirlooms and wahi tapu (sacred places), ancestral lore and whakapapa (genealogies), etc.↑
9. Māori ‘hokonga’, literally ‘sale and purchase’. ‘Hoko’ means to buy or sell.↑
10. ‘Rights and duties’: Māori at Waitangi in 1840 refer to Hobson being or becoming a ‘father’ for the Māori people. Certainly, this attitude has been held towards the person of the Crown down to the present day – hence the continued expectations and commitments entailed in the Treaty.↑
11. There is, however, a more profound problem about ‘tikanga’. There is a real sense here of the Queen ‘protecting’ (ie, allowing the preservation of) the Māori people’s tikanga (ie, customs) since no Māori could have had any understanding whatever of British tikanga (ie, rights and duties of British subjects). This, then, reinforces the guarantees in article 2.
Treaty principles
Although “principles” of the Treaty of Waitangi were referred to in the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, no one knew what they actually were until the president of the Court of Appeal, Justice Robin Cooke, enumerated a summary of what he said they were in the 1987 New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General decision. Cooke’s summary appears to be little more than a personal opinion given legitimacy by the position he held. Cooke’s six principles were:
(a) ‘ [T]he Queen was to govern and the Maoris were to be her subjects; in return their chieftainship and possessions were to be protected, but . . . sales of land to the Crown could be negotiated.’
(b) Because there was some inevitable potential conflict between those principles, both parties had a duty ‘to act reasonably and with the utmost good faith’ towards one another.
(c) The principles of the treaty do not authorise unreasonable restrictions on the right of a duly elected government to follow its chosen policy.’
(d) The Crown assumed a duty of protection towards Maori: ‘the duty is not passive but extends to active protection of Maori people in the use of their lands and waters to the fullest extent practicable.’
(e) The Crown has a duty to remedy past breaches: ‘the Crown should grant at least some form of redress, unless there are good grounds justifying a reasonable Treaty partner in withholding it – which would only be in very special circumstances, if ever.’
(f) The Crown had an obligation to consult with Maori in the exercise of kawanatanga. Justice Cooke was guarded, however, as to the practical extent of that obligation
The government created its own set of treaty principles. Justice Minister Geoffrey Palmer had a treaty unit set up within the Justice Department create a 15-page booklet titled The Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi that was adopted by Cabinet and published on July 4, 1989.
More principles were to appear. They included:
NZ Maori Council to Court of Appeal 1987- 10 principles
Crown to Court of Appeal 1987- 5 principles
Waitangi Tribunal 1983-1988- 12 principles
Royal Commission on Social Policy 1988—3 principles
Hiwi Tauroa (former race relations conciliator) 1989- 4 principles
Office of Treaty Settlements 1999- 4 principles
Douglas Graham (in his book Trick or treaty) –11 principles
Centre for Maori Studies Lincoln University 1994 –4 principles
New Zealand Law Commission 1999-13 principles
NZ Attorney General 2000 – 6 principles
Minister of Health/Privy Council (undated) – 3 principles
The Waitangi Tribunal maintains that it must determine the treaty’s principles rather than the meaning of the treaty’s strict terms even though it has already redefined key words in the treaty to justify the widest range of grievance possible. It appears that the principles, either any of the 13 sets already stated, or any list that may be created in the future, are capable of justifying any tribal demand that may appear at any time.
The Waitangi Tribunal
The Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 set up the Waitangi Tribunal as a permanent commission of inquiry to examine any claim by Maori over any law, regulation, or acts, omissions, policies, or practices of the Crown that may have given offence. It was an attempt to provide an avenue for Maori grievance and get Maori nationalist protest off the streets. The Act was passed a couple of days before the Maori Land March led by Dame Whina Cooper delivered a 60,000-signature petition to Prime Minister Bill Rowling.
The act also gave a handful of un-elected tribunal members the exclusive authority to interpret the treaty. The Act was the first legal recognition of the treaty.
The Act aimed to examine current policies and practices against principles of the treaty but it did not allow the tribunal to investigate historical breaches. In 1985, Justice Minister Geoffrey Palmer enabled the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate claims back to 1840.
Claims started to trickle in, began to multiply, and became more complex. In 1882, chiefs had just nine grievances that they took to England. In contrast, a total of 2034 claims were registered with the Waitangi Tribunal by June 2009. Since more than 2000 claims came into existence after a naïve government created the opportunity make all manner of claims, it appears that the Waitangi Tribunal is in fact somewhat of a claims magnet.
OneLaw4all says the Waitangi Tribunal should be abolished. There are seven reasons why it should go:
1. As a permanent, for-Maori-only complaint body, the Waitangi Tribunal creates a race fault line.
2. The tribunal rewrites history for financial gain.
3. The tribunal is not a dispassionate, fact-finding body. It is heavily biased towards Maori claimants.
4. Tribunal activities undermine private property rights
5. The tribunal has failed to meet public expectations because while it has been in existence, Maori protest has escalated, settlement proceeds have been captured by tribal elites, and Maori under-privilege appears to continue unabated.
6. The tribunal has created a ‘gravy train’
7. The tribunal is used to extract benefits for tribal interests. (See full article)
The Waitangi Tribunal could be abolished by repealing Sections 4-8 of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, leaving any final historic settlements that are still in the pipeline to be negotiated directly with the Crown – since more and more tribes are choosing to do that anyway.
Treaty settlements
A Treaty of Waitangi settlement includes financial redress (cash and/or property), rights of first refusal on the purchase of properties within the claim area, cultural redress, and co-governance arrangements. Cultural redress and co-governance includes dollar amounts not included in the financial redress total. The financial redress amounts are sometimes “plus interest” where the interest is not specified. The completed settlement total is contentious and was in 2013 the subject of a dispute between the government and two claimant groups – Waikato-Tainui and Ngai Tahu – because of a relativity clause in their settlements that provides for a top-up of a percentage of settlements over $1-billion in 1992 dollars ($1.5-billion in 2012 dollars). The settlements detailed below were compiled from details on the Office of Treaty Settlements website and includes claimant group, date of settlement, and financial redress amount to July 24, 2013:
Claimant group
Year
Financial redress ($m)
Commercial Fisheries
1992
170
Ngati Rangiteaorere
1993
0.76
Hauai
1993
0.72
Ngati Whakaue
1994
5.21
Waikato/Tainui
1995
170
Waimakuku
1995
0.38
Rotoma
1995
0.04
Te Maunga
1996
0.13
Ngai Tahu
1998
170
Ngati Turangitukua
1999
5
Pouakani
2000
2.65
Te Uri o Hau
2002
15.6
Ngati Ruanui
2003
41
*Ngati Tama
2003
14.50
Ngati Awa
2005
43.39
Tuwharetoa (Bay of Plenty)
2005
10.5
Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi
2005
31
Te Arawa Lakes
2006
10.4
Ngati Mutunga
2006
14.9
Te Roroa
2008
9.5
Te Pumautanga o Te Arawa
2008
38.9
*Central Nth Island Forests Iwi Collective
2008
149.56
Taranaki Whanui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika
2009
25.03
*Waikato River
2010-12
400.8
Ngati Apa (North Island)
2010
16
Ngati Whare
2012
15.7
*Ngati Manawa
2012
2.6
Ngati Pahauwera
2012
20
Ngati Porou
2012
110
Maraeroa A and B Blocks
2012
1.8
Ngati Makino
2012
11.3
Ngai Tamanuhiri
2012
22.24
Rongawhakaata
2012
22.24
Ngati Whatua o Orakei
2012
20
Ngati Manuhiri
2012
9
Ngati Whatua o Kaipara
2013
22.1
TOTAL
1602.95
* Ngati Tama announced in 2012 that it lost its entire $14.5-million settlement citing poor investments
*Central Nth Island Forests Iwi Collective also received $223-million in forest rentals held in trust since 1989. That is not included in the financial redress total because it was regarded as tribal money from 1989. A later Office of Treaty Settlements list records the total amount as $161-million.
*Waikato River. The government argues that this is not historical redress so should not be included in the settlement total. The $400.8-million total includes all payments for 27 years. A total of $130.8-million was paid up front.
*Ngati Manawa also received $12.2-million worth of CNI forestland included in the CNI deal. | msmarco_doc_00_6356001 |
http://1lovepoems.com/love-poems/free-downloadable-love-poems/ | Free Downloadable Love Poems - Free Love Poems • 1 Love Poems | Free Downloadable Love Poems – Free Love Poems
Beautiful Love Poems
Free Downloadable Love Poems – Free Love Poems
I’M MISSING YOU – Angel Joy
Without His Love – Lizbeth Lopez
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Please Come Home – Unknown
THINKING OF YOU – Grooveysaz
Why Do I Love You? – Meg
WHEN WE KISS – Freddie Scott
What is Love? – Duncan MacKellar
THE MAGIC OF LOVE – Joyce Hemsley
True Love – Corbyn Thompson
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By
Sebastian Watts
on
6:25 am
Love poems are heartfelt expressions of love that needs to come out. Through love poems you can convey your emotions to your sweetheart.
These beautiful free love poems are mesmerizing and inspiring.
I’M MISSING YOU – Angel Joy
Why can’t I speak when I have so much to tell?
Why can’t I write when I have so much in mind?
Why can’t I sing when there’s music in my heart?
Why can’t I dance when there’s rhythm in the air?… Read Poem
Without His Love – Lizbeth Lopez
What has happened is never spoken
Everything around me has been broken
There’s no words, just silence.
Hate, but no violence… Read Poem
You Are My Hope – Peter McNamara
You are the beat of my heart,
You are the blood in my veins,
You are the life of my body,
You are the spirit in my soul… Read Poem
Please Come Home – Unknown
Please come home,
I miss you so.
More then you could ever know… Read Poem
THINKING OF YOU – Grooveysaz
The sun is setting on a lonely day
The colours are splitting, the perfect way
Your strolling home as you see this too
And I watch from a window thinking of you… Read Poem
Why Do I Love You? – Meg
You make me smile
when I’m having a bad day.
You make me laugh
at everything you say… Read Poem
WHEN WE KISS – Freddie Scott
Do you like the way that we kiss?
The fullness of my pastel pink lips
The soft texture created with the help of chapstick
The pause of anticipated excitement… Read Poem
What is Love? – Duncan MacKellar
A simple spark of deep desire,
The gentle gaze that sets the fire.
Often spoken, sometimes meant,
Heat of passion, sweetly spent… Read Poem
THE MAGIC OF LOVE – Joyce Hemsley
The magic of love, oh how inviting,
amorous love ~ is a flame so exciting,
infatuation, the romance of a kiss,
two arms enfold you, heavenly bliss… Read Poem
True Love – Corbyn Thompson
A gentle brush of his fingers threw my hair,
Sending shivers down my spine that I can’t compare.
In the love I see in his eyes,
Is a love that equals mine… Read Poem
In this article: 10 things i hate about you poem, A Love Story Of A Broken Heart, All about Poems for Christmas, Beautiful Love Poems, Best and Most Famous Classic Poems, Best Poems about True Friendship, Best Romantic Famous Love Poem, Best Romantic Love Poems, Best Short Poems to Memorize, Christmas Celebration, christmas in heaven poem, Famous Poems, Friendship Poems, heart block poem, Heartbroken Love Story, Inspirational Poems, Love Poem That Everyone Should Read, Love Poems, Love Poems For Her, Love Poems For Him, Merry Christmas Poems, Most Popular Collections Love Poem, Nature Poems, Poem, Poems, Poems About Friendship, Poems Of All Time, Popular Funny Poems, Popular Poems About Life, pretty ugly poem, Quotes, Romantic Love Poems of All Time, Short Poems, solomon grundy poem, the dash poem, tone poem, Who Censored Roger Rabbit? | msmarco_doc_00_6391945 |
http://1lovepoems.com/love-poems/free-short-love-poems-beautiful-romantic-short-love-poems/ | Our Top 20 Beautiful Love Poems | Favorite Love Poetry | Free Short Love Poems – Beautiful Romantic Short Love Poems
Beautiful Love Poems
Free Short Love Poems – Beautiful Romantic Short Love Poems
Serenity – Joyce Hemsley
My Dear Love – Unknown
Back To Me – Mia Rodriguez
Love Is … – Jose Aquino
My Love Will Grow – Gordon Saunders
Trying – Colin Metcalfe
Romantic Candlelight – Shannon Albo
Forever Yours – Celmarique Swartz
Star Of My Life – Unknown
I Miss Your Presence – Unknown
Undying Love – Unknown
The Way I Love You – Unknown
Red Tears – Naweed Rasooly
True Love – Luke Vallejo
Natural Love – Unknown
You Are My Life – Andy Hughes
You Are Perfect – Suzi Endrina
Deepest Desire – Shy Girl
Silent Love – Luke W.
Every Time I Think of You – Andy Hughes
| Our Top 20 Beautiful Love Poems | Favorite Love Poetry
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Free Short Love Poems - Beautiful Romantic Short Love Poems
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Free Short Love Poems – Beautiful Romantic Short Love Poems
By
Isabelle Bryne
on
4:06 am
Beautiful short love poems love poetry from heart to heart. Through love poems you can express your cherished emotions to your sweetheart.
Short love poems which are mesmerizing and inspiring …
Serenity – Joyce Hemsley
Gentle serenity is what you are,
and your love makes me feel
well above par … calming my pain… Read Poem
My Dear Love – Unknown
Through the darkness
I can see your light
And you will always shine… Read Poem
Back To Me – Mia Rodriguez
Because of you I have a reason to smile.
Wanted to see you but you said you’d be away for a while.
When will you come back to me… Read Poem
Love Is … – Jose Aquino
Love is precious in many ways.
Love is embrace passion.
Love is eternal happiness… Read Poem
My Love Will Grow – Gordon Saunders
Every moment of every day my love for you will grow.
How it started I will never know,
but of one thing I can be sure… Read Poem
Trying – Colin Metcalfe
All I want to do is make you smile
Hold you close and make you feel fine
And on days when that smile turns to a frown… Read Poem
Romantic Candlelight – Shannon Albo
Love is like a candlelight,
Glowing in the dark
The warmness kindles… Read Poem
Forever Yours – Celmarique Swartz
You came into my life on a simple way
Told me you love me almost everyday
Showed me happiness and made me smile… Read Poem
Star Of My Life – Unknown
A look from you is as blinding as the sun,
As stunning as your eyes I lose myself in.
A look from you is as pure as the clear blue sky… Read Poem
I Miss Your Presence – Unknown
I miss your presence around me
With so many people I feel alone
I miss your touch, miss your lips… Read Poem
Undying Love – Unknown
God hath not promised skies always blue,
Flower strew pathways all our lives threw.
God hath not promised sun without rain… Read Poem
The Way I Love You – Unknown
I never really know how you feel
I can’t read your mind
I just keep waiting… Read Poem
Red Tears – Naweed Rasooly
Red tears dropping to the ground.
My heart filled with sorrow trying to wipe it down.
Seeing you cry from the reflection of my red tears off the ground… Read Poem
True Love – Luke Vallejo
Everywhere I go your smile is there
When I think of you the stars overhead are bright
My love for you kindles even in the darkness of night… Read Poem
Natural Love – Unknown
Oh, loving you
Comes easily to me
It’s what I’m living for… Read Poem
You Are My Life – Andy Hughes
You are the stars in my night time,
You are the blue sky in my day,
You are the water in my ocean… Read Poem
You Are Perfect – Suzi Endrina
All I ever wanted was to be part of your heart,
and for us to be together, to never be apart.
No one in the world can even compare… Read Poem
Deepest Desire – Shy Girl
As the sun rises in the East
So the breaking dawn of my love begins
As the sun sets in the West… Read Poem
Silent Love – Luke W.
The word Love,
Love is something we all can enjoy,
It is something we all can shar… Read Poem
Every Time I Think of You – Andy Hughes
Every time I think of you,
my heart skips a beat.
I picture your smile in my mind… Read Poem
In this article: | msmarco_doc_00_6396232 |
http://1lovepoems.com/poems/pennies-from-heaven-poem/ | Pennies From Heaven Poem • 1 Love Poems | Pennies From Heaven Poem
Poetry
Pennies From Heaven Poem
Author: James Casey
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Pennies From Heaven Poem
By
Isabelle Bryne
on
2:21 am
Author: James Casey
~
I found a penny today, Laying on the ground.
But it’s not just a penny, This little coin I’ve found.
Found pennies come from heaven, that’s what my Grandma told me.
She said Angels toss them down. Oh, how I loved that story.
She said when an Angel misses you, They toss a penny down;
Sometimes just to cheer you up, and make a smile from a frown.
So, don’t pass by that penny When you’re feeling blue.
It may be a penny from heaven That an Angel’s tossed to you.
In this article:
Trending Poems
I Think You’re Beautiful Poems – The Reasons You Are Beautiful | Short Poems | Love Poems For Him
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Famous Poems
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Poem Love Letters, Beautiful Love Letters
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I Love You Poems for Him and Her – Saying I Love You, Poem About Love Never Fading
Beautiful Love Poems | msmarco_doc_00_6401278 |
http://1marketready.com/2016/05/25/4-ways-to-reduce-clindamycin-side-effects/ | 4 Ways To Reduce Clindamycin Side Effects - getting your teeth aligned as an adult | 4 Ways To Reduce Clindamycin Side Effects
4 Ways To Reduce Clindamycin Side Effects
Eat Yogurt
Take NSAIDs
Decrease Dosage
Take Probiotics
| 4 Ways To Reduce Clindamycin Side Effects - getting your teeth aligned as an adult
25 May 2016
4 Ways To Reduce Clindamycin Side Effects
One of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in general dentistry is clindamycin. It is often recommended for abscessed teeth and gum infections, and while it is effective in preventing and resolving infections, it can produce severe adverse reactions, including extreme bacterial overgrowth in the intestines. Other side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, throat irritation, white patches in the oral cavity, and joint pain. Here are some steps you can take at home to minimize adverse reactions from this widely used antibiotic:
Eat Yogurt
Clindamycin is highly effective in eradicating "bad bacteria"; however, while doing so, it can also get rid of the "good bacteria" in your gut. When this happens, you may experience abdominal cramping, diarrhea, upper digestive pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.
To help restore optimal bacterial flora and reduce your risk of stomach problems, eat yogurt containing live cultures to help repopulate your lower gastrointestinal tract with good bacteria. Make sure that the label on the yogurt container states that the product has live cultures, because some do not. According to About Yogurt, "there are products in the marketplace that take advantage of yogurt's healthful image, but that do not contain live and active cultures."
Take NSAIDs
Another common adverse reaction to clindamycin is muscle and joint pain. Taking an over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or NSAID, will help keep discomfort at bay and will also help reduce your fever if you have an elevated temperature as a result of a dental infection. Ibuprofen and aspirin should only be taken if you do not have preexisting blood clotting or kidney disorders because these drugs can lead to renal insufficiency and abnormal bleeding.
If you are already taking a prescription pain reliever for your tooth, talk to your dentist before taking NSAIDs. Your prescription analgesic may already contain an anti-inflammatory drug, which may lead to an accidental overdose if taken with non-prescription NSAIDs.
Decrease Dosage
Many clindamyin side effects are dose dependent. This means that your risk for developing adverse reactions are greater with larger doses. If your dentist feels that it is imperative that you remain on clindamycin therapy despite your side effects, the dosage might be reduced.
If, however, your symptoms persist despite a lower dosage, your dental professional may discontinue the antibiotic and replace it with another antimicrobial medication that has fewer side effects. If you develop severe diarrhea, vomiting, or stomach pain while taking clindamycin, your dentist will probably not decrease the dosage, but instead, discontinue the antibiotic altogether.
Take Probiotics
In addition to eating yogurt, taking an over-the-counter probiotic will help repopulate your gastrointestinal tract with "friendly bacteria." The more friendly bacteria you have in your lower gastrointestinal tract, the less likely you are to experience stomach distress such as diarrhea. While eating yogurt can help ease your symptoms, it may not be enough to completely eliminate them, necessitating the need for a probiotic supplement.
If you take probiotic supplements, be sure to take them a couple hours either before or after taking your clindamycin. Taking them at the same time may render the antibiotic less effective in treating your infection. While uncommon, probiotic supplements can cause bloating, intestinal gas, upset stomach, and diarrhea.
These symptoms may be indistinguishable from those caused by clindamycin, so if you experience them, your physician or dentist may recommend that you discontinue probiotic therapy. In addition to yogurt, foods that provide probiotic benefits include sauerkraut, sour pickles, miso soup, and certain cheeses. Consider eating these beneficial foods if you are unable to tolerate probiotic supplements.
If you experience side effects from your dental antibiotics and the above remedies are ineffective in controlling your symptoms, talk to your dentist about alternative treatments. The sooner your side effects are recognized and managed, the less likely you are to experience complications such as diarrhea-related dehydration and nutritional deficiencies. You can click here to get in touch with a dental clinic and begin addressing the side effects of your medication.
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http://1marketready.com/2017/03/31/how-to-get-a-popcorn-kernel-out-from-under-your-gums/ | How long has your dentist been telling you that your bite is out of alignment? Learn tips and advice to learn how to get your teeth aligned affordably.
How To Get A Popcorn Kernel Out From Under Your Gums - getting your teeth aligned as an adult
getting your teeth aligned as an adult
31 March 2017
How To Get A Popcorn Kernel Out From Under Your Gums
Popcorn is a delicious and fairly healthy snack, but it can wreak havoc on your oral health. Popcorn kernels can easily become jammed under your gumline, especially if your oral hygiene isn't in tip-top shape. If you have a popcorn kernel stuck under your gums, follow these steps to try to get it out.
Anti-Inflammatory
The first thing you should do is take an over the counter anti-inflammatory medication, like ibuprofen. Even if your gums are healthy, once a popcorn kernel is under them, it will cause inflammation and swelling in the tissue. As the gum swells, it will squeeze the entrance between your gums and your teeth that the popcorn kernel got in through shut. Without opening it up again, it will be nearly impossible to get the popcorn kernel out.
Floss
Even if the kernel isn't stuck between your teeth, flossing can help. If the popcorn kernel is partially out of your gums and visible, you can use the floss to snag it and pull it out the rest of the way.
To do this, grin to expose your teeth, and hold the floss taut between your two hands. Set the string of the floss directly on top of the kernel, pull tightly against it, and then slowly drag the floss down, away from your gumline. Repeat until the kernel is removed. If the floss slips and the kernel moves further up into the gums, stop this step.
Massage
If the kernel isn't visible, you can try massaging your gums to help bring the kernel out. The gums are very pliable, so gently rubbing the gums can help to push the kernel out where it's visible.
With clean hands, put your finger on the affected gum as far from the tooth as you can go; at the top for upper teeth, and the bottom for lower teeth. Gently press your finger down on the gum, and circle your finger as you draw the finger toward the gumline and teeth. Repeat this process until the kernel becomes visible and can be removed with floss.
Dentist Visit
If you still haven't been able to get the kernel out, it's time to see a dentist. Popcorn kernels can cause infection if they're under the gums for too long, so don't delay.
Even if you get the kernel out on your own, a visit to your dentist may be in order. The end of the gums should form a tight seal around the teeth; if a kernel managed to get under yours, you may have gum disease.
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How long has your dentist been telling you that your bite is out of alignment? Have you been putting off getting braces because you do not have the funding or the desire to live the next year or two with wire braces? You have options that you may not be aware of. I have gone through the procrastination and the struggles of having to ask so many questions about getting braces as an adult. Now, my smile is straightening out and I have not had to struggle with the payments as much as I thought I would. You can use the tips and advice listed on my site to learn how to get your teeth aligned affordably and less inconveniently.
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http://1min.in/indiapost/pincode/212402 | 212402 PinCode of Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh | 212402 PinCode of Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
212402 PinCode of Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Bahadurgarh Arwasi Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Chamrupur Urf Nantaut Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Chandopara Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Deewanganj Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Deoli Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Gorigon Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Jalalpur Kasba Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Kanethi Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Kapsa Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Katrauli Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Mailahan Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Phoolpur Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Pratappur Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Ramgarh Kothari Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Saraj Mamrej Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
| 212402 PinCode of Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
212402 PinCode of Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Get Pincode details of all regions of india. Find here the Post office location, full address and its pincode. A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode or Zipcode is the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The PinCode is 6 digits long. This PinCode system for identifying postal region by using unique code called, PinCode
Or Find the Pincode from Post office locations here
PinCode: 212402, Bahadurgarh Arwasi Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Post Office
Bahadurgarh Arwasi
Post Office Status
Branch Post Office (Non Delivery)
PinCode
212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
Telephone
Town/Taluk
Phulpur
District
Allahabad
State
Uttar Pradesh
Postal Division
Allahabad
Postal Region
Allahabad
Postal Circle
Uttar Pradesh
PinCode: 212402, Chamrupur Urf Nantaut Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Post Office
Chamrupur Urf Nantaut
Post Office Status
Branch Post Office (Non Delivery)
PinCode
212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
Telephone
Town/Taluk
Phulpur
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Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh
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Allahabad
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Allahabad
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PinCode: 212402, Chandopara Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Chandopara
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212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Phulpur
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Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh
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PinCode: 212402, Deewanganj Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Deewanganj
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212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Handia
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PinCode: 212402, Deoli Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Deoli
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212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Allahabad
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PinCode: 212402, Gorigon Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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PinCode: 212402, Jalalpur Kasba Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Jalalpur Kasba
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PinCode: 212402, Kanethi Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Kanethi
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PinCode: 212402, Kapsa Post Office, Phulpur, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Post Office
Kapsa
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PinCode
212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Phulpur
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Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh
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Allahabad
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PinCode: 212402, Katrauli Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Katrauli
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Handia
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Mailahan
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212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Phoolpur
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PinCode
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05332-232304
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Handia
District
Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh
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PinCode: 212402, Pratappur Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Pratappur
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PinCode
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Handia
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Allahabad
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PinCode: 212402, Ramgarh Kothari Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Post Office
Ramgarh Kothari
Post Office Status
Branch Post Office (Non Delivery)
PinCode
212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
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Town/Taluk
Handia
District
Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh
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Allahabad
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PinCode: 212402, Saraj Mamrej Post Office, Handia, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Post Office
Saraj Mamrej
Post Office Status
Branch Post Office (Delivery)
PinCode
212402 Click here for Post Offices having same PinCode
Telephone
Town/Taluk
Handia
District
Allahabad
State
Uttar Pradesh
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Allahabad
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Allahabad
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Uttar Pradesh | msmarco_doc_00_6412232 |
http://1mississippi.org/dead-zone/ | Dead Zone | 1Mississippi | Dead Zone
Dead Zone
What is the solution?
| Dead Zone | 1Mississippi
Dead Zone
The Dead Zone is area in the Gulf of Mexico where life cannot exist because there is too little oxygen in the water. The Dead Zone is shown on the map to the left in red.
Annually, the Mississippi River collects roughly ten thousand pounds of fertilizer and raw sewage pollution from 31 states and some of Canada. When spring and summer rains come down, they wash the excessive nutrients in fertilizers and sewage downstream and out into the Gulf. For a few months every year, the nitrogen- and phosphorus-loaded water feeds massive algal blooms that consume the oxygen available in the water.
Water lacking oxygen lacks life, which is why this area is called the “Dead Zone”. The oxygen-depleted waters force fish and wildlife to leave, while bottom–dwellers like Gulf shrimp often cannot escape the Dead Zone and die. Scientists call this oxygen-depleted condition hypoxia and it is getting worse in the Gulf. Sometimes the Dead Zone grows larger than the state of Connecticut, nearly 5,800 square miles.
For more information about the Dead Zone, watch an interview with Matt Rota from the Gulf Restoration Network, a member of the Mississippi River Network.
What is the solution?
Reducing pollution from the Mississippi River is essential to restoring the Gulf. By limiting fertilizer use on farms, adopting sustainable farming practices and utilizing cover crops, we can decrease the amount of excess nutrients flowing to the Gulf. Improving our “green infrastructure” to capture and filter runoff in wetlands will clean the River and shrink the Dead Zone. Green infrastructure, including natural floodplains, meanders and other features, slow the volume and intensity of floods and help capture sediments and nitrates, reducing the amount that reaches the Gulf.
We must also follow the Farm Bill, which is the single most important piece of legislation impacting food, farms and conservation programs that help farmers improve soil and water health. It is important that farmers who receive taxpayer-funded crop insurance subsides refrain from draining wetlands and adhere to a conservation plan when farming highly-erodible land. We must hold the government, agriculture and each other accountable to be sure tax dollars are used wisely.
Take Action as a River Citizen by reducing personal fertilizer and pesticide use. The Mississippi River also needs you to vote for local and national decision makers who support River access, protection and restoration. | msmarco_doc_00_6419927 |
http://1motivational-speaker.blogspot.com/2013/05/volunteering-and-its-surprising-benefits.html | VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS - Motivational speaker | VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS
VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS
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Author : Motivational speaker
| VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS - Motivational speaker
Motivational speaker motivational speaker VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS
VOLUNTEERING AND ITS SURPRISING BENEFITS
Motivational speaker 11:41 PM motivational speaker
Motivational speaker
Helping Yourself While Helping Others
With busy lives, it can be hard to find time to volunteer. However, the benefits of volunteering are enormous to you, your family, and your community. The right match can help you find friends, reach out to the community, learn new skills, and even advance your career. Volunteering can also help protect your mental and physical health. Learn more about the many benefits of volunteering and find tips on getting started as a volunteer.
Benefits of volunteering #1: Volunteering connects you to others
One of the better-known benefits of volunteering is the impact on the community. Unpaid volunteers are often the glue that holds a community together. Volunteering allows you to connect to your community and make it a better place. However, volunteering is a two-way street, and it can benefit you and your family as much as the cause you choose to help. Dedicating your time as a volunteer helps you make new friends, expand your network, and boost your social skills.
· Volunteering helps you make new friends and contacts
One of the best ways to make new friends and strengthen existing relationships is to commit to a shared activity together. Volunteering is a great way to meet new people, especially if you are new to an area. Volunteering also strengthens your ties to the community and broadens your support network, exposing you to people with common interests, neighborhood resources, and fun and fulfilling activities.
· Volunteering increases your social and relationship skills
While some people are naturally outgoing, others are shy and have a hard time meeting new people. Volunteering gives you the opportunity to practice and develop your social skills, since you are meeting regularly with a group of people with common interests. Once you have momentum, it’s easier to branch out and make more friends and contacts.
· Volunteering as a family
While it might be a challenge to coordinate everyone’s schedules, volunteering as a family has many worthwhile benefits. Children watch everything you do. By giving back to the community, you show them firsthand how volunteering makes a difference and how good it feels to help others and enact change. It’s also a valuable way for you to get to know organizations in the community and find resources and activities for your children and family.
Benefits of volunteering #2: Volunteering is good for your mind and body
Volunteering provides many benefits to both mental and physical health.
Volunteering increases self-confidence. V
Volunteering can provide a healthy boost to your self-confidence, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. You are doing good for others and the community, which provides a natural sense of accomplishment. Your role as a volunteer can also give you a sense of pride and identity. And the better you feel about yourself, the more likely you are to have a positive view of your life and future goals.
Volunteering combats depression. Reducing the risk of depression is another important benefit of volunteering. A key risk factor for depression is social isolation. Volunteering keeps you in regular contact with others and helps you develop a solid support system, which in turn protects you against stress and depression when you’re going through challenging times.
Volunteering helps you stay physically healthy. Volunteering is good for your health at any age, but it’s especially beneficial in older adults. Studies have found that those who volunteer have a lower mortality rate than those who do not, even when considering factors like the health of the participants. Volunteering has also been shown to lessen symptoms of chronic pain or heart disease.
Benefits of volunteering #3: Volunteering can advance your career
If you’re considering a new career, volunteering can help you get experience in your area of interest and meet people in the field. Even if you’re not planning on changing careers, volunteering gives you the opportunity to practice important skills used in the workplace, such as teamwork, communication, problem solving, project planning, task management, and organization. You might feel more comfortable stretching your wings at work once you’ve honed these skills in a volunteer position first.
· Volunteering can provide career experience
Volunteering offers you the chance to try out a new career without making a long-term commitment. It is also a great way to gain experience in a new field. In some fields, you can volunteer directly at an organization that does the kind of work you’re interested in. For example, if you’re interested in nursing, you could volunteer at a hospital or a nursing home. Your volunteer work might also expose you to professional organizations or internships that could be of benefit to your career.
· Volunteering can teach you valuable job skills
Just because volunteer work is unpaid does not mean the skills you learn are basic. Many volunteering opportunities provide extensive training. For example, you could become an experienced crisis counselor while volunteering for a women’s shelter or a knowledgeable art historian while donating your time as a museum docent.
· Volunteering can also help you build upon skills you already have and use them to benefit the greater community. For instance, if you hold a successful sales position, you raise awareness for your favorite cause as a volunteer advocate, while further developing and improving your public speaking, communication, and marketing skills.
· When it comes to volunteering, passion and positivity are the only requirements
While learning new skills can be beneficial to many, it’s not a requirement for a fulfilling volunteer experience. Bear in mind that the most valuable skills you can bring to any volunteer effort are compassion, an open mind, a willingness to do whatever is needed, and a positive attitude.
Benefits of volunteering #4: Volunteering brings fun and fulfillment to your life
Volunteering is a fun and easy way to explore your interests and passions. Doing volunteer work you find meaningful and interesting can be a relaxing, energizing escape from your day-to-day routine of work, school, or family commitments. Volunteering also provides you with renewed creativity, motivation, and vision that can carry over into your personal and professional life.
Many people volunteer in order to make time for hobbies outside of work as well. For instance, if you have a desk job and long to spend time outdoors, you might consider volunteering to help plant a community garden, lead local hikes, or help at a children’s camp.
· Consider your goals and interests
You will have a richer and more enjoyable volunteering experience if you first take some time to identify your goals and interests. Start by thinking about why you want to volunteer. Also think about what you would enjoy doing. Volunteer opportunities that match both your goals and your interests are most likely to be fun and fulfilling for you.
· Tips for Getting Started Volunteering
First, ask yourself if there is something specific you want to do.
For example, do I want…
…to make it better around where I live
…to meet people who are different from me
…to try something new
…to do something with my spare time
…to see a different way of life and new places
…to have a go at the type of work I might want to do as a full-time job
…to do more with my interests and hobbies
…to do something I’m good at
· The best way to volunteer is to match your personality and interests. Having answers to these questions will help you narrow down your search.
· How to find the right volunteer opportunity
· There are numerous volunteer opportunities available. The key is to find a volunteer position that you would enjoy and are capable of doing. It’s also important to make sure that your commitment matches the organization’s needs. The following questions can help you narrow your options:
Would you like to work with people or would you rather work in solitude?
Do you prefer to work alone or as part of a team?
Are you better behind the scenes or do you prefer to take a more visible role?
How much time are you willing to commit?
How much responsibility are you ready to take on?
What skills can you bring a volunteer job?
What causes are important to you?
Consider several possibilities
· In your search for the right volunteer opportunity, don’t limit yourself to just one organization or one specific type of job. Sometimes an opportunity looks great on paper, but the reality is quite different. Try to visit different organizations and get a feel for what they are like and if you click with other staff and volunteers. The more satisfaction you have as a volunteer, the better your contributions and the more likely you’ll continue.
· Where do I find volunteer opportunities?
Community theaters, museums, and monuments
Libraries or senior centers
Service organizations such as Lions club or Rotary clubs
Youth organizations, sports teams, and after-school programs
Historical restorations and national parks
Places of worship such as churches or synagogues
Online databases such as those contained in Resources section below.
Getting the most out of volunteering
You’re donating your valuable time, so it’s important that you enjoy and benefit from your volunteering. It’s important to make sure that your volunteer position is a good fit and to communicate with the people you’re working within the volunteer organization.
· Ask questions. You want to make sure that the experience is right for your skills, your goals, and the time you want to spend. If you have any questions, be sure to speak up. Sample questions to your volunteer coordinator might address your time commitment, if there’s any training involved, who you will be working with, and what to do if you have questions during your experience.
· Make sure you know what’s expected. Before starting, make sure you are comfortable with the organization, know what is expected, and understand the time commitment. Consider starting small so that you don’t over commit yourself at first. Give yourself some flexibility to change your focus if needed.
· Don’t be afraid to make a change. Speak up if your experience isn’t what you expected. Don’t force yourself into a bad fit. Talk to the organization about changing your focus or consider looking for another match.
· Enjoy yourself. Most importantly, make sure you’re having fun! The best volunteer experiences benefit both the volunteer and the organization. If you’re not enjoying yourself, ask yourself why. Is it the tasks you’re performing? The people you’re working with? Or are you uncomfortable simply because the situation is new and familiar? Pinpointing what’s bothering you can help you decide how to proceed.
