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5725bae289a1e219009abd90 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How much can Ctenophores eat in one day? | {
"answer_start": [
300,
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300
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"text": [
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight"
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} | How much can [MASK] eat in [MASK] day? | [
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-0.165055483579... | The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | ten times their own weight | 92,101 |
5725bae289a1e219009abd91 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How many species of Ctenophores have been validated? | {
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342,
342,
342
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"text": [
"100–150",
"100–150",
"100–150"
]
} | How many species of Ctenophores have been validated? | [
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0.30848449468612... | Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have v... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | 100–150 | 92,102 |
5725bae289a1e219009abd92 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How many species of Ctenophores have not been fully described or named? | {
"answer_start": [
383,
400,
400
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"text": [
"possibly another 25",
"25",
"25"
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} | How many species of Ctenophores have not been fully described or named? | [
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0.3547944128... | Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilome... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species like... | possibly another 25 | 92,103 |
5725c337271a42140099d163 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How many species of Ctenophora have been validated? | {
"answer_start": [
342,
342,
342
],
"text": [
"100–150 species",
"100–150",
"100–150"
]
} | How many species of Ctenophora have been validated? | [
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0.375607281923... | At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times ope... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | 100–150 species | 92,104 |
5725c337271a42140099d164 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What are the little tentacles that cydippids have called? | {
"answer_start": [
552,
552,
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"text": [
"tentilla",
"tentilla",
"tentilla"
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} | What are the little tentacles that cydippids have called? | [
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0.188807636... | The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students ... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w... | tentilla | 92,105 |
5725c337271a42140099d165 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How much food does a ctenophora eat in a day? | {
"answer_start": [
300,
300,
300
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"text": [
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight"
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} | How much food does a ctenophora eat in a day? | [
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-0.042553860694... | A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it ... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | ten times their own weight | 92,106 |
5725c337271a42140099d166 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have? | {
"answer_start": [
824,
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"text": [
"tentacles",
"tentacles",
"tentacles"
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} | What do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have? | [
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5725c337271a42140099d167 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What does coastal beriods use as teeth? | {
"answer_start": [
896,
913,
913
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"text": [
"groups of large, stiffened cilia",
"stiffened cilia",
"stiffened cilia"
]
} | What does coastal beriods use as teeth? | [
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-0.2394881993532180... | The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that ... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | groups of large, stiffened cilia | 92,108 |
5726400589a1e219009ac5ee | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How much do ctenophore eat in a day? | {
"answer_start": [
300,
300,
300
],
"text": [
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight",
"ten times their own weight"
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} | How much do ctenophore eat in a day? | [
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5726400589a1e219009ac5ef | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What are the small tentacles on Cydippids called? | {
"answer_start": [
552,
552,
552
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"text": [
"tentilla",
"tentilla",
"tentilla"
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} | What are the small tentacles on [MASK] called? | [
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-0.03938420861... | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not mon... | tentilla | 92,110 |
5726400589a1e219009ac5f0 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What do Beriods use as teeth? | {
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896,
913,
913
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"text": [
"groups of large, stiffened cilia",
"stiffened cilia",
"stiffened cilia"
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} | What do Beriods use as teeth? | [
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-0.1414647698402... | In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-plated "50". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the "50" will be designed by Tiffany & Co. | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | groups of large, stiffened cilia | 92,111 |
5726400589a1e219009ac5f1 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | What do Cydippids use to capture their prey? | {
"answer_start": [
604,
517,
604
],
"text": [
"colloblasts",
"retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla",
"colloblasts"
]
} | What do [MASK] use to capture their prey? | [
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-0.18379926681518... | Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which on... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | colloblasts | 92,112 |
5726400589a1e219009ac5f2 | Ctenophora | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | How many different species of ctenohore are there? | {
"answer_start": [
342,
342,
342
],
"text": [
"100–150 species",
"100–150",
"100–150 species have been validated"
]
} | How many different species of ctenohore are there? | [
