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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_100 | In analysing different perspectives, Igarashi summarised that the concept of decolonisation began to emerge within the Territorial Assembly, but not with the governing institutions of the cosmopole. It may also be suggested that this manner of construction of the Union Francaise in the 1946 Constitution gave constituti... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_101 | As it was structured, the administrative configuration would include the newly-designated overseas departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane in the Caribbean; and Algeria, Réunion and Senegal in Africa. The overseas territories included the West Africa and Equatorial Africa federations. The associated states includ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_102 | Consistent with the unilateral authority exercised by the metropole over the overseas territories (TOMs), Article 75 of the 1946 Constitution established that the modality for any "political status changes and transitions from one category to another, within the framework set by Article 60 (,) can only result from a la... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_103 | The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs subsequently sought to clarify the nature of these political arrangements in 1951 when it asserted that under the 1946 French Constitution the overseas departments (DOMs) and the overseas territories (TOMs), together with metropolitan France, comprised the French Republic. The Min... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_104 | By the 1950s, there was significant disgruntlement with the Union Francaise, particularly in Africa, and in response the French National Assembly in June 1956 adopted a loi-cadre (reform act) designed to decentralise the Union Française and devolve some powers and financial responsibility) in relation to French state-o... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_105 | Meanwhile, criticism of the departmental (integrated) status in Guyane following the entry-into-force of the Constitution of the Fourth Republic was articulated by a number of emerging political leaders of the day bolstered by the development of a trade union movement. In this connection focus remained on "securing a t... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_106 | For the Caribbean, French departmentalisation of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyane unilaterally decreed by the French in 1946 coincided with a gradual decline in the agricultural sector of the three départements d'outre-mer. This was replaced by a services economy dependent on the economy of France precipitating high l... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_107 | Césaire was an initial supporter of departmentalisation for the primary reason of addressing the inequalities of the prevailing colonial status, and as an important strategy to the maintenance of a semblance of internal decision-making. Unsuccessful proposals for departmentalisation had been brought to the French Natio... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_108 | This was dismissive of the existence of the pre-colonial societies of the Kalinago civilisation in Guadeloupe (and Martinique) that would be occupied subsequently by France, whilst also ignoring the documented arrival of African explorers into the Americas pre-dating French and other European colonisation in the Caribb... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_109 | As Smith observed, overall "(t)he constitution of the Fourth Republic tried a confused mix of both a unitary republic and federalism...legally abolish(ing) the empire by proclaiming it a consensual union..." (Smith, 2023: 145). Hence, the adoption of the Loi-Cadre Defferre in $1956{ }^{32}$ served as an attempt at furt... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_110 | In some respects, the former colonies would all become protectorates. The Services d' E'tat (defense, foreign affairs, finance) would remain in the hands of the Hexagon (France), in which the National Assembly would remain the key locus of sovereignty. Overseas territories would continue to send representatives to Pari... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_111 | The application of the Loi-Cadre Defferre provided for limited self-government in the TOMs. In the case of Ma'ohi Nui (French Polynesia), the loi-cadre (framework law) was followed by French plans to establish a nuclear testing facility in the territory after the impending closure of its nuclear facility in Algeria. Th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_112 | Emerging from the framework of the 1956 Loi-Cadre Defferre was the holding of a referendum in 1958 throughout the Union Française (French Union) to consider a proposed constitution of the Fifth Republic of France. The proposed constitution would replace the Union Française (French Union) with a Communauté française (Fr... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_113 | The 'yes' "overwhelmingly won (in the 1958 referendum) in the overseas departments, albeit at the cost of strong abstention. ${ }^{\prime 34}$ It was, thus, interpreted that the "overseas departments (DOMs), unlike the overseas territories, had no separate right of political self-determination under the Constitution of... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_114 | [^0]
[^0]: 34. France TV https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/martinique-failli-devenir-independante-au-referendum-1958-642590.html (accessed 10th March 2024).
