Split (1)

train · 22.3M rows

chunks stringlengths 1 1.02k
eligions promote altruism as a very important moral value. Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, and Sikhism, etc., place particular emphasis on altruistic morality. Buddhism Altruism figures prominently in Buddhism. Love and compassion are components of all forms of Buddhism, and are focused on ...
appy consequences of our actions derive not from punishment or correction based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma, which functions like a natural law of cause and effect. A simple illustration of such cause and effect is the case of experiencing the effects of what one causes if one causes suffering, then as...
Jainism prescribes a path of nonviolence to progress the soul to this ultimate goal. A major characteristic of Jain belief is the emphasis on the consequences of not only physical but also mental behaviors. One's unconquered mind with anger, pride ego, deceit, greed and uncontrolled sense organs are the powerful enemi...
mited vows" Anuvrata are prescribed for householders. The householders are encouraged to practice the abovementioned five vows. The monks have to observe them very strictly. With consistent practice, it will be possible to overcome the limitations gradually, accelerating the spiritual progress. The principle of nonvio...
r as yourself' as meaning that love for ourselves is the exemplar of love for others. Considering that "the love with which a man loves himself is the form and root of friendship" and quotes Aristotle that "the origin of friendly relations with others lies in our relations to ourselves", he concluded that though we are...
llowman, and that hatred of one's fellowman is the same as hatred of God. Thomas Jay Oord has argued in several books that altruism is but one possible form of love. An altruistic action is not always a loving action. Oord defines altruism as acting for the other's good, and he agrees with feminists who note that somet...
etc., directed against the opposite phenomena wealth, strength, power, largesse." Islam In Islam, the concept "thr" altruism is the notion of "preferring others to oneself". For Sufis, this means devotion to others through complete forgetfulness of one's own concerns, where concern for others is deemed as a demand ma...
e intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. Kabbalah defines God as the force of giving in existence. Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto in particular focused on the 'purpose of creation' and how the will of God was to bring creation into perfection and adhe...
its own sake, is an important concept in Sikhism. The fifth Guru, Arjun Dev, sacrificed his life to uphold "22 carats of pure truth, the greatest gift to humanity", the Guru Granth. The ninth Guru, Tegh Bahadur, sacrificed his head to protect weak and defenseless people against atrocity. In the late seventeenth cent...
iya. The Guru responded, "Then you should also give them ointment to heal their wounds. You were practicing what you were coached in the house of the Guru." Under the tutelage of the Guru, Bhai Kanhaiya subsequently founded a volunteer corps for altruism, which is still engaged today in doing good to others and in tra...
the legendary Hindu monk, has said "Jive prem kare jeijon, Seijon sebiche Iswar" Whoever loves any living being, is serving god.. Mass donation of clothes to poor people Vastraseva, or blood donation camp or mass food donation Annaseva for poor people is common in various Hindu religious ceremonies. Swami Sivananda, ...
arma yoga achieving oneness with God through action "Nishkam Karma" or action without expectation desire for personal gain which can be said to encompass altruism. Altruistic acts are generally celebrated and very well received in Hindu literature and is central to Hindu morality. Philosophy There exists a wide ran...
egoism is the view that rationality consists in acting in one's selfinterest without specifying how this affects one's moral obligations. Effective altruism Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that uses evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. Effective altruis...
with the movement include philosopher Peter Singer, Facebook co founder Dustin Moskovitz, Cari Tuna, Ben Delo, Oxfordbased researchers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, and professional poker player Liv Boeree, Genetics The genes OXTR, CD38, COMT, DRD4, DRD5, IGF2, and GABRB2 have been found to be candidate genes for a...
igital altruism," involving expedience, ease, moral engagement, and conformity; 2 "creative digital altruism," involving creativity, heightened moral engagement, and cooperation; and 3 "cocreative digital altruism" involving creativity, moral engagement, and meta cooperative efforts. See also Altruria, California C...
. and Pearl M. Towards a Caring Society Ideas into Action. West Port, CT Praeger, 1995. External links Richard Kraut 2016 Altruism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Auguste Comte Defence mechanisms Morality Moral psychology Philanthropy Social philosophy Interpersonal relationships Virtue
Alice O'Connor born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905 March 6, 1982, better known by her pen name Ayn Rand , was a Russianborn American writer and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1...
ssezfaire capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights, including private property rights. Although Rand opposed libertarianism, which she viewed as anarchism, she is often associated with the modern libertarian movement in the United States. In art, Rand promoted romantic realism....
ois family living in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna ne Kaplan. Rand later said she found school unchallenging and began writing screenplays at age eight and novels at age ten. At the prestigious , her closest friend was Vladimir ...
