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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_200 | The state of implementation of the Matignon Accords was discussed by the three signatories in 1995, and a final communiqué was issued which expressed agreement for a future "process that would enhance the prosperity, responsibility and dignity of New Caledonia and of all its population groups. ${ }^{\prime 59}$ The dif... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_201 | 59. See New Caledonia, Working Paper Prepared by the Secretariat, UN Document A/AC. 109/2046, 9 May 1996.
The parties established a schedule of meetings to be held at regular intervals to report on progress of their discussions from a political standpoint, to discuss the issues with other political actors and to subm... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_202 | The State is not ready to accept the principle of an independence that is ultimately sanctioned by a majority of the voters giving a simple answer to a simple question. We grant that this principle, which we consider to be the essential, inescapable law of democracy, may be viewed differently by some of you, taking a d... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_203 | Such an official expression of opposition to sovereignty by the French Minister raised serious questions as to whether the French State could conduct a fair and unbiased process of self-determination. In a glimpse of the evolving French strategic regional agenda which informed the opposition to sovereignty for the terr... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_204 | Map 8
Map of Kanaky (New Caledonia)
61. 59 Op. cit. at 5.
60. 59 Op. cit. at 6 .
In response, President of the Front de liberation nationale kanake socialiste (FLNKS) Rock Wamytan stated:
First and foremost, the legitimate and historical claim of the Kanak people is to sovereignty and ind... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_205 | We hope...to have in place by 1998 a free and sovereign State which would have a number of areas of competence constituting the principal powers of sovereignty, including international relations, immigration control and the control over natural resources. For a number of years, to be determined by negotiation, this wou... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_206 | tional guarantee of an irreversible process that would lead us to the full exercise of our sovereignty...;
It is (the responsibility)...of the State which colonized the Kanak people, to show us the necessary way out - one which will enable us to sever the ties... This is the price of a successful consensual solution.... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_207 | The colonial accommodationist perspective was articulated by Rassemblement pour la Calédonie dans la République (RPCR) President Jacques Lafleur:
Belonging to France is not negotiable. Those who want independence say that they want to be emancipated. This concept of emancipation is different from mine. I believe that... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_208 | [^0]
[^0]: 62. 59 Op. cit. at 8-9.
63. 59 Op. cit. at 10 .
of a timetable for relinquishment of authority...(and a) transitional period initiated by the 1998 referendum...in order to prepare the citizens of this country, whatever their ethnic affiliation, to assume definitive responsibility for their future. ${ }^... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_209 | France maintains its reservations regarding the competence of the United Nations to discuss the subject (of (New Caledonia). France has always considered that Article 73 of the Charter does not apply to New Caledonia, nor indeed to the overseas departments and territories as a whole. We have always considered that the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_210 | In April 1998, the French President issued a communiqué announcing an agreement between the three parties made at Nouméa to follow up the arrangements made under the Matignon Accords of
[^0]
[^0]: 64. See New Caledonia, Working Paper Prepared by the Secretariat, UN Document A/AC.109/2074, 20 March 1997.
65. 64 Op.... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_211 | New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity within the French Republic, governed under the provisions of part XIII of the (French) Constitution ("Transitional provisions pertaining to New Caledonia"). The French Minister of the Interior and Overseas Territories, supported by the Junior Minister for Overseas Territories... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_212 | Caledonia (hosts) an air force base, a navy base and one infantry regiment, with a total of around 1,450 military personnel...The administering Power is responsible for the maintenance of law and order;
In accordance with the Nouméa Accord, a set of institutions has been established to confirm the full recognition of... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_213 | The Nouméa Accord also committed to new competencies to be 'devolved' to the territory in the three categories of 1) powers to be transferred immediately, 2) powers to be transferred at a second stage and 3) shared powers. A similar division of competencies was later established in the subsequent Organic Law of 2004 fo... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_214 | [^0]
[^0]: 66. See New Caledonia, Working Paper Prepared by the Secretariat, UN Document A/AC.109/2074/11, 14 March 2024.