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http://1mtc.weebly.com/short-essays.html | The First Amendment - short essays | My Short Essays
My Short Essays | The First Amendment - short essays
My Short Essays
The first Amendment 1st Essay
If the freedom of Speech wasn’t guaranteed in America then everyday life would definitely change for the worse. You would have to worry everyday about being accused of plotting against our government or criticizing the way it is run. You couldn’t express your thoughts on the President if it was negative in any way. It would be as if the government was controlling your words and public thoughts. We would have no more debates or questions to the President during elections or in everyday speeches. Problems would be solved by only the government and you wouldn’t be able to rise against their actions on wars and so on. How would you feel if you had learn about the government and how it works when you couldn’t even give your opinions in class with everyone else? No country should be run that way, the freedom of speech was designed to help us grow and learn from mistakes of others, even the governments mistakes sometimes.What could the newspapers print if we didn’t have the freedom of speech? The government is very detailed and could easily pick out little things by the newspapers that could defy the government or criticize it. Eventually newspapers would be too afraid of getting arrested or sued to print about everyday life and America’s opinions. So as you can see losing our freedom of speech would not help out America in the slightest.
The first amendment 2nd Essay
I think my amendment is important because if the freedom of speech wasn’t around then most people with opinions wouldn’t be able to express their feelings about America’s government and how it is governed. On television the Presidents are asked many questions by our country’s people. If they were not able to express what they think the new president should or should not be doing, then what would happen to America? Nothing would be right, the President might even take too much power on his or herself and run our country into the ground. What I mean by running our country into the ground is the President may make the wrong decisions about what America’s people want and need.
If the President sent more soldiers into Iraq, if something happened in the U.S. then they would be far away and wouldn’t be able to protect us here from unknown disasters. If the President made a bad decision on the war it may cause a bigger dilemma then what it originally was. If we didn’t have the freedom of speech then the newspapers would almost be nothing to us or even the news on TV. The point of spreading the news is for America to be able to express their thoughts on events and also on the government so that everyone can see it and give their own opinions on the topic. No one would know what is going on in the world or know what other think about it, how can America ever be run like that? | msmarco_doc_00_6434707 |
http://1mycloud.com/tk0us/ELA/READING/1130S_judaism_and_monotheistic_morality.pdf | Judaism and Monotheistic Morality
| Judaism and Monotheistic Morality
Judaism
and
Monotheistic
Morality
James
Folta
Judaism
has
been
around
for
over
3,000
years,
starting
in
the
Middle
East
and
eventually
spreading
all
across
the
globe.
Today
it
is
a
major
world
religion
practiced
by
millions
of
people.
Judaism
is
a
monotheistic
faith,
believing
in
only
one
god,
as
opposed
to
many.
Though
there
had
been
other
faiths
approaching
monotheism,
Judaism
is
considered
to
be
the
first
true
monotheistic
religion.
The
morality
of
Judaism
was
influenced
by
this
belief
in
one
god.
The
system
of
Judaic
ethics
has
had
a
large
impact
on
Western
ideas
of
morality
and
justice.
Through
history,
there
has
been
much
internal
debate
and
disagreement
between
different
sects
of
Jewish
believers.
Some
of
these
sects
broke
off
and
became
their
own
religion,
like
Christianity,
which
started
off
as
a
small
group
of
Jews
worshipping
in
their
own
unique
way.
In
discovering
and
articulating
their
own
beliefs,
namely
worshipping
Jesus
Christ
as
the
promised
savior
from
the
Hebrew
Bible,
these
early
Christians
began
to
grow
distinct
from
Judaism,
eventually
becoming
a
powerful
religion
in
its
own
right.
Similarly,
Islam
was
birthed
from
Judaism.
One
of
the
major
theological
questions
amongst
the
early
Jews
was
about
monotheism;
some
sects
did
not
mind
the
idea
of
the
Jewish
god
being
worshipped
alongside
other
local
deities.
But
this
did
not
last
long.
Eventually,
the
idea
of
the
Jewish
god
being
the
one
and
only
god
became
central.
The
bulk
of
the
claims
for
this
belief
are
contained
in
the
holy
texts
of
Judaism.
The
Hebrew
Bible
is
the
central
text
of
the
faith.
It
consists
of
a
number
of
books,
beginning
with
the
Torah,
which
is
the
same
as
the
Christian
Old
Testament.
These
books
assert
repeatedly
that
the
Jewish
god
is
the
one
god,
and
that
all
the
other
gods
that
other
religions
believe
or
have
believed
in
are
not
real.
This
is
told
over
and
over
from
the
revelation
of
God
to
Abraham
in
the
Book
of
Genesis
and
the
revelation
to
the
Israelites
on
Mount
Sinai.
This
belief
is
also
upheld
in
today's
Jewish
theological
discussion.
The
case
for
monotheism
was
reinforced
outside
the
faith
as
well.
As
different
political
and
tribal
forces
gained
and
lost
influence,
so
did
their
particular
interpretation
of
Judaism.
Certain
elements
of
Judaism
also
became
more
emphasized
because
of
practical
matters.
For
example,
kings
and
rulers
would
use
Judaism
to
solidify
and
legitimize
their
power
and
authority
over
their
subjects.
The
idea
of
one
central
all-
powerful
god
was
particularly
useful
for
this
purpose.
The
idea
of
one
god
influenced
the
morality
of
Judaism.
The
Hebrew
Bible
and
the
authority
of
Jewish
leaders
crafted
a
morality
and
code
of
ethics
that
slowly
became
standardized
for
the
faith.
Morality
is
extremely
important
in
Judaism;
the
rules
and
laws
teaching
how
to
live
a
good
and
moral
life
are
a
large
part
of
the
practice
of
Judaism.
This
emphasis
is
particularly
true
because
of
the
belief
that
the
Jewish
god
is
an
active
and
personal
force
in
people's
lives.
The
Jewish
god
is
very
present.
The
Jewish
faith
does
not
believe
in
the
Enlightenment
idea
of
the
Divine
Watchmaker.
This
is
the
idea
that
God
is
like
a
watchmaker
who
builds
a
watch
and
then
lets
it
run
on
its
own,
not
touching,
changing,
or
affecting
it
as
it
runs.
That
is,
God
created
the
universe
and
then
let
it
run
its
own
course
without
personally
interfering.
Judaism
rejects
this,
saying
that
God
is
actively
and
personally
involved
in
the
universe
at
all
times.
Therefore,
morality
is
important
to
practitioners
of
Judaism
because
God
is
paying
attention
to
the
actions
of
humans.
The
authority
of
these
morals
comes
from
another
belief
about
the
Jewish
god.
The
Hebrew
Bible
says
that
God
is
good
and
rules
the
universe
with
pure
and
correct
morality.
This
gives
God
the
authority
to
dictate
to
humans
which
morals
to
live
by.
Since
the
Bible
says
God
is
the
one
and
only
god,
and
that
God
is
wholly
good,
then
God's
morals
are
therefore
the
only
set
of
right
and
good
morals.
There
are
many
morals
and
ethical
rules
in
Judaism.
The
Torah
lays
out
many
of
these
ethics.
These
have
been
discussed,
debated,
added
to
and
considered
over
the
thousands
of
years
of
Jewish
thought.
The
greatest
and
most
well
known
example
of
morality
as
dictated
by
the
Jewish
god
is
the
Ten
Commandments.
The
commandments
appear
in
the
Torah
book
of
Exodus,
when
Moses
is
given
stone
tablets
upon
which
the
commandments
are
carved.
These
form
the
basis
of
all
Jewish
morality,
dictating
people
to
act
decently.
While
the
ethics
in
Judaism
touch
on
many
aspects
of
life
and
human
existence,
they
do
have
some
basic
themes
and
common
threads.
Most
broadly,
Jewish
morality
dictates
that
people
live
righteous
lives.
Kindness,
compassion,
peace
and
goodwill
are
all
important
traits
for
a
faithful
Jewish
practitioner.
Benevolence
and
the
kind
treatment
of
fellow
human
beings
are
essential
to
being
a
successful
and
pious
practitioner
of
Judaism.
As
the
first
monotheistic
form
of
morality,
Judaic
morality
has
been
very
influential.
The
other
Abrahamic
faiths
of
Islam
and
Christianity
have
very
similar
moral
codes
that
demand
the
same
strict
adherence
and
emphasis
on
a
good
and
benevolent
god.
Beyond
the
religious
realm
though,
Jewish
morality
influenced
secular
life.
Some
scholars
see
its
influence
in
the
way
we
relate
to
laws
and
governments
today.
The
idea
that
a
ruler
or
government
has
our
best
interests
at
heart
and
therefore
has
the
authority
to
dictate
laws,
and
enforce
that
they
are
followed,
is
heavily
indebted
to
codes
of
morality
starting
with
Judaism.
The
idea
of
morality
stemming
from
one
supreme
god
was
a
revolutionary
development
in
human
thought.
Many
thousands
of
years
ago,
when
the
Israelites
embraced
their
god
and
their
morals,
they
had
no
idea
how
widespread
and
influential
it
would
become.
Name:
What
is
a
monotheistic
faith?
Date:
_______________________
a
faith
that
believes
in
Jewish
values
a
faith
that
believes
in
many
gods
a
faith
that
believes
in
one
god
a
faith
that
believes
in
the
Abrahamic
god
2.
What
does
the
author
describe
in
the
beginning
of
the
passage?
how
Judaism
became
the
first
monotheistic
faith
how
the
Judaic
system
of
ethics
influenced
modern
government
why
morality
is
important
to
the
Jewish
faith
common
threads
among
Jewish
morality
in
the
Torah
3.
The
belief
that
God
plays
an
active
role
in
people’s
lives
is
central
to
Jewish
morality.
What
evidence
from
the
passage
supports
this
statement?
“The
Jewish
god
is
very
present.
The
Jewish
faith
does
not
believe
in
the
Enlightenment
idea
of
the
Divine
Watchmaker.”
“The
other
Abrahamic
faiths
of
Islam
and
Christianity
have
very
similar
moral
codes
that
demand
the
same
strict
adherence
and
emphasis
on
a
good
and
benevolent
god.”
“The
rules
and
laws
teaching
how
to
live
a
good
and
moral
life
are
a
large
part
of
the
practice
of
Judaism.”
“Morality
is
important
to
practitioners
of
Judaism
because
God
is
paying
attention
to
the
actions
of
humans.”
4.
Read
the
following
sentences:
“There
are
many
morals
and
ethical
rules
in
Judaism.
The
Torah
lays
out
many
of
these
ethics.
These
have
been
discussed,
debated,
added
to
and
considered
over
the
thousands
of
years
of
Jewish
thought.”
Based
on
this
information,
what
conclusion
can
be
made
about
the
development
of
Jewish
morality?
Jewish
morality
has
not
been
influenced
by
humans.
Jewish
morality
has
changed
over
time.
Jewish
morality
has
remained
unchanged.
Jewish
morality
has
been
universally
accepted
within
the
faith.
5.
What
is
this
passage
mostly
about?
how
Jewish
morality
has
influenced
secular
life
how
Christian
and
Islamic
faiths
grew
out
of
Judaism
how
Judaic
monotheism
affected
Jewish
morality
the
Ten
Commandments
and
their
role
in
Jewish
morality
6.
Read
the
following
sentences:
“One
of
the
major
theological
questions
amongst
the
early
Jews
was
about
monotheism;
some
sects
did
not
mind
the
idea
of
the
Jewish
god
being
worshipped
alongside
other
local
deities.
But
this
did
not
last
long.
Eventually,
the
idea
of
the
Jewish
god
being
the
one
and
only
god
became
central.”
What
does
the
word
“deity”
(plural:
“deities”)
mean?
priest
or
priestess
religious
text
type
of
religion
god
or
goddess
7.
Choose
the
answer
that
best
completes
the
sentence
below.
There
are
three
Abrahamic
religions,
_______
Islam,
Christianity,
and
Judaism.
although
namely
finally
for
example
8.
What
is
the
most
well-known
example
of
morality
dictated
by
the
Jewish
God?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9.
Describe
two
Jewish
beliefs
about
the
nature
of
God.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10.
Explain
how
Judaic
monotheism
and
the
nature
of
the
Jewish
God
influenced
the
role
of
morality
in
Jewish
faith.
Use
information
from
the
passage
to
support
your
answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
| msmarco_doc_00_6437826 | |
http://1palm.blogspot.com/2009/04/where-do-palm-trees-grow-in-united.html | palm: Where do palm trees grow in the United States? | palm
Where do palm trees grow in the United States?
palm
| palm: Where do palm trees grow in the United States?
Where do palm trees grow in the United States?
my greenthumb wife loves them. what are areas where you can grow palm trees? i know obviously california (i am from it), and southern Florida but what about Texas and the Gulf Coast? How far do they go up the east coast? Charleston?
Where do palm trees grow in the United States?
palm trees grow from seattle washington on the west coast, can grow in southern tennesse, and can grow up to the new jersey coast on the east coast.
common palms like sabals grow on the east coast from about raleigh , nc to and around the gulf coast into texas.
mexican fan palms are common on the west coast can be grown from portland oregon, along the west coast all the way to savannah geroria on the east coast.
cold hardy palms
the windmill palm is very cold tollerant and can survine regular snow. cold tollerant to 5 degrees fahrenheit they can grow from seattle to richmond virginia with no problem and can also grow in southern alaska on the west coast all the way to cape cod on the east coast with some protection.
THIS PALM CAN ONLY BE GROWN ON THE COAST EASILY BECAUSE IT DOESNT LIKE DRY SUMMERS, OR HARSH WINTERS.
also in areas north of the south people dont like growing palms becuase many think they are only tropical since most are, so you probably wont see many if any north of norfolk, virginia on the east coast and north of california on the west coast
THE TROPICAL PALMS
cocunt palms can only be grown well in the keys in flordia and the coast of hawaii. california isnt warm enough for long tern survival becuase it needs 80s in the winter and 90s in the summer to grow well. also needs lots of humidity and rain.
palms are tropical plants fo the most part, but some are more cold hardy then you think
palms in california are common. the best are royal, majesty, date, spindle, and the triangle palm. windmill palms are also common in california, but are well pruned unlike in cold areas
Reply:I live in California, and have been told the the reasont hey are so good here is soil and not alot of water. I live in the desert and imagine that it is true. I have 3 king and 4 queen and the water they get is rain occasionally- 4 times a year
Reply:I live in Florida now, and I love palm trees, too.
When I lived in Savannah, there were palm trees, but not many.
I found this site online which has a lot of info about cold hardy palms. Check it out.
Reply:Palm trees grow in all the balmy climates so most of the south is good palm tree weather.
Reply:I have seen them as far north as North Carolina.
Reply:they're all over sounthern texas
Posted by MILLY at 6:46 AM
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RPA Consulting Services
1.21GWS is a Technology services firm focusing on business solutions via emerging technologies with a mission to provide an ecosystem to prepare enterprises and individuals for the future. We help accelerating industrialization of software robotic technologies.
AI Consulting Services
1.21GWS is a Technology services firm focusing on business solutions via emerging technologies with a mission to provide an ecosystem to prepare enterprises and individuals for the future. We help accelerating industrialization of software robotic technologies.
1.21GWs
We are a business media company specializing in emerging technology and evolving business processes.
1.21GWs
We arrange company meet-ups worldwide serving
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Why this unique name - 1point21gws?
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Founder
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http://1samoana.com/the-truth-about-the-samoan-tattoo-tatau-part-2/ | The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part 2 | One Samoana | The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part 2
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part 2
Here’s the whole series:
The Symbols and Patterns in a Samoan Tattoo
The Stories Inked into a Samoan Tattoo
Are you Samoan Enough to get a Samoan Tattoo?
E ta muamua le gutu ae le ta le vae
On to Part 3
| The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part 2 | One Samoana
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part 2
Posted by hamogeekgirl | Tatau Samoa | 43
So this is the continuation of my report on what I have learned about the Samoan tattoo over the years, thanks largely to the class I took and an interview I conducted with the late Afioga Tofaeono Tanuvasa Tavale.
Here’s the whole series:
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 2
Do I have to be Samoan to get a Samoan tattoo? [Bonus post] The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 3
Before we get into this post, though, I just wanted to thank James (who left a comment in part 1) for pointing out something about the Samoan tattoo for men. I originally called it the pe’a, and indeed, that’s what most people call it. But this tattoo is traditionally known as the malofie.
As James says:
…“pe’a” is the only the name of the small black triangle at the back. It seems there was confusion when the palagi’s started recording information and they probably pointed to the back of a man’s tattoo and asked what is was and so was told the name of the part on the back they were pointing to”
Thank you again. Although it’s still widely acceptable today to call this tattoo a pe’a, I hope we all get used to referring to it by its original name.
Okay, let’s continue our discussion.
The Symbols and Patterns in a Samoan Tattoo
The truly beautiful thing about a traditional Samoan tattoo is that every little symbol used has meaning, and names even.
Certain elements of the malofie and the malu will be the same all the time, no matter who it is receiving the tattoo, but other parts of the design – the arrangement of certain symbols – will vary according to a person’s village and family history, as well as the tufuga giving the tattoo.
That small black triangle at the back is an example of an image common to all malofie. On a superficial level, it represents a va’a (canoe), but each part of that design carries even further meaning.
As a writer, Tanuvasa himself was a diligent researcher who learned a lot about the tatau from renowned tufuga Sulu’ape. The Sulu’ape title is carried today by several tufuga, but Tanuvasa conducted his interviews with the first Sulu’ape to gain widespread popularity outside of Samoa because of his level of skill, the man who eventually lived in South Auckland and died tragically in the 1990s.
I do apologize, but I don’t know his full name. Most people connected to the Samoan tatau scene, though, will know who I’m talking about.
EDIT > This tufuga’s name was Sua Sulu’ape Paulo II
Based on what he learned from this Sulu’ape, Tanuvasa helped me to understand the symbols that make up the va’a at the back of every malofie.
First is the pula tele, the large upside-down triangle. Nested inside that is a smaller triangle, often filled in completely with ink, called the pula tama. The pula tele represents a person’s extended family, while the pula tama refers to the immediate family.
Asofa’aifo are the lines that extend from the va’a shape and over a man’s hips. These lines strengthen the idea of family connection. Below the va’a are the ivi’aso’aso, which represent the intricacies of genealogy. So yes, we’re all about family.
The Stories Inked into a Samoan Tattoo
It can take years, maybe even a lifetime of study to learn all the names and meanings of every symbol in a Samoan tattoo. From the little that I know so far, what impresses me most are the layers of stories you can read in a tatau, if you know what to look for.
Each little pattern comes from everyday occurrences. For example, one symbol that looks like a ‘V’ comes from the footprints of a particular bird. Another V-shaped motif is taken from the legs of the ‘ali, those wooden headrests old men in the islands use as pillows. A common triangular symbol represents the shell of a delicious sea snail. Another symbol looks like a centipede. Another pattern is taken from the nets used to catch pigeons. Another one looks like a spearhead, and so forth.
Combined, these patterns tell us about life in Samoa back in the day. In my mind, they conjure up images of waking up in a remote village, understanding my place amongst family and friends, performing the typical chores of the day, and encountering objects, aromas, animals, plants and food unique to the environment of Samoa.
These experiences are fading with the passage of time – even for those of us who still live in Samoa – and might one day only exist in our memories, preserved in the symbols of our tatau (and our siapo, and other Samoan forms of visual art).
With a little more knowledge, though, you will be able to read a deeper, more personal story in the same patterns. The arrangement of certain symbols might represent a particular event in your village’s history. Another grouping of images might tell you about the status of a matai title in your family. The way a symbol is drawn might be dictated by something in your genealogy, or it could be a signature technique of the tufuga who gave you your tatau, which carries its own significance. You are forever connected to the person who tattoos you, so his mark becomes another part of your story.
On yet another layer of meaning, symbols in the tatau send strong messages about who we are as Samoan people. We’ve already talked about the va’a image in the malofie, how each symbol in it refers to different aspects of family. Indeed, the core of the Fa’asamoa is family.
I have so much more to learn still about symbols in the tatau, but I would expect other combinations of patterns to represent other inherently Samoan values: love, respect, courage and duty, etc.
This depth of intricate symbolism, and the degree of knowledge you have to possess in order to truly understand it all, elevates the Samoan tatau to a whole different level of body art.
It’s definitely not something you would undertake lightly.
Are you Samoan Enough to get a Samoan Tattoo?
We have a saying in our language:
E ta muamua le gutu ae le ta le vae
Its literal translation: “Tattoo the mouth before tattooing the legs”. It just means that you should strive for a little bit of wisdom first before you rush to get a tatau done.
Some people quote this proverb to insist that you shouldn’t receive a Samoan tattoo until you fully understand our culture first. I used to think the same way.
It makes sense, though. How can you truly appreciate the work of art if you have no idea what it means?
Tanuvasa, however, said that young men shouldn’t allow their lack of knowledge to prevent them from getting the malofie. The act of being tattooed itself will teach them so much, and having a permanent reminder of your culture on your body can often motivate a person to learn more.
Traditional village customs support Tanuvasa’s perspective. Pulau’u is what we call untitled men who don’t have a malofie. When matai gather together for discussions or ceremonies, the pulau’u are required to run around outside doing the difficult tasks to serve these chiefs. Sogaimiti, however, are allowed to sit inside the fale with the matai, to learn the intricacies of the fa’asamoa by listening to their conversations and participating in their rituals.
I now believe that even the desire for a tatau is evidence that a person wants to connect with the Samoan culture, and that shouldn’t be discouraged.
But people should still make the effort to really learn about the Fa’asamoa – whether that comes before or after being tattooed. It’s a sign of love and respect not for the tatau itself (which is still just a thing) but for other Samoans, for your parents and ancestors, for those of us who hold our traditions in our hearts.
After all, culture is really about people, right?
On to Part 3
Gosh I can talk a lot. I didn’t really stick with my agenda, did I? In this post, I was supposed to also cover:
Getting a Samoan Tattoo in the Old Days
Getting a Samoan Tattoo Today
Variations of the Samoan Tattoo
Wearing a Samoan Tattoo with Respect and Pride
I promise I will try to be a lot less um long winded when I DO talk about those fascinating topics in my next post.
Thank you all for your comments so far. Please continue to drop your thoughts and any questions here for me as I prepare to tackle Part 3.
Ia manuia!
UPDATE: Part III is here! Check it out: The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) – Part III
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The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau)
This post is part 1 of a series:
The origins of the Samoan tattoo
The Samoan Tattoo for Men
A Samoan Tattoo for Women
Time for a Part Two
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 2
| The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau) | One Samoana
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau)
Posted by hamogeekgirl | Tatau Samoa | 125
It seems like everybody’s got an opinion about the Samoan tattoo – who should be getting them, how they should be given, how they’re meant to be worn or displayed, etc. It’s understandable. While tattoos in general are very popular, Polynesia is often credited as the origin of this kind of body art, and as Samoans, we feel a certain obligation to the craft that is such a huge part of our cultural heritage.
This post is part 1 of a series:
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 2
Do I have to be Samoan to get a Samoan tattoo? [Bonus post] The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 3
Tattooing, Samoa
A few years ago, I took an advanced Samoan language and culture class with the late Afioga Tofaeono Tanuvasa Tavale. If you ever come across a book that details aspects of the Fa’asamoa, chances are it was written by Tanuvasa. He was a prolific author with 8 matai titles of his own and decades of experience educating in this field, so his authority on the topic was largely unrivaled.
I loved sitting in his class, listening to his stories about old Samoa, absorbing his profound wisdom about the Fa’asamoa – but I was probably the least knowledgeable of all his students. I was the only one who would reply to him in English when he asked a question. Yes, I know. Shame on me.
But he was always very kind and patient. I found out later that his English was almost as flawless as his Samoan, and one day he even graciously allowed me to interview him (in English) outside of the classroom. I had so many questions, and with great enthusiasm he helped me to understand.
In my time with Tanuvasa, this is what I learned about the Samoan tattoo:
The origins of the Samoan tattoo
We call it ‘ Tatau ‘, and according to legend, it was brought to Samoa by two sisters.
The story is beautifully preserved in the traditional, chant-like song: O le Vi’i o le Tatau Samoa. Says the song (a loose translation):
This is what we know
of how the art of tattoo came to Samoa
Two women (sisters)
swam across the deep ocean from Fiti
They carried a basket with them
(filled with tatau equipment)
and repeatedly chanted the song:
‘Only women receive tattoos, not men’
The reason men receive tattoos today
is that their song was sung incorrectly
They arrived to the coast of Falealupo
and encountered a huge faisua
They dove into the water for it
and when they surfaced again
they began singing that it is men who receive tattoos
and not women
This song, which continues on to talk about enduring the pain of a tattoo for the sake of pride in your culture, is a great way to begin learning about tatau, but Tanuvasa taught us that it only tells a very simple version of its true, often controversial origin story. (Like how Disney re-packages fairy-tales for children.)
The sisters in this story were actually demigods, Siamese twins named Taema and Tilafaiga. Because of the ‘Fiti’ reference, it’s commonly thought the tattoo was a gift to them from chiefs in Fiji.
Deep Samoan tradition, however, maintains that the tatau is purely Samoan, so Tanuvasa believes that the ‘Fiti’ referred to in the song is actually Fitiuta, which is a town on Ta’u, one of the Manu’a islands in what we now know as American Samoa.
I doubt that many would agree with this interpretation, but it makes sense to me because Manu’a is known in our history as the birthplace of Samoa’s first kings, the true origin of our Fa’asamoa.
So a ‘faisua’ is a giant clam. Its meat is apparently so amazingly delicious (says my mom, I’d love to try it!) that it’s considered a delicacy in Samoa.
UPDATE 2019 – I HAVE tried faisua now, and it is beautiful! But definitely an acquired taste – it’s not as creamy as oyster, and has more of an ‘ocean’ taste.
In Tanuvasa’s version of this story, the faisua that distracted the swimming sisters was enchanted. It was a deliberate effort (by who? I don’t know) to prevent the twins from reaching their destination and sharing the art of tattoo. They nearly drowned diving for the faisua – which turned out to not even be a faisua – and when they finally resurfaced, their disorientation caused them to forget that it was women who were meant to be tattooed.
But the sisters carried on and brought the practice to a certain village in Samoa. They taught everything they knew to the ancestors of one family, and then for some reason (a complication of some sort) they also took the skill to another village and another family.
‘ Tufuga ‘ is our word for a person who is especially skilled in a particular trade. The most prominent tufuga of the tatau today can trace their genealogy back to one of these two original families – and I’m not going to tell you who they are or which village they’re from because I can’t remember, sorry. I’m sure this information is in one of Tanuvasa’s books, though. You should look it up :).
The Samoan Tattoo for Men
The pe’a malofie (see comments below) is what we call the traditional tattoo given to men. It begins at the waist and covers just about every bit of skin, right down to the knees, with intricate designs.
Because of a lot of inaccurate information floating around, I grew up thinking that only matai (chiefs) receive the malofie, and that it carries great spiritual (almost occult even) significance – as if you’re suddenly a superhero when you get it, or you’d be cursed if you got the wrong kind of tattoo or something.
Corrections: The malofie is simply a bodily decoration, that’s all. But it is a piece of art so highly valued in our culture that to be allowed to receive one is a gift. Because of the pain involved, though, it is also considered a rite of passage into adulthood.
Young, untitled men in a village are called ‘ tauleale’a ‘. When they work hard and prove themselves honorable, they may find favour in the eyes of their elders, and might even be offered the opportunity to be tattooed.
In my experience though, it’s usually the young man who approaches his elders with the desire for a tattoo, and as long as he hasn’t done anything horrible to make his family hate him, his request is usually approved with pride.
The only requirement now is that the young man find a ‘soa’, another worthy relative who will receive the tattoo at the same time as him. I’m not sure how the tradition of the soa came about, but I have heard that having a loved one with you through all that pain is often a great source of comfort, a real bonding experience. It’s kinda beautiful.
Once a tauleale’a receives a malofie, he is now known as a ‘ sogaimiti ‘. This word is often misused, especially amongst younger Samoans today. I hear a lot of them refer to the tattoo itself as a sogaimiti, but please be clear: the ink is the malofie. The man is the sogaimiti.
A Samoan Tattoo for Women
Contrary to the instructions in the legend, women DO get tattooed, actually. The malu is what we call the girl version of our body art, but the protocol surrounding the malu is completely different from that of the malofie.
So we’re all familiar with a taupou, yes? In family and village politics, the taupou title ranks almost as highly as the ali’i, or high chief. It’s a pretty big deal.
While all daughters of ali’i are referred to informally as taupou, a ‘real’ taupou must be officially appointed, her title bestowed upon her in the same kind of ceremony (a ‘ saofa’i ‘) as for a matai.
Each extended family will have at least one (official) taupou, but in a village, a family’s ranking determines how much authority each taupou has over village affairs. This means that being a taupou in your own family is one thing, but being the highest ranking taupou in the village is something else altogether.
This distinction is important because, according to Tanuvasa, back in the old days, only the highest ranking of taupou ever received a malu. We’re talking, not just a daughter of a high chief, but the daughter of the highest chief of a district, or the daughter of a king.
These taupou of high ranking were island celebrities and were called on to dance the taualuga at the most prominent events. In those not-so-Christian days, when a taupou danced, her skirt was always hiked up HIGH to show what she was working with, and apparently, pasty pale legs were not the deal. This is the reason, says Tanuvasa, that these ladies’ legs were decorated with the malu.
SO, traditionally, the malu was very rare. Only a few women ranked high enough to receive it – as opposed to how just about any young man could get a malofie – but it was still essentially decoration for the body, something used to enhance beauty. Like permanent make-up.
Time for a Part Two
So I’m just realizing how long this post is getting… and how much more I’ve got to report (i.e. how many of my questions poor Tanuvasa tolerated from me). I still have to cover:
The Symbols and Patterns in a Samoan Tattoo
Getting a Samoan Tattoo in the Old Days
Getting a Samoan Tattoo Today
Variations of the Samoan Tattoo
Wearing a Samoan Tattoo with Respect and Pride
…and maybe one other heading. I think I’m going to save those for a second post.
In the meantime, if you have any questions or comments (or complaints or death threats) please let me know so I can address your concerns in Part Two.
Ia manuia.
==
The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo – Part 2
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202
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203
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204
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205
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206
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207
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208
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250
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260
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262
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264
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305
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306
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307
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308
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309
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310
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312
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313
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314
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315
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325
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330
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337
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339
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US Virgin Islands
347
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352
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360
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361
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385
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386
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401
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402
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403
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404
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405
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406
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407
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408
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409
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410
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412
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413
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414
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415
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416
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417
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423
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424
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425
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430
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432
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434
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435
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438
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440
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441
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445
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450
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469
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470
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473
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478
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479
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480
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484
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Pennsylvania (Allentown, Reading, others)
501
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502
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503
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504
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505
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506
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508
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509
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510
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512
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513
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514
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515
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516
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517
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518
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Albany Greenwich and Schenectady New York
519
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520
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Flagstaff and Tucson Arizona
530
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Northern California
540
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541
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551
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New Jersey (Hackensack, Jersey City) (new)
559
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Fresno, Central California
561
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South Central Florida
562
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563
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564
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567
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570
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571
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Virginia (Arlington, DC suburbs)
573
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574
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580
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585
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586
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601
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602
P/M
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603
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604
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605
C/M
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606
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608
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609
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610
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612
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613
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614
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615
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616
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617
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618
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Midwestern Illinois next to St Louis
619
P
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620
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Kansas
623
M
Arizona (Glendale, Peoria, Sun City, "West Valley" Phoenix
626
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San Gabriel Valley, LA cty, California
630
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631
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636
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641
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646
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647
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Ontario (Toronto)
649
A
Turks & Caicos Carribean
650
P
SF California
651
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660
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Missouri
661
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Bakersfield Ventura and Simi Valley California
662
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Mississippi
664
A
Montserrat Carribean Island
667
E
Maryland (Baltimore, Annapolis) (new)
6 78
E
Georgia (metro Atlanta)
682
C
Texas (Fort Worth)
701
C/M
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702
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703
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704
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705
E
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706
E
Augusta Columbus and Rome Georgia
707
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Eureka Napa and Santa Rosa California
708
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Aurora Wheaton Evanston Northeastern Illinois
709
C/E
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712
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713
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714
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Orange and Anaheim California
715
C
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716
E
Buffalo Niagara Falls and Rochester New York
717
E
Harrisburg Scranton and Wilkes Barre Pennsylvania
718
E
New York City (Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island)
719
M
Colorado Springs Colorado
724
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Pennsylvania
727
E
Avon Park Fort Myers and Winter Haven Florida
731
E
Tennesse (western except Memphis)
732
E
New Jersey
734
E
Michigan
740
E
Ohio
754
E
Florida (Ft. Lauderdale, Broward County) (overlay) (new)
757
E
Norfolk Virginia
758
A
St. Lucia Carribean
760
P
Bakersfield California
763
C
Minnesota
767
A
Dominica Carribean Island
770
E
Atlanta Metropolitan Area Georgia
772
E
Florida (Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River, Ft. Pierce) (new)
773
C
Chicago City Illinois
774
E
Massachusetts (Worcester, Cape Cod, southeast)
775
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Nevada (statewide, except Las Vegas)
778
P
British Columbia (Vancouver, Abbortsford, Mission) (new)
780
M
Alberta Canada
781
E
Massachusetts
784
A
St. Vincent Carribean
785
C
Kansas
78 6
E
Miami, Dade county
787
A
Puerto Rico
801
M
Utah
802
E
Vermont
803
E
South Carolina
804
E
Charlottesville Norfolk and Richmond Virginia
805
P
Bakersfield Ventura and Simi Valley California
806
C
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807
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808
P-2
0 Hawaii
809
A
Carribean Islands
810
E
Flint and Pontiac Michigan
812
E
Evansville Indiana
813
E
Avon Park Fort Myers and Winter Haven Florida
814
E
Altoona Erie and Punxsutawney Pennsylvania
815
C
La Salle Joliet and Rockford Illinois
816
C
Kansas City and Saint Joseph Missouri
817
C
Fort Worth Temple and Waco Texas
818
P
Suburban area north of Los Angeles California
819
E
Malartic and Western Quebec Canada
828
E
North Carolina
830
C
Texas (wireless)
831
P
South SF Bay Area California
832
C
Texas (Houston) (new)
835
E
Pennsylvania (Phila suburbs, Allentown, Reading) (new)
843
E
South Carolina
844
n/a
toll-free area code (future)
845
E
New York state
847
C
Chicago suburbs Illinois
848
E
New Jersey (New Brunswick, northern Jersey shore) (new)
850
E
Jacksonville Florida
855
n/a
toll-free area code (to be followed by 844, 833 822)
856
E
New Jersey
857
E
Massachusetts (Boston)
858
P
California (north San Diego suburbs)
859
E
Kentucky (Lexington, plus suburbs of Cincinnati Ohio)
860
E
Hartford Norwich New London Connecticut
862
E
New Jersey (Newark, Morristown) (new)
863
E
Florida
864
E
Anderson Greenville Rock Hill Spartanburg South Carolina
865
E
Tennesee (Knoxville)
866
n/a
Toll Free Phone Services same as 800 services USA
867
E
Northwest Territories Canada
868
A
Trinidad & Tobago Carribean
869
A
St Kitts & Nevis Carribean
870
C
Arkansas wireless
876
A
Jamaica
877
n/a
Toll Free Phone Services same as 800 services USA
888
n/a
Toll Free Phone Services same as 800 services USA
900
P
Fee-based calls
901
C
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902
A
Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia Canada
903
C
Tyler and Texarkana Texas
904
E
Jacksonville Florida
905
E
Hamilton and Niagara Falls Ontario Canada
906
P
Sault Ste-Marie Michigan
907
P-1
Alaska
908
E
Elizabeth and New Brunswick New Jersey
909
P
Riverside and San Bernardino California
910
E
Winston Salem Greensboro and Fayetteville North Carolina
912
E
Waycross and Savannah Georgia
913
M/C
Ottawa and Topeka Kansas
914
E
Monroe Mount Vernon and Poughkeepsie New York
915
C
El Paso Texas
916
P
Sacramento and South Tahoe California
917
E
New York City (cellular and pager only)
918
C
Muskogee and Tulsa Oklahoma
919
E
Greenville Raleigh and Williamston North Carolina
920
C
Wisconsin
925
P
San Francisco North/East Bay
928
M
Arizona (most of the state, except Phoenix)
931
E
Tennessee
936
C
Texas (east Texas north of Houston)
937
E
Ohio
939
E
Puerto Rico (entire island - overlay) (new)
940
C
Texas
941
E
Avon Park Fort Myers and Winter Haven Florida
947
E
Michigan (Oakand county) (new)
949
P
Southern California
952
C
Minnesota
954
E
Fort Lauderdale Key West and Miami Florida
956
C
Texas (wireless)
970
M
Fort Collins Grand Junction and Vail Colorado
971
P
Oregon (Portland, Salem)
972
C
Dallas Texas
973
E
New Jersey
978
E
Massachusetts
979
C
Texas (southeast Texas west of Houston)
980
E
North Carolina (Charlotte)
985
C
Louisiana
989
E
Michigan (Sagina, northeast lower Michigan)
| msmarco_doc_00_6480932 | |
http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/124-crappie-fishing/748-spider-rigging-for-crappie | Spider Rigging for Crappie | Bass Pro Shops | Spider Rigging for Crappie
Spider Rigging for Crappie
Spider Rigging Basics
The Fishing Right Rig
Trolling Speed for Spider Rigging
Starting the Troll & Finding the Crappie
| Spider Rigging for Crappie | Bass Pro Shops
Spider Rigging for Crappie
Once you see it done, it's easy to tell where spider rigging gets its name.
