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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_0 |  | {
"Header 1": "THE DEPENDENCY STUDIES PROJECT STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENCY GOVERNANCE",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_1 | Carlyle G. Corbin
International Advisor on Governance
1st June 2024
updated 1st August 2024 | {
"Header 1": "THE DEPENDENCY STUDIES PROJECT STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENCY GOVERNANCE",
"Header 2": "EVOLUTION OF FRENCH COLONIALISM A POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS",
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} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_2 | | AP(s) | Administering Power(s)DGA(s) |
| :-- | :-- |
| DG | Dependency Governance |
| DOM(s) | Overseas Department(s) |
| DSP | Dependency Studies Project |
| FMSG | Full Measure of Self-Government |
| ICJ | International Court of Justice |
| IDA | Instrument of Delegated Authority |
| MDG | Mercantile Dependency Gov... | {
"Header 1": "GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_3 | Introduction ..... 4
Emergence of French Colonial Expansion ..... 7
First Colonial Empire ..... 7
Second Colonial Empire ..... 23
International Mandate for Self-Determination ..... 27
Cessation of Transmission of Information on French Colonies ..... 33
French 'Colonial Constitutionalism' ..... 41
The First French Repub... | {
"Header 1": "CONTENTS",
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"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_4 | Other Dependency Forms in the Caribbean ..... 132
Saint Martin ..... 132
Saint Barthélemy (St. Barts) ..... 135
French Departments in Africa ..... 136
Mayotte ..... 136
La Réunion ..... 148
Concluding Observations ..... 150
References ..... 156
Annex ..... 162 | {
"Header 1": "CONTENTS",
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"start_index": 994
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_5 | Following the signing of the United Nations (UN) Charter in 1945, international standards of self-governance for the world's colonies mostly acquired as the spoils of war and adventurism began to evolve. Conditions for genuine self-determination and consequent decolonisation were under continual adjustment and modifica... | {
"Header 1": "INTRODUCTION",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_6 | 150. The adoption of resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 represents a defining moment in the consolidation of State practice on decolonization. Prior to that resolution, the General Assembly had affirmed on several occasions the right to self-determination in resolutions 637 (VII) of 16 December 1952, 738 (VIII) o... | {
"Header 1": "INTRODUCTION",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1153
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_7 | The self-determination and consequent decolonisation of erstwhile territories globally were the culmination of centuries of struggle by the people of the colonies against imperial invasion, slavery, colonisation, exploitation, settlement, and neo-colonialism by particular European powers. Of note is France which has hi... | {
"Header 1": "INTRODUCTION",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2177
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_8 | ...the territories of New France was (sic) developed as mercantile colonies. It is only after the arrival of in-
[^0]
[^0]: 1. Statewide Dual Credit World History, https://oercommons.org/ courseware/8470 (accessed 15th February 2024).
tendant Jean Talon that France gave its (North) American colonies the proper m... | {
"Header 1": "INTRODUCTION",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3182
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_9 | Before the cession of Acadia to the British, the French colonial expansion in North America proceeded with the establishment of Louisiana in 1699 and the creation of an accompanying extensive trading network from the southern part of North America through to what is now present-day Canada. The Louisiana Purchase of the... | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"start_index": 3804
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_10 | The current Analysis examines the evolution of the French colonial empire with specific attention paid to the selected French-administered territories in Asia/Pacific, the Caribbean and Africa which remain along with territories of other European and North American powers as the 'remnants of empire.' In this context, t... | {
"Header 1": "INTRODUCTION",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4505
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_11 | The initial French encroachment in North America in the early 1600s marked the beginning of the First French Colonial Empire. Such imperial expansion advanced into the Caribbean region with territorial settlements established on the northern part of the South American Coast in 1624 in what is currently French-administe... | {
"Header 1": "EMERGENCE OF FRENCH COLONIAL EXPANSION",
"Header 2": "First Colonial Empire",
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"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_12 | Earlier, the eastern Caribbean island territory of Saint Lucia had been colonised by France in 1660 before the transfer of governance to the British in 1663. Subsequently, the island changed hands between the two European colonisers some 14 times before the British took full control in 1814 after the fall of the French... | {
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"Header 2": "First Colonial Empire",
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"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 929
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_13 | This was followed by the importation of Jesuit missionaries with the aim of converting the indigenous peoples to the Roman Catholic Church. These developments marked the beginning of the period of Mercantile Dependency Governance (MDG) with the island governed by a succession of French private companies whose principle... | {
"Header 1": "EMERGENCE OF FRENCH COLONIAL EXPANSION",
"Header 2": "First Colonial Empire",
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"start_index": 2054
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_14 | In French Colonialism Oberlin College history professor Leonard V. Smith wrote that "the semi-private Compagnie des Indies Occidentiales (West Indian Company) sent two ships to the West African Kingdom of Ardres (in today's Benin) to establish a base for commerce, meaning primarily the trade in enslaved persons" (Smith... | {
"Header 1": "Map 1. <br> The French Empire in the \"New World\"",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_15 | Thus, the advent of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery linked Africa and the Caribbean in the French exploitation of indigenous peoples from the two regions. It was emphasised that "sugar processed from cane would transform the French empire as profoundly as bullion had earlier transformed the Spanish e... | {
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"image_references": [],
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"start_index": 1151
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_16 | 
Source: United Nations 2023.