through air services when their only stop in France is New Caledonia and in compliance with the international commitments entered into by France; and exploration, exploitation, management and c... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_215 | Also of particular note were the powers to be transferred to New Caledonia at an intermediate stage during the second and third Congressional terms including policing and security regulations for domestic air and sea traffic; fundamental principles governing land ownership and real property rights; rules for administra... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_216 | Following the ratification of the Nouméa Accord by the people of New Caledonia and the codification of its provisions into French law New Caledonia was no longer considered an overseas territory under article 74 of the Constitution, but rather as a territory sui generis with special institutions designed with a gradual... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_217 | the final constitutionality of such local laws remained the determination of the Conseil constitutionnel (French Constitutional Council).
The issue of voter eligibility became a heightened concern following an interpretation of the Nouméa Accord that was regarded as permitting a ten-year voter residency. This was see... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_218 | Meanwhile, several settlers challenged the length of the residency required for voting in the future referendum as discriminatory against French citizens in a claim filed before the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 2002. The residency requirements were subsequently determined not to be violative of the Internat... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_219 | [^0]
[^0]: 68. See Views of the Human Rights Committee under Article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Seventy-Fifth Session, concerning Communication no. 932/2000, UN Document CCPR/C/75/D/932/2000, 21st July 2002.
transfer mandated by the Accord ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_220 | In 2007 the French Assembly passed the delayed amendment to the French Constitution confirming that voter eligibility for New Caledonia required residency for persons who were on the voter role in 1998 at the signing of the Nouméa Accord. This prevented some 7,000 additional French settlers who later arrived in New Cal... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_221 | It was "the historical responsibility of the (French) State, which must not fail in its task of decolonizing New Caledonia, since the State was not an arbiter but a party to the Nouméa Accord...(T)he Kanak people would no longer accept a process turning them into more and more of a minority in their own country; they w... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_222 | History shows that problems in registering the electorate to vote on the issue of self-determination are recurrent in New Caledonia. They reflect the policy of the French Government which aims to make the Kanak a minority to maintain its sovereignty and interests in New Caledonia and Oceania. The policy can be summariz... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_223 | The Kanak People is being suffocated by a large-scale immigration policy from the French overseas territories and from France. The Kanak People is increasingly becoming a smaller minority in its own country. The migratory flow has increased significantly since the signing of the Matignon and Nouméa Accords despite the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_224 | A 2014 Visiting Mission of the UN Special Committee on Decolonisation to New Caledonia "call(ed) upon the administering Power to take all measures necessary to address the concerns expressed with regard to the question of the promotion of the systematic influx of foreign immigrants into the Territory."72 Yet, more than... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_225 | Following a meeting of the Committee of Signatories of the Nouméa Accord on 5 June 2015, a French organic law (Organic Law No. 2015987 of 5 August 2015) was adopted regarding the referendum process and included "the establishment of an advisory committee of experts (vetted by France) to provide the special administrati... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_226 | referendum of four categories of voters. ${ }^{\prime \prime 73}$ With the agreement of the political groups France requested the assistance of the UN to furnish independent experts to assist in the troubled electoral registration process. A total of twelve UN electoral experts were sent to the territory and by 2018 ha... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_227 | The Pacific Islands Forum dispatched a Ministerial Committee to observe the 2018 referendum and the implementation of the Noumea Accord. The Report of the Forum Ministerial Committee took note of the role of the "Referendum Supervisory Commission...appointed by the French Foreign Minister in May 2018 to oversee the con... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_228 | 74. See Report of the United Nations visiting mission to New Caledonia, 12-16 and 19th March 2018, UN Document A/AC.109/2018/20.
