id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
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572659ea5951b619008f7054 | Ctenophora | There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The "combs" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent com... | What runs from the balancer in the statocyst to the comb rows? | {
"answer_start": [
233,
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"text": [
"ciliary groove",
"a ciliary groove",
"a ciliary groove"
]
} | What runs from the balancer in the statocyst to the comb rows? | [
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0.10404958575... | Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice. | Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be ... | The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by t... | ciliary groove | 92,201 |
57265aaf5951b619008f706b | Ctenophora | The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydipp... | What does the lobata have pair of? | {
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26,
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"lobes",
"lobes",
"lobes"
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} | What does the lobata have pair of? | [
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57265aaf5951b619008f706c | Ctenophora | The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydipp... | What are auricles? | {
"answer_start": [
417,
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],
"text": [
"gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents",
"gelatinous projections edged with cilia",
"gelatinous projections edged with cilia"
]
} | What are auricles? | [
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0.1258190274238... | Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a s... | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered dir... | gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents | 92,203 |
57265aaf5951b619008f706d | Ctenophora | The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydipp... | How many auricles do most species have? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"four",
"four",
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} | How many auricles do most species have? | [
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0.038769498467445... | As of 2000[update], there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced. | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | four | 92,204 |
57265aaf5951b619008f706e | Ctenophora | The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydipp... | What do the auricles do? | {
"answer_start": [
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462,
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],
"text": [
"help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth",
"produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth",
"produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth"
]
} | What do the auricles do? | [
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... | Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit ... | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w... | help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth | 92,205 |
57265aaf5951b619008f706f | Ctenophora | The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydipp... | What do lobates feed on? | {
"answer_start": [
608,
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],
"text": [
"suspended planktonic prey",
"suspended planktonic prey",
"planktonic prey"
]
} | What do lobates feed on? | [
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-0.28796941041... | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | suspended planktonic prey | 92,206 |
57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36 | Ctenophora | Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their com... | What does the bathocyroe and ocyropsis do to escape danger? | {
"answer_start": [
515,
518,
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],
"text": [
"by clapping their lobes",
"clapping their lobes",
"clapping their lobes"
]
} | What does the bathocyroe and ocyropsis do to escape danger? | [
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0.00531246559... | The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicy... | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | by clapping their lobes | 92,207 |
57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37 | Ctenophora | Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their com... | What happens when bathocyroe and ocyropsis clap their lobes together? | {
"answer_start": [
552,
552,
559
],
"text": [
"jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.",
"jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly",
"expelled water drives them backwards very quickly"
]
} | What happens when bathocyroe and ocyropsis clap their lobes together? | [
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0.107298441... | Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117–118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the... | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. | 92,208 |
57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38 | Ctenophora | Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their com... | The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what? | {
"answer_start": [
679,
679,
679
],
"text": [
"nerves",
"nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia",
"nerves"
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} | The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what? | [
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57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39 | Ctenophora | Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their com... | Cydippids combs are controlled by what? | {
"answer_start": [
701,
701,
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],
"text": [
"water disturbances created by the cilia",
"water disturbances created by the cilia",
"water disturbances created by the cilia"
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} | Cydippids combs are controlled by what? | [
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0.1718399077... | Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs. Braddock called for a retreat. He wa... | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | water disturbances created by the cilia | 92,210 |
57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50 | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | Beroida are known by what other name? | {
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27,
27,
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"text": [
"Nuda",
"Nuda",
"Nuda"
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} | [MASK] are known by what other name? | [
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57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51 | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | What group has no feeding appendages? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"The Beroida",
"Beroida",
"Beroida"
]
} | What group has no feeding appendages? | [
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57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52 | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | Some species of beroe have a pair of strips of adhesive cells on the stomach wall. What does it do? | {
"answer_start": [
514,
513,
513
],
"text": [