Spider rigging, or spider trolling as it is often called, is a tactic that should be part of every crappie angler's arsenal. The name originates from the use of multiple poles jutting from the front, back and/or sides of the boat, which gives the craft the appearance of a colossal spider with legs pointing in all directions. Few methods are better suited for finding often-scattered schools of crappie.
Spider rigging may involve the use of as few as two fishing poles or as many as 16, but six to eight are most commonly used. The poles — long, graphite or graphite-composite trolling or jigging poles, or sometimes cane poles — are held in rod holders. Some anglers still use C-clamp rod holders that can be screwed down tight on the boat's gunwales wherever the angler wants them. In more recent years; however, manufacturers have begun offering high-quality "T-bar" fishing rod holders that won't slip off or twist to the side like the old C-clamps.
Driftmaster T-Bars Spider Rigging Rod Holders
These have two to eight rod holders attached to a crossbar, and each crossbar is on an upright that has a bottom bracket for securing the T-bar in the boat. When properly placed, these T-bar rod holders allow the angler to fish with several poles spread out at regular intervals across the front, back and/or sides of the boat, usually a foot or two apart. Rigged this way, the angler can drift with the wind or troll with an electric motor and sweep a broad area of water with a variety of baits to find crappie.
The number of poles used when spider rigging depends to a large extent on the ability of the angler. The fewer the number of poles, the simpler the fishing. As the number of poles increases, it becomes more difficult to keep lines and baits from tangling and to hook and land fish, especially when there are multiple bites. As with so many things, practice makes perfect.
Determine beforehand if there are any restrictions on the body of water you'll be fishing. On some lakes, you can fish with as many poles as you dare to; elsewhere, the number is limited.
Spider Rigging Basics
Most spider riggers start by using a variety of baits or lures rigged at different depths. For example, when using six poles, four might be rigged with fishing jigs in different colors and sizes, and the other two with minnows. Two baits might be set 6 feet deep, two at 8, and two at 10. This allows testing different baits and depths until you find actively feeding crappie. When you determine crappie favor a certain depth or bait, then all the poles are rigged to conform to that preference.
T-bar rod holders make it easy to arrange poles.
Almost any fishing bait or lure that entices crappie can be used. Jigs and live minnows are the choice of most anglers, but crankbaits, spinners, spoons and other crappie-catchers may be used as well.
Anglers with big boats sometimes mount one or two pedestal boat seats on the front deck just behind the T-bar rod holders. This allows the angler to sit comfortably within reach of the poles while fishing. A sonar fishfinder also can be mounted here to aid in following bottom channels and other crappie-attracting structure while trolling.
Some anglers prefer to push their rigs, with all poles at the front of the boat. Some prefer to pull them, with all the rigs at the stern. Some do both at once, and may include poles along the boat's sides as well. All these variations work well. The one you use will depend to a large extent on how proficient you become at spider rigging and how many anglers your boat will accommodate. When rigs are spread around the front, sides and back, you'll need a fishermen near each spread to land crappie that are hooked. A single angler in a small johnboat may be able to accomplish this with no trouble. In bigger crafts where several anglers are fishing, you may prefer having poles at all points of the compass.
Minn Kota Endura Max Transom-Mount Trolling Motors
If the wind is blowing, you can get by without a trolling motor, but you're not likely to catch as many crappie. Wind drifting is a one-way, time-consuming affair: make a drift, take up the lines, motor back up, reset the lines, drift again. A trolling motor allows constant fishing without fuss. It also permits you to vary your speed and control direction — important factors when chasing fussy crappie.
The Fishing Right Rig
Mr. Crappie Wally Marshall Crappie Fishing Hooks
There are many different rigs you can use on your spider-rig poles. One of the simplest is made by attaching a 1-ounce bank sinker to the end of your main line. Above this are two to four 12- to 18-inch-long drop lines (shorter lines on top, longer on bottom) spaced about 18 inches apart. Each drop line is connected to the main line via a loop knot or swivel. Jigs or 1/0 to 2/0 Aberdeen crappie fishing hooks are tied to the drop lines. If hooks are used, they are baited with live minnows. If you like, you can tip jigs with minnows as well, for extra enticement. The finished rigs are lowered to the bottom, then you just start trolling.
While this rig works ok, a much better one (but also a bit more complicated) is a double-lure rig I learned from Arkansas crappie pros Chris Mullins and Ricky Lucius. It works great year-round in an amazing variety of conditions.
"We use this rig spring, summer, fall and winter to catch crappie up to 3 pounds and more," Mullins said. "By adjusting the size of the sinker, and the size and length of the lines, it can be used under almost any fishing conditions imaginable, from a calm day spent fishing shallow water to a windy day trolling over deep-water cover and structure."
To make the rig, you need the following fishing tackle components: one three-way swivel, one barrel swivel, one egg sinker (1/4 to 3/4 ounce — lighter for calm days or shallow trolling; heavier for windy days or deeper trolling), two 1/0 crappie hooks, two crappie tubes, one No-Knot Fas-Snap, and some 4-, 6- or 8-pound-test monofilament line like Crappie Maxx Super Vis fishing line (lighter in clearer water, heavier in muddy water).
To the bottom eye of the three-way swivel, tie an 18-inch mono leader. Run this through the egg sinker, then tie the tag end to the barrel swivel. To the other eye of the barrel swivel, tie a 15-inch leader to which one of the crappie hooks is tied. Tie the other crappie hook to a 12-inch leader, and tie this leader to the side eye of the three-way swivel. Rig the crappie tubes on each hook so the hook eye is inside the tube. Use different color tubes until you determine a pattern.
A rig used by crappie pros Chris Mullins and Ricky Lucious, which can be used year-round.
The Fas-Snap, tied to the main line, facilitates quick change-out of rigs made with different size hardware for different fishing conditions. Snap the remaining eye of the three-way swivel to the Fas-Snap and you're ready to fish.
Mullins and Lucius fish these rigs on 12, 14 or 16-foot B'n'M Capps & Coleman Series trolling rods, using up to eight poles at once where permitted. The poles are placed in rod holders on Driftmaster T-Bars, the rigs are lowered near the bottom and the duo slow trolls around stumps and other cover. When fishing shallower water, the lines between the three-way swivel and the bottom hook are shortened appropriately.
Trolling Speed for Spider Rigging
Speed probably is the most important aspect of spider rigging, but there's no magic formula for determining what speed is best under a given set of conditions. On some days you may have to inch your boat along to get strikes. On other days you must troll much faster to catch fish. And when you find the productive speed, you must maintain it, even when wind or current push your boat ahead or drive it back.
A good starting point is about 1.5 to 2 mph, but savvy anglers experiment with different trolling speeds until they determine what is most effective. This varies with the type of bait used and the measure of water clarity. For example, you might troll minnows or small spinners very slowly for crappie in a lake muddied by heavy rain. Crappie feed primarily by sight. In discolored water they may have a difficult time pinpointing a tiny, fast-moving jig but have little trouble homing in on a shiner or flashy spinnerbait slowly passing by.
In a clear-water lake, jigs may be very effective even at faster trolling speeds. Then again, they may not produce at all. The key word here is experiment. Try to figure how crappie are likely to react in the type of water you're fishing, then adapt your tactics to conform to those expectations. But if your game plan doesn't produce within a short time, try something different. Sooner or later, the innovative crappie angler discovers a pattern for capitalizing on the situation.
One mistake crappie anglers often make is trolling at the same boat speed when headed into the wind as when headed with the wind. On an otherwise still lake, you travel faster with the wind than against it, assuming you never reposition your electric motor throttle. Therefore, in order to maintain your ideal trolling speed, you must adjust the throttle up or down depending on which way you are traveling.
These factors may explain why you catch crappie when trolling in one direction and not in the other.
Starting the Troll & Finding the Crappie
Some anglers start their troll blind; they have no idea what type of structure or cover is beneath the water. They simply start trolling and hope their hit-and-miss tactics produce more hits than misses.
Arkansas crappe pros Chris Mullins (left) and Ricky Lucious (right) have used spider rigging to win or place in many national and regional crappie tournaments.
It's best, however, to use fish finders to pinpoint structure and cover crappie favor — woody cover along the edges of creek and river channels, long points, rock piles rising into lighted water, man-made fish attractors, etc. — and troll over that. With a serious look at a bottom contour map and a quick check of prominent bottom changes with sonar, you could be catching slabs in minutes instead of wandering aimlessly.
Try zigzagging over channel breaks and adjacent flats. Stump fields and weed edges at proper depths may be good early and late when crappie are more likely to be feeding. In summer, crappie are likely to be strung out along the thermocline in a shallow plane, so covering large areas of water by trolling may enable you to catch more of these fish within a given range.
When you find schooling crappie, throw out a marker buoy so you can anchor just outside the school and cast to it, or continue to troll around the concentration. A savvy angler may take crappie from one of these marked spots for an hour or more, so long as the fish aren't spooked.
Crappie aren't hard to catch, but at times they're hard to find. Spider rigging, done properly, can help you overcome that problem. Practice this method and you'll rarely need to stop by the fish market on the way home.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/127-boating-info/1175-how-to-measure-boat-trailer-tongue-weight | How to Measure Boat Trailer Tongue Weight | Bass Pro Shops | How to Measure Boat Trailer Tongue Weight
How to Measure Boat Trailer Tongue Weight | How to Measure Boat Trailer Tongue Weight | Bass Pro Shops
How to Measure Boat Trailer Tongue Weight
Posted by Justin Hoffman
Jun 21, 2013
Last update Sep 16, 2019
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Pulling a trailered boat or ATV is a fact of life for anglers and hunters. Checking tie downs, lights, and ensuring a secured load is a daily safety check before each of our adventures. For many, however, calculating trailer tongue weight is either absentmindedly or unknowingly left off the check list.
Trailer tongue weight is important for a number of reasons. When tongue weight is too heavy, an uncontrolled pushing of the tow vehicle can ensue. Add to this increased drag, strain on the transmission, and elevated fuel costs. If dealing with a tongue weight too light, dangerous swaying of the trailer can occur. Both can create costly errors when traveling down the road.
The recommended trailer tongue weight for boat trailers falls within a range of 5 percent to 7 percent of the total weight of trailer, boat, motor, fuel and gear. Single axel models perform best at 6 percent while dual axel trailers perform best at 5 percent. For trailer campers and other larger rigs, a higher ratio is often used.
The easiest method to calculate your gross weight is by using a municipal weigh scale. If one is not available, tallying up each of the individual items can be done through researching manufacturer sites or digging up your bill of sale.
The use of a bathroom scale — placed at the same height as your hitch — can be used to measure the tongue weight. For heavier boats, a municipal weight scale will again be your best bet.
Example Weight List
Boat w/Fuel and Battery
1,200 pounds
Motor
350 pounds
Trailer
700 pounds
Total Weight
2,250 pounds
(Total Weight) 2,250 x (Single Axle) 6 percent = 135 pounds (Ideal Weight)
5 - 7 % Range
112.5 - 157.5 pounds
Repositioning items within the boat is the easiest method to alter trailer tongue weight. If too light, bring a battery or gear to the front. To reduce weight, shift items to the back. If trailer tongue weight is dangerously high or low after making these adjustments, moving the axel forward or back is the last recourse to fix the problem.
Perform this simple test and see if your tongue weight falls within the safe and recommended zone. Because arriving at the lake and back home without a hitch is always the best case scenario. Happy and safe trails to all!
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/128-boat-maintenance/514-boat-battery-buying-guide | Boat Battery Buying Guide | Bass Pro Shops | Boat Battery Buying Guide
Boat Battery Buying Guide
Basic Boat Battery Types
1. Cranking Boat Batteries
2. Deep-Cycle Boat Batteries
3. Dual-Purpose Batteries
4. Wet Cell, Gel or AGM Boat Battery?
| Boat Battery Buying Guide | Bass Pro Shops
Boat Battery Buying Guide
Selecting a new 12-volt marine battery for your boat can be a daunting task for first-time buyers. You may be asking questions like "What type of battery is used for a trolling motor"? or, What is a deep cycle battery"?. Many types are available, each with a different purpose, and each with various advantages and disadvantages. With this handy buyer's guide, however, you'll have easily understandable information at your fingertips so you can choose a battery ideal for the tasks at hand.
Understanding the different types of marine boat batteries available and their applications will help you select the right one to power your rig.
Basic Boat Battery Types
There are two basic types of 12-volt batteries: 1) cranking, or starting, batteries, which are designed to start your main engine, and 2) deep-cycle batteries, which are used to power electrical accessories such as trolling motors, fish-finders and radios. Dual-purpose batteries that can perform both these functions to some extent also are available.
1. Cranking Boat Batteries
Engine cranking requires lots of power in a short burst. A battery with more surface area on the lead plates inside it delivers more fast power than one with less plate surface. For this reason, cranking batteries are made with thinner, more numerous lead plates. When the engine is running, the battery is quickly replenished by the alternator.
The marine cranking amp (MCA), or just cranking amp (CA), rating found on a battery's label measures a battery's starting power. And if you're using a newer model outboard with sophisticated computers, pumps and sensors that don't take kindly to being underpowered, you certainly don't want to scrimp on starting power. Check your engine's manual for its recommended MCA/CA rating before shopping for a battery, and always choose a battery with a rating equal to or greater than the recommended value.
2. Deep-Cycle Boat Batteries
Trolling motors and other accessories sip power at a slower rate for extended periods. Batteries that power them usually aren't recharged until the end of the day. These deep discharges are hard on battery plates, so a deep-cycle battery like the Bass Pro Shops XPS 12-Volt Deep Cycle Marine Battery have fewer yet thicker lead plates than cranking batteries and are built to withstand deep cycling.
A deep-cycle battery's reserve capacity (RC) rating indicates how long it can carry a specific load before falling into the dead zone. The higher the RC number, the longer the battery will power your accessories. Remember this when choosing a battery. Typically, a deep-cycle battery will have two or three times the RC of a cranking battery. A deep-cycle battery also can withstand several hundred discharge/recharge cycles, while a cranking battery is not designed to be totally discharged.
No Substitutions: The key thing to remember when purchasing cranking and deep-cycle battery types is not to substitute one for the other. If you use a cranking battery to power your trolling motor, for instance, the battery will soon overheat and fail, leaving you without power and requiring you to buy a new battery. A deep-cycle battery substituted for a cranking battery, on the other hand, may not provide the power needed to start your outboard. You could get stranded with an engine that won't run. The inherent design strengths of each battery type also are their weaknesses in opposite applications.
Extra Tip: About Marine & Boat Battery Maintenance
3. Dual-Purpose Batteries
Bass Pro Shops® XPS® Pro Qualifier® AGM Dual-Purpose 120 Marine Battery delivers up to 775 cold cranking amps for engine starting, plus full deep-cycle performance for running a trolling motor and accessories.
It's usually best to install separate cranking and deep-cycle batteries. If your boat is small, however, and there's only room for one battery due to space or weight restrictions, consider buying a dual-purpose marine battery that handles starting and cycling. Bear in mind, however, most dual-purpose batteries won't start an engine quite as well as a true cranking battery and won't endure as many deep discharge/recharge cycles as a dedicated deep-cycle model.
4. Wet Cell, Gel or AGM Boat Battery?
Batteries can be further categorized as wet cell, gel or AGM (absorbed glass mat), depending on the configuration of the electrolyte, or conducting medium, inside the battery. Each type has pros and cons you should know before making a purchase.
About Wet-Cell Boat Batteries: The traditional lead-acid batteries we all are familiar with are wet-cell or "flooded-cell" batteries. Each wet-cell battery contains a liquid mixture of sulfuric acid and distilled water (usually referred to as "battery acid"). This is the most popular battery type, primarily because the price is generally less than other types, but also because these batteries have a number of inherent advantages. For example, a properly charged and maintained, premium wet-cell battery is capable of as many as 1,000 discharge/recharge cycles. This can translate to many years of dependable service at an initial cost substantially less than comparable capacity gel or AGM batteries. Wet-cell batteries also are less likely to be damaged by overcharging and tend to weigh less than comparable gel or AGM batteries.
One disadvantage of wet-cell batteries is the fact that most have vented, interior accessible designs. This requires they be regularly inspected and the cells topped off with distilled water. Venting also releases hydrogen gas, which means the battery compartment must be well ventilated. Other drawbacks include possible spilling of corrosive battery acid, a higher rate of self-discharge (6% to 7% per month) and the fact that wet-cell batteries are more fragile in high-vibration environments such as boats.
About AGM Boat Batteries: AGM batteries feature a dense filling of absorbent glass matting packed tightly between the battery's plates. The matting is saturated with acid electrolyte. This allows oxygen to recombine with hydrogen gas to replenish the battery's water content and alleviate the need for refilling. No maintenance is required, except periodic external cleaning. And because these batteries are sealed, acid inside cannot spill and flammable gases aren't released. AGM batteries also can be installed at any angle. They are shock and vibration resistant, submersible without damage unlike wet-cell batteries, and have a low self-discharge rate (around 3% per month at 77 degrees F). Primarily drawbacks are higher initial cost, greater weight than comparable wet-cell batteries and the fact water cannot be replaced if the battery is accidentally overcharged.
The Optima® Blue Top Marine Battery is maintenance-free and completely spillproof.
About Gel Boat Batteries: Gel batteries are filled with liquid electrolyte that is gelled with silicates before the battery is sealed. Like AGM batteries, they use recombinant technology that eliminates the need for adding water. They are maintenance free, sealed, low-temperature tolerant, shock/vibration resistant and have long cycle life. Their most notable advantage is resistance to over-discharge that can damage other battery types. Gels have an internal self-discharge rate less than 1 percent per month, so they can be stored for long periods without being recharged. And because they aren't prone to develop life-shortening plate sulfation when left uncharged, they are a good choice for boaters who often forget to recharge batteries promptly after use.
Gel batteries show their dark side when it comes to price and recharging. They generally cost more than other battery types with the same RC and MCA ratings. Most manufacturers recommend charging them to at least 13.8 volts, but no more than 14.1 volts. Standard marine battery chargers routinely reach higher voltages, so chargers designed to include gel batteries or those with a gel setting must be used.
Extra Tip: 3 Awesome Battery Chargers for Your Boat
In Conclusion
Understanding the differences between the various types of batteries, and the pros and cons of each, should no doubt prove useful when you're trying to decide which battery will work best to crank your boat and power all your accessories. Making the right choice eliminates many worries when you are on the water, allowing you to concentrate on the most important reason you bought your boat in the first place -- having fun.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/195-boat-rigging/286-how-to-choose-the-right-anchor-for-your-boat | How to Choose the Right Anchor for Your Boat (video) | Bass Pro Shops | How to Choose the Right Anchor for Your Boat (video)
How to Choose the Right Anchor for Your Boat (video)
What Type of Boat Anchor Should I Buy?
Boat Safety: How to Anchor Your Boat
What to Look for in an Anchor
Boat Anchor Styles
River Anchor:
Grapnel Anchor:
Mushroom Anchor:
Navy Anchor:
Fluke Anchor:
Electric Anchors:
What Size Anchor Do I Need?
Cost & Construction
Boat Cleats
Attaching a Anchor to a Boat
| How to Choose the Right Anchor for Your Boat (video) | Bass Pro Shops
How to Choose the Right Anchor for Your Boat (video)
From the basic "cement-in-a-bucket" to the tried-and-true fluke or grapnel, boat anchors come in a wide variety of shapes and styles. No matter what size boat you skim across your favorite lake in, having an anchor on board assures safe boating, while also permitting the angler to have a controlled and drift-free fishing excursion.
Choosing the appropriate anchor can be a frustrating task if you don't know the merits of each particular design. Follow this handy guide and prepare to become a boat anchor guru.
TIP: Click for more chart information about boat anchor types.
What Type of Boat Anchor Should I Buy?
Although this question may seem basic, there are many variables that come into play when purchasing your first anchor. Environmental conditions (such as weather and lake structure), the size of your craft and the weight of the anchor itself are all significant parts of the puzzle. Perhaps it's best to look first at how an anchor actually works.
Anchors "attach" to the bottom structure of a body of water in order to hold a boat securely. This is done in one of two ways. Firstly, the anchor can penetrate the bottom surface, creating a suction through the penetration and the weight of the material above the anchor itself, in turn creating resistance. Secondly, when dealing with hard, rocky bottoms, the anchor actually snags in order to create hold.
Out of the many roles that anchors serve, the most prevalent are securing the boat while fishing, keeping boats out of the surf or rocks or allowing the occupants to enjoy a relaxing meal on board without drifting away. (For larger craft, anchors are also necessary for spending the night while out on the water.)
Boat Safety: How to Anchor Your Boat
There's more to anchoring your boat than just dropping it in the water. Watch this boat anchor safety video demonstrate the proper techniques to anchoring. Watch the full video by taking an online boating safety course at Boat-ed.com.
What to Look for in an Anchor
As you will realize after reading this guide, not all anchors are created equal. There are, however, common attributes that you should look for when making your choice.
Holds well in all types of bottom: weed, rock, sand, mud.
Can be set and re-set quickly and easily under all conditions.
Strong craftsmanship.
Good holding power.
Can be released easily and effortlessly from the bottom.
Can be stored easily on deck — compact
Boat Anchor Styles
Bass Pro Shops River
Anchor
The following represents a list of the most common anchor designs currently on the market
River Anchor:
The river anchor is designed specifically for river currents and heavy drift conditions. The grappling action of the three individual blades provides secure holding power, while the flow-through holes provides easy pull up.
Grapnel Anchor:
Bass Pro Shops
Grapnel Anchor Kit
Most grapnel anchors like the Bass Pro Shops Grapnel Anchor are made with four arms that easy fold up, providing a compact and easily stored apparatus. This style of anchor is ideal for small boats and dinghies as there are no open flukes to puncture the sensitive fabric of the craft.
Mushroom Anchor:
Bass Pro Shops
Mushroom Anchor
The mushroom anchor offers a wide area cap that offers effective holding power in mud and weeds. The drain holes in the base allow for easy retrieval, allowing water and mud to quickly be displaced.
Navy Anchor:
Bass Pro Shops
Navy Anchor
The navy anchor such as the Bass Pro Shops Navy Anchor is the traditional style of anchor. The stock is made to fold flat against the shank for easy storage, making these ideal for smaller craft. Navy anchors work well in rocky bottoms, and will also penetrate easily through weeds.
Fluke Anchor:
Bass Pro Shops
Fluke Anchors
The fluke anchor, or Danforth, has two "flukes" or appendages that are used to hold on the bottom. The stock-in-head design is what makes this anchor work, not the weight, and it provides extremely high penetration. Flukes work best in sand or loose gravel, literally burying themselves out of sight when lowered. One drawback is rocks or boulders — they can become wedged in so tight that the only option is cutting them free.
Electric Anchors:
The Minn Kota® DeckHand Anchor Winch lets you to automatically raise your anchor with the push of a button.
This type of anchor is a hands-free style with a electric anchor winch attached to the bow of the boat. With the simple flick of a switch, the anchor can be raised or lowered, allowing the boater more time for other concerns. The one drawback this system has is that the anchor itself is usually in the style of the mushroom — great for muddy or sandy conditions, but a poor choice for rocky areas. However, for people with disabilities or back problems, this anchor system certainly has its merits.
What Size Anchor Do I Need?
Deciding on a certain size of anchor can be a bit of a guessing game. Since conditions are always changing, there is no "right" size for the job at hand. One misconception people make when shopping for an anchor is the heavier the better. This is just not true. Physical size, rather than weight, is actually a better indicator of the anchors holding ability. (Some anchors that only weigh 5lbs. can hold in excess of 1,000 pounds!)
When it comes to choosing an anchor, bigger is almost always better. Bigger anchors have more strength to resist breaking, occupy more of a surface area to resist pullout and will have more weight to penetrate deeper. Go with the biggest anchor you can get by with for the size of your watercraft; the last thing you need when rough weather arrives is an inadequate anchor that doesn't do the job.
Cost & Construction
It goes without saying that buying a cheap or inferior product will usually only turn to heartache. When dealing with something that could possibly save your life, please don't scrimp in order to save a few bucks. Try to buy the best anchor that you can afford, making sure to be on the lookout for spotty galvanizing, poor welds, and other noticeable inconsistencies in the metal. Always remember — you often get what you pay for.
Boat Cleats
Many people buy anchors, failing to realize that they need something to attach the rope to on their boat. This is where cleats enter the picture. Deck cleats are of a simple design, meant for anchor ropes to be wrapped around for a secure hold. Look for strong, large cleats that will withstand the punishment and pull that inclement weather can throw at them.
Attaching a Anchor to a Boat
Nylon anchor rope is the most common way of attaching an anchor to a boat. These ropes are strong, flexible and have a very high breaking strength.
Rope Diameter
Breaking Strength
3/8"
4,400 lbs
7/16"
5,900 lbs
1/2"
7,500 lbs
5/8"
12,200 lbs
3/4"
16,700 lbs
1"
29,400 lbs
Choosing the appropriate size of nylon rope can be made easier depending on the size of boat you are using.
Boat Length (under)
16-foot
20-foot
25-foot
30-foot
Rope Diameter
3/8"
3/8"
1/2"
1/2"
Although they may look quite similar in appearance, they really do have specialized attributes that are designed for different purposes.
Shop all boat anchors at BassPro.com
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/195-boat-rigging/476-how-to-choose-the-right-trolling-motor-for-your-boat | How to Choose the Right Trolling Motor for Your Boat | Bass Pro Shops | How to Choose the Right Trolling Motor for Your Boat
How to Choose the Right Trolling Motor for Your Boat
Importance of Thrust to Move Through the Water
Trolling Motor Voltage & Batteries
Which to Choose, Bow or Transom Trolling Motor?
Do you Choose a Hand or Foot Control Trolling Motor?
What Type of Trolling Motor Shaft Length is Right?
Trolling Motor Features You Should Consider
Watch Video: Get to know Minn Kota i-Pilot and change the way you fish.
Minn Kota: i-Pilot
Here are a few more things to look for when making your final decision:
| How to Choose the Right Trolling Motor for Your Boat | Bass Pro Shops
How to Choose the Right Trolling Motor for Your Boat
Fishing has long been known as a game of stealth. Putting yourself in the optimum position for making that next cast (while being extra quiet) can also lead you on your way to a hearty bend in the rod. These two characteristics are what make trolling motors a godsend for the fishing fraternity. Not only can anglers have total control over their craft at all times, they can also move effortlessly from spot to spot, and ultimately put more fish in the boat. Come and jump on the trolling motor bandwagon, and find out which is the right pick for you and your boat.
Importance of Thrust to Move Through the Water
Trolling motors, or electric motors, use battery power in order to propel a boat. The amount of power or strength needed to move through the water is described as "pounds of thrust." This power rating is common to all motors on the market, and is one of the most important aspects to consider when selecting the right unit to match your craft. With insufficient power behind you, working your boat through wind, high waves or weedy conditions can be all but impossible.
Tip: Watch Video: Get to know Minn Kota i-Pilot and change the way you fish.
Many factors fall into the equation when deciding on the necessary power needed for optimum performance. Some common questions to ask yourself are: Is your boat heavy, and what is the length? Do you store a lot of gear, or fish with more than one person? Do you fish in adverse conditions, such as high winds and rough water?
The minimum thrust chart on the right details the minimum amount of thrust required depending on the size of your craft.
Click here for a larger view of the thrust required for your boat length chart.
This chart is meant to convey "normal fishing conditions." If you answered "yes" to any of the previous questions I posed, moving up to the next level of thrust is highly recommended. If your boat, gear, and passengers are extremely heavy, going to a motor with even more thrust would be your best bet.
Many professionals believe that the best rule of thumb is to buy the biggest motor you can afford, all within reason of course. (A big, overpowering motor can also offer disadvantages if it literally "dwarfs" the size of your boat.) Choose wisely and weigh all of the variables. Running a motor that is under rated for your craft can only lead to misery and headaches when venturing out on the water.
Tip: 5 Ways to Make a Trolling Motor Last
Trolling Motor Voltage & Batteries
Bass Pro Shops Deep-Cycle and Starting
12V Marine Dual-Purpose Battery
Electric trolling motors come in three separate power systems: 12, 24 or 36 volts. To make it easier to understand, a 12-volt trolling motor is run off of one 12-volt deep cycle marine battery. In order for a 24-volt motor to work, it must be run off of two separate batteries, and a 36-volt version requires three.
A 12-volt trolling motor is the most inexpensive and easiest to run. It does, however, lack the staying power and thrust that the other two provide. A 24- or 36-volt system will allow the angler to fish longer periods out on the water, as they draw lower amps while providing increased thrust for more power.
If your boat is 16-foot or smaller, a high-thrust 12-volt model will be adequate for the conditions that you will face. If your boat is any longer, moving up to a 24- or 36-volt system is the only way to go for hassle-free boating.
Minn Kota Endura C2 Transom
Mount Trolling Motors
Be certain not to scrimp and save on the batteries. Buying a high quality, deep-cycle marine battery (some are designed specifically for electric motors) will ensure that you are receiving the maximum power and longevity that is on the market. This will provide piece of mind in case you ever find yourself stranded out on the lake, nursing an overheated or blown outboard motor that just won't fire up!
Which to Choose, Bow or Transom Trolling Motor?
Minn Kota Edge 65/45'' Foot
Control Bow-Mount Trolling
Motor
There are two kinds of trolling motors available: a bow mount trolling motor (installed at the front of the boat), and a transom mount trolling motor (manufactured for the back). In order to install a bow mount, you must have sufficient room up front, as well as a mounting bracket or plate to affix the housing. You must also have a flat bottom platform to fish from in order to make the set-up feasible.
A transom motor simply clamps onto the stern of the boat and will work with any style of craft.
A bow-mounted motor will provide superior maneuverability and better control, allowing the angler to fish easier and more efficiently. (This increase in maneuvering ability is due to the fact that bow-mounts "pull" your boat through the water, in comparison to a transom "pushing".) If your boat is 14-foot or larger and can accommodate a bow-mount, most certainly go that route. You won't regret it.
For small boats, dinghies and canoes, a transom mount would be the best choice. These motors work great for general positioning and trolling application — exactly what they were designed for. Whatever you decide, owning any kind of trolling motor is definitely better than not.
Do you Choose a Hand or Foot Control Trolling Motor?
If you decide to purchase a bow mount motor, the next decision to make is whether to operate it by hand or foot. Although both have their merits, trying each version and finding which is most comfortable to use is probably your best bet. The following chart outlines some advantages and disadvantages for both:
Click here for a larger view of the chart showing trolling motor type advantages and disadvantages.
My personal preference is for the foot-control model, as this allows me to have a completely hands-free fishing experience. Some will argue that the hand control outweighs the merits of the foot. Taking the time to talk to different users of both models will enable you to figure out which is best for you.
Whatever version of motor you choose, both will require practice on the water in order to become comfortable with them. Once you do, however, the possibilities are endless.
What Type of Trolling Motor Shaft Length is Right?
Shaft length is important for optimum control of your boat. If the shaft chosen is too short, the prop may not be sufficiently submerged during rough or adverse conditions. If it is too long, shallow water operation may pose a continuous problem. Finding the appropriate length for the size of craft you own will ensure safe and carefree boating.
The shaft length is dictated by the height of the bow or stern. Deep V boats will require a longer shaft, whereas the shortest length will adequately serve canoes.
Trolling Motor Features You Should Consider
Minn Kota Terrova Bow Mount
Bluetooth Trolling Motor
Technology is expanding in the land of the trolling motor, and new features and wrinkles become available annually. Here are a few that are worth checking out:
Built-In Battery Gauge — Some models of trolling motors have battery gauges built in to the housing or head of the unit. This gauge will allow an angler to quickly and easily check how much power is left in the battery itself, making it a no-brainer for estimating fishing time left or when to clamp the charger on.
Digital Displays — High-end models are now coming standard with digital screens, complete with readouts of speed and depth. Although these motors come at a price, the technology is certain to put you on more fish.
Self-Directional Motors — An interesting feature, in that it allows total hand and foot-free operation, and will follow shorelines or depth contours on its very own using GPS coordinates. It will even steer you in a straight line when the winds are howling!
Tip: Self-directional trolling motors allow anglers more time to fish.
iPilot and Smart Remote Control Trolling Motors — Another interesting feature, in that you're using real-time GPS controlled from your mobile phone or RC unit.
Tip: A popular and highly rated by customers self-directional motor is the Minn Kota Ultrex Bow Mount Trolling Motor with i-Pilot US2 found at Bass Pro Shops here.
Watch Video: Get to know Minn Kota i-Pilot and change the way you fish.
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Here are a few more things to look for when making your final decision:
Composite or stainless steel shaft will endure shock and stand up to abuse much better than weaker metals.
Make sure the prop is weedless, and that replacement blades are available for your specific model.
Ensure that the mount is heavy duty and strong. The less plastic parts it has, the better.
If you plan on using the foot-control pedal from anywhere in the boat, make sure the cable is sufficient in length for the size of your craft.
Trolling motors add a completely new dimension to fishing. Perfecting boat control, fishing inaccessible areas and maintaining a silent approach will ensure added enjoyment and more fish for the angler willing to experiment. Shop around, take each style for a test drive and pay attention to detail — banner days on the lake await you.
Minn Kota Maxxum Bow Mount
Trolling Motor
MotorGuide R5 Transom
Mount Freshwater Trolling
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/218-fish-recipes/978-how-to-smoke-fish-three-easy-recipes | How to Smoke Fish & Three Easy Recipes | Bass Pro Shops | How to Smoke Fish & Three Easy Recipes
How to Smoke Fish & Three Easy Recipes
Tip: Three Easy Smoke Fish Recipes (quick link)
Step 1 - Prepare Fish
Step 2 - Pat Dry Fish
Step 3 - Smoking the Fish
1. Smoked Fish Dip
What You'l Need
2. Smoked Fish Cakes
What You'll Need
3. Smoked Fish Omelets
What You'll Need
| How to Smoke Fish & Three Easy Recipes | Bass Pro Shops
How to Smoke Fish & Three Easy Recipes
Smoking is one of the oldest methods of preserving fish. Long before there were refrigerators and freezers, our fishing ancestors learned to use a combination of salt and smoke to keep fish from spoiling. Today, smoking fish is no longer necessary, but it remains a popular method of preparation to add flavor to fish such as salmon, tuna, trout, sturgeon and catfish.
Tip: Three Easy Smoke Fish Recipes (quick link)
Large batches of fish can be smoked, refrigerated and used in a variety of tasty recipes. photo from Food Network
In pre-refrigeration days, smoked fish were heavily cured and smoked fairly dry for storage at room temperature or in a cellar. Today's cures are lighter, so most forms of fish smoked at home need to be refrigerated until use. You can freeze smoked fish for even longer storage.
Today's cook has a variety of smokers from which to choose, and all can be used to prepare excellent smoked fish. Many cooks prefer inexpensive, vertical charcoal smokers such as Smoke Canyon Vertical Smoker with Offset Firebox. These utilize a water pan inside for moist cooking.