The First French Republic (1792-1804) was succeeded by the First French Empire (1804-1814, 1815) before the 1848 French Revolution, ushering in the French Second Republic. James asserted that the Revolution "during its short-lived span of success abolished slave... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_17 | Meanwhile, the initial French colonisation of Martinique and Guadeloupe in 1635 and Guyane in 1643 earlier cited had been further expanded under a shared colonisation (with the Netherlands) of the island of Saint Martin in 1648 along with the colonisation of the smaller Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy in 1648. Thi... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_18 | This precipitated a further revolt by the Kalinago people that was ultimately defeated resulting in a French-led Carib expulsion in 1660 intended to ethnically cleanse the island of its indigenous peoples. Many Kalingo were killed in the course of the French expansion on the island, and those who survived were captured... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_19 | Coincident with French colonial exploitation in the Caribbean during the period of the first French Colonial Empire was the incursion into Asia and Africa:
In 1664 the French East India Company was established to compete for trade in the east. Colonies were established in India in Chandernagore in Bengal (1673) and P... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_20 | The first expedition to India was in 1667 when the first trading post was established at Surat with another factory built in Masulipatam in 1669. In 1673, the township at Chandernagore near Calcutta was established the same year. France acquired the area of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur, thus establishing the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_21 | [^0]
[^0]: 4. id/
5. Digital History https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/ accessed 3rd March 2024.
full control over Vietnam. France merged their colonies into a single state known as the Indochinese Union, or French Indochina. Because of its geographical location and abundant natural resources, the colony became im... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_22 | The French had not only altered Vietnam's political system, but also changed the social and economic environment within French Indochina. Paul Doumer, in 1897, became General Governor of French Indochina and began forming departments to control finances, customs and monopolies, public works, agriculture and trade, the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_23 | The countries of French Indochina, particularly Vietnam, had economic benefits for France based on its natural resources. Vietnam produced rice, rubber and coal. The French government in Indochina began exporting these goods and using villagers to increase their work and increase production rates to keep up with demand... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_24 | French colonialism in Vietnam was especially brutal as chronicled in an exposé published by the journal Truthout:
From the outset of French colonialism in Vietnam, any form of political dissent was met with repression. Books and newspapers deemed subversive were confiscated. Anti-colonial political activists were sen... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_25 | Violence was part of the fabric of French rule. The best farmland was concentrated in the hands of the colonialists and their collaborators, leaving the majority of peasants vulnerable to famine. Some 2 million Vietnamese died during the Second World War; there was a famine despite the granaries being full with rice. C... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_26 | It was only in the face of heroic mass struggles by the colonised determined to win their independence that France was eventually forced to cede control in the 1950s and '60s (Walsh, 2015).