"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,",
"\"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding",
"\"zip\" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding"
]
} | Some species of beroe have a pair of strips of adhesive cells on the stomach wall. What does it do? | [
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57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53 | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | What does the beroe do when pursuing prey? | {
"answer_start": [
513,
656,
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],
"text": [
"\"zip\" the mouth shut",
"streamlines the front of the animal",
"tight closure streamlines the front of the animal"
]
} | What does the [MASK] do when pursuing prey? | [
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-0.502285957... | The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1... | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | "zip" the mouth shut | 92,214 |
57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54 | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | What does the beroida have instead of feeding appendages? | {
"answer_start": [
71,
228,
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"text": [
"large pharynx",
"large cilia",
"\"macrocilia\""
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} | What does the beroida have instead of feeding appendages? | [
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57265e97708984140094c3c3 | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Which species are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals? | {
"answer_start": [
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4,
4
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"The Cestida",
"Cestida",
"Cestida"
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0.0964065566658... | Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–7... | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | The Cestida | 92,216 |
57265e97708984140094c3c6 | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | What is the largest ctenophore? | {
"answer_start": [
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512,
580
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"text": [
"Cestum veneris",
"Cestum veneris",
"up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long"
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} | What is the largest ctenophore? | [
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0.272936016... | WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with product... | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | Cestum veneris | 92,217 |
57265e97708984140094c3c4 | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | What are cestida called? | {
"answer_start": [
14,
14,
13
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"text": [
"belt animals",
"belt animals",
"\"belt animals\""
]
} | What are cestida called? | [
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0.453194767... | Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Y... | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | belt animals | 92,218 |
57265e97708984140094c3c5 | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | How do cestids swim? | {
"answer_start": [
346,
349,
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],
"text": [
"by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.",
"undulating their bodies",
"by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows"
]
} | How do cestids swim? | [
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57265e97708984140094c3c7 | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Which species moves by a darting motion? | {
"answer_start": [
654,
654,
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"text": [
"Velamen parallelum",
"Velamen parallelum",
"Velamen parallelum"
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} | Which species moves by a darting motion? | [
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572681c1dd62a815002e8796 | Ctenophora | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | What do most platyctenida have on their aboral surface? | {
"answer_start": [
89,
99,
89
],
"text": [
"a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles",
"tentilla-bearing tentacles",
"a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles"
]
} | What do most platyctenida have on their aboral surface? | [
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0.02003649435937404... | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British gover... | Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w... | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles | 92,221 |
572681c1dd62a815002e8797 | Ctenophora | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | What do platyctenida use their pharynx for? | {
"answer_start": [
154,
222,
222
],
"text": [
"cling to and creep on surfaces",
"as a muscular \"foot\"",
"as a muscular \"foot\""
]
} | What do platyctenida use their pharynx for? | [
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572681c1dd62a815002e8798 | Ctenophora | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | What do all but one platycenida species lack? | {
"answer_start": [
294,
294,
294
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"text": [
"comb-rows",
"comb-rows",
"comb-rows"
]
} | What do all but [MASK] platycenida species lack? | [
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572681c1dd62a815002e8799 | Ctenophora | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | Where do platycenida live? | {
"answer_start": [
356,
359,
359
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"text": [
"on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates",
"rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates",
"rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates"
]
} | Where do platycenida live? | [
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0.0724668279290... | The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly beca... | Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w... | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates | 92,224 |
572683075951b619008f7513 | Ctenophora | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | How are eggs and sperm released? | {
"answer_start": [
341,
345,
341
],
"text": [
"via pores in the epidermis",
"pores in the epidermis",
"via pores in the epidermis"
]
} | How are eggs and sperm released? | [
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0.154425606... | In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature... | Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, m... | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | via pores in the epidermis | 92,225 |
572683075951b619008f7514 | Ctenophora | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | How do platyctenids reproduce? | {
"answer_start": [
433,
433,
433
],
"text": [
"internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.",
"internal fertilization",
"internal fertilization"
]
} | How do platyctenids reproduce? | [
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0.0982459038496... | Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to... | Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, m... | Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their chromosome number may occur due to errors in cytokinesis. This can occur early in development to produce an autopolyploid or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce so... | internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. | 92,226 |