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0.286215156316757... | To raise money, Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal's television holdings, including cable network USA, to Barry Diller (these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices). In June 2000, Seagram was sold to French water utility and media company Vivendi, which owned StudioCanal; the... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | 100–150 species | 92,113 |
5725bc0338643c19005acc11 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What gender are most species of Ctenophores? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
17,
17
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"text": [
"Most species are hermaphrodites",
"hermaphrodites",
"hermaphrodites"
]
} | What gender are most species of Ctenophores? | [
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5725bc0338643c19005acc12 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What do young Ctenophores generaly look like? | {
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5725bc0338643c19005acc13 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | Are juiveniles capable of reproduction? | {
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5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What is unique about a hermaphrodite? | {
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5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What can a simultaneous hermaphrodite do? | {
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5725c57a89a1e219009abe60 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What type of hermaphrodite produces egg and sperm at different times? | {
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5725c57a89a1e219009abe61 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | Which species eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parents body until hatched? | {
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5725c57a89a1e219009abe62 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What causes the population of ctenophora to grow at an explosive rate? | {
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} | What causes the population of ctenophora to grow at an explosive rate? | [
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5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What is a hermaphrodite? | {
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"a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm",
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5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What is unique about simultaneous hermaphrodites? | {
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5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | What is a trait of sequential hermaphrodites? | {
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5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | Which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent's body until they hatch? | {
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5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5 | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | Which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth? | {
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"text": [
"beroids",
"beroids",
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} | Which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth? | [
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5725bdbe38643c19005acc39 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What sea were Ctenophores accidently introduced? | {
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"text": [
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"Black Sea",
"Black Sea"
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} | What sea were Ctenophores accidently introduced? | [
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5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What specific type of Ctenophore was introduced into the Black Sea? | {
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424,
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"text": [
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis"
]
} | What specific type of Ctenophore was introduced into [MASK]? | [
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0.4783831536... | Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | Mnemiopsis | 92,128 |
5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What promoted the growrth of Mnemiposis in the Black Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
680,
680,
697
],
"text": [
"over-fishing and long-term environmental changes",
"over-fishing and long-term environmental changes",
"long-term environmental changes"
]
} | What promoted the growrth of Mnemiposis in [MASK]? | [
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0.552324593... | Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, have steadily increased in the last ten years. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number has increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of S... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy am... | over-fishing and long-term environmental changes | 92,129 |
5725c69738643c19005accb9 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What does the Beroe eat? | {
"answer_start": [
877,
883,
877
],
"text": [
"other ctenophores",
"ctenophores",
"other ctenophores"
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} | What does the [MASK] eat? | [
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5725c69738643c19005accba | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What was introduces into the Black Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
424,
424,
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],
"text": [
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis"
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} | What was introduces into [MASK]? | [
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5725c69738643c19005accbb | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What does mnemiopsis eat? | {
"answer_start": [
559,
559,
559
],
"text": [
"fish larvae and organisms",
"fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish",
"fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish"
]
} | What does mnemiopsis eat? | [
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0.1697615683078... | Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country. | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death. Yet these... | fish larvae and organisms | 92,132 |
5725c69738643c19005accbc | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | Where do ctenophores be found in large numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
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144,
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"text": [
"In bays",
"bays",
"bays"
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} | Where do ctenophores be found in large numbers? | [