75. See Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Ministerial Committee to New Caledonia on the 2018 Referendum On New Caledonia's Full Sovereignty And Independence, Pacific Islands Forum Secretari... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_229 | Despite the curious last-minute adjustments, the 2018 poll saw 43.3 percent voting in favour of independence from an 81 per cent turnout. Given the machinations associated with the referendum preparations, in particular the addition of new voters in the final days prior to the exercise as well as other maneuvers such a... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_230 | The second of three referenda was conducted in the territory in October 2020. Despite similar maneuvers orchestrated to sway the vote against sovereignty, those favouring independence actually increased to 46.4 per cent with a turnout of over 85 per cent of registered voters even with further 'adjustments' to the list ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_231 | Attention shifted to the third referendum as provided for under the Nouméa Accord road map with the timing of the vote quickly becoming a definitive issue. France wanted the poll to be held by the end of 2021 so as not to conflict with French presidential and parliamentary elections scheduled for April and June 2022. T... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_232 | Pursuant to its unilateral authority over New Caledonia under the existent colonial status, France proceeded to hold the poll on 12th December 2021 despite Kanaky objections owing to the impact of the ongoing Covid 19 pandemic in the territory that had caused a high number of illnesses and fatalities among the Kanak po... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_233 | (Friday, November 12, 2021) The High Commis-
sioner of the Republic announced the decision of the French government to maintain the date of December 12, 2021 for the third and final referendum consultation of the Nouméa agreement on the future of New Caledonia. This decision was taken by the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_234 | Until when does the French government intend to abuse the patience of the Kanak people, the first people of this country, a people victim of French colonization for more than a century and a half? Does the French government seriously think that the ballot it intends to maintain on December 12 will put an end to the dem... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_235 | By maintaining the holding of the referendum consultation on December 12, does the French government really think it will convince Australia and New Zealand that it is still a reliable player in
regional stability and an essential link in the Indo-Pacific axis? And until when does the French government think it can p... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_236 | Who can believe that it is possible to build a future of harmony, peace and prosperity in this country by not hearing anything from the people who have been at its root for at least 3000 years? Who can believe even possible to build a future, whatever it is, in this country by forgetting the spirit which has presided f... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_237 | Dismissing the Kanak arguments, France insisted on the earlier referendum date, and in the process, dismissed the cultural norms of the very Kanak people who they had colonised for centuries, and for whom a genuine decolonisation process was increasingly becoming a challenge amid a decided French settler colonial proje... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_238 | in the scheduled third referendum followed. The French government decision was regarded as a "reckless political gambit with potentially dire consequences":
A key factor influencing Emmanuel Macron's shift away from neutrality is the growing possibility of a proindependence victory. "Loyalist" voters won the two prev... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_239 | (I)n light of this outcome and the continued assertion by Kanak of their right to self-determination, New Caledonia will likely remain on the UN Special Committee on Decolonization's list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. France will again be a colonial power feeding instability in New Caledonia and the Indo-Pacific t... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_240 | Belep islands, only 0.6 percent of residents cast a vote. On the island of Lifou in the mainly Kanak Loyalty Islands, some of the polling stations recorded no votes. In the Kanak strongholds of Canala and Hiènghene on the main island of Grande Terre, less than 2 percent of the population cast a vote. In Tiendanite, the... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_241 | It was anticipated that had the referendum been held at a more appropriate time, with the participation of the Kanaks, the critical mass for the 50 per cent threshold in favour of independence would have been reached. Undoubtedly, this was a factor which motivated the call of the referendum date far earlier than requir... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_242 | developments, however, could very well serve to further damage French credibility among Pacific countries and at the UN where the Nouméa Accord had been projected heretofore as a credible decolonisation process with carefully orchestrated UN endorsement.
Even before the farce referendaire, a number of Pacific governm... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_243 | According to the administering Power, the Commission stated that the low turnout, which was related to a call for non-participation by pro-independence political groups and parties, did not affect the fairness and sincerity of the referendum, for which voting was not compulsory and there was no minimum turnout requirem... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_244 | [^0]
[^0]: 78. See New Caledonia, Working Paper Prepared by the Secretariat, U.N. Document A/AC.109/ 2023/11, 28th March 2023.