572683075951b619008f7515 | Ctenophora | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | What genus has self-fertilization been seen? | {
"answer_start": [
580,
580,
580
],
"text": [
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis"
]
} | What genus has self-fertilization been seen? | [
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572683075951b619008f7516 | Ctenophora | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | Where are the gonads located? | {
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],
"text": [
"in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows",
"the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows",
"internal canal network under the comb rows"
]
} | Where are the gonads located? | [
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572683075951b619008f7517 | Ctenophora | Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs an... | Is fertilization internal or exeternal in most species? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | Is fertilization internal or exeternal in most species? | [
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572684365951b619008f753f | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for... | Juvenile and adult beroe lack what? | {
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"text": [
"tentacles and tentacle sheaths",
"tentacles and tentacle sheaths",
"tentacles and tentacle sheaths"
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} | Juvenile and adult beroe lack what? | [
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572684365951b619008f7540 | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for... | Where do juvenile platyctenids live? | {
"answer_start": [
462,
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],
"text": [
"among the plankton",
"among the plankton",
"among the plankton"
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} | Where do juvenile platyctenids live? | [
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572684365951b619008f7541 | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for... | When do juvenile develop into adults? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"after dropping to the sea-floor",
"after dropping to the sea-floor",
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} | When do juvenile develop into adults? | [
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572684365951b619008f7542 | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for... | Juvenile platyctenids act like what? | {
"answer_start": [
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436,
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],
"text": [
"more like true larvae",
"true larvae",
"like true larvae"
]
} | Juvenile platyctenids act like what? | [
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-0.106915339827... | Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was ... | The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away f... | Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p... | more like true larvae | 92,233 |
572684365951b619008f7543 | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for... | Which genus lack tentacles and sheaths? | {
"answer_start": [
185,
185,
185
],
"text": [
"Beroe",
"Beroe",
"Beroe"
]
} | Which genus lack tentacles and sheaths? | [
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572686fc708984140094c8e5 | Ctenophora | When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused ove... | What do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera have in common? | {
"answer_start": [
112,
112,
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],
"text": [
"they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce",
"they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies",
"they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce"
]
} | What do [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK] have in common? | [
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0.16107247769... | Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] M... | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the ... | they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce | 92,235 |
572686fc708984140094c8e6 | Ctenophora | When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused ove... | When do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera excrete secretions? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"are disturbed,",
"disturbed",
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]
} | When do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera excrete secretions? | [
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572686fc708984140094c8e7 | Ctenophora | When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused ove... | What are the secretions commonly called? | {
"answer_start": [
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137
],
"text": [
"ink",
"ink",
"ink"
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} | What are the secretions commonly called? | [
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0.0681490451097... | The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based o... | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | ink | 92,237 |
572686fc708984140094c8e8 | Ctenophora | When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused ove... | Do adults or juveniles secretions luminesce brighter? | {
"answer_start": [
203,
203,
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],
"text": [
"Juveniles will luminesce more brightly",
"Juveniles",
"Juveniles"
]
} | Do adults or juveniles secretions luminesce brighter? | [
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0.00029454496... | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 1... | Juveniles will luminesce more brightly | 92,238 |
5726887e708984140094c917 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | Are ctenophores predators, vegetarian or parasitic? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
27,
27
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"text": [
"Almost all ctenophores are predators",
"predators",
"predators"
]
} | Are ctenophores predators, vegetarian or parasitic? | [
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5726887e708984140094c918 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | Haeckelia prey mostly on what animal? | {
"answer_start": [
479,
479,
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],
"text": [
"jellyfish",
"jellyfish",
"jellyfish"
]
} | Haeckelia prey mostly on what animal? | [
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5726887e708984140094c919 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | What happens to the jellyfish nematocysts when they are eaten by the haeckelia? | {
"answer_start": [
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493,
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"text": [
"incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts",
"incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles",
"incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) i... | What happens to the jellyfish nematocysts when they are eaten by the haeckelia? | [
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5726887e708984140094c91a | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | What does the bolinopsis generally eat? | {
"answer_start": [
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1556,