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0.06771509349346... | The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater, whose body was discovered – according to the Catholic tradition – in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James became an extraordinary centre of pilgrimage and from the 9th century have been kept in the heart of the church – the modern-day ca... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | In bays | 92,133 |
5726431d271a42140099d7f5 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | Where can ctenophores be found in large amounts? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"In bays",
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"bays"
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} | Where can ctenophores be found in large amounts? | [
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5726431d271a42140099d7f6 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What are phytoplankton? | {
"answer_start": [
342,
342,
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"text": [
"planktonic plants",
"planktonic plants",
"a vital part of marine food chains"
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} | What are phytoplankton? | [
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-0.0906958207... | Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | planktonic plants | 92,135 |
5726431d271a42140099d7f7 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into The Black Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
424,
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],
"text": [
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis",
"Mnemiopsis"
]
} | What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into [MASK]? | [
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0.325905382... | The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), th... | Mnemiopsis | 92,136 |
5726431d271a42140099d7f8 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What event was blamed on the introduction of mnemiopsis into The Black Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
512,
512,
512
],
"text": [
"causing fish stocks to collapse",
"causing fish stocks to collapse",
"causing fish stocks to collapse"
]
} | What event was blamed on the introduction of mnemiopsis into [MASK]? | [
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5726431d271a42140099d7f9 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in The Black Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
805,
794
],
"text": [
"introduction of Beroe",
"accidental introduction of Beroe"
]
} | What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in [MASK]? | [
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0.4847948... | On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invi... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), th... | introduction of Beroe | 92,138 |
5725c91e38643c19005acceb | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction happen? | {
"answer_start": [
760,
226,
760
],
"text": [
"66 million years ago",
"515 million years ago",
"66 million years ago"
]
} | When did the [MASK] happen? | [
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0.270249247... | Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were "calm" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. ... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | 66 million years ago | 92,139 |
5725c91e38643c19005accec | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | Evidence indicates that Cydippids are not what? | {
"answer_start": [
859,
859,
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],
"text": [
"monophyletic",
"monophyletic",
"\"cydippids\" are not monophyletic"
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} | Evidence indicates that [MASK] are not what? | [
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-0.04708358645... | In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – ... | monophyletic | 92,140 |
5725c91e38643c19005acced | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | How old are the fossils found that represent ctenophhores ? | {
"answer_start": [
226,
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226
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"text": [
"515 million years",
"66 million years ago",
"515 million years"
]
} | How old are the fossils found that represent ctenophhores ? | [
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0.1664044260978... | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The ea... | 515 million years | 92,141 |
5725c91e38643c19005accee | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | What were the fossils that were found to represent ctenphores missing that current ctenphora have? | {
"answer_start": [
100,
100,
100
],
"text": [
"tentacles",
"tentacles",
"tentacles"
]
} | What were the fossils that were found to represent ctenphores missing that current [MASK] have? | [
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0.2505177259445... | The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising ... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the the... | tentacles | 92,142 |
5726449f1125e71900ae1928 | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | Fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old? | {
"answer_start": [
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"515 million years",
"66 million years",
"515 million years"
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} | Fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old? | [
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0.07935211807489... | The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high eno... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (i... | 515 million years | 92,143 |
5726449f1125e71900ae1929 | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | What event happened 66 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
722,
718,
722
],
"text": [
"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction",
"the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction",
"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction"
]
} | What event happened [MASK]? | [
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0.204050987... | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to ... | Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction | 92,144 |
5726449f1125e71900ae192a | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | Cypiddids are not what? | {
"answer_start": [
859,
859,
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"text": [
"monophyletic",
"monophyletic",
"monophyletic"
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} | Cypiddids are not what? | [
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0.08497189730... | Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collab... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has r... | monophyletic | 92,145 |
