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<|im_start|>user ELI5: What are the biological/natural reasons Humans have mental disorders like ADD, ADHD, Bi-Polar, Depression, etc - are there any purposes and/or functions outside a civilized society?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Evolutionary explanations for a human trait *T* need not take the form, "*T* is ben...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do large and complex projects - e.g. the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) - keep pace with, and accommodate, technological changes over extended design and build periods? For example, JWST's control systems originally designed in 1992 would, I'm sure, look very different to control systems d...
<|im_start|>user CMV: You can be racist to white people Recently, my elementary school going brothers were learning about racism and anti-racism in their schools. I asked the question - can you be racist towards white people? My youngest brother (age 11), thought about it and said no. My other younger brother (age 15) ...
<|im_start|>user How does space have a temperature if it's just vacuum?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Remember that "temperature" is a pretty handwavey concept. We can't measure temperature directly. We can measure *changes* in temperature, by seeing how something metallic expands or contracts over time for example. ...
<|im_start|>user Our only "real" purpose is to survive, reproduce, and our-compete others for scarce resources. Ideals are fine, but we shouldn't let them obscure this underlying reality. CMV. We were taught to play nice as kids, with the golden rule and whatnot. As an adult, if your eyes are open at all to what's goin...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How/why do windows and doors not cave in under the pressure/weight of the water from a flood? [Like here](http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/woman-cleans-the-inside-window-of-her-wine-bar-as-the-floodwaters-picture-id502688966)<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Because often by the time the flood ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How can astronomers tell how 'old' light is? In other words, how can they tell if they are looking at an object 10 light years away or 1009 light years?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant for close objects you can use parallax, which is the same way you get depth perception from binocular vision. On...
<|im_start|>user Is deductive logic a special case of inductive logic, or is inductive logic a special case of deductive logic? (Or is this entire disjunction false?) I was reflecting on inductive vs. deductive logic, and I feel like I'm hitting an infinite regress or something and my brain is short-circuiting. **In ...
<|im_start|>user CMV: Why is someone an asshole if they want to apologize to someone they bullied in the past? I don't see the logic here. I'm specifically referencing this recent post on /r/AmItheAsshole: https://np.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/comments/d7gwgd/wibta_if_i_reached_out_to_a_girl_i_used_to_bully/ ...howev...
<|im_start|>user [DC] Are the New Gods in each universe aware that they’re just a “lesser” piece of their real version? As I understand it, new gods “refract” through the multiverse like light does through a crystal. Their versions in each singular universe are just different wavelengths of their real, multiversal selv...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How can someone take a picture of a solar system 50 million light years away, but not a coin sized rock on the surface of the moon. I recently saw a photo somebody posted of a galaxy 50 million light years away. I have always wondered, why doesn’t he point it at the moon or even a planet 10 light...
<|im_start|>user What is the significant of Nietzsche and Proust in the movie "Little Miss Sunshine"?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant There is probably more to it but part of the reason Nietzsche is brought up a lot is because it is the kind of stuff covered in high school or intro courses that people really first star...
<|im_start|>user I believe that prostitutes, porn stars, and other jobs which directly relate to selling the body SHOULD be treated as equals in society. CMV. I hold my view that a porn star, a prostitute, someone who designs sex toys, etc, all people of this manner (clarity: Someone who sells their body or spends thei...
<|im_start|>user Why are absorption lines not lines? It seems that in every absorption spectrum you come across, you come across many as a physics undergrad, the spectral absorption 'lines' are not lines at all but sharp curves. What I mean by this is that they are finitely wide- (for example the solar spectrum - http:...
<|im_start|>user Collaboration problems I have been collaborating with a colleague from another department for a little over a year, and now that we are in the writing/publishing stage of the study, there are some issues popping up that I could really use advice on... The biggest problem is that I am learning that my ...
<|im_start|>user [Man In The High Castle] Would the Reich have implemented rules straight away after they defeated the US. Or would there have been a grace period of letting the former Americans adjust to the Nazi way of life?.<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant It all depends on the conditions of the victory. Was it a ca...