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],
"text": [
"smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.",
"smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae",
"rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae"
]
} | What does the bolinopsis generally eat? | [
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5726887e708984140094c91b | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | What is the name of the two-tentacled cydippid that feedsentirely on salps called? | {
"answer_start": [
1018,
1018,
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],
"text": [
"Lampea",
"Lampea",
"Lampea"
]
} | What is the name of the [MASK]- tentacled cydippid that feedsentirely on salps called? | [
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0.089383482933044... | Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with develop... | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | Lampea | 92,243 |
57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c | Ctenophora | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | Why was it thought that ctenophores were a poor diet for other animals? | {
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57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d | Ctenophora | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | What is the oncorhynchus also called? | {
"answer_start": [
386,
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"chum salmon",
"chum salmon",
"chum salmon"
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} | What is the oncorhynchus also called? | [
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0.0221071168780326... | Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country. During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL. Most of the historical buildings were t... | Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – ... | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | chum salmon | 92,245 |
57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e | Ctenophora | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | What do beroids typically eat? | {
"answer_start": [
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"ctenophores",
"other ctenophores",
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} | What do beroids typically eat? | [
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57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f | Ctenophora | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | Where have herbivorous fishes been seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton? | {
"answer_start": [
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"the Red Sea",
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} | Where have herbivorous fishes been seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton? | [
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57268a37f1498d1400e8e340 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | Turtles and jellyfish can eat large quantities of what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"ctenophores,",
"ctenophores",
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} | Turtles and jellyfish can eat large quantities of what? | [
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57268c01dd62a815002e8912 | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the... | What is blamed for causing the sharp drop in fish catches in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov? | {
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"text": [
"ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi",
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} | What is blamed for causing the sharp drop in fish catches in [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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57268c01dd62a815002e8913 | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the... | How was the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov? | {
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} | How was the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.3198373615... | ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite £16 per month to gold+ at £190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless). | The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups... | The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), th... | via the ballast tanks of ships | 92,250 |
57268c01dd62a815002e8915 | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the... | How was the population of mnemiopsis in The black Sea and the Sea of Azov brought under control? | {
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"the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata",
"the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eati... | How was the population of mnemiopsis in [MASK] and [MASK] brought under control? | [
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57268c01dd62a815002e8914 | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the... | When was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov? | {
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} | When was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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57268c01dd62a815002e8916 | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the... | How does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis? | {
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"significantly slowed the animal's metabolism",
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} | How does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis? | [
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57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c | Ctenophora | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for an... | Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils? | {
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"Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies",
"their soft, gelatinous bodies",
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} | Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils? | [
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57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d | Ctenophora | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for an... | Ediacaran eoandromeda can be regarded to represent what? | {
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"a comb jelly"
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} | [MASK] can be regarded to represent what? | [
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0.1572889238595962... | Everton regularly take large numbers away from home both domestically and in European fixtures. The club implements a loyalty points scheme offering the first opportunity to purchase away tickets to season ticket holders who have attended the most away matches. Everton often sell out the full allocation in away grounds... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | comb jelly. | 92,255 |
57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e | Ctenophora | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for an... | What was the period called that was 505 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
564,
560,
560
],
"text": [
"Cambrian period.",
"mid-Cambrian period",
"mid-Cambrian period"
]
} | What was the period called that was [MASK]? | [