5726449f1125e71900ae192b | Ctenophora | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | What do current ctenophores have that fossils found did not have? | {
"answer_start": [
100,
100,
100
],
"text": [
"tentacles",
"tentacles",
"tentacles"
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} | What do current ctenophores have that fossils found did not have? | [
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0.09423215687274... | Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter)... | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental ... | tentacles | 92,146 |
5725cb33271a42140099d1db | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Jellyfish ans sea anemones belong to what phylum? | {
"answer_start": [
89,
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89
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"text": [
"cnidarians",
"Ctenophores",
"cnidarians"
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} | Jellyfish ans sea anemones belong to what phylum? | [
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5725cb33271a42140099d1dc | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | What makes ctenophores different from all other animals? | {
"answer_start": [
446,
449,
456
],
"text": [
"by having colloblasts",
"having colloblasts",
"colloblasts"
]
} | What makes ctenophores different from all other animals? | [
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0.213336601853... | Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, ... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | by having colloblasts | 92,148 |
5725cb33271a42140099d1dd | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Ctenophora are less complex than which other phylum? | {
"answer_start": [
155,
155,
155
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"text": [
"bilaterians",
"bilaterians",
"bilaterians"
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} | Ctenophora are less complex than which other phylum? | [
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0.019276993349... | Southampton (i/saʊθˈæmptən, -hæmptən/) is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 75 miles (121 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the norther... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | bilaterians | 92,149 |
5725cb33271a42140099d1de | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Which phylum is more complex than sponges? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
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"text": [
"Ctenophores",
"Ctenophores",
"Ctenophores"
]
} | Which phylum is more complex than sponges? | [
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5725cb33271a42140099d1df | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | What does ctenophore use to capture prey? | {
"answer_start": [
456,
456,
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"text": [
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts"
]
} | What does ctenophore use to capture prey? | [
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0.04746377468... | Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten month... | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | colloblasts | 92,151 |
572646655951b619008f6ebf | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Jellyfish and sea anemones belong to which group/ | {
"answer_start": [
89,
89,
89
],
"text": [
"cnidarians",
"cnidarians",
"cnidarians"
]
} | Jellyfish and sea anemones belong to which group/ | [
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572646655951b619008f6ec0 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | What do ctenophores have that no other animals have? | {
"answer_start": [
456,
456,
456
],
"text": [
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts"
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} | What do ctenophores have that no other animals have? | [
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0.030937284231... | Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which op... | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | colloblasts | 92,153 |
572646655951b619008f6ec1 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | What do ctenophore use to capture their prey? | {
"answer_start": [
456,
456,
456
],
"text": [
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts"
]
} | What do ctenophore use to capture their prey? | [
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572646655951b619008f6ec2 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Which two groups have cells bound by inter-cell connections and membranes, muscles, a nervous system and sensory organs? | {
"answer_start": [
230,
230,
230
],
"text": [
"ctenophores and cnidarians",
"ctenophores and cnidarians",
"ctenophores and cnidarians"
]
} | Which [MASK] groups have cells bound by inter - cell connections and membranes, muscles, a nervous system and sensory organs? | [
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572646655951b619008f6ec3 | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Ctenophores are less complex than what other group? | {
"answer_start": [
155,
155,
155
],
"text": [
"bilaterians",
"bilaterians",
"bilaterians"
]
} | Ctenophores are less complex than what other group? | [
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0.0425815246999... | The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances be... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | bilaterians | 92,156 |
572647d0708984140094c14b | Ctenophora | Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditional... | What is the jelly-like susbtance called? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"mesoglea",
"mesoglea",
"mesoglea"
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} | What is the jelly-like susbtance called? | [
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0.237388223... | Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles – Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar ... | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | mesoglea | 92,157 |
572647d0708984140094c14c | Ctenophora | Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditional... | Ctenophores and cnidarians are classified as what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"diploblastic",
"ctenophores",
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} | Ctenophores and cnidarians are classified as what? | [
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572647d0708984140094c14d | Ctenophora | Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditional... | Which group has two layers of cells with a middle layer of mesoglea? | {
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5,
29,
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"text": [
"sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores",
"ctenophores",
"cnidarians and ctenophores"
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} | Which group has [MASK] layers of cells with a middle layer of mesoglea? | [
