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56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"DNA testing"
]
} | What has the [MASK] government not allowed to find true cause of death? | [
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0.159794464707... | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Rous... | DNA testing | 2,010 |
56d38ac959d6e414001466cf | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
]
} | What was the cause of death on [MASK] 's death certificate? | [
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0.2301461398... | On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger... | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | tuberculosis | 2,011 |
56d38ac959d6e414001466d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | Who was Chopin's physician? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Jean Cruveilhier"
]
} | Who was [MASK] 's physician? | [
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-0.132654592394... | Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up ag... | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Rous... | Jean Cruveilhier | 2,012 |
56d38ac959d6e414001466d1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"cystic fibrosis"
]
} | Other possiblities for [MASK] 's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1- antitrypsin deficiency, and what? | [
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0.025240432... | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | cystic fibrosis | 2,013 |
56d38ac959d6e414001466d2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"the Polish government."
]
} | Who has denied testing [MASK] 's DNA to determine the actual cause of death? | [
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0.217007771134376... | Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day a... | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained clo... | the Polish government. | 2,014 |
56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9 | Frédéric_Chopin | The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. | Where was Chopin's funeral held? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Church of the Madeleine"
]
} | Where was [MASK] 's funeral held? | [
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0.1399675905704... | Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of pr... | Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed... | Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald ... | Church of the Madeleine | 2,015 |
56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba | Frédéric_Chopin | The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. | How long was Chopin's funeral delayed? | {
"answer_start": [
78
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"text": [
"two weeks"
]
} | How long was [MASK] 's funeral delayed? | [
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56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb | Frédéric_Chopin | The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. | How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
189
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"text": [
"Over 3,000"
]
} | How many people arrived for [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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0.036645963788... | Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic ... | Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed... | Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald ... | Over 3,000 | 2,017 |
56d38ba459d6e414001466eb | Frédéric_Chopin | The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. | How many people arrived without an invitation? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Over 3,000"
]
} | How many people arrived without an invitation? | [
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56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | What song was sung at Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mozart's Requiem"
]
} | What song was sung at [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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0.1095955371856... | At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation o... | Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Straus... | At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Fr... | Mozart's Requiem | 2,021 |
56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"Louis Lefébure-Wély"
]
} | Who was the organist at [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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-0.15425804... | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Straus... | In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi... | Louis Lefébure-Wély | 2,022 |
56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | Who led Chopin's funeral procession? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"Prince Adam Czartoryski"
]
} | Who led [MASK] 's funeral procession? | [
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56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | What was played at his graveside? | {
"answer_start": [
537
],
"text": [
"Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"
]
} | What was played at his graveside? | [
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0.0810576304793... | In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their... | Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Straus... | Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and ... | Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 | 2,024 |
56d38c2b59d6e41400146703 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mozart's Requiem"
]
} | What [MASK] song was sung at [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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56d38c2b59d6e41400146704 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"Louis Lefébure-Wély"
]
} | Who was the organist for [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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56d38c2b59d6e41400146705 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | Which cemetery was Chopin buried in? | {
"answer_start": [
338
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"text": [
"Père Lachaise Cemetery"
]
} | Which cemetery was [MASK] buried in? | [
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56d38c2b59d6e41400146706 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | Who led the funeral procession? | {
"answer_start": [
422
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"text": [
"Prince Adam Czartoryski"
]
} | Who led the funeral procession? | [
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56d38c2b59d6e41400146707 | Frédéric_Chopin | Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The fune... | What was played at Chopin's graveside? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"
]
} | What was played at [MASK] 's graveside? | [
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56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Clésinger"
]
} | Who sculpted [MASK] 's tombstone? | [
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56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Euterpe"
]
} | What is the name of the muse carved on [MASK] 's tombstone? | [
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56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | How much did Chopin's funeral cost? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"5,000 francs"
]
} | How much did [MASK] 's funeral cost? | [
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56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Who paid for Chopin's funeral? | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"Jane Stirling"
]
} | Who paid for [MASK] 's funeral? | [
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0.11968518048524... | Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore ... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Jane Stirling | 2,033 |
56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"alcohol"
]
} | [MASK] 's sister [MASK] took his heart back to [MASK] preserved in what? | [
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0.26779869... | In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th),... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | alcohol | 2,034 |
56d38cc659d6e4140014672b | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Who designed Chopin's tombstone? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Clésinger."
