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56cff49a234ae51400d9c161 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes? | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"The Well-Tempered Clavier"
]
} | What piece of [MASK] 's did [MASK] take inspiration for his preludes? | [
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0.02256255969405... | The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty pat... | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. | The Well-Tempered Clavier | 2,113 |
56cff49a234ae51400d9c162 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"Kenneth Hamilton"
]
} | Who suggested that [MASK] 's preludes were not intended to be played as a group? | [
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56d39cea59d6e41400146811 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | What was described as "the beginning of studies" by Schumann? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The preludes"
]
} | What was described as" the beginning of studies" by [MASK]? | [
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-0.0885344... | With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi... | The preludes | 2,115 |
56d39cea59d6e41400146812 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | What inspired Chopin for his preludes? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier"
]
} | What inspired [MASK] for his preludes? | [
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0.071379356... | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more ... | J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier | 2,116 |
56d39cea59d6e41400146813 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"generic preludes to others of his pieces"
]
} | [MASK] suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what? | [
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56d39cea59d6e41400146814 | Frédéric_Chopin | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7? | {
"answer_start": [
643
],
"text": [
"Ferruccio Busoni"
]
} | Who did a recording where [MASK] No . 5 . follows [MASK] . 7? | [
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0.0435865446... | Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time... | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque... | Ferruccio Busoni | 2,118 |
56cff536234ae51400d9c165 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} | How many movements are No . [MASK], Op . [MASK] and No . [MASK], Op [MASK] in? | [
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0.1588767468... | Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies gre... | Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completi... | All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin inve... | four | 2,119 |
56cff536234ae51400d9c166 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | What two people claimed that Op 58 was "worthy of Brahms"? | {
"answer_start": [
693
],
"text": [
"Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson"
]
} | What [MASK] people claimed that [MASK] [MASK] was" worthy of [MASK]"? | [
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0.1960374414920... | Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia." In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietna... | Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completi... | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson | 2,120 |
56d39ed559d6e41400146825 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} | How many movements are in No . [MASK], Op . [MASK] and No . [MASK], Op [MASK]? | [
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0.143695... | Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. Acc... | Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completi... | Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of ... | four | 2,121 |
56d39ed559d6e41400146826 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"The last movement"
]
} | Which movement was found lacking in musicality by [MASK]? | [
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0.057021088... | Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, ... | Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completi... | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | The last movement | 2,122 |
56d39ed559d6e41400146827 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and t... | According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Op. 58"
]
} | According to music historians, which sonata is similar to [MASK] tradition and worthy of [MASK]? | [
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0.241507843... | The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform sha... | Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completi... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | Op. 58 | 2,123 |
56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords... | Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer? | {
"answer_start": [
512
],
"text": [
"Claude Debussy"
]
} | [MASK] 's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer? | [
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56d39fa059d6e41400146831 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords... | What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"harmonic innovations"
]
} | What likely arose due to [MASK] 's technique with keyboards? | [
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56d39fa059d6e41400146832 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords... | Who wrote about Chopin's "novel harmonic effects"? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Temperley"
]
} | Who wrote about [MASK] 's" novel harmonic effects"? | [
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56cff635234ae51400d9c184 | Frédéric_Chopin | In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of origin... | What was Chopin's style based upon? | {
"answer_start": [
523
],
"text": [
"independent finger technique"
]
} | What was [MASK] 's style based upon? | [
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56d3a0d159d6e41400146835 | Frédéric_Chopin | In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of origin... | Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Léon Escudier"
]
} | Who wrote about a [MASK] [MASK] recital? | [
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-0.15801915... | Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of ... | Léon Escudier | 2,128 |
56d3a0d159d6e41400146837 | Frédéric_Chopin | In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of origin... | What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"his Projet de méthode"
]
} | What writing of [MASK] talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering? | [
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-0.150449380... | In 1965, the corporate entity, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, was renamed as the American Broadcasting Companies, while its cinema division became ABC Theatres;[citation needed] its recording division was renamed ABC Records in 1966. In December of that year, the ABC television network premiered The Dating ... | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, wh... | his Projet de méthode | 2,129 |