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0.281885981... | Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the s... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | Cambrian period. | 92,256 |
57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f | Ctenophora | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for an... | How many species were found in the Burgess Shale? | {
"answer_start": [
413,
413,
413
],
"text": [
"Three additional putative species",
"Three",
"Three"
]
} | How many species were found in [MASK]? | [
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0.11040084809... | Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by Fren... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaet... | Three additional putative species | 92,257 |
57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0 | Ctenophora | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for an... | What did the fossils found in the Burgess Shale lack? | {
"answer_start": [
602,
609,
609
],
"text": [
"lacked tentacles",
"tentacles",
"tentacles"
]
} | What did the fossils found in [MASK] lack? | [
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0.368667453527... | Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts ... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | lacked tentacles | 92,258 |
57268f05dd62a815002e8990 | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter fee... | How old were the fossils found in China? | {
"answer_start": [
115,
109,
115
],
"text": [
"515 million years",
"about 515 million years",
"515 million years"
]
} | How old were the fossils found in [MASK]? | [
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57268f05dd62a815002e8991 | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter fee... | What type of fossils were found in China? | {
"answer_start": [
10,
45,
19
],
"text": [
"Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris",
"Stromatoveris",
"sessile frond-like"
]
} | What type of fossils were found in [MASK]? | [
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0.046350244432687... | The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San José and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Colu... | If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the the... | Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely relat... | Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris | 92,260 |
57268f05dd62a815002e8992 | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter fee... | Which genus is considered the "aunt" of ctenophores? | {
"answer_start": [
346,
346,
346
],
"text": [
"Stromatoveris",
"Stromatoveris",
"Stromatoveris"
]
} | Which genus is considered the "aunt" of ctenophores? | [
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57268f05dd62a815002e8993 | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter fee... | Stromatoveris is similair to which genus? | {
"answer_start": [
157,
390,
157
],
"text": [
"Vendobionta",
"ctenophores",
"Vendobionta"
]
} | Stromatoveris is similair to which genus? | [
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0.283011794... | The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death. Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922–2013), was born in Denver Colorado. John served in the United States Ar... | If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the the... | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | Vendobionta | 92,262 |
57268f05dd62a815002e8994 | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter fee... | Vendobionta lived during which period? | {
"answer_start": [
186,
186,
186
],
"text": [
"Ediacaran period",
"Ediacaran period",
"Ediacaran period"
]
} | [MASK] lived during which period? | [
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57269016708984140094ca41 | Ctenophora | The relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to... | Recent studies believe that ctenophores are the sister lineage to what? | {
"answer_start": [
929,
276,
344
],
"text": [
"all other animals",
"Bilateria",
"Bilateria"
]
} | Recent studies believe that ctenophores are the sister lineage to what? | [
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0.27640786767... | Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate ... | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | all other animals | 92,264 |
57269016708984140094ca42 | Ctenophora | The relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to... | What do some researchers believe is the earliest-diverging animal phylum is? | {
"answer_start": [
1328,
1328,
1328
],
"text": [
"Porifera",
"Porifera",
"Porifera"
]
} | What do some researchers believe is the earliest-diverging animal phylum is? | [
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572691bedd62a815002e89dc | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not mon... | Which genus of ctenophores does not have cydipped-like larvae? | {
"answer_start": [
40,
40,
40
],
"text": [
"beroids",
"beroids",
"beroids"
]
} | Which genus of ctenophores does not have cydipped-like larvae? | [
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572691bedd62a815002e89dd | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not mon... | A molecular phylogeny analysis confirmed that cydippid are not what? | {
"answer_start": [
819,
317,
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],
"text": [
"monophyletic",
"monophyletic",
"monophyletic"
]
} | A molecular phylogeny analysis confirmed that cydippid are not what? | [
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0.081282056868... | He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathe... | The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leave... | In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived ... | monophyletic | 92,267 |
572691bedd62a815002e89de | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not mon... | When was the Cretaceous-Paleogen extinction occur? | {
"answer_start": [
1272,
1272,
1272
],
"text": [
"65.5 million years ago",
"65.5 million years ago",
"65.5 million years ago"
]
} | When was the [MASK] extinction occur? | [
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0.27364... | The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to... | The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leave... | Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier defin... | 65.5 million years ago | 92,268 |
572691bedd62a815002e89df | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not mon... | Who did a morphologically analysis in 1985 that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic? | {
"answer_start": [
223,
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"text": [
"Richard Harbison",
"Richard Harbison",
"Richard Harbison"
]
} | Who did a morphologically analysis in [MASK] that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic? | [
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0.1832523047924041... | Tuvalu (i/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo or /ˈtuːvəluː/ TOO-və-loo), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176... | The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leave... | The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enab... | Richard Harbison | 92,269 |
5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin V... | Which city is the fifth-largest city in California? | {
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"Fresno",
"Fresno",
"Fresno"
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} | Which city is the [MASK]- largest city in [MASK]? | [
