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572a05eb3f37b31900478655 | Economic_inequality | 2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Un... | Persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth? | {
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} | Persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth? | [
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572a05eb3f37b31900478656 | Economic_inequality | 2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Un... | What's one factor in eroding self-esteem? | {
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572a05eb3f37b31900478657 | Economic_inequality | 2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Un... | Policies which reduce the inequality associated effects of unemployment support what type of growth? | {
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572a06866aef0514001551be | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | What nationality are researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett? | {
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572a06866aef0514001551bf | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | What rates of health and social problems are in countries with high inequality? | {
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572a06866aef0514001551c0 | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | How are the rates of social goods in countries with higher inequality? | {
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0.078532293438911... | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argu... | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | lower | 95,115 |
572a06866aef0514001551c2 | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | How many developed countries did British researchers use to gather statistics from? | {
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572a06866aef0514001551c1 | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | Health problems were lower in places with higher levels of what? | {
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572a070c6aef0514001551c8 | Economic_inequality | For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | What did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history? | {
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} | What did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history? | [
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572a070c6aef0514001551c9 | Economic_inequality | For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | Where does the pattern of higher income-longer lives still hold true? | {
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572a070c6aef0514001551ca | Economic_inequality | For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | What increases rapidly as per capita income increases? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | What increases rapidly as per capita income increases? | [
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572a070c6aef0514001551cb | Economic_inequality | For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | Who lives no longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders? | {
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} | Who lives no longer on average than [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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572a070c6aef0514001551cc | Economic_inequality | For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | How are incomes distributed in Sweden? | {
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} | How are incomes distributed in [MASK]? | [
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572a07a86aef0514001551d2 | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | What characteristic in recent years has been strongly tied with health in developed countries? | {
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} | What characteristic in [MASK] has been strongly tied with health in developed countries? | [
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572a07a86aef0514001551d3 | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | Who created an index of health and social problems? | {
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572a07a86aef0514001551d4 | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | How many factors of health and social problems did Wilkinson and PIckett identify? | {
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572a07a86aef0514001551d5 | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | Where are health and social problems most common? | {
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342,
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"among states in the US with larger income inequalities",
"countries with bigger income inequalities",
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572a07a86aef0514001551d6 | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | What does child well-being in rich countries correlate most to? | {
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560,
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572a0a391d046914007796df | Economic_inequality | Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more commo... | What has crime rate been show to be correlated with in a society? | {
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"inequality",
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572a0a391d046914007796e0 | Economic_inequality | Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more commo... | What is almost identical across all nations and jurisdictions? | {
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572a0a391d046914007796e1 | Economic_inequality | Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more commo... | Over how many studies have shown that violence is more common in societies with income differences? | {
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572a0a391d046914007796e3 | Economic_inequality | Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more commo... | What is it estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by? | {
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572a0a391d046914007796e2 | Economic_inequality | Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more commo... | How much of a difference in homicide rates are related to inequality? | {
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} | How much of a difference in homicide rates are related to inequality? | [
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572a0bafaf94a219006aa765 | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decrease... | What does the utilitarian principle seek for the greatest number of people? | {
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"text": [
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572a0bafaf94a219006aa766 | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decrease... | An adobe that provides less utility to one person than another is an example of reduced what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"distributive efficiency",
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} | An adobe that provides less utility to [MASK] person than another is an example of reduced what? | [
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572a0bafaf94a219006aa767 | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decrease... | A dollar spent by a poor person is likely to provide what for them? | {
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572a0bafaf94a219006aa768 | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decrease... | What the marginal utility of wealth per income per person do as that person becomes richer? | {
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783,
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572a0bafaf94a219006aa769 | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decrease... | What will a society with more equality have? | {
"answer_start": [
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"higher aggregate utility",
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572a0c541d046914007796f3 | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the e... | What do conservative researchers fell should be a measure of inequality? | {
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"text": [
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"consumption",
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} | What do conservative researchers fell should be a measure of inequality? | [
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572a0c541d046914007796f4 | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the e... | What political leaning does the Cato Institute have? | {
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572a0c541d046914007796f5 | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the e... | When was consumption inequality lower than it had been in 1986? | {
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572a0c541d046914007796f6 | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the e... | Who wrote "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"? | {
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572a0c541d046914007796f7 | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the e... | What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession? | {
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572a0d21af94a219006aa783 | Economic_inequality | Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What is Raghuram Rajan's career? | {
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572a0d21af94a219006aa784 | Economic_inequality | Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What does Rajan feel has created deep financial fault lines? | {
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572a0d21af94a219006aa785 | Economic_inequality | Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What is the most recent example of financial fault lines? | {
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572a0d21af94a219006aa786 | Economic_inequality | Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power? | {
