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Around 1573 Ambrosius Francken I was back in Antwerp where he joined the local Guild of Saint Luke as a master. Ambrosius lived in a very turbulent time due to the conflict between Calvinists and Catholics in the Low Countries. In 1577 Antwerp had elected a Calvinist city council. The council ordered in 1581 the systematic removal of all images from local churches. This event is referred to as the 'silent iconoclasm'. Ambrosius, who is believed to have converted to Calvinism himself, was elected dean of the Guild in 1582. After the Fall of Antwerp, the city became Catholic again and Ambrosius made it known he was Catholic again. |
He clearly established a name for himself as a prolific maker of the many altarpieces that replaced the ones destroyed during the iconoclastic troubles. His reputation was such that in 1589 he together with Maerten de Vos was appointed by the Ghent magistrate to value the painting of the Last Judgment by Raphael Coxie. Raphael Coxie was involved in a dispute with the Ghent magistrate who he felt was offering a sum that was too low for his masterpiece. Ambrosius Francken and Marten de Vos were also chosen as the chief designers of the decorations for the 1594 Joyous Entry into Antwerp of the newly appointed governor of the Southern Netherlands, Archduke Ernest of Austria. |
He married Clara Pickarts and later became the teacher of Hieronymus Francken II, the son of his brother Frans Francken I. He died in Antwerp. |
Work |
Ambrosius Francken I is known for religious works and historical allegories. He made large altarpieces for churches in Antwerp that replaced the many artworks that had disappeared during the iconoclastic fervour of the Beeldenstorm a few decades before. His compositions depicting muscular figures based on classical prototypes exercised an important influence on contemporary artists. |
His style shows the influence of Marten de Vos in the opulently draped robes and other details. He occasionally painted the staffage in the landscapes of Abraham Govaerts. |
Many of his works that have survived depict martyrdoms, a theme popular in Counter-Reformation Flanders. One of his important commissions was the painting of the triptych for the Guild of Barbers and Surgeons in 1590. One of the wings of the triptych depicts the miracles of the Saints Cosmas and Damian. The saints' most famous miraculous exploit was the grafting of a leg from a recently deceased Ethiopian to replace a patient's ulcered or cancerous leg. Unlike earlier representations of the subject which accentuate the role of the divine by including angels, a halo around the saints' heads and the role of the peaceful sleep of the patient receiving the transplant, Ambrosius' composition dwells more on the technique of the amputation and also shows the patient as a normal person whose face is distorted in pain. The saints have no nimbus and do not have help of angels. They use their own hands and their instruments are lying on the floor and are clearly recognizable. The depiction is more naturalistic than the earlier representations as it discounts the miraculous and makes the technical procedure take centre stage. |
During his Calvinist period (roughly 1579 to 1585) Ambrosius was responsible for a set of engravings called The Fate of Mankind that strongly criticised, even ridiculed, the Catholic clergy. |
Very few of his drawings have survived. Some drawings of scenes from the commedia dell’arte (including a drawing at the Amsterdam Museum) that are ascribed to Ambrosius I are interesting and show plays that he may have seen while residing in Fontainebleau in the 1570s. |
References |
External links |
Media related to Ambrosius Francken (I) at Wikimedia Commons |
== Family tree == |
Andrea Commodi (1560–1638) was an Italian painter of the early-Baroque period. Born in Florence, but mostly active in Rome, he was a pupil of the painter Cigoli. He painted frescoes in the sacristy of San Carlo ai Catinari. In the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence there is a preparatory sketch "Fall of the Angels. This is a sketch for a fresco ordered by pope Paulus V Borghese for his palace of Montecavallo on the Quirinale in Rome, but the fresco was never executed. One of his pupils was a juvenile Pietro da Cortona who moved to Rome and became one of the towering figures of the Italian Baroque. Another pupil was Giovanni Battista Stefaneschi (1582–1659). |
References |
Farquhar, Maria (1855). Ralph Nicholson Wornum (ed.). Biographical catalogue of the principal Italian painters. London: Woodfall & Kinder. p. 48. |
Hobbes, James R. (1849). Picture collector's manual adapted to the professional man, and the amateur. T&W Boone. p. 57. |
Andrea del Sarto (US: , UK: , Italian: [anˈdrɛːa del ˈsarto]; 16 July 1486 – 29 September 1530) was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early Mannerism. He was known as an outstanding fresco decorator, painter of altarpieces, portraitist, draughtsman, and colorist. Although highly regarded during his lifetime as an artist senza errori ("without errors"), his renown was eclipsed after his death by that of his contemporaries Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. |
Early life and training |