56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191 | Frédéric_Chopin | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"Karol Szymanowski"
]
} | According to [MASK] who was the only true successor to [MASK]? | [
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0.0745491907... | On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing p... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exp... | Karol Szymanowski | 2,130 |
56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192 | Frédéric_Chopin | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"national modes and idioms"
]
} | Many people were considered influenced by [MASK] 's what? | [
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56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193 | Frédéric_Chopin | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher? | {
"answer_start": [
584
],
"text": [
"Nikolai Zverev"
]
} | Who was [MASK] teacher? | [
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-0.278003603219... | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film se... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris co... | Nikolai Zverev | 2,132 |
56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8 | Frédéric_Chopin | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"Karol Szymanowski"
]
} | Who was [MASK] 's worthy successor according to [MASK]? | [
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56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9 | Frédéric_Chopin | Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among other... | Who was devoted to the music of Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"Alexander Scriabin"
]
} | Who was devoted to the music of [MASK]? | [
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-0.066215075... | Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire... | Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that ... | At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris co... | Alexander Scriabin | 2,134 |
56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jonathan Bellman"
]
} | Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with [MASK] 's preference of intimate performances? | [
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-0.07412... | Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error... | Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had beco... | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Jonathan Bellman | 2,136 |
56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | What did Chopin tend to avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"rigid procedures"
]
} | What did [MASK] tend to avoid? | [
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-0.14778722822666... | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had beco... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | rigid procedures | 2,137 |
56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | What has been falsely credited to Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"\"always crescendo to a high note\""
]
} | What has been falsely credited to [MASK]? | [
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0.1640632897... | Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic ... | Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had beco... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | "always crescendo to a high note" | 2,138 |
56d3a1e959d6e41400146841 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art"
]
} | What did [MASK] tell a student is given up in concerts? | [
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56d3a1e959d6e41400146842 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Who wrote about Chopin's "chromatic embroidery"? | {
"answer_start": [
699
],
"text": [
"Berlioz"
]
} | Who wrote about [MASK] 's" chromatic embroidery"? | [
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56d3a1e959d6e41400146843 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "conce... | Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a "colorful wreath of flowers"? | {
"answer_start": [
944
],
"text": [
"Hiller"
]
} | Who wrote that [MASK] 's music, when played by him, became a" colorful wreath of flowers"? | [
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56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | Chopin's compositions are often played with what? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"rubato"
]
} | [MASK] 's compositions are often played with what? | [
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0.0682402551174... | One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots ev... | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski publis... | rubato | 2,142 |
56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | What does rubato mean? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"
]
} | What does [MASK] mean? | [
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0.317564845085... | Two days later, the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen. Tesla's entire estate from the Hotel New Yorker and other New York City hotels was transported to the Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company under the Office of Alien Property (OAP) seal... | The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale... | Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. | the practice in performance of disregarding strict time | 2,143 |
56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"rubato"
]
} | In [MASK] 's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called? | [
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56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"mazurkas"
]
} | What type of [MASK] 's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to [MASK]? | [
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56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7 | Frédéric_Chopin | Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' ... | According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Friederike Müller"
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} | According to who did [MASK] demand strictly sticking with rhythm? | [
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56d3a32259d6e4140014684f | Frédéric_Chopin | Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' ... | Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Friederike Müller"
]
} | Which student said [MASK] made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing? | [
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56d3a32259d6e41400146851 | Frédéric_Chopin | Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' ... | According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"rhythm."