The Pacific Conference of Churches notes with concern that the third and final independence referendum under the Nouméa Accord was not conducted in the true spirit of the Accord and under ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_245 | The recommendation of the PCC that the third referendum be declared by the UN as null and void was not included by the Special Committee on Decolonisation in its recommendations to the UN General Assembly even as the rejection of the poll would have been wholly valid. Meanwhile, French President Emmanuel Macron dismiss... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_246 | minister in Paris provided the prevailing perspective in the wake of the 2021 referendum:
Today, almost forty years after 1984, it would seem that we are witnessing the same scenario, especially since the use of the concept of Indo-Pacific, with a renewed alliance between the President of the Republic and the Caledon... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_247 | For a long time, the representatives of the Kanak people, whether it be the great chiefs, political leaders, or religious leaders have asked the question "but why does France, the governing power, not hear us?" It remains deaf to our points, to what the Kanak people wants, because it is its right to recover its lost so... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_248 | Nation states hardly appreciate Native peoples, even more so when the latter manifest some inclination toward autonomy, or worse, independence. At stake is the power of sovereign states over the territories they govern and from which they most often exploit the Native populations which are marginal in their eyes. If th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_249 | Considering our emancipation process, the FLNKS believes that we are ready to assume the attributes of our sovereignty. Through a co-construction approach, we propose that the adoption of a political treaty enabling to seal a political basis for this final phase of statutory evolution be studied. This political agreeme... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_250 | - Constitutionalizing the political agreement and the accession to independence status, which includes the transition phase, the sovereignty act and the proclamation of the birth of a new state.
The FNLKS proposal was not taken up by France which, instead, circulated its own proposal in September of 2023 for a new st... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_251 | The policy thus pursued by the French government in order to maintain its domination over this Territory and its presence in the Indo-Pacific is in flagrant contradiction with international decolonisation law... The draft constitutional law initiated by France contravenes the plan of action for the Fourth International... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_252 | The FNLKS statement advised the UN member States of the decision of its annual Congress in March 2024 that "condemned the French government's method of 'passage en force' and demanded the definitive withdrawal of the constitutional bill (introduced in the French Parliament) modifying the citizen electorate, as well as ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_253 | In a country of 276,000 people, there are currently more than 40,000 French nationals living in New Caledonia who cannot vote for the local institutions, so anti-independence
[^0]
[^0]: 79. See Statement of the Front de libération nationale kanak et socialiste et Nationalistes (FNLKS) to member States of the Unite... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_254 | 81. id.
parties have long campaigned to completely remove or at least "unfreeze" the residency requirement. By amending the French Constitution, President Macron now seeks to open up the electoral rolls and allow thousands more voters to participate in the local elections later this year. Given an estimated $90 \%$ o... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_255 | The next step in the French legislative process would have been the scheduling of the required joint sitting of both houses of the French Parliament (Congress of Versailles) to amend the French Constitution to reflect the changes. This is intended to add "some 25,000 extra voters to electoral rolls for the three provin... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_256 | colonial arrangement openly preferred by Paris throughout the referendum process.
Resistance to the French annexationist maneuvers took the form of mass civil demonstrations in the streets of the territory and a militarised reaction from the French colonial power which dispatched several thousand additional heavily a... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_257 | An apparent attempt to deflect France's responsibility for the crisis by pushing a foreign interference narrative was regarded in the territory as an insult to the Kanak people. This had taken the form of accusations by the French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin who inexplicably accused Azerbaijan of foreign interfer... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_258 | [^0]
[^0]: 84. See Military Activities in Non Self-Governing Territories as an impediment to Decolonization; In Micronesian Educator, a Journal of the University of Guam (2021).