<|im_start|>user reading guide to Carnap and Quine? Looking for reading recommendations for Carnap and Quine. What are the best works (primary and secondary) for understanding their disagreements? In what order should I tackle these guys? Looking to understand logical positivism at its strongest and what is supposed to...
<|im_start|>user Have any philosophers talked about turning human weakness into strength? Nietzsche is the obvious one of course, turning suffering into strength. Or more accurately maybe strength is born of suffering in his view But as somebody who has mostly read Schopenhauer, Pascal, and Buddhist thought, I think t...
<|im_start|>user [Star Wars] How was a 14 year old Amidala elected Queen of Naboo? What did her political campaign look like? What campaign promises did she make, and why did the people of Naboo think that she was capable of accomplishing them?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The people of Naboo have the cultural notio...
<|im_start|>user I've read ~91% of the books on the /r/Economics reading list, how much do I know compared to the average undergrad? I've read almost all of the books on the /r/economics reading list (64 of 70). I've also read and studied Mankiw's Principles of Economics. Compared to a reasonably smart and accomplished...
<|im_start|>user Can anyone explain how bone healing works after an amputation? I am doing a dissertation on the survival time post amputation of some sailors from 18th century Plymouth. I would like an explanation to how bone healing works after great scale trauma such as amputations.<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant L...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do drugs like meth and crack change someone's appearance? Thank you all for your contribution! I will get to upvoting all of you... tomorrow.<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Constriction of blood vessels decreases the amount of blood that reaches parts of the body, and parts that rely on the ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: What is economies of scale?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant When you are producing a product there are fixed costs (something you pay once regardless of how many units you produce) and variable costs (costs per unit). Since fixed costs are fixed then their cost is divided across the total number...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: What exactly was Prussia vs. Germany? What exactly was Bavaria in relation to both? I'm trying to get a handle but it's very convoluted with monarchies that covered different countries, and independent states that aren't really independent, but also had its own monarchy?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>ass...
<|im_start|>user What is the significance of the third law of thermodynamics? I found on the internet that the third law is defined as: “The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is equal to absolute zero”. I know very little about physics, so if somebody could explain, in layman term...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: if honey is antimicrobial how is it also a botulism risk for infants? Am I just misunderstanding what people mean when they say it has anti microbial properties? Like, it’s hostile to most things but not all? I have no intention of feeding an infant honey, I was just wondering.<|im_end|> <|im_sta...
<|im_start|>user Should Marginal Utility be equal across individuals? I think the answers definitely No, but would like someone to confirm it for me and also if possible give some reasons to support why not? This is for a Presentation of mine in my Economics Class.<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Ask yourself: what is...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why does spinning around in a circle make us dizzy?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant IIRC, balance is sensed in the inner ear by a pocket of fluid. When you spin in a circle, the fluid starts to spin too (think whirlpool); when you stop spinning, the fluid doesn't. Ergo, although you've stopped,...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: why are there weight limits on suitcases but not the people on the plane?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant It's worth noting there may be weight limits depending on the size of the plane. A large airliner doesn't really matter, but a small passenger plane has to know the weight of the passengers a...
<|im_start|>user [ELI5] The situation in Fukushima, nuclear meltdown and radiation. Just read an article about Fukushima in Japan and the scientists are saying "all of humanity will be threatened for thousands of years’ if the Fukushima unit 4 pool is not kept cool." What does this mean?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant...
<|im_start|>user Can light waves interfere with sound waves? (or vice versa)<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Yes. For example, a sound wave can cause a spatial variation in the refractive index of a material, which will cause light to change its path. This is called the acousto-optic effect. You can use a laser to heat...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How does IQ test actually work?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant it compares how well you do on a specific set of puzzles compared to the average of people the same age as you. these tests are constantly re-calibrated, for example kids these days are pretty good at some of those compared to kids ...
<|im_start|>user What does "subject" mean in Continental Philosophy? The term "subject" or "subjectivity" seems to be fairly common in 20th-century Continental Philosophy, but I find it pretty confusing. What, exactly, is a "subject"? Here are a few examples of specific uses of "subject" or "subjectivity" that I am con...