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5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin V... | How far is Fresno from Los Angeles? | {
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"220 miles (350 km)",
"220 miles (350 km)"
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5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin V... | What does the name Fresno mean in Spanish? | {
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"ash tree",
"ash tree",
"ash tree"
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} | What does the name [MASK] mean in [MASK]? | [
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5725ce4d38643c19005acd50 | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin V... | What is featured on the city of Fresno's city flag? | {
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} | What is featured on the city of [MASK] 's city flag? | [
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5725ce4d38643c19005acd51 | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin V... | How do you pronounce Fresno? | {
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"(/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh)",
"FREZ-noh",
"FREZ-noh"
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} | How do you pronounce [MASK]? | [
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5725cfd0271a42140099d225 | Fresno,_California | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the rai... | The Central Pacific Railroad established a station for its new line in what year? | {
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} | [MASK] established a station for its new line in what [MASK]? | [
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5725cfd0271a42140099d226 | Fresno,_California | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the rai... | What were the reasons why residents moved to the town of Fresno Station? | {
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} | What were the reasons why residents moved to the town of [MASK]? | [
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5725cfd0271a42140099d227 | Fresno,_California | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the rai... | In what year did Fresno become an incorporated city? | {
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} | In what year did [MASK] become an incorporated city? | [
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5725cfd0271a42140099d228 | Fresno,_California | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the rai... | How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate in 1931? | {
"answer_start": [
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"47 streetcars",
"47",
"47"
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} | How many streetcars did [MASK] operate in [MASK]? | [
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5725cfd0271a42140099d229 | Fresno,_California | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the rai... | What entity sparked the growth of Fresno Station? | {
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} | What entity sparked the growth of [MASK]? | [
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5725d183271a42140099d23d | Fresno,_California | Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American bu... | In 1940, what percentage of the population in Fresno was Asian? | {
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"2.7%",
"2.7%",
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} | In [MASK], what percentage of the population in [MASK] was [MASK]? | [
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5725d183271a42140099d23e | Fresno,_California | Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American bu... | What ethnic neighborhood in Fresno had primarily Japanese residents in 1940? | {
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"Chinatown"
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} | What ethnic neighborhood in [MASK] had primarily [MASK] residents in [MASK]? | [
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5725d183271a42140099d23f | Fresno,_California | Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American bu... | In 1942, what was North Fresno previously called? | {
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"Pinedale",
"Pinedale",
"Pinedale"
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} | In [MASK], what was [MASK] previously called? | [
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5725d183271a42140099d240 | Fresno,_California | Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American bu... | What was the Pinedale Assembly Center? | {
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"an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps",
"an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps",
"an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno a... | What was [MASK]? | [
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5725d183271a42140099d241 | Fresno,_California | Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American bu... | What was the Fresno Fairgrounds used as? | {
"answer_start": [
580,
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"text": [
"an assembly center",
"an assembly center",
"an assembly center"
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} | What was [MASK] used as? | [
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5725d34aec44d21400f3d639 | Fresno,_California | In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed ca... | What new product did Bank of America introduce in 1958? | {
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"text": [
"BankAmericard",
"BankAmericard",
"BankAmericard"
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} | What new product did [MASK] introduce in [MASK]? | [
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5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a | Fresno,_California | In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed ca... | What was the name of the first successful credit card? | {
"answer_start": [
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"BankAmericard",
"BankAmericard",
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} | What was the name of the [MASK] successful credit card? | [
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5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b | Fresno,_California | In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed ca... | What did the BankAmericard allow customers do to that they couldn't do with previous financial instruments? | {
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"to revolve a balance",
"a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance",
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} | What did the [MASK] allow customers do to that they could n't do with previous financial instruments? | [
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5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c | Fresno,_California | In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed ca... | In what year did BankAmericard change its name? | {
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5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d | Fresno,_California | In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed ca... | What present-day company did BankAmericard turn into? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Visa Inc.",
"Visa Inc.",
"Visa Inc."