]
} | According to [MASK], [MASK] insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what? | [
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56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Chopin was noted as introducing music to what? | {
"answer_start": [
91
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"text": [
"sense of nationalism"
]
} | [MASK] was noted as introducing music to what? | [
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56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos? | {
"answer_start": [
130
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"text": [
"1836"
]
} | What year did [MASK] review [MASK] 's piano concertos? | [
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56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} | In his review [MASK] made note of [MASK] 's emotions for what? | [
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56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"the failure of the November 1830"
]
} | Why did [MASK] say the [MASK] were in mourning? | [
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56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who? | {
"answer_start": [
730
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"text": [
"Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"
]
} | A biography on [MASK] released under [MASK] name was likely written by who? | [
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56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"polonaises"
]
} | [MASK] was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what? | [
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56d3a3df59d6e41400146860 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"Schumann"
]
} | Who wrote a glowing review of [MASK] 's love for his country through his music in [MASK]? | [
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56d3a3df59d6e41400146861 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what? | {
"answer_start": [
623
],
"text": [
"flowers"
]
} | [MASK] described [MASK] 's music as cannons buried in what? | [
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0.2104743123... | Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-alik... | In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, F... | Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords... | flowers | 2,156 |
56d3a3df59d6e41400146862 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it? | {
"answer_start": [
730
],
"text": [
"Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"
]
} | Though [MASK] is credited with [MASK] 's [MASK] biography, who probably actually wrote it? | [
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3O
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2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
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2 are form... | In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, F... | In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romant... | Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein | 2,157 |
56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more "urbanised" than true folk music? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"Barbara Milewski"
]
} | Who said that [MASK] 's familiarity with [MASK] music was more" urbanised" than true folk music? | [
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0.0102883037... | The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The M... | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Barbara Milewski | 2,158 |
56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel"
]
} | [MASK] references what [MASK] musicians when claiming [MASK] 's nationalism was overrated? | [
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0.16548950970... | When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The dec... | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, F... | Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel | 2,159 |
56d3a46a59d6e41400146869 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski sug... | Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"Richard Taruskin"
]
} | Who said [MASK] 's works were modeled after [MASK], [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.040852732... | Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and or... | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romant... | Richard Taruskin | 2,160 |
56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1 | Frédéric_Chopin | A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others... | William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"intuitive"
]
} | [MASK] suggested that [MASK] 's music was n't purposely patriotic but what? | [
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56d3a51459d6e41400146877 | Frédéric_Chopin | A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others... | A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"freedom"
]
} | A modern commentator, [MASK], feels [MASK] not only sought solace in [MASK] 's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what? | [
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56d3a51459d6e41400146878 | Frédéric_Chopin | A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others... | Where were Poles scattered to? | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"Europe and the New World"
]
} | Where were [MASK] scattered to? | [
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0.0153422784... | The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the rep... | The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an... | Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. | Europe and the New World | 2,163 |
56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff | Frédéric_Chopin | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special? | {
"answer_start": [
716
],
"text": [
"Byronic flamboyance"
]
} | [MASK] stated that [MASK] 's lack of what made him special? | [
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0.0284749604761... | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of ... | In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi... | Byronic flamboyance | 2,164 |
56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries? | {
"answer_start": [
838
],
"text": [
"Liszt and Henri Herz"
]
} | Who were [MASK] of [MASK] 's contemporaries? | [
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56d3a65259d6e41400146888 | Frédéric_Chopin | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"Paris"
]
} | What place was considered lucky for [MASK] to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons? | [
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56d3a65259d6e4140014688a | Frédéric_Chopin | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz? | {
"answer_start": [
670
],
"text": [
"Arthur Hutchings"
]
} | Who said [MASK] was unlike his romantic contemporaries [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Carnaval"
]
} | In what suite did [MASK] name a work for [MASK]? | [
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0.099646799266... | The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large m... | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Carnaval | 2,168 |
56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"Ballade No. 2 in F major"
]
} | What piece of [MASK] 's work was dedicated to [MASK]? | [
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-0.02516522631... | On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. During 1910–1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp. | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had beco... | Ballade No. 2 in F major | 2,169 |
56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"six"
]