<|im_start|>user In a rehabilitative justice system, what should we do about people who cannot be rehabilitated? I consider myself a strong proponent of rehabilitation – strongly inspired by the success that Finland for example has had with their prisons. [Viral clip here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l554kV12Wuo) ...
<|im_start|>user In what situations are Tariffs good for an economy? I've been reading Tim Harford's The Undercover economist and he mentioned that tariffs are almost always bad for an economy. I am assuming there are situations in which they could be beneficial though - say the Govt. is trying to help a sector grow du...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why Do We Get Dark Circles Under Our Eyes I've been told its because of lack of sleep, but that seems like a falsity. What's the real reason?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant First we need to understand the *physics* before getting to the biological reason for it. The reason the area under your e...
<|im_start|>user [Star Wars] Does the Jedi Order have a "Bible" or equivalent religious text?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The Jedi have a holocrons, which contain the wisdom and lessons of past Jedi Masters. There is no specific 'Jedi bible', and instead they follow an mostly oral tradition. There are Jedi texts an...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: What is the most common cause of big projects over running on their estimated budget? For example, I recently learned that the HS2 train line in the UK will be nearly £75bn over the estimated budget! How was the estimate so wrong?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant When a job is bid and an estimate ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: What is a 'gut feeling' and why is it usually right? I'd love to know the science/ psychology behind this<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Your brain picks up on subtle clues and signals from the situation that you don't consciously notice. It then gives you the feeling of unease or whatever that ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do potholes form?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant A roadway is placed on top of compacted soils. Those soils are usually only tested for proper compaction once per 100 linear feet. Usually the technician testing the soil chooses a relatively compacted ( dense) area to test so they get a pass...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why do wounds itch when healing, prompting us to scratch and potentially re-damage the area? Edit: To sum things up so far, in no particular order: * because evolution may not be 100% perfect * because it may help draw attention to the wound so you may tend to it * because it may help remove unw...
<|im_start|>user [The Expanse] Why does it take 18 months to get to Ilus? It's said that it takes 18 months to get from Ceres Station to Ilus, but that doesn't make any sense to me. The Ring at Sol is described to be just outside the orbit of Uranus. For a ship continuously accelerating at 1 g (which is something Epst...
<|im_start|>user How common is it for postdocs or PhD holders to switch research interests? So I was just thinking, are all PhDs all set for life when they did their research back in their grad student days/post doc days? How rare is the switching of research interest after getting the degree. For example your research...
<|im_start|>user argument against a priori knowledge I was reading a paper that says the following: *"According to one influential argument against the existence of a priori knowledge, there is no a priori knowledge because (i) no belief is immune to revision, and (ii) if there were a priori knowledge, at least some b...
<|im_start|>user How do we know the population of deep sea fish? People bring up that the bottom of the ocean is less known than the surface of the moon, and yet, when I go to the Wikipedia page for Frilled Sharks, I see that it's classified as 'near threatened'. How do we know the population of such a deep sea species...
<|im_start|>user [40k] Difference in Imperial Guard fire power How does the Imperium deal with the massive difference in quality and available firepower of their Guard regiments? Say planet A is a backwater world operating at around Medieval levels of technology, how would the Imperium ensure guard they recieve are pit...
<|im_start|>user If we've created a drug "Gleevec" to stop a couple forms of cancer. Why can't we create more drugs like this? (My understanding is it has to do with this cancer's dependence on a particular kinase. Are there other cancers that have similar dependencies we could inhibit?)<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant...
<|im_start|>user How does becoming a PhD change your academic life on the day to day basis? What must you more? What can you do less? Pros? Cons? What new academic freedoms you acquire after a successful defense? What are newfound drawbacks? Advice for future postdocs? I am on my third year our of four and want to m...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How does a company like Bethesda Game Studios program AI to be constantly changing? Thinking about it is blowing my mind a little right now. I understand that certain AI never move or do anything else. I don't really understand the Radiant AI system, I guess. Does the AI run on discrete time u...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: If clouds are water vapor, how are there clouds in the arctic? Wouldn't all clouds just freeze almost immediately?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant A cloud is made of droplets which condense out from water that's "dissolved" in the air (water vapour) into a visible form of clouds. Clouds that are ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: What does "political asylum" mean, and how does it work?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Wikipedia puts it in terms that most people should be able to understand: Someone may ask for a political asylum when they are frightened to live in their own country. They will then go to another country. I...