85. See Macron to ditch Noumea Accord and introduce new statute for New Caledonia, (RNZ) 27th July 2023 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_259 | attention on France's failed policy towards the overseas territories that led to such protests. ${ }^{\prime \prime 86}$
University of Papua New Guinea Political Science Teaching Fellow Patrick Kaiku regarded the French attempts at blaming distant countries for their own colonial failures, coupled with its forced shu... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_260 | The underlining cause which led to the demonstrations remains the gross inequalities including "disparities in education and employment...despite equal opportunities policies that were part of past political agreements in the 1980s and 1990s...including a poverty rate among the indigenous Kanaks...at 32.5 per cent." ${... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_261 | 87. See New Caledonia riots: inequalities, lack of indigenous voice exposes 'failures' of French democratic system, Sun-Lin Tan (South China Morning Post) 21st May 2024 https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/ politics/article/3263541/new-caledonia-riots-inequalities-lack-indigenous-voice-expose-failures-french-democratic-syste... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_262 | Calling on all political leaders to rapidly agree on a new statute to replace the 1998 Nouméa Accord, Macron suggested that "my wish is also that this agreement can be submitted to the vote of New Caledonians." But he made no commitment to a further referendum on self-determination, which has been a central demand of F... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_263 | The impasse is intensified by the FLNKS leaders' lack of trust in France's overseas minister Gérald Darmanin, armed forces minister Sébastien Lecornu (who, as overseas minister, was responsible for the contentious 2021 referendum on self-determination) and other key government ministers...Since the 2021 referendum the ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_264 | [^0]
[^0]: 90. See Eighteen Hours in Nouméa, Nic Maclellan, In Inside Story, 25th May 2024.
91. id/
A lasting solution to the political crisis in New Caledonia is uncertain at the midpoint of 2024 as the position of continued or enhanced colonial reform favoured by France and its supporters in the territory contin... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_265 | Whether the 'update' will result in the formal withdrawal of the proposed constitutional changes is to be determined. The FNLKS has also called for a high level mediation mission comprised of French, regional and international personalities "in order to create all the conditions for a peaceful dialogue leading to a glo... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_266 | 92. See Bilateral Meeting with the President of the French Republic, Press Release of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FNLKS), Noumea, 25th May 2024.
In the wake of the eruption of Kanaky resistance, the French militarised response was exacerbated through the deployment from France of state-of-the-a... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_267 | The arrests have the hallmark of a fresh political provocation by the French state. The raid took place two weeks out from the first round of elections for the French National Assembly on June 30. Called by President Emmanuel Macron, the snap election is being conducted amid a sharp rightward shift by the French ruling... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_268 | provoked an eruption of social anger by thousands of Kanak youth. ${ }^{94}$
As of mid-June 2024, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation was discussing the "Question of French Polynesia," with a recommendation for a visiting mission to the territory in light of the disturbing events. The text of the 2... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_269 | As earlier indicated, the two small eastern Caribbean territories of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy were governed by France as separate dependencies (communes) subsumed under the French overseas department of 'Guadeloupe and its dependencies.' Owing to challenges to the governance process, the two erstwhile communes... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_270 | [^0]
[^0]: 94. id/
imperial powers in 1633 the Spanish captured Saint Martin and expelled the Dutch colonists. At the end of the Eighty Years' War the Spanish withdrew and the French arrived. This ultimately resulted in a division of the island between the Netherlands and France.
Slavery was introduced for labou... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_271 | The collectivité of Saint Martin shares an island with the semi-autonomous jurisdiction of Sint Maarten which is one of four constituent polities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island was partitioned by the two European Union states of France and the Netherlands in 1648 via the Treaty of Concordia. This recalls... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_272 | [^0]
[^0]: 95. See The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice? Fabian Adekunle Badejo, House of Nehesi, 25th December 2004 http://houseofnehesipublish.com/sxm/2004/12/25/the-reunifica-tion-of-st-martin-a-pipe-dream-or-an-inevitable-choice-by-fabian-adekunle-badejo/.