In the mid-1700s, succeeding colonial conflicts began between France and the British resulted in a temporary demise of much of t... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_27 | Florida). Also ceded to the British were Grenada and Saint Lucia in the West Indies;
Some recovery was made during the French intervention in the American Revolution, with Saint Lucia being returned to France by the Treaty of Paris in 1783, but not nearly as much as had been hoped for at the time of the French interv... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_28 | At the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), France retrieved most of its former colonies from the British including Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean, Guyane, several trading posts in Senegal, Réunion in the Indian Ocean, and France's small colonies in India whilst the British (re-named 'United Kingdom and ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_29 | fore the First World War. To these were added parts of German Togo and Cameroon, assigned to France as League of Nations mandates after the (First World)(W)ar. By 1930, French colonial Africa encompassed the vast confederations of French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa, the western Maghreb, the Indian Ocean is... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_30 | Meanwhile, The French incursion in the Pacific was chronicled in a 2010 Dossier on French Polynesia prepared by the Union Pour La Démocratie political coalition of the period:
By the 18th century, conquistadores, missionaries and other adventurers had arrived from the Netherlands, England, Spain and France in a rival... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_31 | [^0]
[^0]: 7. See French Colonial Rule, Ruth Ginio Jennifer Sessions, Oxford Bibliographies, 25th February 2016.
the islands and French representatives was interpreted as an agreement of a bilateral nature, and one which was to have respected "Tahitian laws and customs." To the contrary, however, formal colonial g... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_32 | A 2011 Aide Memoire on Re-inscription of Ma'ohi Nui/French Polynesian on the United Nations List of non self-governing territories provided an instructive summary with respect to Polynesia:
In the 19th century, France seized a part of Polynesia in the Pacific which became known as the Etablissements francais de l' Oc... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_33 | [^0]
[^0]: 8. See The right of the Ma'ohi people to self-determination, Dossier on French Polynesia prepared by the Union Pour La Démocratie. (August 2010). Also see Joint intervention of Pacific indigenous organizations, Sixth Session of the U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York (2007).
The 2013 Ass... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_34 | A 2013 study on Decolonization of the Pacific region prepared for the UN Permanent Forum for Indigenous Issues (PFII) by Valmaine Toki provided important insight on colonial incursion in the particular version of the Doctrine of Discovery perpetuated in the Pacific and its impact on the indigenous peoples of the region... | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"start_index": 16842
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_35 | 9. See Aide Memoire on the Re-inscription of Ma'ohi Nui/French Polynesian the United Nations List of non self-governing territories, prepared for the United Nations General Assembly (2011).
10. Maclellan, Nic. Colonial History, http://www.abc.net.au/ra/carvingout/issues/colonial.htm (accessed 15 October 2012).
The UN... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_36 | 
Source: TEARA-The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2023)
https://teara.govt.nz/en/interactive/36846/colonial-control-in-the-pacific
During the 1800s, most Pacific island nations were subjected to a range of European commercial, religious and other interests. European States jostled with one ano... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_37 | Pacific island nations were continuously viewed through the same lens used by the drafters of the doctrine of discovery, thus justifying the subjugation of the indigenous peoples and the seizure of the islands' natural resources. Those approaches were rooted in the activities of colonizing countries, churches or corpor... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_38 | Timing, size, remoteness and economic vulnerability, together with factors including the determination of some colonial Powers to remain, irrespective of the wishes of the indigenous peoples, provide a unique back-
drop to the independence and decolonization of the Pacific...The region offers important lessons to be ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_39 | Many scholars conclude that the Second French colonial empire began around 1830 when France invaded Algeria. This coincided with the establishment of French control of Cochin-China (the southernmost part of modern Vietnam, including Saigon), and the provision of a protectorate status over Cambodia. This was succeeded b... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_40 | Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 France acquired Tonkin and Annam (part of present-day Vietnam) in1883. Taken together, these colonies constituted French Indochina with the later addition of Laos in 1893 and Kwang-Chou-Wan in 1900. Further, in 1849, French concession in Shanghai was established, lasting t... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_41 | Réunion and the French Indies would be represented in the French Senate by an elected senator (earlier discussed).