<|im_start|>user CMV: After a Certain Point You did not Earn that Wealth So as a general rule if you want to find out how wealthy someone is and how much money they make the three things you want to know are how educated someone is, how intelligent they are and how hard they work. In general most western nations which ...
<|im_start|>user Training in asking Socratic questions. How can I practice the skill of asking Socratic questions? How do I keep myself from bullshitting as I practice? I get the feeling that working with other people in the flesh is 100% required for both of these, and that the Internet is a waste of time for anything...
<|im_start|>user How does any photon reach exactly the energy needed to excite a particular atom? I know that quantum mechanics states that some things, like bumping an electron to a higher energy level, requires something like a photon to have juuuuust the right energy for the electron to 'accept' that photon and t...
<|im_start|>user [Marvel] Are Marvel heroes that hated and feared that they mistake appreciation for oppression? In a DC/Marvel crossover, the Marvel heroes were getting autographs and praise for their heroics in the DC universe, and found out that DC's heroes were getting statues and museums in their name. Captain Ame...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How does Chik-Fil-A not struggle financially relative to other fast food franchises, considering they are open one day less than all the other businesses (They are closed on Sundays)?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant That also reduces their costs (not rent, but cleaning, upkeep, etc...). The key ...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do clear sunglasses work? Are clear sunglasses better or worse than traditional sunglasses?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The medical purpose off sunglasses is to protect your eyes from UV radiation. The secondary purpose is to give your eyes rest from bright light. While traditional sungl...
<|im_start|>user Why was cephalization an evolutionary advantage? Did quicker information processing between senses outweigh the chances that multiple nervous centers could be destroyed at once?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant One key concept to remember in evolutionary biology: the search space for potential adaptatio...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Cancer cells result from mutations that disable the things that keep cell growth in check. Those mutations come from incorrec...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Microsfot .NET framework and what it does I cant wrap my head around what Microsoft .net is and what it provides someone please help<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant When a computer program is written, it is usually in a language that can be read and understood by humans. For the program to run, i...
<|im_start|>user Are there any philosophers who deal extensively with themes of whether knowledge is valuable enough to justify suffering? Now for the context behind me having asked this question, I know some stuff that caused me to suffer immensely. However, as a result of the passage of time, I have come to be gratef...
<|im_start|>user Question about downvoting The downvoting guideline says: &gt;downvote only those comments which detract from the discussion (distracting memes, off-topic jokes, pseudo-scientific mumbo-jumbo, and anti-science rhetoric). What about wrong answers? If we are almost positive that an answer is false, shoul...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: I keep seeing antioxidant foods portrayed as good and healthy, but what are oxidants and why is oxidation bad for the body? And are there any benefits to oxidants?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Many necessary biological processes create atoms or molecules called radicals. A radical is an atom o...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Eye Color Genetics ELI5: My mom has green eyes, my dad (RIP) had blue eyes. I also have blue eyes, but my sister has brown eyes. I understand basic eye color genetics (blue and green eyes are recessive, brown are dominant) but how can two parents with recessive eye color traits have a kid (my sis...
<|im_start|>user [Cars 2]When Mater supposedly leaks oil, the other cars react as though he wet himself. Considering how important oil is to an engine, shouldn’t they be acting like he’s bleeding out?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Both gas and oil appear to be consumed as foodstuffs, as you can get both at "Flo's Gas...
<|im_start|>user What books should I read to learn how to take apart arguments better? I want to know to be better at finding my own biases and and assumptions and other people's too, but since I have no one that wants to engage in debates over beliefs that are outside politics I wanted to read something like Discourse...
<|im_start|>user At what size of a particle does classical physics stop being relevant and quantum physics starts being relevant? Why?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Classical physics starts deviating significantly at the molecular level, so on the magnitude of ~10^-8 m. There is no clear boundary between classical an...