]
} | Who designed [MASK] 's tombstone? | [
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0.0649626404047... | African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. Fo... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | Clésinger. | 2,035 |
56d38cc659d6e4140014672c | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"5,000 francs"
]
} | How much did [MASK] 's funeral and monument cost? | [
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0.131626695394516... | The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin. | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by... | 5,000 francs | 2,036 |
56d38cc659d6e4140014672e | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Who took Chopin's heart to Poland? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"sister"
]
} | Who took [MASK] 's heart to [MASK]? | [
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0.059051729738... | Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Rous... | sister | 2,038 |
56d38cc659d6e4140014672f | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's... | Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"Sand"
]
} | Who ended up with the [MASK] letters from [MASK] to [MASK]? | [
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56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7 | Frédéric_Chopin | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | How many of Chopin's works still exist? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Over 230"
]
} | How many of [MASK] 's works still exist? | [
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0.1690659523010... | Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. There are also numerous parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. So... | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Over 230 | 2,040 |
56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8 | Frédéric_Chopin | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | All of his pieces include what instrument? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"piano"
]
} | All of his pieces include what instrument? | [
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0.023875411599... | The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables ... | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romant... | piano | 2,041 |
56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b | Frédéric_Chopin | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Over 230"
]
} | How many [MASK] pieces are known to have survived? | [
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56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c | Frédéric_Chopin | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"chamber music."
]
} | Only a few of [MASK] 's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what? | [
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0.035326287... | Current circulating in one antenna generally induces a voltage across the feedpoint of nearby antennas or antenna elements. The mathematics presented below are useful in analyzing the electrical behaviour of antenna arrays, where the properties of the individual array elements (such as half wave dipoles) are already kn... | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romant... | chamber music. | 2,043 |
56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. C... | Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Clementi"
]
} | Whose piano method did [MASK] teach his students? | [
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56d38d6559d6e4140014674f | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. C... | Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Clementi"
]
} | Whose piano method did [MASK] use with his students? | [
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56d38d6559d6e41400146750 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. C... | Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"Bach and Mozart"
]
} | Who did [MASK] say were the [MASK] most important composers in his own music influences? | [
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-0.0015773... | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Bach and Mozart | 2,046 |
56d38d6559d6e41400146751 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. C... | Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Haydn"
]
} | [MASK] looked to [MASK], [MASK], [MASK] and who for his own music education? | [
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56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | Who is credited with creating the nocturne? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"John Field"
]
} | Who is credited with creating the nocturne? | [
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-0.07399892... | Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to des... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | John Field | 2,048 |
56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"ballades and scherzi"
]
} | [MASK] was the [MASK] person to create what as singular concert pieces? | [
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2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is u... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the te... | ballades and scherzi | 2,049 |
56d38fa059d6e41400146771 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | What new genre di John Field invent? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"nocturne"
]
} | What new genre di [MASK] invent? | [
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0.3106843829... | In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling. Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting. | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, i... | nocturne | 2,050 |
56d38fa059d6e41400146772 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | Chopin was first in writing what for concerts? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"ballades and scherzi"
]
} | [MASK] was [MASK] in writing what for concerts? | [
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In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the te... | ballades and scherzi | 2,051 |
56d38fa059d6e41400146773 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | What musical concept did Chopin exploit? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"concert étude"
]
} | What musical concept did [MASK] exploit? | [
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0.04229260608553... | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | concert étude | 2,052 |
56d38fa059d6e41400146774 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | What three other musicians were developing the new genre? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles"
]
} | What [MASK] other musicians were developing the new genre? | [
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56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"seven"
]
} | How many polonaises were published while [MASK] lived? | [
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56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | How many polonaises were published after Chopin died? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"nine"
]
} | How many polonaises were published after [MASK] died? | [
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0.0429611... | It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff a... | In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, F... | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | nine | 2,055 |
56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"mazurkas"
]
} | [MASK] was credited for making what more internationally known? | [
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56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz? | {
"answer_start": [
660
],
"text": [
"faster tempos"
]
} | What is different about [MASK] 's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz? | [
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56d390b559d6e41400146789 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"greater range of melody and expression."