The Assemblies of the territories which had approved the Constitution (for their respective strategic reasons) were given four months to determine the... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_115 | 1. Remaining in the overseas territory status
2. Becoming an Associated State within the Communauté française.
3. Becoming an overseas department (integration)
Subsequently, the Assemblies of the overseas territories of the Comoro Islands (including Mayotte), French Polynesia, French Somaliland, New Caledonia, and St... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_116 | Illustrative of this undue electoral influence lay in the restriction of information. In the outer islands of French Polynesia, the option that the voters could reject the French constitution was not sufficiently articulated to the people. Further, Polynesian leaders who opposed the constitution were targeted by French... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_117 | In 1959, Pouvanaa was jailed for eight years and exiled to France for 15 years after he was found guilty of fomenting unrest while he objected to France's plans to start testing nuclear weapons in the Pacific (that would result from an affirmative referendum vote)... (1)n 1968, he was pardoned by the French President C... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_118 | With respect to the compromised referendum process of 1958, University of Hawai'i professor Lorenz Gonschor recounted:
The French administration aided the proponents of "yes" and hindered the campaign of Pouvanaa, who was denied access to radio and to transportation to outer islands. Some of his campaign activists we... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_119 | Even with such enormous pressure on those who argued against the proposed French Constitution as it would be applied to the colonies, a decidedly anti-colonial advocacy in Tahiti was reflected in the referendum vote. Thus, despite the lack of a free and fair poll conducted under French pressure, over 35 per cent of the... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_120 | In 1958, a referendum was held in French Polynesia, which was not an act of self-determination, but rather based on a limited question related to a new French constitution. This paved the way for French Polynesia to become the future ground for decades of atmospheric nuclear testing in the territory. Meanwhile, the non... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_121 | liberate policy of reducing the scope of the institutions and their efforts to remove any "disruptive" leaders or parties from the political scene (a fate suffered by Maurice Lenormand of Union Calédonienne in New Caledonia and the RDPT's Pouvanaa a Oopa and John Teariki in French Polynesia). ${ }^{36}$
Hence, the de... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_122 | Subsequent attempts in 1963 by the Polynesian political party of Pouvanaa to reverse the choice made by the Assembly in 1958, and instead to select the free associated statehood option within the Communauté, were refused by the French colonial administration which responded by banning the party from elected politics fo... | {
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"start_index": 9180
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_123 | [^0]
[^0]: 36. 8 Op. cit. Associated state status became a precursor to independence for those African territories which had chosen that status in the referendum.
Meanwhile, a decision favouring free associated statehood in Kanaky (New Caledonia) would have also been an impediment to continued French economic expl... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_124 | Following the tainted referenda processes in the respective territories, the entry into force of the Constitution of the Fifth Constitution became the next attempt at French dependency modernisation with further colonial reforms of the administrative and political structures of the erstwhile Union Française further ref... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_125 | Accordingly, the erstwhile Union Française was dissolved in favour of a Communauté francaise (French Community). ${ }^{37}$ This rep-
[^0]
[^0]: 37. The Communauté francaise existed, in principle, until 1995 before the French Parliament officially abolished it. It had not functioned since the end of the 1960s foll... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_126 | - The French departments of Algeria and the Sahara, Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique and Réunion
- The Overseas Territories of French Somali Coast, Comoros (including Mayotte), New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia and Saint- Pierre and Miquelon
- The Associated States of Central African Republic, Congolese ... | {
"Header 1": "- Metropolitan France",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_127 | This Communauté francaise as the newest structure to date to accommodate dependency governance was reflected in Title XII on Local Authorities of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and established the conditionalities for the exercise of political and administrative power over the French-administered polities. Acc... | {
"Header 1": "- Metropolitan France",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_128 | | Territory | Instrument of Unilateral <br> Authority (IUA) | Year |
| :--: | :--: | :--: |
| French Polynesia | Organic Act | 2004 |
| New Caledonia | Organic law (Loi Organique <br> 99-209) to implement the <br> Noumea Accord | 1999 |
| Wallis and Futuna | Law No. 61-814 Conferring <br> on the Islands of Wallis and <... | {
"Header 1": "Table 6. <br> Instruments of Unilateral Authority (IUA) for French Territories",
"Header 2": null,
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"start_index": 0
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_129 | Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion, Mayotte, Saint-Barthélemy, Saint-Martin, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, the Wallis and Futuna Islands and French Polynesia...governed by Article 73 in respect of the overseas departments and regions(;) and in the case of territorial authorities established pursuant to the last... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_130 | Accordingly, Article 73 required that "(i)n the overseas departments and regions, laws and regulations are automatically applicable (but) may be subject to adaptations based on the particular characteristics and constraints of these communities." It also provided that "(t)hese adaptations may be decided by these (local... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_131 | Article 74 of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic governing the overseas collectivités provided for a status within the French Republic that would be defined by a French organic law which outlined the division of competencies, "the rules for the organisation and functioning of the institutions of the collectivité an... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_132 | Article 74 also sets forth that "the deliberative assembly may amend a law promulgated after the entry into force of the statute of the collectivité when the (French) Constitutional Council, referred in particular by the authorities of the collectivité, has found that the law has intervened in the area of competence of... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_133 | Table 7.