<|im_start|>user ELI5 Why does something soaked in water appear darker than it's dry counterpart. It just occurred to me yesterday, other than maybe "wet things absorb more light" that I really have no idea. Just a few examples: - Sweat patches on a grey t-shirt are dark grey. - Rain on the road, or bricks end up a...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do modern day 'hackers' learn to do what they do best? It seems everywhere I go you can see news clips about someone who has 'hacked' into a major system or found a new way past some firewall. I know it's not as it's depicted in movies, and programming language is an important pre-requisite, ...
<|im_start|>user [Harry Potter] Why aren't snakes considered "beings"? In the *Harry Potter* universe, there are two categories of magical creatures-- "beasts" and "beings". "Beings", broadly speaking, are creatures that are intelligent enough to communicate with humans in some fashion, and can use their intelligence t...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why I can memorize complicated formulas, but I struggle with knowing what letter comes next in the alphabet without singing it?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The alphabet is stored inside your memory in a way similar to how you store complicated formulas. Have you ever tried to write down a fo...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How does dunking a hot metal in cold liquid make it harder?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Iron and steel can have a variety of different internal structures - the exact nature of the structure you get depends on a few things, but in iron and steel two of the things that have the biggest influen...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Difference between character progression and character development. It would be great if you could provide some examples from well known fiction.<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Character developement basically means that a character gets fleshed out, whereas character progression means that a ch...
<|im_start|>user Why don't substances like hydrogen occasionally combust at 'low' temperatures due to the long tail of fast moving molecules? If hydrogen starts to combust immediately at 900K why doesn't it eventually start to combust at lower temperatures, say 300K. Is it just incredibly unlikely that any molecule wo...
<|im_start|>user Why is cancer so hard to cure? Cancer research seems to get a ton of fundraising and support, but there is still no cure. And, how does one actually cure cancer? What would we need to discover?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant 1. There are many different kinds of cancer. 2. There are many different caus...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why do we begin to pick up accents after only being somewhere new for a short period of time For example, my friends are from the North and went to Florida for Spring Break -- after only a couple days a couple of my buddies unknowingly began using a southern dialect with a few of their words. I'v...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: When someone uses these brackets [] in journalism? Alright so lets say for example "[He] went to the corner store to get a chocolate bar, it wasn't much later until he realized he didn't have change in his pocket" Why do they always put a particular noun in those square brackets like that? I h...
<|im_start|>user When and why do social scientists use log scales I noticed that in some instances (the popular science talks on why we might not be doomed by Hans Rosling, stick out for me) data like global income distribution is represented using a log scale. Now I know that it makes sense to use log scale for doin...
<|im_start|>user Why do antigen rapid tests not work after 15 minutes? I've used two different types of antigen rapid tests. Both say that the results aren't valid if more than fifteen minutes have past since testing (dropping the solution onto the test kit.). Why is this so? Do the coloring/colored molecules that do t...
<|im_start|>user In my understanding of existentialism, man is meant to live authentically and adhere to his own moral code. Therefore is it justified for a man to kill another or commit some sort of crime because it is what he thinks is right?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The main work of Existentialist ethics is d...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How does tinting work where you can see out but people can’t see in?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Let's just look at normal transparent windows. They let light through but they also reflect light. Let's look at the windows of a house, during the day sunlight is very bright so the outside is...
<|im_start|>user Can you point me toward some sources that discuss the "normalization" of white experiences? (xpost from /r/askhistorians) I'm a high school teacher. A student of mine is writing a paper arguing that the "standard narrative" of women in the workplace -- that the labor needs of WWII brought women in and...
<|im_start|>user [General sci fi] Things like Xenomorphs or Cell are said to be perfect, in a biological sense. What would a structurally/biologically perfect creature actually look/behave/act like, and what sort of traits would it have? Title. A lot of sci-fi claims to have a "perfect lifeform" in it, but what would a...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why is Daylight Savings Time still a thing?? I've heard some explanations for why it started, which all made sense for back then, but why do we still do it?? Are there any present-day benefits that are worth the effort and confusion?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant The main benefit is to be awake...