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_273 | One main argument against the reunification of St. Martin that is often heard is that neither France nor Holland would allow it. However, if the two European colonial masters have been able to surrender part of their sovereignty for a unified Europe, why would they want to hold on to a tiny 37 -square mile island in th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_274 | The separate island of Saint Barthélemy is a French collectivité since 2007, and as Saint Martin, was previously an arrondissement of Guadeloupe. Saint-Barthélemy was occupied by the French in 1648, and in 1665, the island was bought by the French West India Company. It was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1674 and ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_275 | 
The government of Saint Barthélemy is headed by a president of the 19-member Territorial Council with an executive branch consisting of an eight-member Executive Council whose members are elected by the Territorial Council. Members of the legislative and executive branches serve five-year t... | {
"Header 1": "Saint Barthélemy (St. Barts)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_15"
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"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyM... | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_276 | As earlier noted, the independence of the former African 'associated states' followed the 1958 referenda on the new French Constitution. In Africa, this had ushered in a short-lived period of free association in advance of independence at the beginning of the 1960s
and the beginning of a new phase of neo-colonialism.... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
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],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyM... | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_277 | disseminated by the Comoros Permanent Mission to the United Nations in 2008 recounted the sequence of events with respect to the French annexationist agenda as related to Mayotte:
A global referendum for self-determination was organized in the Comoros archipelago on 22 December 1974 in conformity with an Agreement si... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1198
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_278 | The new State (was) now recognized by all international organizations namely the Organization of African Unity (now African Union, AU), the Non Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States.
Even as the results of the 1974 referendum on all of the islands of the Comoros (inclu... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2387
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_279 | France voted against the draft resolution and the other colonial powers, the United Kingdom and the United States, abstained from the vote. The overwhelming majority of the members of the Security Council voted in favour of the draft resolution, namely Benin, China, Guyana, Japan, Libyan Arab Republic, Pakistan, Panama... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3492
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_280 | Subsequently, the Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) adopted a resolution [CM/Res. 497 (XXVII)] in August 1976 opposing inter alia, the French-imposed "socalled referendum imposed on the inhabitants of Mayotte (which) constituted aggression against the whole of the Comorian people ... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4272
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_281 | The OAU resolution was brought to the attention of the UN Sec-retary-General in the context of the OAU request for the inclusion of an additional item on the agenda of the thirty-first session of the UN General Assembly. The Explanatory memorandum to the OAU request expressed the deep concern for the repercussions of t... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5207
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_282 | Considering that such an attitude on the part of France constitutes a violation of the principles of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, in particular of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 concerning the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples, which guarantees the ... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 6395
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_283 | 3. Calls upon the Government of France to withdraw immediately from the Comorian island of Mayotte, an integral part of the independent Republic of the Comoros, and to respect its sovereignty;
4. Invites all Member States to render effective assistance, individually and collectively, to the Comorian State and to co-ope... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 7384
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_284 | 6. Calls upon the Government of France to enter into negotiations immediately with the Government of the Comoros concerning the implementation of the present resolution.
The 2008 Comoros Aide Memoir recalled that every year from 1976 to 1995, the UN General Assembly adopted resolutions on the Comorian island of Mayot... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 8095
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_285 | By its resolution in 1980, the UN General Assembly "invit(ed) the Governments of the Comoros and France to continue...talks, with a view to rapidly finding for the question of the Comorian island of Mayotte a just solution in conformity with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. ${ }^{\prime 99}$ Reference to... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 8952
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_286 | By resolutions in 1981 through 1983, the UN General Assembly "invit(ed) France to honour the commitments entered into prior to the referendum on the self-determination of the Comoro Archipelago of 22 December 1974 (concerning) the unity and territorial integrity of the Comoros."100 By resolutions of 1984 - 1987 emphasi... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 9852
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_287 | 100. See UN General Assembly Resolution 36/105, Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte,10 December 1981.