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} | What present- day company did [MASK] turn into? | [
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5725d42a89a1e219009abf58 | Fresno,_California | In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town ... | Who wrote "Walking in Fresno?" | {
"answer_start": [
107,
107,
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"text": [
"Bill Aken",
"Bill Aken",
"Bill Aken"
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} | Who wrote" [MASK]?" | [
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5725d42a89a1e219009abf59 | Fresno,_California | In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town ... | Who recorded "Walking in Fresno?" | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Bob Gallion",
"Bob Gallion",
"Bob Gallion"
]
} | Who recorded" [MASK]?" | [
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5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a | Fresno,_California | In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town ... | In what town did Bill Aiken grow up? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Madera",
"Madera",
"Madera"
]
} | In what town did [MASK] grow up? | [
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5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b | Fresno,_California | In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town ... | On what show did Bill Aiken make is television debut? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"The Fresno Barn",
"The Fresno Barn",
"the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn"
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} | On what show did [MASK] make is television debut? | [
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5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c | Fresno,_California | In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town ... | Who was Bill Aiken's adopted mother? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"Lupe Mayorga",
"Lupe Mayorga",
"Lupe Mayorga"
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} | Who was [MASK] adopted mother? | [
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5725d662ec44d21400f3d687 | Fresno,_California | Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is ... | How many large public parks does Fresno have? | {
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11,
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"text": [
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"three",
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} | How many large public parks does [MASK] have? | [
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5725d662ec44d21400f3d688 | Fresno,_California | Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is ... | Which park is home to the Fresno Chafffee Zoo? | {
"answer_start": [
281,
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"text": [
"Roeding Park",
"Roeding Park",
"Roeding Park"
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} | Which park is home to [MASK]? | [
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5725d662ec44d21400f3d689 | Fresno,_California | Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is ... | Which park is home to the Kearney Mansion? | {
"answer_start": [
387,
387,
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],
"text": [
"Kearney Park",
"Kearney Park",
"Kearney Park"
]
} | Which park is home to [MASK]? | [
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0.0346767082810... | As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of w... | Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of... | While many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in th... | Kearney Park | 92,297 |
5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a | Fresno,_California | Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is ... | Which is one of the park features located in North Fresno? | {
"answer_start": [
135,
135
],
"text": [
"Shinzen Japanese Gardens",
"Shinzen Japanese Gardens"
]
} | Which is [MASK] of the park features located in [MASK]? | [
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5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b | Fresno,_California | Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is ... | Which park hosts the largest Civil War reenactment on the west coast? | {
"answer_start": [
387,
387,
387
],
"text": [
"Kearney Park",
"Kearney Park",
"Kearney Park"
]
} | Which park hosts the largest [MASK] reenactment on the west coast? | [
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0.233775034546... | Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research.... | Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of... | Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan C... | Kearney Park | 92,299 |
5725d7e438643c19005acdf9 | Fresno,_California | Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower... | During what period did downtown Fresno thrive? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
],
"text": [
"Between the 1880s and World War II",
"Between the 1880s and World War II",
"Between the 1880s and World War II"
]
} | During what period did downtown [MASK] thrive? | [
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0.1484819501638... | Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes, probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms. Deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed... | War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airlin... | The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bi... | Between the 1880s and World War II | 92,300 |
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