} | How many of [MASK] 's [MASK] songs did [MASK] transliterate for piano? | [
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0.07736591... | Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of w... | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Fr... | six | 2,170 |
56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"Alkan"
]
} | With who did [MASK] feel comfortable speaking of folk music with? | [
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56d3a74159d6e414001468a1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"qualities as a pianist and composer"
]
} | What was recognized about [MASK] from his musical peers? | [
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56d3a74159d6e414001468a2 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Carnaval"
]
} | What [MASK] suite contained the name of a piece [MASK] named for [MASK]? | [
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0.28784239292... | When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing Crimean War (1854–56), which involved new techniques of modern warfare, and was the only global war f... | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy a... | Carnaval | 2,173 |
56d3a74159d6e414001468a3 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"Ballade No. 2 in F major"
]
} | What piece did [MASK] dedicate to [MASK]? | [
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0.2121963202... | Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interes... | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. | Ballade No. 2 in F major | 2,174 |
56d3a74159d6e414001468a4 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for pi... | What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"Liszt"
]
} | What other musician shows to have elements of [MASK] in his work? | [
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56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226 | Frédéric_Chopin | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Debussy"
]
} | Who dedicated his [MASK] piano [MASK] to [MASK]? | [
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0.160654276609... | The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforce... | Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attend... | Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, i... | Debussy | 2,176 |
56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227 | Frédéric_Chopin | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for? | {
"answer_start": [
612
],
"text": [
"Jacques Durand"
]
} | For what publisher to [MASK] edit [MASK] 's music for? | [
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0.2411312907... | The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occur... | Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attend... | A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others... | Jacques Durand | 2,177 |
56d3a85259d6e414001468aa | Frédéric_Chopin | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"Raoul Koczalski"
]
} | Who was a student of [MASK] 's former students and actually recorded some [MASK] music? | [
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-0.15859390795... | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attend... | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | Raoul Koczalski | 2,178 |
56d3a85259d6e414001468ac | Frédéric_Chopin | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Chopin's"
]
} | What music did [MASK] play a lot at [MASK]? | [
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56cc239e6d243a140015eeb7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368–1644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei... | Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Mainland Chinese scholars"
]
} | Who were [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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56cc27346d243a140015eeba | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"horse trade"
]
} | What important trade did [MASK] have with [MASK]? | [
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0.105424687... | Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel). | In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ... | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | horse trade | 2,181 |
56cc27346d243a140015eebb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule? | {
"answer_start": [
739
],
"text": [
"1402–1424"
]
} | During what years did the [MASK] leader [MASK] rule? | [
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56cc27346d243a140015eebc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with? | {
"answer_start": [
821
],
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
]
} | Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with? | [
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56cc27346d243a140015eebd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school? | {
"answer_start": [
863
],
"text": [
"the Karma Kagyu school"
]
} | [MASK] was the head of what school? | [
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56cc27346d243a140015eebe | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Nepal"
]
} | The [MASK] leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state? | [
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56cc306b6d243a140015eec5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"armed resistance"
]
} | What did the [MASK] use against [MASK] forays? | [
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56cc306b6d243a140015eec6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"the Mongols"
]
} | Who were the armed protectors for the [MASK] Dalai Lama? | [
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56cc306b6d243a140015eec7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish? | {
"answer_start": [
727
],
"text": [
"the Ganden Phodrang"
]
} | Which regime did [MASK] help establish? | [
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56cc306b6d243a140015eec8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started? | {
"answer_start": [
328
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"text": [
"1578"
]
} | When was the [MASK]- Tibetan alliance started? | [
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56cc36926d243a140015eece | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"the 9th century"
]
} | In what century did [MASK] fall? | [
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56cc36926d243a140015eecf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"The Yarlung rulers of Tibet"
]
} | Who signed multiple peace treaties with the [MASK]? | [
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56cc36926d243a140015eed0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"the borders between Tibet and China"
]
} | What did [MASK] of the treaties between the [MASK] and [MASK] help fix? | [
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56cc36926d243a140015eed2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"821"
]
} | What year did [MASK] and [MASK] sign a treaty to fix the borders? | [
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56cc3ad16d243a140015eed8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96... | When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place? | {
"answer_start": [
60
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"907–960"
]
} | When did the [MASK] and [MASK] of [MASK] take place? | [
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0.1553690731... | Three counties of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties (now numbering eight) had re-joined North Carolina by 1789. North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government ... | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | 907–960 | 2,195 |