Smoke Canyon Vertical Smoker
with Offset Firebox
Tip: Large batches of fish can be smoked, refrigerated
Smokers that run on propane are popular for use in fishing camps and at home. The Masterbuilt Sportsman Elite 40" Extra Wide Two-Door Propane Smoker, for example, has a push-button ignition and features 2,000-square-inches of cooking space, adjustable gas controls and extra large viewing window in the smoker door. There is a separate door for wood and water beneath the door to the smoking chamber, this smoker lets you add wood and water without opening the cooking chamber thus allowing you to maintain a more constant cooking temperature.
Electric smokers are great for preparing delicious fish, too, and come in many varieties, from inexpensive basic models such as the Bradley Electric Water Smoker to high-tech products like Masterbuilt Gravity Series 560 Digital Charcoal Grill and Smoker with advanced digital circuitry that allows you to precisely control the time, temperature and smoke level for succulent results every time.
Bradley Smoker Electric Smoker
If you plan to cook for a crowd, and want to invest in a smoker that will last a lifetime, you also may want to consider some of the big fabricated-steel smokers on wheels such as those available from Horizon smokers found at www.basspro.com.
Tip: Large batches of fish can be smoked refrigerated and used in a variety of tasty recipes.
Fish smoking methods vary, but all are based on a few common principles. The following are very generic steps you can use to smoke your own fish. You may want to experiment a little with some different ingredients to create your own brine. Start with the basic brine solution listed under Step 1, then add what you like to it. Additions to try include lemon juice, garlic cloves, rum, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic powder or other ingredients whose taste you like.
Step 1 - Prepare Fish
Place small pan-dressed (gutted, head removed) fish, fillets of fish or pieces of boneless fish with the skin left on one side, in this basic brine solution:
1/2 cup non-iodized salt
1/2 cup sugar
1 quart water
Stir the ingredients together until the salt and sugar have dissolved. Then place the fish in a bowl, completely cover the pieces with the brine solution and refrigerate. Fish pieces one inch or more thick should be in brine eight to 12 hours. For thinner pieces, six to eight hours is sufficient.
Step 2 - Pat Dry Fish
Jack Daniel's Wood Smoking Chips
Remove the fish from the brine, and rinse each piece under cold water. Gently pat dry with paper towels, and lay the pieces on a waxed paper to air dry for about one hour.
Step 3 - Smoking the Fish
Smoke the fish for two hours in a smoker heated to 200 degrees. Use your favorite wood chips or chunks when smoking. You can cut and dry your own wood or buy prepackaged materials like Western Wood Smoking Chips or Jack Daniel's Wood Smoking Chips. Experiment to find the taste you like most. Good woods for flavoring smoked fish include hickory, alder, apple and cherry. Add more wood chips during the smoking process if necessary, depending on how much smoke taste you want.
Tip: Get the most out of your grilled or smoked dishes by knowing which foods are enhanced by each of the three categories of smoke. Learn more Get the Most Out of Your Grilled or Smoked Dishes.
With some types of smokers, you also can add flavor using prepared smoker ingredients such as Bradley Smoker Flavor Bisquettes or if your experimenting on flavor and want to your options try the Bradley Smoker Flavor Bisquette Variety Pack .
Smoked fish is delicious alone, or can be used in a wide variety of recipes, including those that follow.
1. Smoked Fish Dip
What You'l Need
1-1/2 cups crumbled smoked fish
1/2 cup milk
8 oz. cream cheese, softened
1/4 cup finely minced onion
1 stalk celery, finely chopped
1 tablespoon minced fresh parsley
3 teaspoons sweet pickle relish
1/2 teaspoon lemon juice
1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
Cayenne, salt and pepper to taste
Put the smoked fish in a medium bowl and add the milk. Cover and chill for 30 minutes to an hour. Stir in the remaining ingredients. Cover and chill for 2 to 3 hours until flavors have blended. Serve with your favorite crackers.
Smoked Fish Cakes. Photo courtesy of PDPhoto.org
2. Smoked Fish Cakes
What You'll Need
12 ounces smoked fish
1/4 cup sweet pickle relish
1/2 cup unseasoned bread crumbs
1 red bell pepper, minced
1 teaspoon soy sauce
1/3 cup mayonnaise
2 eggs, slightly beaten
1 teaspoon dried Italian seasoning
2 tablespoons minced fresh dill
1 teaspoon fresh ground black pepper
Butter for frying
In a food processor bowl fitted with a steel blade, pulse the fish, relish, bread crumbs and bell pepper until finely chopped. Scrape into a bowl and mix in the soy sauce, mayonnaise, eggs, dried herbs, dill and pepper. Add more bread crumbs, if necessary, to make a firm fish mixture. Form into twelve or so (three inch) patties.
In a non-stick skillet over medium-high heat, heat enough butter to generously coat the bottom of the pan. Arrange the fish cakes, not touching, in the pan and cook until brown on both sides, turning once (about four minutes per side). Cakes should be moist but not mushy inside. Top with a dollop of tartar sauce or your favorite fish sauce.
3. Smoked Fish Omelets
What You'll Need
12 large eggs
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon black pepper
Butter
6 oz. smoked fish, chopped
4 tablespoons chopped red onion
8 tablespoons whipped cream cheese
Whisk eggs, salt and pepper in a large bowl to blend. Melt two teaspoons butter in a nonstick skillet over medium heat. Ladle 3/4 cup of the egg mixture into the skillet. Cook until eggs are softly set, stirring often and lifting the edge of the eggs to allow the uncooked portion to run under, covering skillet if necessary to help set the top. Place 1/4 of the smoked fish on half of the omelet. Sprinkle with one tablespoon onion and top with two tablespoons cream cheese. Fold omelet in half and slide out onto a plate. Repeat with the remaining ingredients to make three more omelets.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/219-game-recipes/756-8-simple-recipes-for-wild-turkey | 8 Simple Recipes for Wild Turkey | Bass Pro Shops | 8 Simple Recipes for Wild Turkey
8 Simple Recipes for Wild Turkey
Quick links to get you started on the wild turkey recipes:
Tips for Harvesting Tasty Turkey
1. Grilled Marinated Turkey Breasts
2. Lemon-Herb Turkey Breast
3. Dijon-Breaded Turkey Breast
4. Wild Turkey Parmigiano
5. Swiss Turkey Breast Over Rice
6. Turkey Breast and Gravy
7. Butterflied Wild Turkey with Lime and Oregano
8. Turkey Fried Rice
| 8 Simple Recipes for Wild Turkey | Bass Pro Shops
8 Simple Recipes for Wild Turkey
Writer Steve Bodio once had this to say about the big gamebirds so many love to hunt every spring: "How about real turkey, the wild kind? It actually tastes like bird, not cardboard, and has juice that doesn't come from chemical butter. Eat one, and you'll never go back."
I must agree. Comparing the wild turkey with its domestic barn-yard cousin is like comparing Chihuahuas and St. Bernards. They may be the same species, but you'd never tell it by looks, or in this case, taste. If you expect a bird killed on the hunt to taste the same as one raised in a poultry house, you're in for a surprise.
Tip: Find quality turkey hunting gear at Bass Pro Shops here.
In this wild turkey recipe article you'll find: Tips for harvesting tasty turkey and eight delicious wild turkey recipes.
Quick links to get you started on the wild turkey recipes:
Grilled Marinated Turkey Breasts, Lemon Herb Turkey Breasts, Dijon-Breaded Turkey Breast, Wild Turkey Parmigiano , Swiss Turkey Breasts over Rice, Turkey Breast & Gravey , Butterfiled Turkey with Lime & Oregano and Turkey Fried Rice.
Prefer deep fried turkey? Here's perfect solution Turkey Frying 101 video.
Tips for Harvesting Tasty Turkey
My friend, Jim Spencer, who has eaten many more wild turkeys than I have, offered these tips for enjoying a tasty bird. First, avoid body-shooting your bird. This is good advice from a hunting standpoint, too, because the best way to kill a turkey is to shoot it in the head and neck. If stray pellets find their way into the body, remove them when you clean the bird, and remove feathers the shot forced into the meat. Trim bruised and bloodshot meat away as well.
Cool the bird quickly after the kill. To do this, hang it by one foot, allowing both wings and the untied foot to dangle. This spreads the turkey out and allows faster cooling. There's no need for field-dressing if you cool the bird quickly and keep it cool.
Some hunters skin the bird because it's quicker and easier. But if you plan to roast or smoke your turkey, it's best to pluck it. Leaving the skin on helps keep the meat moist during cooking. You can pour hot water over the bird to loosen the feathers and make plucking easier. Eviscerate the bird after it's plucked, and remove the head and feet. Then you're ready to cook.
The boneless breast meat of a wild
turkey can be used as the main
ingredient in a wide variety of delectable recipes.Photo: courtesy of the National Wild Turkey Federation
Unlike many other game animals, which may be harvested in quantity, wild turkeys are rare commodities, with only one or two killed each season by lucky hunters. For this reason, the hunter typically wants to use a preparation method that makes the most of this delectable game bird. Fortunately, this can be accomplished without a lot of fuss and bother. Simple preparation methods can be used for whole plucked birds, or, if you prefer, you can use boneless fillets of breast meat in the entree and saves other parts of the bird for use in making dressing, soup or other dishes.
All the recipes that follow are easy to prepare without exotic ingredients or hard-to-follow directions. And each transforms wild turkey into a mouth-watering repast that will have your family or dinner guests asking for extra helpings. Try them and see.
1. Grilled Marinated Turkey Breasts
Boneless breast meat from one wild turkey
2/3 cup soy sauce
1cup brown sugar
1/4 cup lemon juice
1/3 cup honey
1 teaspoon minced garlic
Lawrey's Seasoning Salt
Adolph's Meat Tenderizer
Slice the breast meat lengthwise to create fillets that are about 1/2 inch thick. Make a marinade by combining the soy sauce, brown sugar, lemon juice, honey and garlic in mixing bowl. Sprinkle the fillets with the seasoning salt and meat tenderizer, then transfer the meat to a zip-seal plastic freezer bag. Pour the marinade into the bag with the turkey and seal. Turn to coat all the pieces of meat, and refrigerate for 24 hours. Remove the fillets from the marinade, drain and grill over a medium-hot fire for approximately 10 minutes per side or until done to taste.
2. Lemon-Herb Turkey Breast
Crock Pot Lemon Turkey Breast photo by justcallmetoni at geniuskitchen.com
2 pounds boneless wild turkey breast
1/4 cup lemon juice
1 teaspoon rosemary
1 teaspoon oregano
2 tablespoons Dijon mustard
1/2 cup dry white wine
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon black pepper
2 cloves garlic
Mix all ingredients but the turkey. Pour the mixture over the turkey breast in a Crock-Pot and cook on low 6 to 8 hours, basting the turkey occasionally with the sauce.
3. Dijon-Breaded Turkey Breast
Mustard-Crusted Turkey Breast photo credit MarthaStewart.com
1/2 cup dry bread crumbs
1 1/2 teaspoons sage
1/4 cup minced fresh parsley
3 tablespoons melted butter
3/4 teaspoon salt
Boneless breast meat from one wild turkey
1/4 teaspoon black pepper
1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
Mix together bread crumbs, sage, parsley, melted butter and half the salt. Season the turkey breasts with the remaining salt and the pepper, then brush them with the mustard and pat on the breading mix. Bake at 375 degrees for approximately 45 minutes or until done to taste.
4. Wild Turkey Parmigiano
Turkey Parmesan photo by Jennieo.com
2 egg whites
1 tablespoon water
1/2 cup Italian-seasoned dry bread crumbs
2 tablespoons freshly grated Parmesan cheese
1 pound boneless turkey breast fillets
1 cup Italian-flavored tomato sauce
1 cup shredded Mozzarella cheese
Preheat oven to 400 degrees. In a shallow bowl, beat egg whites with water. In another shallow bowl, combine bread crumbs and Parmesan cheese. Dip turkey pieces into egg mixture, then dredge in bread crumb mixture. Arrange the meat on a greased 10-inch x 15-inch baking pan. Bake 4 to 5 minutes. Pour tomato sauce evenly over the turkey and top with Mozzarella cheese. Bake 4 to 5 minutes more, or until turkey is cooked through, sauce is heated and cheese is melted.
5. Swiss Turkey Breast Over Rice
2 large boneless turkey breasts, cut into three portions each
Nonstick cooking spray
6 slices Swiss cheese •1 (10-3/4 oz.) can cream of mushroom soup
1/4 cup milk •1 (8-oz.) bag herb-seasoned stuffing mix
1/2 stick butter or margarine, melted
Arrange turkey breasts in a lightly-greased, 3-quart baking dish. Top with cheese. Combine soup and milk in bowl. Spoon over cheese. Sprinkle with stuffing mix. Drizzle butter on top. Cover, and bake at 350 for 1 hour. Serve over wild rice.
6. Turkey Breast and Gravy
1 large (14"x20") oven bag
1 tablespoon flour
2 packages (7/8 ounce each) turkey gravy mix
3/4 cup water
4 to 8 pound wild turkey breast
Salt, black pepper
2 medium onions, quartered
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Shake flour in the oven bag; place in 13x9x2-inch baking pan. Add gravy mix and water to the bag, and squeeze the bag to blend. Season turkey breast with salt and pepper, and place in the bag. Place onions in the bag around the turkey.
Close the oven bag with a twist tie; cut six 1/2-inch slits in top. Bake 1-1/4 to 2 hours, or until a meat thermometer inserted in the breast reads 170 degrees. For easy slicing, allow the turkey to stand in the oven bag 10 minutes. Stir gravy before serving.
7. Butterflied Wild Turkey with Lime and Oregano
1 wild turkey, plucked
4 limes, cut into halves
4 teaspoons oregano leaves
Salt, pepper
With poultry shears or a knife, split turkey lengthwise along one side of backbone. Pull turkey open; place, skin side up, on a flat surface, and press firmly, cracking breastbone slightly, until bird lies reasonably flat. Rinse and pat dry. (At this point, you may cover and refrigerate until next day.) Before cooking, rub juice from 1 or 2 lime halves over turkey; sprinkle with oregano, then lightly sprinkle with salt and pepper.
Barbecue turkey by indirect heat, placing turkey, skin side up, on grill directly above drip pan. Cover barbecue and adjust dampers as necessary to maintain an even heat. Cook turkey until a meat thermometer inserted in the breast registers 170 degrees, about 1-1/2 to 2 hours. Every 30 minutes, squeeze 1 or 2 lime halves and rub over turkey.
Turkey Fried Rice Photo by Recipe.com
8. Turkey Fried Rice
6 teaspoons vegetable oil, divided
2 eggs
1 small bell pepper, chopped
1 cup diced turkey breast
1 small onion, chopped
Soy sauce, as needed
2 carrots, sliced
2 cups cooked rice any type (white, brown, wild)
1 cup broccoli florets
Heat wok. Add 2 teaspoons oil. Add pepper, onion, carrots and broccoli florets. Cook until crisp, yet tender. Remove, and set aside. Add 2 more teaspoons oil to wok. Add eggs, scramble, remove; set aside. Add remaining oil. Add turkey breast, and stir-fry until cooked, about 10 minutes. Add soy sauce to taste. Return vegetables and eggs to wok. Add rice and additional soy sauce, as desired. Mix thoroughly and serve hot.
Prefer deep fried turkey? Here's perfect solution Turkey Frying 101 video.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/237-fishing-info/2532-5-best-live-baits-and-how-to-fish-them | 5 Best Live Baits and How to Fish Them | Bass Pro Shops | 5 Best Live Baits and How to Fish Them
5 Best Live Baits and How to Fish Them
Fishing With Live Minnows
How to Fish Minnows
Fishing With Live Shad
How to Fish Shad
Fishing With Live Madtoms
How to Fish Madtoms
Fishing With Live Hellgrammites
How to Fish Hellgrammites
Fishing With Live Crayfish
How to Fish Crayfish
Panfish Live Bait Picks
| 5 Best Live Baits and How to Fish Them | Bass Pro Shops
5 Best Live Baits and How to Fish Them
Fishing lure manufacturers have displayed uncanny ingenuity in making plastic, metal, and wood offerings that can shimmy, wiggle, gurgle, pop, dart and quiver. But no artificial fishing bait can ever display that totally alive, frenetic movement or the scent appeal that a real natural bait can.
Lure and fly fishing are by far the most popular ways to go after gamefish today. And there’s no denying their effectiveness. But the fact is the angler using live bait will often take more fish. That translates into more fun on the water. If you're introducing a newcomer or youngster to the sport, bait will almost guarantee enough action that they'll like fishing and want to get more involved in it, gradually working into lure fishing and fly casting.
If you like to target big fish in particular, records show that bait often fools the largest specimens of our most popular gamefish. Many state record bass fell for live offerings. But if you think bait fishing means attaching a nightcrawler to a fishing hook and lounging back with your "fishing pole" propped over a forked stick, think again. Using bait properly can be a challenging and engaging sport.
Here's a rundown on five of the best live bait offerings you can use for the country's most popular sportfish and tactics for presenting them.
Minnows are the best bait for shoreline-oriented
fish.
Fishing With Live Minnows
One of the central facts of life in the aquatic world is that big fish eat little fish. Pike, bass, stripers, crappies, catfish, walleyes, white bass, rockbass, trout and pickerel are notorious for their fish-gobbling tastes. But even fish like bluegills and redbreasts will grab minnows at times.
The simplest way to get minnows is to buy them at a bait store. Put them in a plastic-foam cooler, a bait bucket that can be hung in the water or a livewell in your boat.
Sometimes, though, bait shops may be closed or not available on your way to the fishing destination. In this case, you’ll have to catch your own. Seining is without question the best way to accomplish that. Find a small creek or shallow area along the edge of a lake and use a 4-by-8 or 4-by-12 foot fine-mesh seine fishing net with weights on the bottom, floats on top and wooden handles on each end. Sweep slowly through the pool, then work into shallow water and lift the net. Chances are it will be alive with thrashing bits of silver. Sort through the ones you netted and keep just those that are the best size for the fish you will be going after.
Frabill Minnow Seines
Umbrella nets and cylindrical traps are also effective for catching minnows when baited with bread, oatmeal or cat food. You can also use tiny hooks, light line and bread balls and catch minnows one at a time. This is a technique Florida’s top live bait fishermen use to collect jumbo shiners that tempt outsized largemouths. Attaching a doughball or small piece of worm to a size 10 or 12 hook, they catch shiners up to ten inches long, which they then use to fool bass as heavy as ten pounds!
How to Fish Minnows
Impale minnows through both lips from the bottom up, or through the back, using size #2/0-6 hooks, depending on the size of baitfish and quarry you're going after. One of the cardinal rules of minnow fishing is this: if the bait becomes lethargic, replace it with a fresh one.
Minnows can be fished in a variety of ways. Floating them beneath a fishing bobber is an effective tactic in spring because so many fish are in the shallows and you can allow the bait to swim suspended near cover with this rig. This is a great technique for pickerel, bass, crappies and catfish.
Bass Pro Split Shot Lead- Free
Weight Assortment - 72 pieces
Drift fishing with minnows using a couple of split shot fishing weights like the Bass Pro Shops Split Shot Lead-Free Weight assortment or a dipsey sinker for weight also works well, particularly for crappies. A method I often use is to cast and reel in a minnow as if it were a plastic worm. This gives you the wriggling appeal of live bait, plus the motion of a retrieved offering. This technique also works when you're fishing jigs sweetened with minnows — a hot strategy for walleyes, pike and pickerel.
Tip: Try fishing two rigs at once. Cast one rig out with a minnow floating beneath a bobber. Then cast another out without a float and work it back slowly like a jig or plastic worm near the bottom. When a fish strikes, place the other rod in a holder so a fish doesn’t jerk it overboard!
Tip: Don’t wait too long before setting the hook. If you give a fish too long before setting up, it may swallow the bait and hook and be more difficult to release if you want to let it go.
Shad are the best bet for larger fish in
open water, such as striped bass.
Fishing With Live Shad
Certainly minnows are the indisputable best bait for shoreline-oriented fish like largemouths. But shad are the number one offering for larger quarries that roam the open water, such as striped bass. They're also excellent for big flathead and blue catfish, and don't be surprised to latch onto a few hefty largemouths and walleyes with these baitfish as well.
One of the best ways to catch shad is with a cast fishing net. Look for shad in coves and near points, dams and riprap along bridges. Another option is to go out at night in areas where they are abundant and hang a lantern over the boat's gunnel. The shad will be attracted by the light and congregate beneath the boat; then it's simply a matter of throwing out the cast net and hauling them in.
How to Fish Shad
Bass Pro Shops Egg Sinker
Shad keep best in large, round containers with aerated water. Adding a bit of rock salt, ice and a chemical bait additive also helps keep them perky.
Shad can be fished many ways. If gamefish are shallow, drifting them beneath a cork in 4-10 feet of water can be very effective.
Drift fishing without a float or anchoring over structure, however, are the top methods. Rig the shad on a #4/0-2 hook attached to an 18-36 inch leader onto your fishing line. Tie the leader to a barrel swivel and thread an egg sinker like the top customer rated Bass Pro Shops Egg Sinker or bullet fishing sinker onto the main line above that — usually one-half to 1 1/2-ounces is about right.
Position this rig so that it's either a few feet off the bottom or just above where you've located fish on the depth finder. Stripers, catfish and the occasional largemouth bass will do the rest.
Tip: While live shad are tops for many gamefish, sometimes a dead shad, or several cut chunks of shad is the best offering for both stripers and catfish. Fish it on the bottom so the scent can waft out in the currents.
Madtoms, also called stonecats, are great offerings for smallmouth in rivers.
Fishing With Live Madtoms
In some parts of the country they’re called “stonecats.” But whatever the name, these small catfish can tempt any good-sized gamefish. They're especially effective on smallmouths in rivers. A few bait shops sell them, but unlike minnows, for the most part you'll have to catch your own.
Find riffly areas in rocky rivers and streams and search for them by slowly lifting up rocks. You can either scoop them up with a small fishing ne t or place a milk carton painted black inside next to the rock and they'll usually swim into it.
Frabill minnow bucket
You shouldn’t anticipate finding a madtom beneath every rock. They're not particularly abundant. But if you turn over enough stones, you'll catch a sufficient number for a day's fishing. The baits are hardy and can often last through catching several fish before you need to replace them. Better still, they are not attractive to small fish so almost every bite you get will be from a good-sized bronzeback.
How to Fish Madtoms
Before grabbing your first madtom to bait up, a note of caution is in order. These catfish have a mild poison in the spines on the top and sides. Be careful when you handle them so you don't get jabbed. Keep the baits in a minnow bucket or plastic foam cooler and hook them through both lips on a size 1 or 2 hook.
Since they head for the bottom, no weight is needed. Cast up and across and allow the tom to dive and drift with the current. When it crawls under a rock, tug it free. If no strike comes, reel in and repeat. When a fish takes, let it run several seconds, reel up any slack and set the hook hard.
Tip: Top places to fish madtoms include deep pools, undercut banks near shore, heads of deep runs, and swirling eddies beneath rapids. Also try undercut banks, limestone ledges, and logjams near shore.
Hellgrammites, found in rocky rivers and
streams, are good for a number of species,
including bass, catfish and trout.
Fishing With Live Hellgrammites
These ornery-looking critters are the larval forms of the Dobson fly. Measuring 1-3 inches, they're found in rocky rivers and streams and are terrific baits for smallmouth, largemouth, spotted bass, panfish, catfish and trout. Use one to two-inchers for trout and panfish, bigger ones for bass.
These baits can be captured around the same rocky, riffly areas in streams and rivers where you find madtoms. Lift rocks and scoop them up with a small dip net, or have one person spread a seine out while another lifts rocks upstream, loosening the baits so they drift down into the mesh.
Store hellgrammites in a container with leaves, sticks and a small amount of water. They'll stay lively for days like this if kept cool.
Bass Pro Fishing Float
How to Fish Hellgrammites
Use size 2 to 6 fine wire hooks and thread the point beneath the "collar" on the insect's back then out the other side. Add one or two small split shot for weight. Try fishing with and without a fishing float, to see which works best. If the current is slow or the water low, a bobber helps. Otherwise, simply cast the bait out and let it drift naturally.
Tip: Like all insects, hellgrammites have three pairs of legs. They also have two powerful mandibles (jaws) that can draw blood. To hold one safely, grasp it tightly behind the head with a thumb and forefinger on each side of the insect’s “collar.”
Fishing With Live Crayfish
Bass, panfish, trout and catfish have a hard time
resisting the scurrying action of crayfish.
Few gamefish can resist the scurrying action as well as the taste and scent appeal of these crustaceans. After all, they’re the gamefish equivalent to lobster! They're good baits for bass of all species, plus panfish, trout and catfish.
Ponds and streams can both harbor crayfish, which are often found under rocks and debris or simply burrowed in the mud. Baiting a minnow trap with bread or meat will attract them, or you can use a dipnet or can with holes in it to catch them.
Lift logs and rocks in shallow waters until you spot a crayfish, then put the net or can behind it. Push a stick in front of the crustacean and it will scurry backwards into the container. If you don't find many baits during the day, try using this same approach at night with a friend holding a flashlight. Crayfish can be kept in a foam cooler or bait bucket with a small amount of water and wet leaves.
How to Fish Crayfish
Pierce crayfish through the tail on a size 1/0 to 4 hook and either drift fish or cast the bait to cover such as rockpiles, points, eddies, docks, islands and drop-offs. If the water is deep, add a couple of split shot for weight.
Tip: If you purchase crayfish, try to buy ones that match both the size and shape of those found in the waters you fish. Color in particular can vary widely from location to location.
Eagle Claw Lazer Sharp Long
Shank Hook
Panfish Live Bait Picks
Suppose you just want to catch a stringer full of tasty bluegills or shellcrackers for a delicious dinner? Two offerings get the nod.
The first is the plain old worm — garden worm, red wriggler or a piece of nightcrawler — any of the three will do.
The second choice is a cricket or grasshopper, both members of the Orthoptera order.
These fishing lures exude a strong scent and are relished by all members of the sunfish family. Thread them on a size 4-8 long shank fishing hook like the Eagle Claw Lazer Sharp Long Shank Hook and fish beneath a bobber with a split shot or on spreader hooks above a 1 ounce dipsey sinker when fish are hanging out in deep water.
Tip: You can buy crickets at bait stores, or catch your own in grass and under logs and rocks in fields. Store them in bait boxes that let you retrieve one at a time or put them in a can with grass.
Check the Regulations: Every state has regulations regarding the catching and use of various live baits. Be sure to check these before you head out. They can usually be found on the state’s fish and game website.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/237-fishing-info/760-finding-the-right-fish-finder | Finding the Right Fish Finder | Bass Pro Shops | Finding the Right Fish Finder
Finding the Right Fish Finder
How Marine Sonar Works
Power (Wattage) of a Sonar Unit
Fish Finder Screen's Pixels
The Fish Finder Transducer
Side Scan Technology
Fish Finder Display Screens
Choosing Options: Temperature, Speed and Distance
Choose a Portable or Fixed Fish Finder
The GPS Option
| Finding the Right Fish Finder | Bass Pro Shops
Finding the Right Fish Finder
Modern fishfinders are capable of providing far more information than sonar units of yesteryear.
The game of fishing has embraced technology full-steam, turning the art of finding and catching fish into a modern-day science. Bells and whistles have replaced the "that spot looks good" mentality, with the fish finder leading the way in terms of functionality and definite angler advantage.
These powerful tools allow a fisherman the resources to check depth, structure, fish locations, speed and temperature. Not only that, but marking productive waypoints and adding safety to your outing is a breeze with GPS technology. Follow this guide and find out what the terms mean, and what a fishfinder can ultimately do for you.
How Marine Sonar Works
Sonar works by sending out an electronic impulse from the unit to the transducer. The transducer converts the impulse into a sound wave that is beamed through the water column. The sound wave will travel downward until it reaches the bottom structure, after which it will bounce back to the transducer. The sound wave will also travel through any objects found between the lake bottom and the surface of the water (fish or baitfish). When the signal is received, the unit will then make its interpretations, finally showcasing the results on the screen. These results will include depth of bottom, any vegetation or structure found and any fish or baitfish that were located under the boat at the time of the reading.
Power (Wattage) of a Sonar Unit
The power of a sonar unit is described in Watts. The term "peak to peak" is used to describe the overall output power of the transmitter. When dealing with fishfinders, the higher the wattage, the more efficient and powerful the overall unit will be. Low wattage will ultimately bring you slow readouts, meaning a delayed reaction for a reading of a spot you have already traveled over.
The bare minimum peak-to-peak power would be 800 Watts, although 3000 plus Watts or more is certainly recommended for most anglers. One key point to remember: the shallower the water you fish, the less power you will need. For those that fish deep water (such as the Great Lakes or saltwater) it is best to choose the most powerful unit that your wallet will allow.
Fish Finder Screen's Pixels
The number of pixels that a fish finder screen is made up of is a very important step in deciphering the quality and performance of the unit. Simply put, a pixel is a dot. The display screen is made up of a series of many dots, which in turn produce the "picture" or read out. The more pixels present on a screen, the better the picture will appear. (As the pixel count goes down, the more "blocky" or less distinguishable the screen read out will appear.)
Color display makes fish and structure literally pop out in different hues on color displays, which makes for easier interpretation, identification and separation from the surrounding enviroment.
240V x 160H pixels is the bare minimum when it comes to choosing a fish finder. Anything less, and it will resemble an outdated video game. Again, the more money you are willing to spend, the better the product you can purchase. 240 x 240 pixels would be a great starting point (and a minimum in my books), but certainly move higher if you are able to. The bigger the numbers = improved viewing. You won't regret it in the long run.
The Fish Finder Transducer
The transducer is the part that sends out sound waves in order to see what is below the surface of the water. When dealing with transducers, the most important aspect is cone angle. In layman's terms, the cone refers to how wide of a beam is sent out from the bottom of your boat. (It starts out narrow at the transducer and widens as it gets deeper.) The wider the degree on the cone, the larger the view of what lies beneath. As you move deeper, the coverage will widen and vice versa. Keep in mind that as cone angles widen, sensitivity begins to diminish in very deep water.
Transducer cones can be purchased in ranges from 9-degrees upwards of 60-degrees, with most units falling somewhere between 16 and 20-degrees. A cone of 20-degrees is a perfect starting point for anglers fishing a variety of water depths. Many dual frequency transducers will come with both 20 and 60 degree cones.
Frequencies also come into play with transducers. Most will come with either 50, 83, 192 or 200 kHz frequencies, all in direct relation to the cone angle. The higher frequencies (192 and 200 kHz) work best in shallow water, while the low 50 kHz transducers work best for deep water applications.
Another interesting aspect of transducers is the ability to have more than one cone transmitting from the same starting point. In other words, the standard transducer will have a single beam. Moving up the scale, you can then progress to a dual beam, triple beam, side beam and so forth. What each of these does is cover more water — a very efficient option to have when scouring the lake for fish. Some models will come standard with these accessories, while others will require an upgrade. Again, cost will come into effect for these pricier, but significant advantages. Dual beams are far superior to single beams if your main playing area is relatively shallow water, as they will cover more of the water effectively.
Side Scan Technology
A transducer is responsible for sending and receiving the sound waves that are used to create onscreen data.
Side scan technology is a revolutionary design that can allow an angler to see what is to the side of the boat, all from a bird's eye view on the screen. These amazingly clear, picture-like images will showcase every nook and cranny to the left and right of your craft (240 feet each!), saving you hours of spent time in comparison to working over the same area with a regular downward transducer beam.
This function will cut through murky water with ease, showing you rock piles, humps, and schooling fish you would never have known were there. For tournament anglers or serious fishermen, a side scan is a definite luxury that can up the catch quota, and learning curve, considerably.
Fish Finder Display Screens
Color displays can be found everywhere on the electronics market, and for good reason. Color will allow you a greater screen definition, making fish and structure literally "pop out" in different hues, which makes for easier interpretation and identification. I find color screens easier to see in bright light, and viewing them under dark or cloudy conditions makes them stand out positively brilliant.
New to the market are HD (high definition) screens. These realistic units give the same quality and "pow" that your HDTV does for your home, giving you the best quality and highest realism possible. The maps look beyond life like! Yes, HD does come with a higher price tag, but, like high-speed internet and dial-up internet, there's just no comparison between regular color and HD.
Black-and-white displays still have a place in the fishfinder market, but for the difference in price, I definitely suggest going at least the route of color. Saying that, black and white is better than nothing, so if that's all your funds will allow at this time, then make the purchase.
Screen size is another aspect of your fishfinder that should be given some thought. Generally, the lower-end units are always smaller in stature. This works well if it is to be used as a secondary unit or backup, but for your main electronics, always go with the largest size you can afford. A bigger screen equates to a greater viewing surface, meaning structure, digital readouts (depths, temperature, etc,) and chart plotting will be easier to see and recognize. The quality will be much better, also. A five-inch screen is a great starting point to consider.
Choosing Options: Temperature, Speed and Distance
Although standard on many units on the market, some lower-end fishfinders will offer these add-ons as options. All have a place and time, and most are a personal choice in relation to your particular style of fishing. For those that primarily troll, the speed and distance feature will certainly improve your creel count. (You can tell the exact speed you were traveling when a fish strikes -- important stuff for those looking to duplicate their catch.) The same goes for drift fishing, especially when your targeted species is picky about how fast they will chase down a bait.
Having a temperature gauge on board is extremely important in my books, for the sole fact of finding warmer water or helping you locate the preferred range for fish. This feature works wonders for me during early season crappie forays, especially when fish are up spawning in shallow water. It goes without saying that my temperature gauge helps me locate and key in on these fussy fish. Both options are mandatory in my eyes.
Choose a Portable or Fixed Fish Finder
Many anglers prefer to mount their primary display in the console area and a secondary unit at the bow of their boat.
Anglers have the option of purchasing a fish finder that will be affixed permanently to their craft, or one that can be taken in and out of the boat with ease.
For those that rent boats, ice fish or go on fly-in retreats, the portable option is one to look into. It can be used in a variety of situations, and the compact size and carrying case make travel a breeze. They will also perform as proficiently as the fixed models, with the only difference being their portability.
Fixed fishfinders certainly get the nod for boat owners, as they can be mounted in the exact position they desire, with wires "hidden" underneath floor boards and bow. The transducer can also be attached to either the stern, trolling motor, or hull in order for it to be out of the way and securely held. (Portable units often use a suction cup for attachment purposes.)
The GPS Option
GPS, or Global Positioning Systems, use satellites in the sky to pinpoint your exact location when out on the water. This feature allows you to mark productive spots (and come back to them time and time again), find your way back to shore in the case of an emergency and also map out co-ordinates for your home lake through the use of mapping software.
Most GPS fishfinders are combo units, meaning they have both a depth sounder as well as a chartplotter. A chartplotter will showcase your location, superimposed over a map. This allows you to know your exact location at all times. Entering waypoints is as easy as pushing a button with these units, and this priceless function will allow you to mark fish, structure, launch ramps, or anything else you desire. Once saved, that information can be selected at any time, and those spots can be revisited, or avoided, during future visits. (This is an awesome feature for returning to that honey hole of a mid-lake hump!)
For those that do big-water fishing or certainly tournament anglers, having GPS built into your fish finder will open up a new world of fishing fun and increased catch rates.
As you can see, fishfinders are an important addition to your fishing arsenal. I can guarantee that they will increase your catch rates, and in the world of angling, that's what each and every one of us strives for when out on the water.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/238-fishing-tackle/1038-fishing-and-the-color-game | Fishing and the Color Game | Bass Pro Shops | Fishing and the Color Game
Fishing and the Color Game
The Eyes Have It: Fish See Color
Picking a Fishing Lure Color is Influenced by How it Reflects in Water
The Clearer the Water the Better Fish See
Bass Pro Shops Bass Teaser Tubes - CC Melon Slice
Criteria for Choose a Lure Color Contrast
The Color Correlation With the Fish Predator to Prey Offering
Color Chart
| Fishing and the Color Game | Bass Pro Shops
Fishing and the Color Game
The old adage states that fishing lures were designed to catch fishermen and not fish — and each of our tackle boxes certainly support this theory. Manufacturers continually cast lures at us in every shade under the sun, and being the tackle junkies that we are, falling hook, line and sinker is unquestionably inevitable.
But the fundamental inquiry remains. Does color really make a difference to fish?
The Eyes Have It: Fish See Color
A yellow-green color fishng lure is
a good choice for bass or walleye,
as it's within their peak color
vision.