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572a0d21af94a219006aa787 | Economic_inequality | Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble"? | {
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572a0e0e1d04691400779707 | Economic_inequality | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | What is negatively correlated to the duration of economic growth? | {
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572a0e0e1d04691400779708 | Economic_inequality | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | What do high levels of inequality prevent beyond economic prosperity? | {
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572a0e0e1d04691400779709 | Economic_inequality | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | What happens to the GDP growth of a country if the income share of the top 20 percent increases, according to IMF staff economists? | {
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572a0e0e1d0469140077970a | Economic_inequality | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | What does an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in? | {
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572a0e0e1d0469140077970b | Economic_inequality | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | Who matters the most for economic growth? | {
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572a0ecb1d04691400779717 | Economic_inequality | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | What do David Castlles-Quintana and Vicente Royuela do for a living? | {
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572a0ecb1d04691400779718 | Economic_inequality | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | What does increasing inequality harm? | {
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572a0ecb1d04691400779719 | Economic_inequality | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | What was persistent unemployment have a negative effect on? | {
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"subsequent long-run economic growth",
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} | What was persistent unemployment have a negative effect on? | [
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572a0ecb1d0469140077971a | Economic_inequality | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | Why does unemployment harm growth? | {
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} | Why does unemployment harm growth? | [
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572a0ecb1d0469140077971b | Economic_inequality | According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but a... | Policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they reduce what? | {
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572a1046af94a219006aa78d | Economic_inequality | Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become mor... | What did Stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality? | {
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572a1046af94a219006aa78e | Economic_inequality | Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become mor... | How does inequality prevent growth? | {
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572a1046af94a219006aa78f | Economic_inequality | Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become mor... | What are both Branko Milanovic and Joseph Stiglitz? | {
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572a1046af94a219006aa790 | Economic_inequality | Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become mor... | What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth? | {
"answer_start": [
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393,
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"increasing importance of human capital in development",
"increasing importance of human capital in development",
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} | What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth? | [
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572a1046af94a219006aa791 | Economic_inequality | Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become mor... | What has become the secret to economic growth? | {
"answer_start": [
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"widespread education",
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} | What has become the secret to economic growth? | [
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572a11663f37b31900478693 | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | When did Galor and Zeria show new information about inequality? | {
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572a11663f37b31900478694 | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation? | {
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"detrimental",
"long lasting detrimental effect",
"long lasting detrimental"
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} | Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation? | [
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572a11663f37b31900478695 | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | What did a 1996 study by Perotti examine? | {
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572a11663f37b31900478696 | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | What is inequality associated with higher levels of? | {
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572a11663f37b31900478697 | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | What do extremely unequal societies tend to be? | {
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572a12381d0469140077972d | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | What does high levels of inequality do to growth in poor countries? | {
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572a12381d0469140077972e | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | What does high levels of inequality do for economic growth in richer countries? | {
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572a12381d0469140077972c | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | Barro found there is little relation between income inequality and rates of what? | {
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128,
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"growth and investment",
"growth and investment",
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572a12381d0469140077972b | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | What institution does Robert Barro hail from? | {
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12,
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572a12381d0469140077972f | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | When was a study conducted of Swedish counties? | {
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"between 1960 and 2000",
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572a13841d0469140077973b | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | What have studies on income inequality sometimes found evidence confirming? | {
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572a13841d0469140077973c | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | The Kuznets curve says with economic development, inequality will decrease after what? | {
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} | The [MASK] curve says with economic development, inequality will decrease after what? | [
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572a13841d0469140077973d | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | Who challenges the notion of the Kuznets curve hypothesis? | {
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572a13841d0469140077973e | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | What's Thomas Piketty's job? | {
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572a13841d0469140077973f | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | What does Piketty feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality between 1914 to 1945? | {
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} | What does [MASK] feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality [MASK]? | [
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572a18a4af94a219006aa7df | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that gro... | When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development? | {
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572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0 | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that gro... | According to a 1955 review, what were savings by the wealthy thought to offset? | {
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572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1 | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that gro... | What does a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done? | {
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572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2 | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that gro... | How long does it take for the effects to manifest as changes to economic growth? | {
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572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3 | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that gro... | What are longer growth spells associated with? | {
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"more equality in the income distribution",
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572a1a5c6aef051400155284 | Economic_inequality | While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to... | What needs to be made to ensure poorer members of society can participate in economic growth? | {
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572a1a5c6aef051400155285 | Economic_inequality | While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to... | What can the growth elasticity of poverty depend on? | {
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572a1a5c6aef051400155286 | Economic_inequality | While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to... | What does it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve? | {