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572647d0708984140094c14e | Ctenophora | Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditional... | Ctenophores, cnidarians and what other group are labelled diploblastic? | {
"answer_start": [
362,
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"text": [
"sponges",
"sponges",
"sponges"
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} | Ctenophores, cnidarians and what other group are labelled diploblastic? | [
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572648e8dd62a815002e8076 | Ctenophora | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | What are the hairs on ctenophores called? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"cilia",
"cilia",
"cilia"
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} | What are the hairs on ctenophores called? | [
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572648e8dd62a815002e8077 | Ctenophora | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | What are cilia used for? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"method of locomotion",
"their main method of locomotion",
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} | What are cilia used for? | [
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572648e8dd62a815002e8078 | Ctenophora | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | Comb like bands of cilia are called what? | {
"answer_start": [
314,
314,
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"text": [
"ctenes",
"ctenes",
"ctenes"
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} | Comb like bands of cilia are called what? | [
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0.32306727766990... | A function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no. Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem. | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | ctenes | 92,163 |
572648e8dd62a815002e8079 | Ctenophora | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | What does ctenophore mean in Greek? | {
"answer_start": [
450,
512,
450
],
"text": [
"comb-bearing",
"\"comb\" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning \"carrying\"",
"comb-bearing"
]
} | What does ctenophore mean in [MASK]? | [
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57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40 | Ctenophora | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | Which cidippid is used as a description on ctenophores in most textbooks? | {
"answer_start": [
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590,
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"text": [
"Pleurobrachia",
"Pleurobrachia",
"Pleurobrachia"
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} | Which cidippid is used as a description on ctenophores in most textbooks? | [
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0.15143193... | Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballo... | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | The relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to... | Pleurobrachia | 92,165 |
57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41 | Ctenophora | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | Which group of ctenophore are are hardest to study? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"oceanic species",
"oceanic species",
"oceanic species"
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} | Which group of ctenophore are are hardest to study? | [
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0.0792430639... | Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as... | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaet... | oceanic species | 92,166 |
57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42 | Ctenophora | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | Why are coastal species tough? | {
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127,
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"text": [
"to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles",
"to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles",
"to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles"
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} | Why are coastal species tough? | [
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57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43 | Ctenophora | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | Which ctenophora have been studies the most? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis",
"Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis",
"Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis"
]
} | Which ctenophora have been studies the most? | [
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0.058363735... | Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of... | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis | 92,168 |
57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0 | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | The inside of a ctenophore is lined with what? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"epithelium",
"epithelium",
"epithelium"
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} | The inside of a ctenophore is lined with what? | [
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0.2130107879638... | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximat... | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | epithelium | 92,169 |
57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1 | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | What do photocytes produce? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"bioluminescence",
"bioluminescence",
"bioluminescence"
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} | What do photocytes produce? | [
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57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2 | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | What is the throat called? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"pharynx",
"pharynx",
"pharynx"
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} | What is the throat called? | [
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57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3 | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | What does the internal cavity contain? | {
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"a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx (\"throat\"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.",
"a system of internal canals",
"the gastrodermis"
]
} | What does the internal cavity contain? | [
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57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4 | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | What are the most active parts of ctenophora? | {
"answer_start": [
254,
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"text": [
"the mouth and pharynx;",
"the mouth and pharynx",
"the mouth and pharynx"
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} | What are the most active parts of ctenophora? | [