Representation of French Polities in French National Assembly and Senate (2024)
| Polity | Representation | |
| :--: | :--: | :--: |
| | National Assembly | Senate |
| Guadeloupe | 4 Deputies | 3 Senators |
| Guyane | 2 Deputies | 2 Senators |
| Martinique | 4 Deputies | 2 Senators |
| La Réunion | 7 Deput... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_134 | | Former Colony | Date of Independence | Former Colonial Power |
| :--: | :--: | :--: |
| Algeria | 5th July 1962 | France |
| Benin | 1st August 1960 | France |
| Burkina Faso | 5th August 1960 | France |
| Cameroon | 1st January 1960 <br> 1st October 1961 | France <br> Great Britain |
| Central African Republic | 13t... | {
"Header 1": "Table 8. <br> Dates of Independence of former French colonies in Africa",
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_135 | | Niger | 3rd August 1960 | France |
| Senegal | 4th April 1960 | France |
| Togo | 27th April 1960 | France |
| Tunisia | 20th March 1956 | France |
Source: Africa Volunteer Network (2024).
The insertion of the provision for the establishment of a framework for 'States which wish to associate with (the French Republ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_136 | Ironically a new category of free association would be formally recognised two years later in 1960 via UN Resolution 1541 (XV) as one of the three legitimate option of political equality (along with the options of independence and free association) providing for the 'full measure of self-government' under the UN Charte... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_137 | Accordingly, the 1946 Constitution which had established a 'dichotomy' between the les départements d'outre-mer on the one hand, and the more autonomous territoires d'outre-mer on the other hand, carried this distinction over into the 1958 French Constitution. ${ }^{38}$ The erstwhile African territories bypassed the c... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_138 | 
In September 1958 the French referendum approved the new Constitution by de Gaulle. The Constitution provided for the change of the form of government. France became a presidential Republic. The President, who was elected for 7 years by General election, had the authority of the President, th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_139 | The 1946 Constitution established a dichotomy by opposing the "Overseas Departments (DOM)", governed by the principle of legislative identity and the "Overseas Territories (TOM)", enjoying greater autonomy. This distinction will be maintained in articles 73 (DOM) and 74 (TOM) of the 1958 French Constitution, currently ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_140 | As David later surmised:
[^0]
[^0]: 39. Carine David. French Overseas Territories Constitutional Issues. 2020. ffhal-03964143, p. 3.