Andrea del Sarto was born Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca in Florence on 16 July 1486. Since his father, Agnolo, was a tailor (Italian: sarto), he became known as "del Sarto" (meaning "tailor's son"). Since 1677 some have attributed the surname Vannucchi with little documentation. |
By 1494, Andrea was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and then to a woodcarver and painter named Gian Barile, with whom he remained until 1498. According to his late biographer Vasari, he then apprenticed to Piero di Cosimo, and later with Raffaellino del Garbo (Carli). |
Andrea and an older friend, Franciabigio, decided to open a joint studio at a lodging together in the Piazza del Grano. The first product of their partnership may have been the Baptism of Christ for the Florentine Compagnia dello Scalzo, the beginning of a monochrome fresco series. By the time the partnership was dissolved, Sarto's style bore the stamp of individuality. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it "is marked throughout his career by an interest, exceptional among Florentines, in effects of colour and atmosphere and by sophisticated informality and natural expression of emotion". |
Frescoes at SS Annunziata in Florence |
From 1509 to 1514 the Servite Order employed Del Sarto, Franciabigio, and Andrea Feltrini in a programme of frescoes at Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Sarto completed seven frescoes in the forecourt or atrium (the chiostro dei voti) before the Servite church, five of which illustrated the Life and miracles of Filippo Benizzi, a Servite saint who died in 1285 (canonized 1671). He executed them rapidly, depicting the saint healing a leper through the gift of his undertunic; predicting the bad end of some blasphemers; and restoring a girl possessed with a devil. The two final frescoes of the series depicted the healing of a child at the death bed of Filippo Benizzi and the curing of sick adults and children through his relic garment held at the church. All five frescoes were completed before the close of 1510. The original contract also required him to paint five scenes of the life and miracles of Saint Sebastian, but he told the Servites that he no longer wished to continue with the second cycle, most likely due to the low remuneration. The Servites convinced him to do two more frescoes in the forecourt, although of a different subject matter: a Procession of the Magi (containing a self-portrait) finished in 1511 and a Nativity of the Virgin. These paintings met with respect, the correctness of the contours being particularly admired, and earned for Sarto the nickname of "Andrea senza errori" (Andrea the perfect). Toward 1512 he painted an (San Gallo Annunciation) Annunciation in the Church of San Gallo and a Marriage of Saint Catherine (Dresden). |
By 1514, Andrea had finished his last two frescoes in the Chiostro dei Voti (SS. Annunziata), including his masterpiece, the Nativity of the Virgin, which fuses the influence of Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, and Fra Bartolomeo. By November 1515 he had finished at the nearby Chiostro of the Confraternity of Saint John the Baptist, commonly known as the Scalzo the Allegory of Justice and the Baptist Preaching in the desert, followed in 1517 by John Baptizing the People. |
Visit to France |
Before the end of 1516, a Pietà of Del Sarto's composition, and afterward a Madonna, were sent to the French Court. This led to an invitation from François I, in 1518, and he journeyed to Paris in June of that year, along with his pupil Andrea Squarzzella, leaving his wife, Lucrezia, in Florence. |
According to Giorgio Vasari, Andrea's pupil and biographer, Lucrezia wrote to Andrea and demanded he return to Italy. The king assented, but only on the understanding that his absence from France was to be short. He then entrusted Andrea with a sum of money to be expended in purchasing works of art for the French Court. By Vasari's account, Andrea took the money and used it instead to buy a house in Florence, thus ruining his reputation and preventing him from ever returning to France. The story inspired Robert Browning's poem-monologue "Andrea del Sarto Called the 'Faultless Painter'" (1855), but now is dismissed by some historians as apocryphal, untrue although oft-repeated. |
Later works in Florence |
He resumed work in Florence during 1520 and executed the Faith and Charity in the cloister of the Scalzo. These were succeeded by the Dance of the Daughter of Herodias, the Beheading of the Baptist, the Presentation of his head to Herod, an allegory of Hope, the Apparition of the Angel to Zacharias (1523) and the monochrome Visitation. This last was painted in the autumn of 1524, after Andrea had returned from Luco in Mugello, whence an outbreak of bubonic plague in Florence had driven him and his family. In 1525, he returned to paint in the Annunziata cloister the Madonna del Sacco, a lunette named after a sack against which Joseph is represented propped. In this painting the generous virgin's gown and her gaze indicate his influence on the early style of pupil Pontormo. |