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57264cfa708984140094c1c3 | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most spec... | What are the eight comb rows on the outer surface called? | {
"answer_start": [
56,
56,
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"text": [
"swimming-plates",
"swimming-plates",
"swimming-plates"
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} | What are the [MASK] comb rows on the outer surface called? | [
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57264cfa708984140094c1c4 | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most spec... | Combs are called what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates",
"\"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\"",
"ctenes"
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} | Combs are called what? | [
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0.096281625330... | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | also called "ctenes" or "comb plates | 92,175 |
57264cfa708984140094c1c5 | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most spec... | What does the 9 +3 pattern of cilia thought to do? | {
"answer_start": [
773,
753,
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],
"text": [
"supporting function",
"suspected to have a supporting function",
"a supporting function"
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0.296519368886... | The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990... | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | supporting function | 92,176 |
57264cfa708984140094c1c6 | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most spec... | What direction do ctenophore swim? | {
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"text": [
"in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,",
"the direction in which the mouth is pointing",
"direction in which the mouth is pointing"
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} | What direction do ctenophore swim? | [
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57264cfa708984140094c1c7 | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most spec... | Cilia can g ow up too what length? | {
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"text": [
"2 millimeters (0.079 in)",
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} | [MASK] can g ow up too what length? | [
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57264e66dd62a815002e811a | Ctenophora | It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water, the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump th... | How do ctenophores control buoyancy? | {
"answer_start": [
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0,
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"text": [
"osmotic pressure",
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"rely on osmotic pressure"
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} | How do ctenophores control buoyancy? | [
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57264e66dd62a815002e811b | Ctenophora | It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water, the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump th... | Ciliary rosettes pump water into what to control buoyancy? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"the mesoglea",
"mesoglea",
"mesoglea"
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} | Ciliary rosettes pump water into what to control buoyancy? | [
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-0.010835033841... | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolma... | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | the mesoglea | 92,180 |
57264e66dd62a815002e811c | Ctenophora | It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water, the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump th... | What does pumping water into the mesoglea do? | {
"answer_start": [
344,
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],
"text": [
"increase its bulk and decrease its density",
"increase its bulk and decrease its density",
"increase its bulk and decrease its density"
]
} | What does pumping water into the [MASK] do? | [
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0.02887338... | The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured ... | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | increase its bulk and decrease its density | 92,181 |
57264e66dd62a815002e811d | Ctenophora | It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water, the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump th... | What does the ciliary rosettes do to decease bulk and increase density? | {
"answer_start": [
488,
313,
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],
"text": [
"pump water out of the mesoglea",
"pump",
"pump water out of the mesoglea"
]
} | What does the ciliary rosettes do to decease bulk and increase density? | [
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572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | What is the largest sensory feature of the ctenophora? | {
"answer_start": [
42,
42,
42
],
"text": [
"aboral organ",
"aboral organ",
"aboral organ"
]
} | What is the largest sensory feature of the ctenophora? | [
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0.132754877209663... | The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003. | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | aboral organ | 92,183 |
572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | Where is the aboral organ located? | {
"answer_start": [
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59,
63
],
"text": [
"at the opposite end from the mouth",
"the opposite end from the mouth",
"opposite end from the mouth"
]
} | Where is the aboral organ located? | [
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0.03206646442... | In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the... | at the opposite end from the mouth | 92,184 |
572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60 | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | What protects the statocyst? | {
"answer_start": [
303,
303,
305
],
"text": [
"a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia",
"a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia",
"transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia"
]
} | What protects the statocyst? | [
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572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61 | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | What is the main component of the aboral organ? | {
"answer_start": [
115,
117,
117
],
"text": [
"a statocyst",
"statocyst",
"statocyst"
]
} | What is the main component of the aboral organ? | [
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0.154663994... | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in... | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn ... | a statocyst | 92,186 |