The French also provided a protectorate status over Tunisia in 1881, and by 1900 it had established control over a vast area of northern, western, and central Africa constituting modern-day Mauritania, S... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_42 | World War II saw the occupation of various parts of the French colonial empire by rival powers including Japan in Indochina, the British in Syria and Lebanon, the US and British in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany in Tunisia. These territories were restored to France in 1945 following the Second World War. On the other... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_43 | Such post-colonial/neo-colonial arrangements resulted in grossly unfavourable terms for the acquisition by France of the natural resources of the former French colonies - a situation which eventually precipitated the rejection of French-backed governments in the former French African colonies in the 21st century. Prior... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_44 | This was manifest in the retention of island territories in the Caribbean, Pacific and the Indian Ocean under varying forms of Dependency Governance (DG) after the end of the Third French Republic in 1946. This coincided with the creation of the first UN General Assembly List of Non Self-Governing Territories (NSGTs) a... | {
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"image_references": [],
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_45 | At that point France proceeded, through a unilateral act, to withdraw its colonies from the UN list only one year later in 1947 pointing to the enactment of the Constitution of the Fourth Republic in 1946 (discussed late in the present Analysis). The acceptance of this extraordinary act was reflective of the compositio... | {
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"start_index": 4902
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_46 | Constitution (1791)<br>Constitution of French First Republic (1793)<br>Constitution of Year III (Napoleon I) (1795)<br>French Monarchy (1804-14/15)<br>Constitution of French Second Republic (1848-1852)<br>Constitution of Second French Empire (Napolean III) (1852-1870)<br>Constitution of French Third Republic (1870-1940... | {
"Header 1": "Table 2. <br> Key Periods of French Dependency Governance",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_47 | The 2013 Assessment of Self-Governance of Ma'ohi Nui (French Polynesia) conducted by the global Dependency Studies Project (DSP) placed significant emphasis on "an instructive description of the prevailing international mandate for self-determination as included in specific international legal instruments" (Dependency ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_48 | The international norms establishing minimum standards for a full measure of self-governance are derived primarily from international law and principles beginning with the United Nations (UN) Charter, coupled with subsequent international conventions and United Nations resolutions providing greater specificity. The Cov... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_49 | [^0]
[^0]: 11. See, respectively, operative paragraph 2 of UN General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV) on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (Decolonisation Declaration), and Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Done at Vienna on... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_50 | The Declaration on Non Self-Governing Territories contained in Chapter XI of the UN Charter gives definition to the principle of self-determination. Accordingly, the Charter affirms that those UN member states which administer territories which have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognise, inter al... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_51 | Chapters I, IX and XI of the United Nations Charter have been repeatedly cited as the basis for prescriptive remedy to address the persistent democratic deficits inherent in the remaining dependency governance arrangements. The Chairman of the United Nations Decolonisation Committee in 2005 elevated the global discussi... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_52 | Further relevant international instruments were also outlined in the 2012 text:
In addition to the UN Charter, other international instruments apply great weight to the international legal mandate of the promotion and subsequent realisation of full political equality as a fundamental human right. The most relevant of... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_53 | Among additional related international instruments cited in the literature on self-determination include the Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty; the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security; the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_54 | "serve as the basis for the protection of the self-determination rights of peoples under international law, requiring the signatory states to adhere to the precepts contained in these multilateral agreements" (Dependency Studies Project, 2021: 20).
Further, the U.N. International Law Commission's Special Rapporteur o... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_55 | The efficacy of the UN Charter of 1945 and the subsequent Decolonisation Declaration of 1960 was also reinforced by the 2019 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 earlier referenced (International Court of Justi... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_56 | [^0]
[^0]: 13. See Dire Tladi, Fourth report on peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens), Special Rapporteur, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/727 of 31 January 2019, pp. 48-49.
14. id.