See also Resolution 37/65, 3 December 1982; Resolution 38/13, 21 November 1983;
was placed on "urg(ing) the Government of France to open negotiations with the Government of the Comoros with a view to ensuring ... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 10406
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_288 | Since 1995, the question of Mayotte has been placed on the temporary agenda of the United Nations following the preceding adoption of over a dozen resolutions on The Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte in which the UN condemned the illegal occupation of Mayotte by France, reaffirmed the unity and territorial int... | {
"Header 1": "FRENCH DEPARTMENTS IN AFRICA Mayotte",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 11541
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_289 | With the shift of the item to the temporary agenda and the concomitant absence of an annual UN resolution, France employed its fait accompli strategy which, in effect, dismissed the numerous UN resolutions calling for the return of Mayotte to the Comoros. Thus, during the fiftieth session of the UN General Assembly in ... | {
"Header 1": "Island of Mayotte, which are mainly against the Comorian culture and religion (Aide Memoir, 2008).",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_290 | By letter of 17th October to the UN Secretary-General, the Comoros Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation advised, inter alia, that "the situation has scarcely changed in 20 years...and the gulf between the Comorians of Mayotte and those from the other sister islands has continued to widen, (with) restricted and s... | {
"Header 1": "Island of Mayotte, which are mainly against the Comorian culture and religion (Aide Memoir, 2008).",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 625
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_291 | [^0]
[^0]: 102. See Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte, Fiftieth Session of the UN General Assembly, U.N. Document A/50/779, (22 November 1995). 103. id/
the Comoros and France vis a vis the recognition of Comorian sovereignty over Mayotte, appeared to... | {
"Header 1": "Island of Mayotte, which are mainly against the Comorian culture and religion (Aide Memoir, 2008).",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1805
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_292 | Subsequent OAU initiatives were postponed as a result of a strategically timed coup d' etat perpetrated at the end of September 1995 by French mercenaries led by Robert Denard who was known for his service to the French neo-colonial project in Africa, and who had led the ouster of the first president of the Comoros, Ah... | {
"Header 1": "Island of Mayotte, which are mainly against the Comorian culture and religion (Aide Memoir, 2008).",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2723
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_293 | After more than 30 years of independence, it is clear that the French irritated the question of the Comorian is-
land of Mayotte. There is therefore a need to act and to act fast. That is why Comorians are unanimous claiming the return of the Comorian island of Mayotte and their hope depends on the International Comm... | {
"Header 1": "Island of Mayotte, which are mainly against the Comorian culture and religion (Aide Memoir, 2008).",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3710
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_294 | The Executive Council:
1. TAKES NOTE of the Report of the Government of the Union of the Comoros on the situation in the Comorian Island of Mayotte;
2. RECALLS all the previous resolutions of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) on the Comorian Island of Mayotte and RECALLS ALSO that the Comorian people, at the re... | {
"Header 1": "African Union Executive Council Fourteenth Ordinary Session 26 - 30 January 2009 Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA EX.CL/Dec.488(XIV)",
"Header 2": "DECISION ON THE COMORIAN ISLAND OF MAYOTTE",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_295 | 5. REAFFIRMS that the Comorian Island of Mayotte belongs to the Union of the Comoros;
6. REQUESTS for the immediate establishment of a dialogue between the Union of the Comoros and France in order to determine together the modalities for the return of Mayotte to the Union of the Comoros;
7. DECIDES to reactivate the Ad... | {
"Header 1": "African Union Executive Council Fourteenth Ordinary Session 26 - 30 January 2009 Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA EX.CL/Dec.488(XIV)",
"Header 2": "DECISION ON THE COMORIAN ISLAND OF MAYOTTE",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1013
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_296 | French colonisation of La Réunion began in 1665 after claims on the island in 1649 with the arrival of settlers dispatched to the territory by the French East India Company. The first European encounter was with the Portuguese explorers in the early 16th Century whilst there is also evidence of earlier Austronesian and... | {
"Header 1": "La Réunion",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_297 | As earlier noted, France adopted a law in 1946 annexing the colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion and French Guiana as overseas departments. Réunion maintains a regional council and a departmental council with a Prefect representing the interests of the French State. The primary value to France of La Réunion is i... | {
"Header 1": "La Réunion",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 801
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_298 | monopolies. It also support(ed) agrarian reform and other democratic transformations;
In accordance with the decisions of the Third Congress in 1972 the RCP...stepped up its efforts to consolidate all the democratic forces. It has strengthened its ties with the autonomist organizations of France's other overseas depa... | {
"Header 1": "La Réunion",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_17"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjI... | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_299 | British political economist of the 19th Century John Stuart Mill observed in his seminal work Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government that "a country which attempts to govern a distant dependency, inhabited by a dissimilar people will almost inevitably fail" (Mill, 1951). The Martinique psychiatrist and f... | {
"Header 1": "CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
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