Overall, it appears that the French State is struggling to overcome a very conservative view of its unitary nature. Entangled in a stereotypical perception of homogeneity which und... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_141 | In 1982, the French Parliament sought to adjust the nature of the dependency governance of the French DOMs with the adoption of Law No. 82-1171 re-casting Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion and Guyane as regions.. The legislation "was adopted as part of the French Government's decentralization project for metropolitan Fra... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_142 | In 1983, the French Parliament adopted Law No. 83-17 concerning the mechanisms of the election process for these four regions pursuant to specific guidelines. Both the 1982 and 1983 French laws imposed by France were projected by France to the Human Rights Committee as "decentralization acts" (ICCPR, 1997: 4). Further,... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_143 | The regime for New Caledonia was established by the Act of 9 November 1988, which includes provisions on the status of the territory in preparation for the referendum on the independence of New Caledonia, to be held in 1998. Through reorganization of the government authorities and, in particular, decentralization of th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_144 | Following on from the first phase of 'decentralisation' in 1982 were dependency reforms promulgated through a French law aimed at the DOMs, the Loi d'orientation pour l'outre-mer of 2000, ${ }^{41}$ which was adopted with the aim of providing a procedure for consultation with France through a newly-created consultative... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_145 | (The law) recognizes that Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique and Réunion have the possibility of having an institutional organization of their own in the future. Respecting the attachment of the Réunion Islanders to ensuring that the organization of their island falls within common law, it grants the local assemblies of th... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_146 | [^0]
[^0]: 41. Loi d'orientation pour l'outre, (No. 2000-1207) of 13th December 2000.
(T)wo 'new' articles were added to the collectivités d'Outre-Mer ruled by the new Article 74 (with a regime of autonomy and legislative specificity); the collectivités ruled by Article 73 (corresponding to the legislative identit... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_147 | - 5 Overseas departments-regions (Département d'outre-mer (DOM)/ Région d'outre-mer - ROM): Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, La Réunion and Mayotte;
- 5 Overseas communities (Collectivités d'outre-mer (COM): French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint-Barthélémy, Saint-Martin;
- 2 specia... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_148 | - 2 special territories: sui generis collectivity (Collectivité sui generis): New Caledonia and overseas territory (Territoire d'outre-mer) - the (uninhabited) French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Notwithstanding the ever-increasingly complex French categorisation of the territories under its administration, internat... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_149 | The successful re-inscription of the two French-administered NSGTs has sparked increasing interest from other French dependencies - regardless of their French dependency categorisation - and have advanced an international review process to determine whether the procedures utilised to impose the respective dependency go... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_150 | Resulting from the new dependency arrangements for the DOMs in 2000 earlier referenced, and in light of the foregoing perspective on the legitimacy of advisory exercises on political evolution, referenda were held in Martinique and Guadeloupe in 2003 to determine the view of the people with respect to whether they wish... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_151 | Meanwhile, the smaller island of Saint Barthélemy voted overwhelmingly in 2003 to change their existing status of commune within the overseas department of Guadeloupe with 76 per cent in favour of changing the status and 23 per cent against with 44 per cent voter participation. The outcome of the vote in neighboring Fr... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_152 | Yet another dependency modernisation effort was initiated by France in 2008 in response to social and economic challenges in the Caribbean DOMs resulting from recurrent social problems, low wages and other social-economic factors which had precipitated general strikes in the three dependencies. This precipitated a refe... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_153 | Even as the results of the referenda in two of the three DOMs may have suggested that there was no desire for political evolution, there was clear indication of undue external influence from France. This took the form of overt suggestions that French financial support and social benefits would be reduced if a change to... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_154 | [^0]
[^0]: 42. Byron, J. (2017). Martinique's Accession to the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States: A New Chapter in Caribbean Regionalism? The Round Table, 106(3), 279-302. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00358533.2017.1327152.
ing was the creation of a single assembly of 51 councillors elected for six years and pr... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_155 | For Ma'ohi Nui (French Polynesia), the non self-governing nature of the political status remained intact in the wake of the 1958 referendum on the French Constitution and its entry into force. Since the territory had been prematurely de-listed by France from the UN list of NSGTs in 1947 there was no formal internationa... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_156 | Particular areas of competency were assigned from the French to the territorial government in 1996 through revisions to the French Statute of Autonomy in place during the period (encompassing)...delegated (and reversible) competencies which included the exercise of responsibility for the territorial budget, health, pri... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_157 | Further delegation of limited powers continued incrementally... culminating in a 2003 revision in the French constitution (Article 74) which recognized only the local powers of the French territories, and unilaterally subordinating the interests of the inhabitants to the overall interests of the French Republic. This h... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_158 | The 2004 Statute of Autonomy of French Polynesia (as later amended) was subsequently adopted by the French Parliament as Organic Law 2004-192, and which set forth the current elaboration of Article 74 of the (French) Constitution... as it specifically applies to the dependency governance arrangement with certain delega... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_159 | In its review of the political and constitutional evolution of the territory, the annual UN Working Paper on French Polynesia for 2024 pointed out that:
(T)he Organic Act No. 2004-192 of 27 February 2004... specified an organization that was different from that under ordinary law and close to an assembly-based parliame... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_160 | lustrative of a substantial imbalance of power inconsistent with international principles of mutual consent under recognised autonomous governance, and more intrusive than that experienced by a number of territories which have been historically and appropriately classified by the U.N. as non self-governing.