Most species of fish possess similar characteristics within their eyes much the same as humans. The retina contains two types of cells — rods and cones. Cones allow a fish to see color, and are the cells used for daytime vision. Once darkness falls, a fish will rely on their rod cells, which cannot differentiate color, but can sense light intensity, and are responsible for black, white and grey vision.
Dr. Keith Jones, Pure Fishing Research Director and a world renowned expert on fish behavior, provided this insight into color:
"Different fish species differ considerably in what colors they can see, and hence what colors they see best. Fish like bass, bluegills, crappie, walleye, and perch are mostly limited to the spectral range of red-orange and yellow-green. They have very little if any color vision in the range of blue and violet. Their best color vision (i.e. the area where they have the best discrimination between fine differences in color hue) typically peaks in the range of red-orange, with a secondary peak in the yellow-green range. Fish like trout and carp have a broader range of color vision. Certainly bass use color vision more than do walleye. While both species have color vision, and see roughly the same color spectrum, because bass have a higher concentration of cone cells, they would rely on color vision more than walleye."
Picking a Fishing Lure Color is Influenced by How it Reflects in Water
The color of a fishing lure is the result of the color of light it reflects. As this light penetrates the water column in wavelengths, colors begin to be absorbed as the depth increases. Red produces the longest wavelengths, followed in order by orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Those colors with the longest wavelength are absorbed first, meaning the hue fades and gradually appears black much quicker than all other colors. Warm colors are first to go, while cool colors hold on to their hue longest.
Having a fishing lure color for every
situation will help increase your chances
of landing a big one.
Light intensity also plays a big part in how a fish perceives the color of a lure. Fishing on a sunny day will allow light from the sky to penetrate much deeper through the water column than on a day with clouds, giving your colored lures a greater range of visibility and to much greater depths.
Shiny lures such as silver and gold are less effective when cloud cover rolls in, and can become almost invisible without the sun shining, even in clear water. The reason for this is they reflect the grayness that is surrounding them, instead of the bright rays of the sun. Tossing dark colors during periods such as this will often work best, giving your lure the greatest contrast and silhouette.
The Clearer the Water the Better Fish See
Bass Pro Shops XPS Lazer Eye Shallow
Crank - Fire Crawdad
Largemouth bass see colors very well to a depth of about 5 feet when water clarity is good. Since the majority of their prey resides in shallow water, duplicating or "matching the hatch" of the predominant baitfish (generally shades of silver, white or perch) can be advantageous. Once that same depth of water becomes stained and vision is restricted, a switch to brighter hues — chartreuse, red, orange — will often put the odds in your favor. Although all colors are absorbed quickly in this circumstance, orange lures like Bass Pro Shops XPS Lazer Eye Hard Baits Shallow Crank Fire Crawdad and red lures like the Bass Pro Shops Bass Teaser Tubes CC Melon Slice will still be most visible when underwater. Chartreuse is a close second. If the
Bass Pro Shops Bass Teaser Tubes - CC Melon Slice
water turns the color of chocolate milk, stick to dark colors.
Criteria for Choose a Lure Color Contrast
The ability for a fish to see a lure has a lot to do with background color. If fishing a green-colored lure in thick vegetation or in algae-stained water, although it may appear natural, a fish may struggle to spot it. More often than not, we actually camouflage our baits without knowing it.
A key in these situations is to choose a lure that contrasts against the background you are fishing. Two-toned lures are an excellent choice when faced with this dilemma.
The Color Correlation With the Fish Predator to Prey Offering
Fish will actively search out their preferred prey, relying on recognition of body shape/profile and color to hunt them down.
Fish are highly intuitive creatures. They know what they want to eat, and oftentimes, will actively search out a preferred prey, all the while bypassing less favorable items on the menu. Walleye feeding on perch or smallmouth bass on crayfish are tuned in to the nuances of that specific prey and rely on the recognition of body shape/profile and color to hunt each morsel down.
"One way fish use color vision is in recognizing specific visual patterns," Jones said. " As a fish grows, it gradually accumulates distinct mental images of objects that are important to its survival. Color, or rather color patterns, play a big role in fashioning those mental images, helping to separate one image from another. That is huge when it comes to discerning one prey species from another or avoiding specific predators, since the appropriate behavioral response is highly dependent on what the prey or predator is."
Matching the hatch is a term originating from fly fishing circles and is an important consideration when discussing color. It only makes sense that by offering a sportfish a lure that mimics the exact colorations of their desired target, that the end result will be that of a positive one.
Working clear water is also a time to experiment with natural colors, and as mentioned earlier, those that contrast the background surroundings. Clear water allows a fish to inspect a bait more closely, and as opposed to murky water and reactionary strikes, the more time a fish can give your lure the once over is the more reason to make it appear as lifelike as possible.
Color Chart
Water
Lure Color
Clear Water
Natural colors — white, shiny, watermelon, green, pumpkin, browns, baitfish and crawfish
Cloudy, Murky Water
Dark or fluorescent colors
Stained Water
Bright colors — red, orange and chartreuse
Thick vegetation, algae-colored water
2-toned colored lures; no green-colors
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/238-fishing-tackle/632-buying-guide-picking-the-best-spinning-reel | Buying Guide: Picking the Best Spinning Reel | Bass Pro Shops | Buying Guide: Picking the Best Spinning Reel
Buying Guide: Picking the Best Spinning Reel
The Parts of a Spinning Reel
Spinning Reel Body & Weight
Pick the Correct Spinning Reel Size
Understand the Reel Gear Ratio
Consider the Drag System on a Spinning Reel
Know About the Ball Bearings in a Spinning Reel
Spools on a Spinning Reel Are Important
Anti-Reverse Handles on a Fishing Reel
| Buying Guide: Picking the Best Spinning Reel | Bass Pro Shops
Buying Guide: Picking the Best Spinning Reel
For many anglers, fishing with spinning reels have surpassed baitcaster reels as the fishing reel of choice, probably because spinning reels are easy to use and don't have the learning curve of casting reels. Also, for light-line applications and finesse techniques, spinning reels reign supreme in terms of performance and ease of use. Choosing the best spinning reel for your needs, however, can often be challenging if you're unfamiliar with how a spinning reel operates and the terms used to discuss reel performance. Take a read through the following guide to pick up some helpful hints for choosing the perfect spinning reel.
The Parts of a Spinning Reel
Many anglers refer to spinning reels as open-face reels. Another unique feature of a spinning reel is that it is mounted to the underside of a fishing rod. Spinning reels are great fishing reels for beginning anglers because of their easy use and due to their design, they are less likely to get tangles in the fishing line. This reel type has eight main parts, they are: The reel foot, reel handle, reel body, anti-reverse switch, the bail, line spool, spool release and drag adjustment and line roller.
Spinning Reel Body & Weight
Reel bodies (often referred as the "housing") can be made of graphite or aluminum, or sometimes a combination of both. Aluminum housing is stronger than graphite and exhibits less flex; however, graphite is lighter. Deciding whether strength or weight is more important is ultimately a personal choice. The highest quality freshwater reels tend have aluminum bodies; however, if your chosen playing field is saltwater, graphite is the way to go due to its corrosion-resistant qualities.
Bass Pro Shops MegaCast Spinning Reel - MCT10
Another factor to look for is a solidly constructed reel body. There should be no loose or flimsy parts, and all moving parts should be smooth in performance and have no back play whatsoever. Also, spinning reels have more parts than casting reels. Choosing a reel with fewer parts can reduce the chances of mechanical breakdown.
Weight is another key factor when deciding on a reel for one simple reason — fatigue. Less strain is put on the wrist and forearm when dealing with a lighter reel, and for those that spend a great deal of time on the water, this can be even more important in terms of joint stress and fatigue. Most reels will give weight in ounces. Make weight a consideration when shopping for a spinning reel, and when comparing reel weights online, be sure you're comparing similar sized reels.
Pick the Correct Spinning Reel Size
Choosing the correct reel size is as easy as determining the size fishing line you intend to use most often. The lighter the line you intend to use, the smaller the reel you should purchase. Ten-pound test line should be the highest strength and diameter used on a spinning reel. (This is not applicable for saltwater fishing or heavy trolling scenarios.)
For example, if you primarily jig for smallmouth bass and walleye, 8-pound test fishing line would probably be your average line strength. Therefore, choosing a medium-size reel rated for 6, 8 and 10-pound line would be your best selection.
To make sure that the reel you're buying is rated for the pound-test line you intend to use, check the line capacity information found on the spool of the reel, or, if shopping online, in the product chart. The chart typically displays the middle line capacity, so if it says "6 LB/90 YDS," the reel is also well suited for 4 and 8 pound line.
Understand the Reel Gear Ratio
Fishing reels come in all sizes; make sure you choose a reel that matches the line size you intend to use most often.
Unlike casting reels, which have a rotating spool, the spool on a spinning reel is fixed, and a bail wraps the line onto the spool as you turn the handle. So when discussing spinning reels, gear ratio refers to the number of times the bail rotates around the spool with a single turn of the reel handle. For example, on a reel with a 4:1 gear ratio, the bail rotates around the spool four times for every one single turn of the handle. A 4:1 gear ratio is considered a slow-speed reel because a relatively small amount of line is "picked up" during the cranking process (four wraps of line around the spool with each crank). The benefit is that these reels provide more torque for reeling in large fish. A 6:1 ratio is considered a high-speed retrieve. A high, low or medium speed retrieve should be determined by the style of fishing you intend to do.
If you can only choose one spinning reel, go for a medium speed model (5:1). However, if you can afford more than one reel, adding a high-speed and low-speed reel to your arsenal will allow you to best cover all situations.
"Line recovery" is a measurement in inches that's generally given for spinning reels. This measurement simply states the length of line that is wound onto the spool for each turn of the handle.
Consider the Drag System on a Spinning Reel
The drag system on a spinning reel is another important aspect to consider. The drag is responsible for applying pressure to a hooked fish, and letting out line during the fight. Without a smooth, high-quality drag the risk of broken lines and lost fish is a high probability. Always ensure that the reel you purchase has a smooth, non-constrictive drag. The line should pull out steadily, without hesitation, at whatever tension you set the drag.
There are two types of drag systems available on spinning reels: front and rear drag. Basically, this refers to the location of the drag controls, but there are some additional differences between the two styles. Front-drag systems generally feature multiple, large drag washers that offer increased durability and performance in comparison to rear-drag models. Rear-drag controls are easier to access (especially when fighting fish) yet they don't stand up as well to large, hard fighting fish species.
Refinements are continually made within the fishing reel market, and the advent of sealed drag systems is a very noteworthy innovation. Exposure to elements can compromise the integrity of drag systems and inner gears, leading to drag slippage and mechanical problems over time. These issues are a thing of the past with sealed drag systems, which are available on Johnny Morris Signature Series fishing reel brand, Extreme spinning reels and the Bass Pro Shops Pro Qualifier spinning reels. A waterproof sealed drag system will ensure your spinning reel operates smoothly, with added drag power and durability, for years to come.
Spinning reels reign supreme for light-line applications and finesse techniques, such as jigging for walleye and smallmouth bass.
Know About the Ball Bearings in a Spinning Reel
Spinning reels feature ball bearings or bushings placed within the body for smoothness, support and stability. Most spinning reels also contain a roller bearing within the line roller. Generally speaking, the greater number of bearings a reel contains, the smoother the reel will perform. (Sealed stainless steel bearings are preferable over bushings for added durability and control.)
Choose a reel with the most ball bearings that your wallet can handle. At the bare minimum, I would suggest a reel with at least four ball bearings. There's nothing worse than having a reel that doesn't perform well, or isn't smooth on the retrieve, so try not to scrimp and save when it comes to this part of the reel equation — you'll curse yourself all the way back to the launch ramp.
Spools on a Spinning Reel Are Important
Mag spools like the one on the Johnny Morris Signature Reel (above) are wider and flatter, allowing for longer casts, faster retrieves, reduced line twist and increased line pickup.
The spool on a spinning reel plays an important part, not only for holding line, but also for casting distance and smoothness. Most spools on the market today are either anodized aluminum or graphite. As mentioned before, graphite is the lighter of the two materials, while aluminum spools offer greater strength and rigidity under pressure.
There are two basic spool styles: internal or skirted. Internal spools are mostly a thing of the past, although some manufacturers still make a few models for die-hard devotees. One major drawback to internal spools is the ease with which line becomes entangled within the housing of the reel. Skirted spools have helped alleviate this frustrating problem, and that's why this style has prevailed.
A variation of the skirted spool, the "long cast" spool features an interesting design with some purported benefits. Much as the name suggests, this spool is shallower than the regular style, although much longer in length. This elongated spool supposedly allows for less line friction, allowing increased casting distance for the angler — a definite benefit for clear-water or sight-fishing applications.
An even newer innovation in spinning reel design, Mag Spool Technology offers many some of the same benefits of the long cast spool, but with a different approach. These enlarged spools are both wider and flatter in composition to regular spinning reel spools. This unique design allows for longer casts, faster retrieves, reduced line twist and increased line pickup with each turn of the handle. Mag spools also reduce the likelihood of "line binding" — a frustrating tangle that tends to occur when using superlines on spinning reels — by "slackening" the line wound onto the reel; the less tight braid is spooled on a reel, the less likely it is to bind during casts or vigorous hooksets.
Bass Pro Shops Pro Qualifier Spinning Reel
Mag Spool Technology is available on select Bass Pro Shops' spinning reels, including the Johnny Morris Signature Series and Pro Qualifier spinning reels.
Anti-Reverse Handles on a Fishing Reel
Anti-reverse handles are a prerequisite when searching for that perfect spinning reel. This function prevents the handle from spinning backward so that hook sets are powerful and accurate. If the spinning reel you're looking at has any sort of backward motion, my advice would be to look for a different model — your landing net will thank you.
While on the topic of handles, ensure that the reel you choose has a substantial arm and knob. A larger stature enables the angler to quickly "find" the handle, and also allows a firmer grip with less chance for slippage during wet weather, or when hands are sweaty.
Choosing a spinning reel may seem like a tough decision, however, learning some of the traits and beneficial components can shorten the learning curve dramatically. Purchase the best reel that you can afford, and it will be your best friend out on the water for many years to come. Choose wisely and it won't let you down.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/240-hunting-gear/397-guide-to-shotgun-choke-tubes | Guide to Shotgun Choke Tubes | Bass Pro Shops | Guide to Shotgun Choke Tubes
Guide to Shotgun Choke Tubes
Super-Full/Extra-Full choke tubes are sometimes called "gobbler getters" are ideally suited for the head shots necessary when turkey hunting.
A Short History of a Shotgun Choke
Types of Choke Tubes
Interchangeable choke tubes make it easy to hunt under-the-feet game, then transition to longer-range quarry.
The Most Commonly Used Choke Tubes are These:
What are Specialty Choke Tubes?
Specialty tubes are built for certain types of shot,
such as the Hevi-Shot Hevi-Choke Waterfowl
Choke Tube
Cabela's high-quality stainless steel choke tubes
made to exacting factory specifications
The Benefits of Choke Tubes
Patterning the Choke Tube & Load Combination
With interchangeable choke tubes, a hunter can use the
same shotgun for hunting up-close decoying ducks in the morning and pass-shooting longer range geese in the afternoon.
| Guide to Shotgun Choke Tubes | Bass Pro Shops
Guide to Shotgun Choke Tubes
Choke tubes can turn one gun into several specialized guns, depending on the choke tube that is in the barrel. If you hunt with shotguns try these tips on how to pick the right choke for your style of shotgun shooting. In this article you'll find information on the most commonly used choke tubes, specialty tubes, the benefits of choke tubes and gun pattern spread for various chokes.
Super-Full/Extra-Full choke tubes are sometimes called "gobbler getters" are ideally suited for the head shots necessary when turkey hunting.
Many hunters give it little thought, but one of the inventions most significant to those who hunt with shotguns is the choke tube — a simple device that allows one to change a gun's choke and thus alter its pattern and range so a single shotgun can be used effectively in a wide variety of hunting and/or shooting situations.
Before the invention of choke, all barrels were simply straight tubes with an effective killing range of about 25 to 30 yards. Hits beyond that distance were a matter of luck. The advent of choked barrels ushered in a new age in shotgunning.
A Short History of a Shotgun Choke
The first patent for a shotgun choke was granted in 1866, but it wasn't until 1969, more than a century later, that Winchester introduced the WinChoke on its Model 1200 and Model 1400 shotguns. The company's Versalite choke had appeared on its Model 59 autoloader eight years earlier, but the WinChoke was the first widely popular, interchangeable choke-tube system. In 1978, Mossberg introduced its new Accuchoke tube system on its Model 500, followed in 1982 by the Multichoke on Weatherby's Model 82. By the early 1980s, all shotgun manufacturers were working on and releasing their own versions of the successful screw-in choke tube we're all familiar with today.
Although decades passed before the choke-tube idea became universally accepted by hunters, the eventual adoption of this interchangeable system by shotgun manufacturers increased the scattergun's versatility by leaps and bounds and saved shotgunners lots of money as well. No longer is it necessary to buy extra barrels to have different choices in chokes. Many of today's shotguns come equipped with a variety of screw-in chokes that can be quickly changed with the twist of a wrench. And many specialist companies offer retrofitting of fixed-choked guns, as well as custom-design replacement choke tubes for factory-threaded barrels.
Types of Choke Tubes
Interchangeable choke tubes make it easy to hunt under-the-feet game, then transition to longer-range quarry.
A choke tube constricts a gun's shot charge to hold it together longer before the shot spreads, thus giving a denser shot pattern at longer range than an open choke or no choke at all. In some ways, it's comparable to the nozzle at the end of a garden hose, controlling the spread of shot like the nozzle controls the spray of water, making it narrower or wider as needed.
A choke tube also determines to some extent the shotgun's effective range. The tighter the constriction of the tube, the farther the range. For example, a full choke is most effective at 40 to 50 yards; an improved cylinder is most effective from 20 to 35 yards.
The Most Commonly Used Choke Tubes are These:
Super-Full/Extra-Full: Two choke types sometimes called "gobbler getters," these are ideally suited for the head shots necessary when turkey hunting. They have extra-tight constrictions and the densest patterns.
Full: This choke has tight constriction and a dense pattern, delivering approximately 70 percent of a shell's total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. It's often used for trap shooting, waterfowl pass shooting, turkey hunting and buckshot loads.
Modified: This choke has less constriction than a full choke, delivering approximately 60 percent of a shell's total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. It's great for general waterfowl hunting and hunting distant-flushing upland birds and small-game animals such as late-season pheasants and rabbits. Also used for trap shooting.
Improved Cylinder: Even less constricted than modified, the improved cylinder distributes approximately 50 percent of a shell's total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. This often is the choice of hunters shooting waterfowl close over decoys or pursuing close-quarters upland birds such as quail, grouse and pheasants. Rifled slugs usually perform well with this choke.
Cylinder: With no constriction, this choke distributes approximately 40 percent of a shell's total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. It's most often used by law enforcement for service shotguns.
Skeet: This choke distributes approximately 50 percent of a shell's total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 25 yards. It's designed to deliver optimum patterns for close-range skeet shooting.
What are Specialty Choke Tubes?
Specialty tubes are built for certain types of shot,
such as the Hevi-Shot Hevi-Choke Waterfowl
Choke Tube
Specialty choke tubes are built for certain types of shot. For example, the steel shot required when hunting waterfowl is harder on shotguns than lead shot and patterns differently than lead. Waterfowl choke tubes are built stronger than traditional choke tubes made only for lead shot. They also are built so steel shot, which doesn't pattern as well as lead shot, will hold a tighter pattern. There also are specialty tubes made specifically for use with Hevi-Shot, tungsten and other materials.
Skeet and trap shooting enthusiasts often use high-quality specialty tubes as well. They know a quality choke tube can increase a shotgun's effective range, and a strong, well-built choke tube also protects the gun barrel and, in some cases, helps reduce gun-barrel stress caused by heat. When a tournament is on the line, skeet and trap shooters want the edge they gain when using a good choke tube.
Cabela's high-quality stainless steel choke tubes
made to exacting factory specifications
Several choke-tube companies also make specialty choke tubes for the growing predator-hunting market. These are constructed especially for use with large shot pellets such as buckshot favored by those who hunt coyotes, bobcats and other large predators. Some companies claim their predator-hunting tubes consistently hold tight patterns to 70 yards.
The Benefits of Choke Tubes
Screw-in choke tubes such as the Cabela's Choke Tubes sold at Bass Pro Shops give shotgunners the option of conveniently and inexpensively trying different constrictions with different loads. If you hunt quail or rabbits in thick brushy cover where most shots are taken inside 20 yards, for example, you probably need the largest pattern your gun will shoot while maintaining adequate pellet density. If your shotshells are delivering overly tight patterns for those conditions, just unscrew the modified or improved-cylinder choke and screw in a skeet or cylinder choke.
Moving to the opposite extreme, if your ammo doesn't deliver a dense enough pattern at 30 yards for consistent multiple pellet strikes on rice-field geese, replace the modified choke with full or perhaps extra-full. But be careful when using extremely tight chokes as once the optimum amount of choke is reached for a particular load, a further increase in constriction actually may have a negative effect on pattern quality.
Patterning the Choke Tube & Load Combination
Because different guns pattern differently, even with the same load and choke, the only way to know for certain how a choke tube/load combination will perform downrange is to pattern-test it on paper.
When a shotshell is fired from a shotgun, the pellets leave the barrel and begin to spread or scatter. The farther the pellets travel, the greater the spread of shot. photo Hunters Ed Course
Click here for a larger view of the chart showing gun pattern spread for various chokes and distances.
If you hunt waterfowl, this also is important because steel shot patterns differently than lead. (You should shoot a more open choke with steel than you would with lead to get a similar pattern density at a given range.) Many other variations can affect performance as well — copper-plated versus straight lead, for example — making it important to check how your gun performs with a certain load and choke tube.
Start by obtaining choke tubes indicated for the type shooting you do and pattern them with your favorite load. To do this, shoot off a rest at a center mark in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. Full choke should put 70 percent of the shot in the circle, modified 60 percent, improved cylinder 45 percent. Cylinder, or no choke at all, should shoot from 25 to 35 percent.
With interchangeable choke tubes, a hunter can use the
same shotgun for hunting up-close decoying ducks in the morning and pass-shooting longer range geese in the afternoon.
If, for example, the ammo you are shooting is loaded with 1-1/4 ounces of No. 2 steel shot, it contains approximately 156 pellets. If you count 94 pellet holes, your shotgun placed 61 percent of the shot charge inside the circle, revealing that the load is delivering modified performance. To get a better picture of how the gun is performing, shoot at least five patterns with the same load and average the results.
If your pattern test reveals less than satisfactory performance for the type shooting you do, try a couple of different loads — maybe up or down a shot size or slightly hotter or less powerful. If that isn't satisfactory, spend $20 or so on a new choke tube and either tighten or loosen the choke one size before patterning again. Sooner or later, you'll hit a combination ideal for your shotgun.
To determine the maximum effective range of a choke/load combination, you also can try this method. Let's say you do a lot of wingshooting. Start by shooting paper at 20 yards and then back off from the pattern board in 5-yard increments, shooting patterns at each distance. When the percentage of shot inside the 30-inch circle drops below 65 percent, you have exceeded the maximum range for that particular combination.
Another way to check the effectiveness of your gun on your chosen game animal is to draw a picture of the critter on a target and shoot it at your usual range. See if the pattern actually would kill the animal. See if there are holes in the pattern. See if different loads and chokes will give a better pattern.
The beauty of using a variety of choke tubes is they turn one gun into several specialized guns, depending on the choke tube that is in the barrel. For every style of shotgun shooting, there is a choke tube that fits that style, and the shotgunner can greatly increase his or her marksmanship by choosing and using the right choke.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/66-catfishing/770-understanding-the-catfish-spawn | Understanding the Catfish Spawn (video) | Bass Pro Shops | Understanding the Catfish Spawn (video)
Understanding the Catfish Spawn (video)
Catfish Nesting Facts
Fishing During the Catfish Spawn
Fishing Hotspots
| Understanding the Catfish Spawn (video) | Bass Pro Shops
Understanding the Catfish Spawn (video)
The swollen head on this big channel cat indicates it is a male ready to guard a nest full of eggs.
Spawning season is peak time to catch many gamefish, but when catfish are considered, it's a different story. The spawning habits of catfish differ greatly from those of other gamefish, and fishing success may take a nosedive when blues, flatheads and channel cats are on their nests. Unless you understand why this occurs, you're likely to return from a late spring/early summer fishing trip frustrated and perplexed.
Our major catfish species spawn during spring or summer when the water warms to an optimal temperature. Channel and blue catfish spawn at 70-84 degrees, but 80-81 degrees is considered best. Flatheads spawn at 66-75 degrees.
Catfish spawning begins at different times in different latitudes, progressing from south to north. With channel cats, for example, spawning may begin in March or April in South Carolina and Texas, May in Kansas and Iowa, and mid-June to July in South Dakota and Wyoming. Blue catfish spawn April through June in Louisiana, and early July in Iowa. Flatheads spawn in late June in Arkansas but not until weeks later in northern parts of their range.
Watch video: Blue Catfish & Stacey King on the Mississippi River
Spawning also may occur at different times within a single body of water. For example, nesting activity often begins first in the headwaters area of a large lake. Creeks and small streams above the lake warm first because they are shallow and fed by the first warming rains. These in turn feed larger tributaries, and they, too, warm up before the deeper main lake. Thus, headwater reaches attract catfish early in the season and are among the best catfishing areas this time of year.
Catfish Nesting Facts
All of our catfish are cavity nesters. Blue catfish deposit their eggs between rocks, in root wads, depressions, undercut banks or other areas protected from strong current. Flatheads select sites such as hollow logs, excavated caves in clay banks, root masses from downed trees or manmade structures such as old tires, car bodies and metal drums. Channel catfish usually select dark, secluded spots such as crevices in piles of woody debris, burrows in banks, and spaces between and under rocks.
A sexually mature male selects and cleans a nest site and spawns with a female he lures there. After the female lays her mound of sticky, yellow eggs, the male fertilizes the mass, drives the female from the nest and begins guard duty. He protects the nest from predators and fans the eggs with his fins to keep them aerated and free from sediments. The eggs hatch in six to 10 days (depending on water temperature), and the compact school of fry remains near the nest a few days before dispersing. The male guards the fry until they leave.
Fishing During the Catfish Spawn
Dams block upstream migrations of spawning season catfish.
Catfish enthusiasts who fish during the spawn may notice a sharp drop in catch rates because male catfish eat very little while protecting the nest. Fortunately, the peak of the spawn is over in a few days. And because fish in a system don't all spawn at the same time, a section of river or lake may contain prespawn, spawn and postspawn catfish. If water conditions are favorable, some active feeders always will be available to catch, so there may be no noticeable decline in fishing success. If poor fishing is noticed and can't be attributed to other causes, the angler can wait a few days until the spawning peak passes and male cats are feeding more actively once again.
When catfishing success is poor, it also may help to focus your fishing efforts in areas you might not previously have considered fishing. For example, if you normally fish in the main portion of a lake, you may find that catfish bites are few and far between during the spawning period if you continue fishing your flatwater hotspots. The best fishing often is in tributary streams instead because, as the water temperature warms, catfish migrate upstream into tributaries to spawn.
The same phenomenon occurs in rivers as well. Catfish leave the main body of water and migrate up smaller streams and creeks to spawn. Therefore anglers may have to focus their fishing efforts in tributaries in order to catch them. This is especially true of blue and channel catfish, which often gather near upstream spawning areas when the water reaches ideal nesting temperature. Flatheads, on the other hand, are less migratory and more likely to be found in the same locales season after season. Anglers are less likely to be stymied by flatheads that have seemingly disappeared.
Tip: 4 Weird Baits That Catch Catfish
Fishing Hotspots
Because tributary mouths are staging areas for ready-to-spawn catfish, they're among the top fishing hotspots this time of year. The best are those tributaries with a warm in-flow such as creeks swollen by spring rains. Catfish usually ambush prey from behind current breaks — humps, holes or trees — near the confluence of the tributary with the main lake or river. Cast your fishing rig upstream and allow it to drift past these honeyholes.
Before, during and after spawning season, catfish also congregate downstream from big-river dams. Their numbers increase in these tailwaters when their upstream spawning migrations are blocked, and many cats stay in these areas for weeks to feast on the abundance of baitfish, crayfish and other foods. Fishing in "grooves" of slower-moving water between open gates often is productive.
Banks covered with riprap (large limestone rocks) also are key fishing areas during spawning season. Look for them near dams, bridges and causeways where the rocks are placed to prevent erosion. Big channel cats especially like this habitat, but blues and flatheads may gather as well if there are numerous nesting cavities available in crevices between the boulders. The best fishing areas tend to be those distinguishing a small section of the bank on a long, look-alike stretch of riprap. For example, a pipe or log may attract catfish. Other times, a difference in the rocks does the trick. Watch for big boulders changing to smaller rocks or slides of rocks creating underwater points. Cast your bait to the rocks in these areas and fish it right on bottom.
When underwater, holes in buckled revetment provide ideal catfish spawning sites.
Concrete revetment also attracts spawning cats. This type of structure is found on big-river navigation systems maintained by government agencies such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. To stabilize the river banks and prevent erosion, bulldozers are used to smooth the shoreline, then the soil is covered with concrete matting, or revetment. The revetment may be covered with riprap to further stabilize it. Catfish nest in holes eroded beneath these structures, and if a hole can be pinpointed with sonar, the angler can drop a bait right in front of the fish. Often, catfish strike simply because they view the bait as a threat to the nest.
Start downstream and troll slowly upstream parallel to the bank, watching the sonar screen for the ups and downs of buckled revetment slabs. Then, when you find a hole and feel like the boat is directly over it, find a reference spot on the bank. You can now motor upstream and anchor the boat casting distance away from the hole. Cast a baited float rig directly to the hole, let the rig settle and wait for a hit. If you haven't had a bite after 15 to 20 minutes, troll up the bank until you find another likely spot and anchor again. Continue doing this, working your way upstream and fishing first one hole and then another.
Tip: North America's Best Catfishing Waters
Watch Blue Catfish & Stacey King on the Mississippi River
Final Verdict: Fishing for Catfish When Spawning
Fishing for catfish during their spawning season can be very frustrating. When female cats are laying eggs and males are guarding their nests, they're often hard to find and difficult to entice. Nevertheless, if you are diligent in your efforts and fish the proper locales, you're almost certain to discover a pattern that will enable you to catch fish even during this difficult time.
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/68-fly-tying/232-tying-the-wooly-bugger | Tying the Wooly Bugger | Bass Pro Shops | Tying the Wooly Bugger
Tying the Wooly Bugger
Materials List for the Olive Wooly Bugger
Step-by-Step Instruction for the Wooly Bugger
About the Author
| Tying the Wooly Bugger | Bass Pro Shops
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Tying the Wooly Bugger
Tying the Wooly Bugger
No other fly fishing fly lure has been carried as far and wide and across as many continents as the wooly bugger. If you plan on fly-fishing lakes, wooly buggers are a must-have for your fly box, and you should carry them in varying sizes, colors and weights to match the conditions. Wooly Buggers can also be very effective in rivers, but smaller hooks should be used, especially in clear-water conditions.
The Wooly Bugger's effectiveness is due in part to its ability to imitate so many of the different food sources on which fish feed. Technically classified as a streamer pattern, the wooly bugger can easily imitate damsel/dragonfly nymphs, crawfish, baitfish, stonefly nymphs, leeches, hellgrammites and all sorts of aquatic invertebrates. In water systems where sculpins, leeches and crawfish are plentiful, the wooly bugger will get big fish to bite and bite down hard.
When fishing the wooly bugger make sure you vary the retrieve until you find what works best at the moment. Different water conditions — depth, clarity and flow — influence the effectiveness of the Wooly and can make your presentation look very appetizing or not appealing at all. Start off with a slow, steady strip-and-pause technique. If that doesn't get any looks from fish, switch to quick, short, two-inch strips of line. Be patient when fishing this pattern, in most cases fish won't grab at the Wooly Bugger right as it hits the water, but rather follow the fly while remaining in their hiding spot until it's almost out of their reach, and then bolt out to greedily eat it down.
Materials List for the Olive Wooly Bugger
Hook
TMC Streamer Hook - Size 6, 7 or 8
Thread
Olive Uni Thread, Size 8/0
Hackle
Saddle Hackle
Tail
Olive Maribou
Body
Olive Chenille
Rib
Fine Copper Wire
Weight
Lead Wire
Step-by-Step Instruction for the Wooly Bugger
Step 1 — Start By placing the hook in the vise and securing it into position.
Step 2 — Clip a small strip of lead-free wire, and wrap it onto the hook shank. Make sure to leave plenty of space in the head and tail areas.
Step 3 — At the point above the hook barb, measure and clip a small bunch of marabou feathers (the tail length should be the same length as the hook shank) and tie them down to the hook shank. Wrap the tag ends of the marabou down to the hook shank as well so that the entire hook shank is covered with feathers.
Step 4 — Advance the thread to the back of the hook eye and tie in a 3-inch piece of chenille. Cover this chenille with thread until you reach the point above the barb with the thread and the chenille.
Step 5 — Select an olive hackle that has fibers about two times the length of the hook gape. Tie down this feather by its tip (at the point above the barb) and then advance the thread to the back of the hook eye.
Step 6 — Repeat this process of advancing the thread to the back of the hook eye, but this time wrap down a 3-inch section of fine copper wire.
Step 7 — With the chenille in hand, start wrapping the fiber up the length of the hook shank until you reach the 3/4 mark on the hook. Tie it off with the thread and clip off the excess.
Step 8 — Take the hackle fiber and stroke the fibers backwards with your fingers and wrap the fiber forward up the length of the hook shank. Be careful not to wrap over top any of the hackle fibers from earlier wraps. At the 3/4 mark tie it off with the thread and chip the excess.
Step 9 — Wrap the copper wire forward up the length of the hook shank in the opposite direction that you wrapped the hackle. This will tie down the hackle securely. Be careful not to wrap down to many of the hackle fibers.
Step 10 — Make half-hitch knots behind the eye of the hook. You can use your fingers or a whip finisher to do this. Make a loose loop by wrapping the thread around your finger. Slide the loop off our finger near the eye. Do this step three to five times and cut the threadas close to the fly hook as possible.
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About the Author
Jason Akl is a writer, commercial fly tyer and guide with 15 years in the industry. Professionally, he's been a seasonal guide and fly tier that ties commercially and teaches tying classes to both adults and children. Most of his flies make their homes in fly shops in the northern Midwest but some have found their way as far as Europe. As a freelance writer, he's had many written pieces appear in both Canadian and American publications, as well as numerous global websites. When not on the…
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/72-panfish/714-how-to-fillet-pan-dress-panfish | How to Fillet & Pan Dress Panfish (video) | Bass Pro Shops | How to Fillet & Pan Dress Panfish (video)
How to Fillet & Pan Dress Panfish (video)
How to Fillet a Panfish
How to Pan-Dress a Panfish
How to Clean and Freeze Panfish Tips
How To Fillet A Panfish
| How to Fillet & Pan Dress Panfish (video) | Bass Pro Shops
How to Fillet & Pan Dress Panfish (video)
Panfish are exactly what their name implies — fish small enough to fit in a pan — a frying pan, that is. Among these are such beloved species as bluegills, crappie, redear sunfish, redbreast sunfish and white bass, and lesser-known yet locally popular fish like yellow bass, rock bass, warmouths, longears, spotted sunfish and green sunfish. None of these fish gets very big — a few pounds tops, usually only a few ounces. But as a group, they're among the most popular, most commonly caught fish in the U.S.
Everything you need for filleting and pan-dressing panfish.
Panfish are great fun to catch and delicious to eat. Before the eating begins, however, anglers must know how to properly prepare their catch for the table. Two basic ways — filleting and pan-dressing — are commonly used, both of which are illustrated in this article.
Tools you need include a sharp knife ( fillet knife, electric fillet knife and/or plain blade); a cutting board, fillet board like the Bass Pro Shops hardwood fillet board or other hard, flat surface (use plastic or glass to reduce bacteria); a spoon or fish scaler, if you're pan-dressing the fish; a container in which to place the prepared fish; and some newspaper, a trash bag or a bucket for disposal of waste parts. Also recommended is household bleach for clean-up.
Bass Pro Shops Rubber Handled
Fish Scaler
After the fish are cleaned, they can be cooked and eaten, or you can store the fillets or pan-dressed fish in the freezer until you're ready to prepare them. To avoid freezer burn and preserve freshness, it's best to immerse the prepared fish in water when you freeze them (either in zip-seal plastic freezer bags or plastic containers) or better yet, to vacuum-seal them. Be careful that the sharp fins on pan-dressed fish aren't positioned in such a way that they could puncture the wrapping or container.