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572a1a5c6aef051400155287 | Economic_inequality | While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to... | What was Ban Ki-Moon the Secretary General of? | {
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572a1a5c6aef051400155288 | Economic_inequality | While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to... | What isn't economic growth sufficient for progress on? | {
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572a1ba46aef05140015528e | Economic_inequality | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | What is held outside the formal legal ownership registration system in many developing countries? | {
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572a1ba46aef05140015528f | Economic_inequality | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | How is unregistered property held in informal form? | {
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572a1ba46aef051400155290 | Economic_inequality | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | Excessive bureaucratic red tape is one of the reasons for what type of ownership? | {
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572a1ba46aef051400155291 | Economic_inequality | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | In some countries over how many steps can it take to build on government land? | {
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572a1ba46aef051400155292 | Economic_inequality | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | What can it sometimes take up to 14 years to get permission to build on? | {
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572a1c943f37b319004786e1 | Economic_inequality | A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (R... | What do a number of researchers think a shortage of is caused in part by income inequality? | {
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572a1c943f37b319004786e2 | Economic_inequality | A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (R... | What decreased in number between 1984 and 1991? | {
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} | What decreased in number [MASK]? | [
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572a1c943f37b319004786e3 | Economic_inequality | A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (R... | Why did the demand for rentals decrease? | {
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"text": [
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572a1c943f37b319004786e4 | Economic_inequality | A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (R... | What drove increased rental prices in East New York? | {
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"gentrification of older neighbourhoods",
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572a1c943f37b319004786e5 | Economic_inequality | A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (R... | What combined with ricing prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace? | {
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"ad valorem property tax policy",
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} | What combined with ricing prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace? | [
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572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5 | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to mana... | How are the certain costs which are difficult to avoid shared? | {
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"text": [
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} | How are the certain costs which are difficult to avoid shared? | [
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572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6 | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to mana... | What are those with lower incomes often unable to manage? | {
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572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7 | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to mana... | What is the term when middle income earners aspire to obtain the same standards of living as people wealthier than themselves? | {
"answer_start": [
349,
349,
349
],
"text": [
"aspirational consumption",
"aspirational consumption",
"aspirational consumption"
]
} | What is the term when middle income earners aspire to obtain the same standards of living as people wealthier than themselves? | [
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0.02860006317496299... | Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as le... | Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational proces... | These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional inform... | aspirational consumption | 95,200 |
572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8 | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to mana... | What is one method of achieving aspirational consumption? | {
"answer_start": [
555,
555,
555
],
"text": [
"taking on debt",
"taking on debt",
"taking on debt"
]
} | What is [MASK] method of achieving aspirational consumption? | [
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572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9 | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to mana... | When people take on debt, it leads potentially to what? | {
"answer_start": [
629,
596,
596
],
"text": [
"economic instability",
"greater inequality and potential economic instability",
"greater inequality and potential economic instability"
]
} | When people take on debt, it leads potentially to what? | [
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0.1061165705323... | Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated w... | Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational proces... | Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumptio... | economic instability | 95,202 |
572a1f086aef0514001552c0 | Economic_inequality | The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmen... | When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is? | {
"answer_start": [
69,
69,
69,
69
],
"text": [
"created",
"created",
"created",
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} | When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is? | [
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572a1f086aef0514001552c1 | Economic_inequality | The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmen... | What would be lower if there were fewer people? | {
"answer_start": [
709,
800,
855,
855
],
"text": [
"emissions per person",
"this multiplier",
"environmental degradation",
"environmental degradation"
]
} | What would be lower if there were fewer people? | [
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572a1f086aef0514001552c2 | Economic_inequality | The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmen... | What does the current high level of population have a large impact on? | {
"answer_start": [
650,
973,
855,
855
],
"text": [
"environmental degradation",
"this as well",
"environmental degradation",
"environmental degradation"
]
} | What does the current high level of population have a large impact on? | [
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... | In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an... | When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that cause... | On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order p... | environmental degradation | 95,205 |
572a1f086aef0514001552c3 | Economic_inequality | The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmen... | How could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an increase of environmental damage? | {
"answer_start": [
987,
987,
1007,
1007
],
"text": [
"If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level",
"If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level",
"population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level",
... | How could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an increase of environmental damage? | [
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0.085692428052425... | Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as P... | When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that cause... | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate ris... | If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level | 95,206 |
572a1fe16aef0514001552d0 | Economic_inequality | Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contr... | What is the vast disparities in wealth attributed to by Socialists? | {
"answer_start": [
59,
59,
59
],
"text": [
"private ownership of the means of production",
"private ownership of the means of production",
"private ownership of the means of production"
]
} | What is the vast disparities in wealth attributed to by [MASK]? | [
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572a1fe16aef0514001552d1 | Economic_inequality | Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contr... | What does private ownership create a situation of? | {
"answer_start": [
153,
155,
155
],
"text": [
"a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income",
"small portion of the population lives off unearned property income",
"small portion of the population lives off unearned property income"
]
} | What does private ownership create a situation of? | [
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572a1fe16aef0514001552d2 | Economic_inequality | Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contr... | What type of income is the vast majority of the population dependent on? | {
"answer_start": [
401,
401,
401
],
"text": [
"wage or salary",
"wage or salary",
"wage or salary"
]
} | What type of income is the vast majority of the population dependent on? | [
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0.147684529423713... | The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia... | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n... | On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivatio... | wage or salary | 95,209 |
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