In 1523, Andrea painted a copy of the portrait group of Pope Leo X by Raphael; this copy is now in the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples, while the original remains at the Pitti Palace. The Raphael painting was owned by Ottaviano de' Medici, and requested by Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Unwilling to part with the original, Ottaviano retained Andrea to produce a copy, which he passed to the Duke as the original. The imitation was so faithful that even Giulio Romano, who had himself manipulated the original to some extent, was completely fooled; and, on showing the copy years afterwards to Vasari, who knew the truth, he could be convinced that it was not genuine only when a private mark on the canvas was pointed out to him by Vasari. |
Andrea's final work at the Scalzo was the Nativity of the Baptist (1526). In the following year he completed his last important painting, a Last Supper at San Salvi (now an inner suburb of Florence), in which all the characters appear to be portraits. The church is now the Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto. |
A number of his paintings were considered to be self-portraits. Formerly, a Portrait of a Young Man in the National Gallery, London was believed to be a self-portrait, as was the Portrait of Becuccio Bicchieraio in National Gallery of Scotland, but now both are known not to be self-portraits. There is a self-portrait at Alnwick Castle, a young man about twenty years of age with his elbow on a table. Another youthful portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery and the Pitti Palace contains more than one. |
Madonna of the Harpies |
The Madonna of the Harpies is a depiction of the Virgin and child on a pedestal, flanked by two saints (Bonaventure or Francis and John the Evangelist), and at her feet, two cherubs. The pedestal is decorated with a relief depicting some feminine figures interpreted as harpies and thus gave rise, in English, to the name of the painting. Originally completed in 1517 for the convent of San Francesco dei Macci, the altarpiece now resides in the Uffizi. In an Italy swamped with a tsunami of Madonnas, it would be easy to overlook this work; however, this commonly copied scheme also lends itself to comparison of his style with that of his contemporaries. The figures have a Leonardo da Vinci-like aura, and the stable pyramid of their composition provides a unified structure. In some ways, his rigid adherence is more classical than Leonardo da Vinci's but less so than Fra Bartolomeo's representations of the Holy Family. |
Personal life |
Andrea married Lucrezia (del Fede), the widow of a hatter named Carlo, of Recanati, on 26 December 1512. Lucrezia appears in many of his paintings, often as a Madonna. Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) describes her as "faithless, jealous, and vixenish with the apprentices". She is similarly characterized in Robert Browning's poem. |
Andrea died in Florence at age 44 during an outbreak of Bubonic Plague at the end of September 1530. He was buried unceremoniously by the Misericordia in the church of the Servites. In Lives of the Artists, Vasari claimed Andrea received no attention at all from his wife during his terminal illness. However, it was well known at the time that plague was highly contagious, so it has been speculated that Lucrezia might have been afraid of contracting the virulent and frequently-fatal disease. If true, this well-founded caution was rewarded, as she survived her husband by 40 years. |
Critical assessment and legacy |
Said to have thought very highly of Andrea's talents, Michelangelo introduced thirteen-year-old Vasari to Andrea's studio in 1524. Of those who initially followed Andrea's style in Florence, the most prominent would be Jacopo Pontormo, along with Rosso Fiorentino, Francesco Salviati, and Jacopino del Conte. Other lesser known assistants and pupils include Bernardo del Buda, Lamberto Lombardi, Nannuccio Fiorentino, and Andrea Squazzella. Vasari, however, was highly critical of his teacher, alleging that, although having all the prerequisites of a great artist, he lacked ambition and a divine fire of inspiration that animated the works of his more famous contemporaries: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. |
On 21 November 1848, the play Andre del Sarto, by Alfred de Musset, premiered in Paris. |
In 1968, the opera Andrea del Sarto by French composer Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur was based on Alfred de Musset's 1848 play. |
Selected works |
Holy Family with Saint Peter Martyr (1507–1508, Pinacoteca di Bari) |
Noli me tangere (c. 1510, Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto, Florence) |
Virgin and Child with Saints Elizabeth and John the Baptist (c. 1513, National Gallery, London) |
Portrait of the Artist's Wife (1513–1514, Museo del Prado, Madrid) |
Nativity of the Virgin (1513–1514, Santissima Annunziata, Florence) |
Madonna of the Harpies (Virgin and Child with Saints Francis and John the Evangelist, and two angels) (1517, painted at San Francesco, now in the Uffizi, Florence) |
Portrait of a Young Man (1517–1518, National Gallery, London) |
Charity (1518, Louvre, Paris) |
Julius Caesar Receives Tribute (c. 1520, fresco at Poggio a Caiano; completed by Alessandro Allori) |
The Virgin Surrounded by Saints (Pitti Palace, Florence) |
Madonna della Scala (c. 1522–1523, Museo del Prado, Madrid) |