Tip: Watch video: How to Fillet a Panfish by Cabela's Cooking
How to Fillet a Panfish
Nowadays it seems most people prefer to fillet their catch to produce boneless, skinless pieces of meat ready to cook. Here's how to do it, quick as a snap, with an electric or fixed-blade fillet knife.
Step 1
Lay the fish on a cutting board, fillet board or other flat, hard surface. Grasping the fish's mouth, take the fillet knife and position it just behind the side (pectoral) fin. Slice downward to the backbone, keeping the rear of the knife blade up. Be careful not to cut into the fish's backbone.
Step 2
Turn the knife blade toward the tail and continue cutting, staying on top of the back and belly fins. You'll feel resistance as you cut through the rib cage, but be careful not to cut into the backbone. It's better to cut too shallow than too deep. Continue your cut toward the tail, until you have almost, but not quite, cut the scaly fillet off.
Step 3
With the fillet barely attached to the tail, flip it away from the fish. Position your knife on the narrow portion of the fillet, and while holding the fish, slice between the meat and the skin to remove the fillet. To obtain the maximum meat, cut very close to the skin. When the fillet is removed, place it, with rib cage still attached, on a sheet of wax paper. Then flip the fish over and fillet the other side.
Step 4
To finish, take each fillet, and with the tip of your fillet knife, carefully cut out the rib cage. To retrieve the most meat, angle your knife and slice close to the ribs. After you rinse the fillets, they're ready to cook or store.
How to Pan-Dress a Panfish
Some connoisseurs prefer their fish pan-dressed — with skin, tail and bones intact — to facilitate the most thorough enjoyment of these scrumptious wild treats. They don't want to miss a single morsel, and pan-dressing eliminates the loss of the small meat pieces sometimes left behind in the filleting process. You'll have to separate meat and bone as you eat pan-dressed fish, but many panfish gourmets believe this method of preparation produces a more tasty result.
Step 1
Begin by placing the fish on a cutting board, fillet board or other hard, flat surface and scraping away all its scales with a regular table spoon or scaling tool. Scale from the tail toward the head, being certain you remove all the scales on both sides of the fish.
Or use a scaling tool.
Step 2
Using a sharp, heavy knife, remove the fish's head. Angle the cut from just behind the top portion of the gill cover to the rear edge of the pectoral and pelvic fins, removing these fins along with the head.
Step 3
Remove the entrails, rinse thoroughly with clean water inside and out, and you're finished. Leave the remaining fins, the tail and skin on. These are delicious and enhance the already wonderful flavor of the fish.
How to Clean and Freeze Panfish Tips
Beware of the sharp, spiny fins when cleaning panfish. They can cause nasty puncture wounds.
Always cut away from you when dressing a fish. If the knife slips, then it's less likely to cut you.
The common saying "A sharp knife is a safe knife" is true. The less you have to struggle or force the knife, the less likely the chance of an accident. For your safety, consider wearing a filleting glove, which protects your hands.
The waste created from cleaning fish can get smelly if you clean your fish on Saturday and your garbage pickup is on Tuesday. Wrap the waste in newspaper and tape it securely, then store in your freezer until garbage day to reduce offensive odors.
You can extend freezer life of fish by several months if you soak the fish for 20 seconds in lemon juice. The ascorbic acid in lemon juice retards spoilage by slowing the growth of microorganisms and counteracting oxidation.
Video: How to Fillet a Panfish by Cabela's Cooking
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/85-archery/1053-beginners-guide-to-compound-bows | Beginner's Guide to Compound Bows | Bass Pro Shops | Beginner's Guide to Compound Bows
Beginner's Guide to Compound Bows
The Compound Bow Draw Length
Understanding a Compound Bow Draw Weight
Choose the Right Bow Length for You
The Speed and Noise of Your Compound Bow
Bare vs. Ready-to-Shoot Compound Bows
| Beginner's Guide to Compound Bows | Bass Pro Shops
Beginner's Guide to Compound Bows
Today's archery market consists of numerous compound bow manufacturers, making it difficult to know which bow is best for you. All compound bows, regardless of name and make, have similarities that you need to consider before buying. In this compound bow buyer's guide for beginners, we're going to look past the propaganda and consider the core aspects you need to know before buying a compound bow.
With anything that you buy, you must first consider application. Why are you buying a compound bow? Are you into hunting or target shooting? The application calls for different specifications. To start, we need to fit the bow to the shooter.
Let's become familiar with a couple very important terms for fitting the bow to the shooter: draw length and draw weight.
ProView Peep Bow Sight
The Compound Bow Draw Length
Compound bows will draw only a certain distance before the string stops. This distance is the draw length. Most compound bows have a range for draw length and can be adjusted to fit the shooter for a comfortable shooting form. It's very important that shooters find their appropriate draw length for multiple reasons.
If draw length is too short, it can hurt accuracy since maintaining reference points for aiming becomes more difficult. At full draw, shooters have an anchor point, and too short of a draw length leads to a floating anchor point and therefore inconsistency between shots. Too short of a draw length also can lead to increased torque on the bow which contributes to inaccuracy.
If draw length is too long, archers have the natural tendency to lean their head back in an attempt to see properly through the peep bow sight, a small device used for aiming. This will cause a host of other problems such as bad back posture and therefore shooting form. Improper shooting form can add tension and torque to the bow, leading to inaccuracy. To make matters worse, this will inevitably cause the shooter's bow arm, or arm holding the bow, to extend more than it needs, putting the inner elbow right in the path of the string. Ouch!
Proper draw length. There are endless sources that explain how to predict or measure draw length. For the beginning archer, it's smart to visit your local Bass Pro Shops archery department or other qualified archery shop to measure draw length. Having the correct draw length will help with form, consistency, accuracy and safety.
Draw weight is an important part of a
selecting a bow, as hunters have to hold at
full draw while taking aim at their game.
Understanding a Compound Bow Draw Weight
When it comes to draw weight, the most important thing to understand is matching your strength to the bows draw weight. Heavier draw weights produce faster speeds, but more important than speed is finding a weight that you can hold at full draw steadily without too much stress. Draw weight is the peak weight you pull as the string is being drawn back before let-off. Compound bows have what's called let-off, which is a way to lessen the weight archers have to hold at full draw. So, when considering draw weight, also look for let off percentage.
API Outdoors Alumi-TechBowhunter
Climbing Treestand
Selecting draw weight— What archers need to consider, hunters especially, is the potential to be drawn back for long periods of time while waiting for an opportune shot. Or, drawing in adverse conditions, as draw weights that are too heavy are hard to hold for a long time and are even harder to draw after a long sit in a hunting treestand on a cold winter day. So, match the weight to your strength. When testing bows, see if you can draw and hold the bow for a full 20-30 seconds without shaking. If you can, then the draw weight should be appropriate for you. Another important point is accuracy, having a draw weight that you can easily draw and hold will allow you to have a steadier and more accurate shot.
Choose the Right Bow Length for You
BlackOut Deluxe Field Point Bag
Targets
When choosing a bow, length is an important factor for maneuverability and stability. Again, what is the application? If hunting, shorter bows are more controllable in the field or in the treestand. If target shooting, many archers suggest that longer bows are more accurate. Bow length is measured from axle to axle, and while there is no set length, hunting bows are generally shorter, around 30 to 32 inches. Target shooting bows will be significantly longer.
There's no right or wrong answer, it comes down to personal preference and application for the end user.
Some compound bows come read
to-shoot in a package, while
others require purchasing
accessories separately.
The Speed and Noise of Your Compound Bow
Common among archers is talk about speed and noise. Modern bows are capable of shooting upwards of 350 feet-per-second or more. Arrow speed is important because it also translates to kinetic energy, or knock-down power. Bows able to shoot heavy arrows at fast speeds will provide greater penetration potential, which is desired when hunting. Faster arrows also shoot flatter, which aids in downrange accuracy.
Sims LimbSaver Super Quad
Vibration Dampeners
Also important to archery hunters is noise. A quiet bow is generally desired over a loud bow. When a bow fires, energy stored in the bows working components is transferred to the arrow, but some of that energy isn't transferred and is lost as vibration, which causes sound. Thanks to new innovative designs, energy loss is minimized and compound bows accessories called vibration dampeners like the Sims LimbSaver Super Quad can absorb leftover vibrations making for a quiet shot.
Bare vs. Ready-to-Shoot Compound Bows
BlackOut 5-Pin Bow Sight
For the beginning archer, it is important to understand the difference between a bare bow and a ready-to-shoot bow. The compound bow is designed to use accessories when shooting an arrow. For example, an arrow rest, a bow sight and an bow quiver to start. Ready-to-shoot bows that come in packages have these necessary accessories already on the bow. However, if you buy a bare bow then you'll have to outfit that bow with the required accessories. Either way is fine, but realize that a bare bow will require some additional work and money before going out and shooting.
Overall, this buyer's guide only touches on the basics that should be considered when purchasing a compound bow. Buyers can consider multiple other factors such as brace height, limb and riser design, cam types and much more when buying compound bows. However, having a basic understanding of the concepts described in this buyer's guide will help you in buying your first, and hopefully not last, compound bow.
Also Read: Arrow and Broadhead Buyer's Guide | Archery Accessories You Shouldn't Forget to Buy
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http://1source.basspro.com/index.php/component/k2/92-small-game-hunting/464-12-tips-for-rabbit-hunters | 12 Tips for Rabbit Hunters | Bass Pro Shops | 12 Tips for Rabbit Hunters
12 Tips for Rabbit Hunters
1. Try the Leapfrog Hunting Technique
2. Farmers Will Know Cottontail Concentrations
Remember these hunting etiquette rules:
3. Do Sunrise & Sunset Scouting for Hunting Sites
4. Wear Protective Clothing While Hunting
5. Remember the Blaze Orange
6. Shotguns & Shotshells
7. Icy Weather = Hot Rabbit Hunting
8. Look for the Rabbits Eyes
9. Watch Over Your Shoulder, Rabbits Can Circle Behind You
10. Stop-and-Go Hunting
11. Look for Woodland Rabbits
12. Take a Kid Rabbit Hunting
| 12 Tips for Rabbit Hunters | Bass Pro Shops
12 Tips for Rabbit Hunters
Although most rabbit hunters bag a few cottontails or swamp rabbits on each trip afield, certain techniques can bolster your success. These 12 tips should help you better enjoy the experience of rabbit hunting this season.
Tip: For beginning rabbit hunters, check out the tips in Rabbit Hunting 101 here
1. Try the Leapfrog Hunting Technique
Rabbit hunting is a great way to get afield and put some good-tasting meat on the table.
As farming operations and urban development encroach on prime rabbit hunting areas, large contiguous blocks of hunting territory are harder to find. This has caused many rabbit hunters to abandon the traditional method of hunting all day in one large swath of brushy territory. Instead, many now opt for "leapfrogging," where hunters cover one brush patch or overgrown fence row in an hour or so, then drive on to another rabbit hideout. By leapfrogging throughout the day, hunting first one spot then another, chances are good you'll locate more rabbits.
2. Farmers Will Know Cottontail Concentrations
Savvy rabbit hunters know that farmers are an invaluable aid for finding cottontail concentrations. Since they work their land daily and see rabbits regularly, farmers know where huntable populations are likely to be. Most are eager to keep cottontails thinned out so they don't cause crop damage.
It's a simple matter to cultivate your own contacts in farm country.
Remember these hunting etiquette rules:
Ask permission before hunting, every time you visit.
Follow all rules the landowner asks you to abide by, like passing up shots
at the coveys of quail he's nurturing.
Leave everything just as you found it, and always take time to thank the farmer personally.
Offer to share your game, and follow up with a thank-you note and a token of your appreciation.
Make these easy-to-follow guidelines part of all your farm visits, and you'll always have prime rabbit lands on which to hunt.
3. Do Sunrise & Sunset Scouting for Hunting Sites
Driving rural roads near dawn and dusk is another good way to find potential hunting sites. Cottontails are most active early and late in the day, especially along the fringes of fields and roadside cover, where briars and thickets provide sanctuary near favorite feeding areas.
Drive slowly, and note any spot where you see several cottontails. Then inquire at nearby homes for the name of the landowner so you can request permission to hunt.
4. Wear Protective Clothing While Hunting
Most good cottontail thickets have one thing in common -- thorns. Whether you're hunting behind dogs, kicking up rabbits yourself or retrieving downed game, some type of sticker will be clawing at your ears, fingers, thighs and other tender parts. Wearing protective clothing can do wonders to make your trips afield more enjoyable and less painful.
Blue jeans are preferred by many rabbit fans, but offer little protection. A good pair of briar-busting breeches with thorn-proof material covering the front should be considered essential equipment no matter where and how you hunt. I suggest hunting chaps like the Cabela's Upland Traditions or a good pair of brush pants like Cabela's Instinct Prairie Runner. It also helps to wear a briar-resistant hunting coat, gloves and some type of hunting cap with flaps that can be pulled down over your ears.
5. Remember the Blaze Orange
A good pair of thorn-proof material covering the front is essential.
A buddy of mine often describes dense rabbit cover by saying, "You couldn't see a blaze orange rhino in there." In some locales we hunt, this is darn near true. Cover is so thick, you can only see a few feet. For this reason, we wear hunter orange hats and bodywear on every trip.
Tip: Watch video: How Effective is Blaze Orange? Hunter-ed.com video shows a true comparison of the various blaze orange color types for hunting in the field.
Safety should be the foremost consideration on all your rabbit hunts. Remember the orange rhino, and make hunter orange clothing a must for everyone in your party.
6. Shotguns & Shotshells
When stomping for cottontails in thick cover, use a shotgun with an improved cylinder choke and No. 6 or 7-1/2 shotshells . Since cottontails jumped in thick cover usually are close and moving fast, a wide, yet sufficiently heavy, shot pattern is needed to put a rabbit down without excessive damage to the meat.
When hunting cottontails with beagles, you may want to switch to a modified or full choke. A pack of dogs will push rabbits across fields and woodlots, and the shots you'll make are usually farther than those presented when you flush rabbits yourself. Use the tighter patterning choke and increase your shot size to No. 4s or 6s.
7. Icy Weather = Hot Rabbit Hunting
Cold, miserable days often provide the best gunning. Rabbit fur has poor insulating qualities, so rabbits are forced to take shelter from the weather, making them easier to find and less likely to flush wildly.
To find bad-weather bunnies, think like a rabbit. Where would you go to escape the cold if all you had to wear was a light jacket? Hunt places that are sheltered from wind and open to warm rays of sunshine, then move to other locales offering protection from adverse conditions.
8. Look for the Rabbits Eyes
Stalking rabbits as they sit in their forms is great sport, especially when hunting with youngsters not yet adept at bagging running rabbits. The trick is to spot the rabbit before it spots you. Considering the rabbit's superb camouflage, this can be tough.
Old hands at this endeavor have a rule: look for their eyes instead of their whole bodies. A rabbit's round, dark eyes look out of place against the crisscross of cover, and are easily spotted by a hunter who walks slowly, carefully examining all brush and weeds. You may overlook rabbits huddled in their forms, but you'll also bag a few at close range after spotting the eye.
9. Watch Over Your Shoulder, Rabbits Can Circle Behind You
In isolated patches of cover, a cottontail may head directly away, disappearing from sight, then circle well behind the hunter. Others sit tight until the gunner passes, then squirt out behind.
Look over your shoulder every few minutes, and you'll glimpse some of these renegades before they make good their escape. Snap shooting is a must, so be careful to identify your target before shooting.
10. Stop-and-Go Hunting
Look for cottontails and swamp rabbits in brushpiles, honeysuckle patches, fallen treetops and other forest cover.
A veteran nimrod taught me a rabbit hunting technique that has proven very effective over the years. It's based on the idea that rabbits are highly nervous animals, and suspense is something they can't handle very well. It works this way. Enter a covert and begin walking very slowly. Walk ten paces, then stop for at least a minute, then repeat the process. The sound of the approach is sometimes enough to make cottontails flush, but it's just as often the silent period. Apparently, the rabbits think they've been detected and decide to make a run for it.
11. Look for Woodland Rabbits
Most hunters think of thickets and field edges as the places to go for a rabbit race. Some fail to realize woods harbor rabbits, too. Look for cottontails and swamp rabbits in brushpiles, honeysuckle patches, fallen treetops, cane brakes and other forest cover. Because such areas usually receive less hunting pressure, they often hide extraordinary numbers of rabbits.
12. Take a Kid Rabbit Hunting
To get the most out of your next rabbit hunt, take a kid with you -- a son, a daughter, a niece, a nephew, a grandchild or maybe a neighbor's child. It was in the cottontail fields most of us were trained as young hunters. We may have dreamed of deer or more exotic game like grizzlies and lions, but with cottontails, we learned the crucial basics about hunting, nature and ourselves.
Share these things with children. Share the fun and excitement, the triumphs and disappointments, the barrage of wonderful sensations experienced on a rabbit hunt. Our heritage of hunting is a priceless treasure. Do your part to pass it on.
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http://1st-dating-tips.com/hud-no-1-hookup-app-review-tips-to-pick-up.html | HUD – No. 1 Hookup App Review (Tips to pick up) | HUD – No. 1 Hookup App Review (Tips to pick up)
HUD – No. 1 Hookup App Review (Tips to pick up)
General description
Pros:
Cons:
Pricing:
Users’ opinions:
Expert’s conclusion:
Best Dating Apps Free: List of Top 3 Dating Apps for 2019
Expert’s Rating
Technical info:
McDowell
| HUD – No. 1 Hookup App Review (Tips to pick up)
Published February 27, 2019 by McDowell
HUD – No. 1 Hookup App Review (Tips to pick up)
General description
HUD is called by its authors No. 1 hookup app in the market. It is free and based on geolocation. The number of members is over 4 million worldwide, but mostly in the biggest cities of the US and UK. The app is launched by C&Z Tech Limited.
Pros:
Messaging to no-matches
Female-friendly (chat request for females)
Photos can be blurred for extra protection
Available in multiple languages
Has a web version
Unlimited free chat
Conceptually, promotes the women’s freedom from stigmatized views
Easy to block the unwanted contacts
Cons:
Too many fake profiles and bots
Doesn’t save the search filters or geolocation
If you cancel your trial, the app charges you anyway
Related Article: Top mobile apps to meet single Brazilian women
Pricing:
Free
1 month Premium Subscription – $29.99
In-app purchases
Users’ opinions:
“Don’t download it, you’ll regret. It’s such a waste of time and money. Time, because no one ever responds, except for bots with automatic messages, and money, because the app still charges you even if you cancelled before the end of the trial period! Crazy. Why to describe the feministic idea so brightly and then let women down? It’s not decent. Go and use any other hookup app, but not this one!” (Tory, 34, New York City)
“I found so many bugs for only one day of using, it was hard to believe. It doesn’t care about you at all, it just sends endless bots to you. It doesn’t save your search parameters, your location, or your preferences. It crashes, it keeps the scammers in your inbox without being able to delete them, and much more. I even found it hard to cancel my trial and completely delete the app. Avoid HUD as much as you can. It’s not worthy of your nerves. You will find much more effective platforms.” (Andrew, 28, Denver)
Expert’s conclusion:
Usually, when something is called number one, you should check it twice. HUD is exactly such a case. With such a noble and actual, important concept, it could do better, but the developers obviously didn’t manage. It would be too bad and cynical if they combined such a massive social concept of women’s freedom with a banal usage of commercial robots or a cooperation with scammers. So we presume they just didn’t provide the proper technical security and allowed to fraudulent accounts to become an absolute majority. There almost aren’t positive reviews from the users at all, only complaints. For sure, we cannot rate high such an app and we cannot really recommend it to people.
The idea of HUD was good and fair but it needed some more technical effort. Nowadays, the majority of social projects connected with women’s rights, usually win. They get an appropriate support and are well-developed. Women are in favour in a today society and such projects become successful easier, with a bigger guarantee. But the HUD app missed the chance. It still isn’t clear, why. The owners would get much more profit if they were diligent and professional enough… or let’s say, more caring towards this important concept.
Best Dating Apps Free: List of Top 3 Dating Apps for 2019
But even aside of that problem with the bots and scammers, the app isn’t very innovative or intriguing: its features are very plain. There’s nothing cool or trendy about it that could attract the youngsters, neither it’s reliable enough to make older people like it. It’s just one big imperfection, this app.
Therefore, as a summary, we find the HUD platform weak and inappropriate for users of any age who are seeking hookups and casual relationships. In fact, nothing can be settled or organized through this app and it’s nearly useless. We do not exclude the possibility though that developers will eventually fix the flaws and let independent women find as many sexual adventures as they want. But it doesn’t seem to be a very close in time perspective.
Expert’s Rating
Overall 3 stars
Price 3 stars
Features 3 stars
Communication 2 stars
Safety 2 stars
Customer Support 3 stars
Technical info:
Size: 167.4 MB
Current version: 5.6.3
Last updated: December 14, 2018
Requires iOs: 10.0 or later
Requires Android: 4.1 and up
Age rating: 17+ (Frequent/Intense Mature/Suggestive Themes)
Email address: info@hudapp.com
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http://1st4immigration-visas.blogspot.com/2013/06/how-long-can-visitor-stay-in-uk-6.html | 1st 4Immigration Blog: #1 Experts for UK Visas, UK Immigration News, Training for lawyers: How long can a visitor stay in the UK? 6 months from each entry? In a year? In a calendar year? | 1st 4Immigration Blog: #1 Experts for UK Visas, UK Immigration News, Training for lawyers
1st 4Immigration Blog: #1 Experts for UK Visas, UK Immigration News, Training for lawyers
Tuesday, 18 June 2013
How long can a visitor stay in the UK? 6 months from each entry? In a year? In a calendar year?
| 1st 4Immigration Blog: #1 Experts for UK Visas, UK Immigration News, Training for lawyers: How long can a visitor stay in the UK? 6 months from each entry? In a year? In a calendar year?
1st 4Immigration Blog: #1 Experts for UK Visas, UK Immigration News, Training for lawyers
Tuesday, 18 June 2013
How long can a visitor stay in the UK? 6 months from each entry? In a year? In a calendar year?
Visitors can come to the UK for purposes of tourism, visiting friends, business visits and similar.
Visitors can stay for maximum 6 months in each 12 months.
Not 6 months from each entry to the UK. Even if your visitor visa is for 5 or 10 years you can still stay for maximum 180 days in each of those years.
How to count ‘6 months in 12 months’?
A 12 months period starts from ‘now’, date in question or date of entry etc and you need to count backwards (not a calendar year).
If you stayed in the UK for the whole 6 months then you have to stay away for the whole 6 months. If you come and go several times during a year then the total must be 180 days cumulatively in the last 12 months.
Visitor rules are the same for all. Visitor visa rules aren’t.
Visitor rules include: purpose of visits, no right to work, no right to use the NHS, no right to use the public funds (benefits), no right to switch to more serious visas inside the UK, ie no right to switch to a Spouse or work visa.
Visitor visa rules relate to applying for a ‘visa stamp in the passport’ before travel. Some nationals need to apply for a visitor visa before travelling to the UK, such as Indian, Chinese, South African, Russian , Nigerian and many other nationals.
Some other nationals do not need to apply for a visitor visa before travelling to the UK. Examples include American, Australian, Brazilian and other nationals. These nationals do not need to apply for a ‘visa stamp’ before travelling, they can just come here, explain their purpose of visit at the border control, prove they have enough funds to support themselves, possibly show a return ticket. Then they would get a stamp in the passport with the date, airport/port name and an endorsement saying he/she is admitted for 6 months without a right to work. This is what people call ‘travelling without a visa’.
Those who need to have a visitor visa have to apply at the British Embassy (or now usually a visa centre, such as VFS Global or WorldBridge), get a visa stamp in the passport, then travel to the UK. Upon arrival at the border control they would face the same questioning (purpose, proving they can support themselves etc) and get an airport stamp on the visa.
For more advice please email info@1st4immigration.com or visit www.1st4immigration.com
If you are an Immigration Adviser or a Solicitor please visit our CDP training website: www.1st4immigration.com/training
Posted by 1st 4Immigration - #1 UK Immigration Experts at 00:15
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What Is Stress Overload?
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What Is Stress Overload?
By: Matthew Hick
Everyone feels stress. It’s a part of life. But when daily stressors become so overwhelming that they begin to manifest themselves in physical, emotional or behavioral problems, and then stress overload may be the culprit.
Stress Overload is caused when pressures at work or home become so intense, or last so long, that you begin to feel overwhelmed and out if control. This happens when the hypothalamus continually releases adrenaline and cortisol into the bloodstream, which causes the body to react by increasing blood pressure and heart rate, opening blood vessels wider to allow more blood to be pumped to major organs, and large muscle groups, and glucose to be released by the liver to increase energy and stamina due to ongoing stress in one’s life.
Keeping the body under constant “alert” can be damaging to the heart, lungs, brain and immune system. Chronic stress overload can cause serious health issues including: high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attack, stroke and depression. It is a disease that must be treated to avoid long-lasting physical and mental affects on the body.
Signs of Stress Overload.
When bad stress is becoming detrimental to your health, your body begins to give off signs that stress overload is beginning. People with stress overload may begin to feel the following on a regular basis:
-Anxiety and panic attacks
-Constantly feeling pressured, overwhelmed, or hurried
-Irritability and moodiness
-Stomach ailments
-Headaches
-Chest pain
-Sudden onset of allergic reactions
-Sleep problems
-Overwhelming sadness or depression
What Causes Stress Overload?
Why do some people seem to thrive on stressful situations, while others crumble under its weight? Everyone deals with life’s stressors differently. Some can easily shrug off a bad day (or several of them), while others continue to dwell on the pressures of day, long after they are experienced. Add to that an unexpected illness in the family, ongoing problems at work or home, or an overly crammed schedule, and stress overload may occur.
Some common stressors that may cause stress overload include:
-Exposure to ongoing violence
-Death of a loved one
-Ongoing problems at work or home
-An inability to relax
-Constant overworking
-A chronic illness in self or a loved one
Sometimes, a stressful situation can become so severe, the posttraumatic stress disorder results. This is a stress reaction that develops in people who experience such a traumatic event that their body and mind exhibits very serious physical, mental and emotional symptoms to the stress.
Anxiety too, can be a result of daily stress overload, which can make even the most menial stressor seem overwhelming.
Dealing With Stress Overload.
Stress overload can be dealt with by learning to: slow down and relax; a variety of relaxation exercises, or new coping mechanisms. But, sometimes, professional help and/or medication is needed to ease the stress being experienced while the patient learns how to better deal or eliminate it.
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http://1stbn83rdartyvietnam.com/Artillery_Info/Artillery_8-inch_175mm.htm | The Guns | The Guns
The M-110 8-inch (203 mm) self-propelled howitzer first entered service with the US Army in 1963 and was the largest self-propelled howitzer in the United States Army's inventory. The M-110 was a “Howitzer” (low velocity, high trajectory, short range). The vehicle itself transports only two projectiles and five men, while the remainder of the ammunition and the crew is on board a tracked M-548. The M-548 was used in Vietnam as an ammo carrier in support of armored units or artillery.
The M-107 175-mm self-propelled gun (the last self-propelled “Gun” (high velocity, low trajectory, long range) in the U.S. Army inventory) and the M-110 8-inch howitzer had identical carriages but different tubes. The 175-mm. gun fired a 147-pound projectile almost 33 kilometers (20.5 miles). This impressive range made it a valuable weapon for providing an umbrella of protection over large areas. The 8-inch howitzer fired a 200-pound projectile almost 17 kilometers (10.5 miles), plus being the most accurate weapon in the field artillery. The 8-inch howitzer was found with most division artilleries, and both the 8-inch howitzer and 175-mm. gun were with field force artillery. At field force, the proportion of 8-inch and 175-mm. weapons varied. Since the weapons had identical carriages, the common practice was to install those tubes that best met the current tactical needs. One day a battery might be 175-mm; a few days later, it might be half 175-mm and half 8-inch.
Designed to be part of a common family of weapons utilizing the same chassis components, the M-107 and M-110 were essentially the same vehicle mounting different barrels. The hull of the M-110 is identical to that of the M-107 and is made of all-welded armor and high-tensile alloy steel with the driver at the front of the hull on the left, the engine to his right and the main armament at the rear. It features five road wheels on either side of the chassis with idler arms attached to torsion bars, with the track driven from the front by a 450 hp General Motors turbo supercharged diesel.
Click here for an article on the M-107 that is on the website of the Army Historical Foundation.
It was also possible to mount a wrecker boom on the same chassis to change tubes and pull engines. Another vehicle that was used for changing barrels was the…
M-578 Light Armored Recovery Vehicle (VTR)
The M-107 and the M-110 were both characterized by rapid barrel wear and the need to be able to change the barrels frequently and simply. The US Army developed a crane for this purpose based on the same tracked vehicle as the guns themselves. It has a turret with a boom rather than a gun barrel, and a winch, which gave it a recovery as well as a lifting potential. This equipment, the M-578, was issued to those artillery units using the guns during the 1970s. When the guns were withdrawn from service the M-578 was redesignated a Light Armored Recovery Vehicle, used to recover damaged vehicles from the battlefield. The hydraulic crane is housed in a turret mounted at the rear of the chassis. A stabilizing spade hydraulically lowers from the rear.
Click here to see an M-578 (link courtesy of Dan O'Brien 1/83rd)
There is a considerable amount of technical information on the 8-inch howitzer and 175-mm gun on the following website:
15th Field Artillery Regiment
Following are some Frequently Asked Questions.
Q. What were the specs on the M-110 and the M-107?
A. There were different models and there are several websites that have specs on the M-107 and M-110 but generally, it weighed approximately 31.2 tons and had a top speed of 34mph. It had a cruising range of 325 miles and was powered by diesel fuel (1.3 mpg) with a capacity of 300 gallons. Its length was 35.3 ft. and its height was 10.3ft. Some Battery mechanics removed governors and made other modifications strictly not in the books to boost speed.
Q. How many men were in a gun section?
A. Although the specs called for 13 men,
• Gunner on gun mount left
• Gunner on gun mount right
• Two loaders on gun mount right
• Driver in hull left front
• 8 in support vehicle
there usually would be as many 7 men (a Section Chief, Gunner, Ass't Gunner, Driver, three or four ammo humpers) or as few as 4 (a gunner, asst gunner, powder and projo humpers).
Q. How many were inside the gun when it was moved?
A. There is only room inside for driver.
Q. How long did it take to set up after a move?
A. Set up could be 20 minutes for a hip shoot (A hip shoot is when they stop at the first clear area to set up their guns; fire off one round to check aim and make corrections; then the entire battery fires off rounds. The battery then quickly packs up and continues on to their scheduled position) after finding battery center and using an aiming post. For a more permanent firebase set up, it could be a few hours preparing a parapet with a berm to dig in the hydraulic spade. Some parapets had wood timbers for the tracks to rest on while using the berm to back up into. The Seabees built parapets at Gia Le for the 83rd upon moving north to Camp Eagle from down south.
Q. What was the range of the 8-inch howitzer?
A. The range varied from 16,800 meters (10.5 miles) to 30,000 meters (18.6 miles) when equipped with a rocket-assisted projectile. The 8-inch was the most accurate in the Army inventory. The M-110 was invented by a mistake with the wrong dimensions put in the lands and grooves of the 8-inch tube. It worked so well during the test that a round could be dropped in a 55-gallon drum 12 miles away after the third shot and adjustment.
Q. What was the range of the M-107 175-mm gun?
A. The M-107's combat experience with the US military was almost entirely limited to the Vietnam War. There it proved its effectiveness by having one of the longest ranges of any fielded mobile artillery piece in the Cold war, able to launch a 147 lb (67 kg) projectile out to 21 miles (33 km). This range advantage, along with the ability to rapidly move from its last position, made it an effective weapon for destroying enemy Command, Control, and Communications, and supply trains behind the enemy lines while evading counter-battery fire against even the longest-range Soviet counterparts, as was proven at Khe Sanh.
In service in RVN, the 175-mm SP gun was distinguished both by its long range and by its inaccuracy at longer range. The gun was assigned to Corps artillery units and a number of M-107/M-110 composite units were formed, allowing the option of responding with the longer range M-107 or the more accurate M-110. The tube on the M-107 required changing after approximately 300-400 rounds although later in the Vietnam war, new tubes with longer lives were introduced.
Q. What was the rate of fire?
A. The M-110's rate of fire is 3 rounds per minute when at maximum, and 1 round per 2 minutes with sustained fire and the M-107's rate of fire is 1 round per minute when at maximum, and 1 round per 2 minutes with sustained fire.
Q. What was the Time of Flight (TOF) for a 175-mm and an 8-inch projectile at maximum range?
A. Time of flight (TOF) is the duration in which a projectile travels through the air from firing time to denotation. TOF was influenced by many factors such as the angle of fire (high or low), projectile weight (3, 4, or 5 square), and the charge used. Other influencing factors included air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and air density. The rotation of the earth also influenced a projectile in flight to some extent. The charge, projectile weight, powder temperature, and tube wear influenced the velocity of the round as it left the tube. A higher velocity meant a shorter TOF; conversely, a lower velocity meant a longer TOF.
Q. What type of Ammo was used for the 8-inch?
A. Ammunition for the 8-inch included High Explosive (HE), Controlled Fragmentation (COFRAM) and nuclear projectiles. The COFRAM round (sometimes called firecracker or grenade round) contained 108 bomblets that would be ejected by a Time Fuze which would cause the bomblets to be ejected and spread and explode over a large area in "bouncing-betty" fashion almost simultaneously. This round was very effective against large groups of personnel.
High Explosive (HE) rounds could be fused with fuses Quick (commonly called PD for Point Detonating and could be set to delay), Time (mechanical time) and Variable Time (VT).
Nuclear rounds weighed 242 pounds. A nuclear 8-inch round was blue on the bottom one-third and the top two-third was brass.
Q. What type of Ammo was used for the 175-mm?
A. Only High Explosive (HE) projectiles were used on the 175-mm guns.
Click here for a picture of an 8-inch and 175mm projectile (Courtesy of Dan O'Brien).
Click here and here for more specs on the 175mm projectile (Courtesy of Dennis Blalock).
Q. What was the weight of the projectiles?
A. An 8-inch projectile weighed 200 lbs. and a 175-mm projectile weighed 147 lbs (Note: there are multiple different sources on the 175-mm projectile weight. While most indicate 147 lbs, some indicate 174 lbs but this is thought to be a typo or transposing of numbers. Click here to see pages (in PDF format) from the Army Ammunition Technical Manual (courtesy of Bill Burke) for confirmation of the 147 number. Click here to view the full Army Ammunition Technical Manual).
Q. Were all powder bags the same?
A. The powder bags were varied in length, and numbered or might have been lettered, in order to maintain the same start angle of tube, and using different bags to add or subtract the distance of the called in fire mission. There was also a difference between the High Explosive (HE) and nuclear powder bags, both in appearance and composition. For more on the Propellant charge, click here (Courtesy of Dennis Blalock).
175mm Gun (Courtesy of Dennis Blalock)
" We called them zones 1, 2,and 3. When FDC said zone 1, we took 2, 3 from the charge and only loaded zone 1, or if FDC said zone 2, we used 1 & 2. If zone 3 we used 1,2,3, with a bore reducer jacket. The weight of zones 1, 2 & 3 was 58lbs (just the powder) , but container, powder, packing and primer and all according to the manual was 96lbs"
8in howitzer (Courtesy of Dennis Blalock)
" If FDC said green bag charge 3 you only loaded green bag charges1, 2, 3 and you discarded 4, 5. If charge 6, you were told white bag charge 6 and you loaded white bag charges 5 & 6 and you discarded 7
8in howitzer green bag is charge1 thru 5
8in howitzer white bag charge 5 thru 7
8in howitzer white bag charge 8"
Q. What determined how many powder bags were used?
A. The number of bags to be used was based primarily on the range to target and the angle of fire (low-angle or high-angle).
For the 8-inch, there was two types of power bags, Green bag and White bag. Green bags were numbered 1 through 5; White bags were numbered 5 through 7. The number denotes the charge; the higher the number, the longer the range. FDC determined the charge for indirect fire (aiming and firing without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target) primarily based on the range to target. For direct fire (aiming and firing with a direct line of sight between the gun and its target), they would use the highest charge to get the maximum effect. The angle of fire (high-angle or low-angle) also helped determine the charge, based on the range.
