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During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized ...
What does tabula rasa mean?
{'text': 'material intellect', 'answer_start': 671}
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Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has power...
What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?
{'text': 'Modern dog breeds', 'answer_start': 125}
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On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, othe...
Who is the most competent Croatian scientist on language?
{'text': 'Milan Rešetar', 'answer_start': 509}
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These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the ...
How is this reflected in the studies?
{'text': 'in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.', 'answer_start': 123}
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Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less...
What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were found often in grammar schools?
{'text': 'design and technology and vocational learning', 'answer_start': 258}
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Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosev...
Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?
{'text': 'Roosevelt', 'answer_start': 806}
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After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combi...
What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?
{'text': 'new trading routes', 'answer_start': 553}
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Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai...
When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
{'text': '1972', 'answer_start': 162}
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The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal res...
When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?
{'text': 'built in the 15th century', 'answer_start': 407}
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In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical...
What is the digital age initiative?
{'text': 'a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet', 'answer_start': 65}
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In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors ...
Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
{'text': 'paper placemats', 'answer_start': 238}
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After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Empero...
Who was in control of the south of China?
{'text': 'Sun Quan', 'answer_start': 150}
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The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such ...
What was John's strategy?
{'text': 'isolate the rebel barons in London', 'answer_start': 562}
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The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the tow...
Where did the luxurious and ornate texts of Evangel from Reims belong?
{'text': 'the later era', 'answer_start': 90}
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Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/ or /ˈɡwɒm/; Chamorro: Guåhån;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hagåtña, and the mo...
Where is the island of Guan located?
{'text': 'northwestern Pacific Ocean', 'answer_start': 171}
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In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know a...
In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?
{'text': '1969', 'answer_start': 36}
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From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to it...
To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?
{'text': 'change', 'answer_start': 430}
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In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of h...
When did John leave for Poitou?
{'text': 'February 1214', 'answer_start': 383}
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South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83...
What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?
{'text': '10%', 'answer_start': 343}
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Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With t...
A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
{'text': 'places where it is not expected', 'answer_start': 802}
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In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the ef...
Why are foods evaluated after 1984 reassessed?
{'text': 'to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards', 'answer_start': 555}
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Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief...
How is gun usage typically regulated?
{'text': 'game category, area within the state, and time period', 'answer_start': 47}
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New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of f...
Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?
{'text': '1968', 'answer_start': 827}
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After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Han...
How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?
{'text': '30,000', 'answer_start': 100}
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Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is...
Which is solely an individual matter in confessional churches?
{'text': 'theology', 'answer_start': 309}
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When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the n...
What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?
{'text': '65th Engineers', 'answer_start': 220}
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An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and ...
When are Zintl considered alloys?
{'text': 'depending on bond types', 'answer_start': 389}
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There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Mol...
Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
{'text': 'Romanian expansionism', 'answer_start': 182}
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Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos...
IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
{'text': '8%', 'answer_start': 506}
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The name "Seattle" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing th...
When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?
{'text': 'May 23, 1853', 'answer_start': 73}
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The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforce...
When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection?
{'text': 'seaport and airport security', 'answer_start': 150}
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Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiq...
What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
{'text': 'Pompeii and Herculaneum.', 'answer_start': 106}
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Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of th...
Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?
{'text': 'the Dalai Lama', 'answer_start': 181}
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Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls ("best 2 out of 3") or 5 falls ("best 3 out of 5"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even...
In what instance will a match be declared a draw?
{'text': 'if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw.', 'answer_start': 509}
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On 20 April 1992, The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd. Performers, including Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N' Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three rema...
When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?
{'text': '20 April 1992', 'answer_start': 3}
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DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa...
What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
{'text': 'MS-DOS', 'answer_start': 747}
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The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minis...
Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada?
{'text': 'J. H. Thomas', 'answer_start': 500}
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The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, ...
Which southern states are not referred to in the more restrictive understanding of Appalachian?
{'text': 'Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina', 'answer_start': 361}
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The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: NUN.KI), c. 5300 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture...
What culture adopted and improved on irrigation agriculture?
{'text': 'the Hadji Muhammed culture', 'answer_start': 294}
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The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders...
Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?
{'text': 'Germany', 'answer_start': 360}
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The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi...
When did MOSFETs become widely available?
{'text': 'the 1960s', 'answer_start': 79}
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The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame; the Institu...
What is a major dance venue in Cork?
{'text': 'the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)', 'answer_start': 521}
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From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou...
What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?
{'text': 'germanium', 'answer_start': 217}
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Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called ...
In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?
{'text': 'quantitative extension', 'answer_start': 434}
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The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word ...
Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?
{'text': 'Proto-Indo-European', 'answer_start': 521}
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Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish...
Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?
{'text': 'the Mongols and other ethnicities', 'answer_start': 60}
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Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition o...
Which studio funded Close Encounters?
{'text': 'Columbia Pictures', 'answer_start': 87}
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Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.
What does DVD stand for?
{'text': "digital video broadcasting's", 'answer_start': 29}
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The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina M...
What used to be known as Red Hat?
{'text': 'Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater', 'answer_start': 106}
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Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, incl...
When did Atlas launch?
{'text': '1953', 'answer_start': 498}
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An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released public...
When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?
{'text': 'September 9, 2013', 'answer_start': 768}
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He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's o...
Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
{'text': 'Désirée', 'answer_start': 341}
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There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the po...
What planet might contain life?
{'text': 'Jupiter', 'answer_start': 215}
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The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The ...
What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
{'text': 'The Gin Act 1751', 'answer_start': 390}
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According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to...
What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing in the war?
{'text': 'Nasser–Amer', 'answer_start': 542}
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The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, "In the twentieth century, ...
What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?
{'text': 'rape and racial inequality', 'answer_start': 91}
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What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim...
What simple organism provides evidence the DNA replicates at night?
{'text': 'cyanobacteria', 'answer_start': 472}
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The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, ...
Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
{'text': 'too soft', 'answer_start': 102}
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Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian socie...
What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?
{'text': 'axial tilt', 'answer_start': 493}
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American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to ...
How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?
{'text': '4,349', 'answer_start': 134}
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The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with othe...
What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?
{'text': 'the South Pacific Mandate', 'answer_start': 356}
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Described as being "sexy, seductive and provocative" when performing on stage, Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego "Sasha Fierce" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy", stating, "I'm not like...
What is the name of Beyoncé's alter ego?
{'text': 'Sasha Fierce.', 'answer_start': 475}
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The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a...
When does evidence show the earliest known beer was produced?
{'text': '3500–3100 BC', 'answer_start': 67}
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The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of ...
Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
{'text': 'Oro Valley', 'answer_start': 414}
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In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional p...
What does the publc not agree about when Congress was formed?
{'text': 'the exact time period', 'answer_start': 64}
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Comcast was given an "F" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of ...
How much was the cost of the NBCU acquisition?
{'text': '$40 million', 'answer_start': 580}
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Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen...
What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?
{'text': 'hunter-gatherers', 'answer_start': 68}
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Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo...
After new research, what was the final definition of federalism?
{'text': 'final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.', 'answer_start': 349}
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On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c...
Who receive their patent in 1905?
{'text': 'Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman', 'answer_start': 31}
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Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors s...
From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
{'text': 'Tuscany', 'answer_start': 703}
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Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century...
According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven?
{'text': '59', 'answer_start': 59}
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Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed try...
What area did Saini once rule?
{'text': 'Kota', 'answer_start': 461}
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Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
{'text': '44%', 'answer_start': 168}
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Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s. Drawing inspiration from elements of punk rock while departing from its musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations, post-punk music was marked by varied, experimentalist sensibilities and its "conceptual...
How did Post-Punk take on Punk music?
{'text': 'conceptual assault', 'answer_start': 310}
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By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure ar...
What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
{'text': 'a physical structure', 'answer_start': 297}
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The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during ...
Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?
{'text': 'the stirrup', 'answer_start': 790}
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Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace, and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Gar...
Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?
{'text': 'André Le Nôtre', 'answer_start': 260}
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There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is be...
Is street art legal
{'text': 'Although street art is illegal in Utrecht', 'answer_start': 371}
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Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam—i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad—thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Is...
What are the religious conceptions of Islam?
{'text': 'kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the "core" terms of the Qur\'an—i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)', 'answer_start': 494}
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By the late 80s, House had moved West, particularly to San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego and Seattle. Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs, notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long, who spun at Jewel's Catch One, the oldest dance club in America. In 1989, the L.A. based, fo...
What label did Mike Wilson start in 1989?
{'text': 'One Voice Records', 'answer_start': 929}
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For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha...
What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?
{'text': 'air force', 'answer_start': 514}
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Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In...
What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?
{'text': 'Justinian', 'answer_start': 10}
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The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of...
When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
{'text': '1943', 'answer_start': 610}
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In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically we...
In 1803, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?
{'text': 'the centre of England', 'answer_start': 61}
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Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools—Osmania Medi...
What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College?
{'text': 'Unani medicine', 'answer_start': 565}
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Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together i...
What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
{'text': 'first notable form of self-government', 'answer_start': 478}
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The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gr...
What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?
{'text': '60%', 'answer_start': 181}
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The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered...
In what year did Mahbub ul Haq reject the HDI?
{'text': '1990', 'answer_start': 191}
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Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/ or /ˈɡwɒm/; Chamorro: Guåhån;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hagåtña, and the mo...
What is the most populous city in Guam?
{'text': 'Dededo', 'answer_start': 340}
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Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi...
The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
{'text': 'the Ottoman Empire', 'answer_start': 533}
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The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that a...
Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?
{'text': 'International Organization for Standardization', 'answer_start': 620}
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The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic act...
What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?
{'text': 'United States Marine Corps', 'answer_start': 873}
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In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as t...
What did KInsey find during these studies ?
{'text': "that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual", 'answer_start': 272}
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After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013 that it had struck a $24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private. Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Par...
What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?
{'text': '$17.5 billion', 'answer_start': 657}
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The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and leg...
In what year was the Student Committee for Admission of Negroes established?
{'text': '1949', 'answer_start': 394}
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In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati...
What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?
{'text': 'Antarctic Treaty', 'answer_start': 863}
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Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws imp...
What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
{'text': 'fair practice', 'answer_start': 210}
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Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the s...
In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?
{'text': 'South Carolina', 'answer_start': 346}
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There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". Culture is learned and socially ...
Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?
{'text': 'not', 'answer_start': 954}
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By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government...
How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?
{'text': '5,129,416', 'answer_start': 88}