56cc3ad16d243a140015eed9 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96... | When did the Song dynasty take place? | {
"answer_start": [
318
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"text": [
"960–1279"
]
} | When did [MASK] take place? | [
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56cc3ad16d243a140015eeda | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96... | What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"Song dynasty"
]
} | What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states? | [
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0.0004252819... | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restori... | Song dynasty | 2,197 |
56cc3ad16d243a140015eedb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96... | Who ruled the Liao dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"the Khitan"
]
} | Who ruled the [MASK] dynasty? | [
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0.1681605130... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | the Khitan | 2,198 |
56cc3ad16d243a140015eedc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (96... | Who ruled the Jin dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"Jurchen"
]
} | Who ruled the [MASK] dynasty? | [
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0.1681605130... | Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new sp... | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | Jurchen | 2,199 |
56cc41416d243a140015eee2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo... | Which ruler took Western Xia under their control? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"Genghis Khan"
]
} | Which ruler took [MASK] under their control? | [
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-0.08488368... | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642... | Genghis Khan | 2,200 |
56cc41416d243a140015eee4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo... | Who was Genghis Khan's successor? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Ögedei Khan"
]
} | Who was [MASK] successor? | [
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-0.04517363... | In addition, the United Methodist Church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions. Rev. Jimmy Creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies. It forbids any United Methodist board, agency, committee, commission, or council to give Uni... | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, ... | Ögedei Khan | 2,201 |
56cc41416d243a140015eee5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo... | What years did Ögedei Khan rule? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"1229–1241"
]
} | What years did [MASK] rule? | [
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0.1875655800... | Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themse... | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | 1229–1241 | 2,202 |
56cc41416d243a140015eee6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo... | Who invaded Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Ögedei Khan"
]
} | Who invaded [MASK]? | [
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0.030837535... | It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deat... | Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the ... | In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over... | Ögedei Khan | 2,203 |
56cc44b76d243a140015eeec | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | Who was the Mongol prince? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Godan"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] prince? | [
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56cc44b76d243a140015eeed | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"Sakya Pandita"
]
} | Who was the leader of the Sakya school of [MASK]? | [
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0.050275... | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as... | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | Sakya Pandita | 2,205 |
56cc44b76d243a140015eeee | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"Töregene Khatun"
]
} | Who was the regent of [MASK]? | [
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0.144731909... | In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg... | As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as... | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | Töregene Khatun | 2,206 |
56cc44b76d243a140015eeef | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
399
],
"text": [
"1241–1246"
]
} | In what years was [MASK] the regent of [MASK]? | [
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0.11327977... | In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli... | As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as... | When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, ... | 1241–1246 | 2,207 |
56cc50756d243a140015eef6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | How many states were ruled by myriarchies? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"thirteen"
]
} | How many states were ruled by myriarchies? | [
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0.31295818090438... | Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when i... | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | thirteen | 2,208 |
56cc50756d243a140015eef7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Khagan"
]
} | What title did prince [MASK] rule as from [MASK]? | [
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0.1898085... | Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks, making the movement of large ships easier. This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted b... | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus[a]), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China... | Khagan | 2,209 |
56cc50756d243a140015eef8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | Who was the superior of prince Kublai? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Ögedei Khan"
]
} | Who was the superior of prince [MASK]? | [
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-0.072218395769... | China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and milita... | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The... | Ögedei Khan | 2,210 |
56cc50756d243a140015eef9 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | Who became the second Karmapa Lama? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"Karma Pakshi"
]
} | Who became the [MASK] Karmapa Lama? | [
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56cc50756d243a140015eefa | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"the Phagpa lama"
]
} | With whom did [MASK] have a unique relationship with? | [
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-0.200531780719... | Qado or lunch is often elaborate. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often... | The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initi... | In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru... | the Phagpa lama | 2,212 |
56cc52186d243a140015ef00 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"1279"
]
} | When did [MASK] conquer the song dynasty? | [
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56cc52186d243a140015ef01 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | When did the Yuan dynasty rule? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"1271–1368"
]
} | When did [MASK] rule? | [
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0.09524203091... | The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins i... | First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. ... | The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub... | 1271–1368 | 2,214 |
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