]
} | What did [MASK] add to the modern dance of his era? | [
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56d390b559d6e4140014678a | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"concert hall"
]
} | [MASK] 's [MASK] dance music was developed for what type of hall? | [
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56d390b559d6e4140014678b | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"the mazurka"
]
} | What was [MASK] responsible for making popular with [MASK]? | [
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0.24608850479125977... | Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among... | In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, F... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | the mazurka | 2,060 |
56d390b559d6e4140014678c | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"nine"
]
} | How many [MASK] polonaises were published after his death? | [
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56d390b559d6e4140014678d | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms? | {
"answer_start": [
545
],
"text": [
"waltzes"
]
} | What dance music of [MASK] was written more for recitals than ballrooms? | [
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56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"the Revolutionary Étude"
]
} | What is another title [MASK], No . [MASK] has garnered? | [
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56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"Funeral March"
]
} | What is the only piece [MASK] gave an actual title to? | [
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0.19989457726... | Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often pur... | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Funeral March | 2,064 |
56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | The Funeral March was written as part of what piece? | {
"answer_start": [
623
],
"text": [
"Sonata No. 2"
]
} | [MASK] was written as part of what piece? | [
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56d3913859d6e41400146793 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"one"
]
} | How many instrumental works did [MASK] give a descriptive name to? | [
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0.0652932971... | The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christia... | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. | one | 2,066 |
56d3913859d6e41400146795 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Revolutionary Étude"
]
} | What descriptive name was [MASK], No . [MASK] given? | [
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0.10611039400100... | The main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regim... | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. | Revolutionary Étude | 2,067 |
56d3913859d6e41400146796 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"Minute Waltz"
]
} | What descriptive name was [MASK], No . [MASK] given? | [
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0.10611039400100... | The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book I... | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, i... | Minute Waltz | 2,068 |
56cff00f234ae51400d9c113 | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"65"
]
} | What was the last number [MASK] gave to an opus? | [
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-0.002112... | The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them wer... | Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness ... | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | 65 | 2,069 |
56cff00f234ae51400d9c115 | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | Who was Chopin's musical executor? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"Julian Fontana"
]
} | Who was [MASK] 's musical executor? | [
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-0.00563764851540327... | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness ... | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | Julian Fontana | 2,070 |
56cff00f234ae51400d9c116 | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"23"
]
} | How many unfinished pieces did [MASK] make into [MASK] more opus numbers? | [
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0.216541633009... | The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning (SADP), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, th... | Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness ... | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | 23 | 2,071 |
56cff00f234ae51400d9c117 | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"17"
]
} | [MASK] is made up of how many [MASK] songs? | [
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56d3929359d6e4140014679d | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | What is the last opus number that Chopin used? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"65"
]
} | What is the last opus number that [MASK] used? | [
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0.20069876313209... | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness ... | With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn... | 65 | 2,073 |
56d3929359d6e4140014679f | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"Julian Fontana"
]
} | Who grouped [MASK] unpublished pieces and published them as [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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0.0003723377... | During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize,... | Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness ... | At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found ... | Julian Fontana | 2,074 |
56d3929359d6e414001467a1 | Frédéric_Chopin | The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and group... | When was Op. 74 published? | {
"answer_start": [
396
],
"text": [
"1857"
]
} | When was [MASK] published? | [
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56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"Krystyna Kobylańska"
]
} | [MASK] was named for who? | [
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0.1637552380561... | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a... | Krystyna Kobylańska | 2,076 |
56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"1857"
]
} | Pieces published after what [MASK] stopped receiving opus numbers? | [
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0.1750895... | Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March ... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | 1857 | 2,077 |
56d3946659d6e414001467af | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"alternative catalogue designations"
]
} | What have pieces published after [MASK] been given rather than opus numbers? | [
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0.26678919... | The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two. | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). | alternative catalogue designations | 2,078 |
56d3946659d6e414001467b0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"the Kobylańska Catalogue"
]
} | What is the current musicologist reference for [MASK] 's pieces? | [
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0.20583316... | The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, C... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | the Kobylańska Catalogue | 2,079 |
56d3946659d6e414001467b1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"KK"
]
} | What is the shortened reference for [MASK]? | [
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0.18640397489070... | Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Al... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin inve... | KK | 2,080 |
56d3946659d6e414001467b2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"Krystyna Kobylańska."
]
} | Who compiled [MASK]? | [
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-0.065570630... | Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American... | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Za... | Krystyna Kobylańska. | 2,081 |
56cff179234ae51400d9c131 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Who released the first collection of Chopin's works? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"Breitkopf & Härtel"
]
} | Who released the [MASK] collection of [MASK] 's works? | [
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0.088331960141... | In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In 2006, Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 M... | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found ... | Breitkopf & Härtel | 2,082 |
56cff179234ae51400d9c133 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Who edited the Polish "National Edition" of Chopin's works? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"Jan Ekier"
]
} | Who edited the [MASK]" [MASK]" of [MASK] 's works? | [
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56d3971459d6e414001467cd | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"original publishers"
]
} | [MASK] and [MASK] were what to [MASK]? | [
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... | The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitume... | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others... | original publishers | 2,084 |
56d3971459d6e414001467ce | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"popular 19th-century piano anthologies."