UN resolutions were highlighted in the 2013 Self-Governance Assessment on Ma'ohi Nui:
Resolutions adopted by the United Natio... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_57 | The prevailing understanding that full self-governance was to be achieved through independence, free association or integration continued to be endorsed by UN General Assembly resolutions which affirmed, inter alia, the right of the peoples of the dependent territories to self-determination in conformity with the legit... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_58 | Official UN analysis provided by Internation Law Professor Edward McWhinney emphasised, in particular, the "prophetic quality of resolution 1514 (XV) (the Decolonisation Declaration) in providing an inevitable legal linkage between self-determination and its goal of decolonisation, and a postulated new international la... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_59 | The momentum generated by the broad international consensus in favour of decolonisation led to the progressive attainment of selfgovernment through independence for much of the respective subregions of Polynesia and Melanesia, with the Cook Islands and Niue achieving a genuine and internationally recognised form of aut... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_60 | The General Assembly in its second session in 1946 listed a total of 74 territories voluntarily inscribed by the administering Powers of Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, the UK and the US. The French NSGTs formally listed included:
French Equatorial Africa, French Establishments in India... | {
"Header 1": "Cessation Of Transmission Of Information On French Colonies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_61 | It would be clear that such an enumeration is subordinate to any final definition of Non Self-Governing Territories. Nevertheless, the French Government holds itself under obligation to point out that in its opinion the determination of the Territories to which the definition will apply can only be a matter for the nat... | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
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"start_index": 916
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_62 | Immediate note should be taken of the fact that a law which will enter into operation on 1 January 1947 confers the status of a metropolitan department on Martinique and Dependencies, French Guiana and Réunion. Moreover, in regard to the other French territories the French Government points out that their juridical pos... | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
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"start_index": 1834
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_63 | The discussion on the minimum standards for what constituted FMSG was in the earliest stages at that point, and was not to be agreed, in full, until over a decade later under the 1960 Decolonisation Declaration and its associated principles of self-government reflected in UN Resolution 1541(XV) of 1960. Thus, the unila... | {
"Header 1": "Cessation Of Transmission Of Information On French Colonies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3026
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_64 | [^0]
[^0]: 17. Communication from G. Bidault, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France to the United Nations Sec-retary-General, 17th October 1946 (United Nations Document A/74).
of France to dis-inscribe the colonies from UN review was clearly premature and based on a faulty notion that the change of nomenclature at... | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3358
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_65 | By decision of the (UN) General Assembly, an ad hoc committee examined the matter again in 1952. A second ad hoc committee was constituted for this purpose and met in 1953. Following these studies and the consequent reports, the General Assembly in 1953 adopted resolution 742(VIII), under which it set forth in consider... | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"start_index": 4333
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_66 | [^0]
[^0]: 18. UN Resolution 742(VIII) Factors which should be taken into account in deciding whether a Territory is or is not a Territory whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government, 27th November 1953.
mission of Information under Article 73(e) is also contained in the Annex to the prese... | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5377
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_67 | A certain historic 'colonial mentality' on the part of France should also be considered here with respect to the unilateral delisting. This has shaped the 'colonial discourse' from the very beginnings of the imperial project, and therefore helped fashion the ideas and actions of the various colonial actors (governors, ... | {
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"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 6489
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_68 | [^0]
[^0]: 19. See Annex for Criterion for the Cessation of Transmission of Information under Article 73(e), Overseas Territories Review, Vol. V No. 5; August 2006.
scribed. In this regard, the French dependencies of Kanaky and Ma'ohi Nui were re-inscribed on the UN List of NSGTs in 1986 and 2013, respectively, wh... | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 7490
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_69 | | Non Self-Governing (Semi)Autonomous | | Integrated |
| :-- | :-- | :-- |
| Anguilla | Aruba | Guadeloupe |
| Bermuda | Puerto Rico | Martinique |
| Br. Virgin Islands | Sint Maarten | Fr. Guiana |
| Cayman Islands | Curacao | Bonaire |
| Montserrat | St. Barts | Saba |
| Turks \& Caicos Is. | St. Martin | St. Eustat... | {
"Header 1": "Non-Independent Caribbean -2024",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_70 | | Non Self-Governing | Autonomous | Integrated |
| :--: | :--: | :--: |
| * Amer. Samoa (US) | Cook Islands (NZ) | Bougainville (PNG) |
| * Wallis \& Futuna (FR)* | Niue (NZ) | Hawaii (US) |
| * Guam (US) | [Micronesia (US)] | Rapa Nui/Easter Is. (Chile) |
| * N. Caledonia (FR.) | [Palau (US)] | Hong Kong (PRC) |
| * T... | {
"Header 1": "Table 4.",
"Header 2": "Non Independent Pacific - 2024",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_71 | | * N. Marianas (US) * | | Christmas Is. (Aust.) |
| | | Cocos / Keelings (Aust.) |
| (* not UN-listed) | | |
Source The Dependency Studies Project, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 2024 .