Saint Petersburg was then named, where they faced desperate conditions, occasionally nearly starving. Following the Russian Revolution, universities were opened to women, allowing her to be in the first group of women to enroll at Petrograd State University. At 16, she began her studies in the department of social ped...
Negri, which became her first published work. By this time, she had decided her professional surname for writing would be Rand, possibly because it is graphically similar to a vowelless excerpt of her birth surname in Cyrillic. She adopted the first name Ayn. Arrival in the United States In late 1925, Rand was gran...
ng actor, Frank O'Connor; the two married on April 15, 1929. She became a permanent American resident in July 1929 and an American citizen on March 3, 1931. She made several attempts to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they were unable to obtain permission to emigrate. During these early years o...
viet Russia, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state. Initial sales were slow, and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. She adapted the story as a stage play, but producer George Abbott's Broadway production was a failure and closed in less...
g, Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, which has sold over 3.5 million copies. The Fountainhead and political activism During the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband worked as fulltime volunteers for Republican Wendell Willkie's 1940 presidential campaig...
". Rand became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson. Rand questioned her about American history and politics long into the night during their many meetings, and gave Paterson ideas for her only nonfiction book, The God of the Machine. Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with The Fountainhead...
ed two weeks' rest. Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to what some of her later associates described as volatile mood swings. The Fountainhead became a worldwide success, bringing Rand fame and financial security. In 1943, she sold the film rights to Warner Bros. and returned to ...
Rand's California associates led to a falling out between the two when Paterson made comments to valued political allies which Rand considered rude. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Rand testified as a "friendly witness" before the United States House UnAmerican Activities Committee that the 1944 film Song of Rus...
and Objectivism Following the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom the book had influenced profoundly. In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers around her. This group jokingly designated "The Collective" in...
ceand, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy the morality of rational selfinterest". It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, a...
gative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller; however, the reaction of intellectuals to the novel discouraged and depressed Rand. Atlas Shrugged was her last completed work of fiction marking the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher. In 1958, Natha...
eligion. Rand expressed opinions on a wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair. Some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers. However, some former NBI students believed the extent of these behaviors...
"bums", supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as "civilized men fighting savages", saying European colonists had the right to invade and take land inhabited by American Indians, and calling homosexuality "immoral" and "disgusting", while also advocating the repeal of all l...
bsequent years, Rand and several more of her closest associates parted company. Rand underwent surgery for lung cancer in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking. In 1976, she retired from writing her newsletter and, after her initial objections, allowed a social worker employed by her attorney to enroll her in Social Sec...
ld be and should be", rather than as it was. This approach led her to create highly stylized situations and characters. Her fiction typically has protagonists who are heroic individualists, depicted as fit and attractive. Her stories' villains support duty and collectivist moral ideals. Rand often describes them as una...
d their skill at constructing plots. Hugo, in particular, was an important influence on her writing, especially her approach to plotting. In the introduction she wrote for an Englishlanguage edition of his novel NinetyThree, Rand called him "the greatest novelist in world literature". Although Rand disliked most Russi...
s. They often follow common film editing conventions, such as having a broad establishing shot description of a scene followed by closeup details, and her descriptions of women characters often take a "male gaze" perspective. Philosophy Rand called her philosophy "Objectivism", describing its essence as "the concept ...
he described as "the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses". Rand rejected all claims of nonperceptual or a priori knowledge, including instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing. In her Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, Rand presented a theory of c...
in Atlas Shrugged that, "Force and mind are opposites." Rand's political philosophy emphasized individual rightsincluding property rights. She considered laissezfaire capitalism the only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on protecting those rights. Rand opposed statism, which she und...
ding to an artist's metaphysical valuejudgments". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be grasped easily, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness. As a writer, the art form Rand focused on most closely was literature. She considered romanticism to be t...
most criticized areas of her philosophy. Numerous authors, including Robert Nozick and William F. O'Neill, in some of the earliest academic critiques of her ideas, said she failed in her attempt to solve the isought problem. Critics have called her definitions of egoism and altruism biased and inconsistent with normal...
including Hazel Barnes, Albert Ellis, and Nathaniel Branden, have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason. Branden said this emphasis led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human beings should be. Relationship to other philosophers Except for Aristot...
was to Aristotle. He asserted her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche. Rand found early inspiration from Nietzsche, and scholars have found indications of this in Rand's private journals. In 1928, she alluded to his idea of the "superman" in notes for an unwritten novel...
rated their differences. Rand's relationship with contemporary philosophers was mostly antagonistic. She was not an academic and did not participate in academic discourse. She was dismissive toward critics and wrote about ideas she disagreed with in a polemical manner without indepth analysis. She was in turn viewed v...
on, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent reissues. Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead, received far fewer reviews than We the Living, and reviewers' opinions were mixed. Lorine Pruette's positive review in The New York Times, which called the author "a writer of great power" who wrote "b...