The divis... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_161 | 2. guarantee of public freedoms, justice, judicial organization, legal aid, organization of the profession of barrister to the exclusion of all other legal or judicial profession, criminal law, criminal procedure, commissioned barristers, public penitentiary service, services and reception centers for delinquent minors... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_162 | 4. defense: importation, trade in and export of military material, arms and munitions of all categories; strategic raw materials such as they are defined for the whole territory of the Republic, with the exception of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons; governmental links and communications for defense and security with re... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_163 | 7. coinage; credit; foreign exchange Treasury, financial markets, commitments with respect to the fight against the illegal traffic in and laundering of money;
8. authorization for operating air links between French Polynesia and any other point situated on the territory of the Republic, with the exception of the part ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_164 | 10. rules relating to the administration, organization and powers of the communes, of their groupings and their public institutions; intercommunal cooperation; supervision of the instruments of the communes, their groupings and their public institutions; accounting and financial rules and budgetary supervision of these... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_165 | 12. audovisual communications; university instruction; research, granting and delivery of national grades, titles and diplomas; rules applicable to qualified personnel of private institutions of learning bound by contract to the public authorities for the carrying out of educational tasks in that they extend to these p... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_166 | Meanwhile, the authority delegated to French Polynesia is "especially limited with many of the specific competencies of an administrative nature qualified by the final decision-making or governing
authority being reserved for the cosmopole" (Assessment, 2013: 37). Amongst those are "the granting of rights for explora... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_167 | Of the myriad competencies unilaterally exercised by the French State, the power over the territorial electoral process is illustrative. This includes control of voter eligibility (any French citizen with six month residency) through to the conduct and governance of territorial elections/referenda, confirmation of thei... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_168 | [^0]
[^0]: 43. See Article 14 on the "Powers of the (French) State" of the "Statute of Autonomy of French Polynesia", Organic Law 2004-192 of February 27, 2004 (as amended to 2008). Also see Commentary, "The National Dependencies of the French Republic: The Territory of French Polynesia." Constitutions of Dependenci... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_169 | The 2013 Assessment also noted incentives for French citizens from metropolitan France to migrate to the territory having the effect of changing the demographic composition by diluting the percentage of indigenous peoples. Such voter eligibility criteria and encouraged migration "is wholly inconsistent with internation... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_170 | The prevailing 2004 Autonomy Statute also contains severe conditionalities on the conduct of a territorial referendum whereby a request must first be made to the French High Commissioner who would submit it to the French Council of State to determine whether the request would be accepted by France. If deemed acceptable... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_171 | [^0]
[^0]: 45. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2189 (XXI) of 13 December 1966. See also United Nations General Assembly Resolution 35/118 of 11 December 1980.