Despite extensive legal and scholarly analysis on the obligatory nature of the applicability of the Decolonisation Declaration to... | {
"Header 1": "Table 4.",
"Header 2": "Non Independent Pacific - 2024",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 469
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_72 | Non-transmission by France of information on Ma'ohi Nui to the UN (2013 to 2023)
| Administering Power | Year | Transmission of Information |
| :--: | :--: | :--: |
| France | 2013 | No information transmitted |
| France | 2014 | No information transmitted |
| France | 2015 | No information transmitted |
| France | 2... | {
"Header 1": "Table 5.",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_73 | | France | 2022 | No information transmitted |
| France | 2023 | No information transmitted |
| France | 2024 | No information transmitted |
| | | |
According to its resolution 67/265, the General Assembly recognizes that, "in the light of the provision of Chapter XI of the Charter of the UN General Assembly resol... | {
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"Header 2": null,
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"start_index": 637
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_74 | Source: The Dependency Studies Project, St. Croix, Virgin Islands (2024).
Instead of reporting to the UN on measures being taken to advance the territories under their administration to the Full Measure of Self-Government (FMSG) as required under the UN Charter, France has followed an historical path of pursuing a deci... | {
"Header 1": "Table 5.",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1528
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_75 | leading to full and complete decolonisation provides the most logical remedy to the democratic deficit of dependency governance.
To this point, models of 'imperfect decolonisation' have evolved characteristic of involuntary and manipulative annexation; and political amalgamation of states with different ethnicities, ... | {
"Header 1": "Table 5.",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2719
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_76 | There exists the allure to see how best to delete territories from the (UN) list, for expediency, rather than examining prevailing territorial arrangements which were in the 'dependency periphery' with potential for U.N. relisting. Notwithstanding, the right to self-determination remained inalienable for the people of ... | {
"Header 1": "Table 5.",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3480
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_77 | [^0]
[^0]: 21. Moyrand, A. and Angelo, A.H. "International Law Perspectives on the Evolution in status of the French Territories, University of French Polynesia Journal (1999): 53
Such validity and informed consent in dependency governance is generally not the case. Accordingly, the present Analysis continues with... | {
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"start_index": 4455
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_78 | Oblique reference was made to the colonies in the first French Constitution of 1791 in the context of their intentional exclusion as it was made clear in the miscellaneous provisions of the document that "(t)he French colonies and possessions in Asia, Africa, and America, although constituting part of the French domini... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH 'COLONIAL CONSTITUTIONALISM'",
"Header 2": "The First French Republic (1792-1804)",
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} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_79 | France and the Île de la Réunion, shall be appointed by the Directory. The Legislative Body may authorize the Directory to send to all French colonies, as occasion may require, one or more special agents appointed by it for a limited time. Such special agents shall perform the same duties as the Directory, and shall be... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH 'COLONIAL CONSTITUTIONALISM'",
"Header 2": "The First French Republic (1792-1804)",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1157
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_80 | The consolidation of the French colonies was first constitutionally codified in the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Second Republic in 1848 and included in various successive French constitutional documents of governance. Of particular note was the relevant Article pronouncing that "(s)lavery cannot exis... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Republic (1848-1851)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_81 | The French National Convention abolished slavery in 1794 in response to slave uprisings in France's Caribbean colonies and the French Revolution. This radical act made France the first imperial nation to universally outlaw slavery. Yet, just eight years later, France became the only state in the history of the Atlantic... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Republic (1848-1851)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 924
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_82 | The Constitution of the Second Republic proclaimed that "(t)he territory of Algeria and of the Colonies is declared to be French territory and shall be governed by their separate laws until a special law shall place them under the provisions of the present Constitution (Article 109)," and that "(t)he total number of re... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Republic (1848-1851)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1740
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_83 | [^0]
[^0]: 24. Enslavement and Empire in the French Caribbean, 1793-1851, https://ehs.org.uk/enslavement-and-empire-in-the-french-caribbean-1793-1851/ accessed 15th March 2024.