"written out of hate" and showed "remorseless hectoring and prolixity". Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's most "notorious" review for the conservative magazine National Review. He accused Rand of supporting a godless system which he related to that of the Soviets, claiming, "From almost any pag...
written fiction as quaint utopian "retro fantasy" and programmatic neoRomanticism of the misunderstood artist, while criticizing her characters' "isolated rejection of democratic society". Popular interest With over 30 million copies sold , Rand's books continue to be read widely. A survey conducted for the Library o...
ve view of business and subsequently many business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work. John Allison of BBT and Ed Snider of Comcast Spectacor have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas. Mark Cuban owner of the Dallas Mavericks as well as John P. Mackey CEO of Whole Foods, among others, have ...
s as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist. Jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman run through the popular culture." Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film, Ayn Rand A Sense of Life, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The Passion of Ayn Rand, a 1999 televisio...
d a continuing influence on rightwing politics and libertarianism. Rand is often considered one of the three most important women along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson in the early development of modern American libertarianism. David Nolan, one founder of the Libertarian Party, said that "without Ayn Rand, th...
vertheless, a 1987 article in The New York Times referred to her as the Reagan administration's "novelist laureate". Republican congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels. She has influenced some conservative politicians outside the U.S., such as ...
the boiler room of the US economy". Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had "incalculable impact" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas. In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attributed to the "enduring influenc...
n of BBT Corporation that required teaching Rand's ideas or works; in some cases, the grants were controversial or even rejected because of the requirement to teach about Rand. In 2020, media critic Eric Burns said that, "Rand is surely the most engaging philosopher of my lifetime", but "nobody in the academe pays any...
d "a treacherous undertaking" that could lead to "guilt by association" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in The Personalist. One of these was "On the Randian Argument" by libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick, who criticized...
y other in contemporary thought". In 1987, Allan Gotthelf, George Walsh, and David Kelley cofounded the Ayn Rand Society, a group affiliated with the American Philosophical Association. In a 1995 entry about Rand in Contemporary Women Philosophers, Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence in how different academic special...
peerreviewed academic journal devoted to the study of Rand and her ideas, was established in 1999. R. W. Bradford, Stephen D. Cox, and Chris Matthew Sciabarra were its founding coeditors. In a 2010 essay for the Cato Institute, libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued very few people find Rand's ideas convincing,...
Alan Wolfe dismissed Rand as a "nonperson" among academics, an attitude that writer Ben Murnane later described as "the traditional academic view" of Rand. To her fiction Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited than the discussion of her philosophy. Mimi Reisel Gladste...
in and Sciabarra, as well as in popular study guides like CliffsNotes and SparkNotes. In The Literary Encyclopedia entry for Rand written in 2001, John David Lewis declared that "Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation." In 2019, Lisa Duggan described Rand's fiction as popular and influ...
usinessman Ed Snider to establish the Ayn Rand Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works. In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. In 2001, historian John McCas...
982 Letters of Ayn Rand 1995 Journals of Ayn Rand 1997 Notes References Works cited Reprinted from Esquire, July 1961. External links Frequently Asked Questions A...
American ethicists American people of RussianJewish descent American political activists American political philosophers American science fiction writers American women activists American women dramatists and playwrights American women essayists American women novelists American women philosophers American women scree...
n Empire Saint Petersburg State University alumni Screenwriters from New York state Soviet emigrants to the United States Women science fiction and fantasy writers Burials at Kensico Cemetery 20thcentury American screenwriters Deaths from organ failure 20thcentury pseudonymous writers Critics of Christianity Social cri...
Alain Connes ; born 1 April 1947 is a French mathematician, and a theoretical physicist, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. He is a professor at the Collge de France, IHS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982. C...
theory, differential geometry and particle physics. Awards and honours Connes was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982, the Crafoord Prize in 2001 and the gold medal of the CNRS in 2004. He was an invited speaker at the ICM in 1974 at Vancouver and in 1986 at Berkeley and a plenary speaker at the ICM in 1978 at Helsink...
Alain Connes, Noncommutative Geometry, Academic Press, 1994, See also BostConnes system Cyclic category Cyclic homology Factor functional analysis Higgs boson Calgebra Noncommutative quantum field theory Mtheory Groupoid Spectral triple Criticism of nonstandard analysis Riemann hypothesis References Ext...
Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters Clay Research Award recipients
Allan Dwan born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 December 28, 1981 was a pioneering Canadianborn American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter. Early life Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan 18...
ns requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there yearround, and in 1911, Dwan began working parttime in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association. Career Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La M...
a Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 "Lambs' Gambol" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing the allmale club. Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed childstar Shirley Temple in Heidi 1937 and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm 1938. Dwan helped launch the career of two ot...
his style "is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion." Partial filmography as director The Gold Lust 1911 The Picket Guard 1913 The Restless Spirit 1913 Back to Life 1913 Bloodhounds of the North 1913 The Lie 1914 The Honor of the Mounted 1914 The Unwelcome ...
mes Up Smiling 1918 Cheating Cheaters 1919 The Dark Star 1919 Getting Mary Married 1919 Soldiers of Fortune 1919 In The Heart of a Fool 1920 also producer The Forbidden Thing 1920 also producer A Splendid Hazard 1920 A Perfect Crime 1921 The Sin of Martha Queed 1921 A Broken Doll 1921 Robin Hood 1922 Zaza 1923 Big Br...
rm 1938 Suez 1938 Josette 1938 The Three Musketeers 1939 The Gorilla 1939 Frontier Marshal 1939 Sailor's Lady 1940 Young People 1940 Trail of the Vigilantes 1940 Look Who's Laughing 1941 also producer Rise and Shine 1941 Friendly Enemies 1942 Around the World 1943 also producer Up in Mabel's Room 1944 Abroad with Two ...
ive 1961 See also Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood References Further reading Brownlow, Kevin, The Parade's Gone By... 1968 Bogdanovich, Peter, Allan Dwan The Last Pioneer 1971 Foster, Charles, Stardust and Shadows Canadians in Early Hollywood 2000 Lombardi, Frederic, Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of...
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The country is the largest country by total area in Africa and in the Arab world, and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, M...
s, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The vast majority of Algeria's population is ArabBerber, practicing Islam, and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. ...
Europe. Algeria's military is one of the largest in Africa, and has the largest defence budget on the continent. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member. Name Other forms of the name are , ; ; ; ; . It is off...
lion years. Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa or a possible multipleorigin scenario of stone techn...
Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be call...
itorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others. By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after b...
across the Moulouya River in modernday Morocco to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the 2nd century BC. After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms ...
by the time the Byzantines arrived Leptis Magna was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous Laguatan who had been busy facilitating an Amazigh political, military and cultural revival. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people...
of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th. After t...
timids or children of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, came to the Maghreb. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, Hejaz and the Levant, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of Arabs and Levantines extending from Algeri...
er the Fatimids. The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz and Yemen. Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as ...
Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa and Hafsid dynasties. Both of the Hammadid and Zirid empires as well as the Fatimids established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The Zirids ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The Hammadids captured and held important r...
g south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of Mali and included territory in Mauritania. Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, origin...
of revenge. Between the Nile and the Red Sea were living Bedouin nomad tribes expelled from Arabia for their disruption and turbulency. The Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the Nile Valley since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then Fatimid vizier decided to de...
t going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of Constantine where they encircled the Qalaa of Banu Hammad capital of the Hammadid Emirate, as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by...
d taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria. Following their decisive defeat in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 the...
the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as Tunis which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin. After several conflicts with local Barbary pirates sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlem...
perated successfully under the Hafsids, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim alTumi and took control over the c...
h the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for threeyear terms. The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the Ojaq who were led by an agha. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeated...
s slaves. They often made raids, called Razzias, on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in North Africa and other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In 1544, for example, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of ...
Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the Faroe Islands. In 1671, the taifa of raises, or the company of corsair captains rebelled, killed the agha, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of Dey. After 1689, the right to select the dey pass...
n, military coups and occasional mob rule, the daytoday operation of the Deylikal government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, ...
nights of Malta. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, much of the city and its fortifications were destroyed and most of the Algerian fleet was sunk. In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kbir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria. In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan Rif and Oujda, which they the...
Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of Algeria "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830." French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action. The population of Algeria, which stood at about 2.9 mil...
71. From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and dpartement of the nation. One of France's longestheld overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, who became known as colons and later, as Pi...
sistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonised countries' path in central Asia and Caucasus, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively humancapital intensive agriculture. During the Second World War, Algeria came under Vichy control before being liberated by the Allies in Oper...
n 30,000 and 150,000 Harkis and their dependants were killed by the Front de Libration Nationale FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted severe reprisals. The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hund...
fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the Oran massacre of 1962, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city, and began attacking civilians. Algeria's first president was the Front de Libration Nationale FLN leader Ahmed ...