Notice the overlap in charge 5 (Green bag and White bag). A charge 5 White bag was only used in an emergency, since once it was used, charges 6 and 7 were useless and had to be destroyed. There was also range overlap for each adjacent charge. For example, you could hit certain ranges with either 1 or 2; 3 or 4, etc. The lowest charge possible was used to reduce wear and tear on the howitzer (and the ears of the cannoneers).
Q. How long was the tube on the 175mm?
A. (Courtesy of Tom McNeight)
"Regarding length of the barrel. Both Wikipedia and Military-Today.com state the length of the barrel is 60 Calibers. Caliber in tube length is a derivative of Navy guns. To arrive at the length in inches you multiply the bore in inches by the caliber. So 175 mm converts to 6.88976 inches: therefore 6.88976 x 60 calibers = 413.3856 inches or 34.4488 feet.
http://www.military-today.com/artillery/m107.htm
I have found other historical references like the one below “The Big Guns of Camp Carrol” which state the length of the 175mm barrel at 34 feet – validating the calculation above.
http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/Vietnam/brushcampcarroll.html
I have found another length of the entire gun on the 2/94 website. It gives the length of the “tube” as 413 inches (60 calibers) – as my calculation; but gives the length of the “cannon” as 35’ 8”. I think the tube length is probably correct. If I recall correctly, which might a stretch at this age, there was about another 2-3 feet behind the breech (refer to attached photo) to the back of the carriage that may account for the difference between 34 feet and 36 feet. So I think the 35’ 8” probably refers to the back of the carriage and the 36’ 11” refers to the back of the spade."
http://www.2ndbattalion94thartillery.com/Chas/175mm.htm
Q. How long was the tube on the 8-inch howitzer?
A. (Courtesy of Tom McNeight)
"Found two references to the 8” SP M110 having a barrel length of 25 calibers. Therefore 25 x 8” = 200 inches or 16.67 feet. I assume that includes the muzzle brake."
http://www.military-today.com/artillery/m110.htm
http://www.2ndbattalion94thartillery.com/Chas/8%20inch.htm
Q. How were the guns adjusted for the target?
A. The fine-tuning came into play by slight addition or subtraction of tube angle to adjust for small distance variation. The howitzer had a panoramic telescope with 6400 mils so adjustments were in mills instead of degrees (360) to more fine-tune the process. A Collimator replaced the aiming post in 1969, which looked like a little telescope and had a light with many numbers it. FDC would give the gunner one number to look for after the gun was laid, looking from one telescope to another which further fine tuned the quadrant (up and down) as well as the deflection (6400 mils).
Click here for information describing the use of the Collimator and click here for follow-up information on this subject.
Q. What role did the Fire Direction Center (FDC) play?
A. When a fire mission was received by the firing battery from a forward observer, the Battery FDC contacted the Battalion FDC who, in turn, would contact Division or Corps Artillery Headquarters for permission to fire on the target. Once permission from higher headquarters was received, both the Battery and Battalion FDC would prepare firing data from the adjusting gun to the target. FDC’s data included the direction to set the tube in mils, the quadrant (elevation plus or minus the difference in altitude between the gun and target) the tube was to be elevated, and the powder charge to be used in the mission. Once both Battery and Battalion FDC’s agreed on the data, the information was sent to the gun to fire on the target.
After the round hit in the target area, the FO (Forward Observer) or AO (Aerial Observer) would adjust the impact of the following round by telling the FDC to add or drop, and/or move the impact right or left. This procedure would continue as the FDC’s refined the data to place the round on target. When a round impacted within 50 meters of the target, the FO/AO would make a final adjustment and request the unit Fire for Effect.
For observed fire, a forward observer (FO) or aerial observer (AO) would send a fire mission to the FDC. The fire mission consisted of the target location, type of target (e.g., personnel in the open, personnel in bunkers, wheel vehicles, tanks, and the like), and the ‘attitude’ to the target. The attitude was the direction to the target from the observer’s perspective. The observer would also provide other information, such as “danger close” if friendly troops were close to the target.
Using this information, the Fire Direction Officer (FDO) would issue a fire order to the FDC. The fire order usually consisted of the type of shell and fuse to use; the ‘base piece’ to use for adjustment; and the number of rounds to fire during Fire-for-Effect (FFE). Using the data provided by the observer and the fire order, the FDC entered the targeting information into the Field Artillery Digital Automatic Computer (FADAC). The FADAC provided the azimuth to target, deflection, quadrant, charge, and, if any, fuse setting usually within 30 to 45 seconds. The FADAC was quick and accurate provided it was setup properly and the targeting information was entered correctly.
As a manual backup, the FDC also plotted the targeting information on the Horizontal Chart to determine the azimuth, range, and direction to the target and on the map to determine the target altitude. Using the range and direction to target, the FDC calculated the elevation and deflection. Using the altitude, the FDC computed the ‘site’ to the target. When the FDC computed the data manually, the FDC used a Graphical Site Table (GST) to determine the elevation in mils to the target. A Site Table was used to determine the ‘site’ in mils, which was used to compensate for any difference in target altitude (height above or below the guns). The ‘site’ was added or subtracted from the GST elevation to determine the quadrant; corrections were also applied to the deflection before fire commands were sent to gun.
FDC would calculate the ballistic solution needed for a given target and send fire commands to the “base piece.” In an 8-inch or 175-mm battery, the base piece was either gun 3 or gun 4. In a 105-mm or 155-mm battery, commands were sent to a platoon of guns, normally guns 3 and 4. Fire commands consisted of the type of shell, fuse, charge, deflection, and quadrant, and any special instructions. Once the gun reported “ready,” the FDC sent the command to fire. For observed fire, the observer would send target corrections to the FDC. FDC would recalculate the ballistic solution; send new fire commands – usually a new deflection and quadrant - to the base piece; and once ready, FDC would send the command to fire. This process repeated itself until the rounds were on target. Once on target, an order was given to Fire for Effect (FFE). During FFE, all guns fired one or more volleys on the target using the same “data” and each gun reported “round complete” when finished.
FDC used a special type of shell for ‘soft’ targets such as personnel in the open called the “fire cracker” round. The firecracker round, controlled by a time fuse, had 108 grenades (bomblets) inside the shell. The round was fired at a high quadrant so that it would drop its ordinance about 400 meters above the target. The back of the round would pop off and the 108 bomblets would fall towards the ground. Each bomblet has a pair of metal wings that would open to slow and control the fall. Once the bomblet struck the ground, it would bounce up approximately 6 feet and explode. This was an extremely lethal weapon in Viet Nam. One major consideration for the FDC was to ensure this round was NOT fired near friendly troops because sometimes the bomblets would get hung in dense foliage or not immediately detonate. Friendly troops entering such an area might be harmed by unexploded ordinance.
The 8-inch and 175 mm howitzers had a max deflection of 533 mils left or right. As a result, FDC would normally require the gun to lay on a different azimuth if the deflection to target were greater than 400 mils left or right. This was to reduce the strain on the gun’s carriage and hydraulic systems.
Click here to see a video of a 175mm being loaded and fired.
(Link provided by Dan O'Brien)
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Sizes of the Manufactured Home: Single, Double and Triple Wide
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Sizes of the Manufactured Home: Single, Double and Triple Wide
Posted : Jul 11, 2013
Author : 1st Choice Home Centers
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A manufactured home, as defined in the United States, is a home that is constructed off-site and moved to a living location. A manufactured home must also have a chassis, ensuring its initial and continued mobility. In the United States, we often refer to manufactured homes as “mobile homes”, though they usually are usually only “mobile” before their on-site installations; they do retain their mobility afterward, but are seldom moved again. Some manufactured homes, however, do not look like the traditional mobile home that comes to mind upon hearing that term. There are three main categories that can help to describe the size and look of a manufactured home: the single-wide, double-wide, and triple-wide.
A single-wide manufactured home is what most commonly comes to mind upon hearing the word “mobile home.” A single-wide manufactured home is the smallest of the three categories, measuring 18 feet or less in width and 90 feet or less in length. This type of home can most easily be towed behind a truck on state highways and roads to its destination and is, due to its smaller size, also the most likely of the three sizes to be moved again after installation.
The double-wide type of manufactured home measures at least 20 feet in width and 90 feet or less in length and is made up of two individual units. These units must be carried to the destination on two separate trailers and attached once there. A double-wide is also very rarely moved from the site of its installation, being more difficult to disassemble, transport, and reassemble.
The triple-wide (and sometimes even larger) is the third category of the manufactured home. Made up of at least three units, it is transported in pieces and assembled at its destination. From the outside, these homes can sometimes be quite difficult to distinguish from a traditional home; they can feature varying, asymmetrical floor-plans.
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http://1stchoicesportsrehab.com/posterior-compartment-syndrome/ | Posterior Compartment Syndrome - Causes and Treatment | Posterior Compartment Syndrome
Posterior Compartment Syndrome
Posterior Compartment Syndrome
| Posterior Compartment Syndrome - Causes and Treatment
Posterior Compartment Syndrome
Posterior Compartment Syndrome
by Hamid L. Sadri, DC, CCSP, ICSSD, CSCS, CKTP, CES, PES
Posterior Compartment Syndrome is very common in distance training. We see this frequently in the office with our marathon and triathlon athletes. There are two basic types of compartment syndrome: acute and chronic. True acute compartment syndrome is a surgical case and the chronic type can be treated fairly successfully with noninvasive care. I will try and explain what happens in many of the cases we see in our office. Keep in mind, the explanation discussed below is about the non-surgical type. First off, posterior compartment syndrome of the lower leg consists of two areas, the superficial compartment is the gastroc/soleus complex (Calve muscles) and the deeper compartment consists of the posterior tibialis, Flexor hallicus longus, and flexor digitorum longus. A neurovascular bundle (tibial artery, vein, nerve) lies in-between these muscle layers. With training, these muscles will expand and engorge (fill up) with blood. If the tissue is functioning properly there is no harm done and the tissue will shrink in size shortly after workout. However, with continuous repetitive training, these muscles and the fascia around the muscles will begin to break down (micro trauma) and begin to form adhesions (same stuff as scar tissue). This causes the tissues to lose their elasticity, cause the muscles and fascia to shorten and ultimately cause the tissue to stop functioning correctly. If training continues, the muscles have to work harder, they become hypoxic (have lack of oxygen) and will continue to break down (form more adhesions). As you can see this process will continue until finally your body lets you know something is wrong (calf cramps or severe calf pain). Typically with posterior compartment syndrome the tissue fills up with blood, the fascia or surrounding layer of tissue holding the muscles together has become shortened due to the repetitive trauma, and the muscles have no place to expand to so you get severe pain, sometimes diagnosed as shin splints. With shin splints the muscles wrapped in the fascia has no place to expand to so it begins to pull the fascia which is connected to the bones leading to pain in the shins, typically (tibia pain). Usually the symptoms will resolve shortly after workouts. So now that we know what happens physiologically, what are some precursors to this type of injury? A Compartment pressure check (slit catheter measurement) should be performed for a definitive diagnosis. A gait analysis should also be performed to determine what is going on biomechanically and what muscles and structures are involved. For example, someone who is an overpronator typically toes off on the inside of the foot which will over load the posterior tibialis muscle (the muscle which lies deep in the calf). Running on hills will tend to overload the posterior compartment and will lead to overuse of those muscles. Lack of stretching, and obviously too much training too fast will be another contributing factor. So once you develop this type of condition what can be done? In our office we use some soft tissue techniques called Active Release Technique (ART) and Graston Technique, which work very well together to resolve these issues in a very short period of time. These techniques are very effective in breaking up the adhesions in the muscles and fascia and restoring proper muscle function and elasticity. It is not uncommon to have a 30-60% improvement in just one treatment and in most cases these issues will resolve in 8-10 visits. Other treatments include massage, ultrasound to help loosen collagen fibers, PT and surgical intervention. Dr. Sadri has been practicing in Decatur, GA for 25 years and specializes in athletic injuries and rehab. The clinic, 1st Choice Sports Rehab Center, was named “The Best Sports Injury Center in the Southeast” by Competitor Magazine. To subscribe to our newsletter click here. To schedule an evaluation, call 404-377-0011. | msmarco_doc_00_6689605 |
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Our main office is centrally located in Dover, we have an office in Middletown and we serve the entire State of Delaware. | msmarco_doc_00_6701421 | |
http://1stcontactdatabases.com/runtime/info_AccessBenefits.php | Benefits of Using Microsoft Access | Benefits of Using Microsoft Access
Join the LinkedIn OFFICE DATA Discussion Group Here
Benefits of Using Microsoft Access
What is Microsoft Access?
How does it work?
What are the benefits of using Microsoft Access?
Why choose Access instead of purchasing proprietary software?
| Benefits of Using Microsoft Access
Join the LinkedIn OFFICE DATA Discussion Group Here
Benefits of Using Microsoft Access
Generally speaking Microsoft created Excel and Access to manage local data. Very often Excel is underutilized, and Microsoft Access is not used at all. Underutilizing Excel and skipping MS Access altogether can be a costly mistake for any organization.
What is Microsoft Access? How does it work? What are the benefits of using Microsoft Access? Why choose Access instead of purchasing proprietary software? Following is an exploration of these questions.
What is Microsoft Access?
Microsoft Access is the most popular desktop database software on the market. There are reasons for this. Microsoft has an entire suite of products designed to manage data. Every product in the suite has a purpose. In addition Microsoft has integrated those products, so it is very possible to move from one data management product to another. MS Access is so popular, because it integrates quite nicely with other products in the Microsoft suite of data management products.
In concrete terms, this means data moves pretty easily back and forth between Excel and Access, or SQL Server and Access (to name just a few examples). The first rule of data management is to honor one reality, data is not static; it is dynamic. Data evolves over time. An end user may start tracking some data in a spreadsheet format. Then over time one spreadsheet becomes multiple spreadsheets and the end user finds him/herself managing data across multiple spreadsheet applications.
MS Access ~ as a desktop database ~ serves as the next step in data evolution. Access is designed to manage and store data in a relational format. So, it is possible to streamline data from multiple spreadsheet applications into a database format. In doing so, users are not required to update information in multiple places. In a relational database setting, once data is updated in one area of the database, these changes are reflected throughout the database.
How does it work?
As a relational database, MS Access stores data in related multiple tables. For example, in a scheduling application, there will be a table to store information about employees and another table to store information about the daily schedule. The tables will be related, so if an end-user updates an employee station assignment in the Employee table, this change will also be reflected when viewing data from the scheduling table. Table relationships allow for cascade update and cascade delete of related records. In the end, Access uses table relationships to streamline data management, so users are not forced to edit the same data in multiple locations.
What are the benefits of using Microsoft Access?
There are several benefits to using Microsoft Access:
The data is stored in a streamlined relational format, so users don't have to make edits in multiple places.
Access is very user friendly. Someone who is comfortable in Excel, can also learn the basics of Microsoft Access. This makes Access an affordable database option, in comparison to most proprietary database software packages.
Access can link to data from many different sources. This benefit makes Access a wonderful option for integrating data from multiple databases, spreadsheets or other applications. Access can link to ~ and edit files from:
Excel
Outlook Contact Lists
SQL Database Files
MySQL
Oracle
Why choose Access instead of purchasing proprietary software?
In a word, choose MS Access for "control". It should be noted that Access, like any other tool, has its limitations. MS Access is not powerful enough for use in with system-wide software solution. For instance, accounting software solutions are system-wide solutions. Every department in an organization needs to use the accounting database.
But... most data is local... data specific to one subset of people within an organization. If data is local, MS Access is most likely capable of doing the job. Microsoft Access gives you more control because of the following factors:
Access can be learned by lay people, you don't have to be a programmer to use Access. If you're comfortable in Excel, you can learn Access.
You can develop Access to your specifications, so you're not trying to force data unique to your organization into a packaged software package.
You can link to data from other sources. This gives you control over sharing data between different software applications.
Data is NOT static, it is dynamic. Using Microsoft Access allows for periodic revisions. Proprietary systems are static; they are built for the general market audience and not for specific customers. As a result, updating software to meet new needs is often difficult, costly and the updates are not done in a timely manner.
Choosing MS Access over proprietary also gives you control over your costs. Even if you have to hire someone else to develop Microsoft Access to your specifications, the chances are you will come out ahead financially.
All in all, Microsoft Access is a very valuable tool in the Microsoft Suite of products. In the end Access can give you more control over your costs, what data you collect, how you manage that data, and how you report it out. | msmarco_doc_00_6704366 |
http://1stcovenant.org/pages/whatis.htm | What is the Rainbow Covenant? | What is the Rainbow Covenant?
As the Bible tells the story, you are Noah's descendant:
And God spoke unto Noah, and to Noah's children with him, saying:
| What is the Rainbow Covenant?
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What is the Rainbow Covenant?
The Universal Covenant is the Rainbow Covenant. The Rainbow Covenant is the Noahide Covenant
As the Bible tells the story, you are Noah's descendant:
And God spoke unto Noah, and to Noah's children with him, saying:
'And as for Me, behold, I establish My covenant with you, and with your descendants after you.' Genesis 9:8-9
A covenant is a solemn, reciprocally binding pact or contract, confirmed and symbolized by mutual pledges. After the great Flood in the Bible, God took the rainbow, a pre-existing phenomenon, and made it His pledge, the symbol of His covenant (Genesis 9:11-17).
With this great covenant - the Rainbow Covenant, the First Covenant, the Noahide or Universal Covenant - God guarantees that Earth shall abide (somehow). Day and night and springtime and harvest-time will never be cut off by any further disaster like the Flood. We have God's covenantal guarantee.
We can also rest assured that we - human beings - will abide as the earthly masters of this planet. The world's Owner and Creator has knowingly given our own kind - humankind - dominion over Earth. We won't be supplanted by space aliens or other non-human beings. In fact, He call on us to serve Him as His stewards, His conscious servants, subject solely to Him.
Would God in His wisdom simply give us these precious gifts but leave us in the dark about how to use them? How about instructions?
You are the children of the Lord your God. - Deuteronomy 14:1
Have you ever held a touchstone? If you have what you think is a piece of gold, you can scratch a touchstone with it and the mark it leaves on the touchstone will show you whether your gold is real and, if it is, its purity.
God gave our distant ancient ancestors seven touchstones. These eternal, universal gifts, principles of God-consciousness and truth, exist to connect us to the sacred cause of Israel. They make us more conscious of our Maker. They are the Bible's beating heart.
You shall be holy; because I, the Lord your God, am holy - Leviticus 19:2
What Is It? (What the Universal Covenant teaches)
| msmarco_doc_00_6710106 |
http://1stdooropeners.com/tricode.htm | TriCode Remote Control Transmitters Residential and Commercial Universal Receivers | TriCode Remote Control Transmitters Residential and Commercial Universal Receivers
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TriCode remote controls are compatible with MultiCode, Linear Delta 3 and Stanley switch style code formats. They are Dual Frequency Remote Controls capable of operating at 300MHz and 310MHZ. They are NOT compatible with Linear Megacode, MultiCode Rolling Code or Stanley SecureCode Openers.
TriCode One Button Garage Door Opener Remote Control
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TriCode Two Button Garage Door Opener Remote Control
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9 volt Battery, visor clip, and coding instructions included.
TriCode Two Button Garage Door Opener Remote Control Coding Instructions
TriCode Four Button Garage Door Opener Remote Control
TC-4
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2 x 10 pole DIP, 2 x 3-position slide switch. 4 SPST monetary.
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TriCode Four Button Garage Door Opener Remote Control Coding Instructions
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TriCode Two-Channel Residential Universal Receiver
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TriCode Two-Channel Commercial Receiver
TCg-2
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2 x 10 pole DIP, 3-position slide switch.
Weather resistant housing. Suited for outdoor applications. Quarter-turn screws for quick and easy programming.
6 wired leads (3ft).
1 NO relay related at 24VAC/DC at 10A.
Instructions included. | msmarco_doc_00_6712685 | |
http://1stedition.net/beginnerbooks.html | Collecting,Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Beginner Books
Collecting and valuing first edition childrens books, including Dr Seuss and Caldecott books
Home
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Most Valuable Picturebooks
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Beginner Book 1st Editions
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Seuss Beginner Books
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Identify 1st Editions
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Introduction
1. Marquis 25
2. Nearly No-Brainers
3. Key Caldecotts
4. Key Beginner Books
5. Almost Nearly No-Brainers
6. Late Gr8 Debatable 8
7. Top 100, Scarcity
8. Top 100, Value
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Epilogue
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Children's Book Values
First Edition ID Points
Seuss First Editions
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Leo Lionni First Editions
Leo Politi First Editions
Wanda Gag First Editions
Purchase Price Guide
Price Guide Reviews
First Edition Beginner Books
Up until the mid-1950s, there was a degree of separation
between illustrated educational books and illustrated picturebooks. That all changed,
dramatically and with much national fanfare, with the 1957 publication of Dr. Seuss's
The Cat In The Hat(Random House). Here was an early reader,
full of 220 madly rhyming words, which made its way into our elementary school classrooms.
The Cat In The Hatis a tremendously important book. Not just
an important picturebook or an important children's book, but an important book
without any qualifiers! The publication of the book in 1957forever changed the way in
which children would learn to read and be educated. Reading COULD be fun!
The following table is an excerpt from the Children's Picturebook Price Guide. The estimated values are for first
edition books, with dust jackets. The Children's Picturebook Price Guideexplains in understandable terms
the methods to correctly identify first edition Dr. Seuss books.
The Beginning of Beginner Books
The Cat In The Hatwas published by Random House. However
because of it's success, an independent publishing company was formed, called Beginner
Books. Theodor Seuss Geisel, aka Dr. Seuss, was the president and editor.
Beginner Books was chartered as a series of books oriented toward various stages
of early reading development. The second book in the series was nearly as popular,
The Cat In The Hat, published in 1958.
Springing from this series of beginning readers were such standards as A Fly Went By(1958), Put Me In The Zoo(1958), Green Eggs and Ham(1960), Go, Dog. Go! (1961), Hop On Pop(1963), and Fox in Socks(1965), each a monument in the picturebook industry, and also significant in the
historical development of early readers. All are still in print and remain very
popular over forty years after their initial publication.
Creators in the Beginner Book series were such luminaries as Jan & Stan Berenstain,
P. D. Eastman, Roy McKie, and Helen Palmer (Mr. Geisel's wife). The Beginner Books
dominated the children's picturebook market of the 1960's, and still plays a significant
role today within the phases of students' reading development.
Before The Cat
Prior to the publication of his first children's book in 1937, And To
Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street(Vanguard Press, 1937)), Theodor
Seuss Geisel was a prominent and successful humorist illustrator for such magazines
as Judge and Life.
By the time of The Cat In The Hat'spublication, Dr. Seuss was a very successful
children's book illustrator, having published twelve children's books, three of
which had won Caldecott Honor awards. Actually, prior to the publication of The
Cat In The Hat, one could easily say that Dr. Seuss had
already had two successful illustration careers, one as a humorist and one as a
picturebook creator.
John Hersey and Dr. Seuss
Mr. Geisel created The Cat In The Hatin reaction to a Life Magazine article by Pulitzer
Prize winning author John Hersey, published in the May 24, 1954 issue, titled "Why
Do Students Bog Down On First R? A LOCAL COMMITTEE SHEDS LIGHT ON A NATIONAL PROBLEM:
READING." In the article, Hersey was critical of the then current state of school
primers,
In the classroom boys and girls are confronted with books that have insipid
illustrations depicting the slicked-up lives of other children. [Existing primers]
feature abnormally courteous, unnaturally clean boys and girls." "In bookstores,
anyone can buy brighter, livelier books featuring strange and wonderful animals
and children who behave naturally, i.e., sometimes misbehave. Given incentive from
school boards, publishers could do as well with primers.
Hersey's arguments were enumerated in some ten pages of Life Magazine, which was
the leading periodical of its time. After detailing many issues contributing to
the dilemma with student's reading, toward the end of the article, Hersey redundantly
asked:
Why should [school primers] not have pictures that widen rather than
narrow the associative richness the children give to the words they illustrate -
drawings like those of the wonderfully imaginative geniuses among children's illustrators,
Tenniel, Howard Pyle, "Dr. Seuss," Walt Disney?
Geisel responded to this "challenge" by rigidly limiting himself to
a small set of words from an elementary school vocabulary list, then crafted a story
based upon two randomly selected words - cat and hat. The results of this personal
challenge are nothing short of amazing!
After The Cat
Successful before the publication of the The Cat In The Hat, after it's publication, Dr. Seuss became an
'overnight' national phenomenon.
After the publication of The Cat In The Hat, numerous feature articles were published in
Life, Look and other prominent periodicals. The book's characters, along with other
Seuss creations, were extended into toys and other products, occurring long before
co-merchandising and line extensions became commonplace for children's character
marketing.
Values for the First Fifty Beginner Books
The values in the following table are for first edition books, with dust jackets. In most cases, the first edition book cannot be properly identified without the
dust jacket.
Estimated Values of First Editions for First Fifty Beginner Books
Series
Year
Title
VG+
Illustrator
Author
B-01
1957
The
Cat In The Hat
$4,000
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-02
1958
Cat In The Hat Comes Back
$300
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-03
1958
A Fly Went By
$260
Fritz Siebel
Mike McClintock
B-04
1958
The Big Jump & Other Stories
$260
Katherine Evans
Benjamin Elkin
B-05
1958
A Big Ball Of String
$260
Marion Holland
Marion Holland
B-06
1958
Sam And The Firefly
$260
P.D. Eastman
P. D. Eastman
B-07
1959
You Will Go To The Moon
$150
Lee J. Ames
Mae & Ira Freeman
B-08
1959
Cowboy Andy
$180
E. Raymond Kinstler
Edna W. Chandler
B-09
1959
The Whales Go By
$180
Paul Galdone
Fred Phleger
B-10
1959
Stop That Ball!
$300
Fritz Siebel
Mike McClintock
B-11
1959
Bennett Cerf's Book Of Laughs
$180
Carl Rose
Bennett Cerf
B-12
1959
Ann Can Fly
$180
Robert Lopshire
Fred Phleger
B-13
1960
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish
$640
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-14
1960
The King's Wish & Other Stories
$120
Leonard Shortall
Benjamin Elkin
B-15
1960
Bennett Cerf's Book Of Riddles
$180
Roy McKie
Bennett Cerf
B-16
1960
Green Eggs And Ham
$4,800
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-17
1960
Put Me In The Zoo
$600
Robert Lopshire
Robert Lopshire
B-18
1960
Are You My Mother?
$600
P.D. Eastman
P. D. Eastman
B-19
1961
Ten Apples Up On Top!
$900
Roy McKie
Theo LeSieg (Seuss)
B-20
1961
Go, Dog. Go!
$600
P.D. Eastman
P. D. Eastman
B-21
1961
Little Black, A Pony
$240
James Schucker
Robert Farley
B-22
1961
Look Out For Pirates
$150
H. B. (Herman) Vestal
Iris Vinton
B-23
1961
Fish Out Of Water
$360
P.D. Eastman
Helen Palmer
B-24
1961
Bennett Cerf's More Riddles
$140
Roy McKie
Bennett Cerf
B-25
1962
Robert The Rose Horse
$120
P.D. Eastman
Joan Heilbroner
B-26
1962
I Was Kissed By A Seal At The Zoo
$120
Lynn (photos) Fayman
Helen Palmer
B-27
1962
Snow
$140
Roy McKie
P. D. Eastman
B-28
1962
The Big Honey Hunt
$300
Stan & Jan Berenstain
Same
B-29
1963
Hop On Pop
$600
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-30
1963
Dr. Seuss's ABC
$600
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-31
1963
Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday?
$120
Lynn Fayman (photos)
Helen Palmer
B-32
1963
Summer
$140
Roy McKie
Alice Low
B-33
1963
Little Black Goes To The Circus
$120
James Schucker
Walter Farley
B-34
1964
Bennett Cerf's Book Of Animal Riddles
$120
Roy McKie
Bennett Cerf
B-35
1964
Why I Built The Boogle House
$100
Lynn Fayman (photos)
Helen Palmer
B-36
1964
The Bike Lesson
$240
Stan & Jan Berenstain
Same
B-37
1964
How To Make Flibbers
$160
Robert Lopshire
Robert Lopshire
B-38
1965
Fox In Socks
$300
Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss
B-39
1965
The King, The Mice And The Cheese
$120
Eric Gurney
Nancy Gurney
B-40
1965
I Wish That I Had Duck Feet
$600
B. Tobey
Theo LeSieg (Seuss)
B-41
1966
The Bears' Picnic
$200
Stan & Jan Berenstain
Same
B-42
1966
Don And Donna Go To Bat
$160
B. Tobey
Al Perkins
B-43
1966
You Will Live Under The Sea
$100
Ward Brackett
Fred Phleger
B-44
1966
Come Over To My House
$320
Richard Erdoes
Theo LeSieg (Seuss)
B-45
1967
Babar Loses His Crown
$140
Laurent de Brunhoff
Laurent de Brunhoff
B-46
1967
The Bear Scouts
$180
Stan & Jan Berenstain
Same
B-47
1967
The Digging-Est Dog
$100
Eric Gurney
Al Perkins
B-48
1967
Travels Of Doctor Dolittle
$100
Philip Wende
Al Perkins (adapted)
B-49
1968
Doctor Dolittle And The Pirates
$100
Philip Wende
Al Perkins (adapted)
B-50
1968
Off To The Races
$100
Leo Summers
Fred Phleger
Collecting First Edition Beginner Books
First printings of the each of Beginner Books published from 1957-to-1973 should
be considered by children's book collectors. Many collectors are on the lookout
for the Dr. Seuss books, however there has not been as keen an interest in the non-Seuss
Beginner Books. The non-Seuss books are relatively inexpensive in the market place,
however locating first printings is difficult. Part of the difficulty is due to
the uncertainty in the industry in identifying true first printings of the early
Beginner Books. To help rectify this issue we published first edition identification for the first fifty-five Beginner Books on our website.
In 2001 Publisher's Weekly created their lists of the All-Time Bestselling Children's Books, for both hardcover and paperback books. We consider copies soldone of the key factors in the collectibility
of a children's book(when the initial printing is low relative to the eventual
copies sold). Twenty of the Beginner Books made the list, with eleven in the All-Time
Bestselling top 50. Several of the Beginner Books are from the 'Bright and Early'
sub-series which was started in 1967.
Not surprisingly, Dr. Seuss books dominate the list, although all of the first printings
are desirable. Some of the non-Seuss first printings are very difficult to come
by, especially Are You My Mother?, Go, Dog, Go!and Put Me In The Zoo, each of which have out sold many
of the Dr. Seuss books. You should also be on the lookout for first printings of
a A Fly Went Byand Book of Riddles.
The first twelve Beginner Books were published between 1957-to-1959 and should be
on your 'watch for' list. First editions are easily identifiable, as all but Cat In The Hatstate 'First Printing' on the copyright page. We've documented first edition identification points for Cat In The Hat on our blog.
Another key book in the series is Helen Palmer's A Fish Out of Water, illustrated
by P.D. Eastman. Palmer was Geisel's wife, and wrote several of the early Beginner
Books. However we think Dr.Seuss should be given co-authorship as we wrote in an
article A Story Of Two Fish: Dr. Seuss Out Of Water, comparing A Fish Out Of
Water to Seuss's Gustav The Goldfish.
© Stan Zielinski
A serious collector having fun with fun books.
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Attribution
© Stan Zielinski. Author of the Children's Picturebook Price Guide
This workis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License.
In layman's terms, that means you may excerpt, share, and use this
material as long as you credit Stan as the author andprovide a link back
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The information offered on 1stedition.netand the blogis offered free of charge. Any uses,
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link to the URL 1stedition.net. Include the copyright notice.
In no event shall a Creative Commons Attribution License or Stan Zielinski
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of the articles on this website. This website is provided "as is" without warranty
of any kind, either expressed or implied. Descriptions of, or references to, persons,
websites, or businesses does not imply endorsement of that person, website or business. | msmarco_doc_00_6715993 | ||
http://1stedition.net/drseuss.html | Collecting, Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Dr. Seuss Books | Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Dr Seuss Books
Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Dr Seuss Books
Values for Dr. Seuss First Edition Books
Values For Dr. Seuss Books
Identifying Dr. Seuss First Edition Books Without Dust Jackets
Edition & Printing:
And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street 1937
The 500 Hats Of Bartholomew Cubbins 1938
The King's Stilts 1939
Horton Hatches The Egg 1940
McElligot’s Pool 1947
Thidwick: The Big-Hearted Moose 1948
Bartholomew And The Oobleck 1949
If I Ran The Zoo 1950
Horton Hears A Who 1954
If I Ran The Circus 1956
The Cat In The Hat 1957
How The Grinch Stole Christmas 1957
Cat In The Hat Comes Back 1958
Happy Birthday To You 1959
First Edition, First Printing
| Collecting, Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Dr. Seuss Books
Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Dr Seuss Books
The following table is an excerpt from our book the Children's Picturebook Price Guide. The estimated values are for first edition books, with dust jackets.
Any person seriously in the market for Dr. Seuss books should also own a copy of First Editions of Dr. Seuss Books (2002), by Helen Younger, Marc Younger, and Dan Hirsch. Within the hobby, this book is considered the definitive guide to correctly identifying Dr. Seuss first edition books, providing detailed information on each book, along with full color examples of books and dust jackets. Given the cost of making a mistake with Dr. Seuss first editions, the Younger/Hirsch guide is an invaluable resource.
We had been collecting Dr. Seuss first edition books for many years prior to the publication of the Younger/Hirsch book, and in the process had compiled our own list of points to help us identify many of the older first edition books. This list is included in the Children's Picturebook Price Guide
In all cases, we either own, or have had in our possession, the first edition book with the identifying points listed. The information differs in several cases from that presented in Younger/Hirsch, since it is a result of our own research.
We have been posting identification points (points of issue) for Dr. Seuss first edition books on the Identifying Dr. Seuss First Edition Books. In the table below, the book's title is a link to the identification points for the first edition book.
Values for Dr. Seuss First Edition Books
The values are for first edition books, with dust jackets.
Values For Dr. Seuss Books
Year
Book Title
VG-
VG
VG+
1937
And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street
$8,000
$9,000
$12,000
1938
The 500 Hats Of Bartholomew Cubbins
$6,000
$7,500
$9,000
1939
The Seven Lady Godivas
$500
$750
$900
1939
The King's Stilts
$6,000
$7,500
$9,000
1940
Horton Hatches The Egg
$6,000
$7,500
$9,000
1947
McElligot's Pool
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
1948
Thidwick: The Big-Hearted Moose
$3,000
$3,750
$4,500
1949
Bartholomew And The Oobleck
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
1950
If I Ran The Zoo
$1,600
$2,000
$2,400
1953
Scrambled Eggs Super
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
1954
Horton Hears A Who
$1,600
$2,000
$2,800
1955
On Beyond Zebra
$800
$1,000
$1,200
1956
If I Ran The Circus
$800
$1,000
$1,200
1957
The Cat In The Hat
$2,400
$3,200
$4,000
1957
How The Grinch Stole Christmas
$1,200
$1,600
$2,000
1958
Cat In The Hat Comes Back
$180
$240
$300
1958
Yertle The Turtle And Other Stories
$180
$240
$300
1959
Happy Birthday To You
$160
$200
$260
1960
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish
$380
$520
$640
1960
Green Eggs And Ham
$2,400
$3,600
$4,800
1961
The Sneetches And Other Stories
$150
$225
$300
1962
Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book
$150
$225
$300
1963
Hop On Pop
$320
$420
$520
1963
Dr. Seuss's ABC
$320
$420
$520
1965
Fox In Socks
$150
$225
$300
1965
I Had Trouble In Getting To Solla Sollew
$150
$225
$300
1967
The Cat In The Hat Song Book
$90
$120
$150
1968
Foot Book
$800
$1,200
$1,600
Identifying Dr. Seuss First Edition Books Without Dust Jackets
The conventional wisdom among booksellers is first edition Dr. Seuss books cannot be identified without the dust jacket. This used to be true. With the recent discovery of some salient information, today, most of the large format Dr. Seuss books can be identified as first printings without the dust jacket.
There are a couple of cases where the first printing book is indistinguishable from the book used in the 2 nd and 3 rd printing. In these cases, the book remained unchanged but the dust jacket was changed. Even so, these books still have collectibility (desirability) and value.