Assimilating the empire in the Revolution of 1848 proved a complicated matter, as the empire continued to mean different things in differe... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Republic (1848-1851)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2668
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_84 | In Algeria, annexation meant something quite different with monumental consequences. The territory became 'France.' But those of non-European descent, that is, the vast majority of Algerians, remained colonized...(T)he départements of Algeria constituted as vast space with a large majority of inhabitants pointedly excl... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Republic (1848-1851)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3358
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_85 | A French referendum in 1851 approved the new French Constitution of 1852 which was "made in virtue of the powers delegated by the French People to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte by the vote of
[^0]
[^0]: 25. France proceeded in 1848 to initiate a settler colonial stratagem to subsidise 12,000 new settlers to relocate to... | {
"Header 1": "The Second French Empire (1852-1870)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_86 | Provisions of the Constitution of the Third Republic provided for an elected Senator to represent the colonies in the French Senate (Article 2 of its Law of 24 February 1875). Hence, the colonies so represented included Belfort, the three departments of Algeria, and the four colonies of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion ... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_87 | Indigenous peoples were held to be represented indirectly by deputies for whom they could not vote, as were all women and minors. Yet even this modest representation of the empire remained controversial through the whole life of the Third Republic. Adolphe Messimy, later minister for colonies and war minister, reminded... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1147
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_88 | A combination of different legal regulations-formal laws, decrees voted on or issued from Paris, executive orders, and local customs-were maintained in French colonies to serve the interests of the colonizer... Colonies were ruled, on the one hand, through decrees issued by two different ministries (the Ministry of the... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2150
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_89 | As earlier discussed, the political treatment of the colonies evolved from the earliest of French constitutional documents. The French explicit inclusion of references to the territories in successive constitutions contrasted with the British which had no written constitution but nevertheless imposed individual 'consti... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3052
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_90 | For the French, the constitutional treatment of its various colonial variants became increasing complex, and was used strategically, over time, in purporting a model of democratic legitimacy of the differing dependency arrangements without a rebalancing of political power between the cosmopole and the dependency concer... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3870
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_91 | Following World War II, new measures were enacted with the passage of the 1946 Loi Lamine Gueye Law granting French citizenship to the natives of the colonies in Africa, the Caribbean and the
[^0]
[^0]: 26. See Law, Colonial Systems of French Empire https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-trans... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4917
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_92 | These rights would only have "limited usage," just like the preamble to the 1946 French Constitution, which promised that "faithful to its traditional mission, France desires to guide the peoples under its responsibility towards the freedom to administer themselves and to manage their own affairs democratically; eschew... | {
"Header 1": "The Third French Republic (1875-1940)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5867
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_93 | The French National Assembly adopted Law No. 46-451 of 29th March 1946 as the first stage of formal and unilateral annexation of "the colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion and French Guiana as départements d'outre-mer," and in the process proclaimed that "(t)he laws and decrees currently in force in mainland Fran... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_94 | [^0]
[^0]: 27. See Law No. 46-940 of 7th May 1946 granting citizenship to the French colonies. 28. 8 Op. cit.
The Preamble of the 1946 Constitution proclaimed that France "shall form with the peoples of her Overseas Territories a Union based upon equality of rights and privileges, without distinction as to race or... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 699
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_95 | The Union Française (French Union) shall be composed, on the one hand of the French Republic which comprises Metropolitan France and the Overseas Departments and Territories (DOMs/TOMs) and, on the other hand, of the Associated Territories and States. The position of the Associated States within the French Union shall,... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1628
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_96 | [^0]
[^0]: 29. See Law No. 46-451 of March 19, 1946, tending (translation) to classify Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion and French Guiana as French departments.
Government and of the representatives that each Associated State shall accredit to the President of the Union." The purpose of the High Council was to "ass... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2739
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_97 | It is interesting to note at this juncture that the division for representation in the Assembly lumped the Overseas Departments and Territories together with the Associated States (Article 66). This seemed inconsistent with the composition of Metropolitan France under Article 60 which had included only the Overseas Dep... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3704
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_98 | [^0]
[^0]: 30. Independances, A reference heritage site based on audiovisual archives providing a contemporary look at the decolonisation processes of the former French colonial empire. https:// fresques.ina.fr/independances/fiche-media/Indepe00120/la-loi-cadre-defferre-de-1956.html accessed 23 March 2024.
Politic... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4753
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_99 | Other fundamental rights such as freedom of assembly and expression, and collective bargaining remained incomplete. It was unsurprising, therefore, that the inevitable conflicts would emerge between the new political institutions and the French governor who had the final decision-making authority. The mood of the perio... | {
"Header 1": "The Fourth French Republic (1946-1958)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5730
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
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