Panciatichi Assumption (c. 1522–1523, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence) |
Pietà (1523–1524, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence) |
Passerini Assumption (1526, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence) |
Last Supper (1511–1527, Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto, Florence) |
The Disputation on the Trinity (c. 1528, altarpiece for the Church of San Gallo, now in the Uffizi, Florence) |
Gambassi Altarpiece (c. 1528, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence) |
Barberini Holy Family (c. 1528, Galleria Nazionale di Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Rome) |
Saint James with Two Youths (c. 1528–1529, Uffizi, Florence) |
Vallombrosa Polyptych (c. 1528–1529, Uffizi, Florence) |
Holy Family with John the Baptist (c. 1529, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg) |
Borgherini Holy Family (c. 1529, Metropolitan Museum, New York) |
Medici Holy Family (c. 1529, Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence) |
Madonna in Glory with Four Saints (1530, Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence) |
Notes |
References |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rossetti, William Michael (1911). "Andrea del Sarto". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 969–971. |
Freedberg, Sydney J. (1993). Pelican History of Art (ed.). Painting in Italy, 1500–1600. pp. 90–95 Penguin Books Ltd. |
Hobbes, James R. (1849). Picture collector's manual; Dictionary of Painters. London: T. & W. Boone. |
External links |
Andrea del Sarto in the "History of Art" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine |
Browning's "Andrea del Sarto" (aka "The Faultless Painter") |
"Andrea del Sarto" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. |
Andrea Locatelli (19 December 1695 – 19 February 1741) was an Italian painter of landscapes (vedute). |
Locatelli (he spelled it Lucatelli) was born in Rome in 1695, as stated by him at the base of a self-portrait drawing he made for Nicola Pio in 1723. Andrea was the son of Giovanni Francesco Locatelli and not Pietro Locatelli, as has been previously reported. He studied under his father until 1708 and then under Monsù Alto who specialized in marine scenery. In 1712, he along with Paolo Anesi became students of Bernardino Fergioni, also a marine genre specialist. By 1723, at 28 years old, he was referred to by Pio as a master. He was influenced by Jan Frans van Bloemen, Giovanni Ghisolfi, Gaspard Dughet, Claude Lorrain, and especially Salvator Rosa. In turn he influenced such artists as Paolo Anesi, Giovanni Paolo Panini, Paolo Monaldi, and Marco Ricci. |
The subject matter most popular with the academic artists of this time was mainly sacred, historical or mythological themes. Locatelli broke with these traditions and concentrated on landscapes, a genre thought to be inferior by the art critics of his day. In fact, he was never allowed induction into the Accademia di San Luca, a very prestigious mark of honor, even though his work was in great demand. Vici considered that Locatelli was "the essential link in the evolution of European landscape painting during the eighteenth century." |
Locatelli was patronized by kings, queens, princes, cardinals and the wealthy, not only in Rome, but also throughout Europe. One family – the Colonna – owned 81 of his paintings. At a time when it was becoming fashionable to make the Grand Tour, his paintings spread widely. Demand caused him to duplicate dozens of nearly identical ones. |
Early in his career, Locatelli specialized in romantic notions of the Latium countryside, frequently including improvised architectural elements of columns or buildings. Very few of these are thought to have been actual structures, although some were based on scenes along the Tiber and a well-known view of the Piazza Navona. In later years he leaned more to "grassy ruins" and countryside expanded with trees, peasants and farm animals being more prominent. Prior to about 1725, his works were considered "ruddy" in tone. A typical composition would contain figures of people or animals in the foreground with buildings in the midground and mountains or water in the distance. Balancing this horizontal pattern were vertical elements of buildings, columns and trees – especially large oaks or ilex rising up from the foreground. A frequent feature is the presence of broken trees or stumps and Mediterranean shrubbery. |
Vici said, "Locatelli’s landscapes are remarkable for the sense of solitude they convey despite the fact that they are populated by figures. There is a sense of seclusion, a quality that induced one to turn from the colourless life of the community to the joy of the isolation of an interiorized existence." He excelled at the combination of a landscape with a peasant scene. He drew inspiration from the Bamboccianti, a group of genre painters – most of them originally Flemish or Dutch – who worked in Rome from about 1625 to the close of the 17th century. |
Locatelli incorporated farm animals into some of his paintings and was considered skilled with horses, which became more prominent as his career advanced. In some of his paintings the figures were painted by specialists. |
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