<|im_start|>user How did the new island appear from the sea in Pakistan?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Earthquakes occur when there is sudden motion on a locked fault to relieve built up stresses. Here, slip on the fault strained (displaced relative to the natural position) the nearby seabed, causing it to rise 5-10 ...
<|im_start|>user In a conflict, side B uses morally wrong tactics (slavery, firebombing, nukes). Side A condemns these practices yet justifies using the same tactics because they are used for the sake of defeating this "evil". In this scenario is Side A just as "evil" as side B for using the same "evil" tactics? Some h...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: How do big companies/colleges maintain high internet speeds across hundreds of people's devices? It was a random thought that occurred to me. I've heard about how connecting a ton of active devices to a home network can cause congestion (and slow it down?). I'm a university student and I am alway...
<|im_start|>user ELI5:Why do large companies advertise when they have nothing that can be purchased by normal consumers? (i.e. Boeing)<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Primarily, to keep their name in the industry, and to attract employees. Boeing also manufacturers trains, likely a larger part of their business financ...
<|im_start|>user CMV: If you say you need to be true to yourself, you're doomed for unhappiness when it comes to relationships. I have a good friend who lacks compassion. He insists he needs to be true to himself and do what he feels right, even if it means the woman he loves might be repeatedly unhappy with his actio...
<|im_start|>user ELI5:The Pyramid Scheme and how they trick you into it?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant A pyramid scheme is one in which a person or organization convinces their potential employees that in addition to selling a project and making money, they will get a portion of the profits from any new employees the...
<|im_start|>user ELI5 Why do we eat plants if we can't digest cellulose, ie, plant cell wall? Title says all. Plant cells are covered by cell wall made of cellulose. The human body doesn't have the enzyme cellulase to digest it, so why do we eat them? Do they just pass through us? If so, why are they 'healthy'?<|im_end...
<|im_start|>user Are there any harmful effects of school uniforms?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Influencing the perceptions of masculinity and femininity in developing children (so another process of gender socialisation that promotes traditional gender norms) as well promoting a binary gender classification. - Ha...
<|im_start|>user Why doesn’t electric resonance imaging/ nuclear electric resonance exist/work? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are both powerful medical and biochemical tools. From what I understand both rely on the magnetic spin properties of particles, can a similar principle wo...
<|im_start|>user As oxygen is produced by photosynthesis, is the proportion of atmospheric oxygen lower in urban centers? If so, how much lower, and does it affect human health? It seems logical that it would be. I did some research myself using University of Google, but so much of what I found was from unreliable qua...
<|im_start|>user [Star Trek] How do officers from Starfleet and other races understand how to use foreign computer systems almost immediately? There are some exceptions, like when Data had to work out how to use a computer. And when the DS9 crew spent a while training to learn the Jem Ha'dar system. But for the most...
<|im_start|>user ELI5: Why is it so difficult to turn sea water in to drinkable water?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant It is not difficult, reverse osmosis works exceptionally well. But.... it takes a lot of energy to run the pumps, and it takes water to back-flush system. Energy = $$$$. Most desalination plants are...
<|im_start|>user Why don't mRNA vaccines require an adjuvant? Most other vaccine types, especially the inactivated virus/bacteria or subunit vaccines require the co-administration of an adjuvant to elicit a good immune response leading to immunity. Vector vaccines, to my knowledge, also contain an "adjuvant" in the for...
<|im_start|>user [Astronomy] How do we determine where the edge of the sun is? When reporting the radius of the sun, how do we know where it ends?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant Generally, something known as "optical depth" is used. Optical depth is (more or less) the ratio between how much light is incident upon a ba...
<|im_start|>user CMV: The US court system is a horrible, illogical system. I don't know how anyone can defend the US court system. 1. The jury selection system ensures that a *biased* sample of the US population is chosen, because Americans are filtered out according to what Prosecutors/defenders believe are the "idea...
<|im_start|>user Is there a website to practise statistics methods like programmers do on leetcode?<|im_end|> <|im_start|>assistant I’ve always wished there was a website that was just tons of stats examples where you are given data, some background information, and a hypothesis and you have to run a test and report if...