46. See "Sarkozy: French Polynesia can't cross 'red line." Radio New Zealand, 9th June 2010.
was made from integrated DOM status to 'autonomous' ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_172 | (The French adopted) two Organic Acts (No. 2007-223 of 21 February 2007), abolishing the electoral rule whereby additional seats were attributed to the party having won the majority of votes; and No. 2007-1720 of 7 December 2007 on introducing motions of no-confidence); it should be noted that 11 Governments succeeded ... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_173 | Overall, it is to be emphasised that the 2004 Autonomy Statute of French Polynesia delegated only a degree of limited and reversible internal authority but did not fundamentally change the non self-governing status of the territory since the key levers of political power and decision-making authority remain with the Fr... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_174 | Accordingly, whilst the Assembly of French Polynesia has the statutory authority to adopt 'country laws' (lois du pays) in accordance with its delegated competencies, such laws can be appealed to the French Council of State which can repeal them. This confirms the continued unilateral decision-making authority of Franc... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_175 | France as the administering power of the territory remains out of compliance with its international legal obligations under the UN Charter. Such obligations include Article 73b of the UN Charter to advance Ma'ohi Nui (French Polynesia) to the Full Measure of Self-Government, and Article 73e to provide the UN with requi... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_176 | the first through the present fourth UN International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism (IDEC);
To this end, implementation is the key component necessary to thaw the decolonisation mandate for territories such as Ma'ohi Nui (French Polynesia) and others similarly situated, and in so doing thwarts the depende... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_177 | Only a genuine decolonisation process overseen by the UN would advance the territory to the full measure of selfgovernment under international law. The General Assembly never intended that the territorial status should be re-defined as a legitimate form of democratic governance since that would constitute an endorsemen... | {
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dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_178 | The trials and tribulations of Kanaky (New Caledonia) represent a veritable case study in the application of French colonial policy over an extended period without final resolution into 2024. As in the case of Ma'ohi Nui, the 1958 referendum on the French Constitution was a defining point where the people in New Caledo... | {
"Header 1": "French Collectivités in the Pacific - Kanaky (New Caledonia)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_179 | This reverse delegation of power was spearheaded by a new French High Commissioner Laurent Péchoux who had orchestrated similar action during his previous tenure in Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, he used comparable moves in Kanaky where "in 1959, with the support of Gaullist Premier Michel Debré in Paris, he began a decade-long ... | {
"Header 1": "French Collectivités in the Pacific - Kanaky (New Caledonia)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 666
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_180 | [^0]
[^0]: 47. Law $n^{\circ} 63-1246$ of December 21, 1963, Organization of public powers in New Caledonia.
48. The Kanak Awakening of 1969-1976: Radicalizing Anti-Colonialism in New Caledonia, David Chappell, Journal de la Société des Océanistes 117, année 2003-2 Associate Professor of Pacific Islands History, Dep... | {
"Header 1": "French Collectivités in the Pacific - Kanaky (New Caledonia)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1690
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_181 | The (French) High Commissioner, who replaced the Governor, retained overall executive power, including the power to suspend members of the government Council, while the (French) Minister of Overseas Territories could dissolve both the Council and the territorial Assembly. In 1979, the Council was dissolved (by the Fren... | {
"Header 1": "French Collectivités in the Pacific - Kanaky (New Caledonia)",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2780
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_182 | A subsequent roundable was convened of all political parties in 1983 from which a declaration was adopted (over the opposition of the anti-independence Party), recognising the "legitimacy of the claims of the Kanak people, first occupants of the territory, including their innate and active right to independence. ${ }^{... | {
"Header 1": "(whilst) the (French) government resumed the power to rule the Territory by decree. ${ }^{49}$",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_183 | The 1984 Lemoine Statute was opposed by the Kanaks who disagreed with the five year delay before a referendum would be held, and who argued that the voter eligibility should be for the Kanaks and selected settlers with at least one parent born in the territory. The settlers, on the other hand, disagreed that independen... | {
"Header 1": "(whilst) the (French) government resumed the power to rule the Territory by decree. ${ }^{49}$",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 923
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_184 | 
France attempted to fashion yet another plan of dependency reform (Pisani Plan) which offered a referendum to be held in September 1985 with a three year residency requirement for voting. The two political status options offered were 1) independence in close association with France or 2) con... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_10"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQw... | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_185 | ritorial Congress, as well as an advisory body in which all representatives of the regional councils would participate. ${ }^{52}$
Elections were held in September 1985 for the new political bodies and a number of steps were taken by France in response to the challenging Kanak economic and social conditions emanating... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1173
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_186 | A subsequent 1987 law provided for a referendum between the options of (conditional) independence and the status quo dependency status with a three-year residency requirement for participation. Disregarding these machinations, the UN General Assembly adopted its resolution $41 / 41$ in 1986 to re-inscribe New Caledonia... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2058
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_187 | [^0]
[^0]: 52. 49 Op. cit. at 5 .