]
} | Where did [MASK] 's work start t oshow up? | [
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56d3971459d6e414001467cf | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966? | {
"answer_start": [
303
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"text": [
"Paderewski"
]
} | What was the name under scholarly publications of [MASK] 's work form [MASK]? | [
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56d3971459d6e414001467d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | Who edited the Polish National Edition? | {
"answer_start": [
403
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"text": [
"Jan Ekier"
]
} | Who edited [MASK]? | [
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56cff256234ae51400d9c145 | Frédéric_Chopin | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | What is central to Chopin's process? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Improvisation"
]
} | What is central to [MASK] 's process? | [
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56cff256234ae51400d9c146 | Frédéric_Chopin | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what? | {
"answer_start": [
879
],
"text": [
"the four-bar phrase"
]
} | [MASK] suggests that a central part of [MASK] 's uniqueness is how he handles what? | [
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56d398a859d6e414001467e5 | Frédéric_Chopin | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | What is central to Chopin's creativeness? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Improvisation"
]
} | What is central to [MASK] 's creativeness? | [
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0.0143232932314... | The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles. | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | Improvisation | 2,090 |
56d398a859d6e414001467e6 | Frédéric_Chopin | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Nicholas Temperley"
]
} | Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"? | [
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56d398a859d6e414001467e7 | Frédéric_Chopin | Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for pia... | What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality? | {
"answer_start": [
854
],
"text": [
"his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."
]
} | What did [MASK] suggest was important about [MASK] 's personality? | [
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0.0224094614386558... | Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and... | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit. | 2,092 |
56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b | Frédéric_Chopin | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"the Barcarolle Op. 60"
]
} | What piece does [MASK] pinpoint as a great example of [MASK] 's palette? | [
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56d3997e59d6e414001467ed | Frédéric_Chopin | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"the four ballades and four scherzos"
]
} | What does [MASK] feel stands supreme of [MASK] 's concert pieces? | [
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0.18889798223... | The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of wi... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | the four ballades and four scherzos | 2,094 |
56d3997e59d6e414001467ef | Frédéric_Chopin | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"departure and return"
]
} | What form does [MASK] feel that [MASK] 's ballades and scherzos are based on? | [
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0.080623149... | Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth-like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas ("High Rías"), and the larger Rías Baixas ("Low Rías"). The Rías Altas inclu... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | departure and return | 2,095 |
56cff351234ae51400d9c14d | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"folk features"
]
} | [MASK] 's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? | [
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56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda."
]
} | What form are [MASK] 's mazurkas and waltzes in? | [
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0.07795244455337... | In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about ... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. | 2,097 |
56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"mazurkas"
]
} | Which of [MASK] 's works shows more folk aspects? | [
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-0.04743472... | RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | mazurkas | 2,098 |
56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"drone bass"
]
} | What type of bass do [MASK] 's mazurkas exhibit? | [
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0.2418997... | The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brain... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | drone bass | 2,099 |
56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"a canon at one beat's distance"
]
} | What does [MASK] 's [MASK] [MASK] have that is rare? | [
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0.21084851026535... | Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the r... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | a canon at one beat's distance | 2,100 |
56cff390234ae51400d9c151 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | What time are Chopin's polonaises written in? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"triple time"
]
} | What time are [MASK] 's polonaises written in? | [
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56d39abf59d6e414001467fd | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"Elsner"
]
} | [MASK] 's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even [MASK] of his teachers, [MASK] and who? | [
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56d39abf59d6e414001467fe | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"martial"
]
} | [MASK] 's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies? | [
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56d39abf59d6e414001467ff | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"formidable"
]
} | [MASK] 's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique? | [
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56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153 | Frédéric_Chopin | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | How many nocturnes did Chopin compose? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"21"
]
} | How many nocturnes did [MASK] compose? | [
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-0.0720786601... | Guinea-Bissau (i/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000. | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords... | 21 | 2,105 |
56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154 | Frédéric_Chopin | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"agitated expression"
]
} | What is it about the middle of [MASK] 's nocturnes that increases their drama? | [
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56d39bdf59d6e41400146807 | Frédéric_Chopin | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Field"
]
} | [MASK] 's nocturnes were more structured than who? | [
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56d39bdf59d6e41400146808 | Frédéric_Chopin | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | What year did Chopin meet Field? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"1833"
]
} | What year did [MASK] meet [MASK]? | [
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56d39bdf59d6e41400146809 | Frédéric_Chopin | The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. | Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"nocturnes"
]
} | Which type of [MASK] 's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections? | [
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56cff427234ae51400d9c157 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). | What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"études"
]
} | What pieces of his did [MASK] use to teach his technique? | [
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56d39c5359d6e4140014680d | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). | What form are most of Chopin's études in? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"straightforward ternary"
]
} | What form are most of [MASK] 's études in? | [
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-0.054314509034... | Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), ... | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | straightforward ternary | 2,111 |
56d39c5359d6e4140014680e | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). | Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote? | {
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-0.2567641139030... | The Defence Committee—Third Report "Defence Equipment 2009" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to... | Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | études | 2,112 |
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