572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62 | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | What is a statocyst? | {
"answer_start": [
128,
128,
128
],
"text": [
"a balance sensor",
"a balance sensor consisting of a statolith",
"a balance sensor consisting of a statolith"
]
} | What is a statocyst? | [
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57265746dd62a815002e8218 | Ctenophora | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | What is the common coastal pleurobrachia called? | {
"answer_start": [
159,
159,
159
],
"text": [
"sea gooseberry",
"sea gooseberry",
"sea gooseberry"
]
} | What is the common coastal pleurobrachia called? | [
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57265746dd62a815002e8219 | Ctenophora | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | What does the pleurobrachia have on opposite sides of its body? | {
"answer_start": [
350,
360,
350
],
"text": [
"a pair of long, slender tentacles",
"long, slender tentacles",
"a pair of long, slender tentacles"
]
} | What does the pleurobrachia have on opposite sides of its body? | [
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57265746dd62a815002e821a | Ctenophora | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | Cydippid are typically what shape? | {
"answer_start": [
42,
208,
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"text": [
"more or less rounded",
"egg-shaped",
"more or less rounded"
]
} | Cydippid are typically what shape? | [
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0.19829531013... | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspensk... | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almo... | more or less rounded | 92,190 |
57265746dd62a815002e821b | Ctenophora | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | The long tentacles on the pleurbrachia are protected by what? | {
"answer_start": [
400,
400,
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],
"text": [
"a sheath",
"a sheath",
"a sheath into which it can be withdrawn"
]
} | The long tentacles on the pleurbrachia are protected by what? | [
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57265746dd62a815002e821c | Ctenophora | Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | Where is the mouth located on the pleuobrachia located? | {
"answer_start": [
239,
242,
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],
"text": [
"at the narrow end",
"the narrow end",
"at the narrow end"
]
} | Where is the mouth located on the [MASK] located? | [
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572658daf1498d1400e8dcac | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | What are the tentacles of cydipped ctenophores are usually fringed with? | {
"answer_start": [
65,
65,
65
],
"text": [
"tentilla",
"tentilla",
"tentilla"
]
} | What are the tentacles of cydipped ctenophores are usually fringed with? | [
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0.075882844626... | In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for ... | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of anim... | tentilla | 92,193 |
572658daf1498d1400e8dcad | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | What are colloblasts? | {
"answer_start": [
297,
297,
297
],
"text": [
"specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis",
"specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis",
"specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis"
]
} | What are colloblasts? | [
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572658daf1498d1400e8dcae | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | What makes the tentilla of euplokamis different from other cysippids? | {
"answer_start": [
1150,
1150,
1150
],
"text": [
"they contain striated muscle,",
"they contain striated muscle",
"they contain striated muscle"
]
} | What makes the tentilla of [MASK] different from other [MASK]? | [
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572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | How many types of movements do euplokamis tentilla have? | {
"answer_start": [
1369,
1369,
1369
],
"text": [
"three types of movement",
"three",
"three"
]
} | How many types of movements do euplokamis tentilla have? | [
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572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0 | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-sh... | What does the euplokamis use the three types of movement for? | {
"answer_start": [
1410,
1410,
1410
],
"text": [
"capturing prey",
"capturing prey",
"capturing prey"
]
} | What does the euplokamis use the [MASK] types of movement for? | [
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572659ea5951b619008f7051 | Ctenophora | There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The "combs" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent com... | How many rows of combs are there? | {
"answer_start": [
10,
10,
10
],
"text": [
"eight rows",
"eight",
"eight"
]
} | How many rows of combs are there? | [
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0.161198481917381... | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be ... | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | eight rows | 92,198 |
572659ea5951b619008f7052 | Ctenophora | There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The "combs" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent com... | Where are the rows of combs located? | {
"answer_start": [
39,
44,
44
],
"text": [
"from near the mouth to the opposite end",
"near the mouth to the opposite end",
"near the mouth to the opposite end"
]
} | Where are the rows of combs located? | [
0.2127692997455597,
0.14396850764751434,
0.23823364078998566,
0.25992101430892944,
0.2521722912788391,
0.19377289712429047,
0.11640825122594833,
-0.47591251134872437,
-0.14794214069843292,
-0.014679012820124626,
-0.13956353068351746,
0.1529167890548706,
-0.03610657528042793,
0.155214652419... | Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy an... | Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be ... | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | from near the mouth to the opposite end | 92,199 |
572659ea5951b619008f7053 | Ctenophora | There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The "combs" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent com... | How are the combs spaced? | {
"answer_start": [
95,
95,
95
],
"text": [
"evenly round the body",
"evenly",
"evenly round the body"
]
} | How are the combs spaced? | [
0.29324138164520264,
0.03003358468413353,
0.17846472561359406,
0.19898028671741486,
0.1409459114074707,
-0.005717083346098661,
0.24030861258506775,
-0.32349666953086853,
-0.19318149983882904,
-0.05319315195083618,
-0.11039916425943375,
0.2591342628002167,
0.035551946610212326,
-0.075026184... | Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as diale... | Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be ... | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body ... | evenly round the body | 92,200 |
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