To help clarify, from the ABAA’s glossary:
Edition & Printing:
Edition includes the copies of a book or other printed material which originate from the same plates or setting of type. If 500 copies of a book are printed on Oct. 5 and 300 copies are printed from the same substantially unchanged plates on Dec. 10, all 800 copies are part of the same edition.
Printing: the copies of a book or other printed material which originate from the same press run or from the same plates or setting of type at one time.
In the example given for "Edition" above, the 500 copies would be the first printing and the 300 copies comprise the second printing.
First Edition:
All of the copies printed from the first setting of type; can include multiple printings if all are from the same setting of type. When book collectors use the term first edition, they are usually referring to the first printing and if there are different states or issues, the earliest of those.
In all of the Dr. Seuss books presented, the first edition book can be identified without the dust jackets. In nearly all cases, the book is also the first edition/first printing. In a couple of cases, the book is the first edition/’first or early’ printing.
We describe ‘Availability’ for each of the books. Most of the first edition books are difficult to find in the market. ‘Very difficult’ means one or no copies are usually available from the internet bookselling sites ( ABE, Alibris, or Bookfinder ). ‘Extremely difficult’ means a copy is not usually on the market, however might surface once or twice per year.
[Note: Where applicable, below, the book's title links to the identification points for the first edition book with dust jacket.]
It’s difficult to price first edition books without dust jackets. A first edition Mulberry Street with dust jacket might sell for $8000 in Very Good condition. The first edition book might sell in the $300-$600 range, so about 1/20 th the value of the first edition book with dust jacket.
The Cat In The Hat first edition book with dust jacket would have a market value of $4000 or so in Very Good condition. The first edition book might sell for $50 or so, since it is not too difficult to find.
Since the Dr. Seuss first edition books with dust jacket are too expensive for many children's book collectors, they might consider the first edition book without dust jacket as an alternative.
And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street 1937
Title page with ‘1937,’ Vanguard Press, and copyright page with no additional printings listed. Marco’s shorts are white on the front cover; on later printings Marco had blue shorts.
Availability: ‘White pants’ books are extremely difficult to find.
The 500 Hats Of Bartholomew Cubbins 1938
The front endpapers progress from large hats to small hats; the rear endpapers progress from small hats to large hats. On later printings the progression was reversed.
Availability: ‘Large-to-small hat’ books are extremely difficult to find.
The King's Stilts 1939
Front cover with the yellow text ‘The King’s Stilts by Dr. Seuss’ on a red background covering nearly the entire area. On later printings, the title was reduced in size, with red text on a yellow cloth background.
Availability: ‘Large logo’ books are very difficult to find.
Horton Hatches The Egg 1940
States ‘First Printing’ on the copyright page.
Availability: ‘First Printing’ books are extremely difficult to find.
McElligot’s Pool 1947
Front cover has fish with mouth open.
Availability: ‘Open mouth’ books are very difficult to find.
Thidwick: The Big-Hearted Moose 1948
The first edition boards are red. The book with red boards was used with the first printing dust jacket (with ‘starburst’) and the second printing dust jacket (sans ‘starburst’, ‘200/200’ on front flap).
Availability: Red boards books are difficult to find.
Bartholomew And The Oobleck 1949
The first printing book has blue boards. Later printings were changed to red boards.
Availability: Blue boards books are difficult to find.
If I Ran The Zoo 1950
Copyright page with seven lines only, omitting the line “BASED ON MATERIAL WHICH ORIGINALLY APPEARED IN REDBOOK MAGAZINE.” Later printings have eight lines, including the Redbook line.
Availability: ‘No Redbook’ boards books are extremely difficult to find.
Horton Hears A Who 1954
Horton has full ear on back cover and the list of other Seuss titles on the recto of the back free endpaper. Second printings also have Horton with full ear on back cover and Seuss title list on the copyright page.
Availability: ‘Full ear/Rear titles page’ boards books are extremely difficult to find.
Availability: ‘Full ear/Copyright titles page’ books are very difficult to find.
If I Ran The Circus 1956
The first printing book has pink boards. Later printings were changed to red & yellow boards.
Availability: ‘Pink boards’ books are not so difficult to find.
The Cat In The Hat 1957
Matte boards with single binding signature. Later printings have glossy boards with three binding signatures.
The ‘matte cover with single signature’ book can be found with the 2 nd printing dust jacket (no price on flap) and 3 rd printing dust jackets (‘195/195’ on front flap).
Availability: ‘Single signature’ books are difficult to find.
How The Grinch Stole Christmas 1957
Back cover with full page advertisement for The Cat In The Hat offered for sale for $2.00.
This book was used on 2 nd printing dust jackets (295/295 front flap) and 3 rd printing dust jackets (295/295 and 16 titles listed).
Availability: ‘Back Ad $2.00’ books are not so difficult to find.
Cat In The Hat Comes Back 1958
Copyright page states ‘First Printing.” Also, the snowball to the left of the Cat's tail is only on the first edition book.
Availability: ‘First Printing’ books are not so difficult to find.
Happy Birthday To You 1959
The first printing book has a printing error on page 34 (page beginning with “Today is your birthday”), with six white spots that do not appear in later printings.
Availability: ‘White spots’ books are not so difficult to find.
First Edition, First Printing
It is a complicated subject, the book collecting definition of 'first edition' being ‘first edition, first printing.’
As an example, the "conventional wisdom" first edition The Cat In The Hat, with the ‘200/200’ on the front flap, is considered the first printing, while the '200/200' was in actuality used in numerous printings.
"Huh?", you ask. Let me explain.
The Cat In The Hat was first published in March of 1957. The sales far exceeded initial expectations. The ‘200/200’ dust jacket was used on the book into early 1958, and perhaps mid-1958. The first instance I can find of the book’s price reduction to ‘195/195’ is in the October, 1958 edition of The Horn Book Magazine (pg. 325), where Random House advertises the first six Beginner Books for $1.95.
It is illogical to believe the initial printing of The Cat In The Hat in March, 1957 was sufficient to supply books for nearly a year of sales, through January or March of 1958. And especially in light of sales being higher then initially expected. Therefore the logical conclusion is there were multiple printings of the ‘200/200’ Cat In The Hat through the course of 1957.
Currently the book collecting community cannot distinguish the initial ‘200/200’ printing from each of the other ‘200/200’ printings, yet we still consider all as ‘first edition/first printing’.
The first edition ‘200/200’ Cat In The Hat routinely sells for $3000 in today’s market.
© Stan Zielinski
A serious collector having fun with fun books. | msmarco_doc_00_6730933 |
http://1stedition.net/identifying1steditions.html | Collecting, Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Childrens Books |
Identifying First Edition Books
Publisher's 'First Edition Books'
Essential Guides for Identifying First Edition Books
Identifying Contemporary First Edition Books
First Edition Identification Points for Key Children's Books
| Collecting, Identifying, and Valuing First Edition Childrens Books
Identifying First Edition Books
Book collectors and booksellers are meticulous in their meaning of "First Edition." In the book collecting industry, "First Edition" is always meant to be the first printing of the first edition of the book. Most of the bookselling associations have a code of ethics that their members follow, and lend great credibility to members of these associations. Notable among these are the Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (ABAA).
In the collectible bookselling market, it must be clearly stated in the book's description if the book is a later printing or later state of the first edition. The only exception is when the bookseller does not know that an earlier printing or 'state' of the book exists. If the bookseller is unsure if an earlier printing exists, then the book's description should indicate this insecurity.
Publisher's 'First Edition Books'
It is very important for the novice book collector or bookseller to understand that the meaning and use of the term "First Edition" is different in the publishing industry than in the book collecting industry. Many publishers use the term 'First Edition' on the copyright page to indicate a book that has been reprinted without changes from its first printing. It is not uncommon for printers to employ the words "First Edition" on the copyright page on books even up to the eighth and ninth printing.
This use of the words "First Edition" on later printings of books has caused numerous headaches in recent years for book collectors, as more novice and amateur booksellers offer books for sale on the internet. A large number of novice or casual sellers do not distinguish the difference between the collecting definition of "First Edition," and the printing industry's use of the term. This is especially prevalent on eBay auctions, and the prudent potential book buyer should make an inquiry to the seller to obtain exact copyright page information.
Essential Guides for Identifying First Edition Books
For the reader to become proficient at identifying first editions, the following are acceptable authoritative guides:
Pocket Guide to the Identification of First Editions; edited by William M. McBride.
First Editions: A Guide to Identification; edited by: E. N. Zempel and Linda A. Verkler.
First Editions: A Field Guide for Collectors of English & American Literature; A. K. Ward.
Each of these guides will provide solid reference to identifying first edition markings for different publishing houses. These books do not provide first edition 'identification points' for specific collectible children's books.
Identifying Contemporary First Edition Books
In general, on most contemporary first editions, the copyright page will have the words "First Edition," "First Printing," or "First Impression," in conjunction with a numbering or lettering (less common) systems.
It is important to understand that a book with "First Edition" or "First Printing" on the copyright page does not mean it is a first edition book in the collectible sense. Rather, the correct "number line" sequence is of vital importance.
Numbering System: 1 - 10
Numbering System: 0 - 9
Lettering System
In the case of the 1-to-10 numbering system, look for a sequence such as:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
or
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
The true First Edition will include the '1' in the sequence. If the sequence is missing the '1' and the '2', therefore the numbers look like:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
or
3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
In this case, the book is the third printing, even if the copyright page includes the words "First Edition." No reputable bookseller would represent a book such as this as a first edition. Informed auction sellers also should not represent a book such as this as a first edition.
In the case of the 0-to-9 numbering system, look for a sequence such as:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The true first edition will include the '0' in the sequence. If the sequence is missing the '0' and the '1', therefore the numbers look like:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
In this case, the book is the third printing, even if the copyright page includes the words "First Edition." No reputable bookseller would represent a book such as this as a first edition. Informed auction sellers also should not represent a book such as this as a first edition.
In the case of the lettering system, look for a sequence such as:
A B C D E
The true first edition will include the 'A' in the sequence. If the sequence is missing the 'A' and the 'B', therefore the letters look like:
C D E
In this case, the book is the third printing, even if the copyright page includes the words "First Edition." No reputable bookseller would represent a book such as this as a first edition. Informed auction sellers also should not represent a book such as this as a first edition.
The Children's Picturebook Price Guide includes a list of first edition identifying points for individual Caldecott Medal books, Dr. Seuss books, and several other key books, including Madeline, The Little Engine That Could, and Millions of Cats.
First Edition Identification Points for Key Children's Books
At the Collecting Childrens Picturebooks blog, we have started a category for listing detailed first edition identification points for key children's books. We are posting photographs of the key points, since we find the visual to much easier to remember. We intend to post a book a two a week, so check back to this website frequently.
We have an index to the blog posts at First Edition Identification Points for Key Books.
A small sample of the first edition books we have posted:
Abraham Lincoln (Ingri & Edgar Parin d'Aulaire; Doubleday, Doran; 1939)
The Cat In The Hat (Dr. Seuss; Random House,;1957)
The Cat In The Hat Comes Back (Dr. Seuss; Beginner Books; 1958)
Eloise (Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight; Simon & Schuster, 1955)
Ferdinand (Munro Leaf and Robert Lawson; Viking, 1936)
Madeline (Ludwig Bemelmans; Viking; 1939)
The Man Who Walked Between Two Towers (Mordicai Gerstein; Roaring Brook Press, 2003)
© Stan Zielinski
A serious collector having fun with fun books. | msmarco_doc_00_6743878 |
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Chapped Skin
Causes of Chapped Skin
Nutritional Therapy for Chapped Skin
Nutritional Supplements
Herbal Remedies
Homeopathy
Tissue Salts
Common Sense Remedies for Chapped Skin
| Chapped skin, skin care recommendations for chapped skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies
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Chapped Skin
Chapped skin has a rough texture which sometimes causes the skin to crack.
Causes of Chapped Skin
Nutritional Therapy for Chapped Skin
Herbal Remedies
Homeopathy
Tissue Salts
Common Sense Remedies for Chapped Skin
Causes of Chapped Skin
The skin becomes dry, sore and cracked when the natural oils are depleted and the defense system overburdened.
The causes for chapped skin are:
Extended exposure to the elements, especially the wind, cold and sun
Repeated contact with soaps, chemicals and water
The body's lack of fluids or oils in the form of essential fatty acids.
Neglect
Not using the additional protection of sun screens and clothing when subjecting the skin to the elements
Not using rubber gloves when cleaning, scrubbing or holding the hands in water for extended periods
The friction of clothing, often due to harsh detergents present in the fabrics
Rough, tight-fitting clothing.
Nutritional Therapy for Chapped Skin
Eat carrots, tomatoes and green, leafy vegetables for vitamin A, which is important for skin growth and repair.
The essential fatty acids, found in unrefined vegetable oils, promote moist skin.
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), found in whole grains, legumes, wheat germ and nutritional yeast, is needed for the synthesis of fats and oils.
Add 1 tbsp. each of water cress, carrot and spinach juice to one glass of tomato juice, 2 tbsp. wheat germ oil and 1 tbsp. of nutritional yeast. Drink this vitamin rich drink in the morning.
Nutritional Supplements
Dry, chapped skin is due to a deficiency in essential fatty acids or vitamins A, B and C. The essential fatty acids in evening primrose oil are very beneficial in keeping the skin healthy and smooth. If the lips are cracked and sore, B vitamins are lacking. Vitamin A is also an essential nutrient for the skin.
Daily dosages:
Evening primrose oil, two 500 mg capsules three times daily
Vitamin B complex, 50 mg
Vitamin A, 25,000 IU (avoid during pregnancy)
Vitamin C, with bioflavonoids, 1,500 mg
Herbal Remedies
Comfrey cream, applied externally, will assist in new cell growth.
Apply calendula ointment to chapped skin in dry weather..
Apply oils of St. John's wort, olive or mashed avocado after bathing.
Homeopathy
The homeopathic approach to skin problems is generally constitutional. Skin problems often take many months to resolve. Take the 6c strength every three to four hours.
Use Petroleum for rough, red and cracked skin, especially at the comers of the mouth.
Use Silicea for slow-healing cracks on the fingertips that are made worse in the cold weather.
Take Sulphur for dry, red and itching skin. It is also useful for cracks in the folds of the skin, especially with a fungal infection. The skin is itchy and aggravated by washing.
Consult an experienced homeopath for recurring or persistent problems.
Tissue Salts
Take 4 tablets three times daily under the tongue, until the condition is relieved.
Calc fluor - When the hands are dry, chapped and cracked, particularly from exposure to cold. Also for cracks in the palms of the hands or calluses anywhere.
Nat mur - if the skin is excessively dry
Common Sense Remedies for Chapped Skin
In winter, use a humidifier or place bowls of water near the heater to counteract the moisture loss created by central heating.
A healthy diet is essential for healthy skin. Vitamin C is required for collagen production; beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A, a substance essential for maintaining skin tissue; vitamin E is vital for skin condition; and vitamin B helps repair the skin.
Evening primrose oil supplements are beneficial for skin. They contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid reputed to strengthen skin cells and boost their moisture content.
Get sufficient sleep as the skin's cellular repair activity is at its optimum during this resting phase.
Exercise benefits skin as it boosts circulation and encourages blood flow. Regular exercise will nourish and cleanse your skin from within.
Dry brush skin in the mornings to stimulate circulation and the sebaceous glands.
Every day at bedtime take the white of an egg, mix in one ground almond and apply on the face. When the skin feels dry, wash off with water and apply home- made nourishing cream.
Avoid the use of soap completely, because soap dissolves the fats from the skin and takes them away from the surface. Instead clean your skin with gram flour made into a paste with milk cream.
Moderate sun exposure in the early morning and late afternoon is healthy for the skin, and activates the production of vitamin D in the body which, in turn, will promote healthy skin.
Half an hour before you take your bath, massage yourself either with warm olive, mustard or coconut oil. After bathing blot yourself dry; do not rub vigorously with a bath towel.
Apply home-made cold cream every night before retiring. It is a good idea either to use cold or nourishing cream every night after crossing the age of 25 if you want to cherish the youthful loveliness of a flawless complexion.
Do not wear wool or other rough clothing next to your skin because they will aggravate itching and scaling.
Take a Saline Bath
If you have developed scales the best remedy is to take a saline bath.
Add six pounds of sodium chloride (table salt or rock salt) to 25 gallons of warm water in a tub. Soak in this water for about 15 to 20 minutes twice daily. Blot dry, then massage gently either with almond or olive oil.
This simple treatment often brings about a great reduction in chapping and scaling. At the same time it gives considerable relief from itching. Take this treatment only if you are in excellent physical health.
See Also: Basic Skin Care
How to care for dry skin
How to care for oily skin
Diet For Natural Beauty
The Natural Way To Healthy Skin
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http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_combination.htm | Combination skin, skincare for combination skin, essential oils for combination skin, what is combination skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies | Combination Skin
Combination Skin
Skin Care for Combination Skin
Essential Oils for Combination Skin
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Combination Skin
Combination skin is a combination of both oily and dry skin. There is a greasy center panel consisting of nose, forehead and chin and a dry panel consisting of cheeks, mouth and the areas around the eyes. This type of skin is very common, and it should be treated as if it were two different types of skin.
Skin Care for Combination Skin
The combination skin should be cared for as if it is a combination of two different skin types. Care for the dry part of the skin using the guidelines provided for dry skin. The oily part of the skin should be cared for using the guidelines for oily skin.
Gently cleanse and lubricate the dry skin with home-made cold or moisturizing creams regularly. The oily part need to be deeply cleansed and toned with regular application of home-made astringents. Both the dry and greasy areas need moisturizing.
Essential Oils for Combination Skin
Use essential oils for oily skin on the greasy patches and oils for normal skin on the rest of the face area.
See Also:
Skincare for Dry Skin
Skincare for Oily Skin
Basic Skin Care
Diet For Natural Beauty
The Natural Way To Healthy Skin
Next Topic:
[ Skin Care Home ] [ Beauty Home ] [ Remedies Home ] [ Holisticonline.com Home ] [ Therapies Home]
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http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_dry.htm | Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies | Dry Skin
Dry Skin
Causes
How To Care for Dry Skin
Herbs for Dry Skin
Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin
Essential Oils For Dry Skin
Common Sense Recommendations
| Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies
Beauty
Skin Care
Dry Skin
Causes
How To Care for Dry Skin
Herbs for Dry Skin
Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin
Essential Oils For Dry Skin
Common Sense Recommendations
Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin.
Dryness is exacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, all of which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. This type of skin is tightly drawn over bones. It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the comers of the mouth.
Causes
The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated.
Skin gets exposed to the elements especially in winter.
Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition.
Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin.
Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps.
Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or seborrhea.
Dry Skin Could Also Be From:
Dry skin can be a sign of an underactive thyroid.
Serious skin complications can arise for people with diabetes.
Certain drugs, including diuretics, antispasmodics, and antihistamines, can contribute to dry skin.
How To Care for Dry Skin
Avoid the use of tap water when cleansing dry skin. The deposits are too drying on the skin. And never, ever use hot water. Use mineral water to freshen your face. Don't use a washcloth-a rough texture can irritate. In the morning, apply a spray of mineral water on your skin misted on with a plant sprayer. (Do not use a sprayer that had been used for spraying insecticides.) Lightly pat dry.
Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. It also needs extra careful protection. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look.
Use nondetergent, neutral-pH products to cleanse your skin. Avoid using any commercial soap. And always touch your face gently. Double-cleanse with a cream, leaving a light, thin trace of it on the skin after the second cleansing.
Follow a bath or a shower with a mild application of baby oil. Massage your face with home-made nourishing cream every night before retiring. Be generous with the cream in the areas surrounding the eyes where tiny lines and crows feet are born.
Avoid coming in contact with highly alkaline soaps and detergents like washing sodas and powders which contain highly alkaline and drying ingredients.
Moistening with water, then applying a thin film of air-excluding moisturizer, restores the suppleness of the dry skin.
Morning Skin Cleanser/Rejuvenator
Every morning 15 minutes before taking your bath
1 egg yolk
1 teaspoon orange juice
1 teaspoon olive oil and
few drops of rose water
few drops of lime juice
Mix the above ingredients together and apply on your skin.
Beauty Mask for Dry Skin
1 egg
1 teaspoon of honey,
1/2 teaspoon of olive oil and
few drops of rose water
Mix the ingredients thoroughly and use as a mask.
Night Moisturizing
After you clean and tone your skin, apply a splash of water or a water-misting. Pat almost dry with a soft towel, then smooth moisturizer from bosom to hairline. Allow five minutes for immediate absorption (cover your face and throat with warm washcloths to hasten penetration), then blot off any excess moisturizer with a tissue.
Men can skip the toner but should moisturize the delicate skin around the eye area.
Day Moisturizing
Apply a touch of your natural moisturizer over the freshly cleansed, toned, and dampened skin on your throat, cheeks, and around your eyes. Men should follow a two-step process. Apply moisturizer immediately after shaving. Wait ten minutes. Then moisturize again.
Milk Bath
Once a week take a milk bath. It will nourish and smoothen your skin. Warm your bath water and put in 250 gram of powdered milk, half tablespoon of almond oil and a few drops of your favorite perfume. Then just lie in it and let your mind wander while the wholesome foam works wonders on your dry skin.
If your lips chap, peel or crack then the best remedy is to massage them with a little cream of milk to which a few drops each of rose water and lime juice has been added every night before going to bed. Before applying lipstick, use a soft piece of towel for removing rough bits of chapped skin and rub a piece of raw beetroot gently on them. After applying lipstick add a little vaseline to keep your lips soft and pretty.
Moisturize your skin after cleansing to keep it from drying out. Use a liquid moisturizer or facial oil that contains nutrients and other natural ingredients. Avoid solid, waxy moisturizing creams.
Use a humidifier (or even a pan of water placed near a radiator) to humidify your environment, especially in winter. This helps to reduce the amount of moisture lost from the skin through evaporation.
Stay out of overheated rooms; avoid sudden changes in temperature; protect yourself from wind and sun. Remember, your face is fragile.
If you don't have a good, strong moisturizer on your face on a cold, windy winter day, don't go out! Cold will cause any moisture on your skin to evaporate. The wind will just accelerate the process.
At night, use a very creamy cleanser or oil (baby oil is perfectly all right). Remove residue with a spray of mineral water. Follow up with a night cream applied at least a half-hour before retiring. If you lie down immediately after applying cream, it will "puff-up" delicate tissues around the eyes.
Once a week, use a facial mask to clarify the skin and remove dull, dry surface skin cells. Blend together well 1 teaspoon green clay powder and 1 teaspoon raw honey. Apply the mixture to your face, avoiding the eye area. Leave it on for fifteen minutes, then rinse well with lukewarm water. While your skin is still slightly damp, apply a natural skin oil or liquid moisturizer.
If your skin is chapped or cracked, increase your consumption of water and essential fatty acids. Keep any chapped areas well lubricated and protected from the elements.
For cracked, dry skin on the fingers, use calendula cream or oil with comfrey, vitamin E oil, and aloe vera. Apply the mixture to hands at bedtime, then wear plastic gloves overnight.
Do not smoke. Smoking has a harmful effect on the skin for several reasons. Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, including the tiny capillaries that serve the skin. This deprives the skin of the oxygen and nutrients it needs for good health. Smoking also can make the skin dry and leathery.
Do not use harsh soaps, cold cream, or cleansing creams on your skin. Cleansing creams are made from hydrogenated oils, which can cause free radical damage to the skin, resulting in dryness and wrinkles. Instead, use pure olive, avocado, or almond oil to cleanse the skin. Pat the oil on, then wash it off with warm water and a soft cloth.
Do not use very hot water when bathing or showering.
As much as possible, stay out of the sun. The sun is responsible for most of the damage done to the skin. It causes dryness, wrinkles, and even rashes and blisters. Always apply a good sunscreen to all exposed areas of skin if you must be in the sun.
Herbs for Dry Skin
Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is soothing, healing, and moisturizing. It also helps to remove dead skin cells. Apply aloe vera gel topically on affected areas.
Calendula and comfrey have skin-softening properties. They can be used in a facial sauna or to make herbal or floral waters. Comfrey also reduces redness and soothes irritated skin.
Add 5 drops of lavender oil or oat extract to bath water. After the bath, apply diluted evening primrose oil or aloe vera cream.
Drink teas of camomile, dandelion or peppermint.
Borage, fennel, coltsfoot or calendula tea also helps improve the skin. Add 1 tsp. of herbs to 1 cup of boiling water and drink daily.
Tea tree oil has been known to penetrate into the skin's cellular level. Add 1 drop of oil to your favorite day or night cream to help moisturize and smooth skin.
Herbal Facial Sauna
A weekly facial sauna using the herbs chamomile, lavender, and peppermint is good for dry skin.
Using a glass or enameled pot, simmer a total of 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried or fresh herbs in 2 quarts of water. When the pot is steaming, place it on top of a trivet or thick potholder on a table, and sit with your face at a comfortable distance over the steam for fifteen minutes. You can use a towel to trap the steam if you wish.
After fifteen minutes, splash your face with cold water and allow your skin to air dry or pat it dry with a towel. Then either apply a good natural moisturizer or facial oil, or apply a clay mask.
After the sauna, you can allow the herbal water to cool and save it for use as a toning lotion to be dabbed on your face with a cotton ball after cleansing.
Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin
Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Eat quality protein from vegetable sources. Increase your intake of raw foods.
Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful.
Consume plenty of yellow and orange vegetables. These are high in beta-carotene, an antioxidant. Carrots are especially good.
Unrefined, cold-pressed flax seed oil used daily on salads and baked potatoes, or mixed into any dishes which do not require heating to high temperatures will make dry skin moist and supple. Flax seed oil contains the essential fatty acids omega-3 alpha linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. These are converted in the body into hormone, like substances called Prostaglandins, which support skin health.
Cantaloupes, carrots and apricots are heating foods for dry skin because they are rich in the vitamins A and C, both important for a supple, smooth skin. Eat them whole or take as fresh juices. Eat foods rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), such as quark, raw. milk cheese, natural plain yogurt, kefir, leafy green vegetables, nutritional yeast and wheat germ. Pantothenic acid is need for the synthesis of fats and oils used by the skin.
Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated.
Avoid fried foods, animal fats, and heat-processed vegetable oils. Use cold- pressed oils only. Heating oils leads to the production of free radicals, which have a destructive effect on the skin.
Do not drink soft drinks or eat sugar, chocolate, potato chips, or other junk foods.
Avoid alcohol and caffeine. These substances have a diuretic effect, causing the body and skin cells to lose fluids and essential minerals.
Essential Oils For Dry Skin
Chamomile
Geranium
Hyssop
Lavender
Patchouli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang-Ylang
Common Sense Recommendations
Evening primrose oil supplements are beneficial for skin. They contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid reputed to strengthen skin cells and boost their moisture content.
Get sufficient sleep as the skin's cellular repair activity is at its optimum during this resting phase.
Exercise benefits skin as it boosts circulation and encourages blood flow. Regular exercise will nourish and cleanse your skin from within.
To nourish and smooth the skin, mash half an avocado and mix with a few drops of fresh lemon juice and spread over the cleansed skin. Leave on for fifteen to twenty minutes, then dab off the excess with a soft tissue. Splash the skin alternately with cold and warm water.
For a quick and easy skin pack, mash a ripe banana with a fork and spread it thickly onto the face and throat. Leave on for ten to fifteen minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water.
See Also: Basic Skin Care
Diet For Natural Beauty
The Natural Way To Healthy Skin
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http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_parts-of-the-skin.htm | Parts of the skin, lower dermis, dermis, epidermis, sebaceous glands,
hair, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative
therapies, mind-body therapies
Skincare. Parts of the skin are described. Theses are: lower dermis, dermis, epidermis,sebaceous glands, and hair. These are described.
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Beauty
Skin Care
Parts of the Skin
Our skin is a complex engineered covering.
The skin has a slightly acidic coating of oil at the surface. This coating
protects the skin against some bacteria. Below the surface is a complex of sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue. These are held together by a tough connective tissue called collagen.
Collagen is very important in determining the health of the skin. The relative health of the collagen determines the contour of the skin, how wrinkled and lined it is. Healthy collagen is often called soluble collagen, because it can absorb and hold moisture.
Below the collagen is a layer of fat and muscle, which provides some contour and acts as a cushion and as insulation.
The skin has three layers. The inner most layer is known as the lower dermis, the middle layer is called the dermis, and the outer layer is known as the epidermis.
Lower Dermis
The various glands such as the oil and sweat glands originate in the lower dermis. From here, they rise to the surface of the skin to eliminate waste matter. Lower dermis also acts as a cushion for the rest of the skin. It contains the finely distributed muscles of the skin which regulate body temperature.
Dermis
The dermis is the layer that lies underneath the epidermis, and it is composed entirely of living cells. It consists of bundles of tough fibers which give your skin its elasticity, firmness and strength. There are also blood vessels, which feed vital nutrients to these areas.
The most important function of dermis is respiration. The countless tiny blood vessels, or capillaries end here in finely-drawn networks, from where they feed the outer skin layer. Dermis also determines the tone of the skin.
Epidermis
This is the top layer of skin and the one you can actually see. It protects your body from invasion and infection and helps to seal in moisture. It's built up of several layers of living cells which are then topped by sheets of dead cells. It's constantly growing, with new cells being produced at its base. They quickly die, and are pushed up to the surface by the arrival of new ones, These dead cells eventually flake away, which means that every new layer of skin is another chance to have a soft, glowing complexion.
The lower levels of living cells are fed by the blood supply from underneath, whereas the upper dead cells only need water to ensure they're kept plump and smooth.
The epidermis is responsible for your coloring, as it holds the skin's pigment. It ranges in thickness from l/20-th of an inch on the palms and soles, to 1/200-th of an inch on the face.
The skin contains the following specialized
organs:
Sebaceous glandsare tiny organs which usually open into hair follicles on the surface of your skin. They produce an oily secretion, called sebum, which is your skin's natural lubricant.
The sebaceous glands are most concentrated on the scalp and face - particularly around the nose, cheeks, chin and forehead, which is why these are usually the most oily areas of your skin.
Sweat glands are all over your body. There are millions of them and their main function is to regulate your body temperature. When sweat evaporates on the skin's surface, the temperature of your skin drops.
Hairs grow from the hair follicles. They can help keep your body warm by trapping air underneath them. There are no hairs on the soles of your feet and palms of your hands.
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http://1stholistic.com/Nutrition/hol_nutr_water.htm | Nutrition, water, Four Basic Nutrients, Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats | Nutrition Infocenter
Nutrition Infocenter
The Four Basic Nutrients
Water
| Nutrition, water, Four Basic Nutrients, Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Nutrition Infocenter
The Four Basic Nutrients
Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the basic building blocks of a good diet. By choosing the healthiest forms of each of these nutrients, and eating them in the proper balance, you enable your body to function at its optimal level.
Water
The human body is two-thirds water. Water is an essential nutrient that is involved in every function of the body.
Water helps transport nutrients and waste products in and out of cells.
Water is necessary for all digestive, absorption, circulatory, and excretory functions
Water is needed for the utilization of the water-soluble vitamins.
It is needed for the maintenance of proper body temperature.
It is recommended that you drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day.
Next Topic: Carbohydrates
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http://1stholistic.com/nutrition/hol_nutr-def-symptoms.htm | Nutrition, Nutritional Deficiency Symptoms
Nutritional Deficiency and Its Symptoms. A list of essential nutrients, incidence of its deficiency and the typical symptoms and diseases are given.
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Nutrition
Nutrition Infocenter
Nutritional Deficiency and Its Symptoms:
Nutrient
Incidence of Deficiency
Typical Symptoms and
Diseases
Biotin
Uncommon
Dermatitis, eye inflammation, hair loss, loss
of muscle control, insomnia, muscle weakness
Calcium
Average diet contains 40 to 50% of RDA*
Brittle nails, cramps, delusions, depression,
insomnia, irritability, osteoporosis, palpitations, peridontal disease, rickets, tooth
decay
Chromium
90% of diets deficient
Anxiety, fatigue, glucose intolerance,
adult-onset diabetes
Copper
75% of diets deficient; average diet contains 50% of RDA*
Anemia, arterial damage, depression, diarrhea,
fatigue, fragile bones, hair loss, hyperthyroidism, weakness
Essential fatty acids
Very common
Diarrhea, dry skin and hair, hair loss, immune
impairment, infertility, poor wound healing, premenstrual syndrome, acne, eczema, gall
stones, liver degeneration
Folic acid
Average diet contains 60% of RDA*; deficient in 100% of
elderly in one study; deficient in 48% of adolescent girls; requirement doubles in
pregnancy
Anemia, apathy, diarrhea, fatigue, headaches,
insomnia, loss of appetite, neural tube defects in fetus, paranoia, shortness of breath,
weakness
Iodine
Uncommon since the supplementation of salt with iodine
Cretinism, fatigue, hypothyroidism, weight
gain
Iron
Most common mineral deficiency
Anemia, brittle nails, confusion,
constipation, depression, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, inflamed tongue, mouth lesions
Magnesium
75 to 85% of diets deficient: average diet contains 50 to
60% of RDA*
Anxiety, confusion, heart attack,
hyperactivity, insomnia, nervousness, muscular irritability, restlessness, weakness
Manganese
Unknown, may be common in women
Atherosclerosis, dizziness, elevated
cholesterol, glucose intolerance, hearing loss, loss of muscle control, ringing in ears
Niacin
Commonly deficient in elderly
Bad breath, canker sores, confusion,
depression, dermatitis, diarrhea, emotional instability, fatigue, irritability, loss of
appetite, memory impairment, muscle weakness, nausea, skin eruptions and inflammation
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Average elderly diet contains 60% of RDA*
Abdominal pains, burning feet, depression,
eczema, fatigue, hair loss, immune impairment, insomnia, irritability, low blood pressure,
muscle spasms, nausea, poor coordination
Potassium
Commonly deficient in elderly
Acne, constipation, depression, edema,
excessive water consumption, fatigue, glucose intolerance, high cholesterol levels,
insomnia, mental impairment, muscle weakness, nervousness, poor reflexes
Pyridoxine (B6)
71% of male and 90% of female diets deficient
Acne, anemia, arthritis, eye inflammation,
depression, dizziness, facial oiliness, fatigue, impaired wound healing, irritability,
loss of appetite, loss of hair, mouth lesions, nausea
Riboflavin
Deficient in 30% of elderly Britons
Blurred vision, cataracts, depression,
dermatitis, dizziness, hair loss, inflamed eyes, mouth lesions, nervousness, neurological
symptoms (numbness, loss of sensation, "electric shock" sensations), seizures. sensitivity to light, sleepiness, weakness
Selenium
Average diet contains 50% of RDA
Growth impairment, high cholesterol levels,
increased incidence of cancer, pancreatic insufficiency (inability to secrete adequate
amounts of digestive enzymes), immune impairment, liver impairment, male sterility
Thiamin
Commonly deficient in elderly
Confusion, constipation, digestive problems,
irritability, loss of appetite, memory loss, nervousness, numbness of hands and feet, pain
sensitivity, poor coordination, weakness
Vitamin A
20% of diets deficient
Acne, dry hair, fatigue, growth impairment,
insomnia, hyperkeratosis (thickening and roughness of skin), immune impairment, night
blindness, weight loss
Vitamin B-12
Serum levels low in 25% of hospital patients
Anemia, constipation, depression, dizziness,
fatigue, intestinal disturbances, headaches, irritability, loss of vibration sensation,
low stomach acid, mental disturbances, moodiness, mouth lesions, numbness, spinal cord
degeneration
Vitamin C
20 to 50% of diets deficient
Bleeding gums, depression, easy bruising,
impaired wound healing, irritability, joint pains, loose teeth, malaise, tiredness.
Vitamin D
62% of elderly women's diets deficient
Burning sensation in mouth, diarrhea,
insomnia, myopia, nervousness, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets, scalp sweating
Vitamin E
23% of male and 15% of female diets deficient
Gait disturbances, poor reflexes, loss of
position sense, loss of vibration sense, shortened red blood cell life
Vitamin K
Deficiency in pregnant women and newborns common
Bleeding disorders
Zinc
68% of diets deficient
Acne, amnesia, apathy, brittle nails, delayed
sexual maturity, depression, diarrhea, eczema, fatigue, growth impairment, hair loss, high
cholesterol levels, immune impairment, impotence, irritability, lethargy, loss of
appetite, loss of sense of taste, low stomach acid, male infertility, memory impairment,
night blindness, paranoia, white spots on nails, wound healing impairment
(Source: Total Wellness by Joseph Pizzorno, ND
)
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