pressures have been so great as to constitute nothing less than threats... So much effort seems to have been put into providing disinformation on New Caledonia, one cannot help but wonder in amazement at how much easier it would have been for the administering Power simply to co-o... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3030
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_188 | As in the case of previous French referendum proposals, the available options were deficient in number and substance even in the face of customary international law which had defined in 1960 the legitimate options of independence, free association and integration, and which had eschewed the legitimacy of the status quo... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3480
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_189 | The (SPF) Forum expressed grave disquiet about the current policies of the Government of France with regard to New Caledonia. It noted that France was pressing ahead with a referendum on French terms, in which a significant proportion of the indigenous population had proclaimed, through its representative organization,... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4296
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_190 | It also indicated its strong interest in discussing the issue with France in Paris and stood ready to dispatch a delegation for that purpose, should France be genuinely interested in a dialogue to achieve a peaceful resolution. The Forum reaffirmed its 1986 decision that the Forum Chairman was authorized to enter into ... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5408
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_191 | Despite the admonition from the South Pacific Forum, France went ahead with the 1987 referendum amid a climate of fear which
[^0]
[^0]: 53. Final Communiqué of the eighteenth South Pacific Forum (SPF), held at Apia, Samoa, Western Samoa on 29 and 30 May 1987. The SPF called for "(a)ll options being open, including... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 6339
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_192 | saw additional French security forces posted around the territory, the banning of political demonstrations, and the promised Kanak non-participation in the vote. Clashes occurred between opposing forces including a dramatic hostage crisis on the eve of the presidential elections in France. This resulted in a dawn raid ... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 6848
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_193 | Under the Statute, France retain(ed) responsibility for foreign relations, currency, defence, maintenance of law and order, justice, and secondary and higher education, while the Territorial government exercise(ed) authority over the organization of public services, primary education, scholarships, regulation of prices... | {
"Header 1": "Map 7. <br> Kanaky (New Caledonia) in Regional Context",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 7911
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_194 | The 1988 French Statute created an Executive Council with an elected President, a Congress, a Customary Assembly of 52 paramount Chiefs, an Economic and Social Council, and four regional councils and 32 municipal councils. In June 1988, the Matignon Accords were entered into between the Kanaks, the French settlers and ... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_195 | , a dozen statutes followed one another, progressively outlining the main features of the...status of New Caledonia" (Davis, 2019). The Matignon Accords were approved in a referendum held on 6 November 1988 by 80 per cent with a 37 per cent voter turnout. The 1993 UN Working Paper for New Caledonia provided elaboration... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 877
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_196 | (T)he Territory is divided into three provinces, the South and the North (on Grande Terre) and the Loyalty Islands. Each province has an elected Assembly, which is responsible for local economic development, land reform and cultural affairs. Together, the members of the assemblies constitute the Territorial Congress, w... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1233
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_197 | [^0]
[^0]: 56. 4See The Uneasy Peace: The Matignon Accords: The Uneasy Peace at Midterm, Stephen Henningham, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Winter, 1993-1994), University of British Columbia.
In order to safeguard Kanak tradition, there are also eight customary regions, each with its own Consultative Customary C... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1865
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_198 | Elections were held in 1988. RPCR controls the Provincial Assembly of the South and, by virtue of its representation in the other two assemblies, half of the 54 seats in the Territorial Congress. RPCR members represent New Caledonia in the French National Assembly and Senate. FLNKS controls the provincial assemblies in... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2997
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf_chunk_199 | The Matignon 'Agreements' also strengthened French powers for one year to re-establish public order, with "the powers of the Executive Council as defined in law 88-82 dated January 1988 (to be) exercised by a French High Commissioner assisted by an eight member Consultative Committee, consisting of representatives of t... | {
"Header 1": "Matignon Accords",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3767
} | dokument-d5213286-58ab-48b7-b80e-cb9fd899a4a5.pdf |
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