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In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George ...
What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
{'text': 'Philadelphia', 'answer_start': 578}
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During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does awa...
What two things did the anticipated election in 2009 mean for NPO's?
{'text': 'incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation', 'answer_start': 255}
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For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by...
What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of cities?
{'text': 'regions', 'answer_start': 116}
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Swaziland derives its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane, named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Swaziland the surname of whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally means "king". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland, and he greatly extended the area of th...
What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?
{'text': 'Emakhandzambili clans', 'answer_start': 361}
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The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and...
Of what is Houston a center?
{'text': 'oilfield equipment', 'answer_start': 50}
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The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), M...
When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi?
{'text': '1725', 'answer_start': 355}
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Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The coll...
What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?
{'text': 'avant-garde', 'answer_start': 817}
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Finally, hysteresis synchronous motors typically are (essentially) two-phase motors with a phase-shifting capacitor for one phase. They start like induction motors, but when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM. The...
What do hysteresis synchronous motors not resemble at startup?
{'text': 'induction motors', 'answer_start': 147}
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White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th...
The method of coating NUVs more efficient than what other LEDs?
{'text': 'blue', 'answer_start': 576}
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The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain...
What department did the Aeronautic Branch create?
{'text': 'Department of Commerce', 'answer_start': 624}
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His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Veni...
When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?
{'text': 'the early 1950s', 'answer_start': 66}
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A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." Ho...
What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?
{'text': 'Africa', 'answer_start': 130}
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In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. Th...
What happened when methods of the Iroquois Confederacy were introduced to the Ottoman Empire?
{'text': 'did not integrate into common thought until much later', 'answer_start': 84}
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Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appe...
How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge
{'text': "Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments", 'answer_start': 285}
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The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Mi...
Who is the current Majority Leader?
{'text': 'Nancy Pelosi', 'answer_start': 28}
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On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post. Game Informer called it "so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has...
Which journalist criticized IGN for its controls?
{'text': 'Javier Glickman', 'answer_start': 1532}
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Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (...
Matter is currently considered to be what kind of concept?
{'text': 'fundamental', 'answer_start': 449}
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Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ...
Who conquered the ancient Danes?
{'text': 'Estonians', 'answer_start': 343}
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On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. The...
When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?
{'text': 'November 6, 2013', 'answer_start': 3}
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At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with...
What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?
{'text': 'King Faisal', 'answer_start': 143}
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20th Street starts at Avenue C, and 21st and 22nd Streets begin at First Avenue. They all end at Eleventh Avenue. Travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st and 22nd Streets, between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, is in the opposite direction than it is on the rest of the respective street. 20th Street is very wide from t...
At which Avenue do 21st and 22nd Streets begin?
{'text': 'First', 'answer_start': 67}
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The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one...
What type of result from a CD will return a one?
{'text': 'change from pit to land or land to pit', 'answer_start': 149}
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Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter...
What does antimatter annihilate?
{'text': 'ordinary matter', 'answer_start': 305}
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White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as we...
White-box data testing is also known by what other names?
{'text': 'clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing', 'answer_start': 33}
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Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Rus...
In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
{'text': 'the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara', 'answer_start': 586}
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Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success...
What classification guide did Theophrastus create?
{'text': 'the first taxonomy', 'answer_start': 89}
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Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic represent...
A circuit in a computer part represents what?
{'text': 'a bit (binary digit) of information', 'answer_start': 171}
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Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member stat...
How much does the ECB lose as capital?
{'text': 'five billion euros', 'answer_start': 239}
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Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of be...
What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?
{'text': 'Mass-produced', 'answer_start': 195}
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In 1998, two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big Ten schools during the 1995 season. The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indi...
In 2006, what prompted the women's soccer team coach, Jenny Haigh, to resign?
{'text': 'the release of images of alleged hazing', 'answer_start': 832}
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On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jack...
A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?
{'text': 'College of Charleston', 'answer_start': 787}
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Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such a...
What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded?
{'text': 'minor things such as the doors failing to open', 'answer_start': 301}
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West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / M...
What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?
{'text': '2004', 'answer_start': 67}
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On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by...
What afflicted the country prior to 1968?
{'text': 'political turmoil and a devastating drought between', 'answer_start': 321}
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During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout...
what period occured from egan in 1500 and ended in the 18th century?
{'text': 'Early Modern period', 'answer_start': 11}
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The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds res...
Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Modern style?
{'text': 'Giorgio Vasari', 'answer_start': 71}
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Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-comp...
What is a type of intraframe?
{'text': 'DV', 'answer_start': 220}
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In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic...
Having 350,000 presbyteries, the Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in which year?
{'text': '1940', 'answer_start': 424}
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Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyoncé's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs...
What other language has she sung?
{'text': 'Spanish', 'answer_start': 307}
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Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-num...
How many voting members are there in the city- council?
{'text': '11', 'answer_start': 73}
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Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in ...
In what year did Faraday convert non-electrical energy into mechanical energy?
{'text': '1821', 'answer_start': 471}
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Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardi...
How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
{'text': '22', 'answer_start': 502}
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There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1⁄2+1⁄2); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel a...
What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?
{'text': 'triplet state', 'answer_start': 200}
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Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that r...
Why does a female firefly use the markings on its wings?
{'text': 'to escape', 'answer_start': 474}
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For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w...
Who reaches their minimum temperature in the middle of their waking hours?
{'text': 'morning types', 'answer_start': 590}
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In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ...
What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
{'text': 'Italy', 'answer_start': 590}
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In mainland China, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River, and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces got a victory at Changsha which was the first Allied success against Japan. A...
Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?
{'text': 'Isamu Yokoyama', 'answer_start': 1162}
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By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater de...
What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
{'text': 'DVD', 'answer_start': 57}
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After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on res...
What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?
{'text': 'the Sioux and Comanche', 'answer_start': 186}
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The "Notre Dame Victory March" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revi...
In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?
{'text': '1904', 'answer_start': 173}
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In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on Dec...
Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?
{'text': 'Francis Younghusband', 'answer_start': 549}
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With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by voc...
Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?
{'text': 'Rickey Minor', 'answer_start': 236}
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Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. As of 2009[update], mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live...
What type of military service does Greece require?
{'text': 'universal compulsory', 'answer_start': 11}
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In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)...
Where is the JCPC located?
{'text': 'London, United Kingdom', 'answer_start': 324}
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The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home...
What famous writers have lived in Tucson?
{'text': 'Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace', 'answer_start': 121}
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Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p...
What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?
{'text': 'cliff-nesting common guillemot', 'answer_start': 635}
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In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th amo...
In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?
{'text': 'USA Today', 'answer_start': 155}
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The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from...
Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
{'text': 'Earth, Jupiter and Saturn', 'answer_start': 442}
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Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has "become a crossover sex symbol". Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress "is absolutely for the stage." Due to her curves and...
Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?
{'text': "Destiny's Child", 'answer_start': 497}
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Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ...
What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
{'text': 'voiced consonants', 'answer_start': 92}
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generic
The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec...
What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?
{'text': 'woolen dolls', 'answer_start': 10}